title: Irish passport

text: The identity picture is now greyscale, and is digitally printed onto the surface of the page, rather than the actual photos sent by the applicant being pasted onto the page. The Irish harp is superimposed as a hologram onto the bottom right corner of the photograph. The words " Ireland" are embossed several times into either side of the identity page. This embossing partially covers the photograph as an added security measure. A likeness of the photograph of the applicant is pin-punched into the surface of the identity page, and can be viewed when the identity page is held to light.


title: Irish passport

text: Under UV light, fluorescing fibres are visible on every page except the data page. The first sentence of Article 2 of the Irish constitution is visible under UV light and is printed in both Irish and English on alternate pages. The 2013 version of the passport also reveal a topographical map of Ireland on the observations page. Later pages include such landmarks as the Cliffs of Moher, the Samuel Beckett Bridge and the Aviva Stadium; there are excerpts from poems in Irish (by Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill), English (by William Butler Yeats) and Ulster Scots (by James Orr) and from the score of the national anthem, , ().


title: Irish passport

text: A credit card-sized Passport Card was introduced on 5 October 2015. It was originally announced as being available in mid-July 2015 but was subsequently delayed. It conforms to international standards for biometric and machine readable travel documents promulgated by ICAO.


title: Irish passport

text: Unlike the United States Passport Card, which cannot be used for international air travel or for land and sea travel outside North America, the Irish passport card can be used for air travel and throughout the European Economic Area and Switzerland and some non-EEA countries such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Kosovo, Montserrat (max. 14 days in transit to a third country), Serbia, and the United Kingdom. However, at introduction, it was only publicised as having been approved for entry and exit by countries in the EEA. A few days afterwards it was confirmed that Switzerland had given its approval.


title: Irish passport

text: The Irish Passport Card is a passport in card format and is intended to be usable as a travel document in most European countries, in a similar way to national identity cards elsewhere in the EEA or the Russian internal passport with respect to travel to some countries and autonomous territories within the former USSR. It is largely treated in the same way as an identity card in several other EU countries, since that is what their laws call such cards. However, the IATA Timatic database used by airlines to find out document requirements lists the passport card as a separate document type. The card uses the designation "IP" in its machine readable zone (MRZ) (the "I" means identity card and the "P" is without meaning in the MRZ standard). Although ICAO began preparatory work on machine readable passport cards as early as 1968, Ireland was the first country to issue one for air travel and the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Charles Flanagan, highlighted the novelty and utility of Ireland's Passport Card at its 2015 introduction.


title: Irish passport

text: The card costs €35, with a €10 discount if applied for at the same time as a passport book, and is valid for five years or the validity of the bearer's passport booklet, whichever is less. From November 2018, Passport Cards are available to Irish Citizens of all ages.


title: Irish passport

text: Unlike national identity cards issued in other parts of the EU, an Irish passport card cannot be issued unless the bearer already has a valid passport booklet but, because of its convenient size and durable format compared to the Irish passport booklet, it will also serve purposes similar to that of national identity cards in other parts of the EU: identity and age verification, and intra-EU travel.


title: Irish passport

text: Although they can be used at electronic passport control gates at Dublin Airport, it was not possible, in 2018, to use this card at many electronic border gates/e-gates in continental Europe.


title: Irish passport

text: The new EU regulation entering in force late 2021 about the European national identity cards will not be applied to the passport card issued by Ireland, as stated at point (14) of the preamble. However, the passport card directly follows the ICAO regulation 9303, which gives similar requirements, as the new EU regulation is based on this ICAO regulation.


title: Irish passport

text: Irish passport cards have security features designed to make them difficult to forge or be mistaken as forgeries. They have also been optimised for machine reading. The top-left corner of the passport card contains the biometric chip, which contains a copy of the information printed on the card, and a facial scan of the holder. To prevent unauthorised parties remotely accessing the information stored in the RFID biometric chip, the machine readable zone of the identity page must be scanned to unlock it. This safeguard is known as Basic Access Control.


title: Irish passport

text: The designation of the document "/Ireland/" "/Passport/" is printed in colour-changing ink, which varies from light green to gold-red, depending on the angle of the light shining on it. The background for the front of the passport card is a complex Celtic design, with the words for Ireland appearing in the official languages of the EU as part of the design.


title: Irish passport

text: The identity picture is greyscale, and is digitally printed onto the surface of the special security polycarbonate. The Irish harp is superimposed as a hologram onto the bottom right corner of the photograph. A likeness of the applicant in a hologram photo on a strip on the back:. According to Charles Flanagan, the then Foreign Affairs Minister, this is the first time such a security feature was going to be used on travel documents.


title: Irish passport

text: Ireland's passport card was joint winner of the 'Best Regional ID Document' at the High Security Printing Europe Conference in Bucharest, Romania in March 2016.


title: Irish passport

text: Irish passports may only be issued to individuals holding Irish citizenship. Irish nationality law is extended to include Northern Ireland.


title: Irish passport

text: Visa requirements for Irish citizens are travel restrictions placed upon citizens of Ireland by the authorities of other states. As of 28 September 2022, Irish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 187 countries and territories, ranking the Irish passport 6th worldwide (tied with the French, Portuguese, and British passports) according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Irish passport

text: An Irish passport, legitimate or fraudulent, is viewed by many – including intelligence services and journalists – as a highly valuable and 'safe' document due to Ireland's policy of neutrality.


title: Irish passport

text: All Irish citizens have the constitutional right to hold a passport, although the Irish state may limit this right for purposes of national security. Irish courts also have the power to confiscate passports of defendants. Adult passport booklets are generally valid for 10 years and child passport booklets valid for 5 years. The validity of passport booklets can be limited by the Passport Office for certain individuals, especially those who have lost two or more passports. Passport cards are valid for 5 years or the validity of the corresponding passport booklet, whichever is the lesser period.


title: Irish passport

text: There was a surge in applications for Irish passports following the UK's Brexit referendum, breaking previous records with over 700,000 passports issued by the end of November 2016.


title: Commercial law

text: Commercial law, also known as mercantile law or trade law, is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and business engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law.


title: Commercial law

text: Commercial law includes within its compass such titles as principal and agent; carriage by land and sea; merchant shipping; guarantee; marine, fire, life, and accident insurance; bills of exchange, negotiable instruments, contracts and partnership. Many of these categories fall within Financial law, an aspect of Commercial law pertaining specifically to financing and the financial markets. It can also be understood to regulate corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods. Many countries have adopted civil codes that contain comprehensive statements of their commercial law.


title: Commercial law

text: In the United States, commercial law is the province of both the United States Congress, under its power to regulate interstate commerce, and the states, under their police power. Efforts have been made to create a unified body of commercial law in the United States; the most successful of these attempts has resulted in the general adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been adopted in all 50 states (with some modification by state legislatures), the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.


title: Commercial law

text: Various regulatory schemes control how commerce is conducted, particularly "vis-a-vis" employees and customers. Privacy laws, safety laws (e.g., the Occupational Safety and Health Act in the United States), and food and drug laws are some examples.


title: Commercial law

text: During Middle Ages, Italy was the cradle of many modern institutions at the basis of commercial law. Around the 16th century, the trade of Italian maritime republics was the promoter of the birth of commercial law: the jurist Benvenuto Stracca, (Ancona, 1509–1579) published in 1553 the treatise "De mercatura seu mercatore tractats"; it was one of the first, if not the first, legal imprint dealing specifically with commercial law. This treatise focused on merchants and merchant contracts, practices and maritime rights, to which he soon added extensive discussions of bankruptcy, factors and commissions, third party transfers, and insurance. For this reason, Stracca is often considered the father of commercial law and author of the first Italian treaty about the insurance contract, beyond about the commerce. The legal work of Italian jurists had an impact on Holland, Germany, England and France.


