title: Rhinophyma

text: Even though females are more often affected by acne rosacea, they seldom go on to develop rhinophyma. It is thought that androgenic factors predispose men to develop rhynophyma.


title: Rhinophyma

text: Rhinophyma is diagnosed clinically based on presentation (erythema, telangiectasias, and nasal skin hypertrophy). Diagnosis is confirmed by histology.


title: Rhinophyma

text: Treatment consists of paring down the bulk of the tissue with a sharp instrument or carbon dioxide laser and allowing the area to re-epithelialise. Sometimes, the tissue is completely excised and the raw area skin-grafted.


title: Rhinophyma

text: Rhynophyma is most common in males of European heritage over the age of 50. Males are 5 to 30 times as likely to be affected as females, possibly due to androgenic factors. In the United States, people of predominantly Asian and African ancestry are only rarely affected by the condition.


title: Rhinophyma

text: Colloquial names for the condition include "whiskey nose", "gin blossom", and "potato nose". The condition has often been presumed to be a result of alcoholism (even though it remains unclear whether alcohol actually contributes to the development of rhynophyma) which has led to stigmatisation of people with the condition. In film, villainous characters have been portrayed as having rhynophyma, notably the evil queen in the animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Among those known to have had the disease before modern treatment were the American banker J. P. Morgan and the American comedian W. C. Fields.


title: Namco Museum

text: The "Namco Museum" name was originally used for a chain of retail stores in the 1980s, which sold merchandise based on Namco video games and characters. The compilations include video games developed by Namco for both arcade hardware and home game systems, including the Family Computer and Sega Genesis. Some iterations use software emulation for the games, while others instead reprogram them from scratch. The collections typically include interchangeable game settings, online leaderboards or unlockable extras, such as games or promotional material. The original PlayStation series, with the exception of "Namco Museum Encore", instead placed the player in a virtual museum that housed the individual games.


title: Namco Museum

text: The "Namco Museum" series has been met with a mixed to positive critical response, some praising the emulation quality and unlockable extras while others criticizing the overall presentation and lack of updated features to the included titles. The franchise has sold a total of more than copies worldwide.


title: Namco Museum

text: Six "Namco Museum" volumes were released for the PlayStation from 1995 to 1998, including one ("Namco Museum Encore") that was released only in Japan. When Namco unveiled Volume 5 at the November 1996 PlayStation Expo, it was announced that it would be the final volume in the series, hence the sixth volume's title, "Encore". The first five volumes pose a 3D virtual museum that players are able to walk around in, with each game being stored in an "exhibit" room. In these museums, players can view conceptual artwork, marketing material, arcade system boards, and other material relating to the included games. "Encore" replaces the museum with a standard menu system. The means by which Namco recreated the games for the PlayStation hardware is unclear; the arcade game conversions contain pieces of the original game data but none of the original source code, suggesting they are object-level recreations.


title: Namco Museum

text: The control systems of each of the games were well-preserved. However, since the PlayStation's analog controller was not available at the time, analog control for "Pole Position" and "Pole Position II" is only supported in these compilations by Namco's neGcon joypad.


title: Namco Museum

text: In Japan, "Vol. 2" had a special edition box set that included replica promotional cards and the Namco Volume Controller. A limited edition of "Namco Museum Encore" was bundled with a case designed to hold the six volumes in the series plus a memory card. All six volumes were added to the Japanese PlayStation Store as PSOne Classics. Volumes "1" to "4" were released on December 11, 2013 while "Vol. 5" and "Encore" were released on December 18, 2013. The five numbered installments were added to the North American PlayStation Store on September 30, 2014.


title: Namco Museum

text: "Namco Museum 64" for Nintendo 64 and "Namco Museum" for Dreamcast and Game Boy Advance are the first compilations in the series to omit a virtual museum. The GBA version was released worldwide, while other versions were exclusive to North America, and was a launch title for the system in North America. The following games, originally featured in "Namco Museum Vol. 1" and "Namco Museum Vol. 3" for the PlayStation, are included:


title: Namco Museum

text: The GBA version does not retain high scores when powered off, which is also the case with "Pac-Man Collection". On the Wii U Virtual Console, however, the Restore Point feature saves scores for both games. The N64 version requires a Controller Pak with eight free pages and one free slot to save high scores and settings. The Dreamcast version requires a VMU with eight free blocks for saving progress, while also offering a mini-game that's exclusive to the VMU titled "Pac-It", with gameplay similar to "Kaboom!".


title: Namco Museum

text: In the United States, "Namco Museum" for the Game Boy Advance sold 2.4 million copies and earned $37 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the third-highest-selling game for handheld game consoles in that country.


title: Namco Museum

text: It was also the first time an entry had been released on PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube. It was first released in 2001 on PlayStation 2, followed by GameCube and Xbox in 2002.


title: Namco Museum

text: The collection on these consoles includes all the games from "Namco Museum 64" and "Namco Museum" for Dreamcast plus:


title: Namco Museum

text: This edition of "Namco Museum" is the first collection in the series to include a game that originated on home consoles ("Pac-Attack", originally released on the Genesis and the Super NES and also previously included in the Japanese-only "Namco Anthology Vol. 2", and "Pac-Man Collection"). The version of Pac-Attack seen here also resembles the "Genesis" version, as opposed to the "SNES" version. This is distinguished by the music, which sounds like the "Genesis" version of the game.


title: Namco Museum

text: The "Arrangement" games in the collection were originally on the arcade's "Namco Classic Collection Vol. 1" and "Vol. 2". The pitch of the music in "Pac-Man Arrangement" and "Dig Dug Arrangement" has been changed slightly from the original: it is higher-pitched than in the arcade versions. This compilation was released only in North America on all three of the consoles on which it was released.


title: Namco Museum

text: This title was released on the PlayStation Portable in 2005. It contains over twenty of Namco's games such as "Pac-Man" (1980) and "Galaga" (1981). In addition, new "Arrangement" variants are available for "Pac-Man", "Galaga", "New Rally-X" (1981) and "Dig Dug" (1982), which have updated gameplay, graphics and can be played in a versus or co-operative mode using the PSP's ad hoc feature. Game Sharing, a feature that had not yet been used on the PSP, was introduced in this game. This allowed others PSPs in the area to download the first few levels of some of the games.


title: Namco Museum

text: The "Arrangement" games in this compilation are not the same as they were on the arcade's "Namco Classic Collection Vol. 1" and "Vol. 2". They are entirely new games that were designed to take advantage of the PSP's hardware and features.


title: Namco Museum

text: The Japanese version is divided into two volumes, with the second containing three additional games: "Dragon Spirit", "Motos Arrangement" and "Pac-Man Arrangement Plus".


title: Namco Museum

text: A special edition that marks Namco's founding as a toy manufacturing company in 1955. It was the second "Namco Museum" compilation to be released on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and the GameCube. The Game Boy Advance version was also the second "Namco Museum" compilation for the GBA. It was also released on Microsoft Windows. In Japan, this was released under the title "Namco Museum Arcade Hits!" for PlayStation 2 only, with "Pac-Mania" and "Galaga '88" unlocked right from the start and different menu music.


title: Namco Museum

text: This is the first edition of Namco Museum with actual arcade game emulation using the original game ROM images (although voice sounds in "Rolling Thunder", sounds for both "Pole Position" games and "Xevious" are stored in .wav files). Also, the GameCube version allows the player to insert a limited number of credits, about five or six, by repeatedly pressing the Z button when the game first starts, but then players can only exit to the main menu during gameplay. The PS2, Xbox, and PC versions allow the player to exit a game at any time, but skip being able to add credits. For "Dragon Spirit", "Pac-Mania" and "Galaga '88", the continue features from the original arcade versions have only been retained in the Windows PC version of the collection. It is also the last edition of Namco Museum to be released by Namco as an independent company, before merging with Bandai later in 2005.


title: Namco Museum

text: "Super Xevious" and the old version of "Dig Dug II" are hidden games that must be found by browsing the menus for "Xevious" and "Dig Dug II", respectively.


title: Namco Museum

text: This game also allows access to each game's DIP switches, but some arcade-exclusive options are left out such as the "Rack-Test" on "Pac-Man". It was re-released as part of a "Dual Pack" bundle with the DS version of "Pac-Man World 3" in North America on October 30, 2012.


title: Namco Museum

text: "Namco Museum Remix" was released on October 23, 2007 for Wii. This compilation has the original arcade versions of:


title: Namco Museum

text: When played on multiplayer, the Miis are used. "Galaga Remix" on this compilation is not the same as the "Galaga Remix" iOS application.


title: Namco Museum

text: This collection was released for the Xbox 360 on November 4, 2008, in North America, May 15, 2009, in Europe, June 3, 2009, in Australia and November 5, 2009, in Japan. "Namco Museum Virtual Arcade" is made up of two sets of games. The first is Xbox Live Arcade, which includes nine Xbox Live Arcade games. These are identical to the digital Xbox Live Arcade versions but are present on the game-disc. These games can be selected from the compilation's menu or, only while the game disc is in the console, accessed directly from the Xbox Live Arcade menu. The next set is Museum, which also includes Museum games, although these are the ones accessible directly from the disc. However, they do not come with achievements or online play. "Namco Museum Virtual Arcade" is the first "Namco Museum" game to include "Sky Kid Deluxe" (1986), while all of the rest were already or previously available on consoles. In common with other disc releases that include full Xbox Live Arcade games on-disc (like "Xbox Live Arcade Unplugged" for example), installation of the game disc to the Xbox 360 HDD is disallowed.


title: Namco Museum

text: The Arrangement games are the same as they were on "Namco Museum Battle Collection" for PSP, although "New Rally-X Arrangement" is not included in this compilation. Additionally, on all games, the original 2-player modes from the original arcade versions (where applicable) do not appear here; all games are one-player only. The Xbox Live Arcade games do not have multiplayer either with the exception of "Mr. Driller Online"'s online mode. The Xbox Live Arcade games can only be played when the disc is inside the system. The games must be downloaded from Xbox Live Marketplace for their regular prices in order for the games to be retained in the system's game library.


title: Namco Museum

text: PlayStation Home included a virtual arcade space with sample versions of the games.The PlayStation Store also had a free trial version that only includes the first at the few levels of:


title: Namco Museum

text: An updated version of "Namco Museum Remix" for the Wii, which was released on November 16, 2010 in North America only. It adds additional arcade games and an additional "Remix" game. It adds a level select feature to all of the arcade games except "Cutie Q".


