title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: Queen Victoria and her husband had long intended to construct a special final resting place for them both, instead of the two of them being buried in one of the traditional resting places of British royalty, such as Westminster Abbey or St George's Chapel, Windsor. The mausoleum for the queen's mother was being constructed at Frogmore in 1861 when Albert died in December of the same year. Victoria chose the site of Albert's mausoleum on 18 December 1861, four days after her husband's death, and plans were drawn up by Ludwig Gruner and A. J. Humbert, who had previously designed the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum. Excavation work started on the site of the mausoleum on 27 January 1862, the final plans having been approved by Victoria that day. Victoria had had previous meetings with Humbert and Gruner to finalise and approve their designs.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The foundation stone was laid by Victoria on 15 March 1862. It had been intended by Victoria to lay the stone on the first anniversary of her mother the Duchess of Kent's death, but it was laid the day before the anniversary as it occurred on a Sunday. Victoria was accompanied by many of her children and many members of staff in attendance to the royal household for the ceremony of laying the foundation stone.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The total cost of the construction and decoration of the mausoleum was £200,000 (), and was entirely funded by Victoria and Edward, the Prince of Wales from their private funds.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: Nikolaus Pevsner's "Buildings of England" series describes the mausoleum as the "finest piece of Victorian funerary architecture in Britain".


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: Though Victoria and Albert are the only interments in the chapel, the mausoleum also contains monuments to Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt (1843–1878), Victoria's second daughter, who died of diphtheria shortly after her youngest daughter May (1874–1878). In the centre of the chapel is a monument to Edward, Duke of Kent, Victoria's father. He died in 1820 and is buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: One of the sculptures is of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Saxon dress, commissioned after Prince Albert's death and executed by William Theed (1804–91). It was unveiled on 20 May 1867 in Windsor Castle, and was moved to the Royal Mausoleum in 1938. The plaster model, which was exhibited in 1868 at the Royal Academy of Arts, is on loan from the Royal Collection to the National Portrait Gallery, London. Victoria wrote in her diary that the idea for it came from Victoria, Princess Royal (her eldest child), and that the inscription on the plinth is a quotation from "The Deserted Village" by Oliver Goldsmith. The inscription on the plinth alludes to the poet's lament for the passing of the imagined village of 'Sweet Auburn'.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: It was built by the architect A. J. Humbert, based on designs by Professor Ludwig Gruner. The mausoleum is in the form of a Greek cross, to a 70 ft diameter, with a central octagon of 70 ft height. It was designed in the Romanesque style. The mausoleum is built from Portland stone and granite; Australian copper covers the roof.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: Antonio Salviati designed and created the elaborate mosaics in the porch of the mausoleum; at a quoted cost of £480. Salviati created mosaics of differing quality according to their proximity to the intended viewer; the low ceiling of the porch was not properly appreciated by Salviati's craftsmen in Venice, and were dissatisfied with the final result. The dissatisfaction with Salviati's work endangered his proposed designs for the future Albert Memorial, and he offered to rectify the work at his own expense.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The interior is richly decorated in the High Renaissance style reminiscent of Raphael, an artist Albert described as "the greatest artist of all time". Gruner was responsible for the decoration of the interior. The walls of the interior are laid with Portuguese red marble, a gift from King Luis I of Portugal, a cousin of both Victoria and Albert, and are inlaid with other marbles from around the world, with a dado of Sienese marble. Three chapels in the mausoleum are decorated with painting depicting the nativity of Jesus in the South chapel, the crucifixion of Jesus in the north chapel; the west chapel is decorated with the Jesus's resurrection. An altar was placed in the North chapel. Paintings of the four evangelists decorate the spandrels of the central octagon. Statues of the four evangelists stand in the niches of the pendatives. Artists involved in the decoration of the interior included the German painters and Karl Pfänder, the Italian Nicola Consoni and the German sculptors Heinrich Baumer, Hermann Hultzsch, Gustav Kunz and . The painting on the entrance transept is the work of Victoria, Princess Royal, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The centrepiece of the mausoleum is the sarcophagus containing the remains of Victoria and Albert. The couple are each depicted in recumbent effigies in marble sculpted by the Italian sculptor Carlo Marochetti. The effigy of Albert was the last work completed before Marochetti's death. Albert is depicted in his Field marshal uniform wearing his Order of the Garter. The effigy of Victoria was completed at the same time, and kept in storage until her death.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: It was mined from the Cairngail quarry in Longside, Aberdeenshire. The block was the fourth block mined; the previous three having been rejected due to flaws. The block of granite measured 10 ft x 8 ft x 4 ft and weighed more than 33 tonnes, but weighed 18 tonnes after being fashioned into a sarcophagus. The lid for the sarcophagus weighed 4.5 to 5 tonnes. The colour of the granite has been variously described as dark grey or blue. The sarcophagus rests on a block of black Belgian marble which had been promised to the Royal family by King Leopold I of Belgium and given to the mausoleum by King Leopold II following his father Leopold's death in 1865. Angels kneeling in prayer stand at each corner of the sarcophagus. The angels were sculpted in bronze by Marochetti and cast by the Parisian foundry of Ferdinand Barbedienne. The angels were removed for the interment ceremony of Victoria.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The latter and wing windows of the Royal mausoleum were originally decorated with patterned glass and the armorial crests of the Saxe-Coburg family. Each window featured an angel playing a musical instrument. The stained glass was renewed under the direction of Edward VII in the early 20th century, and the cupola was repainted at the same time.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The building has been closed to the public since 2007, when it was found to be structurally unsound. Due to the marshy nature of the land, the foundations were generally waterlogged, and the lower elements of the building were disintegrating. It was reported in August 2011 that repairs might not be completed for a further ten years.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: In February 2018, the Royal Household announced it was undertaking repair work, expected to be finished by 2023. This was begun in June 2018, with the aims of creating a dry moat around the building and of replacing its roof, protecting it from the long-standing problem of water infiltration.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: In 1869, the architectural illustrator Henry William Brewer undertook a commission from Queen Victoria to complete a series of paintings of the Mausoleum. The Queen took a great interest in watching Brewer at work, and herself appears in some of these intensely personal pictures. The paintings are now held by the Royal Collection Trust.


title: Natasha Halevi

text: Natasha Halevi (born January 12, 1982) is an American actress and director based in Los Angeles, California. She is known for her role as Anaconda in Troma's "B.C. Butcher", Cara in "Lunch Break Feminist Club", and Alexis Shine in "They Want Dick Dickster". Her directorial work can be found on Crypt TV, Midnight Pulp and Screambox. In 2022, she spearheaded "Give Me An A" an anthology feature film response to the overturning of Roe v. Wade. She is also a director with Fatale Collective, creators of the horror anthology "Fatale Collective: Bleed."


title: Natasha Halevi

text: Halevi was born in Ventura, California and attended St. Bonaventure High School. Halevi then studied at the University of California, Davis where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology and a Bachelor of Arts in dramatic arts. While in college, she also guided for Outdoor Adventures as a rafting, sea kayaking and rock climbing guide.


title: Natasha Halevi

text: In 2014, she received her first feature film role in the dark comedy "They Want Dick Dickster" starring Robert Ray Shafer, Tim Russ, Tim Abell, and Richard Grieco. In the same year, she received a starring role in "B.C. Butcher", directed by Kansas Bowling. In 2015, she played supporting roles in the feature films "Toby Goes to Camp" and "Cop-Aholic".


title: Natasha Halevi

text: Halevi is the director and part of the cast of "Lunch Break Feminist Club" which won "Best Ensemble Cast" at the Hollywood and Vine Film Festival on December 12, 2015.


title: Natasha Halevi

text: In 2019, Halevi directed "Beauty Juice" starring Jennifer Holland, Tiffany Shepis and Krista Allen. This film won the Audience Choice Award at the Atlanta Horror Film Festival and went on to stream on Crypt TV, a prestigious horror distributor founded by Jack Davis and Eli Roth and backed by Jason Blum and Blumhouse Productions.


title: Natasha Halevi

text: Halevi directed a segment of the anthology "Fatale Collective: Bleed" with Fatale Collective and is one of the original directors of the group of female horror directors. Fatale Collective members include Lola Blanc, Danin Jacquay, Francesca Maldonado, and Megan Rosati. "Fatale Collective: Bleed" premiered at FilmQuest in 2019 where it won the “Director’s Award for Cinematic Achievement”. The anthology also screened at Fantastic Fest, Overlook Film Festival and the Brooklyn Horror Film Festival.


title: Cooper test

text: The cooper test which was designed by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 for US military use is a physical fitness test. In its original form, the point of the test is to run as far as possible within 12 minutes. Pacing is important, as the participant will not cover a maximal distance if they begin with a pace too close to an all out sprint. The outcome is based on the distance the test person ran, their age and their sex.


title: Cooper test

text: It is an easy test to perform in larger groups. For athletes, the length of the run is considered to be that of a long distance run, since everything above 3 km is rated "long distance"—which means the runner will primarily use their "red", slow oxidative muscle cells.


title: Cooper test

text: For comparison the 2 miles (3,218.7 meters) outdoor world record is 7:58.61 by Daniel Komen, the 5000 meters world record outdoor of Joshua Cheptegei is 12:35.36. The 2 miles outdoor world record for women is Meseret Defar with 8:58.58 and Tirunesh Dibaba time for the outdoor 5000 m is 14:11.15.


title: Cooper test

text: For practical use, precise monitoring presents a challenge. Not all military bases have a running track, and tracking soldiers' laps and positions after 12 minutes is difficult. Testing is easier to administer when the distance is fixed and the finishing time measured. In his original book, Cooper also provided an alternate version of the test, based on the time to complete a 1.5 mile run.


title: Cooper test

text: Most armies and police agencies of the world use a fixed distance. This is not exactly a Cooper test but a reasonable practical compromise as long as the distance is of sufficient length to put a continuous load on the cardiovascular system for 10 or more minutes. For example, the British Army uses 1.5 miles, the Australian Army uses 2.4 kilometers, the US Army uses 2 miles and the US Marine Corps 3 miles. For each base the course is measured and local corrections (elevation, conditions, etc.) applied. Soldiers are sent off in waves, and timed over the finish line by some PTIs with a stopwatch.


