title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence had a sizable enough Lithuanian community to warrant the formation of both Lithuanian Catholic and Lithuanian National Catholic churches. St. Francis (Lithuanian Catholic Church) on Bradford Street was formed in 1903 by Rev. James T. O'Reilly of St. Mary's, in a building previously occupied by St. John's Episcopal Church. The church closed in 2002, merging with Holy Trinity (Polish) and SS. Peter and Paul (Portuguese). Sacred Heart Lithuanian National Catholic Church was established about 1917 and located on Garden Street until its closure and sale in 2001.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: A sizable English community, composed mainly of unskilled laborers who arrived after 1880, sought work in the textile mills where they were given choice jobs by the Yankee overseers on account of their shared linguistic heritage and close cultural links.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Not all immigrants to Lawrence were foreign-born or their children. Yankee farmers, unable to compete against the cheaper farmlands of the Midwest that had been linked to the East coast by rail, settled in corners of Lawrence. Congregationalists were the second Protestant denomination to begin worship in Lawrence after the Episcopalians, with the formation of the Lawrence Street Congregational Church in 1847, and the first in South Lawrence, with the erection in 1852 of the first South Congregational Church on South Broadway, near the corner of Andover Street. Baptist churches included The First Baptist Church, one of the first churches in Lawrence, which was organized in the spring of 1947 and was known as Amesbury Street Baptist Church. Second Baptist was organized September 6, 1860; its building dedicated in 1874.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Immigration of foreign-born workers to Lawrence largely ceased in 1921 with the passage of strict quotas against immigrants from the countries that had supplied the cheap, unskilled workers.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Although many quotas were lifted after the Second World War, foreign immigration to Lawrence only picked up again in the early 1960s with Hispanic immigrants from Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and other Latin American countries. Immigrants from Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam, have also settled in Lawrence.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Indicative of immigration trends, several Catholic churches now conduct masses in two or more languages. St. Patrick's Church, a Catholic church in Lawrence and once an Irish bastion, has celebrated Spanish masses on Sundays since 1999. A mass in Vietnamese is also offered every other week. St. Mary's of the Assumption Parish is the largest Catholic parish in Lawrence by Mass attendance and number of registered parishioners. It has the largest multi-lingual congregation in the city and has been offering Spanish masses since the early 1990s.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Since the 1990s, increasing numbers of former Catholic churches, closed since the 1980s when their Irish or Italian congregations died out, have been bought by Hispanic evangelical churches.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: The 2000 Census revealed the following population breakdown, illustrating the shift toward newer immigrant groups:


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Dominican Republic, 22%; other Hispanic or Latino, 12%; Irish, 7%; Italian, 7%, French (except Basque), 5%; Black or African American, 5%; French Canadian, 5%; English, 3%; Arab, 2%; German, 2%; Lebanese, 2%; Central American, 1%; Polish, 1%; Portuguese, 1%; Guatemalan, 1%; Vietnamese, 1%; South American, 1%; Spanish, 1%; Cambodian, 1%; Scottish, 1%; Cuban, 1%; Scotch-Irish, 1%; Ecuadoran, 1%.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (6.07%) is water. Lawrence is on both sides of the Merrimack River, approximately upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. On the north side of the river, it is surrounded by Methuen. On the south side of the river, the town is bordered by North Andover to the east, and Andover to the south and southwest. Lawrence is approximately southwest of Newburyport, north-northwest of Boston and southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Aside from the Merrimack River, other water features include the Spicket River, which flows into the Merrimack from Methuen, and the Shawsheen River, which forms the southeastern border of the city. Lawrence has two power canals that were formerly used to provide hydropower to the mills—one on the north bank of the river, the other on the south. Channeling water into these canals is the Great Stone Dam, which lies across the entire Merrimack and was, at the time of its construction in the 1840s, the largest dam in the world. The highest point in Lawrence is the top of Tower Hill in the northwest corner of the city, rising approximately above sea level. Other prominent hills include Prospect Hill, in the northeast corner of the city, and Mount Vernon, along the southern edge of the city. Most industrial activity was concentrated in the flatlands along the rivers. Den Rock Park, a wooded conservation district on the southern edge of Lawrence that spans the Lawrence-Andover town line, provides recreation for nature lovers and rock-climbers alike. There are also several small parks throughout town.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), which is typical for the southern Merrimack valley region in eastern Massachusetts.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: As of the 2020 United States census, Lawrence had a population of 89,143. Of which, 81.7% were Hispanic/Latino, 12.3% were non-hispanic White, 2.3% were non-hispanic Black, 1.7% were Asian, 0.1% were Native American or Pacific Islander, 1.9% mixed or other.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Census, the city's population is 76,377, the population density is 10,973.7 per square mile (4237/km), and there are 27,137 households (25,181 occupied).


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: The racial makeup of the city in 2016 was 16.6% non-Hispanic white, 7.8% Black or African American, 2.8% Asian (1.2% Cambodian, 0.7% Vietnamese, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.2% Indian, 0.2% Chinese, 0.1% Korean), 0.4% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 39.3% some other race, 2.7% two or more races, and 77.1% of the population is Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (47.0% Dominican, 21.7% Puerto Rican, 3.0% Guatemalan, 0.7% Salvadoran, 0.7% Spanish, 0.6% Cuban, 0.5% Ecuadorian, 0.5% Mexican, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Colombian, 0.1% Venezuelan, 0.1% Nicaraguan, 0.1% Peruvian).


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 72,043 people, 24,463 households, and 16,903 families residing in the city. The population density was 10,351.4 people per square mile (3,996.5/km). There were 25,601 housing units at an average density of 3,678.4 per square mile (1,420.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 48.64% White (U.S. Average: 72.4%), 4.88% African American (U.S. Average: 12.3%), 2.65% Asian (U.S. Average: 3.6%), 0.81% Native American (U.S. Average: 0.1%), 0.10% Pacific Islander (U.S. Average: 0.1%), 36.67% from other races (U.S. Average: 5.5%), 6.25% from two or more races (U.S. Average: 2.4%).


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: There were 24,463 households where the average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.46.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: The median income for a household in the city was $25,983 (U.S. Average: $41,994), and the median income for a family was $29,809 (U.S. Average: $50,046). Males had a median income of $27,772 versus $23,137 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,360. About 21.2% of families (U.S. Average: 9.2%) and 34.3% (U.S. Average: 12.4%) of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 20.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: The Mayor of Lawrence, Daniel Rivera, said the city was "approximately 75% Spanish" following an incident where non English speaking callers were allegedly hung up on by a 911 operator.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Charm Sciences, which manufactures test kits and systems for antibiotic, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, pesticides, alkaline phosphatase, pathogens, end-product microbial assessment, allergen control, and ATP hygiene, has a laboratory in Lawrence.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: The Lawrence Public Library was established in 1872. In fiscal year 2008, the city of Lawrence spent 0.55% ($1,155,597) of its budget on its public library—approximately $16 per person, per year ($19.60 adjusted for inflation in 2021).


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence is one of Essex County's two county seats, along with Salem. As such, it is home to a juvenile, district and superior court, as well as a regional office of the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence has a "strong mayor", which is one directly elected by the voters to be the city's executive. The city council are elected partly at large and partly from districts or wards of the city. Party primaries are prohibited. Lawrence has an established City Charter and a mayor-council government. There are nine city councilors and six school committee members; most are elected by district; three city council members are elected at large. There are six districts in Lawrence and all elections are non-partisan. The Mayor serves as the seventh member and chair of the school committee. The city council chooses one of its number as president who serves as chair of the council. The city of Lawrence also elects three members to the Greater Lawrence Technical School Committee these members are elected at-large. City Council and Mayoral terms of office begin in the month of January.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: The city has a public school system managed by Lawrence Public Schools. In November 2011, the Lawrence Public Schools was placed into state receivership by the Massachusetts Board of Elementary & Secondary Education.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence's main newspaper is "The Eagle-Tribune", one of the major newspapers for the Merrimack Valley that was founded in Lawrence in 1890 but later moved its facilities to the town of North Andover on Route 114. Lawrence is home to "Rumbo" (a bilingual English/Spanish paper) and "Siglo 21" (a Spanish paper). Another newspaper closely covering Lawrence news is "The Valley Patriot", a monthly paper published in North Andover. The city has three AM stations, WNNW/800, WCAP/980, and WLLH/1400 (which is also dually licensed to Lowell, Massachusetts with a synchronous transmitter in that city); along with one FM station: WEEI-FM/93.7. WMFP is the only television station operating out of the city, and the city is considered part of the Boston television market.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence lies along Interstate 495, which passes through the eastern portion of the city. There are three exits entirely within the city, though two more provide access from just outside the city limits. The town is also served by Route 28 passing from south to north through the city, and Route 110, which passes from east to west through the northern half of the city. Route 114 also has its western terminus at Route 28 at the Merrimack River. Lawrence is the site of four road crossings and a railroad crossing over the Merrimack, including the O'Leary Bridge (Route 28), a railroad bridge, the Casey Bridge (bringing Parker Street and access to Route 114 and the Lawrence MBTA station to the north shore), the Duck Bridge (which brings Union Street across the river), and the double-decked O'Reilly Bridge, bringing I-495 across the river.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence is the western hub of the Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority's bus service. It is also home to the Senator Patricia McGovern Transportation Center, home to regional bus service and the Lawrence stop along the Haverhill/Reading Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, providing service from Haverhill to Boston's North Station. Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine is available eight miles to the northeast in Haverhill. Lawrence Municipal Airport provides small plane service, though it is actually in neighboring North Andover. Lawrence is approximately equidistant from Manchester-Boston Regional Airport and Logan International Airport. Future plans to revitalize the Manchester and Lawrence branch to the north, leading to Manchester, New Hampshire, will allow the MBTA to operate rail service up to Manchester from Lawrence, in conjunction with Pan Am Freights.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence General Hospital, founded in 1875, is the city's main hospital, providing service to much of the area south of the city. Other nearby hospitals are in Methuen, Haverhill and Lowell. The city also is served by the Greater Lawrence Family Health Center.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Guardian Ambulance was established in 1990 and incorporated in 1991 by local EMTs to serve the city during a downturn in the economy at that time. The station moved from the Tower Hill section to its current location on Marston Street in 1993.