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel or copper-nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper that contains nickel and strengthening elements, such as iron and manganese. The copper content typically varies from 60 to 90 percent. (Monel is a nickel-copper alloy that contains a minimum of 52 percent nickel.)


title: Cupronickel

text: Despite its high copper content, cupronickel is silver in colour. Cupronickel is highly resistant to corrosion by salt water, and is therefore used for piping, heat exchangers and condensers in seawater systems, as well as for marine hardware. It is sometimes used for the propellers, propeller shafts, and hulls of high-quality boats. Other uses include military equipment and chemical, petrochemical, and electrical industries.


title: Cupronickel

text: Another common 20th-century use of cupronickel was silver-coloured coins. For this use, the typical alloy has 3:1 copper to nickel ratio, with very small amounts of manganese.


title: Cupronickel

text: In the past, true silver coins were debased with cupronickel, such as coins of the pound sterling from 1947 onward having their content replaced.


title: Cupronickel

text: Aside from "cupronickel" and "copper-nickel", several other terms have been used to describe the material: the tradenames "Alpaka" or "Alpacca", "Argentan Minargent", the registered French term "cuivre blanc", and the romanized Cantonese term "Paktong", 白銅 (the French and Cantonese terms both meaning "white copper"); cupronickel is also occasionally referred to as "hotel silver", "plata alemana" (Spanish for "German silver"), "German silver", and "Chinese silver".


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel alloys are used for marine applications due to their resistance to seawater corrosion, good fabricability, and their effectiveness in lowering macrofouling levels. Alloys ranging in composition from 90% Cu–10% Ni to 70% Cu–30% Ni are commonly specified in heat exchanger or condenser tubes in a wide variety of marine applications.


title: Cupronickel

text: The successful use of cupronickel in coinage is due to its corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, durability, malleability, low allergy risk, ease of stamping, antimicrobial properties and recyclability.


title: Cupronickel

text: In Europe, Switzerland pioneered the nickel "billon" coinage in 1850, with the addition of silver. In 1968, Switzerland adopted the far cheaper 75:25 copper to nickel ratio then being used in Belgium, the United States and Germany. From 1947 to 2012, all "silver" coinage in the UK was made from cupronickel, but from 2012 onwards the two smallest cupronickel denominations were replaced with lower-cost nickel-plated steel coins.


title: Cupronickel

text: In part due to silver hoarding in the Civil War, the United States Mint first used cupronickel for circulating coinage in three-cent pieces starting in 1865, and then for five-cent pieces starting in 1866. Prior to these dates, both denominations had been made only in silver in the United States.


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel is the cladding on either side of United States half-dollars (50¢) since 1971, and all quarters (25¢) and dimes (10¢) made after 1964. Currently, some circulating coins, such as the United States Jefferson nickel (5¢), the Swiss franc, and the South Korean 500 and 100 won are made of solid cupronickel (75:25 ratio).


title: Cupronickel

text: A thermocouple junction is formed from a pair of thermocouple conductors such as iron-constantan, copper-constantan or nickel-chromium/nickel-aluminium. The junction may be protected within a sheath of copper, cupronickel or stainless steel.


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel is used in cryogenic applications. Its combination of good ductility retention and thermal conductivity at very low temperatures is advantageous for low-temperature processing and storage equipment as well as for heat exchangers at cryogenic plants.


title: Cupronickel

text: Beginning around the turn of the 20th century, bullet jackets were commonly made from this material. It was soon replaced with gilding metal to reduce metal fouling in the bore.


title: Cupronickel

text: Currently, cupronickel and nickel silver remain the basic material for silver-plated cutlery. It is commonly used for mechanical and electrical equipment, medical equipment, zippers, jewelry items, and both for strings for instruments in the violin family, and for guitar frets. Fender Musical Instruments used "CuNiFe" magnets in their "Wide Range Humbucker" pickup for various Telecaster and Starcaster guitars during the 1970s.


title: Cupronickel

text: For high-quality cylinder locks and locking systems, cylinder cores are made from wear-resistant cupronickel.


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel has been used as an alternative to traditional steel brake lines, as it does not rust. Since cupronickel is much softer than steel, it bends and flares more easily, and the same property allows it to form a better seal with hydraulic components.


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel lacks a copper color due to nickel's high electronegativity, which causes a loss of one electron in copper's d-shell (leaving 9 electrons in the d-shell versus pure copper's typical 10 electrons).


title: Cupronickel

text: Important properties of cupronickel alloys include corrosion resistance, inherent resistance to macrofouling, good tensile strength, excellent ductility when annealed, thermal conductivity and expansion characteristics amenable for heat exchangers and condensers, good thermal conductivity and ductility at cryogenic temperatures and beneficial antimicrobial touch surface properties.


title: Cupronickel

text: Subtle differences in corrosion resistance and strength determine which alloy is selected. Descending the table, the maximum allowable flow rate in piping increases, as does the tensile strength.


title: Cupronickel

text: In seawater, the alloys have excellent corrosion rates which remain low as long as the maximum design flow velocity is not exceeded. This velocity depends on geometry and pipe diameter. They have high resistance to crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement that can be troublesome to other alloy systems. Copper-nickels naturally form a thin protective surface layer over the first several weeks of exposure to seawater and this provides its ongoing resistance. Additionally, they have a high inherent biofouling resistance to attachment by macrofoulers (e.g. seagrasses and molluscs) living in the seawater. To use this property to its full potential, the alloy needs to be free of the effects of, or insulated from, any form of cathodic protection.


title: Cupronickel

text: However, Cu–Ni alloys can show high corrosion rates in polluted or stagnant seawater when sulfides or ammonia are present. It is important, therefore, to avoid exposure to such conditions, particularly during commissioning and refit while the surface films are maturing. Ferrous sulfate dosing to sea water systems can provide improved resistance.