title: Cooper test

text: For personal trainers, the Cooper Test, when carried out on a treadmill, is a reliable and repeatable method for measuring a client's progress.


title: Cooper test

text: The Cooper test was one of the most commonly used fitness tests to measure the fitness levels of both amateur and professional football referees, including referees from the FA (English Football Association). More recently, many countries have decided to stop relying on the Cooper Test, claiming that the Cooper test does not correlate well to a real football match, where players run short sprints rather than at a regular pace. Thus it may not truly indicate if a referee will be able to perform well in a football match. All FIFA referees are now required to pass the HI Intensity Fitness Test. National associations are gradually requiring some of their top-tier officials to do the HI Intensity Fitness Test also. Lower level referees are often given a choice to either perform the HI Intensity Fitness Test or the Cooper Test. Nevertheless, the recent trend seems to indicate that the Cooper Test is slowly being phased out.


title: Poena cullei

text: Poena cullei (from Latin 'penalty of the sack') under Roman law was a type of death penalty imposed on a subject who had been found guilty of patricide. The punishment consisted of being sewn up in a leather sack, with an assortment of live animals including a dog, snake, monkey, and a chicken or rooster, and then being thrown into water.


title: Poena cullei

text: The punishment may have varied widely in its frequency and precise form during the Roman period. For example, the earliest fully documented case is from ca. 100 BC, although scholars think the punishment may have developed about a century earlier. Inclusion of live animals in the sack is only documented from Early Imperial times, and at the beginning, only snakes were mentioned. At the time of Emperor Hadrian (2nd century AD), the most well known form of the punishment was documented, where a cock, a dog, a monkey and a viper were inserted in the sack. At the time of Hadrian "poena cullei" was made into an optional form of punishment for parricides (the alternative was being thrown to the beasts in the arena).


title: Poena cullei

text: During the 3rd century AD up to the accession of Emperor Constantine, "poena cullei" fell out of use; Constantine revived it, now with only serpents to be added in the sack. Well over 200 years later, Emperor Justinian reinstituted the punishment with the four animals, and "poena cullei" remained the statutory penalty for patricides within Byzantine law for the next 400 years, when it was replaced with being burned alive. "Poena cullei" gained a revival of sorts in late medieval and early modern Germany, with late cases of being drowned in a sack along with live animals being documented from Saxony in the first half of the 18th century.


title: Poena cullei

text: The 19th-century historian Theodor Mommsen compiled and described in detail the various elements that at one time or another have been asserted as elements within the ritualistic execution of a parricide during the Roman Era, and while the following paragraph is based on that description it is "not" to be regarded as a static ritual that always was observed, but as a descriptive enumeration of elements gleaned from several sources written over a period of several centuries. Mommsen, for example, notes that the monkey hardly can have been an ancient element in the execution ritual.


title: Poena cullei

text: Other variations occur, and some of the Latin phrases have been interpreted differently. For example, in his early work "De Inventione", Cicero says the criminal's mouth was covered by a leather bag, rather than a wolf's hide. He also says the person was held in prison until the large sack was made ready, whereas at least one modern author believes the sack, "culleus", involved, would have been one of the large, very common sacks Romans transported wine in, so that such a sack would have been readily available. According to the same author, such a wine sack had a volume of .


title: Poena cullei

text: Another point of contention concerns precisely how, and by what means, the individual was beaten. In his 1920 essay ""The Lex Pompeia and the Poena Cullei"", Max Radin observes that, as expiation, convicts were typically flogged until they bled (some commentators translate the phrase as "beaten with rods till he bleeds"), but that it might very well be the case that the rods themselves were painted red. Radin also points to a third option, namely that the "rods" actually were some type of shrub, since it documented from other sources that whipping with some kinds of shrub was thought to be purifying in nature.


title: Poena cullei

text: The picture gained of the ritual above is compiled from sources ranging in their generally agreed upon dates of composition from the 1st century BC, to the 6th century AD, that is, over a period of six to seven hundred years. Different elements are mentioned in the various sources, so that the "actual" execution ritual at any one particular time may have been substantially distinct from that ritual performed at other times. For example, the "Rhetoricia ad Herennium", a treatise by an unknown author from about 90 BC details the execution of a Publicius Malleolus, found guilty of murdering his own mother, along with citing the relevant law as follows:


title: Poena cullei

text: As can be seen from the above, in this early reference, "no" mention is made of live animals as co-inhabitants within the sack, nor is the mention of any initial whipping contained, nor that Malleolus, contained within the sack, was transported to the river in a cart driven by black oxen.


title: Poena cullei

text: The Roman historian Livy places the execution of Malleolus to just about 10 years earlier than the composition of "Rhetoricia ad Herennium" (i.e., roughly 100 BC) and claims, furthermore, that Malleolus was the first in Roman history who was convicted to be sewn into a sack and thrown into the water, on account of parricide.


title: Poena cullei

text: The historians Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Valerius Maximus, connect the practice of "poena cullei" with an alleged incident under king Tarquinius Superbus (legendary reign being 535–509 BC). During his reign, the Roman state apparently acquired the so-called Sibylline Books, books of prophecy and sacred rituals. The king appointed a couple of priests, the so-called "duumviri sacrorum", to guard the books, but one of them, Marcus Atilius, was bribed, and in consequence, divulged some of the book's secrets (to a certain Sabine foreigner Petronius, according to Valerius). For that breach of religion, Tarquinius had him sewn up in a sack and thrown into the sea. According to Valerius Maximus, it was very long after this event that this punishment was instituted for the crime of parricide as well, whereas Dionysius says that in addition to being suspected of divulging the secret texts, Atilius was, indeed, accused of having killed his own father.


title: Poena cullei

text: The Greek historian Plutarch, however, in his "Life of Romulus" claims that the first case in Roman history of a son killing his own father happened more than five centuries after the foundation of Rome (traditional foundation date 753 BC), when a man called Lucius Hostius murdered his own father after the wars with Hannibal, that is, after the Second Punic War (which ended in 201 BC). Plutarch, however, does not specify "how" Lucius Hostius was executed, or even if he was executed by the Roman state at all. Additionally, he notes that at the time of Romulus and for the first centuries onwards, "parricide" was regarded as roughly synonymous with what is now called homicide, and that prior to the times of Lucius Hostius, the murder of one's own "father", (i.e., patricide), was simply morally "unthinkable".


title: Poena cullei

text: According to Cloud and other modern scholars of Roman classical antiquity, a fundamental shift in the punishment of murderers may have occurred towards the end of the 3rd century BC, possibly spurred on by specific incidents like that of Lucius Hostius' murder of his father, and, more generally, occasioned by the concomitant brutalization of society in the wake of the protracted wars with Hannibal. Previously, murderers would have been handed over to the family of the victim to exact their vengeance, whereas from the 2nd century BC and onwards, the punishment of murderers became the affair of the Roman state, rather than giving the offended family full licence to mete out what "they" deemed appropriate punishment to the murderer of a relative. Within that particular context, Cloud points out that certain jokes contained in the plays of the early 2nd century dramatist Plautus may be read as referring to the recent introduction of the punishment by the sack for parricides specifically (without the animals being involved).


title: Poena cullei

text: Yet another incident prior to the execution of Malleolus is relevant. Some 30 years before the times of Malleolus, in the upheavals and riotings caused by the reform program urged on by Tiberius Gracchus, a man called Caius Villius, an ally of Gracchus, was condemned on some charge, and was shut up in a vessel or jar, to which serpents were added, and he was killed in that manner.


title: Poena cullei

text: Two laws documented from the first century BC are principally relevant to Roman murder legislation in general, and legislation on parricide in particular. These are the "Lex Cornelia De Sicariis", promulgated in the 80s BC, and the "Lex Pompeia de Parricidiis" promulgated about 55 BC. According to a 19th-century commentator, the relation between these two old laws might have been that it was the "Lex Pompeia" that specified the "poena cullei" (i.e., sewing the convict up in a sack and throwing him in the water) as the particular punishment for a "parricide", because a direct reference to the "Lex Cornelia" shows that the typical punishment for a poisoner or assassin in general (rather than for the specific crime of parricide) was that of banishment, i.e., "Lex Pompeia" makes explicit distinctions for the crime of parricide not present in "Lex Cornelia.


title: Poena cullei

text: Support for a possible distinction in the inferred contents of "Lex Cornelia" and "Lex Pompeia" from the remaining primary source material may be found in comments by the 3rd-century AD jurist Aelius Marcianus, as preserved in the 6th-century collection of juristical sayings, the "Digest:


title: Poena cullei

text: Modern experts continue to have some disagreements as to the actual meaning of the offence called "parricide", on the "precise" relation between the "Lex Cornelia" and the "Lex Pompeia" generally, and on the practice and form of the "poena cullei" specifically. For example, Kyle (2012) summarizes, in a footnote, one of the contemporary relevant controversies in the following manner:


title: Poena cullei

text: Marcus Tullius Cicero, the renowned lawyer, orator and politician from the 1st century BC, provides in his copious writings several references to the punishment of "poena cullei", but none of the live animals documented within the writings by others from later periods. In his defence speech of 80 BC for Sextus Roscius (accused of having murdered his own father), he expounds on the "symbolic" importance of the punishment as follows, for example, as Cicero believed it was devised and designed by the previous Roman generations:


title: Poena cullei

text: That the practice of sewing murderers of their parents in sacks and throwing them in the water was still an active type of punishment at Cicero's time, at least on the "provincial" level, is made clear within a preserved letter Marcus wrote to his own brother Quintus, who as governor in Asia Minor in the 50s BC had, in fact, meted out that precise punishment to two locals in Smyrna, as Marcus observes.