title: Lawrence, Massachusetts

text: Lawrence has its own police and fire departments, and Lawrence General Hospital provides ambulance services to the city. The city is also covered by the Andover barracks of Troop A of the Massachusetts State Police, which serves much of the western Merrimack Valley and several towns just south of Andover.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Corinna "Cory" Everson (née Kneuer; born January 4, 1958) is an American female bodybuilding champion and actress. Everson won the Ms. Olympia contest six years in a row from 1984 to 1989.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Corinna Kneuer was born in Racine, Wisconsin and attended high school in Deerfield, Illinois. She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she was a multi-sport standout (gymnastics, track & field and badminton).


title: Corinna Everson

text: While attending the University of Wisconsin–Madison, she met Jeff Everson, a competitive bodybuilder who worked there as a strength coach. They married in 1982. While they were married, the Eversons built a successful mail-order clothing business called Sampson and Delilah.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Everson began to train seriously as a bodybuilder after her graduation, and made rapid progress. In the early years, she and Jeff trained at Ernie's Gym on Sherman Avenue in Madison.


title: Corinna Everson

text: She won the Ms. Olympia contest at her first participation and remained undefeated from 1984 to 1989 when she retired from competition.


title: Corinna Everson

text: In January 1999, Everson was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame, as part of the inaugural group. She was inducted into the Muscle Beach Venice Body Building Hall of Fame on September 5, 2005.


title: Corinna Everson

text: At the 2007 Arnold Classic she became the first woman to be presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 2008 was inducted into the National Fitness Hall of Fame.


title: Corinna Everson

text: After retiring from competition, she turned to acting with her first major movie appearance being "Double Impact" (1991) alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme. She took a minor role in "Natural Born Killers" (1994). Then in "Ballistic" (1995), she reprised the evil musclewoman role, losing the final fight to Marjean Holden playing an undercover cop.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Everson has made a number of guest appearances in television series, most notably playing Atalanta on "". She appeared in two episodes of "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr." with her sister, Cameo Kneuer.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Everson was the original host of the fitness show "BodyShaping", which she also produced. She also hosted her own exercise show on ESPN, "Cory Everson's Gotta Sweat", for seven years.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Cory and Jeff Everson divorced in 1996; however, she kept 'Everson' as her stage name. In 1998, she married Dr. Steve Donia, a cosmetic dentist; they have two children whom they adopted from Russia. She became active with Nightlight Christian Adoptions, an adoption agency that brings orphans from Russia and Belarus to the US to stay with families looking to adopt a child.


title: Corinna Everson

text: Everson's sister, Cameo Kneuer, is a two-time Ms. National Fitness champion and a mainstay of the TV game series "Knights and Warriors".


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: Polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is a highly non-reactive thermoplastic fluoropolymer produced by the polymerization of vinylidene difluoride.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is a specialty plastic used in applications requiring the highest purity, as well as resistance to solvents, acids and hydrocarbons. PVDF has low density 1.78 g/cm in comparison to other fluoropolymers, like polytetrafluoroethylene.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: It is available in the form of piping products, sheet, tubing, films, plate and an insulator for premium wire. It can be injected, molded or welded and is commonly used in the chemical, semiconductor, medical and defense industries, as well as in lithium-ion batteries. It is also available as a cross-linked closed-cell foam, used increasingly in aviation and aerospace applications, and as an exotic 3D printer filament. It can also be used in repeated contact with food products, as it is FDA-compliant and non-toxic below its degradation temperature.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: As a fine powder grade, it is an ingredient in high-end paints for metals. These PVDF paints have extremely good gloss and color retention. They are in use on many prominent buildings around the world, such as the Petronas Towers in Malaysia and Taipei 101 in Taiwan, as well as on commercial and residential metal roofing.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF membranes are used in western blots for the immobilization of proteins, due to its non-specific affinity for amino acids.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is also used as a binder component for the carbon electrode in supercapacitors and for other electrochemical applications.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is sold under a variety of brand names including KF (Kureha), Hylar (Solvay), Kynar (Arkema) and Solef (Solvay).


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: In 1969, strong piezoelectricity was observed in PVDF, with the piezoelectric coefficient of poled (placed under a strong electric field to induce a net dipole moment) thin films as large as 6–7 pC/N: 10 times larger than that observed in any other polymer.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF has a glass transition temperature ("T") of about −35 °C and is typically 50–60% crystalline. To give the material its piezoelectric properties, it is mechanically stretched to orient the molecular chains and then poled under tension. PVDF exists in several forms: alpha (TGTG'), beta (TTTT), and gamma (TTTGTTTG') phases, depending on the chain conformations as trans (T) or gauche (G) linkages. When poled, PVDF is a ferroelectric polymer, exhibiting efficient piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. These characteristics make it useful in sensor and battery applications. Thin films of PVDF are used in some newer thermal camera sensors.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: Unlike other popular piezoelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), PVDF has a negative d value. Physically, this means that PVDF will compress instead of expand or vice versa when exposed to the same electric field.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF resin has been subjected to high-heat experiments to test its thermal stability. PVDF was held for 10 years at 302 °F (150 °C), and following measurements indicated no thermal or oxidative breakdown occurred . PVDF resin has been recorded stable up to 707 °F (375 °C).


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF exhibits an increased chemical resistance and compatibility among thermoplastic materials. PVDF is considered to have excellent / inert resistance to:


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF, similar to other fluoropolymers, exhibits chemical sensitivity, in general, with the following chemical families:


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: Polyvinylidene fluoride expresses inherent resistance characteristics in certain high-focus applications. Namely these are: ozone oxidation reactions, nuclear radiation, UV damage, and microbiological, fungus growth. PVDF's resistance to these conditions is fairly distinctive among thermoplastic materials. PVDF's carbon and fluoride elemental stability contributes to this resistance, as well as the polymeric integration of PVDF during its processing.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF may be synthesized from the gaseous vinylidene fluoride (VDF) monomer by a free-radical (or controlled-radical) polymerization process. This may be followed by processes such as melt casting, or processing from a solution (e.g. solution casting, spin coating, and film casting). Langmuir–Blodgett films have also been made. In the case of solution-based processing, typical solvents used include dimethylformamide and the more volatile butanone. In aqueous emulsion polymerization, the fluorosurfactant perfluorononanoic acid is used in anion form as a processing aid by solubilizing monomers. Compared to other fluoropolymers, it has an easier melt process because of its relatively low melting point of around 177 °C.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: Processed materials are typically in the non-piezoelectric alpha phase. The material must either be stretched or annealed to obtain the piezoelectric beta phase. The exception to this is for PVDF thin films (thickness in the order of micrometres). Residual stresses between thin films and the substrates on which they are processed are great enough to cause the beta phase to form.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: In order to obtain a piezoelectric response, the material must first be poled in a large electric field. Poling of the material typically requires an external field of above 30 megavolts per metre (MV/m). Thick films (typically >100 µm) must be heated during the poling process in order to achieve a large piezoelectric response. Thick films are usually heated to 70–100 °C during the poling process.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: A quantitative defluorination process was described by mechanochemistry, for safe eco-friendly PVDF waste processing.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is a thermoplastic that expresses versatility for applications similar to other thermoplastics, particularly fluoropolymers. PVDF resin is heated and handled for use in extrusion and injection molding to produce PVDF pipes, sheets, coatings, films, and molded PVDF products, such as bulk containers. Common industry applications for PVDF thermoplastics include:


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is commonly used as insulation on electrical wires, because of its combination of flexibility, low weight, low thermal conductivity, high chemical corrosion resistance, and heat resistance. Most of the narrow 30-gauge wire used in wire wrap circuit assembly and printed circuit board rework is PVDF-insulated. In this use the wire is generally referred to as "Kynar wire", from the trade name.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: The piezoelectric properties of PVDF are exploited in the manufacture of tactile sensor arrays, inexpensive strain gauges, and lightweight audio transducers. Piezoelectric panels made of PVDF are used on the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter, a scientific instrument of the New Horizons space probe that measures dust density in the outer Solar System.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is the standard binder material used in the production of composite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Solution of PVDF by mass in "N"-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is mixed with an active lithium storage material such as graphite, silicon, tin, LiCoO, LiMnO, or LiFePO and a conductive additive such as carbon black or carbon nanofibers. This slurry is cast onto a metallic current collector, and the NMP is evaporated to form a composite or paste electrode. PVDF is used because it is chemically inert over the potential range used and does not react with the electrolyte or lithium.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: In the biomedical sciences, PVDF is used in immunoblotting as an artificial membrane (usually with 0.22 or 0.45-micrometre pore sizes), on which proteins are transferred using electricity (see western blotting). PVDF is resistant to solvents and, therefore, these membranes can be easily stripped and reused to look at other proteins. PVDF membranes may be used in other biomedical applications as part of a membrane filtration device, often in the form of a syringe filter or wheel filter. The various properties of this material, such as heat resistance, resistance to chemical corrosion, and low protein binding properties, make this material valuable in the biomedical sciences for preparation of medications as a sterilizing filter, and as a filter to prepare samples for analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where small amounts of particulate matter can damage sensitive and expensive equipment.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF transducers have the advantage of being dynamically more suitable for modal testing than semiconductor piezoresistive transducers and more compliant for structural integration than piezoceramic transducers. For those reasons, the use of PVDF active sensors is a keystone for the development of future structural-health monitoring methods, due to their low cost and compliance.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is used as piping, sheet, and internal coatings in high-temperature, hot acid, radiation environment applications due to PVDF's resistance characteristics and upper temperature thresholds. As piping, PVDF is rated up to 248 °F (120 °C). Examples of PVDF uses include nuclear reactor waste handling, chemical synthesis and production, (sulfuric acid, common), air plenums, and boiler service pipe.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: PVDF is used for specialty monofilament fishing lines, sold as fluorocarbon replacements for nylon monofilament. The surface is harder, so it is more resistant to abrasion and sharp fish teeth. Its optical density is lower than nylon, which makes the line less discernible to sharp fish eyes. It is also denser than nylon, making it sink faster towards fish.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: The copolymer Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) or PVDF-HFP is used as a co-polymer in the blades of artificial turf.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: Copolymers of PVDF are also used in piezoelectric and electrostrictive applications. One of the most commonly used copolymers is P(VDF-trifluoroethylene), usually available in ratios of about 50:50 and 65:35 by mass (equivalent to about 56:44 and 70:30 molar fractions). Another one is P(VDF-tetrafluoroethylene). They improve the piezoelectric response by improving the crystallinity of the material.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: While the copolymers' unit structures are less polar than that of pure PVDF, the copolymers typically have a much higher crystallinity. This results in a larger piezoelectric response: d values for P(VDF-TFE) have been recorded to be as high as −38 pC/N compared to −33 pC/N in pure PVDF.


title: Polyvinylidene fluoride

text: Terpolymers of PVDF are the most promising one in terms of electromechanically induced strain. The most commonly used PVDF-based terpolymers are P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) and P(VDF-TrFE-CFE). This relaxor-based ferroelectric terpolymer is produced by random incorporation of the bulky third monomer (chlorotrifluoroethylene, CTFE) into the polymer chain of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer (which is ferroelectric in nature). This random incorporation of CTFE in P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer disrupts the long-range ordering of the ferroelectric polar phase, resulting in the formation of nano-polar domains. When an electric field is applied, the disordered nano-polar domains change their conformation to all-trans conformation, which leads to large electrostrictive strain and a high room-temperature dielectric constant of ~50.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: Obstruction of justice, in United States jurisdictions, is an act that involves unduly influencing, impeding, or otherwise interfering with the justice system, especially the legal and procedural tasks of prosecutors, investigators, or other government officials. Common law jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of perverting the course of justice.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: Obstruction is a broad crime that may include acts such as perjury, making false statements to officials, witness tampering, jury tampering, destruction of evidence, and many others. Obstruction also applies to overt coercion of court or government officials via the means of threats or actual physical harm, and also applying to deliberate sedition against a court official to undermine the appearance of legitimate authority.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: Obstruction of justice is an umbrella term covering a variety of specific crimes. "Black's Law Dictionary" defines it as any "interference with the orderly administration of law and justice". Obstruction has been categorized by various sources as a process crime, a public-order crime, or a white-collar crime.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: Obstruction can include crimes committed by judges, prosecutors, attorneys general, and elected officials in general.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: In federal law, crimes constituting obstruction of justice are defined primarily in Chapter 73 of Title 18 of the United States Code. This chapter contains provisions covering various specific crimes such as witness tampering and retaliation, jury tampering, destruction of evidence, assault on a process server, and theft of court records. It also includes more general sections covering obstruction of proceedings in federal courts, Congress, and federal executive agencies. One of the broadest provisions in the chapter, known as the Omnibus Clause, states that anyone who "corruptly... endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice" in connection with a pending court proceeding is subject to punishment.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: Statistics regarding the frequency of obstruction of justice prosecutions are unclear. In 2004, federal agencies arrested 446 people for obstruction, representing 0.3 percent of all federal arrests. This does not include, however, people who were charged with obstruction in addition to a more serious underlying crime.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant convicted of any crime is subject to a more severe sentence if they are found to have obstructed justice by impeding the investigation or prosecution of their crimes. While a separate conviction for the crime of obstruction would require proof beyond a reasonable doubt, a finding of obstruction for sentencing purposes only needs to meet the looser standard of "a preponderance of the evidence" (unless the enhanced sentence would exceed the statutory maximum sentence for the underlying crime).


title: Obstruction of justice

text: An obstruction finding adds two levels to the offender's sentence, which can result in as much as an additional 68 months of prison. In 2017, the obstruction enhancement was applied in 1,319 cases, representing 2.1 percent of all sentences issued in federal courts.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: State laws regarding obstruction of justice vary widely. A 2004 survey found that 24 states and the District of Columbia had a general statute criminalizing obstruction of justice or obstruction of government functions in broad terms, similar to those found in federal law. All states have laws prohibiting some specific types of obstruction, such as witness tampering, jury tampering, or destruction of evidence.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: From the creation of the federal courts by the Judiciary Act of 1789, judges had the power to summarily punish those who obstructed justice by holding them in contempt of court.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: A scandal in 1830 led to reform of the contempt law and the creation of obstruction of justice as a separate offense. Federal judge James H. Peck imprisoned a lawyer for contempt for publishing a letter criticizing one of Peck's opinions. In an effort to prevent such abuses, Congress passed a law in 1831 limiting the application of the summary contempt procedures to offenses committed in or near the court. A new section, which survives today as the Omnibus Clause, was added to punish contempts committed outside of the court, but only after indictment and trial by jury.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: In 1982, in response to concerns that the obstruction law did not provide adequate protection to crime victims and other witnesses, Congress broadened the law against witness tampering and criminalized retaliation against witnesses, as part of the Victim and Witness Protection Act.


title: Obstruction of justice

text: The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 strengthened the obstruction laws regarding destruction of evidence before an investigation or proceeding has begun, in response to accounting firm Arthur Andersen's widely reported shredding of documents related to the Enron scandal.


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: Don Gordon (born Donald Walter Guadagno; November 13, 1926 – April 24, 2017) was an American film and television actor. His most notable film roles were those in which he appeared alongside his friend Steve McQueen: "Bullitt" (1968), "Papillon" (1973) and "The Towering Inferno" (1974). Between the first and the last of those films he appeared in "The Gamblers" (1970), "WUSA" (1970), "Cannon for Cordoba" (1970), "The Last Movie" (1971), "Z.P.G." (1972), "Fuzz" (1972), "Slaughter" (1972), "The Mack" (1973),


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: "The Education of Sonny Carson" (1974) and "" (1981) as the ill-fated assistant to protagonist Damien Thorn.


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: Gordon was born Donald Walter Guadagno in Los Angeles on November 13, 1926. He sold newspapers at the age of eight to help support his family during the Great Depression. He enlisted in the Navy at the age of fifteen after the attack on Pearl Harbor, convincing his mother to say he was eighteen. He won eleven battle stars.


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: Gordon entered drama school after the war and changed his name. As recounted after his death in "The New York Times," Gordon was standing outside the drama school at Sunset Boulevard and Gordon Street, when "a classmate told him that he would never make it in show business with the surname Guadagno. The student then pointed to the street sign and said, 'Your name should be Don Gordon.'"


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: Gordon's television successes began with a starring role in the 1960–1961 syndicated series "The Blue Angels", based on the elite precision flight demonstration pilots of the United States Navy Blue Angels. In 1962, Gordon was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for his role as Joey Tassili on CBS's legal drama, "The Defenders", starring E.G. Marshall. During 1977–1978, he co-starred in the television show "Lucan", and he played Harry in the CBS drama "The Contender" (1980).


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: Gordon's last credited film work was the 2005 documentary, "Steve McQueen – The Essence of Cool". Gordon was interviewed along with several others who had worked with McQueen, with whom he was a close friend and colleague.


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: On February 18, 1948, Gordon (aged 21) married actress Helen Westcott (aged 20) in Oxnard, California. They divorced in 1953. He married actress Bek Nelson on December 31, 1959, in Los Angeles. They adopted a daughter, Gabrielle, in 1966, and they divorced on May 23, 1979.


title: Don Gordon (actor)

text: Gordon died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on April 24, 2017, aged 90, survived by his wife, Denise, and his daughter, Gabrielle, from a previous marriage. He was diagnosed with cancer shortly before his death.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex is a flame-resistant meta-aramid material developed in the early 1960s by DuPont and first marketed in 1967.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex and related aramid polymers are related to nylon, but have aromatic backbones, and hence are more rigid and more durable. Nomex is an example of a "meta" variant of the aramids (Kevlar is a "para" aramid). Unlike Kevlar, Nomex strands cannot align during filament polymerization and have less strength: its ultimate tensile strength is 340 MPa. However, it has excellent thermal, chemical, and radiation resistance for a polymer material. It can withstand temperatures of up to 370 °C.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex is produced by condensation reaction from the monomers "m"-phenylenediamine and isophthaloyl chloride.


title: Nomex

text: It is sold in both fiber and sheet forms and is used as a fabric where resistance from heat and flame is required. Nomex sheet is actually a calendered paper and made in a similar fashion. Nomex Type 410 paper was the first Nomex paper developed and one of the higher volume grades made, mostly for electrical insulation purposes. Nomex fiber is made in the United States.