title: Namco Museum

text: Simply titled "Namco Museum", it was developed for the Nintendo Switch and released on July 28, 2017 on the Nintendo eShop. Much like "Namco Museum DS", the game includes a remake of "Pac-Man Vs.". It contains the following games:


title: Namco Museum

text: Due to the violent nature of "Splatterhouse", this is the first "Namco Museum" game to be rated T for Teen by the Entertainment Software Rating Board. A retail release bundled with "Pac-Man Championship Edition 2 Plus", titled Namco Museum Arcade Pac, was released on September 28, 2018.


title: Namco Museum

text: "Namco Museum Mini Player" is a dedicated handheld console shaped like a miniature arcade cabinet developed by My Arcade that includes 20 Namco games and was released by Bandai Namco Entertainment on June 24, 2019. While it includes some games that originated on home consoles, the games included that did originate in arcades are based on their original arcade versions. The games included are:


title: Namco Museum

text: "Namco Museum Collection" is a series of video game compilations for the Evercade handheld console which was released on May 22, 2020.


title: Namco Museum

text: Unlike other compilations, the games in these compilations are based on their home console versions (NES/Famicom, SNES/Super Famicom, and SEGA Genesis/Mega Drive) rather than arcade versions.


title: Namco Museum

text: "Namco Museum Archives Vol. 1" and "Namco Museum Archives Vol. 2" were both released on June 18, 2020 for the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Steam outside of Japan. Developed by M2 and B.B. Studio. The two volumes are localized versions of the Japanese compilation "Namcot Collection", featuring Namco-published games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Family Computer. "Vol. 1" contains an 8-bit demake of "Pac-Man Championship Edition", and "Vol. 2" contains a homebrew conversion of "Gaplus".


title: Namco Museum

text: In August 1996, Namco claimed accumulated sales of 600,000 units for the "Namco Museum" series in Japan alone. In the United States, The NPD Group in 2010 listed "Namco Museum" among the all-time top ten best-selling video games in the United States. The franchise has sold a total of at least copies worldwide.


title: Namco Museum

text: The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave Volume 1 an 8.125 out of 10, citing the excellent quality of the emulation and the interesting virtual museum content. Mark Lefebvre summarized that "Namco has given gamers what they've always been asking for: old titles." "Next Generation" likewise complimented the emulation quality and the virtual museum, and concluded that for those interested in retro compilations, "this is as good as this sort of thing gets." They scored it four out of five stars. "Maximum" gave it three out of five stars, reasoning that "On the one hand, this is a collection of six indisputably classic games, three of which rank among the most influential titles in the history of videogames. On the other hand, all the games on the disk are over ten years old, and influential or not, they're definitely well past their sell by date. "Pole Position" may have revolutionised the racing genre in 1982, but would you really choose to play it over "Ridge Racer Revolution" in 1996?" While "GamePro" found that all of the games save "ToyPop" remained great fun, the reviewer criticized the absence of the voice samples from "Pole Position" and compared the 3D museum unfavorably to the bonus content in "Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits". He concluded the compilation to be worth renting at the least, and a must-have for retro gaming fans.


title: Namco Museum

text: Reviews for Volume 2 were also mixed to positive, though most critics found the selection of games weaker than that of Volume 1. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave Volume 2 a 7.125 out of 10, with all four remarking that the compilation had two or three genuine classics, with the remaining three or four games being mediocre and overly obscure. However, they disagreed on which games fell into which group; for example, Dan Hsu said that ""Super Pac-Man" stinks", while Crispin Boyer called it "the best reason to buy NM2" and "the height of the yellow pellet-eater's evolution." Jeff Gerstmann of "GameSpot" similarly commented, "While "Mappy", "Xevious", "Gaplus", and "Super Pac-Man" are infinitely playable, the lesser-known "Grobda" and "Dragon Buster" are mediocre at best." He gave the compilation a 7.1 out of 10, praising the charm of the antiquated graphics and sound effects and the still potent gameplay. "Next Generation" picked "Grobda", "Dragon Buster", and "Mappy" as the mediocre games in the compilation, reasoning that "all are examples of game genres that have evolved way beyond these originals, and with good reason." They scored it two out of five stars. In direct contradiction to "GameSpot" and "Next Generation", "GamePro" said that of the six games, ""Super Pac-Man"s weak control makes it the biggest disappointment, while "Dragon Buster"s action/adventure swordplay and "Grobda"s rapid-fire tank shooting hold up the best." They recommended the compilation for "those who enjoy simple, classic gameplay".


title: Namco Museum

text: Volume 3 continued the trend of increasingly mixed reviews for the series. Jeff Gerstmann and "Next Generation" both commented that "Dig Dug", "Ms. Pac-Man", and "Galaxian" are genuine classics, "Pole Position II" is good but suffers from the absence of the voice clips from the arcade version, "The Tower of Druaga" has aged poorly, and "Phozon" was a terrible game to begin with. However, while Gerstmann concluded the collection to be "a real letdown" after the first two volumes and advised gamers to skip it, giving it a 5.6 out of 10, "Next Generation" concluded that "the number of true classics on "Volume 3" outweigh the ones that never should have been unearthed", and gave it three out of five stars. "GamePro" approved of both the entire set of games and the quality of the emulation, and deemed Volume 3 "must-have arcade fun". Though "Electronic Gaming Monthly" never reviewed Volume 3, they named it a runner-up for "Best Compilation" (behind "Street Fighter Collection") at their 1997 Editors' Choice Awards.


title: Namco Museum

text: Volume 4 saw a particularly steep decline in the series' critical standing, with most critics agreeing that of the five games included, only "Ordyne" and "Assault" were at all worthwhile. Gerstmann gave it a 4.5 out of 10, and said the collection "is just plain depressing. It contains five games, and most of them are little known games that were little known for a reason." "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s review team gave it a 5.75 out of 10. The team was evenly split: Shawn Smith and Crispin Boyer, each voting a 6.5 out of 10, found the interesting museum content and the two or three enjoyable games make the collection worthwhile, while Dan Hsu and Sushi-X both gave it a 5.0 and said it was a disappointment compared to the earlier volumes. Both Gerstmann and "GamePro" commented that the first three volumes of "Namco Museum" had exhausted the series concept and Namco's backlog of genuine classics, and that Namco should have let the series end with volume 3.


title: Superoxide

text: In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula . The systematic name of the anion is dioxide(1−). The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen , which occurs widely in nature. Molecular oxygen (dioxygen) is a diradical containing two unpaired electrons, and superoxide results from the addition of an electron which fills one of the two degenerate molecular orbitals, leaving a charged ionic species with a single unpaired electron and a net negative charge of −1. Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are free radicals that exhibit paramagnetism. Superoxide was historically also known as "hyperoxide".


title: Superoxide

text: Superoxide forms salts with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The salts caesium superoxide (), rubidium superoxide (), potassium superoxide (), and sodium superoxide () are prepared by the reaction of with the respective alkali metal.


title: Superoxide

text: The alkali salts of are orange-yellow in color and quite stable, if they are kept dry. Upon dissolution of these salts in water, however, the dissolved undergoes disproportionation (dismutation) extremely rapidly (in a pH-dependent manner):


title: Superoxide

text: This reaction (with moisture and carbon dioxide in exhaled air) is the basis of the use of potassium superoxide as an oxygen source in chemical oxygen generators, such as those used on the Space Shuttle and on submarines. Superoxides are also used in firefighters' oxygen tanks to provide a readily available source of oxygen. In this process, acts as a Brønsted base, initially forming the hydroperoxyl radical ().


title: Superoxide

text: The superoxide anion, , and its protonated form, hydroperoxyl, are in equilibrium in an aqueous solution:


title: Superoxide

text: Given that the hydroperoxyl radical has a p"K" of around 4.8, superoxide predominantly exists in the anionic form at neutral pH.


title: Superoxide

text: Potassium superoxide is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (facilitated by crown ethers) and is stable as long as protons are not available. Superoxide can also be generated in aprotic solvents by cyclic voltammetry.


title: Superoxide

text: Superoxide and hydroperoxyl () are often discussed interchangeably, although superoxide predominates at physiological pHs. Both superoxide and hydroperoxyl are classified as reactive oxygen species. It is generated by the immune system to kill invading microorganisms. In phagocytes, superoxide is produced in large quantities by the enzyme NADPH oxidase for use in oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms of invading pathogens. Mutations in the gene coding for the NADPH oxidase cause an immunodeficiency syndrome called chronic granulomatous disease, characterized by extreme susceptibility to infection, especially catalase-positive organisms. In turn, micro-organisms genetically engineered to lack the superoxide-scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) lose virulence. Superoxide is also deleterious when produced as a byproduct of mitochondrial respiration (most notably by Complex I and Complex III), as well as several other enzymes, for example xanthine oxidase, which can catalyze the transfer of electrons directly to molecular oxygen under strongly reducing conditions.


title: Superoxide

text: Because superoxide is toxic at high concentrations, nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen express SOD. SOD efficiently catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide:


title: Superoxide

text: Other proteins that can be both oxidized and reduced by superoxide (such as hemoglobin) have weak SOD-like activity. Genetic inactivation ("knockout") of SOD produces deleterious phenotypes in organisms ranging from bacteria to mice and have provided important clues as to the mechanisms of toxicity of superoxide in vivo.


title: Superoxide

text: Yeast lacking both mitochondrial and cytosolic SOD grow very poorly in air, but quite well under anaerobic conditions. Absence of cytosolic SOD causes a dramatic increase in mutagenesis and genomic instability. Mice lacking mitochondrial SOD (MnSOD) die around 21 days after birth due to neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, and lactic acidosis. Mice lacking cytosolic SOD (CuZnSOD) are viable but suffer from multiple pathologies, including reduced lifespan, liver cancer, muscle atrophy, cataracts, thymic involution, haemolytic anemia, and a very rapid age-dependent decline in female fertility.


title: Superoxide

text: Superoxide may contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases (the evidence is particularly strong for radiation poisoning and hyperoxic injury), and perhaps also to aging via the oxidative damage that it inflicts on cells. While the action of superoxide in the pathogenesis of some conditions is strong (for instance, mice and rats overexpressing CuZnSOD or MnSOD are more resistant to strokes and heart attacks), the role of superoxide in aging must be regarded as unproven, for now. In model organisms (yeast, the fruit fly Drosophila, and mice), genetically knocking out CuZnSOD shortens lifespan and accelerates certain features of aging: (cataracts, muscle atrophy, macular degeneration, and thymic involution). But the converse, increasing the levels of CuZnSOD, does not seem to consistently increase lifespan (except perhaps in "Drosophila"). The most widely accepted view is that oxidative damage (resulting from multiple causes, including superoxide) is but one of several factors limiting lifespan.