title: Poena cullei

text: In whatever form or frequency the punishment of the sack was actually practiced in late Republican Rome or early Imperial Rome, the historian Suetonius, in his biography of Octavian, that is Emperor Augustus (r.27 BC–14 AD), notes the following reluctance on the emperor's part to actively authorize, and effect, that dread penalty:


title: Poena cullei

text: Quite the opposite mentality seems to have been the case with Emperor Claudius (r.41 – 54 AD) For example, Emperor Nero's mentor, Seneca the Younger sighed about the times of Claudius as follows:


title: Poena cullei

text: It is also with a writer like Seneca that serpents are mentioned in context with the punishment;. Even before Seneca the Younger, his father, Seneca the Elder, who lived in the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula, indicates in a comment that snakes would be put in the "culleus":


title: Poena cullei

text: The rather later satirist Juvenal (born, probably, in the 50s AD) also provides evidence for the "monkey", he even pities the monkey, at one point, as an innocent sufferer. Not so with how Emperor Nero was reviled. In one play, Juvenal suggests that for Nero, being put in merely one sack is not good enough. This might, for example, be a reference both to the death of Nero's mother Agrippina Minor, widely believed to have been murdered on Nero's orders, and also to how Nero murdered his fatherland. Not only Juvenal thought the sack was the standard by which the appropriate punishment for Nero should be measured; the statues of Nero were despoiled and vandalized, and according to the Roman historian Suetonius, one statue was draped in a sack given a placard that said "I have done what I could. But you deserve the sack!".


title: Poena cullei

text: It is within the law collection "Digest" 48.9.9 that perhaps the most famous formulation of the "poena cullei" is retained, from the sayings of the mid-3rd-century CE jurist Modestinus. In Olivia Robinsons translation, it reads:


title: Poena cullei

text: Thus, it is seen in the time of Emperor Hadrian (r.117–138 CE), the punishment for parricide was basically made "optional", in that the convict might be thrown into the arena instead. Furthermore, a rescript from Hadrian is preserved in the 4th-century CE grammarian Dositheus Magister that contains the information that the cart with the sack and its live contents was driven by black oxen.


title: Poena cullei

text: In the time of the late 3rd-century CE jurist Paulus, he said that the "poena cullei" had fallen out of use, and that parricides were either burnt alive or thrown to the beasts instead.


title: Poena cullei

text: However, although Paulus regards the punishment of "poena cullei" as obsolete in his day, the church father Eusebius, in his "Martyrs of Palestine" notes a case of a Christian man Ulpianus in Tyre who was "cruelly scourged" and then placed in a raw ox-hide, together with a dog and a venomous serpent and cast in the sea. The incident is said to have taken place in 304 CE.


title: Poena cullei

text: On account of Paulus' comment, several scholars think the punishment of "poena cullei" fell out of use in the 3rd century CE, but the punishment was revived, and made broader (by including fathers who killed their children as liable to the punishment) by Emperor Constantine in a rescript from 318 CE. This rescript was retained in the 6th-century Codex Justinianus and reads as follows:


title: Poena cullei

text: The "Corpus Juris Civilis", the name for the massive body of law promulgated by Emperor Justinian from the 530s AD and onwards, consists of two historical collections of laws and their interpretation (the "Digest", opinions of the pre-eminent lawyers from the past, and the "Codex Justinianus", a collection of edicts and rescripts by earlier emperors), along with Justinian's prefatory introduction text for students of Law, Institutes, plus the Novels, Justinian's own, later edicts. That the earlier collections were meant to be sources for the "actual, current practice of law", rather than just being of historical interest, can be seen, for example, from the inclusion, and modification of Modestinus' famous description of "poena cullei" (Digest 48.9.9), in Justinian's own law text in Institutes 4.18.6.


title: Poena cullei

text: It is seen that Justinian regards this as a "novel" enactment of an old law, and that he includes not only the symbolic interpretations of the punishment as found in for example Cicero, but also Constantine's extension of the penalty to fathers who murder their own children. In Justinian, relative to Constantine, we see the inclusion in the sack of the dog, cock and monkey, not just the serpent(s) in Constantine. Some modern historians, such as O.F. Robinson, suspects that the precise wording of the text in the "Institutes" 4.18.6 suggests that the claimed reference in "Digest" 48.9.9 from Modestinus is actually a sixth AD "interpolation" into the 3rd-century AD law text, rather than being a faithful citation of Modestinus.


title: Poena cullei

text: The "poena cullei" was eliminated as the punishment for parricides within the Byzantine Empire in the law code Basilika, promulgated more than 300 years after the times of Justinian, around 892 AD. As Margaret Trenchard-Smith notes, however, in her essay "Insanity, Exculpation and Disempowerment", that "this does not necessarily denote a softening of attitude. According to the "Synopsis Basilicorum" (an abridged edition of "Basilika"), parricides are to be cast into the flames."


title: Poena cullei

text: The penalty of the sack, alongside the animals included, experienced a revival in parts of late medieval, and early modern Germany (particularly in Saxony). The 14th-century commentator on the 13th-century compilation of laws/customs Sachsenspiegel, Johann von Buch, for example, states that the "poena cullei" is the appropriate punishment for parricides. Some differences evolved within the German ritual, relative to the original Roman ritual, though. Apparently, the rooster was not included, and the serpent might be replaced with a painting of a serpent on a piece of paper and the monkey could be replaced with a cat. Furthermore, the cat and the dog were sometimes physically separated from the person, and the sack itself (with its two partitions) was made of linen, rather than of leather.


title: Poena cullei

text: The difference between using "linen", rather than "leather" is that linen soaks easily, and the inhabitants will drown, whereas a "watertight" leather sack will effect death by suffocation due to lack of air (or death by a drawn-out drowning process, relative to a comparatively quick one), rather than death by drowning. In a 1548 case from Dresden, the intention was to suffocate the culprit (who had killed his mother), rather than drown him. With him into the leather sack was a cat and a dog, and the sack was made airtight by coating it with pitch. However, the sack chosen was too small, and had been overstretched, so as the sack hit the waters after being thrown from the bridge, it ripped open. The cat and the dog managed to swim away and survive, while the criminal (presumably bound) "got his punishment rather earlier than had been the intention", that is, death by drowning instead.


title: Poena cullei

text: The last case where this punishment is, by some, alleged to have been meted out in 1734, somewhere in Saxony. Another tradition, however, is evidenced from the Saxonian city Zittau, where the last case is alleged to have happened in 1749. In at least one case in Zittau 1712, a non-venomous colubrid snake was used. The Zittau ritual was to put the victims in a black sack, and keep it under water for no less than six hours. In the meantime, the choir girls in town had the duty to sing the Psalm composed by Martin Luther, "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" (From deep affliction I cry out to you). The punishment of the sack was expressly abolished in Saxony in a rescript dated 17 June 1761.


title: Poena cullei

text: The "Wenxian Tongkao", written by Chinese historian Ma Duanlin (1245-1322), and the "History of Song" describe how the Byzantine emperor Michael VII Parapinakēs Caesar ("Mie li sha ling kai sa" 滅力沙靈改撒) of "Fu lin" (拂菻, i.e. Byzantium) sent an embassy to China's Song dynasty, arriving in November 1081, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song (r. 1067-1085). The "History of Song" described the tributary gifts given by the Byzantine embassy as well as the products made in Byzantium. It also described forms of punishment in Byzantine law, such as caning, as well as the capital punishment of being stuffed into a "feather bag" and thrown into the sea. This description seems to correspond with the Romano-Byzantine punishment of "poena cullei".


title: Poena cullei

text: In his (1991) novel "Roman Blood", Steven Saylor renders a fictionalized, yet informed, rendition of how the Roman punishment "poena cullei" might occur. The reference to the punishment is in connection with Cicero's (historically correct, and successful) endeavours to acquit Sextus Roscius of the charge of having murdered his own father.


title: Poena cullei

text: China Miéville's short story "Säcken", collected in "", is a modern horror story which incorporates the punishment.


title: AirPods Max

text: AirPods Max are wireless Bluetooth over-ear headphones designed by Apple, and released on December 15, 2020. They are Apple’s highest-end option in the AirPods lineup, sold alongside the base model AirPods and mid-range AirPods Pro.


title: AirPods Max

text: The main changes of the AirPods Max over the mid-range AirPods Pro are the over-ear design with larger speakers, inclusion of Apple's Digital Crown (found on the Apple Watch), more color options, and longer battery life.


title: AirPods Max

text: Apple announced AirPods Max on December 8, 2020 via a website refresh, and released them on December 15, 2020. AirPods Max features an over-ear headphone design.


title: AirPods Max

text: AirPods Max have an H1 chip in each ear cup, which is also found in the second-generation AirPods and first-generation AirPods Pro. AirPods Max, like the AirPods Pro, come with Apple's Active Noise Cancellation technology for blocking outside noise, and Transparency mode for listening to sounds around users. The "Digital Crown", similar to that of the Apple Watch, allows users to play or pause audio, control volume, skip tracks, control phone calls, and activate Siri. Proximity sensors automatically detect when they are on a user's head and play or pause audio accordingly. Spatial audio uses built-in gyroscopes and accelerometers to track movement of the user's head and provide what Apple describes as a "theater-like" experience.


title: AirPods Max

text: Apple claims 20 hours of battery life, with five minutes of charging delivering 1.5 hours of listening time. AirPods Max are charged via the Lightning port. The Lightning port can also be used for line-in audio, with Apple selling cables with USB-A, USB-C and 3.5mm headphone ends.


title: AirPods Max

text: AirPods Max are bundled with a Smart Case for storing. The Smart Case includes magnets that switch AirPods Max to low-power mode.


title: AirPods Max

text: AirPods Max is available in five colors: Space Gray, Silver, Sky Blue, Green, and Pink. Users can select from these five colors separately for the ear cushions and external chassis for a total of 25 color combinations (or 125 if using two different ear cushion colors).


title: AirPods Max

text: AirPods Max are compatible with any device that supports Bluetooth, including Android and Windows devices, although certain features such as Siri require an Apple device running iOS 14.3, iPadOS 14.3, watchOS 7.2, tvOS 14 or macOS Big Sur.


title: AirPods Max

text: The AirPods Max Smart Case's design has been mocked by technology reviewers, along with users on Twitter for its resemblance to that of a bra or purse. Reporter Daniel Piper of Creative Bloq states: "If we're not entirely convinced by the design of the AirPods Max themselves, we're utterly baffled by that of their charging 'Smart Case'. The shape resembles, well, lots of things, from handbags to body parts."