title: Cupronickel

text: As copper and nickel alloy with each other easily and have simple structures, the alloys are ductile and readily fabricated. Strength and hardness for each individual alloy is increased by cold working; they are not hardened by heat treatment. Joining of 90–10 (C70600) and 70–30 (C71500) is possible by both welding or brazing. They are both weldable by the majority of techniques, although autogenous (welding without weld consumables) or oxyacetylene methods are not recommended. The 70–30 rather than 90–10 weld consumables are normally preferred for both alloys and no after-welding heat treatment is required. They can also be welded directly to steel, providing a 65% nickel-copper weld consumable is used to avoid iron dilution effects. The C71640 alloy tends to be used as seamless tubing and expanded rather than welded into the tube plate. Brazing requires appropriate silver-base brazing alloys. However, great care must be taken to ensure that there are no stresses in the Cu–Ni being silver brazed, since any stress can cause intergranulary penetration of the brazing material, and severe stress cracking (see image). Thus, full annealing of any potential mechanical stress is necessary.


title: Cupronickel

text: Applications for Cu–Ni alloys have withstood the test of time, as they are still widely used and range from seawater system piping, condensers and heat exchangers in naval vessels, commercial shipping, multiple-stage flash desalination and power stations. They have also been used as splash zone cladding on offshore structures and protective cladding on boat hulls, as well as for solid hulls themselves.


title: Cupronickel

text: Due to its ductility, cupronickel alloys can be readily fabricated in a wide variety of product forms and fittings. Cupronickel tubing can be readily expanded into tube sheets for the manufacturing of shell and tube heat exchangers.


title: Cupronickel

text: Details of fabrication procedures, including general handling, cutting and machining, forming, heat treatment, preparing for welding, weld preparations, tack welding, welding consumables, welding processes, paintina, mechanical properties of welds, and tube and pipe bending are available.


title: Cupronickel

text: Thermocouples and resistors whose resistance is stable across changes in temperature contain alloy constantan, which consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel.


title: Cupronickel

text: Cupronickel alloys were known as "white copper" to the Chinese since about the third century BC. Some weapons made during the Warring States period were made with Cu-Ni alloys. The theory of Chinese origins of Bactrian cupronickel was suggested in 1868 by Flight, who found that the coins considered the oldest cupronickel coins yet discovered were of a very similar alloy to Chinese "paktong".


title: Cupronickel

text: The author-scholar, Ho Wei, precisely described the process of making cupronickel in about 1095 AD. The "paktong" alloy was described as being made by adding small pills of naturally occurring "yunnan" ore to a bath of molten copper. When a crust of slag formed, saltpeter was added, the alloy was stirred and the ingot was immediately cast. Zinc is mentioned as an ingredient but there are no details about when it was added. The ore used is noted as solely available from Yunnan, according to the story:


title: Cupronickel

text: "San Mao Chun were at Tanyang during a famine year when many people died, so taking certain chemicals, Ying projected them onto silver, turning it into gold, and he also transmuted iron into silver – thus enabling the lives of many to be saved [through purchasing grain through this fake silver and gold]


title: Cupronickel

text: Thereafter all those who prepared chemical powders by heating and transmuting copper by projection called their methods "Tanyang techniques".


title: Cupronickel

text: The late Ming and Qing literature have very little information about "paktong". However, it is first mentioned specifically by name in the "Thien Kung Khai Wu" of "circa" 1637:


title: Cupronickel

text: "When "lu kan shih" (zinc carbonate, calamine) or "wo chhein" (zinc metal) is mixed and combined with "chih thung" (copper), one gets 'yellow bronze' (ordinary brass). When "phi shang" and other arsenic substances are heated with it, one gets 'white bronze' or white copper: "pai thong". When alum and niter and other chemicals are mixed together one gets "ching thung": green bronze."


title: Cupronickel

text: Ko Hung stated in 300 AD: "The Tanyang copper was created by throwing a mercuric elixir into Tanyang copper and heated- gold will be formed." However, the "Pha Phu Tsu" and the "Shen I Ching" describing a statue in the Western provinces as being of silver, tin, lead and Tanyang copper – which looked like gold, and could be forged for plating and inlaying vessels and swords.


title: Cupronickel

text: Joseph Needham "et al." argue that cupronickel was at least known as a unique alloy by the Chinese during the reign of Liu An in 120 BC in Yunnan. Moreover, the Yunnanese State of Tien was founded in 334 BC as a colony of the Chu. Most likely, modern "paktong" was unknown to Chinese of the day – but the naturally occurring Yunnan ore cupronickel alloy was likely a valuable internal trade commodity.


title: Cupronickel

text: In 1868, W. Flight discovered a Greco-Bactrian coin comprising 20% nickel that dated from 180 to 170 BCE with the bust of Euthydemus II on the obverse. Coins of a similar alloy with busts of his younger brothers, Pantaleon and Agathocles, were minted around 170 BCE. The composition of the coins was later verified using the traditional wet method and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Cunningham in 1873 proposed the "Bactrian nickel theory," which suggested that the coins must have been the result of overland trade from China through India to Greece. Cunningham's theory was supported by scholars such as W. W. Tarn, Sir John Marshall, and J. Newton Friend, but was criticized by E. R. Caley and S. van R. Cammann.


title: Cupronickel

text: In 1973, Cheng and Schwitter in their new analyses suggested that the Bactrian alloys (copper, lead, iron, nickel and cobalt) were closely similar to the Chinese "paktong", and of nine known Asian nickel deposits, only those in China could provide the identical chemical compositions. Cammann criticized Cheng and Schwitter's paper, arguing that the decline of cupronickel currency should not have coincided with the opening of the Silk Road. If the Bactrian nickel theory were true, according to Cammann, the Silk Road would have increased the supply of cupronickel. However, the end of Greco-Bactrian cupronickel currency could be attributed to other factors such as the end of the House of Euthydemus.


title: Cupronickel

text: The alloy seems to have been rediscovered by the West during alchemy experiments. Notably, Andreas Libavius, in his "Alchemia" of 1597, mentions a surface-whitened copper "aes album" by mercury or silver. But in "De Natura Metallorum" in "Singalarum" Part 1, published in 1599, the same term was applied to "tin" from the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia and the Philippines) and given the Spanish name, "tintinaso".


title: Cupronickel

text: Richard Watson of Cambridge appears to be the first to discover that cupronickel was an alloy of three metals. In attempting to rediscover the secret of white-copper, Watson critiqued Jean-Baptiste Du Halde's "History of China" (1688) as confusing the term "paktong'., He noted the Chinese of his day did not form it as an alloy but rather smelted readily available unprocessed ore:


title: Cupronickel

text: "...appeared from a vast series of experiments made at Peking- that it occurred naturally as an ore mined at the region, the most extraordinary copper is "pe-tong" or white copper: it is white when dug out of the mine and even more white within than without. It appears, by a vast number of experiments made at Peking, that its colour is owing to no mixture; on the contrary, all mixtures diminish its beauty, for, when it is rightly managed it looks exactly like silver and were there not a necessity of mixing a little tutenag or such metal to soften it, it would be so much more the extraordinary as this sort of copper is found no where but in China and that only in the Province of Yunnan". Notwithstanding what is here said, of the colour of the copper being owing to no mixture, it is certain the Chinese white copper as brought to us, is a mixt [sic: mixed] metal; so that the ore from which it was extracted must consist of various metallic substances; and from such ore that the natural "orichalcum" if it ever existed, was made."