title: Superoxide

text: The assay of superoxide generated in biological systems is a difficult task because of its high reactivity and short half-life. One approach that has been used in quantitative assays converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is relatively stable. Hydrogen peroxide is then assayed by a fluorimetric method. As a free radical, superoxide has a strong EPR signal, and it is possible to detect superoxide directly using this method when it is abundant enough. For practical purposes, this can be achieved only in vitro under non-physiological conditions, such as high pH (which slows the spontaneous dismutation) with the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Researchers have developed a series of tool compounds termed "spin traps" that can react with superoxide, forming a meta-stable radical (half-life 1–15 minutes), which can be more readily detected by EPR. Superoxide spin-trapping was initially carried out with DMPO, but phosphorus derivatives with improved half-lives, such as DEPPMPO and DIPPMPO, have become more widely used.


title: Superoxide

text: Superoxides are compounds in which the oxidation number of oxygen is −. Whereas molecular oxygen (dioxygen) is a diradical containing two unpaired electrons, the addition of a second electron fills one of its two degenerate molecular orbitals, leaving a charged ionic species with single unpaired electron and a net negative charge of −1. Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are free radicals that exhibit paramagnetism.


title: Superoxide

text: The derivatives of dioxygen have characteristic O–O distances that correlate with the order of the O–O bond.


title: P. Ramlee

text: Tan Sri Datuk Amar Teuku Zakaria bin Teuku Nyak Puteh (later Ramlee bin Puteh) (22 March 1929 – 29 May 1973), better known by his stage name P. Ramlee (Puteh Ramlee), was a Malaysian actor, filmmaker, musician, and composer famous in both modern-day Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand. Due to his contributions to the film and music industry and his literary work, which began with his acting debut in Singapore in 1948, to the height of his career and then later in Malaysia in 1964 to his decline and death, he is regarded as a prominent icon of Malay entertainment. His popularity has reached as far as Brunei, Indonesia, as well as in Hong Kong and Japan.


title: P. Ramlee

text: Ramlee was born on 22 March 1929 to Teuku Nyak Puteh Bin Teuku Karim (1902–1955) and Che Mah Binti Hussein (1904–1967). His father, Teuku Nyak Puteh, who was a descendant of a wealthy family in Aceh, migrated from Lhokseumawe in Aceh, (present day Indonesia) to settle in Penang, where he married Ramlee’s mother, who hailed from Kubang Buaya, Butterworth.


title: P. Ramlee

text: Ramlee received his education from the Sekolah Melayu Kampung Jawa (Kampung Jawa Malay School), Francis Light English School and then to Penang Free School; in all he was registered as "Ramlee" by his father, because his name Teuku Zakaria was not suitable with other children at that time. Reportedly a reluctant and naughty student, Ramlee was nevertheless talented and interested in music and football. His studies at the Penang Free School were interrupted by the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, during which he enrolled in the Japanese navy school (Kaigun Gakko). He also learnt the basics of music and to sing Japanese songs during this period with his teacher, Hirahe-san. When the war ended, he took music lessons that enabled him to read musical notations.


title: P. Ramlee

text: He abbreviated his name to P. Ramlee (Puteh Ramlee), taking inspiration from the Tamil patronymic naming conventions, where the initial stood for his father's name (Puteh) and was followed by his given name (Ramlee).


title: P. Ramlee

text: By 1948, the 19 year-old Ramlee had already won a number of singing competitions, and was writing his own songs and playing the violin in a kroncong band. That year, B. S. Rajhans, a film director for the Malay Film Productions (MFP) came across P. Ramlee at a singing competition hosted by Radio Malaya in Bukit Mertajam, Penang. Rajhans placed Ramlee in a supporting role in his film "Chinta" ("Love"), in which he played a villain, and he also performed five songs as a playback singer providing vocals for the lead actor Roomai Noor.


title: P. Ramlee

text: In 1950, Ramlee played his first major role in the film directed by , "Bakti" ("Devotion"). In "Bakti", he was the first actor to sing in his own voice instead of relying on playback singer. In the following films, such as "Juwita" in 1951 and "Ibu" ("Mother") in 1953, he became established as a major star of the Malay film industry. Between 1948 and 1955, he starred in a total of 27 films.


title: P. Ramlee

text: Aside from acting, Ramlee was a prolific songwriter, and around 500 of his songs have been recorded, either by himself or by other artists. Ramlee himself recorded 359 songs for his films and records. Among his best known songs are "", "", "Engkau Laksana Bulan", "", "Tudung Periok", "" and "Azizah". The songs Ramlee wrote were featured in his films, performed by Ramlee himself or by other artists. In "Hang Tuah" which was directed by , Ramlee won best musical score at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival.


title: P. Ramlee

text: P. Ramlee started directing feature films in 1955, the first of which was "" ("Trishaw Man"), which was praised as the best Malay film of the year. Ramlee wrote the screenplay for the film based on a story by Lu Xun. He also directed and starred in the "Bujang Lapok" comedy series. One of these, "Pendekar Bujang Lapok", won the Best Comedy award at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. He also won the Best Actor award for "Anak-ku Sazali" at the festival. Other significant films he directed for MFP include "Antara Dua Darjat", "Ibu Mertua-ku" and Tiga Abdul.


title: P. Ramlee

text: Ramlee's career at the Malay Film Productions between 1955 and 1964 was considered his "golden age" when he made his most critically acclaimed films and wrote his best-remembered songs. In 1964, he left Singapore for Kuala Lumpur to make films with Merdeka Film Productions, however, he was less successful there. He made 18 films with Merdeka, and his last film was "Laksamana Do Re Mi". His last song was "Ayer Mata di Kuala Lumpur" ("Tears in Kuala Lumpur") intended for a film of the same name before he died in 1973. In all, Ramlee starred in 62 films and directed 33.


title: P. Ramlee

text: Before dawn of 29 May 1973, P. Ramlee died at the age of 44 from a heart attack and was buried at Jalan Ampang Muslim Cemetery, in Kuala Lumpur.


title: P. Ramlee

text: In 1986, 13 years after his death, in honour of his contributions to the Malaysian entertainment industry, the P. Ramlee Memorial or "Pustaka Peringatan P. Ramlee" was built in his home in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur. In 1982, the street Jalan Parry, in the center of Kuala Lumpur, was renamed Jalan P. Ramlee in his honour. In 1990, he was posthumously awarded the Malaysian honorific title Tan Sri, and then in 2009, the honorific title of "Datuk Amar" by Sarawak State Government. Then Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, an avid fan of Ramlee, presented the award to his adopted daughter, Dian P. Ramlee, in a ceremony honouring veteran artists in Kuching.


title: P. Ramlee

text: The "P. Ramlee House" is a museum situated along Jalan P. Ramlee (formerly Caunter Hall road) in Penang, Malaysia. The building is a restored wooden house that was originally built in 1926 by his father and uncle. The house had previously undergone multiple repairs before being taken over by the National Archives as an extension of its P. Ramlee Memorial project in Kuala Lumpur. Items on display at the house include personal memorabilia related to his life in Penang and items belonging to his family.


title: P. Ramlee

text: On 22 March 2017; his 88th birthday, Google honored P. Ramlee with a Doodle on the Malaysian Google homepage.


title: P. Ramlee

text: In 2021, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) honoured him with their limited-time menu, the Burger P. Ramlee — a combination between KFC Zinger and P. Ramlee's favourite dish, the Nasi Kandar where it is available in four combos — À'la Carte, Kombo, Set Legenda and Kombo Ikon.


title: P. Ramlee

text: P. Ramlee was involved in many aspects of his films: as scriptwriter, director, actor as well as music composer and singer. He was involved in 62 films throughout his career as an actor, as well as a number of other films in other capacities.


title: Cannelloni

text: Cannelloni (; Italian for "large reeds") are a cylindrical type of lasagna generally served baked with a filling and covered by a sauce in Italian cuisine. Popular stuffings include spinach and ricotta or minced beef. The shells are then typically covered with tomato sauce.


title: Cannelloni

text: Cannelloni are also a typical dish of the Catalan cuisine, where they are called "canelons" and traditionally consumed on Saint Stephen's Day.


title: Cannelloni

text: Early references to "macheroni ripieni" (stuffed pasta) can be traced back to 1770, but the word cannelloni seems to have appeared at the turn of the 20th century. Manicotti are the American version of cannelloni, though the term may often refer to the actual baked dish. The original difference may be that cannelloni consists of pasta sheets wrapped around the filling, and manicotti is machine- cylinders filled from one end.


title: Trabant 601

text: The Trabant 601 (or Trabant P601 series) was a Trabant model produced by VEB Sachsenring in Zwickau, Saxony. It was the third generation of the model, built for the longest production time, from 1964 to 1990. As a result, it is the best-known Trabant model and often referred to simply as "the Trabant" or "the Trabi". During this long production run, 2,818,547 Trabant 601s were produced overall and it was the most common vehicle in former East Germany.


title: Trabant 601

text: In hindsight, the Trabant 601 can be considered East Germany's answer to West Germany's "People's Car", the VW Beetle. Its purpose was to provide a cheap but still reliable car that was very affordable and also easy to repair and maintain. Still, it was at the time of its release rather modern in many ways, with front wheel drive combined with transversely mounted motor, a low maintenance engine, unitary construction, rack and pinion steering, composite bodywork and independent suspension all around. The car body was made of Duroplast. The main letdown was the pre-war DKW based engine that was competitive when launched, but from the late 1950s into the 1960s, small economy cars in western countries that used two-stroke engines were replaced with cleaner and more efficient four-stroke engines, as employed from the start in the Volkswagen Beetle. Two-stroke engines of this sort, with crankcase scavenging and lubricating oil provided during fuel intake, burn their lubricating oil by design and produce smoky tailpipe emissions. However, two-stroke engines were also to be found in cars like the Western German Auto Union 1000 that ended production in 1965, and the Swedish Saab 96 that changed to four-stroke in 1967. It was planned to replace the two-stroke-motor with a Wankel engine, however, East Germany failed to develop such a motor with satisfying parameters. Later, the lack of development funds in East Germany forced the continued use of a two-stroke engine in the Trabant, thus causing this vehicle to become outdated towards the end of the 1960s and obsolete by the 1980s.