title: AirPods Max

text: Numerous people have reported that condensation can build up near the drivers of the closed-back headphones after prolonged use under the removable ear cups. It has been suspected that the major cause is its full-metal body that naturally has temperature-dependent thermal conductivity.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: Republic of Doyle is a Canadian comedy-drama television series set in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, which aired on CBC Television from January 6, 2010, to December 10, 2014.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: The show stars Allan Hawco as private investigator and former police officer Jake Doyle and Seán McGinley as his father, retired police officer Malachy Doyle. They partner as private investigators with Rose Doyle, Malachy's second wife, played by Lynda Boyd, in St. John's. Krystin Pellerin stars as Constable/Sergeant Leslie Bennett, with Mark O'Brien as Desmond "Des" Courtney, who works with the Doyles, and Marthe Bernard as Katrina "Tinny" Doyle, Jake's niece and Malachy's granddaughter. Their cases involve them in all sorts of dealings – not all of them on the right side of the law.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: The show is filmed in and around St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. The show's star, Allan Hawco, is also executive producer/showrunner/co-creator and head writer of the show.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: Other producers include John Vatcher (exec producer), Rob Blackie, Perry Chafe (co-creator and writer) and Michael Levine.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: In 2013, "Republic of Doyle" aired a fictional crossover with another CBC Television crime drama, "Murdoch Mysteries". With the two shows set over 100 years apart, Hawco appeared on the November 25, 2013 episode of "Murdoch Mysteries" as Jacob Doyle, a 19th-century ancestor of Jake Doyle, while Yannick Bisson appeared on the January 28, 2014 episode of "Republic of Doyle" as Detective Bill Murdoch, a 21st-century descendant of his regular character Detective William Murdoch.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: Premiering on January 6, 2010, the show introduces Allan Hawco as Jake Doyle and Sean McGinley as Mal Doyle as a father and son pair of private investigators. The debut show also reveals relationship complications with Jake and his ex-wife Nikki and his new infatuation: Leslie, a constable in the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary. While Jake tries to improve his relationship with Leslie, he discovers he may have impregnated his ex-wife, but soon discovers the positive pregnancy test he found in her garbage can did not belong to her. After he realizes he is free from the burden of having to deal with child-support, his relationship with Leslie develops as Nikki's relationship with her new boyfriend grows. However, Leslie soon begins to doubt whether her relationship with Jake will prove beneficial in the future. As Jake finalizes his divorce with Nikki, his relationship status with Leslie improves to good friends. Yet Leslie's focus quickly shifts to her new title as Sergeant after being promoted to the position. Jake realizes he has other problems too; his mischievous older brother, Christian, makes an unexpected visit to his house, greeting him in the kitchen. After Christian offends Jake, their relationship swiftly intensifies. The last episode of the season shows the characters’ struggle to keep their republic strong as their relationships fall apart.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: Season Two begins with Rose, Mal's partner, dealing with the consequences of his recent heart attack. Meanwhile, Jake and Leslie take initiatives to move past the hiccups in their relationship and move on from one another. Tinny, Jake's niece, embarks on an investment in order to raise personal funds, meanwhile, Mal discovers a secret that Rose has kept from him; her mother stole her engagement ring. Jake learns what Leslie sees their relationship as. As the season progresses, so does Tinny's income business along with the amount of friends she makes. Jake as well as the viewers are introduced to Allison, the crown attorney. Meanwhile, Mal and Rose experience issues in their marriage but are quickly able to recover and move forward. As Mal's relationship with Rose strengthens, so does Jake's relationship with Allison when they move past the boundaries of friendship. Des, an admirer of Tinny yet an enemy of Jake, exploits Tinny's business yet saves it in the process. Adding to the drama, Jake finds himself bailing his delinquent brother out of jail and finds himself dealing with issues concerning money. Like all his previous relationships, Jake mis-manages to maintain his relationship with Allison. When Jake receives a new job offer, his relationship with her struggles even further. Meanwhile, the relationship of Des and Tinny becomes more intimate. After further complications with Allison, they separate.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: In the opening episode of Season Three, the viewers are informed that Tinny travels to London. However, it is revealed by Des that her trip did not go smoothly but Des promises to keep this a secret. Jake finds himself interacting with Nikki again by doing a favor of which he is not fond. Jake struggles to avoid Nikki and win back the unimpressed Leslie. Rose gets in trouble with the police for carrying a gun. Tinny is bothered by the quickly growing relationship between Des and Chandra, a university student of medicine. Jake's sister Kathleen, a newly introduced character, is helped with her mothering issues by Rose. The two begin to progress in their friendship. Des finds himself in a precarious position—choosing between Tinny and Chandra. He decides to break up with Chandra and pursue a romance with Tinny. Kathleen faces parenting issues at home. Des attempts to impress Jake by helping him in an investigation using his various connections, while Allison jeopardizes the safety of the Doyle household with a mistake from her past. Mal becomes tied up in complications with his former wife while Tinny obsesses over her death and Kathleen experiences troubles in their relations as a result of a poor decision in Kathleen's history. George, an unappreciated individual in the Republic, bothers Kathleen by scamming her, but Jake comes to the rescue and saves her from his tricks. The season ends with Tinny discovering the identity of her father, which is not revealed to the viewers.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: The season kicks off with relatives from Ireland paying the Doyles a visit a bringing some drama along with them. As in the previous season, Tinny still tries to unravel hidden secrets about her dad and succeeds in doing so; she discovers her mother, Kathleen conceived her with a current prisoner, Kevin Crocker. Tinny attempts to associate with Crocker by revealing her true identity as his daughter. Jake tries to redefine his relationship with Leslie by reintroducing her into his world, and by doing so, he is able to once again gain her trust, as well as her affection. However; disaster strikes and Jake searches for the missing Leslie, who disappeared as a result of working a precarious case. Jake soon comes to the rescue, and saves Leslie from her kidnapper. Soon after the major incident, Leslie is hit by personal issues regarding family: her father dies. Meanwhile, Tinny's relations with Crocker grow and Jake is troubled by the fact that Tinny is spending so much time with the con. Jake takes another hit after being kidnapped as his kidnapper nearly takes his life by burning him to death. After being hit by a car in a parking garage, the medication used to mend Jake's injuries from the incident, gives him some peculiar dreams. The season comes to an end with Crocker and Jake being forced to collaborate in order to save the kidnapped Tinny.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: After the wild adventure Jake took in the previous season by saving Tinny, his rescue mission leads to his kidnapping. The Doyles have been anxiously searching for him for the past two months and Tinny risks her career as a police officer and becomes unprofessional by involving her personal life in her police work and helping Jake. As a result, Tinny gets suspended. Meanwhile, Des overcomes his sorrow over losing Tinny. Jake experiences more complications in returning to St. John's, but eventually makes it home safe with the help of his niece. Jake and Leslie's relationship improves up. When Leslie is being followed and nearly gets shot, Jake is extremely worried for her safety but soon finds out her pursuer is actually her long-lost husband. Jake and Leslie try but fail to smooth their relationship with the shocking news. Leslie and Jake are finally forced to define their relationship and decide not to see each other due to the recent complications, even after Jake confesses his love. After Des hooks up with a troubled young woman, Sloan, he must avoid Tinny. Jake finds it hard to avoid Leslie when he gets tied up in her ex-husband's business. Meanwhile, Tinny gets the chance of her career on a big case. To make matters worse for Jake, Nikki pays him a visit. The season ends with Jake being tried and arrested for murder but is then kidnapped by one of Leslie's pursuers; the kidnapper forces Jake to make several unwarranted missions.


title: Republic of Doyle

text: After being accused of murder, Jake must confront his enemies as he comes to terms with what happened to Leslie and try to clear his own name in the process. Leslie goes back to work a couple episodes in, but with conditions, and she must meet with the force therapist. Sloan gets into trouble and Jake must bail her out by making a deal with Vick Saul. Even though she was not cleared by her therapist after having a panic attack on duty, Leslie lends a hand to the Doyle clan to try and clear Jake's name before it is too late. When Leslie's past disobedience on the force comes to light, she must work harder than ever to save her job. Jake's murder conviction comes front and centre as the season comes to a final close with all the Doyle family trying to clear his name.


title: In the House (TV series)

text: In the House is an American sitcom starring LL Cool J, Debbie Allen, Maia Campbell, Jeffery Wood, Alfonso Ribeiro and Kim Wayans. The series aired for two seasons on NBC from April 1995 to May 1996 after which it was canceled due to low ratings. UPN quickly picked up "In the House" where it aired for an additional two seasons. UPN canceled the series in May 1998. The series ran in first-run syndication for a fifth and final season, which ended on August 11, 1999.


title: In the House (TV series)

text: Marion Hill (LL Cool J) is a former professional football player. Because of his financial predicament, Marion is forced to rent out most of the rooms in his house to newly divorced single mother Jackie Warren (Debbie Allen) and her two children, Tiffany (Maia Campbell) and Austin (Jeffery Wood).


title: In the House (TV series)

text: After the second season, the series was retooled, becoming more adult-oriented. Jackie and Austin both moved back East while Tiffany stayed with Marion to finish high school. Joining the cast for the third season was former "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" star Alfonso Ribeiro as Dr. Maxwell "Max" Stanton and "In Living Color" cast member Kim Wayans as Tonia Harris. Both Maxwell and Tonia helped Marion manage the Los Angeles sports clinic he owns, then Tonia leaves for the WNBA after Season 4, and Tiffany leaves after only two episodes in Season 5.


title: In the House (TV series)

text: The show aired in off-network syndication during the 1999–2000 season, the series had reran weeknights at 7pm EST on New York City's local UPN affiliation WWOR-TV until it was replaced by "The Jamie Foxx Show" reruns in fall 2000, and on TV One from 2004–2008. On June 13, 2016, BET aired reruns of the show in the earlier months on the weekdays in random times from 2:30AM to 4:00AM on Fridays until the week of August 29 to September 2, 2016. The series also aired reruns on BET Her.


title: Brandon Maggart

text: Maggart was born Roscoe Maggart, Jr., in Carthage, Tennessee. His acting career began in the early 1950s, at the University of Tennessee. He sang with The Knoxville Symphony and won a coveted Grace Moore Award for further study in New York City. Once in New York, he won the Theatre World Award for his performance in the musical revue, "Put it in Writing".