title: Cupronickel

text: During the peak European importation of Chinese white-copper from 1750 to 1800, increased attention was made to its discovering its constituents. Peat and Cookson found that "the darkest proved to contain 7.7% nickel and the lightest said to be indistinguishable from silver with a characteristic bell-like resonance when struck and considerable resistance to corrosion, 11.1%".


title: Cupronickel

text: Another trial by Andrew Fyfe estimated the nickel content at 31.6%. Guesswork ended when James Dinwiddie of the Macartney Embassy brought back in 1793, at considerable personal risk (smuggling of "paktong" ore was a capital crime by the Chinese Emperor), some of the ore from which "paktong" was made. Cupronickel became widely understood, as published by E. Thomason, in 1823, in a submission, later rejected for not being new knowledge, to the Royal Society of Arts.


title: Cupronickel

text: Efforts in Europe to exactly duplicate the Chinese "paktong" failed due to a general lack of requisite complex cobalt-nickel-arsenic naturally occurring ore. However, the Schneeberg district of Germany, where the famous "Blaufarbenwerke" made cobalt blue and other pigments, solely held the requisite complex cobalt-nickel-arsenic ores in Europe.


title: Cupronickel

text: At the same time, the Prussian "Verein zur Beförderung des Gewerbefleißes" (Society for the Improvement of Business Diligence/Industriousness) offered a prize for the mastery of the process. Unsurprisingly, Dr E.A. Geitner and J.R. von Gersdoff of Schneeberg won the prize and launched their "German silver" brand under the trade names "Argentan" and "Neusilber" (new silver).


title: Cupronickel

text: In 1829, Percival Norton Johnston persuaded Dr. Geitner to establish a foundry in Bow Common behind Regents' Park Canal in London, and obtained ingots of nickel-silver with the composition 18% Ni, 55% Cu and 27% Zn.


title: Cupronickel

text: Between 1829 and 1833, Percival Norton Johnson was the first person to refine cupronickel on the British Isles. He became a wealthy man, producing in excess of 16.5 tonnes per year. The alloy was mainly made into cutlery by the Birmingham firm William Hutton and sold under the trade-name "Argentine".


title: Cupronickel

text: Johnsons' most serious competitors, Charles Askin and Brok Evans, under the brilliant chemist Dr. EW Benson, devised greatly improved methods of cobalt and nickel suspension and marketed their own brand of nickel-silver, called "British Plate".


title: Cupronickel

text: By the 1920s, a 70–30 copper-nickel grade was developed for naval condensers. Soon afterwards, a 2% manganese and 2% iron alloy now known as alloy C71640 was introduced for a UK power station which needed better erosion resistance because the levels of entrained sand in the seawater. A 90–10 alloy first became available in the 1950s, initially for seawater piping, and is now the more widely used alloy.


title: Father of the Pride

text: Father of the Pride is a 2004–2005 American adult animated sitcom created by Jeffrey Katzenberg for DreamWorks Animation that was part of a short-lived trend of CGI series in prime-time network television (after "Game Over"). The series centers on a family of white lions, the patriarch of which stars in a Siegfried & Roy show in Las Vegas. Despite heavy promotion, the series was considered a "flop" as it was cancelled after only one season. Transmission and production were also delayed by the real-life on-stage injury of Roy Horn in October 2003.


title: Father of the Pride

text: The family was conceived by Katzenberg when he visited Siegfried & Roy's Secret Garden in Las Vegas in 2002.


title: Father of the Pride

text: The show revolves around the adventures of a family of white lions, consisting of father Larry, the bumbling yet well-intentioned star of Siegfried & Roy's show; Kate, a pretty, stay-at-home mother who is a member of a special women's group; Sierra, their teenage daughter who is constantly annoyed by her family; Hunter, their awkward young son, who is a huge fan of "The Lord of the Rings"; Sarmoti, Kate's father and Sierra and Hunter's grandfather who has a dislike for Larry; and Snack, Larry's mischievous gopher friend.


title: Father of the Pride

text: Recurring characters appear alongside the lion family; these include Larry's friends Roger, Chutney, Vincent, and Nelson; Larry's rival Blake and his wife Victoria; Sarmoti's friends Bernie, Duke, Chaz, and the Snout Brothers; Hi Larious; Kate's friends Foo-Lin, Lily, and Brittany; two lesbian gophers Chimmi & Changa; and Sierra's boyfriend Justin.


title: Father of the Pride

text: It took more than 200 animators 2 years to make "Father of the Pride". Computer animation was produced at Imagi Animation Studios in Hong Kong.


title: Father of the Pride

text: The series employed a small group of seasoned directors, which included Mark Risley, Bret Haaland, Steve Hickner, John Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In "Father of the Pride", the Secret Garden encompasses residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom.


title: Father of the Pride

text: Since Larry and his family drive the story lines for most of the episodes, their residence is the most detailed, comprising separate, contiguous sets for the living room, the kitchen, and the children's bedrooms. Meanwhile, the assets are stored in individual files in order to be loaded into separate layers and assembled modularly.


title: Father of the Pride

text: In 2002, Jeffrey Katzenberg came up with the idea for the series when he visited Siegfried & Roy's show in Las Vegas: "I thought, I wonder what it's like for those lions. What must life be like from their point of view? [They're] living in Las Vegas, trying to raise a family and earn a living. In animation, we look for those things — a way to look at our lives through a fantasy world. It allows us to take on subjects that are too difficult to do with real people. It allows us to be more controversial. Edgier. There can be parody and innuendo and satire. Things can be sophisticated in a way that even our feature films can't be."


title: Father of the Pride

text: According to Katzenberg, the series was created for "an 18- to 49-year-old. It's not about checking to make sure you don't leave the 6-, 7- and 8-year-olds behind. This is purely an adult show."


title: Father of the Pride

text: Each episode cost an estimated $2 million to $2.5 million to produce, making it at the time of its release one of the most expensive half-hour television comedies ever.


title: Father of the Pride

text: Long before its broadcast, the series was nearly cancelled, following the near-death of Roy Horn in October 2003; but after his condition improved, Siegfried & Roy urged NBC to continue production. Katzenberg recalled, "There was a short period of time where we all just rocked out on our heels and couldn't be particularly creative and certainly not very funny. But Siegfried kept saying, every step of the way, that this show meant so much to them. So much to Roy. Then, even more than it ever did."