title: Trabant 601

text: The Trabant 601 was a modern automobile when introduced in 1963, with 150 pre-production examples. The body was modified from the previous P50/P60 variants of the Trabant, with a heavy emphasis on the front and roof area. The back of the car was also modified with different taillights and a higher trunk loading height as compared to previous models. Overall, the design was praised, particularly on the then-modern double trapezoid design. Originally, production was only planned to run from 1967 to 1971, but instead continued until 1990. The original P 60 engine was only . In 1969 the new P62 version was offered with a engine. In 1974, a needle roller bearing was added to the connecting rod, allowing for a 50/1 lubricant to be used. Through the addition of a two-stage carburetor in 1984, the fuel consumption was brought down by 1/100 L/km. With these additions, the top speed was measured to be 107 km/h. Even with these improvements, the fuel consumption could still rise rapidly with extended acceleration or when towing a trailer. The P601 also had an overrunning clutch when running in fourth gear.


title: Trabant 601

text: Over the course of decades, the design of the Trabant changed little. This caused the increasingly obsolete Trabant's reputation to worsen as time progressed. However, this had little effect on the sales figures — wait times of 10 years or longer for a new car were not uncommon. The price for a new Trabant in 1985 was 8,500 Mark for the 601 Standard, and 9,700 Mark for the most expensive model, the 601 Universal S de Luxe. Available options at this time included a shelf under the instrument panel and intermittent windshield wipers. With change to 12 V in 1984, options as hazard flashers and rear window heater became available.


title: Trabant 601

text: New models were considered with the P602, P603, and P610 being planned in Zwickau. Among other improvements researched were larger motors and also wankel engines. All improvements however were blocked by the GDR government, which considered them unnecessary and feared the extra costs.


title: Trabant 601

text: When a successor, the Trabant 1.1, was eventually developed, it received minimal external differences. At first glance, the only changes were a new radiator grille, bumpers, taillights, a more square bonnet, and the movement of the fuel cap to the rear right of the car. Upon closer examination however, the interior was subject to many changes.


title: Trabant 601

text: Many former DDR citizens have mixed emotions in regards to their "Trabi", which is very loud and uncomfortable and still a symbol for the demised DDR, since it was a part of the system. On the other hand, the Trabant was a robust, functional and repair-friendly car, so many people developed a strong relationship to their Trabant. Furthermore, Trabant never was a symbol of the representatives (these people rather owned Lada, Polski Fiat and Volga). Finally, the Trabant also is a symbol for breaking through the wall in 1989.


title: Trabant 601

text: In recent years, these distinctive cars have become collectors' items, with growing popularity. Green Trabants are especially popular, as they are rumoured to bring good luck to their owners. Many Trabant owners' clubs exist throughout Europe and 601s have their fans all over the world. Also, many Trabant 601s are still used as rally racing cars.


title: Trabant 601

text: As a symbol for a forgone era, it has inspired movies such as "Go Trabi Go" that presented the Trabi as a kind of East German character and could make former DDR citizens laugh "not precisely at themselves, but at the absurdities of the system under which they lived until last year," symbolised by the three main aspects of the Trabant: slow, breaks down frequently and often ridiculed by Western society. It has also seduced people like the American actor David Hasselhoff to drive a "Trabi", although he had trouble getting into it. Later, he admitted he is a fan of the Trabant. Stephen Kinzer of "The New York Times" likens the Trabi as a symbol for the people who built it, who “survive[d] through difficult times and ultimately triumph[ed]”. The car was also featured in the American film "Everything Is Illuminated".


title: Trabant 601

text: The Trabant 601 is the subject of "Jalopy", a 2016 roadtrip video game. Set in June 1990 East Germany, during the early months of German reunification, the player is tasked to maintain a fictionalized version of the Trabant 601, the "Laika 601", and eventually drive the player character's uncle using the car to Istanbul, Turkey, via Eastern and Southeastern Europe.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: Crusader Kings II is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive. Set in the Middle Ages, the game was released on February 14, 2012, as a sequel to 2004's "Crusader Kings". On October 18, 2019, the game became free to play. A sequel, "Crusader Kings III", was released on September 1, 2020. "Crusader Kings II" stood out from earlier Paradox games in that it attracted a more widespread audience, contributing to the growth of the company.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: The game is a dynasty simulator in which the player controls a medieval dynasty from 1066 to 1453. Players are able to start at any date between January 1, 1066, and December 31, 1337, though the "Old Gods" and "Charlemagne" DLCs allow for earlier start dates of 867 and 769 respectively, and the "Iron Century" update would later allow a start in the year 936. Through the strategic use of war, marriages and assassinations, among many other things, the player works to achieve success for their dynasty.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: The game depicts or mentions numerous historical figures, including William the Conqueror, Charlemagne, Genghis Khan, Harold Godwinson, Robert Guiscard, Robert the Bruce, Harald Hardrada, El Cid, Constantine X Doukas, Harun al-Rashid, Alexios I Komnenos, Richard the Lionheart, Ivar the Boneless, Alfred the Great, Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Boleslaw the Bold and Saladin, but allows for the player to choose less-significant figures such as minor dukes and counts, and for the creation of entirely new characters with the use of the "Ruler Designer" DLC.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: Success is defined solely by the player. The only in-game objective is to obtain as many prestige and piety points as possible in order to surpass the various historically relevant European dynasties in a fictional prestige ranking system (the three most prestigious ones being the Capetian, the Rurikid and the Habsburg dynasties). The game ends when the player's current character dies without an heir of the same dynasty to succeed him/her, when all landed titles of the count rank or above are stripped from all members of the player's dynasty (including themselves), or when the game reaches its end in 1453 (unless the player is in "observer mode", at which point the game will continue onwards).


title: Crusader Kings II

text: The game employs a genetics and education system, through which children inherit many traits, culture, religion and skills from their parents and guardians. This adds an additional layer of strategy to marriages, such that a player will attempt not only to form beneficial alliances, but also to select marriage partners with strong heritable traits to maximise the quality of offspring and thus strengthen the dynasty. This requires balancing sometimes conflicting interests; for example, while one possible marriage might allow some desirable alliance to be formed with another ruler, it may also require marrying a spouse with some undesirable traits. Such a trade-off can occur in the reverse as well: one possible spouse could possess highly desirable traits but yield no new alliances for the player's dynasty.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: While the player can choose to play as any noble with at least a county in their possession, there are some government types that are unplayable without modding the game. These include theocracies (such as The Papacy), holy orders, mercenaries, and republics. The merchant republic government type, however, is playable with "The Republic" expansion. In addition, all non-Christian characters are unplayable without the purchase of the DLC that unlocks them, including Muslims, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Taoists, Zoroastrians, Jains, Zunists and various pagans.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: Aside from the official expansion packs, third-party mods are available on sites such as the Steam Workshop.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: When a "Crusader Kings II" (CK2) game is launched, Paradox servers collect information about the game setup such as game version, single player or multiplayer, and what mods are in use. Data collected on 23 April 2017 showed that at least 42% of users on that day had activated at least one mod. Data also reveals that multiplayer "cheat mods" are popular, too, as are graphics or GUI mods.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: A few accuracy and realism mods have also been produced by fans, such as "Historical Immersion Project" and "CK2+". A large number of total conversion mods are also available:


title: Crusader Kings II

text: Paradox actively encourages such modding, and the company regularly tweaked the game in order to make modding easier.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: A demo was released on February 4, 2012, which featured four playable characters over a 20-year span. A marketing campaign for the game featured light comedy videos on the concept of the Seven Deadly Sins.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: The game, based on the Clausewitz Engine, was met with generally positive reviews and has attained a metascore of 82 at Metacritic. GameSpot reviewer Shaun McInnis stated: "Through a complex system of diplomacy and backstabbing, "Crusader Kings II" makes every power struggle an engrossing one" and he lauded the gameplay while noting the "lackluster tutorials". IGN summed up their review by saying "an intense learning curve, but a unique strategy experience". IGN rated the gameplay and "lasting appeal" a 9/10. A reviewer for "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" wrote that "Crusader Kings II" was "probably the most human strategy game" he ever played. Rob Zacny of "PC PowerPlay", who gave the game a 7/10 score, called it a "brilliant treatment of feudalism in terms of strategy and story" but also stated it "requires major investment to overcome information overload". "Kotaku" named the game as one of their game of the year nominees.


title: Crusader Kings II

text: By September 2014, "Crusader Kings II" had sold more than 1 million copies, with the expansion pack and DLC sales totaling over 7 million units. This makes it Paradox's most successful release prior to the debut of "Europa Universalis IV". According to Paradox Interactive, the game was played by an average of 12,500 players every day, with an average playtime of 99 hours per player.


title: L'esprit de l'escalier

text: L'esprit de l'escalier or (, , ; ) is a French term used in English for the predicament of thinking of the perfect reply too late.


title: L'esprit de l'escalier

text: This name for the phenomenon comes from French encyclopedist and philosopher Denis Diderot's description of such a situation in his "Paradoxe sur le comédien" ("Paradox on the Comedian"). During a dinner at the home of statesman Jacques Necker, a remark was made to Diderot which left him speechless at the time, because, he explains, "a sensitive man, such as myself, overwhelmed by the argument levelled against him, becomes confused and doesn't come to himself again until at the bottom of the stairs" ("").


title: L'esprit de l'escalier

text: In this case, "the bottom of the stairs" refers to the architecture of the kind of or mansion to which Diderot had been invited. In such houses, the reception rooms were on the , one floor above the ground floor. To have reached the bottom of the stairs means to have definitively left the gathering.


title: L'esprit de l'escalier

text: The Yiddish ("staircase words") and the German loan translation "" express the same idea as . However, in contemporary German has an additional meaning: it refers to events or facts that seem to contradict their own background or context. The frequently used phrase "Treppenwitz der Weltgeschichte" ("staircase joke of world history") derives from the title of a book by that name by (1882; much expanded 1895) and means "irony of history" or "paradox of history".