title: Brandon Maggart

text: He appeared as Buddy in the "Buddy and Jim" sketches with James Catusi in the first season of "Sesame Street", in 1969. In 1970, he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for his role in "Applause". He played Cleveland Sam in "Dressed to Kill" and starred as Harry Stadling in the cult film "Christmas Evil", both in 1980. In 1982 he played Garp's wrestling coach in "The World According to Garp". He then played George Elliot in the short lived NBC series "Jennifer Slept Here" with Georgia Engel and Ann Jillian in 1983.


title: Brandon Maggart

text: From 1984 to 1989, Maggart starred on the groundbreaking Showtime original comedy "Brothers", where he played eldest brother Lou Waters. For his role on "Brothers", Maggart was nominated for four Cable ACE awards (for Best Actor in a Comedy Series) in 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1989.


title: Brandon Maggart

text: Shortly after "Brothers" ended its run, Maggart appeared as Lynn Redgrave's brother on the short-lived, and much talked about Jackie Mason sitcom "Chicken Soup". In 1997 he appeared on "Married... with Children". In 1990, he had a notable guest turn on the Fox sitcom "Babes", playing the ex-husband of Susan Peretz's character, Darlene Gilbert. Since that time, Maggart has devoted much of his time to painting and writing. His paintings have been featured on The Venice Art Walk. His poem "Diversity in Venice" was read at The Venice Centennial in 2005. His first book is an autobiographical trilogy/memoir called "Papa's Footprint". It tells the tale of a four-million-year-old actor and father, from Africa to Broadway and Hollywood.


title: Brandon Maggart

text: Maggart has been married once (1955–1971); with his wife, LuJan, he had five children, Jennifer, Spencer, Justine, Julienne, and Garett. He has two daughters, Amber and Fiona, with singer Diane McAfee. Spencer Maggart (also known as Brandon, Jr.) is a writer/director, and Garett Maggart is a TV and movie actor, at times working with Brandon on some projects. Amber is better known in show business as cabaret singer Maude Maggart, and Fiona as singer Fiona Apple.


title: Lido (musician)

text: Peder Losnegård (born 26 October 1992), better known by his stage name Lido, is a Norwegian musician, record producer, singer, and songwriter. He produced "Same Drugs" and "Angels" on Chance the Rapper's "Coloring Book". He is known for his extensive work with Halsey, executive producing her debut "Badlands", as well as co-writing and producing several songs on "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" and "Manic". Lido has also notably produced for Ella Mai, Jaden Smith, Ariana Grande, Mariah Carey, A$AP Ferg, Smino, and BANKS, among others.


title: Lido (musician)

text: Losnegård started as a drummer. He then began writing songs and playing the piano. He participated in Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2005, under the name Lil'P. This stage name was the origin of the name LidoLido. During the next five years LidoLido gave out five free mixtapes online, including a trilogy: "Play Loud Music", "The Fresh Breath" and "The Good Guy Mixtape." He also released his first official single, "Go'n Be Gone", on the Fairplay Entertainment label. After the release, Losnegård appeared on NRK's Lydverket, and signed a record deal with Universal Music Norway.


title: Lido (musician)

text: Losnegård's first breakthrough single came in 2011: "Different", the year's most played song on NRK P3. On 3 February 2012 he released his debut album "Pretty Girls & Grey Sweaters" with Universal Music. At age 19, Losnegård won the Edvard prize in the popular music category with that album. Losnegård synthesized the entire album, with Little Steven, Jarle Bernhoft, Timbuktu, Yosef Wolde-Mariam and Ole Edvard Antonsen as guests. The album went platinum in Norway. For the album, he also received a Gramo scholarship and was awarded "Newcomer of the Year" at Spellemannprisen 2012. "Turn Up The Life", featuring Yosef Wolde-Mariam and Timbuktu, was played at the ceremony and became a hit. In 2013 he released "Battle Poetry" and opened for Beyonce at the Telenor Arena.


title: Lido (musician)

text: Losnegård focused on production during 2014 and 2015, executive producing Halsey's debut album, "Badlands". He then signed a publishing deal with Sony/ATV and moved to Los Angeles. Lido's first album, "Everything" was released through Because Music in October 2016. Since the debut of his album at Coachella and his single "Crazy", he worked as executive producer with Rick Rubin on Towkio's debut studio album, "WWW". Lido later played with Towkio on the Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon. He played international festivals in 2016, including at Splendour In The Grass.


title: Lido (musician)

text: He also mashed Kanye West and Kid Cudi's "Kids See Ghosts" into a seven-minute track titled "Kid's Love Ghosts", after doing a similar feat with West's entire "The Life of Pablo" two years earlier, that time with an eight-minute track. Chance the Rapper's "Coloring Book" album, which Lido produced on, won two Grammy Awards for "Best rap artist" and "Best new performance" in 2017.


title: Lido (musician)

text: In 2018 Lido signed a publishing deal with Rick Rubin's American Recordings under Pulse Music Group, producing five tracks for Chance the Rapper and collaborating with Skrillex on Mariah Carey's and Ty Dolla Sign's "The Distance". Lido signed a deal with Warner Records as an A&R at the company. He released a series of EPs, including the singles "3 Million" in 2018, and his collaboration with Norwegian RnB artist Unge Ferrari, "Corner Love". Lido performed "Corner Love" on National Norwegian TV's Lindmo. Lido accompanied the "I O U" EP series with a short film with a limited theater release across North America.


title: Lido (musician)

text: Losnegård was also involved in production of music for the 2019 anime "Carole & Tuesday". He composed the song "Move Mountains" and "Not Afraid", which are sung by Alisa as the singing voice of the character Angela. "Not Afraid" is used as the anime's ending song starting from episode 13.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Luke David Ayling (born 25 August 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Leeds United. Although normally playing as a right-back, he can also function as a centre-back.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling began his career at Arsenal joining the club at the age of 10. He was part of Arsenal youth team's double-winning team of the 2008–09 season, before signing his first professional contract in July 2009. Ayling was loaned out to Yeovil Town in March 2010 and played four matches. At the end of the season he agreed a permanent deal with Yeovil. After four seasons with Yeovil, Ayling signed for Bristol City where he played until 2016 when he signed a deal with Leeds United, where he was a mainstay as Leeds won the 2019–20 EFL Championship, under manager Marcelo Bielsa.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling was born in Lambeth, London. He joined Arsenal at the age of 8 despite being a Chelsea fan, progressing through the Arsenal youth teams, playing alongside Jack Wilshere and Kyle Bartley, before signing scholarship forms with the club in the summer of 2007. Ayling featured in the Reserves whilst he was still a schoolboy, and was an integral part of Arsenal youth team's Premier Academy League and FA Youth Cup double-winning team of the 2008–09 season, forming a crucial defensive partnership with Kyle Bartley. In June 2009, Ayling signed his first professional contract with Arsenal.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling's only call into the first-team squad came during the 2009–10 season. Ayling was an unused substitute for a dead rubber 1–0 UEFA Champions League group stage defeat to Greek team Olympiacos on 9 December 2009. Ayling departed the club in June 2010 after his contract expired.


title: Luke Ayling

text: In March 2010, Ayling joined League One club Yeovil Town on loan for an initial month, and on 2 April 2010, made his professional debut as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 draw away at Southend United. Ayling's loan was extended until the end of the season, Ayling played four matches in total, including his first league start in the final match of the season against Brighton & Hove Albion, on 8 May 2010.


title: Luke Ayling

text: On 30 June 2010, Ayling agreed a permanent contract with Yeovil. He made his debut in a 2–1 victory over Leyton Orient. Ayling made forty appearances in his first full season with Yeovil but had discipline issues receiving thirteen yellow cards and two red cards. On 19 May 2013, Ayling played in the 2013 League One play-off Final at Wembley Stadium as Yeovil beat Brentford 2–1 to earn promotion to the Championship.


title: Luke Ayling

text: After relegation from the Championship during the 2013–14 season with Yeovil Town, his contract expired at the end of the season in June 2014. After rejecting the offer of a new contract at Yeovil, he left the club.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Following his departure from Yeovil Town, Ayling signed for their fellow League club Bristol City on 8 July 2014 for an undisclosed compensation fee, signing a three-year deal. Ayling made his debut for Bristol City, on 9 August 2014, in their opening day victory over Sheffield United.


title: Luke Ayling

text: During the 2014–15 season, Ayling won the Football League Trophy, with Bristol City beating Walsall 2–0 at Wembley Stadium on 22 March 2015. On 18 April 2015, Ayling impressed for Bristol City playing 58 matches that season in all competitions as they were crowned League One champions following a 0–0 draw at home to Coventry City and earned promotion to the Championship. Playing 33 times either playing right-back or centre-back during the 2015–16 season in the Championship, Ayling's form at the back helped Bristol City retain their Championship status.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling signed for Championship rivals Leeds United for a fee of £200,000 in August 2016 after former Arsenal team mate Kyle Bartley recommended him to new head coach Garry Monk via a text message. Following an injury to right-back Gaetano Berardi in the opening game against Queens Park Rangers, Monk decided to act and sign him on a three-year deal. The fee would later be considered one of the biggest bargains in the club's recent history, as Ayling would go on to become a seminal figure in the club's resurgence and promotion to the Premier League four years later.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling's maiden season with the club would see the Yorkshire club compete as genuine promotion contenders for the first time in years. Characterised by a solid defence of Ayling, Bartley, Pontus Jansson and Gaetano Berardi, Leeds beat promotion rivals Brighton & Hove Albion 2–0 to move into fourth place with only six games remaining. The club would only win one of those remaining six games as they slid to seventh place and narrowly missed out on the play-offs. However, the campaign would prove to be a turning point for United with attendances up by almost a third, and the completion of Andrea Radrizzani's takeover offering new hope. Ayling, along with fellow team mates from that season Liam Cooper, Stuart Dallas, Kalvin Phillips and Pablo Hernandez would provide much needed stability after years of questionable recruitment.


title: Luke Ayling

text: The following 2017–18 season started brightly under new manager Thomas Christiansen with Leeds topping the table after nine games and the right–back signing a new four–year deal with the club in the autumn. They would still be in the play-off positions with Ayling an ever-present by the time they faced Nottingham Forest on New Year's Day. During the 0–0 draw, Ayling would sustain an ankle injury following a tackle by former Leeds teammate Liam Bridcutt ruling him out for the rest of the season. "The Whites" would only win one of their 17 games as Leeds slipped in the bottom half of the table, before Ayling returned ahead of schedule in the final game of the season against Queens Park Rangers.