title: Nomex

text: Wilfred Sweeny (1926–2011), the DuPont scientist responsible for discoveries leading to Nomex, earned a DuPont Lavoisier Medal in 2002 partly for this work.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex Paper is used in electrical laminates such as circuit boards and transformer cores as well as fireproof honeycomb structures where it is saturated with a phenolic resin. Honeycomb structures such as these, as well as mylar-Nomex laminates, are used extensively in aircraft construction. Firefighting, military aviation, and vehicle racing industries use Nomex to create clothing and equipment that can withstand intense heat.


title: Nomex

text: A Nomex hood is a common piece of racing and firefighting equipment. It is placed on the head on top of a firefighter's face mask. The hood protects the portions of the head not covered by the helmet and face mask from the intense heat of the fire.


title: Nomex

text: Wildland firefighters wear Nomex shirts and trousers as part of their personal protective equipment during wildfire suppression activities.


title: Nomex

text: Racing car drivers wear driving suits constructed of Nomex and or other fire retardant materials, along with Nomex gloves, long underwear, balaclavas, socks, helmet lining and shoes, to protect them in the event of a fire.


title: Nomex

text: Military pilots and aircrew wear flight suits made of over 92 percent Nomex to protect them from cockpit fires. Troops riding in ground vehicles often wear Nomex for fire protection. Kevlar thread is often used to hold the fabric together at seams.


title: Nomex

text: In the U.S. space program, Nomex has been used for the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment on the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (in conjunction with Kevlar and Gore-Tex) and ACES pressure suit, both for fire and extreme environment (water immersion to near vacuum) protection, and as thermal blankets on the payload bay doors, fuselage, and upper wing surfaces of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. It has also been used for the airbags for the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover missions , the Galileo atmospheric probe, the Cassini-Huygens Titan probe, as an external covering on the AERCam Sprint, and is planned to be incorporated into NASA's upcoming Crew Exploration Vehicle.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex has been used as an acoustic material in Troy, NY, at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center (EMPAC) main concert hall. A ceiling canopy of Nomex reflects high and mid frequency sound, providing reverberation, while letting lower frequency sound partially pass through the canopy. According to RPI President Shirley Ann Jackson, EMPAC is the first venue in the world to use Nomex as an architectural material for acoustic reasons.


title: Nomex

text: Honeycomb-structured Nomex paper is used as a spacer between layers of lead in the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter, and as a laminate core for hull and deck construction in custom boats such as Stiletto Catamarans like the Stiletto 27.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex is used in industrial applications as a filter in exhaust filtration systems, typically a baghouse, that deal with hot gas emissions found in asphalt plants, cement plants, steel smelting facilities, and non-ferrous metal production facilities.


title: Nomex

text: Nomex is used in some classical guitar tops in order to create a 'composite' soundboard. When Nomex is laminated between 2 spruce or cedar 'skins', a rigid and lightweight plate is produced, which can improve the efficiency of the soundboard. While the 'laminated' technique was created by Matthias Dammann, the use of Nomex within was first employed by luthier Gernot Wagner.


title: Nomex

text: The deaths in fiery crashes of race car drivers Fireball Roberts at Charlotte, and Eddie Sachs and Dave MacDonald at Indianapolis in 1964, led to the use of flame-resistant fabrics such as Nomex. In early 1966 "Competition Press and Autoweek" reported: "During the past season, experimental driving suits were worn by Walt Hansgen, Masten Gregory, Marvin Panch and Group 44's Bob Tullius; these four representing a fairly good cross section in the sport. The goal was to get use-test information on the comfort and laundering characteristics of Nomex. The Chrysler-Plymouth team at the recent Motor Trend 500 at Riverside also wore these suits."


title: Preetika Rao

text: Preetika Rao is an Indian actress, model and former film-columnist who primarily works in Hindi television and films. She made her acting debut with the Tamil film "Chikku Bukku" (2010). Rao is best known for portraying Aaliya Zain Abdullah in her television debut "Beintehaa" (2013) for which she won several awards including Gold Awards for Best Debut-Female and ITA Awards for GR8! Onscreen Couple with Harshad Arora.


title: Preetika Rao

text: In 2017, she played Mohini Ayaan Mehta in "Love Ka Hai Intezaar" (2017). Rao made her Hindi film debut with Zee5 film "377 Ab Normal" (2019).


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao was born in Mangalore, Karnataka. She comes from a Konkani-speaking Hindu family. She graduated majoring in history from Sophia College, while also acquiring a diploma in Advertising and Journalism. She wrote for "Bangalore Mirror", "Deccan Chronicle" and the "Asian Age". Her sister, Amrita Rao is a Bollywood actress.


title: Preetika Rao

text: After her acting debut, she moved to the USA for her diploma course in Broadcast Journalism from the New York Film Academy, New York.


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao chose to skip Bollywood for television as she wasn't comfortable with bikinis and kissing scenes.


title: Preetika Rao

text: She made her acting and film debut with the Tamil film "Chikku Bukku" (2010) where she was seen as Meenal "Ammu" alongside Arya. She then made her Telugu debut with the role of Madhu Latha in "Priyudu" (2012) opposite Varun Sandesh.


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao made the transition from regional cinema in 2013 and made her television debut with "Beintehaa" opposite Harshad Arora. She portrayed Aaliya Ghulam Haider/Aaliya Zain Abdullah and received various awards for her performance including Gold Awards Best Debut- Female.


title: Preetika Rao

text: In 2015, Rao made her singing debut with the single "Na Tum Humein Jano". The same year she made her Kannada debut with the role of Preetika in "Rebel" alongside Aditya. In 2016, she appeared as a Contestant in "Box Cricket League".


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao made her comeback to television with "Love Ka Hai Intezaar" in 2017. She portrayed Mohini Mathur Ranawat/Mohini Ayaan Mehta opposite Mohit Sehgal. She then appeared as Priya alongside Yunus Khan in the short film "Metro Mulaqat". The same year she released her second single "Yaad Kiya Dil Ne" with Siddharth Basrur.


title: Preetika Rao

text: In 2018, She played Mahima "Mahi" Malhotra in "Laal Ishq" alongside Priyank Sharma and Niti Taylor in the episode "Gudiya". She has also appeared in the music videos 'Surilee' with Shaan (2017) 'Tere Vede' (2018) and 'Tenu Bhul Na Pavagi' (2018).


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao made her Hindi film debut with the ZEE5 film "377 Ab Normal". In the film, she played Neha, a lesbian, opposite Maanvi Gagroo.


title: Preetika Rao

text: She next appeared in the 2021 Anthology film "Love Sorries" which released on MX Player and Hungama Play where she portrayed a strict boss Meera in the segment: "Double Cheese" alongside Aakash Talwar which received positive reviews.


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao will next be seen in an Kannada film directed by Shreyas Sudhindra, which also stars Achyuth Kumar, Balaji Manohar and Naveen Suvarnahalli.


title: Preetika Rao

text: As a teen-model, Rao appeared in an advertisement for Cadbury Dairy Milk, along with Amitabh Bachchan, directed by Shoojit Sircar, and has over 200 TVC and print campaigns to her credit.


title: Preetika Rao

text: Rao was felicitated in Dar Es Salaam at the Sinema Zetu International Festival for her immense popularity in Tanzania due to her show "Beintehaa". In 2014, she ranked 6th in "Rediff"s Top 10 Television Actresses List.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: Shin Ji-min (; born January 8, 1991), better known mononymously as Jimin, is a South Korean rapper and singer. She was the leader and main rapper of the girl group AOA, which debuted in 2012 under FNC Entertainment. In 2015, Jimin was a semi-finalist in the first season of "Unpretty Rapstar". During the show, she released several successful collaboration singles, most notably "Good Start" (with Seulong) and "Puss" (with Iron). Following allegations of bullying by former bandmate Kwon Mina, Jimin left the group and retired from the entertainment industry in July 2020. She returned to the entertainment industry in July 2022.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: Jimin was born on January 8, 1991, in Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea. She learned how to play the guitar, harmonica, and piano as a child. From her second year of middle school to her first year of high school, she studied abroad at a Chinese language school for two years. While in China, she also attended a practical music school.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: On July 30, 2012, Jimin made her debut as a leader of AOA on Mnet's "M! Countdown" with the song "Elvis" from their debut single album, "Angels' Story". She is also part of band unit AOA Black, established in 2013.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: In early 2015, Jimin was part of the variety show "Unpretty Rapstar", a spin-off of "Show Me The Money". "Unpretty Rapstar" is a female rappers survival program. The show consists of a single-elimination competition through rap performances. During the show, Jimin released a few collaboration singles, such as "T4SA" with MC Meta and Nuck. Her song with Seulong, "Good Start", was produced by Verbal Jint and peaked at number two on the Gaon Singles Chart. "Puss", her rap battle song with rapper Iron during the semi-finals, peaked at number one on the Gaon Singles Chart. She was also a cast member of the variety show "Off to School" for four episodes, beginning March 17, 2015.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: On April 28, Jimin and J.Don released the collaboration single "God". The song was produced by Rhymer of Brand New Music as part of FNC Entertainment's N Project. The song's music video was based on "Game of Thrones".


title: Shin Ji-min

text: Jimin debuted as a soloist on March 3, 2016, with the single "Call You Bae", featuring Exo's Xiumin. The single is the first release of Jimin's solo project #OOTD (Outfit of the Day).