title: L'esprit de l'escalier

text: In Russian language, the notion is close to the native Russian saying "задним умом крепки" ("zadnim umom krepki", "Our hindsight is strong"). The French expression is also in use in French.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: Chiffon (; , , from the French word ' which means "cloth or rag"; Arabic ' transparent, diaphanous, translucent fabric, or gauze; ( "" s.th.) to shimmer through, reveal) is a lightweight, balanced plain-woven sheer fabric, or gauze, like gossamer, woven of alternate S- and Z-twist crepe (high-twist) yarns. The twist in the crepe yarns puckers the fabric slightly in both directions after weaving, giving it some stretch and a slightly rough feel.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: Chiffon is a lightweight fabric which is associated with elegance and luxury; it drapes well and has a shimmery and sheer appearance. Under a magnifying glass, chiffon resembles a fine net or mesh, which gives it some transparency.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: Chiffon can be produced out of natural and synthetic fibres. Silk chiffon was very expensive, and it is with the development of synthetic chiffon, such as nylon chiffon, polyester chiffon, and rayon chiffon, that chiffon became more accessible and more popular for common usage.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: Since chiffon is a light-weight fabric which frays easily, bound or French seams must be used to stop the fabric from fraying. These seams are characterized by s-twist and z-twist crepe yarns, that are spun in counter-clockwise and clockwise motions respectively.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: Early chiffon was made purely from silk and was very expensive; when used in fashion, it was associated with high status. Silk chiffon displays colours beautifully since silk fibres absorb dyes well. Chiffon also drapes well, adding structure to the clothing item it is formed into. Silk chiffon needs to be dry cleaned.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: In 1938, a nylon chiffon was invented; this was followed by the creation of polyester chiffon in 1958, which became immensely popular due to its resilience and low cost.


title: Chiffon (fabric)

text: Chiffon is most commonly used in evening wear, especially as an overlay, for giving an elegant and floating appearance to the gown. It is also a popular fabric used in blouses, ribbons, scarves and lingerie.


title: John Byner

text: John Byner (born John Biener; June 28, 1938) is an American actor, comedian and impressionist who has had a lengthy television and film career. His voice work includes the cartoon series "The Ant and the Aardvark", in which the title characters are voiced by Byner's impressions of Dean Martin and Jackie Mason, respectively.


title: John Byner

text: On "The Ed Sullivan Show", where he made his first early TV appearances, he mimicked Ed Sullivan among many others. Other impressions included John Wayne and he sings as Dean Martin and Johnny Mathis. His ability to mimic "Toastmaster General" George Jessel came in handy during his appearances on panel programs such as celebrity "roasts" and other tributes.


title: John Byner

text: In 1966, Byner released "Everybody Do The," a musical spoof of dance crazes, as a single on the Pop-Side label. Byner wrote the song with his manager Harry Colomby. The B side of the record was a cover of the blues/R&B/rock standard "Baby, Please Don't Go."


title: John Byner

text: On a 1967 episode of "Get Smart", he played a KAOS agent who made a phone call to the Chief of CONTROL (played by Edward Platt), performed a perfect impression of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and told the Chief he was fired and replaced with agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams).


title: John Byner

text: In 1970-71, he hosted 22 episodes of "Something Else", a syndicated half-hour musical variety series. He then hosted his own show in 1972 called the "John Byner Comedy Hour", where the character Super Dave Osborne, portrayed by Bob Einstein, was first introduced. That same year, he had a cameo appearance in "What's Up, Doc?" In the mid-1970s, he guest starred in two episodes of "The Odd Couple".


title: John Byner

text: Byner played a comedian/impersonator aboard a cruise ship in season 6 of "Hawaii Five-O". His character, Duffy Malone, did impersonations of John Wayne and then got hit on the back of his head as a diversionary tactic by the bad guy. He had a recurring role in the situation comedy "The Practice" during its first season in 1976.


title: John Byner

text: In the late 1970s, he had a featured role as Detective Donahue on the TV series "Soap". He was cast in "Happy Days" as Mork from Ork but found the premise ridiculous, so he declined the role days before filming began. Robin Williams was called in at the last minute, and that substitution proved to be a career-making part for Williams.


title: John Byner

text: In the 1970s, Byner appeared several times on "The Carol Burnett Show", where in one comedy sketch he wore a Donald Duck costume and mimicked the cartoon character's distinctive voice. He appeared several times on talk shows hosted by David Letterman.


title: John Byner

text: In the 1980s, he hosted "Bizarre" (produced and filmed in Canada), which re-introduced many people to hapless daredevil Super Dave Osborne played by Bob Einstein. In 1983 he had a role as "Doc," who was Burt Reynolds's longtime childhood friend in the film "Stroker Ace". In 1985 The Walt Disney Company's animated feature "The Black Cauldron" was released, featuring Byner voicing the characters Gurgi and Doli. He was a regular celebrity guest on "Hollywood Squares" during the John Davidson years and later hosted the 1988-89 syndicated game show "Relatively Speaking". He appeared in an episode of "" as a washed-up ventriloquist.


title: John Byner

text: On May 26, 2017, it was reported that Byner had been cast in a supporting role in the Amazon Video horror anthology series "Lore", which is based on the podcast of the same name. Byner portrays Patrick Boland, the father of Bridget Cleary (played by Holland Roden). "Lore" premiered on October 13, 2017.


title: John Byner

text: In 2020, Byner released his autobiography, "Five Minutes, Mr. Byner!", co-written with Douglas Wellman.


title: John Byner

text: Byner was born John Biener in New York City on June 28, 1938, the son of Christina, a mental hospital attendant, and Michael Biener, a truck mechanic.


title: John Byner

text: Byner has been married four times, and has four children with his first wife Eleanor Belcher. One of his children, Don (Donny) Byner, strongly resembles his father and appeared for the first time on TV dressed as a leprechaun on "Captain's Log with Captain Mark Gray". He has been married to Anne Gaybis since 1992.


title: Makara

text: Makara () is a legendary sea-creature in Hindu mythology. In Hindu astrology, Makara is equivalent to the Zodiac sign Capricorn.


title: Makara

text: Makara appears as the vahana (vehicle) of the river goddess Ganga, Narmada, and of the god of the ocean, Varuna. Makara are considered guardians of gateways and thresholds, protecting throne rooms as well as entryways to temples; it is the most commonly recurring creature in Hindu and Buddhist temple iconography, and also frequently appears as a gargoyle or as a spout attached to a natural spring. Makara-shaped earrings called "Makarakundalas" are sometimes worn by Hindu deities, for example Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, and Chandi. Makara is also the insignia of the love god Kamadeva, who has no dedicated temples and is also known as "Makaradhvaja", "one whose flag depicts a makara".


title: Makara

text: Josef Friedrich Kohl of Würzburg University and several German scientists claimed that makara is based on dugong instead, based on his reading of Jain text of Sūryaprajñapti. The South Asian river dolphin may also have contributed to the image of the makara. In Tibetan it is called the "chu-srin", and also denotes a hybrid creature.


title: Makara

text: It is generally depicted as half terrestrial animal in the frontal part (stag, deer, or elephant) and half aquatic animal in the hind part (usually of a fish, a seal, or a snake, though sometimes a peacock or even a floral tail is depicted). Though Makara may take many different forms throughout Hindu culture, in the modern world, its form is always related to the marsh crocodile or water monitor.


title: Makara

text: According to an art historian, John Boardman, depictions of Makara and Chinese Dragon might have been influenced by "Kētos" in Greek Mythology, possibly after contact with silk-road images of the "Kētos".


title: Makara

text: In Sinhalese ancient artwork "Makara" is made up of body parts of six or seven animals such as the trunk of the elephant, jaws of the crocodile, ears of the mouse or ape, extruding teeth of wild swine, the tail plume of the peacock and feet of the lion.


title: Makara

text: During Vedic times when Indra was the God of heaven, Varuna (the Vedic water god) became the God of the seas and rode on makara, which was called "the water monster vehicle".


title: Makara

text: Vishnu's earrings are shown in the form of Makara; but "makarakundala" can also decorate Shiva's ears. Its contemporary usage is as ornaments in the form of bracelets in hollow silver ware inlaid with jewels for eyes and ears, which is given as a wedding gift to the bride. Some traditional account also links the Makara to the Water Monitor as both has body parts (example: jaws, meat etc.) which are stated to possess aphrodisiac properties


title: Makara

text: Makara has been depicted typically as half mammal and half fish. In many temples, the depiction is in the form of half fish or seal with head of an elephant. It is also shown in an abstract, chimeric form with head and jaws of a crocodile, an elephant trunk with scales of fish and a peacock tail. Lakshmi sitting on a lotus is also a depiction in which she pulls the tongue of the elephant shaped makara is meant to project Lakshmi's image as the goddess of prosperity, wealth and well being. It represents a necessary state of chaos before the emergence of a new state of order.


title: Makara

text: Makara is also the emblem of Kamadeva, the god of love and desire. Kamadeva is also known as 'Makara-Ketu' which means "having the makara for an emblem". It is the tenth sign of the Zodiac, called rāśi in Sanskrit, which is equivalent to the zodiacal sign of Capricorn (goat symbol).


title: Makara

text: From the 2nd century BCE, the "Makara" appears to have been the symbol of Pradyumna, son of Vāsudeva Krishna. One of the epithets of Pradyumna in literature, such as in Harivamsa 99, is "Makaradhvaja", meaning "he whose banner or standard is the crocodile". A pillar capital with the effigy of a "Makara" crocodile found at Besnagar near the Heliodorus pillar dedicated to Vasudeva, is also attributed to Pradyumna. In the "Mahabharata" too, the Makara is associated with Krishna's son and Kamadeva, the God of Love, suggesting they are identical.


title: Makara

text: In Hindu iconography, Makara is represented as the vahana ('vehicle') of Ganga, the river goddess. A row of makara may run along the wall of a Hindu temple, act as the hand rail of a staircase, or form an arch above a doorway.


title: Makara

text: The leading Hindu temple architect and builder Ganapati Sthapati describes Makara as a mythical animal with the body of a fish, trunk of an elephant, feet of a lion, eyes of a monkey, ears of a pig, and the tail of a peacock. A more succinct explanation is provided: "An ancient mythological symbol, the hybrid creature is formed from a number of animals such that collectively possess the nature of a crocodile. It has the lower jaw of a crocodile, the snout or trunk of an elephant, the tusks and ears of a wild boar, the darting eyes of a monkey, the scales and the flexible body of a fish, and the swirling tailing feathers of a peacock."


title: Makara

text: Traditionally, a makara is considered to be an aquatic mythical creature. Makara has been depicted typically as half mammal and half fish. Some traditional accounts identify it with a crocodile, specifically the Mugger because of its etymological roots. It is depicted with the forequarters of an elephant and the hindquarters as a fish tail. Crocodile was also a form which was used in the earlier days which was shown with human body.