title: Luke Ayling

text: The summer of 2018 would see the appointment of Marcelo Bielsa as head coach, as Leeds would again compete for promotion back to the Premier League. Ayling would achieve personal milestones during the season, with his first goal for the club coming against Rotherham United and his 100th appearance later being made at home to Swansea City. He would also begin deputising for Liam Cooper as captain. He would make 42 appearances as Leeds slowly lost their grip on automatic promotion, having led the division at Christmas, before losing to Derby County in the play-offs.


title: Luke Ayling

text: After being injured towards the very start of 2019–20 pre-season training, Ayling would miss all the pre-season games and the start of the new season after undergoing ankle surgery. On 8 August 2019, it was revealed that Leeds had rejected bids for Ayling during the 2019 transfer window in order to keep him at the club.


title: Luke Ayling

text: He signed a new four-year contract with the club in October 2019. His first goal of the 2019–20 season came on 29 December 2019, in a 5–4 victory in a dramatic win against Birmingham City, with Ayling scoring a long range volley. On 30 December 2019, Ayling was chosen as the right-back for the "Football League Team of the decade" by "The Guardian".


title: Luke Ayling

text: On 8 January 2020, after impressive performances during the month of December, Ayling won the EFL Championship PFA Player of the Month award for December 2019, beating former United player Tom Lees as well as Jed Wallace, Lee Tomlin, Sam Johnstone and Andre Ayew. Ayling's goalscoring form continued into February and March, where he scored the solitary goal against Bristol City on 15 February, in a crucial home win that kept Leeds in second place behind West Bromwich Albion, bucking the trend of Leeds' three prior winless results, and his "stunning volley" in Leeds' 2–0 defeat of Huddersfield Town on 7 March that put the team back on top of the Championship. His performances in February saw him awarded the EFL Championship Player of the Month title.


title: Luke Ayling

text: After the English professional football season was paused in March 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football, after the season was resumed during June, Ayling earned promotion to the Premier League with Leeds becoming the EFL Championship Champions for the 2019–20 season in July after the successful resumption of the season.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling won Leeds' goal of the season award for his volley against Huddersfield Town at the club's end of season awards on 24 July 2020. On 7 August, he was named in "The Guardian's" EFL Championship team of the season for 2019–20.


title: Luke Ayling

text: On 19 August 2020, Ayling won the EFL Championship PFA Fans' Player of the Year for 2019/20 award after beating off competition from nominees including Ollie Watkins and Aleksandar Mitrovic. On 8 September 2020, Ayling was named in Professional Footballers' Association's 2019–20 EFL Championship Team of the Season.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling made his 2020–21 Premier League debut in the first match of the season against Liverpool on 12 September 2020, starting and captaining Leeds in the 4–3 defeat at Anfield to the reigning champions, and went on to make a total of 38 league appearances for the season.


title: Luke Ayling

text: He scored his first goal for Leeds in the Premier League in the 2021–22 season opener, coming in a 5–1 defeat to rivals Manchester United at Old Trafford. This was nominated as one of the Premier League's Goals of the Month for August. A 17 September knee injury in a 1–1 draw at Newcastle United, a game in which Patrick Bamford also suffered an ankle injury, saw Ayling sidelined for almost three months while he had a minor operation to fix his knee. In his 5 December return game, where he was in the starting lineup, Ayling provided the assist for a 94th-minute equalizer by


title: Luke Ayling

text: On 12 December 2021, Ayling joined a select group of just 70 players that have made over 200 appearances for the club, including current teammates Stuart Dallas, Liam Cooper & Kalvin Phillips. On March 18, 2022, Ayling netted a 90+1 winner against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a thrilling comeback for Leeds United. On May 8, 2022, during a Premier League match against Arsenal, Ayling was sent off for a two footed tackle on Gabriel Martinelli. Ayling was initially shown a yellow card, which was later upgraded to red by VAR.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Fitness and injuries limited Ayling’s playing time during the pre-World Cup portion of the season. At the time of the Premier League break on 13 November 2022, he had made only seven league appearances, all bar one as a late substitute. He played the full 90 minutes in just two games in October and November in the league and the League Cup.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling plays as a right-back but can also play as a centre-back or as a defensive midfielder. Former "Guardian" sports writer Steve Claridge lauded Ayling for his "reading of the game, communications skills, organisation skills, aerial prowess, two footedness and use of the ball" in his scouting reports column. Ayling was praised for his defensive work which gave Leeds United a solid start to the 2017–18 season.


title: Luke Ayling

text: In August 2019, Ayling was one of the main stars of the Leeds United documentary "Take Us Home" on Amazon Prime, featuring in several episodes. The documentary was narrated by Academy Award winning actor and Leeds fan Russell Crowe.


title: Luke Ayling

text: Ayling has one daughter, Maisie, who was born in March 2017. On 9 June 2021, he married his wife Poppy, with singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding performing at the ceremony.


title: Lamhe

text: Lamhe (lit. "Moments") is a 1991 Indian musical romantic drama film directed by Yash Chopra and written by Honey Irani and Rahi Masoom Raza. The film stars Sridevi and Anil Kapoor in lead roles, along with Waheeda Rehman and Anupam Kher in pivotal supporting roles. In the film, Viren (Kapoor) falls for Pallavi (Sridevi), but she marries someone else. However, Pallavi and her husband die in a car accident, leaving behind their daughter (also Sridevi) in care of Viren, who grows up to look just like her mother and falls in love with Viren. The film marks the second and final collaboration between Sridevi and Chopra, after "Chandni" (1989).


title: Lamhe

text: Produced by Chopra under his production banner Yash Raj Films, "Lamhe" was shot in two schedules in Rajasthan, India and London, United Kingdom. Over the years, it has been hailed as an all-time classic and Chopra's finest film. Although the film did moderate business domestically, it became a massive success overseas, bringing in a worldwide gross of 20.5 crores on a production budget of 6 crores; thus becoming the 10th highest grossing Indian film of 1991. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise directed towards Sridevi for her double-role as mother and daughter.


title: Lamhe

text: A recipient of several accolades, "Lamhe" won Best Costume Design at the 39th National Film Awards. Additionally, at the 37th Filmfare Awards, the film received a leading 13 nominations, including Best Director (Chopra), Best Actor (Kapoor), Best Supporting Actress (Rehman) and Best Supporting Actor (Kher), and won a leading 5 awards – Best Film, Best Actress (Sridevi), Best Comedian (Kher), Best Story (Irani) and Best Dialogue (Masoom Raza).


title: Lamhe

text: "Lamhe" featured on "Outlook"'s list of "Bollywood's Best Films". It has been cited as Chopra's personal favorite of the films he has made. This was one of the last films scripted by Masoom Raza; he died a couple of months after its release. On the occasion of the Centenary of Indian Cinema in 2013, "Lamhe" featured among the "Top 10 Romantic Movies Of 100 Years".


title: Lamhe

text: A young Virendra "Viren" Pratap Singh visits Rajasthan for the first time where he is greeted by his governess, affectionately called Dai Jaa. His parents migrated to London before he was born. Initially, he is put off by the hot weather and the customs of the region, but soon begins to respect the place and the people. He meets the beautiful Pallavi and falls in love with her. Pallavi is the daughter of a businessman who had helped Viren's father when his business was suffering. Viren and Pallavi become friends. However, upon noticing Viren's feelings for Pallavi, Dai Jaa indicates that Pallavi is older than him, which does not bother him.


title: Lamhe

text: After losing a civil court case involving his property, Pallavi's father dies of a heart attack. Pallavi goes into depression. Viren comes to console her only to find her run to Siddharth, the man she loves. Viren is heartbroken but arranges her wedding to Siddharth and moves back to London. Tragedy strikes a year later when Pallavi and Siddharth die in a car accident. Their newborn baby, Pooja, survives and is placed in the care of Dai Jaa.


title: Lamhe

text: In London, Viren spends time with his childhood friend Prem, and over the course of time, slowly gets back to reality and makes new friends, including a girlfriend, Anita. He visits Rajasthan every year for Pallavi's death anniversary, and to buy gifts for the young Pooja. He never spends time with Pooja because she was born the same day Pallavi died and the pain and trauma of her death is still fresh in his mind.


title: Lamhe

text: However, 20 years later, he ends up meeting the now grown-up Pooja and is shocked to see the resemblance she shares with her mother. Dai Jaa and Pooja visit London and meet Anita. Anita realizes that Viren may never forget Pallavi because of how Pooja is a constant reminder of her.


title: Lamhe

text: Pooja is unaware of Viren's feelings towards her mother and falls in love with Viren. Prem understands how much Pooja is attached to Viren, but is skeptical since Viren is still living in the past. Anita realizes that Viren might be falling for Pooja and tells him he should be ashamed of having feelings for a considerably younger woman, due to the fact that she resembles her dead mother whom he loved.


title: Lamhe

text: Pooja finds Viren's pencil sketch of Pallavi and misunderstands that it is her portrait when it really is her mother's. She confesses her love for him, but a furious Viren reveals that he only loved her mother. A humiliated Pooja asks Dai Jaa to return to India.


title: Lamhe

text: Back home, Dai Jaa persuades Pooja to marry. Pooja agrees on the condition that Viren marry first. In London, Prem advises a confused Viren to confront his feelings towards Pooja. When Dai Jaa calls to let Viren know that Pooja has agreed to marry once Viren ties the knot, Viren agrees to marry Anita. Upon hearing this, Pooja tells Dai Jaa that she does not want to ever marry.


title: Lamhe

text: Back in London, Viren and Prem are wondering why Dai Jaa is postponing her visit to London. They decide to go back to India and surprise her. When they arrive, Dai Jaa informs them that Pooja has vowed not to marry. Viren confronts Pooja and confesses to her that he did not marry Anita, since he realized he was in love with Pooja, and they finally get married.