title: Shin Ji-min

text: In October 2017, Jimin released the single "Hallelujah", a Latin-pop influenced dance track, a collaboration with magazine W Korea.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: Jimin sung the OST for tvN's "A Korean Odyssey" together with Seo Yu-na, the song is called "If You Were Me" and it was released on January 28, 2018.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: On July 3, 2020, former AOA member Kwon Mina alleged in an Instagram post that Jimin had bullied her for a decade, which led to Kwon's withdrawal from the group in May 2019. She posted a photo of her scarred wrist and claimed to have attempted suicide as a result of the bullying. Jimin reportedly responded to the accusations by posting the word "fiction" to her Instagram Stories before deleting it shortly after. Kwon criticized the post, stating, "Fiction? It's too scary to say it's fiction." The allegations led to Jimin's departure from the group and the halt of all her activities in the entertainment industry.


title: Shin Ji-min

text: After a three-year hiatus from the entertainment industry, it was announced on July 14, 2022, that Jimin had signed an exclusive contract with Alo Malo Entertainment, and will be making her return to the entertainment industry. In August 2022, Jimin joined the cast of JTBC's "The Second World", a survival show for girl-group rappers.


title: United Kingdom membership of the European Union

text: The United Kingdom (along with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar) was a member state of the European Union (EU) and of its predecessor the European Communities (EC) – principally the European Economic Community (EEC) from 1 January 1973 until 31 January 2020. Since the foundation of the EEC, the UK had been an important neighbour and then leading member state, until Brexit ended 47 years of membership. During the UK's time as a member state two referendums were held on the issue of its membership, with the first being held on 5 June 1975, resulting in a vote to stay in the EC, and the second, held on 23 June 2016, which resulted in the vote to leave the EU.


text: Ten West European nations (not including West Germany) created the Council of Europe in 1949, the first step towards political co-operation between them, but some countries wanted to go further.


text: The 1951 Treaty of Paris created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which began to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace, after two world wars had started in Europe in the first half of the century. The six founding countries were Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.


text: The 1950s were dominated by the Cold War between the Soviet bloc and the Western democracies. In 1951 the six ECSC countries signed a treaty to run their heavy industries – coal and steel – under a common management. In this way, it was felt that none on its own could make the weapons of war to turn against the others, as in the past.


text: In 1957, building on the success of the Coal and Steel Treaty, the six ECSC countries expanded co-operation to other economic sectors. They signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community (EEC), or 'Common Market'. The idea was for people, goods and services to be able to move freely across borders. The French president Charles De Gaulle was determined himself to have his own ‘special relationship’ with West Germany as he wanted the EEC to be essentially a Franco-German alliance, with the other four members being satellite states.


text: The UK was not a signatory of the three original treaties that were incorporated into what was then the European Communities, including the best known of these, the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). Britain first began talks to join the EEC in July 1961.


text: The UK's applications to join in 1963 and 1967 were vetoed by the President of France, Charles de Gaulle. While it was true that Britain's economy, like many others, was struggling to recover from the high cost of WW2, De Gaulle had personal as well as economic reasons for not wanting the British around the table. He distrusted the British particularly because he thought that in disputes they would always take the American side.


text: There were also distinct differences between the French and British farming industries. De Gaulle in his memoirs described his dilemma: "How could we maintain on our territory more than two million farms, three-quarters of which were too small and too poor to be profitable, but on which, nonetheless, nearly one-fifth of the French population live?"


text: His solution was the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It provided for a single market for agricultural goods at guaranteed prices, a Community preference scheme against imports, and financial solidarity. Intervention in markets to buy up surplus stocks at minimum prices, subsidising sales on world markets, and imposing levies on the import of cheaper goods from outside the Community – these were the techniques adopted, with the bill eventually paid for by taxpayers and consumers.


text: Britain as a result of emergency wartime measures had one of the most efficient farming industries in the world, and while agriculture accounted for 25% of the French economy, it only accounted for 4% in UK. In the 1950s Britain's cheap food policy was predicated on trading at world market prices, which were throughout this period substantially lower than the CAP ones. It was supplemented for its farmers from the 1950s by a system of deficiency payments.


text: De Gaulle, aware that the CAP was crucial to France's economic security and social stability at that time, knew the British would not accept it, and his veto made sure that they could not stop CAP happening. Despite its complexity, CAP's origin and driving momentum lay in a simple but historic trade-off between France's agricultural interests and Germany's industrial interests. Germany as a manufacturing economy wanted tariff-free access for its industrial goods throughout the EEC, so France got the CAP, and in return Germany got the Customs union and the Common external tariff built into the Treaty of Rome.


text: The system of price support developed through the 1970s and 1980s: the CAP absorbed more and more Community resources, from an estimated 12.9 per cent of the budget in 1966 to 68.4 or even 80 per cent in 1985. Between 1974 and 1983, guarantee expenditure on agricultural products grew from three billion ECUs to 16 billion ECUs.


text: These trends emerged precisely as the importance of agriculture and rural populations in the member-states proportionately declined. Distribution of the benefits was also highly skewed; the Commission estimates that in 1991 some 80 per cent of support went to 20 per cent of the EU's farmers.


text: De Gaulle said that "a number of aspects of Britain's economy, from working practices to agriculture" had "made Britain incompatible with Europe" and that Britain harboured a "deep-seated hostility" to any pan-European project.


text: Once de Gaulle had relinquished the French presidency in 1969, the UK made a third and successful application for membership (by then CAP and the Customs Union and Tariff system were well established). By this time attitudes to Britain joining the EEC had shifted in political and business circles in both the UK and France: by the late 1960s exports from Britain to western Europe outstripped those to countries participating in Imperial Preference, and British investment in the EEC was greater than that going to the Commonwealth. Large firms in advanced manufacturing became increasingly vocal advocates of joining the EEC, and the Confederation of British Industry, whose predecessor the Federation of British Industries had originally opposed the establishment of a European customs union after World War II, stressed the importance of pan-European investment, collaboration and co-ordinated industrial policy. In France, government and business opinion were increasingly aware that American firms were dominating high-tech sectors and were better at organising integrated production networks in Europe than local companies, in part due to the fragmentation of European businesses, as argued by Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber in his 1967 book "Le défi américain" ('The American Challenge'). In response, senior French civil servants and the country's main employers' organisation, the Conseil national du patronat français, lobbied to reverse de Gaulle's policy regarding British membership.


text: One complication with the negotiation came about because, in 1969 European Communities had asked their Foreign Affairs committee to 'study the best way of achieving progress in the matter of unification'. When the foundations of common foreign policy in the European Community was drafted in 1970, it was explicitly extended to include accession countries, to ensure the UK were involved in the development before the accession.


text: The Treaty of Accession was signed in January 1972 by the then prime minister Edward Heath, leader of the Conservative Party. Parliament's European Communities Act 1972 was enacted on 17 October, and the UK's instrument of ratification was deposited the next day (18 October), letting the United Kingdom's membership of the EEC come into effect on 1 January 1973.


text: Despite having to wait until the 1st of January 1973 to become a member of the European Communities, the UK were allowed to take a full part in the political development in the days immediately after signing the treaty.


text: In 1975, the United Kingdom held its first ever national referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Economic Community. The governing Labour Party, led by Harold Wilson, had contested the October 1974 general election with a commitment to renegotiate Britain's terms of membership of the EEC and then hold a referendum on whether to remain in the EEC on the new terms. All of the major political parties and the mainstream press supported continuing membership of the EEC. However, there were significant divides within the ruling Labour Party; a 1975 one-day party conference voted by two to one in favour of withdrawal, and seven of the 23 cabinet ministers were opposed to EEC membership, with Harold Wilson suspending the constitutional convention of Cabinet collective responsibility to allow those ministers to publicly campaign against the government.


text: On 5 June 1975, the electorate was asked to vote yes or no on the question: "Do you think the UK should stay in the European Community (Common Market)?" Every administrative county and region in the UK returned majority "Yes" votes, apart from the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides. With a turnout of just under 65%, the outcome of the vote was 67.2% in favour of staying in, and the United Kingdom remained a member of the EEC. Support for the UK to leave the EEC in 1975, in the data, appears unrelated to the support for Leave in the 2016 referendum.


text: In 1979, the United Kingdom opted out of the newly formed European Monetary System (EMS), which was the precursor to the creation of the euro currency.


text: The opposition Labour Party campaigned in the 1983 general election on a commitment to withdraw from the EEC without a referendum. It was heavily defeated; the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher was re-elected. The Labour Party subsequently changed its policy.


text: In 1985, the United Kingdom ratified the Single European Act – the first major revision to the Treaty of Rome – without a referendum, with the full support of the Thatcher government.


text: In October 1990 – under the conservative governance of Margaret Thatcher – the United Kingdom joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), with the pound sterling pegged to a basket of eight other European currencies.


text: Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister in November 1990, amid internal divisions within the Conservative Party that arose partly from her increasingly Eurosceptic views. The United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the ERM in September 1992, after the pound sterling came under pressure from currency speculators (an episode known as Black Wednesday). The resulting cost to UK taxpayers was estimated to be in excess of £3 billion.


text: On 1 November 1993, the Maastricht Treaty introduced new concepts such as the euro, a European Central Bank or the European citizenship; it also changed the name of the Community to the European Union reflecting the evolution of the organization from an economic union into a political union: the Union is founded on the European Communities (first pillar), with two additional areas of cooperation (second and third pillars): the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CSFP) and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). As a result of the Lisbon Treaty, which entered into force on 1 December 2009, the Maastricht Treaty is now known, in updated form as, the Treaty on European Union (2007) or TEU, and the Treaty of Rome is now known, in updated form, as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2007) or TFEU.


text: The Referendum Party was formed in 1994 by Sir James Goldsmith to contest the 1997 general election on a platform of providing a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. It fielded candidates in 547 constituencies at that election, and won 810,860 votes or 2.6% of the total votes cast. It failed to win a single parliamentary seat because its vote was spread out across the country, and lost its deposit (funded by Goldsmith) in 505 constituencies.