title: Makara

text: In many temples, the depiction is in the form of half fish or seal with head of an elephant. It is also shown with head and jaws resembling a crocodile, an elephant trunk with scales of fish and a peacock tail. Other accounts identify it with Gangetic dolphin having striking resemblances with the latter, now found mainly in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. Others portray it as a fish body with an elephant's head. The tradition identifies the makara with water, the source of all existence and fertility.


title: Makara

text: In a Hindu temple, the Makara often serves as the structural bookends of a thoranam or archway around a deity. The arch emerges up from the jaws of one Makara, rises to its peak, the Kirtimukha (the 'Face of Glory'), and descends into the gaping jaws of another Makara. Varuna is also depicted as a white man sitting on the monster makara. As a marine monster, it is also shown with the head and legs of an antelope, and the body and tail of a fish. A makara made in iron shows the monster in the form of half stag and half fish. These elements are variously joined to form one of the most common recurring themes in Indian temple iconography. In Indian art, the makara finds expression in the form of many motifs, and has been portrayed in different styles. Makara figures are placed on the entry points (Toranas) of several Buddhist monuments, including the stupa of Sanchi, a world heritage site. It is found guarding the entrances to royal thrones (see Distribution below).


title: Makara

text: In the medieval era of South India, Makara was shown as a fifth stage of development, symbolized in the form of an elephant head and body with an elaborately foliated fish tail. Most myths maintain this symbolism of this stage in the evolution of life. (Note makara in fifth row of animistic carvings in temple wall at right.)


title: Makara

text: The temples of ancient Java is notable with the application of kala-makara as both decorative and symbolic elements of temple architecture. Kala is the giant head, often took place on the top of the entrance with makaras projected on either sides of kala's head flanking the portal or projecting on top corner as antefixes. Kala-makara theme also can be found on stairs railings on either sides. On upper part of stairs, the mouth of kala's head projecting makara downward. The intricate stone carving of twin makaras flanking the lower level of stairs with its bodies forming the stair's railings. These types of stairs decorations can be observed in Borobudur and Prambanan temples. Makara's trunks are often describes as handling gold ornaments or spouting jewels, while in its mouth often projected Gana dwarf figures or animals such as lions or parrots.


title: Makara

text: Makaras are also a characteristic motif of the religious Khmer architecture of the Angkor region of Cambodia which was the capital of the Khmer Empire. Makaras are usually part of the decorative carving on a lintel, tympanum, or wall. Makaras are usually depicted with another symbolic animal, such as a lion, naga or serpent, emerging from its gaping open mouth. Makara are a central design motif in the beautiful lintels of the Roluos group of temples: Preah Ko, Bakong, and Lolei. At Banteay Srei, carvings of makaras disgorging other monsters were installed on many of the buildings' corners.


title: Makara

text: The Newa art of Nepal uses this depiction extensively. In Newar architecture, its depiction is; "as guardian of gateways, the makara image appears on the curved prongs of the vast crossed-vajra that encompasses the four gateways of the two-dimensional mandala. Of the three dimensional-mandala this crossed-vajra supports the whole structure of the mandala palace symbolizing the immovable stability of the vajra-ground on which it stands."


title: Makara

text: Makara is the Sinhala term for dragon, an important figure in Sinhala Buddhist culture in Sri Lanka. It is depicted on toranas in temple architecture and objects of prestige such as in kastanes.


title: Makara

text: The Makara is widely used in Sri Lankan Buddhist architecture, often depicted on toranas. Since ancient time, easterners believe that Makara is one of watery creatures and even from the pre-era of the field of Buddhist art, "Makara" has been depicted both in work of literature and stone carvings. "Makara" gained a distinctive position in the Sinhala Buddhist culture - a special place not given in Buddhist artwork in other countries.


title: Makara

text: The "Makaragala" (dragon balustrade) is another kind of stone carvings which portray the "Makara" (dragon). These artworks used to decorate the entrance of Buddhist stupas, temples and Bo trees. There are two balustrades at main entrance of "Lankatilaka Viharaya" in Kandy and they are sometimes called "Gajasinha balustrades" because of the shape of the "Makara" there.


title: Makara

text: The "Muragala" (guardstone) has given a highest place to "Makara". Over the head of the gatekeeper carved in there, the figures of "Makara" can be seen.Sinhala Buddhist artists considered "Makara" the symbol of prosperity and self-sufficiency so they were not hesitant in portraying the sign of "Makara" in the entrance arch gateway to the religious places, such as temple, stupa or bodi. Precious examples for the above are Temple of the Tooth and Lankatilaka Temple in Kandy. Examples for the arched gateway with "Makara" over the image of Buddha can be seen in "Ridi iharaya" and Dambulla cave temple.


title: Makara

text: A figure of "Makara" has been carved to the handle of a temple key of Gadaladeniya Temple built in 1344 in Diggala in Kandy District.


title: Makara

text: The Makara has also been used as a clan symbol by the Karavas and Karaiyars of Sri Lanka, who both share similar origin and were collectively known as Kurukulam. Since at least 14 century AD, they have used Makara flags in their ceremonies. Clan titles such as "Aditya" and "Varunakulasuriyan" were used by them, to indicate their connection to ancient Hindu god Varuna.


title: Makara

text: In the Tibetan Buddhist format it evolved from the Indian form of makara. However, it is different in some ways such as, "display of lions fore paws, a horse's mane, the gills and tendrils of a fish, and the horns of a deer or dragon. From its once simple fishtail, sometimes feathered, now emerges as a complex spiraling floral pattern known as makara-tail design (Sanskrit"makaraketu")".


title: Makara

text: In Tibetan iconography, it is depicted in the "Vajrayana" as a weapon of strength and tenacity. The "Vajrayan" weapons which have makara symbolism are: axe, iron hook, curved knife, vajra, and ritual dagger, in all of which the theme is "emergence of the blade from the open mouth of the makara".


title: Makara

text: Its symbolic representation in the form of a makara head at the corner of temple roofs is as water element which also functions as a "rainwater spout or gargoyle". It is also seen as water spouts at the source of a spring. The artistic carving in stone is in the form of identical pair of makaras flanked by two Nāgas (snake gods) along with a crown of Garuda, which is called the "kirtimukha" face. Such depictions are also seen at the entrance of wooden doorways as the top arch and also as a torana behind Buddha's images.


title: Makara

text: Stone sculptures of the mythological Makara and its ancient place in the iconography of Hinduism and Buddhism are widely spread throughout South Asia and Southeast Asia. Examples from ten countries are shown below:


title: Stevie Nicks discography

text: Although Nicks had released an album in 1973 as part of the duo Buckingham Nicks, and been a prominent member of Fleetwood Mac since 1975, she did not begin her solo career until 1981. Her debut album, "Bella Donna", reached number one on the US "Billboard" 200 album chart and is also her best-selling album in the US. Six of her eight studio albums reached the US top ten.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Tulja Bhavani Temple (Marathi: श्री क्षेत्र तुळजा भवानी देवस्थान) is a Hindu temple dedicated to goddess Bhavani (goddess Parvati), also referred to as Durga and Sati. It is located in Tuljapur in Dharashiv district of Maharashtra, India, and is considered as one of the 51 Shakti Pithas. It is situated 45 km from Solapur. The temple was built in 12th century CE by Maratha Mahamandaleshwara Māradadeva of the Kadamb dynasty. The management and priestly rights of the temple are held by the Palikar Bhope clan, the descendants of Māradadeva. Goddess Tulja Bhavani is known by the names "Tulaja", "Turaja", "Tvarita", "Durga", "Parvati"," Tripura Sundari ","Bhagawati","Amba" (Mother of the Vedas) and Jagadambaa (Mother of the Universe) in different regions.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Tulja Bhavani is a form of goddess Parvati, who is worshipped in Maharashtra, and also by people of Telangana, Northern Karnataka, and Nepal. "Bhavani" literally translates to "giver of life", meaning the power of nature or the source of creative energy. She is considered to be a mother who provides to her devotees and also plays the role of dispensing justice by killing Asuras.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha kingdom, was reputed to frequently visit this temple to seek blessings. The history of the temple dates back to the days of ' Skanda Purana ' as it finds a mention in that holy script. According to the epic story, there was a sage "Kardam" and his consort "Anubhuthi’ with an infant, in this area. After his death his wife "Anubhuthi" performed a penance for goddess in the name of Bhavani on the banks of the river "Mandakini" to look after her child. There was a demon (Rakshasa) by name "Kukur" who tortured her. Then Goddess Bhavani rescued Anubhuthi and killed the demon. The goddess on the prayer of her pet devotee settled on the hill of "Bala Ghat". Since then the Mother Goddess came to be called as Bhavani of Tuljapur or Tulja Bhavani.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Mother Goddess Bhavani temple is the place where Chhatrapati Shivaji was blessed by Matha Bhavani. It is situated at Tuljapur as such it is popularly known as Tulja Bhavani Temple in many districts of Maharashtra. It is one of the 51 Shakti Peetas attributed to Goddess Parvati. The second among the 'Shaktipeetas' is Goddess Bhavani at Tuljapur.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Tuljapur is at 45 km from Solapur. Historically this temple was built in the 12th century CE. There is yet another Tulja Bhavani temple built in 1537-1540 in Chhattisgarh. There is a third temple of Tulja Bhavani in the village of Patnakuva Gandhinagar in Gujarat. According to the priest, this Goddess came here from Tuljapur during 14th century. The Goddess is said to be swayambhu (self emanated). It is true that God or Goddess is always referred as ‘swayambhu’ in Vedas, Puranas and many legends. But it does not refer to the stone idol installed in a temple. What is attributed is to the invisible Supreme power.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The second among the 'Shaktipeeths' is Tulja Bhavani of Tuljapur. It is the family deity of the Bhosale Royal family, the Yadavs and of countless numbers of families belonging to different castes. The great ruler and founder of the Maratha kingdom, Chatrapati Shivaji visited the temple as he was a prominent devotee of her, people believe that the Goddess gifted him a sword - 'The Bhawani Talwar' - to succeed in his expeditions. Tulaja word indicates to an old Hindu monastery at Tolaja village in the present Rawalpindi division of Pakistan.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Along with temples of Renuka at Mahur, Mahalaxmi at Kolhapur, and Saptashringi at Vani, the temple of Bhavani at Tuljapur forms the four great Shaktipitha in Maharashtra.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Many legends are associated with the temple. One legend involves a demon, Madhu-Kaitabh, who was wreaking havoc upon both the gods and humans. Unable to find any solution, they turned to Lord Brahma for help, who advised them to turn to the Goddess Shakti. She took up the form of a destroyer, and powered by the other (Sapta) Mata Varaahi, Brahmi, Vaishnavi, Kaumaari Indraani, and Saambhavi, vanquished the demon and restored peace. Legend also states that Bhavani finished another demon that had taken up the disguise of a buffalo (Mahisha), and took shelter on the Yamunachala Hill which is part of Balaghat mountain range. The Tuljabhawani temple is located on this hill. Another legend mentions the story of a sage known as "Kardam" After his death his wife "Anubuti" had performed a penance at the banks of river "mandakini " for Bhavani mata to look after her infant child. While performing the penance the demon known "Kukur" tried to disturb her penance during which the Goddess came to the aid of "Anubuti" and killed the demon "Kukur". From that day onwards the Goddess Bhavani came to be known as Tulja Bhavani.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The main entrance of the temple bears the name of Sardar Nimbalkar. The other two entrances are named after the parents of Chhatrapati Shivaji, Shahaji and Jijabai. As one enters the Sardar Nimbalkar entrance, there is a temple dedicated to Markandeya Rishi on the right. After descending the stairs, one sees the main Tulja Temple. There is yagna kund (Holy fire pit) in front of this temple. On the floor near two main gates (Raja Shahaji Mahadwar and Rajmata Jijau main gate), there are two libraries named, Shree Santh Dnyaneshwar Dharmik Library and Shree Tukaram Dharmik Library. After alighting from the stairs, there is `Gomukh Theerth` on the right side and `Kalakh`, also known as `Kallol Theerth` on the left side. Before entering the sanctum sanctorum of the Goddess, devotees take a dip here in these theerths (Shallow tanks of "holy" water). There are also Amruth Kund and a Datta temple on the premises. A Siddhi Vinayak temple is situated on the left side of the main gate whilst on the right, there is a temple of Aadishakti, Aadimata Matangadevi. A temple of goddess Annapurna is also present in the main complex.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The idol of Goddess Tulja Bhawani is believed by her devotees to be `swayambhu` ("self-manifested" or "that which is created by its own accord"). The high granite idol is three-foot tall, with eight arms holding weapons, and bearing the head of the slain demon Mahishasura. The Goddess is also known as Tulaja, Turaja, Tvarita and Amba.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The Goddess is kuldevi (clan goddess) for Maratha clans of Maharashtra. The Goddess is either revered by or is the Family Deity for many castes including Dhangar,Mali, Deshastha Brahmin, Bharbhunja, Burud, Kolhati, Gavli, Jogi, Johar, San Teli, Gavandi, Pangul, Sonar, Lonari, Kasar, Bhute, Kalar, Aagri and Koli.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Adi maya Adi shakti temple is the temple north to the Tuljabhavani temple. First this pooja starts, and is then followed by the pooja of Tuljabhavani which then takes place.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The day-to-day affairs of the temple are looked after by the trust which is headed by the District Collector. The board of trustees include the deputy collector, the member representing Tuljapur in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (MLA), the town Mayor (Nagaradhyaksha), and the Tahsildar.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The temple follow a set of elaborate rituals for the deity.These include priests offering a daily ritual bath, change of clothes, and offering food to the deity four times a day.The daily routine also includes offering devotional prayers to the Goddess. In the evening the deity is ceremoniously put to rest.On special occasions such as the birthday, marriage, in addition to ritual bath, the idol of the Goddess is taken around Tuljapur in a procession.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: Unlike many other temples, the main pujaris of the temple are from the Maratha Bhope Kadam-Patil clan.Apart from the 16 head priests, there are 153 assistant priest who offer services to the pilgrims.Pilgrims usually have longstanding relationship with a particular pujari family who serve as the host for the pilgrims by providing accommodation,food, ritual offering to the deity such as saris,sari blouse pieces (khan in Marathi language), bangles, coconut, vermillion, turmeric, puffed rice, flower garlands, and prasad (ritual food for the deity).The prasad can be vegetarian or at times of meat from a sacrificed goat.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: The priests of two other temples, Matangi and Adimaya, in the same temple complex belong to the Mahar community.


title: Tulja Bhavani Temple

text: On the Khandenavami, the nineth day of the autumn Navratri festival and Dussera, goats are sacrificed in honour of the goddess. The actual sacrificial slaughter is carried out by the Mahar community for both the Bhavani temple as well as the Matangi temple.


title: Erich Koch

text: Erich Koch (19 June 1896 – 12 November 1986) was a "Gauleiter" of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in East Prussia from 1 October 1928 until 1945. Between 1941 and 1945 he was Chief of Civil Administration ("Chef der Zivilverwaltung") of Bezirk Bialystok. During this period, he was also the "Reichskommissar" in "Reichskommissariat Ukraine" from September 1941 until August 1944 and in Reichskommissariat Ostland from September 1944. After the Second World War, Koch stood trial in Poland and was convicted in 1959 of war crimes and sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted to life in prison and Koch died of natural causes in his cell at the Barczewo prison on 12 November 1986.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch was born in Elberfeld, today part of Wuppertal, as the son of foreman Gustav Adolf Koch (1862 – 1932) and his wife Henriette, née Matthes (1863 – 1939). In World War I he served without distinction as a soldier from 1915 to the end of the war in 1918. He later fought as a member of "Freikorps Rossbach" in Upper Silesia. A skilled trader, Koch joined the railway service as an aspirant for the middle level of the civil service. He was dismissed from this position in 1926 for anti-Weimar republic activities.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch joined the NSDAP in 1922 (member #90). From 1922 he worked in various party positions in the NSDAP Gau Ruhr, including as Business Manager. During the Occupation of the Ruhr, he was a member of Albert Leo Schlageter's group and was imprisoned several times by the French authorities. He belonged to the left wing of the party and was a supporter of the faction led by Gregor Strasser. He became a member of the National Socialist Working Association, a short-lived group of north and northwest German "Gaue", organized and led by Strasser, which unsuccessfully sought to amend the Party program. It was dissolved in 1926 following the Bamberg Conference.


title: Erich Koch

text: On 22 March 1926, Koch became a "Bezirksleiter" of the NSDAP in Essen and, in October of that year, succeeded Joseph Goebbels as Business Manager of "Großgau" Ruhr. In 1927, he succeeded Viktor Lutze as the Deputy "Gauleiter" there.


title: Erich Koch

text: In October 1928 Koch became "Gauleiter" of the Province of East Prussia and the leader of the NSDAP faction in the provincial diet. From September 1930 he was a member of the "Reichstag" for East Prussia. After the "Machtergreifung", Koch was appointed to the Prussian State Council in July 1933. He became "Oberpräsident" of East Prussia on 2 June 1933 (acting until September) replacing Wilhelm Kutscher. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in the province. In November 1938 Koch was appointed "SA-Obergruppenführer".


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch's pre-war rule in East Prussia was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. However, through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with Richard Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader ("Reichsbauernführer") and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.


title: Erich Koch

text: At the commencement of World War II on 1 September 1939, Koch was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner ("Reichsverteidigungskommissar") for "Wehrkreis" (Military District) I, which comprised East Prussia. On 26 October 1939, after the end of the Invasion of Poland, the territory of his Gau was adjusted. Regierungsbezirk West Prussia was transferred from East Prussia to the new Reichsgau Westpreußen, later renamed Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. East Prussia was compensated with Regierungsbezirk Zichenau (previously Ciechanów). These new areas lay approximately between the rivers Vistula and Narew.


title: Erich Koch

text: In March 1940 Theodor Schieder, who was director in charge of Regional Office for Postwar History ("Landesstelle fur Nachkriegsgeschichte"), presented Gauleiter Erich Koch with a detailed plan regarding studies of territories annexed to East Prussia; Koch himself wanted to know political, social and ethnic conditions in those areas. Schieder in return sent two reports to Koch, including a population inventory conducted at the end of 19th century of the area in question, which was most relevant to Nazi policies of extermination and settlement, and provided basis for segregation of Jewish and "Slavic" spouses from ethnic Germans in the German "Volksliste".


title: Erich Koch

text: Soon after the invasion of the Soviet Union, Koch was appointed "civil commissioner" ("Zivilkommissar") on 1 August 1941, and later as Chief of Civil Administration in Bezirk Bialystok.


title: Erich Koch

text: In 1942 "Gauleiter" Erich Koch expressed thanks to Theodor Schieder for his help in Nazi operations in annexed Poland writing: "As a director of 'Landesstelle Ostpreußen für Nachkriegsgeschichte' you have provided material that provided significant service in our fight against Poles and continues to help us in establishing new order today in Regierungsbezirke Zichenau and Bialystok."


title: Erich Koch

text: On 1 September 1941, Koch became "Reichskommissar" of Reichskommissariat Ukraine with control of the Gestapo and the uniformed police. His domain now extended from the Baltic to the Black Sea; it comprised ethnic German, Polish, Belarus and Ukrainian areas. As "Reichskommissar" he had full authority in his realm, which led to conflict with other elements of the Nazi bureaucracy. Alfred Rosenberg, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories ("Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete"), expressed his disapproval of Koch's autonomous actions to Hitler in December 1941.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch's first act as "Reichskommissar" was to close local schools, declaring that "Ukraine children need no schools. What they'll have to learn will be taught them by their German masters." His brutality is best exemplified by his remark, "If I meet a Ukrainian worthy of being seated at my table, I must have him shot." Koch worked together with the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment ("Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz") Fritz Sauckel in providing the Reich with forced labor. He was also involved in the persecution of Polish and Ukrainian Jews. Due to his brutal actions, Nazi rule in Ukraine was disturbed by a growing number of partisan uprisings.


title: Erich Koch

text: Statements about the Germans as a "Herrenvolk" (master race) belong to the Nazi officials of various ranks. In particular when Reichskommissar Ukraine Koch said:


title: Erich Koch

text: On 21 September 1944, Koch succeeded Hinrich Lohse as Reichskommissar for the Ostland, overseeing the Nazi administration in the Baltic States. On October 13th, 1944, Riga, the capital of the Reichskommissariat and head of the region, was reoccupied by Soviet forces. Koch was appointed as head of the "Volkssturm" of East Prussia on 25 November 1944. As the Red Army advanced into his area during 1945, Koch initially fled Königsberg to Berlin at the end of January after condemning the "Wehrmacht" for attempting a similar breakout from East Prussia. He then returned to the far safer town of Pillau, "where he made a great show of organizing the marine evacuation using "Kriegsmarine" radio communications, before once more getting away himself" by escaping through this Baltic Sea port on 23 April 1945 on the icebreaker "Ostpreußen". From Pillau through Hel Peninsula, Rügen, and Copenhagen he arrived at Flensburg, where he hid himself after unsuccessfully demanding that a U-boat take him to South America. He was captured by British forces in Hamburg in May 1949.