title: Father of the Pride

text: The opening sequence starts off with a red sports car, with the Nevada license plate "MAGIC1," being driven by Siegfried and Roy past many of the attractions in Las Vegas. Cast names are presented on the marquees of the Strip hotels that, along with the Mirage, belonged to the MGM / Mirage Group at the time, before the car swerves into the Mirage Hotel. The scene then changes to the lions' house. Larry (voiced by John Goodman) gets woken up by his wife Kate (voiced by Cheryl Hines), late for his performance, on the couch before dashing towards the stage (but not before having a beer given to him by Snack {voiced by Orlando Jones} at the Watering Hole). Larry sings a rendition of Elvis Presley's "Viva Las Vegas" as the background music throughout the title sequence.


title: Father of the Pride

text: The series' debut on NBC on August 31, 2004 attracted 12.3 million viewers, making it the most-watched series of the week on American television. However, the series was expected to do better, especially considering heavy promotion during NBC's coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. Its opening ranked only the 13th of 16 fall comedies that NBC introduced since 1999.


title: Father of the Pride

text: When the series debuted, it got off to a good start with strong ratings. The ratings continued to show good promise for the series through early September 2004 until the ratings started to rapidly decline. Many airings were repeatedly interrupted by updates on the 2004 presidential election, and by that point, there had been such a glut of advertising that audiences were sick of it. By November 2004, it was pulled from NBC's sweeps line-up. In early December, Jeffrey Katzenberg announced that he did not think the series would be picked up for a second season. Over the next few months, the network aired several of the remaining episodes outside of sweeps periods, but the series did not return for a second season. A few of the remaining episodes were burned off in late December 2004.


title: Father of the Pride

text: "Father of the Pride" received a negative response from television critics, who considered it to be little more than a gimmick and a shill for other NBC and DreamWorks properties (two early episodes extensively featured "The Today Show"s Matt Lauer and another featured Donkey from the "Shrek" franchise). Also, many television critics noticed that the series' humor was very similar to "South Park" (one episode even had a character say, "Screw you guys, I'm goin' home!").


title: Father of the Pride

text: According to Katzenberg, Siegfried & Roy's reactions were more positive: "They laughed. A lot. They kept asking us to create more contradiction. Literally, one's blond and one's dark, and every aspect of their life is as black and white as that. They are always playful with one another, always playing tricks on one another. They encouraged us to have fun with that."


title: Father of the Pride

text: In October 2004, the Parents Television Council's launched a campaign against "Father of the Pride". Reasons cited for their opposition were the aforementioned use of anthropomorphic animals and the use of "from the creators of "Shrek"" in their promotions. The film in question was seen by the Council as much more family-friendly than this series, which the PTC stated could inadvertently draw the wrong audience based on the way it was promoted by NBC. Their campaign led to over 11,000 complaints to the Federal Communications Commission. In March 2006, the FCC ruled that the show was not indecent.


title: Father of the Pride

text: "Father of the Pride" was released on DVD on June 7, 2005, containing the original pilot, an alternate pilot (which draws heavily on the original), an unaired episode, and one episode that was voice-recorded and not animated (and therefore, remains at the storyboard stage).


title: Father of the Pride

text: "Father of the Pride" won an Annie Award in 2005 for Character Design in an Animated Television Production. It was also nominated for a 2005 People's Choice Award in the category Favorite New TV Comedy Series.


title: Herd mentality

text: Herd mentality, mob mentality or pack mentality describes how people can be influenced by their peers to adopt certain behaviors on a largely emotional, rather than rational, basis. When individuals are affected by mob mentality, they may make different decisions than they would have individually.


title: Herd mentality

text: Social psychologists study the related topics of group intelligence, crowd wisdom, groupthink, and deindividuation.


title: Herd mentality

text: The idea of a "group mind" or "mob behavior" was first put forward by 19th-century social psychologists Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon. Herd behavior in human societies has also been studied by Sigmund Freud and Wilfred Trotter, whose book "Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War" is a classic in the field of social psychology. Sociologist and economist Thorstein Veblen's "The Theory of the Leisure Class" illustrates how individuals imitate other group members of higher social status in their consumer behavior. More recently, Malcolm Gladwell in "The Tipping Point", examines how cultural, social, and economic factors converge to create trends in consumer behavior. In 2004, the "New Yorker" financial columnist James Surowiecki published "The Wisdom of Crowds".


title: Herd mentality

text: Twenty-first-century academic fields such as marketing and behavioral finance attempt to identify and predict the rational and irrational behavior of investors. (See the work of Daniel Kahneman, Robert Shiller, Vernon L. Smith, and Amos Tversky.) Driven by emotional reactions such as greed and fear, investors can be seen to join in frantic purchasing and sales of stocks, creating bubbles and crashes. As a result, herd behavior is closely studied by behavioral finance experts in order to help predict future economic crises.


title: Herd mentality

text: The Asch conformity experiments (1951) involved a series of studies directed by American Psychologist Solomon Asch that measured the effects of majority group belief and opinion on individuals. Fifty male students from Swarthmore College participated in a vision test with a line judgement task.


title: Herd mentality

text: A naive participant was put in a room with seven confederates (i.e. actors) who had agreed in advance to match their responses. The participant was not aware of this and was told that the actors were also naive participants. There was one control condition with no confederates. Confederates purposefully gave the wrong answer on 12 trials. The other participant usually went with the group and said the wrong answer.


title: Herd mentality

text: Through 18 trials total, Asch (1951) found that one third (33%) of naive participants conformed with the clearly incorrect majority, with 75% of participants over the 12 trials. Fewer than 1% of participants gave the wrong answer when there were no confederates.


title: Herd mentality

text: Researchers at Leeds University performed a group experiment in which volunteers were told to randomly walk around a large hall without talking to each other. A select few were then given more detailed instructions on where to walk. The scientists discovered that people end up blindly following one or two instructed people who appear to know where they are going. The results of this experiment showed that it only takes 5% of confident looking and instructed people to influence the direction of the other 95% of people in the crowd, and the 200 volunteers did this without even realizing it.


title: Herd mentality

text: Researchers from Hebrew University, NYU, and MIT explored herd mentality in online spaces, specifically in the context of "digitized, aggregated opinions." Online comments were given an initial positive or negative vote (up or down) on an undisclosed website over five months. The control group comments were left alone.


title: Herd mentality

text: The researchers found that "the first person reading the comment was 32% more likely to upvote it if it had been already given a fake positive score." Over the five months, comments artificially rated positively showed a 25% higher average score than the control group, with the initial negative vote ending up with no statistical significance in comparison to the control group. The researchers found that "prior ratings created significant bias in individual rating behavior, and positive and negative social influences created asymmetric herding effects."


title: Herd mentality

text: "That is a significant change," Dr. Aral, one of the researchers involved in the experiment, stated. "We saw how these very small signals of social influence snowballed into behaviors like herding."


title: All-time tennis records – Women's singles

text: This article covers the period 1884 to present. Before the beginning of the Open era in April 1968, only amateurs were allowed to compete in established tennis tournaments, including the four Grand Slams. Wimbledon, the oldest of the majors, was founded in 1877, followed by the US Open in 1881, the French Open in 1891, and the Australian Open in 1905. Beginning in 1905 and continuing to the present day, all four majors have been played yearly, with the exception of the two World Wars, 1986 for the Australian Open, and 2020 for Wimbledon. The Australian Open is the first major of the year (January), followed by the French Open (May–June), Wimbledon (June–July), and US Open (August–September).