title: Lamhe

text: The music was composed by Shiv Kumar Sharma and Hariprasad Chaurasia (together known as Shiv-Hari) and the lyrics were provided by Anand Bakshi. The song "Kabhi Main Kahoon" was composed from a melody used as background music in Chopra's "Chandni" (1989), also scored by Shiv-Hari. In the famous parody sequence, Rehman danced to "Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai" – her signature song from the all-time classic "Guide" (1965).


title: Lamhe

text: "Lamhe" is one of the few films that picked up the Filmfare Award for Best Film, despite its moderate business in India. It is also one of the biggest Bollywood hits in the overseas market and the video circuit. Sridevi received widespread critical acclaim for her double-role as mother and daughter, winning the Filmfare Award for Best Actress among others. It was also listed in "Outlook" magazine's list of All-Time Great Indian Films. It has been cited as Chopra's personal favorite among his directorial ventures. "Times of India" included it in its list of 'Top 10 Films of Yash Chopra' describing it as ""a tale of love transcending the boundaries of time and space"", while "Rediff" called it "Quite easily one of his most definitive films, Chopra surpassed his own findings of romance with the insightful, lovely "Lamhe"." Hrithik Sharma from "El Viaje Reviews" says "The cinematography is a treat to eyes. Editing is crisp, but with nearly 3 hours of run-time, it requires patience to watch the whole film. Only Chopra could create this bold and unheard story in a way, that otherwise would have not been received well."


title: Lamhe

text: Sridevi played both mother and daughter in what "iDiva" described as "another double-role but it was unlike any played before." Hailed by "Rediff" as "one of the most remarkable films of her career... often considered a film way ahead of its time." Her performance brought her high critical acclaim, with "BizAsia" stating that "Her rendition of both Pallavi and Pooja serves well in highlighting how versatile she is as an actress, playing contrasting characters in the same film." Speaking to Karan Johar about the making of "Lamhe", Chopra revealed, "When 90% of the London schedule was over, a tragedy took place. Sridevi's father died... She came back after 16 days and had to shoot a comedy scene... At that moment, she forgot everything and gave a wonderful scene. I understood that is the secret of her success... Why she is what she is." Sridevi's folk dance number "Morni Baga Ma Bole" was placed among the 'Top 5 Songs of Yash Chopra' by "Hindustan Times".


title: Lamhe

text: Over the years, "Lamhe" has become a cult classic. Critic Rachel Dwyer wrote in her biography of the filmmaker "Yash Chopra's own favorite film, "Lamhe" ("Moments" (1991)), divided the audience on a class basis: it was hugely popular with the metropolitan elites and the overseas market, which allowed it to break even, but it had a poor box-office response (especially the repeat audience), because of its supposed incest theme." "The Hindu" reported that "With shades of incest, "Lamhe" caused more than a flutter and remained the talk of the town", while Sridevi herself admitted in an interview with Rajeev Masand that she found the subject "too bold". "Rediff" described its failure as "one of those bizarre, unexplained moments of cinema." Many film analysts, including Vikram Bhatt, felt that "Lamhe" was ahead of its time, and if released at a later period, would have been a success.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: An institutional referendum (, or ) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of Italian contemporary history.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: Until 1946, Italy had been a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, reigning royal house of Italy since the national unification in 1861 and previously rulers of the Duchy of Savoy. However, in 1922 the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the fascist regime, which eventually resulted in engaging Italy in World War II alongside Nazi Germany, considerably weakened the role of the monarchy.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: Following the civil war and the Liberation of Italy from Axis troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the monarchy with a republic. A Constituent Assembly was elected on the same day. As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in the Julian March or South Tyrol, which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: Democracy was not a new concept in Italian politics. The Kingdom of Sardinia had become a constitutional monarchy with the liberalizing reforms of King Charles Albert's famous Albertine Statute in 1848. Suffrage, initially limited to select citizens, was gradually expanded. In 1912 Giovanni Giolitti's government introduced universal suffrage for male citizens. In this period, the provisions of the Statute were often not observed. Instead, the elected Chamber and the Head of Government took major roles. At the beginning of the 20th century, many observers thought that, by comparison to other countries, Italy was developing in the direction of a modern democracy. Essential issues that needed to be resolved included the relationship of the Kingdom with the Roman Catholic Church.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: A crisis arose in Italian society as a result of the First World War, social inequalities, and the consequent tension between Marxist and other left-wing parties on one side and conservative liberals on the other. This crisis led to the advent of fascism, which destroyed freedoms and civil rights and established a dictatorship, breaking the continuity of the still fragile parliamentary tradition. The support of the ruling class and especially of the monarchy was crucial for the seizure of power by Benito Mussolini. After Mussolini's March on Rome in October 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to declare a state of siege and instead asked Mussolini to form a new government. The King's decision was within his powers under the Albertine Statute, but contrary to the parliamentary practices of the Italian liberal state, as the National Fascist Party had only a small minority of the parliamentary deputies.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: After the invasion of Italy by Allied forces in 1943, the Grand Council of Fascism, with the co-operation of the King, overthrew Mussolini from power and established a new government headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Germany, worried by the new government's intention to negotiate a separate peace with the Allies, invaded and occupied Northern Italy. In the Gran Sasso raid, or Operation Oak, German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from the hilltop hotel in which he had been imprisoned by the new government. Under pressure from Hitler, Mussolini then established a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic to administer the German-occupied territory, leading to Italy being split in two, each with its own government. In the North, Mussolini declared that the monarchy had been overthrown and began to establish a new republican state, with himself as "Duce", but for practical purposes under the control of Karl Wolff and Rudolf Rahn. The Italian Social Republic had its seat of government in the town of Salò, so is commonly known as the Republic of Salo.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: Southern Italy, meanwhile, remained nominally under the control of the new legitimist government of Badoglio, continuing to operate as the Kingdom of Italy. Rome descended into chaos, as fighting erupted between Mussolini loyalists and supporters of the new government, as well as leftist opponents of fascism who emerged from hiding. The King and the government left Rome to seek the protection of the Allied forces that occupied the South. With half of the Italian peninsula occupied by the Germans and the rest by the Allies, a return to civil rights was suspended due to the complete disorder in the country. The pre-Fascist-era parties had been formally disbanded, and so far as they still existed their activity was clandestine and limited, with no form of contact with most of the population. Consequently, the future relationships between these parties and the balance of power were left to be decided at a later, quieter time. However, some political forces organized the Italian Resistance, which enjoyed strong popular support. Almost all of the Resistance were anti-monarchists; nevertheless, a temporary alliance between them and the Badoglio government was created by the decision of Joseph Stalin and Palmiro Togliatti, secretary of the Italian Communist Party, to postpone the problem of the state organization and focus all efforts on the fight against Hitler's puppet state in the North.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: At the end of the war, Italy was a severely damaged country, with innumerable victims, a destroyed economy, and a desperate general condition. The defeat left the country deprived of the Empire it had fought for in the past two decades and also occupied by foreign soldiers. For some years after 1945, internal politically motivated fighting continued.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: The emergence of political forces to replace fascism could not occur until the internal conflict ended and elections could be held. After fighting had died down, a few months were needed before attention could be given to institutional matters. The first important question regarded the royal family, blamed by many for the fascist regime, the war, and the defeat.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: Republican traditions in Italy traditionally hark back to the Roman Republic and the Medieval comunes, in which a wide spectrum of people took part in the business of government, but remained largely theoretical, as in the conclusion of Machiavelli's "Il Principe". The struggle for a Republican Italy independent of foreign powers had been started by Giuseppe Mazzini in the 19th century. The movement "Giustizia e Libertà", which continued the traditional Mazzinian ideology, was the second important force during the Resistance. It posed the question of the form of the state as a fundamental precondition to developing any further agreements with the other parties. "Giustizia e Libertà" joined the "Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale" (National Liberation Committee, CLN). The various competing political factions agreed that a popular referendum would be held to determine the future institutional form of the Italian State.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: As the Allies advanced through the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel III was too compromised by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any further role. Accordingly, in April 1944 he turned over most of his powers to Crown Prince Umberto. When Rome was recaptured on 4 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel relinquished his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm, making him the de facto regent.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of king until his abdication in May 1946. Umberto then formally ascended the throne as King Umberto II. Many historians have noted that the royal house had an interest in the abdication, finding convenient to have a popular king "on stage" at that crucial moment. Umberto was more acceptable to the Italian people, in part thanks to his young and elegant life-style, and partially because his figure presented a stark contrast to the old, rough Victor Emmanuel, seen as compromised with the fascist regime himself. Umberto was relatively well received by the people from the moment of his enthronement, even if his wife Marie-José was kept at some distance because of her foreign origins. He was commonly called "Re di Maggio" ('the May King'), with reference to his brief rule of only 34 days.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: On 25 June 1944, a decree by Crown Prince Umberto, issued in his capacity as Lieutenant General of the Realm, during Ivanoe Bonomi’s time in office as Prime Minister, prescribed that a Constitutional Assembly would be organized after the war to draft a constitution and to choose an institutional form for the Italian State.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: The political campaign for the referendum was framed by incidents, especially in northern Italy, where monarchists were attacked by both republicans and post-fascists of the Italian Social Republic. Following a second decree ("decreto legge luogotenenziale 16 marzo 1946, n. 98"), during the government of De Gasperi, a referendum was held on 2 June, which was later named a national holiday in honour of the vote, and 3 June 1946. The question was simple: "Republic or Monarchy?"


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: Following Italian law, the results were checked by the Corte di Cassazione (the highest judicial Court at that time), as expected. A problem arose when the Court, itself divided between monarchists and republicans, "provisionally" declared a republican victory on 10 June, but postponed the final result to 18 June. To avoid huge dangers of political riots due to the Court's delay, the government itself declared a republic and appointed De Gasperi as the provisional Head of State on 13 June.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: The legality of this action (according to the law in force at the time) is debated, as the Corte di Cassazione already declared a republican victory, at the same time stating that further data were to be analyzed.