title: Erich Koch

text: The Soviet Union demanded Koch's extradition, but the British government decided to pass him on to the Communist Polish government instead. On 14 January 1950 he was handed over by the British to a prison in Warsaw, the Mokotów Prison, where he remained imprisoned for another eight years before his trial began on 19 October 1958. He faced charges of war crimes for the extermination of 400,000 Poles, but was never indicted for his crimes in Ukraine.


title: Erich Koch

text: Found guilty of these crimes, he was sentenced to death on 9 March 1959 by the district court in Warsaw for having planned, prepared and organized the mass murder of civilians.


title: Erich Koch

text: His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment due to ill health, although many believe he was spared because the Soviets thought he possessed information about art looted by the Nazis during the war; in particular, information about the whereabouts of the Amber Room of Tsarskoye Selo palace near Leningrad which was dismantled on Koch's direct orders. The Soviets believed he had ordered parts of this famous room to be hidden on board the "Wilhelm Gustloff" cruise liner, which was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviets in the Baltic whilst evacuating German refugees from East Prussia in early 1945. Salvage attempts by both Soviet and Polish diving teams in the 1950s revealed no evidence to substantiate this theory.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch appeared in a television report on Königsberg's history in 1986, interviewed by West German journalists in his Polish prison cell. He remained unrepentant to the end, arguing that he would never have surrendered as "it was a matter of honour". He died shortly thereafter of natural causes in Barczewo prison (formerly Wartenburg in East Prussia) at the age of 90, as the last war criminal to serve a term in Poland. He was buried in an unmarked grave, at the local prison cemetery.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch was one of the openly Christian Nazi party members. In addition to his political career, Koch was also the elected praeses of the Synod of the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia. Although Koch gave preference to the "Deutsche Christen" Movement over traditional Protestantism, his contemporaries regarded Koch as a "bona fide" Christian, whose success in his church career could be attributed to his commitment to the Lutheran faith.


title: Erich Koch

text: Koch officially resigned his church membership in 1943, but in his post-war testimony he stated: "I held the view that the Nazi idea had to develop from a basic Prussian-Protestant attitude and from Luther's unfinished Protestant Reformation." On the 450th Anniversary of Luther's birth (10 November 1933), Koch spoke on the circumstances surrounding Luther's birthday. He implied that the "Machtergreifung" was an act of divine will and stated that both Luther and Hitler struggled in the name of belief.


title: Erich Koch

text: It has been speculated that Koch's conflicts with Rosenberg and Darré had a religious element to them; both Rosenberg and Darré were anti-Christian Nordicists who did not believe that the Nazi "Weltanschauung" ("world view") was compatible with Christianity.


title: Symphogear

text: Two idols, Tsubasa Kazanari and Kanade Amō, collectively known as Zwei Wing, battle against an alien race known as Noise using armor known as Symphogear, which uses the power of music to counteract the Noise's destructive capability. However, Kanade sacrifices herself to protect a girl named Hibiki Tachibana, who ends up with a piece of Kanade's Symphogear relic, Gungnir, embedded in her chest. Two years later, Hibiki awakens the power of the Gungnir relic inside her body, gaining the same Symphogear armor that Kanade had. Using the power of song, Hibiki and her fellow Symphogear wielders must fight to protect the innocent and defeat those who would use the Noise for evil.


title: Symphogear

text: On November 20, 2022, it was announced at the end of the "Symphogear Live 2020→2022" concert that a new project in the "Symphogear" franchise was being developed, to be released at an unannounced date.


title: Symphogear

text: A manga accompaniment to the series, illustrated by Dan Yoshii, was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "NewType Ace" magazine between November 2011 and April 2013.


title: Symphogear

text: The anime, produced by Satelight and Encourage Films, began airing in Japan on Tokyo MX between January 6, 2012 and March 30, 2012. Funimation Entertainment (now known as Crunchyroll) licensed the series for North America and simulcast the series on Nico Nico. The opening theme was "Synchrogazer" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme was "Meteor Light" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Minami Takayama, and Yuka Iguchi used throughout the season. Discotek Media released this season on subtitled Blu-ray Disc in North America on October 27, 2020.


title: Symphogear

text: On September 5, 2012, Thomas Romain, an animator on the series, wrote on Twitter "for the ones who liked Symphogear, there will be good news soon!", later revealing on October 6, 2012 that production on a second season has begun. The second season, titled "Senki Zesshō Symphogear G", aired between July 4, 2013 and September 26, 2013. The opening theme for the second season was "Vitalization" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme was "Next Destination" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple new character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Yōko Hikasa, Yoshino Nanjō, Ai Kayano, and Yuka Iguchi used throughout the season. Discotek Media released this season on subtitled Blu-ray Disc in North America on January 26, 2021.


title: Symphogear

text: A third season, titled "Senki Zessho Symphogear GX", aired in Japan between July 4, 2015 and September 25, 2015 and was simulcast by Chernin-owned Crunchyroll. Crunchyroll also began streaming the first season from September 2, 2015, followed by "Symphogear G" on September 18, 2015. The opening theme for the third season was "Exterminate" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme was "Rebirth-day" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple new character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Yōko Hikasa, Yoshino Nanjō, Ai Kayano, Yuka Iguchi, and Inori Minase used throughout the season.


title: Symphogear

text: A fourth and fifth season were announced on February 28, 2016, at the "Symphogear Live 2016" event in Japan, and are currently in production. The fourth season, titled "Symphogear AXZ" (pronounced "axis"), began airing between July 1, 2017 and September 30, 2017. The opening theme is "Testament" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme is "Futurism" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple new character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Yōko Hikasa, Yoshino Nanjō, Ai Kayano, Minako Kotobuki, Shōta Aoi, and Rina Hidaka.


title: Symphogear

text: The fifth and final season, titled "Symphogear XV", was originally scheduled to premiere in April 2019, but the airdate was pushed back to July 2019 in order to further refine the anime before its release. The fifth season aired between July 6, 2019 and September 28, 2019. The opening theme is "Metanoia" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme is "Lasting Song" performed by Ayahi Takagaki. Medialink licensed the fifth and final season in South and Southeast Asia and streaming this anime in their YouTube channel.


title: Symphogear

text: The Zwei Wing duo, Tsubasa and Kanade, made a paper cameo in "Genshiken " episode "KOIBANA3", created by Manabu Kuchiki for a cosplay idea.


title: Symphogear

text: Characters from "Symphogear" appear in "Super Heroine Chronicle", a role-playing game developed by Namco Bandai Games for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita and released in Japan on February 6, 2014.


title: Symphogear

text: A smartphone game, "Senki Zesshō Symphogear XD Unlimited", developed by Bushiroad, was released on June 26, 2017. An English version of the smartphone game was released by Pokelabo Games on February 14th, 2020. However, quite possibly due to mismanagement and the likely lack of a large playerbase needed to maintain the game in the long run, the English version was shut down on July 31st of the same year, with all information about it purged from all official sites.


title: Symphogear

text: In the 2019 Anime UK News Readers' Choice Awards, "Symphogear XV" won the category for "Best TV Anime". "Symphogear" won the category for "Most Wanted Anime License", and was runner-up for the category of "Most Wanted Manga License". Hibiki and Miku were runner-up for the category of "Best Couple".


title: Siti Nurhaliza

text: Dato' Sri Hajah Siti Nurhaliza Tarudin (Jawi: سيتي نورهاليزا بنت تارودين ; IPA: ; born 11 January 1979) is a Malaysian singer, songwriter, actress and businesswoman with more than 300 local and international awards. She made her debut after she won a local singing competition show, "Bintang HMI" in 1995 when she was 16. Her debut single, Jerat Percintaan, won the 11th Anugerah Juara Lagu and another two awards for Best Performance and Best Ballad. Her debut album as of 2005 has sold more than 800,000 units in Malaysia. She has recorded and sung in multiple languages, including Malaysian, Minang, English, and Mandarin.


title: Siti Nurhaliza

text: Throughout her career, Siti has received an unprecedented number of music awards in Malaysia and its neighbouring countries: 42 Anugerah Industri Muzik, 31 Anugerah Bintang Popular, 28 Anugerah Planet Muzik, 22 Anugerah Juara Lagu, four MTV Asia Awards, three World Music Awards, two Anugerah Musik Indonesia (Indonesian Music Awards), and five records in the Malaysia Book of Records. Having 22 studio albums, she is one of the most popular artists in the Malay Archipelago and Nusantara region – she has been voted for Regional Most Popular Artiste ten times in a row beating other fellow artists from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore in the Anugerah Planet Muzik since 2001. Currently listed as one of Malaysia's richest, most-influential, most award-winning, and most single-produced artist. She is also one of Malaysia's best selling artists with her album sales having contributed to 10 percent of Malaysia's total album sales for 2001. To date, she has sold more than 6 million in record sales.


title: Siti Nurhaliza

text: At international stage, Siti has won the Gold Award in "Asia New Singer Competition" at Shanghai Asia Music Festival in 1999, two awards from 'South Pacific International Song and Singing Competition 1999' held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, and the Grand Prix Champion title in "Voice of Asia" in 2002 held in Almaty, Kazakhstan. In 2020, after receiving a record breaking of votes, she won the public choice for Adelaide Festival Centre's Walk of Fame 2019.


title: Siti Nurhaliza

text: Besides musical awards, she has various other achievements. In 1998, Siti was chosen to perform during the closing ceremony of 1998 Commonwealth Games in front of Queen Elizabeth II and her consort, Prince Philip, among other dignitaries and officials from 70 countries including those from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 2005, Siti became the first Southeast Asian singer, and third Asian singer to perform a solo concert at the Royal Albert Hall, London, while being backed by the London Symphony Orchestra. She was listed second by MTV Asia in Asia's Best Musical Artiste and Channel V's Biggest Asian Artiste in 2005. Later in 2008, she was named as one of Asia's Idol by Asia News Network. She also has been listed as one of The Muslim 500 - The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims from year 2015 to 2022. Her success in the Asian region has gained her honorific titles including the "Voice of Asia" and "Asia's Celine Dion".