text: There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. A player who wins all four current major tournaments in the same calendar year, as an individual or as part of a doubles team, is said to have achieved the "Grand Slam". If the player wins all four consecutively, but not in the same calendar year, it is called a "Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam". Winning all four at some point in a career, even if not consecutively, is referred to as a "Career Grand Slam". Winning the four majors and a gold medal in tennis at the Summer Olympics has been called a "Golden Slam" since 1988. Winning all four plus gold at some point in a career, even if not consecutively, is referred to as a "Career Golden Slam". Winning the Year-end Championship also having won a Golden Slam is referred to as a "Super Slam". Winning the four majors in all three disciplines a player is eligible for–singles, doubles, and mixed doubles–is considered winning a "boxed set" of Grand Slam titles.


text: The current Grand Slams are the four most prestigious tournaments in the world held every year, they are distinguished by participation from almost every top player and by their two-week duration, 128-player draw in women's singles. It's extremely rare for a player to win all four tournaments, "the Grand Slam", in one calendar year. This was only achieved three times since 1888 by Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, and Steffi Graf, the latter of whom stands alone in winning the "Golden Slam". These are some of the important records since the start of women's tennis in 1884. Most statistics are based on the data at the WTA Tour and International Tennis Federation, the official websites of each respective Grand Slam tournament and published sources though this is not a definitive list due to the time periods involved. Active streaks and active players are in boldface.


text: This section is for consecutive streaks across all Grand Slam tournaments. If a player skips a tournament the streak ends.


text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Not all sources agree with one of Wills' losses. She did not play two matches because of appendicitis, causing her to miss the 1926 Wimbledon Championships. Wimbledon did not assign a loss to her or a win to her opponent. The other tournament gave her a loss instead of a default to her and a walkover to her opponent, neither of which count as a loss or a win. It is unknown why the tournament chose to assign a loss to her. Taking these facts into consideration, her adjusted win percentage would be 125–3 = 97.66%.


text: See WTA Tour records#WTA career prize money leaders. As prize money has increased strongly in recent decades, the lists of prize money leaders all-time and for the WTA Tour period (since 1973) are the same.


title: Concatenation

text: In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball". In certain formalisations of concatenation theory, also called string theory, string concatenation is a primitive notion.


title: Concatenation

text: In many programming languages, string concatenation is a binary infix operator. The codice_1 (plus) operator is often overloaded to denote concatenation for string arguments: codice_2 has the value codice_3. In other languages there is a separate operator, particularly to specify implicit type conversion to string, as opposed to more complicated behavior for generic plus. Examples include codice_4 in Edinburgh IMP, Perl, and PHP, codice_5 in Lua, and codice_6 in Ada, AppleScript, and Visual Basic. Other syntax exists, like codice_7 in PL/I and Oracle Database SQL.


title: Concatenation

text: In a few languages, notably C, C++, and Python, there is string literal concatenation, meaning that adjacent string literals are concatenated, without any operator: codice_8 has the value codice_3. In other languages, concatenation of string literals with an operator is evaluated at compile time, via constant folding, although this is often an implementation detail of the compiler, rather than a language feature.


title: Concatenation

text: In programming, string concatenation generally occurs at run time, as string values are typically not known until run time. However, in the case of string literals, the values are known at compile time, and thus string concatenation can be done at compile time, either via string literal concatenation or via constant folding.


title: Concatenation

text: In formal language theory and pattern matching (including regular expressions), the concatenation operation on strings is generalised to an operation on sets of strings as follows:


title: Concatenation

text: For two sets of strings "S" and "S", the "concatenation" "S""S" consists of all strings of the form "vw" where "v" is a string from "S" and "w" is a string from "S", or formally . Many authors also use concatenation of a string set and a single string, and vice versa, which are defined similarly by and . In these definitions, the string "vw" is the ordinary concatenation of strings "v" and "w" as defined in the introductory section.


title: Concatenation

text: For example, if , and , then "FR" denotes the set of all chess board coordinates in algebraic notation, while e"R" denotes the set of all coordinates of the kings' file.


title: Concatenation

text: In this context, sets of strings are often referred to as formal languages. The concatenation operator is usually expressed as simple juxtaposition (as with multiplication).


title: Concatenation

text: The strings over an alphabet, with the concatenation operation, form an associative algebraic structure with identity element the null string—a free monoid.


title: Concatenation

text: Sets of strings with concatenation and alternation form a semiring, with concatenation (*) distributing over alternation (+); 0 is the empty set and 1 the set consisting of just the null string.


title: Concatenation

text: In programming for telephony, concatenation is used to provide dynamic audio feedback to a user. For example, in a "time of day" speaking clock, concatenation is used to give the correct time by playing the appropriate recordings "concatenated" together. For example:


title: Concatenation

text: The recordings themselves exist separately, but playing them one after the other provides a grammatically correct sentence to the listener.


title: Concatenation

text: This technique is also used in number change announcements, voice mail systems, or most telephony applications that provide dynamic feedback to the caller (e.g. moviefone, tellme, and others).


title: Concatenation

text: Programming for any kind of computerised public address system can also employ concatenation for dynamic public announcements (for example, flights in an airport). The system would archive recorded speech of numbers, routes or airlines, destinations, times, etc. and play them back in a specific sequence to produce a grammatically correct sentence that is announced throughout the facility.


title: Concatenation

text: One of the principles of relational database design is that the fields of data tables should reflect a single characteristic of the table's subject, which means that they should not contain concatenated strings. When concatenation is desired in a report, it should be provided at the time of running the report. For example, to display the physical address of a certain customer, the data might include building number, street name, building sub-unit number, city name, state/province name, postal code, and country name, e.g., "123 Fake St Apt 4, Boulder, CO 80302, USA", which combines seven fields. However, the customers data table should not use one field to store that concatenated string; rather, the concatenation of the seven fields should happen upon running the report. The reason for such principles is that without them, the entry and updating of large volumes of data becomes error-prone and labor-intensive. Separately entering the city, state, ZIP code, and nation allows data-entry validation (such as detecting an invalid state abbreviation). Then those separate items can be used for sorting or indexing the records, such as all with "Boulder" as the city name.


title: Concatenation

text: In recreational mathematics, many problems concern the properties of numbers under concatenation of their numerals in some base. Examples include home primes (primes obtained by repeatedly factoring the increasing concatenation of prime factors of a given number), Smarandache–Wellin numbers (the concatenations of the first prime numbers), and the Champernowne and Copeland–Erdős constants (the real numbers formed by the decimal representations of the positive integers and the prime numbers, respectively).