text: The UK Independence Party (UKIP), a Eurosceptic political party, was also formed, in 1993. It achieved third place in the UK during the 2004 European elections, second place in the 2009 European elections and first place in the 2014 European elections, with 27.5% of the total vote. This was the first time since the 1910 general election that any party other than the Labour or Conservative parties had taken the largest share of the vote in a nationwide election. UKIP's electoral success in the 2014 European election has been documented as the strongest correlate of the support for the leave campaign in the 2016 referendum.


text: In 2014, UKIP won two by-elections, triggered by defecting Conservative MPs, and in the 2015 general election took 12.6% of the total vote and held one of the two seats won in 2014.


text: The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was drafted in 1950 and its court (ECtHR) was established in 1953. EU institutions are bound under article 6 of the Treaty of Nice to respect human rights under the convention, over and above for example the Law of the United Kingdom. The Court was criticised especially within the Conservative Party for ruling in favour of British prisoners obtaining the right to vote. During the referendum the then Home Secretary, Theresa May, had called for the UK to leave the ECHR.


text: Neither the ECHR nor the ECtHR is formally part of the European Union, and are not connected to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The ECHR was drafted by, and the ECtHR is part of, the Council of Europe, of which the UK was a founding member in 1949. The UK was an independent signatory to the ECHR, 21 years before joining the EC/EU, in 1951. However, the European Court of Human Rights (which is the court founded by the European Convention of Human Rights) does not have constitutional supremacy over the various judiciaries of European Countries. The European Court of Justice (which is the court founded by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) does in fact try to follow the European Convention of Human Rights and the judgements/opinions of the European Court of Human Rights.


text: In a statistical analysis published in April 2016, Professor John Curtice of Strathclyde University defined Euroscepticism as the wish to sever or reduce the powers of the EU, and conversely Europhilia as the desire to preserve or increase the powers of the EU. According to this definition, the British Social Attitudes (BSA) surveys show an increase in euroscepticism from 38% (1993) to 65% (2015). Euroscepticism should however not be confused with the wish to leave the EU: the BSA survey for the period July–November 2015 shows that 60% backed the option "continue as an EU member", and only 30% backed the option to "withdraw".


text: Since 1977, both pro- and anti-European views have had majority support at different times, with some dramatic swings between the two camps. In the United Kingdom European Community membership referendum of 1975, two-thirds of British voters favoured continued EEC membership. The highest-ever rejection of membership was in 1980, the first full year of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's term of office, with 65% opposed to and 26% in favour of membership.


text: After Thatcher had negotiated the UK rebate of British membership payments in 1984, those favouring the EEC maintained a lead in the opinion polls, except during 2000, as Prime Minister Tony Blair aimed for closer EU integration, including adoption of the euro currency, and around 2011, as immigration into the United Kingdom became increasingly noticeable. As late as December 2015 there was, according to ComRes, a clear majority in favour of remaining in the EU, albeit with a warning that voter intentions would be considerably influenced by the outcome of Prime Minister David Cameron's ongoing EU reform negotiations, especially with regards to the two issues of "safeguards for non-Eurozone member states" and "immigration". The following events are relevant.


text: On 23 June 2016 the United Kingdom held its second referendum on membership of what had now become the European Union. This took place forty one years after the first referendum, which had resulted in an overwhelming vote to remain within the bloc. The second referendum came about after the Conservatives led by David Cameron won an unexpected small overall majority in the 2015 UK general election, which included a manifesto commitment to holding a in-out referendum on Britain's relationship with the EU following a renegotiation which took place in the autumn and winter of 2015–16. At the same time parliament legislated for the referendum by passing the European Union Referendum Act 2015. The UK Government was in favour of a “Remain” result, although cabinet ministers were allowed to campaign on either side in a suspension of Cabinet collective responsibility, just as ministers had back in 1975. The surprise result of the referendum after a long ten-week campaign, with a narrow majority of people (52% for, 48% against) in favour of leaving the EU on a national turnout of 72%, sent shockwaves both throughout Europe and the rest of the world, causing turmoil in money markets and stock markets during the following day. David Cameron announced that he would resign as Prime Minister, and he was succeeded by Theresa May who became Prime Minister on 13 July 2016 to begin the process of the UK's withdrawal from the bloc.


text: From 2017 to 2019 following the outcome of the referendum, the UK was engaged in negotiations to leave the European Union between the European Union and itself. Between the UK and EU, the so-called "Brexit" – a portmanteau of "Britain" and "exit" – would consist of a withdrawal agreement and a trade agreement, however at a global level this would/might also split various other free trade agreements. The withdrawal agreement was viewed by the EU as a "settlement of accounts" unrelated to the post-exit trade agreement, and viewed by the UK as a 'goodwill payment' to enable a fair post-exit trade agreement. In the event of a no-deal scenario, each side will consequently have different views as to the validity of any payment.


text: On 29 March 2017, the then British Prime Minister Theresa May formally triggered Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty by sending a letter to the then President of the European Council Donald Tusk, which gave the UK and EU 2 years, until 29 March 2019 at 11pm (UK time) to agree an exit deal. If the two parties were not able to strike an agreement, and Article 50 had not been extended, the UK would leave the EU without a deal as the default position.


text: Come March 2019, the UK was unable to reach a deal and so, to avoid a no-deal scenario, agreed a deal with the EU to delay Article 50 until 12 April – two weeks after the original deadline. This deadline was not reached, and the two parties then postponed the so-called "Brexit Day" until 31 October 2019. This required Britain to participate in the 2019 European Parliament election. The newly established Eurosceptic Brexit Party, headed by Nigel Farage, made sweeping gains, taking a high percentage of the UK vote.