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: The conservative, rural "Mezzogiorno" (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised "Nord" (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%).


title: 1946 Italian institutional referendum

text: The republic was formally proclaimed on 6 June 1946, ending King Umberto II's brief 34-day reign as king. Umberto at first refused to accept what he called "the outrageous illegality" of the referendum, and took his deposition badly. In his last statement as king, Umberto refused to accept the republic, saying he was the victim of a "coup d'état" by his ministers and the referendum had been rigged against him. In response, Alcide De Gasperi, who became Acting President, replied in a press statement: "We must strive to understand the tragedy of someone who, after inheriting a military defeat and a disastrous complicity with dictatorship, tried hard in recent months to work with patience and good will towards a better future. But this final act of the thousand-year old House of Savoy must be seen as part of our national catastrophe; it is an expiation, an expiation forced upon all of us, even those who have not shared directly in the guilt of the dynasty". Some monarchists advocated using force to prevent a republic from being proclaimed, even at the risk of a civil war, but Mack Smith wrote that: "Common sense and patriotism saved Umberto from accepting such counsel". Umberto rejected the advice that he should go to Naples and proclaim a rival government, with the intention of starting a civil war in which the Army would presumably side with the House of Savoy, under the grounds that "My house united Italy. It will not divide it". The monarchy of the House of Savoy formally ended on 12 June 1946, and Umberto left the country. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State. At about 15:00 on 13 June, Umberto left the Quirinal Palace for the last time with the servants all assembled in the courtyard to see him off; many were in tears. At the Ciampino Airport in Rome, as Umberto boarded the aeroplane that was to take him to Lisbon, a "Carabiniere" grabbed him by the hand and shaking it in tears said "Your Majesty, we will never forget you!"


title: Nio

text: They are usually portrayed as a pair of figures that stand guarding temple entrance gates usually called "Shānmén" (山門) in China, in Japan and "Geumgangmun" () in Korea. The right statue is traditionally called Guhyapāda and has his mouth open, representing the vocalization of the first grapheme of Sanskrit Devanāgarī (अ) which is pronounced "a". The left statue is traditionally called Nārāyaṇa and has his mouth closed, representing the vocalization of the last grapheme of Devanāgarī (ह ) which is pronounced "" (हूँ). These two characters together (a-hūṃ/a-un) symbolize the birth and death of all things. (Men are supposedly born speaking the "a" sound with mouths open and die speaking an "" and mouths closed.) Similar to Jaya-Vijaya, they signify "everything" or "all creation". The contraction of both is Aum (ॐ), which is Sanskrit for The Absolute.


title: Nio

text: Guhyapāda (Traditional Chinese: 密迹金剛; simplified Chinese: 密迹金刚; pinyin: "Mìjī jīngāng"; Japanese: "Misshaku Kongō"; "Korean: Miljeok geumgang"; Vietnamese: "Mật tích kim cương" ) is a symbol of overt violence: he wields a "vajra" mallet "" (a diamond club, thunderbolt stick, or sun symbol) and bares his teeth. His mouth is depicted as being in the shape necessary to form the "ha" or "ah" sound. In China, he is also known as General Ha (哈将 Hā Jiāng) in reference to this iconographic detail. Similarly, he is also known as Agyō (阿形, "a"-form, general term open-mouthed statues in aum pair) in Japan due to this detail as well. In Chinese Buddhism, Guhyapāda is regarded as one of the Twenty-Four Protective Deities, who are a grouping of dharmapalas often enshrined in the Mahavira Hall of temples and monasteries. In addition, Guhyapada is also sometimes paired or identified with the Wisdom King Ucchuṣma, who is commonly known in Chinese as "Huìjì Jīngāng" (穢跡金剛).


title: Nio

text: Nārāyaṇa (Traditional Chinese: 那羅延金剛; simplified Chinese: 那罗延金刚; pinyin: "Nàluōyán Jīngāng"; Japanese: "Naraen Kongō;" Korean: "Narayeon geumgang"; Vietnamese: "Na la diên kim cương") is depicted either bare-handed or wielding a sword. He symbolizes latent strength, holding his mouth tightly shut. His mouth is rendered to form the sound "", or "heng" or "un". In China, he is also known as General Heng (哼将 Hēng Jiāng) in reference to this iconographic detail. Similarly, he is also known as Ungyō (吽形, "um"-form, general term closed-mouthed statues in aum pair) in Japan due to this detail as well.


title: Nio

text: Both "Guhyapāda" and "Nārāyaṇa" are seen as manifestations of Vajrapāni (Traditional Chinese: 執金剛神; simplified Chinese: 执金刚神; pinyin: "Zhíjīngāng shén"; Japanese: "Shūkongōshin;" Korean: "Jip geumgang sin"; Vietnamese: "Chấp kim cang thần)," with the name literally meaning ""vajra"-wielding god".


title: Nio

text: Nio Zen Buddhism was a practice advocated by the Zen monk Suzuki Shōsan (1579–1655), who advocated Nio Zen Buddhism over Nyorai Zen Buddhism. He recommended that practitioners should meditate on Nio and even adopt their fierce expressions and martial stances in order to cultivate power, strength and courage when dealing with adversity. Suzuki described Nio as follows: "The Niō (Vajrapani) is a menacing God. He wields the kongōsho (vajra) and he can crush your enemies. Depend on him, pray to him that he will protect you as he protects the Buddha. He vibrates with energy and spiritual power which you can absorb from him in times of need."


title: Nio

text: In Chinese folk religion and Taoism, they are known as "Heng Ha Er Jiang" (). Within the Taoist novel "Fengshen Yanyi", Zheng Lun and Chen Qi were finally appointed as the two deities.


title: Nio

text: Kongōrikishi are a case of the transmission of the image of the Greek hero Heracles to East Asia along the Silk Road. Heracles was used in Greco-Buddhist art to represent Vajrapani, the protector of the Buddha, and his representation was then used in China and Japan to depict the protector gods of Buddhist temples. This transmission is part of the wider Greco-Buddhist syncretic phenomenon, where Buddhism interacted with the Hellenistic culture of Central Asia from the 4th century BC to the 4th century AD.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Theresa Tam (; born 1965) is a Canadian physician and public servant who currently serves as the chief public health officer of Canada, who is the second-in-command of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Tam initially took the role as acting CPHO following the retirement of her predecessor, Gregory Taylor, on 16 December 2016. She was formally appointed on 26 June 2017.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam has played a leadership role in Canada's response to public health emergencies, including SARS, H1N1, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19. She has also worked towards eradicating polio.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam was born in British Hong Kong and grew up in the United Kingdom. She attended medical school at the University of Nottingham, earning an MBBS 1989. In 1996, She completed her pediatric residency at the University of Alberta, and in 1997, a pediatric infectious diseases fellowship at University of British Columbia.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam, a pediatric infectious disease specialist, was "assistant deputy minister of infectious disease prevention and control" at PHAC. In 2003, Tam was the chief of Health Canada's immunization and respiratory infections division during the SARS outbreak.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam was a co-chair of a 2006 federal report on pandemic preparedness in the wake of the SARS outbreak in Canada, which envisioned a respiratory infection pandemic that was described in "The Globe and Mail" as foreshadowing the COVID-19 pandemic "with eerie accuracy." At that time in 2006, she was Director of the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division at the PHAC.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam said the opioid crisis, which cost over 2,500 lives in Canada in 2016, could be higher than 3,000 in 2017 if the current trend continues. "This far surpasses the number of motor-vehicle fatalities." She said overprescription of opioids contributed to this trend.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam is on the Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee of the Health Emergencies Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO), a role she took up between April and June 2018. She is an official advisor to the WHO's International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on 2019-nCoV.


title: Theresa Tam

text: In 2019, Tam criticized people who refuse vaccines, saying "They're a small number, but they're spreading misinformation." "And they're communicating their opinions in a very emotional way."


title: Theresa Tam

text: On 7 January 2020, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Tam advised Canadians: "There has been no evidence to date that this illness, whatever it's caused by, is spread easily from person to person; no health care workers caring for the patients have become ill; a positive sign." On 23 January, Tam was a member of the WHO committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a public health emergency of international concern.


title: Theresa Tam

text: As the pandemic progressed and as was typical at the time, as the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada, she made numerous statements that garnered attention, both positive and negative, from the public and from some politicians. Some statements proved to be minimising of the effects of COVID-19, and some were closer to the mark.


title: Theresa Tam

text: Tam initially recommended the general public against wearing masks for two reasons: (i) to protect healthcare workers and prioritize supply; and (ii) "potential negative aspects" of wearing masks, stating "it can sometimes make it worse if the person puts their finger in their eye or touches their face under their mask" and that it can give a false sense of security. On 6 April, Tam changed her recommendation to "wearing a non-medical mask, even if you have no symptoms, is an additional measure that you can take to protect others around you in situations where physical distancing is difficult to maintain" because of new data about pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission.


title: Theresa Tam

text: On 23 April, Tam was appointed by Justin Trudeau to a new advisory body, the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force, whose mandate he declared to be the coordination of serological surveys across the country.


title: Theresa Tam

text: In February 2021, an Auditor General's report described how the Public Health Agency of Canada led by Tam failed to fully comprehend the threat posed by COVID-19 to Canadians. In particular, it was noted that the Agency "did not consider forward-looking pandemic risk" when it concluded that COVID‐19 would have a minimal impact if an outbreak were to occur in Canada.


title: Operator (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, an operator is generally a mapping or function that acts on elements of a space to produce elements of another space (possibly and sometimes required to be the same space). There is no general definition of an "operator", but the term is often used in place of "function" when the domain is a set of functions or other structured objects. Also, the domain of an operator is often difficult to be explicitly characterized (for example in the case of an integral operator), and may be extended to related objects (an operator that acts on functions may act also on differential equations whose solutions are functions that satisfy the equation). See Operator (physics) for other examples.


title: Operator (mathematics)

text: The most basic operators are linear maps, which act on vector spaces. Linear operators refer to linear maps whose domain and range are the same space, for example formula_1 to formula_1.


title: Operator (mathematics)

text: Such operators often preserve properties, such as continuity. For example, differentiation and indefinite integration are linear operators; operators that are built from them are called differential operators, integral operators or integro-differential operators.


title: Operator (mathematics)

text: Operator is also used for denoting the symbol of a mathematical operation. This is related with the meaning of "operator" in computer programming, see operator (computer programming).


title: Operator (mathematics)

text: The most common kind of operator encountered are "linear operators". Let "U" and "V" be vector spaces over a field "K". A mapping "A": "U" → "V" is linear if