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Patrick Ryan Kerrigan (born August 16, 1988) is an American football coach and former outside linebacker and defensive end who is the assistant defensive line coach for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Purdue, where he was recognized as a unanimous All-American as a senior before being drafted by Washington in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan played the majority of his 11-year career as an outside linebacker in the 3–4 defense, where he is the all-time NFL leader in consecutive starts by a left outside linebacker. He is also Washington's all-time leader in sacks and forced fumbles, recording 95.5 and 26 of them respectively during his 10 years with the team. Kerrigan played a season with the Philadelphia Eagles in 2021 before retiring and joining Washington as an assistant coach in 2022.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan was born on August 16, 1988, in Muncie, Indiana. He attended Muncie Central High School, where he played defensive end and tight end for the Muncie Bearcats high school football team. As a senior, he was an all-state selection after recording 90 tackles and 19 sacks as a defensive end. As a tight end, he had 40 receptions for 789 yards and six touchdowns. A three-star recruit, Kerrigan committed to Purdue over offers from Ball State, Cincinnati, Indiana, and Northern Illinois.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan attended Purdue University, where he played for the Purdue Boilermakers football team from 2007 to 2010. As a freshman in 2007, Kerrigan appeared in 12 games recording 18 tackles and a sack. As a sophomore in 2008 he started 11 of 12 games and was an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection after recording 56 tackles, seven sacks and an interception. As a junior in 2009 he was a second team All-American by Rivals.com and a first team All-Big Ten selection. He finished the season with 66 tackles and 12 sacks. Kerrigan was also awarded Purdue's "Pit Bull Award" in 2009, which was given to the player that exemplified and displayed tenacity and tough play.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: After forcing two fumbles against Michigan, Kerrigan became the Big Ten's all-time leader in forced fumbles; his total of 12 forced fumbles set the since-broken Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) career record. Following his 2010 season, he was recognized as a unanimous All-American, honored as the Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year, and won the Bill Willis Trophy.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan was selected by the Washington Redskins in the first round (16th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed his four-year rookie contract, worth 8.72 million, on July 29, 2011.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan made his professional regular season and first career start in the Redskins' season-opener against the New York Giants and recorded five combined tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for a touchdown in their 28–14 victory. Kerrigan intercepted a pass by quarterback Eli Manning, that was originally intended for wide receiver Hakeem Nicks, and scored a nine-yard touchdown in the third quarter. The following week, he made three solo tackles, two pass deflections, and made his first career sack during their 22–21 victory against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 2. Kerrigan made his first career sack on quarterback Kevin Kolb for a four-yard loss in the second quarter. Kerrigan's performance over the first four games earned him the defensive rookie of the month honor for September. On November 13, 2011, Kerrigan collected a season-high six combined tackles and had two sacks on quarterback Matt Moore during a 20–9 loss at the Miami Dolphins. He started in all 16 games in 2011 and recorded 63 combined tackles (41 solo), 7.5 sacks, four forced fumbles, one interception, and one touchdown.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: On October 7, 2012, Kerrigan recorded five combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 24–17 loss to the Atlanta Falcons in Week 5.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan intercepted a pass by Falcons' quarterback Matt Ryan and scored a 20-yard touchdown in the second quarter. In Week 14 against the Baltimore Ravens, he managed to tackle Joe Flacco and tip his pass to Ray Rice enough so linebacker London Fletcher could intercept the ball; preventing the Ravens from scoring and allowing the Redskins to tie the score and eventually win the game in overtime. In Week 16, Kerrigan recorded a season-high five combined tackles and two sacks during a 27–20 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles. He had two sacks on quarterback Nick Foles and stripped the ball during one of them which was recovered by cornerback Richard Crawford. Kerrigan started all 16 games in 2012 and recorded 54 combined tackles (42 solo), 8.5 sacks, eight pass deflections, an interception, and a touchdown.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: The Washington Redskins finished first in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 6, 2013, Kerrigan started his first career playoff game and recorded four combined tackles during a 24–14 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Wildcard Game. On January 20, 2013, it was announced that Kerrigan was added to the 2013 Pro Bowl as a replacement for Aldon Smith who was set to appear in Super Bowl XLVII with the San Francisco 49ers.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Defensive coordinator Jim Haslett retained Kerrigan, Brian Orakpo, Perry Riley, and London Fletcher as the linebacking corps in 2013.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: He started in the Washington Redskins' season-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles and collected a season-high eight combined tackles and made one sack in their 33–27 loss. The following week, he made five solo tackles and a career-high two sacks on quarterback Aaron Rodgers in the Redskins' 38–20 loss at the Green Bay Packers in Week 2. In Week 3, Kerrigan tore his lateral meniscus in his left knee, but chose to play through the season. On December 29, 2013, the Washington Redskins fired head coach Mike Shanahan after they finished the season with a 4-12 record. Kerrigan started in all 16 games and recorded a career-high 66 combined tackles (47 solo), 8.5 sacks, and three pass deflections.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: On January 2, 2014, Kerrigan underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair his torn ligament in his knee. On May 2, 2014, the Washington Redskins exercised the fifth-year option of Kerrigan's rookie contract, which would keep him on roster throughout the 2015 season for $7.03 million. Head coach Jay Gruden named Kerrigan and Brian Orakpo the starting outside linebackers to start the regular season, along with inside linebackers Keenan Robinson and Perry Riley.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: On September 19, 2014, Kerrigan recorded four solo tackles and had a career-high four sacks on quarterback Chad Henne during the Redskins' 41–10 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 2. In Week 6, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and was credited with half a sack in a 30–20 loss at the Arizona Cardinals. He started in all 16 games in 2014 and recorded 64 combined tackles (51 solo), a career-high 13.5 sacks, five forced fumbles, and a pass deflection. He became the Redskins' sixth all-time franchise sack leader with 38 total sacks. On December 31, 2014, the Washington Redskins announced the decision to mutually part ways with defensive coordinator Jim Haslett.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan was named the 78th best player by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015. On May 20, 2015, Kerrigan underwent arthroscopic surgery on his left knee.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: On July 29, 2015, the Washington Redskins signed Kerrigan to a five-year, $57.50 million contract extension that includes $23.78 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $16 million.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Defensive coordinator Joe Barry opted to retain the 3-4 defense and named Kerrigan and Trent Murphy the starting outside linebackers, along with inside linebackers Perry Riley and Keenan Robinson. In Week 14, he collected a season-high five combined tackles and made a sack during a 24-21 victory at the Chicago Bears. Kerrigan started in all 16 games for the fifth consecutive season and recorded 42 combined tackles (33 solo), 9.5 sacks, three pass deflections, and two forced fumbles.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: The Washington Redskins finished atop of the NFC East with a 9–7 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 10, 2016, he made two combined tackles and a pass deflection during the Redskins' 35–18 loss to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Wildcard Game.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan entered training camp slated as the starting weakside linebacker. Head coach Jay Gruden named Kerrigan and Preston Smith the starting outside linebackers to begin the regular season, along with inside linebackers Mason Foster and Will Compton. In the Week 5, Kerrigan reached his 50th career sack by sacking quarterback Joe Flacco towards the end of the second quarter of the Redskins' 16-10 victory at the Baltimore Ravens. On October 16, 2016, he made four combined tackles and made a season-high two sacks on quarterback Carson Wentz during a 27–20 victory against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 6. In Week 12, Kerrigan collected a season-high five combined tackles and had one sack during a 31–26 loss at the Dallas Cowboys. On December 20, 2016, he was named to the 2017 Pro Bowl roster, which was his second Pro Bowl nomination. He started all 16 games in 2016 and recorded 33 combined tackles (25 solo), 10.5 sacks, two forced fumbles, and two pass deflections. Pro Football Focus gave Kerrigan an overall grade of 82.2, which ranked 10th among all qualifying 3-4 outside linebackers in 2016.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: On January 5, 2017, the Washington Redskins fired defensive coordinator Joe Barry. Defensive coordinator Greg Manusky retained Kerrigan and Preston Smith as the starting outside linebackers to begin the regular season in 2017, along with inside linebackers Mason Foster and Zach Brown.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: He started in the Washington Redskins' season-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles and recorded three combined tackles, half a sack, a pass deflection, and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 30–17 loss. Kerrigan intercepted a pass by quarterback Carson Wentz, that was initially intended for running back Darren Sproles, and returned it for a 24-yard touchdown in the second quarter. In Week 7, he collected a season-high six combined tackles and was credited with half a sack as the Redskins lost at the Philadelphia Eagles 34–24. On December 19, 2017, Kerrigan was named to his third Pro Bowl. On December 31, 2017, Kerrigan made two solo tackles and a season-high tying two sacks during an 18–10 loss at the New York Giants. He started in all 16 games and recorded 46 combined tackles (34 solo), 13 sacks, a pass deflection, an interception, and a touchdown. Pro Football Focus gave Kerrigan an overall grade of 84.2, which ranked 13th among all qualifying edge rushers in 2017.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: In 2018, Kerrigan stripped the ball from quarterback Dak Prescott in the end zone, which was recovered by Preston Smith and scoring a defensive touchdown that helped seal the Week 7 win against the Dallas Cowboys. Kerrigan recorded two sacks in the Week 15 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars putting him at second overall on the Washington Redskins all-time sacks list at 82.5 sacks, surpassing former defensive end Charles Mann. By the end of season, Kerrigan extended that record to 84.5 sacks.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: In Week 2 against the Dallas Cowboys, Kerrigan recorded his first sack of the season on Dak Prescott as the Redskins lost 31–21. In Week 11 against the New York Jets, Kerrigan sacked Sam Darnold twice and forced a fumble during the 34–17 loss. In Week 12 against the Detroit Lions, Kerrigan recorded half a sack on Jeff Driskel before exiting the game with a concussion. Without Kerrigan, the Redskins won 19–16. Kerrigan missed the following game against the Carolina Panthers due to the concussion he suffered. This was the first game that Kerrigan did not play in during his entire career. Though he returned the following week to play against the Green Bay Packers, he left the game in third quarter with a calf injury. Kerrigan was place on injured reserve on December 13, 2019.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan switched to defensive end after Washington defensive coordinator Jack Del Rio implemented a 4–3 defense. In the season opening game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Kerrigan surpassed Dexter Manley as Washington's all-time leader in sacks after a two sack performance. He also recovered a fumble and was named NFC defensive player of the week following the game, the first of his career. He finished the year with 5.5 sacks, giving him 95.5 in his career with Washington.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles on May 17, 2021. He had a limited role with the team, playing as a reserve before starting the final two games of the season. He was placed on the COVID list in December and was activated a week later. In the team's Wild Card game against the Buccaneers, he recorded two tackles for loss and 1.5 sacks.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan announced his retirement as a player on July 29, 2022. He rejoined Washington as a coaching intern during training camp before being officially named their assistant defensive line coach on September 5, 2022. Shortly before the announcement, Kerrigan was also inducted into Washington's Greatest Players list.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan's father, Brendan, played football at Ball State. His brother, Kyle, was a member of the DePauw University swim team. Kerrigan has a severe loss of hearing in his left ear, which was caused by an ear infection he suffered at the age of eight. Kerrigan and his wife, Jessica, have two daughters, Lincoln Georgie and Hayes Frankie.