text: In July 2019, Theresa May resigned as Prime Minister. On 23 July 2019, Vote Leave campaigner Boris Johnson took office as her replacement. Johnson extended the deadline until 31 January 2020, and then called an early general election in December. Johnson and the Conservative Party won a majority of 80 seats. Both the EU and UK Parliaments ratified the Withdrawal Agreement, which allowed the UK to leave the bloc at 11 pm GMT on 31 January 2020. Negotiations on the future UK–EU relationship subsequently began once the UK formally left the EU and entered the transition period.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The fourth generation Ford Focus, also known as the Focus Mk IV (codename: C519), is a compact car (C-segment) which was produced by Ford from 2018. It was revealed in April 2018 to replace the third-generation Focus. As in the previous generation, the model is available with saloon, hatchback and estate body styles. This generation marked the demise of the Focus line-up in many regions, including North America, South America, and Southeast Asia, effectively limiting its market reach to just Europe, China, Taiwan, Australasia, and other minor markets.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: On 10 April 2018, Ford unveiled the European- and Asian-market versions of the fourth-generation Focus, to mark the nameplate's 20th anniversary. It is underpinned by the Ford C2 platform, an evolution of the C1 platform used on previous iterations of the car and 20 percent stiffer in torsional rigidity. The Mk4 Focus also features a weight reduction of up to compared with the Mk3. As the wheelbase is extended by , Ford designers managed to position the wheels higher up into the sheet metal, reducing the perception of overall length and mass.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: At launch, six trim levels were available for the car, which consists of the Active, Ambiente, ST-Line, Titanium, Trend and Vignale. The Vignale trim is given satin aluminum finishes for the roof rails, fascia and rocker inserts, as well as a signature grille mesh. Only the ST-Line and Titanium trims were introduced in China.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Newly introduced interior features include an electric parking brake, and a shift-by-wire rotary dial gearshift. An eight-inch touchscreen SYNC 3 infotainment system was also introduced, as well as a wireless charging pad. Other available kit includes a 675 watt, 10-speaker B&O Play audio system and FordPass Connect embedded modem system, which also offers access to vehicle locator and remote start via the FordPass mobile app.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: For interior space, shoulder-room for rear passengers has been increased by nearly 61 mm and knee clearance and legroom has been improved by 51 mm and 71 mm respectively. For the Estate model, the load height in the boot has been increased by , while overall capacity is 1,650 litres.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The ST-Line trim level is an aggressively-styled version of the Focus. It includes addition of a dark-finished 17-inch wheels, sports body kit, large diffuser, functional roof spoiler, lower wing elements, and polished twin tailpipes. It is also equipped with sports-tuned suspension which is tuned to reach a balance between dynamic handling and comfort.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The Vignale trim level is a luxury-oriented version of the Focus. It offers extra equipments and styling changes. It includes satin aluminium elements as well as a signature Vignale mesh grille. Other features include larger 18-inch wheels, LED headlights, heads-up display for the navigation and other functions plus Active Park Assist. There is also a contrasting stitching on the dashboard, full leather trim with Vignale badging, a B&O sound system, and multi-colour ambient lighting.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The Active trim level is a crossover-styled version of the Focus. To give a rugged styling to the car, it features bespoke front end design, off-road styled accessories such as black protective wheel arches and rocker claddings and front/rear skid plates. The ground clearance also is lifted by . This model is available in hatchback and station wagon body styles.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: In China, the estate model was released in November 2020 with a reworked front fascia and marketed as the Focus Shooting Brake.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: In February 2019, Ford announced the fourth-generation Focus ST for the European market. It was launched in mid-2019.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The Focus ST is offered with a choice of either a 2.3-litre "EcoBoost" turbocharged petrol engine with a power output or a 2.0-litre "EcoBlue" diesel engine with a 190 PS power output. As standard, all models come with a six-speed manual transmission however a new performance-optimized seven-speed automatic transmission (which includes wheel-mounted paddle-shifters) is also available as an option in the near future.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: On the exterior, the Focus ST features a revised grille, unique 18- or 19-inch alloy wheels, larger rear spoiler and twin-exit tailpipes. Interior changes include Recaro front seats, aluminium gear knob, pedals and scuff plates, and decorative elements with grey stitching.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The EcoBoost variant of the new Focus ST is the first front-wheel-drive Ford model to feature an electronic limited-slip differential (eLSD). An anti-lag system is also implemented to aid with power delivery.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Like the Fiesta ST, an optional "Performance Pack" is available. The package includes launch control and rev-matching for the manual EcoBoost variant, "Track" driving mode, and red-painted brake callipers.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: August 2021, Ford unveiled a new, special edition version of the Focus ST called the "Edition", limited to 300 for UK and 200 for Europe. Specification is 2.3‑litre EcoBoost petrol engine, six-speed manual with electronic limited-slip differential (eLSD) and 4 selectable Drive Modes, including Track Mode. Flow-formed alloy wheels and two way adjustable suspension by KW Automotive. Only available in Azura Blue, with Gloss Black detailing including wheels, rear diffuser, roof and spoiler.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: In June 2022, the Focus received an update in Europe which includes the addition of a new electrified powertrain and some minor changes to the equipment list. A mild hybrid powertrain was introduced, which is called the "EcoBoost Hybrid" engine, a mild hybrid version of Ford’s 1.0-litre turbocharged three-cylinder with and , both with a 6-speed manual transmission. With the "EcoBoost Hybrid", the standard alternator is replaced with a belt-driven integrated starter-generator (BISG), enabling energy recuperation during braking and coasting to charge a 48-volt lithium-ion battery pack located beneath the front passenger seat.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Ford has also introduced a configurable 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster. The new Connected variant comes as standard with a wireless charging pad, a SYNC 3 infotainment system with navigation, adaptive cruise control, front and rear parking sensors and a rearview camera.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Meanwhile, the ST-Line and Active gain dual-zone climate control, auto-dimming rear-view mirror, rain-sensing wipers and keyless entry as standard kit. ST-Line X models come with a larger roof spoiler and the Active X gets a black headliner.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: In April 2018, Ford announced that all passenger vehicles but the Mustang would be discontinued in the North American market, in order to focus on trucks and SUVs. The Focus Active was intended to be the only version of the model available in the market, but Ford cancelled these plans in August 2018 over tariffs imposed by the U.S. government on exports from China, as the model is manufactured in the country.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Ford also cancelled plans to manufacture the fourth generation Focus in Thailand, due to the low demand for the previous generation Focus, and a strategy change saw Ford halting passenger car sales and production in the country.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Ford limited sales of fourth generation Focus in its 4-door saloon form in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Turkey, Cyprus as well as many Asian and African countries. Ford no longer sells the Focus in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Israel due to a broader reorganization of their European branch.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: In April 2020, Ford confirmed there are no plans for a fourth generation Focus RS model due to pan-European emissions standards and high development costs.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The SA Ford Focus was launched in November 2018 in Australia with Trend, and ST-Line models available from launch. Ambiente, Active and Titanium models were available in mid-2019. The Focus ST launched in 2020.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: It was also the first time the wagon was available in Australia and solely in ST-Line guise. The wagon was initially the only variant to offer fully independent rear suspension (IRS), whereas other variants were fitted with a torsion-beam rear suspension.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Engines available are the 1.5-litre EcoBoost three-cylinder with and , and a 2.3-litre EcoBoost four-cylinder with and . Transmissions include the 8F24 8-speed automatic standard on 1.5 L EcoBoost, 6-speed manual standard on ST, with a 7-speed automatic a no-cost option. A 6-speed automatic was previously offered on Ambiente models.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: In June 2020, the Focus lineup in Australia had been culled to only the ST-Line Hatch (wagon discontinued), Active and ST. To compensate for the discontinuation of the Titanium, features such as front parking sensors and LED headlights were made standard on the ST-Line. Independent rear suspension was also added to the ST-Line where it was previously only fitted on the ST-Line wagon and Active. FordPass 4G modems were also added to the Focus in Australia for the first time allowing remote unlocking and start from a smartphone.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Coinciding with the launch of the facelift model in 2022, only the ST model will be sold, with non-Ford Performance models (ST-Line Hatch and Active) being discontinued in Australia. The ST and ST X will replace the ST-1 and ST-2 variants launched in 2020. The ST now receives less standard equipment than previously, such as 18 alloys rather than the 19" alloys previously standard across the range. While the ST X gains LED matrix headlights and 19" alloys.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Ford Australia discontinued the Focus ST and Fiesta ST, from its lineup on August 5, 2022. Forty examples of the facelifted Focus ST were secured for the Australian market, with both vehicles to be retired before the end of 2022. The company said the decision was led by the semiconductor chip shortage and a priority for its higher selling vehicles, such as the Ranger, Everest, Mustang, Escape and Puma.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: The fourth-generation Focus features the Ford Co-Pilot360 technology which is claimed to enhance safety, driving and parking. It includes adaptive cruise control with Stop & Go, speed sign recognition and lane-centering which works at speeds of up to .


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Another safety features include Adaptive Front Lighting System with Predictive curve light and Sign-based light, Active Park Assist 2, Park-out Assist, Pre-Collision Assist with Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection, Evasive Steering Assist, Blind Spot Information System with Cross Traffic Alert, Rear wide-view camera, Wrong Way Alert, Ford MyKey and Post-Collision Braking.


title: Ford Focus (fourth generation)

text: Ford's chairman Stuart Rowley has told a conference call of journalists in June 2022 that the production of the Ford Focus will end in 2025, as the brand will prepare for a fully electric future.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Johnny Guitar is a 1954 American Western film directed by Nicholas Ray and starring Joan Crawford, Sterling Hayden, Mercedes McCambridge, Ernest Borgnine and Scott Brady. It was produced and distributed by Republic Pictures. The screenplay was adapted from a novel of the same name by Roy Chanslor.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: In 2008, "Johnny Guitar" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Johnny Guitar

text: On the outskirts of a wind-swept Arizona cattle town, an aggressive and strong-willed saloonkeeper named Vienna maintains a volatile relationship with the local cattlemen and townsfolk. Not only does she support the railroad being laid nearby (the cattlemen oppose it), but she permits "The Dancin' Kid" (her former amour) and his confederates to frequent her saloon.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: The locals, led by John McIvers and egged on by Emma Small (a onetime rival of Vienna for the Dancin' Kid's affections) are determined to force Vienna out of town, and the hold-up of the stage (erroneously blamed on the Dancin' Kid) offers a perfect pretext.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Vienna faces them down, helped by the mysterious and just-arrived Johnny Guitar, a guitar-player who had an interview scheduled with her that day. McIvers gives Vienna, Johnny Guitar, and Dancin' Kid and his sidekicks 24 hours to leave. Johnny turns out to be Vienna's ex-lover and a reformed gunslinger whose real name is Johnny Logan. A smoldering love/hate relationship develops.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Dancin' Kid and his gang rob the town bank, while Vienna is there by coincidence, to fund their escape to California, but the pass is blocked by a railroad crew dynamiting a way in, and they flee back to their secret hideout (a played-out silver mine) behind a waterfall. Emma convinces the townsfolk that Vienna is as guilty as the rest, and the posse rides to her saloon.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Vienna appears to be getting the best of another verbal confrontation when one of the wounded bank robbers, a youth named Turkey, is discovered under a table. Emma persuades the men to hang Vienna and Turkey, and burns the saloon down. At the last second Vienna, though not Turkey, is saved from hanging by Johnny Guitar. Vienna and Johnny escape the posse and find refuge in Dancin' Kid's secret hideaway.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: The posse tracks them down, and the last two of Kid's men are killed by infighting; one, Bart, is killed by Johnny when Bart was going to betray and shoot the Kid. A halt is called to the bloodbath by the posse's leader, McIvers. Emma challenges Vienna to a showdown and shoots Vienna in the shoulder; Dancin' Kid calls to Emma but is killed by a bullet to the head fired by the angered and insanely jealous Emma. Vienna then shoots Emma in the head. The posse allows Johnny and Vienna to leave the hideout in peace, watching them go.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Crawford and Nick Ray were scheduled to make a film called "Lisbon" at Paramount, but the script proved unacceptable. Crawford, who held the film rights to the novel "Johnny Guitar", which its author Roy Chanslor had dedicated to her, brought the script to Republic and had the studio hire Ray to direct an adaptation of it.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Crawford wanted either Bette Davis or Barbara Stanwyck for the role of Emma Small, but they were too expensive. Claire Trevor was next in mind for the role but was unable to accept because she was tied up with another film. Finally, Nicholas Ray brought in McCambridge.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Most people claimed Crawford was easy to work with, always professional, generous, patient and kind. Issues between Crawford and McCambridge cropped up early on, but Ray was not alarmed – at first. He found it "heaven sent" that they disliked each other and felt it added greatly to the dramatic conflict. The reasons for the feud appear to date back to a time when Crawford had once dated McCambridge's husband, Fletcher Markle. According to some of the other co-stars, McCambridge needled Crawford about it. McCambridge also appears to have disliked that Crawford and Ray were in the midst of an affair. Crawford, on the other hand, disliked what she perceived to be "special attention" that Ray was giving to McCambridge.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Making things worse was that McCambridge was battling alcoholism during this period, something she admitted later contributed to the problems between her and Crawford.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: After filming, McCambridge and Hayden publicly declared their dislike of Crawford, with McCambridge labeling Crawford, "a mean, tipsy, powerful, rotten-egg lady". Hayden said in an interview, "There is not enough money in Hollywood to lure me into making another picture with Joan Crawford. And I like money."


title: Johnny Guitar

text: Later, Ray claimed that Crawford, during a rage, drunkenly threw McCambridge's costumes into the street. Crawford later laughingly admitted she had thrown McCambridge's own clothing into the street. Ray also said of that time, "Joan was drinking a lot and she liked to fight," but that she was also "very attractive, with a basic decency."


title: Johnny Guitar

text: On September 20, 2016, Olive Films released the film on Blu-Ray and DVD as part of its lineup, Olive Signature. The release features an archival introduction from Martin Scorsese, an audio commentary from Geoff Andrews, and several featurettes.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: During its initial theatrical run, "Johnny Guitar" had grossed $2.5 million in North American rentals.


title: Johnny Guitar

text: "Variety" commented, "It proves [Crawford] should leave saddles and Levis to someone else and stick to city lights for a background. [The film] is only a fair piece of entertainment. [The scriptwriter] becomes so involved with character nuances and neuroses, all wrapped up in dialogue, that [the picture] never has a chance to rear up in the saddle... The people in the story never achieve much depth, this character shallowness being at odds with the pretentious attempt at analysis to which the script and direction devotes so much time." Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" singled out Crawford's physical appearance, stating "no more femininity comes from her than from the rugged Heflin in "Shane." For the lady, as usual, is as sexless as the lions on the public library steps and as sharp and romantically forbidding as a package of unwrapped razor blades." He further commented that the film was no more than a "flat walk-through — or occasional ride-through—of western cliches...The color is slightly awful and the Arizona scenery is only fair. Let's put it down as a fiasco. Miss Crawford went that away."


title: Johnny Guitar

text: "Harrison's Reports" praised the film as "one of the better pictures of its type. Filmed in what is without question the best example of Trucolor photography yet shown, its mixture of romance, hatred and violence grips one's attention throughout, in spite of the fact that it is overburdened with a number of 'talky' passages. This, however, is not a serious flaw and could be corrected by some judicious cutting of the rather overlong running time."


title: Johnny Guitar

text: According to Martin Scorsese, contemporary American audiences "didn't know what to make of it, so they either ignored it or laughed at it." European audiences, on the other hand, not having the same biases as American audiences, saw "Johnny Guitar" for what it was: "an intense, unconventional, stylized picture, full of ambiguities and subtexts that rendered it extremely modern." During its release overseas, the film found acclaim by then-critics Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut who wrote reviews in the French film magazine "Cahiers du Cinéma". Truffaut further described the film as the "Beauty and the Beast of Westerns, a Western dream". He was especially impressed by the film's extravagance: the bold colors, the poetry of the dialogue in certain scenes, and the theatricality which results in cowboys vanishing and dying "with the grace of ballerinas".


title: Johnny Guitar

text: In his 1988 release "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown," Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar paid homage to the film. His lead character Pepa Marcos (Carmen Maura), a voice artist, passes out while dubbing Vienna's voice in a scene where Johnny (voiced earlier by Pepa's ex-lover Iván) and Vienna banter about their conflicted past. Almodóvar's film also ends with a chase and an obsessed woman shooting at his lead character. In 2012, Japanese film director Shinji Aoyama listed "Johnny Guitar" as one of the Greatest Films of All Time. He said, ""Johnny Guitar" is the only movie that I'd like to remake someday, although I know that it's impossible. It's probably closest to the worst nightmare I can have. I know for sure that my desire to remake this movie comes from my warped thought that I want to remake my own nightmare."


title: Johnny Guitar

text: On the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8.52/10 based on 45 critics. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Johnny Guitar" confidently strides through genre conventions, emerging with a brilliant statement that transcends its period setting -- and left an indelible mark."


title: Johnny Guitar

text: "Johnny Guitar" was adapted into a stage musical, which debuted Off-Broadway in 2004, with a book by American television producer Nicholas van Hoogstraten, lyrics by Joel Higgins, and music by Martin Silvestri and Joel Higgins.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: The Bentley Arnage is a full-size luxury car manufactured and marketed by Bentley Motors in Crewe, England, from 1998 to 2009. The Arnage and its Rolls-Royce-branded sibling, the Silver Seraph, were introduced in the spring of 1998. They were the first entirely new designs for the two marques since 1980.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: The Arnage was powered by a BMW M62 V8 engine, with Cosworth-engineered twin-turbo installation, and the Seraph employed a BMW M73 V12 engine. In September 2008, Bentley announced that production of the model would end during 2009.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: Following an uplift in sales for all of Rolls-Royce, and a resurgence of the Bentley marque, the then-owner, Vickers, set about developing a new model to replace the derivatives of the Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit/Bentley Mulsanne which it had been selling since 1980. In a complete switch from tradition, these new cars would have engines provided by a third-party vendor, and bodies built at the Crewe factory.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: A number of potential engines were examined, including the GM Premium V engine and the Mercedes-Benz M119 engine, before, in late 1994, Vickers selected a pair of BMW power plants. It was decided that the Rolls-Royce model, to be called the Silver Seraph, would use BMW's naturally aspirated M73 V12 engine while the more-sporty Bentley model would use a special twin-turbocharged and of torque version of the company's 4.4-litre M62 V8 engine developed by Vickers subsidiary Cosworth Engineering.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: This Arnage was renamed the Arnage Green Label for the 2000 model year. In addition, from 2000 to 2001, a special edition "Birkin" was produced, celebrating Tim Birkin of the "Bentley Boys."


title: Bentley Arnage

text: During the takeover battle in 1998 between BMW and Volkswagen Group for ownership of Rolls Royce and Bentley Motors, BMW had threatened to stop supply of their engines if Volkswagen Group won. While the threat was later withdrawn in conjunction with BMW acquiring the right to manufacture Rolls-Royce automobiles at a new location, it was clear that Volkswagen could not accept the business and reputation risks associated with having their rival as a long-term business partner. Furthermore, customers were uncertain about engine and part availability (of which there turned out to be no issue) and orders for new cars dropped precipitously. Volkswagen's response was to adapt the old 16-valve, 6.75-litre pushrod engine from the (Mulsanne) Turbo R for the Arnage body, which had been designed for the smaller and much lighter BMW 32-valve V8. Coupled with an outdated 4-speed automatic gearbox from General Motors, the engine was extremely thirsty, and would not meet government-imposed emissions standards without hasty modifications.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: The revised version of the car was launched as the Arnage Red Label in October 1999. At the same time, but without fanfare, Bentley made several minor modifications to the original BMW engined cars, and designated them as the "Arnage Green Label" for the 2000 model year. The most important modifications, to both Red and Green Label cars, gave them stiffer body-shells, and larger wheels and brakes. Both the stiffer body-shells and the larger brakes were necessitated by the extra heft of the large old British engine. Despite the larger brakes, braking performance worsened with the extra weight of the 6.75 engine. The braking performance of the 1999 Green Label from 113–0 km/h was while the later Arnage T's performance was from the same speed. Revisions included:


title: Bentley Arnage

text: Bentley cited customer demand as driving the reversion to the old two valve per cylinder 6.75-litre unit for the Red Label.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: In reality, the outgoing BMW-powered Arnage was technically more modern, considerably more fuel efficient, and had 32 valves with double overhead camshafts, twin-turbochargers and Bosch engine management technology – as opposed to the 16-valve, single turbocharger and a pushrod engine with less advanced engine management. The Red Label's increase in motive power shaved less than a second of the 0 to acceleration time. However, the BMW twin-turbocharged unit remained noticeably more agile and responsive from a driver's perspective, due to its more responsive character, better weight balance (maintaining a 51.1/48.9 weight distribution) and almost lower curb weight. Ultimately the Green Label was more reliable and significantly less expensive to service in the long term. The key limiting factor of the BMW engine's output was the ZF 5HP30 transmission which was not rated to handle more than the of torque that the twin-turbocharged engine was tuned to produce.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: Vickers had outsourced the production of the old 6.75-litre Rolls-Royce engine for use in the contemporary Continental R and Azure models to Cosworth, so reverting to the old standby engine was a natural choice for the company.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: The Red Label model reverted to the old V8 engine, which boasted torque of with a single Garrett T4 turbocharger. This was the greatest amount of torque for a four-door car at the time. Also returning was the General Motors-sourced four-speed 4L80-E automatic transmission.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: In total only seven Arnage Green Label units were built, all of which were left-hand-drive versions. There was a final series of cars built in 2000 with the 4.4-litre BMW engine designated the Arnage Birkin, of which 52 units were produced and are distinguishable by their three-dial as opposed to five-dial instrument center dashboard configuration.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: A long-wheelbase version of the Red Label was launched at the North American International Auto Show in 2001. The Red Label models were replaced in 2002 by the Arnage R.


title: Bentley Arnage

text: In 2001, the Arnage LWB (re-named the RL from MY2003), a long-wheelbase model ( longer than the Arnage), was launched. The extra length is added to the car at both its front and rear doors and its C-pillar to maintain its proportions. With the standard Arnage model, the rear wheel wells butt up against the rear door frames, but with the LWB & RL they are a few inches further back. The overall effect is a larger rear area inside the car. This style of saloon stretch is sometimes called "double-cut" in the United States, due to the two main points where the car is extended. (Jankel and Andy Hotton Associates, for example, are two aftermarket coachbuilders especially known for this style.) Available only as a bespoke ("Mulliner") model, each LWB & RL is customised to the desires of the buyer. The LWB, however, was also the first of a new series of Arnages which would finally cure the Bentley Arnage of the reliability and performance deficiencies experienced following its forced deprivation of the modern BMW engines it was designed to use. The RL would also present a credible challenge to BMW's attempts to revive the Rolls-Royce brand with its planned new model, the Phantom.