title: Ryan Kerrigan

text: Kerrigan created a charitable foundation in 2013 to serve children in his community. Kerrigan has appeared in several local car dealership commercials. He appeared as NASA technician Garber in ""


title: Beauty Shop

text: Beauty Shop is a 2005 American comedy film directed by Bille Woodruff. The film serves as a spin-off of the "Barbershop" film franchise, and stars Queen Latifah as Gina, a character first introduced in the 2004 film "". This film also stars Alicia Silverstone, Andie MacDowell, Mena Suvari, Kevin Bacon and Djimon Hounsou.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Released theatrically in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on March 30, 2005, "Beauty Shop" received generally mixed reviews from critics. The film has grossed $37.2 million worldwide against a $25 million production budget.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Gina Norris is a widowed hairstylist who has moved from Chicago to Atlanta so her daughter Vanessa can attend a private music school. She has made a name for herself as a stylist, but after her self-centered and domineering boss, Jorge, criticizes her decisions, she quits and sets up her own shop, purchasing a run-down salon with the help of a loan officer.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Upon buying the salon, she runs into instant barriers: loudmouthed young stylists, older clients who are fixed in their habits, an energetic young boy named Willie who constantly flirts with women (including Vanessa) while filming for his next music video, people wary of her ability as a hairdresser, and the constant trouble her rebellious sister-in-law, Darnelle, finds herself in.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Gina issues an ultimatum with Darnelle to clean up her act and start paying her back or she will be evicted. In a short time, the previous owner's clients become her own and many of her former customers find their way from Jorge's to her salon. When electrical issues arise, she finds that the upstairs renter, Joe, is a handsome electrician from Africa who eventually bonds with Vanessa due to his skills on the piano. Because Jorge is jealous that his shop is losing clients to Gina's, he bribes Crawford, a ruthless health inspector, to find various ways to shut down Gina's business.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Over time, neighborhood regulars frequent the shop and the varied stylists become close to Gina, as does Joe. One of her former clients from Jorge's uses her connections to set up a meeting with CoverGirl for Gina's homemade miracle conditioner, affectionately called "hair crack". During a dance at a night club, James and Lynn start a romance.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Tragedy strikes when the shop is trashed and vandalized the night before Vanessa's big piano recital. When Gina next enters the shop, she finds not only that her staff has cleaned up the majority of the mess and brought items from home so the shop could operate, but Darnelle has also decided to grow up and enter beauty school.


title: Beauty Shop

text: While filming for his next topic, Willie tapes a meeting between Jorge and Inspector Crawford and learns that they were responsible for trying to ruin Gina. Shortly after, a disheveled woman enters the shop and begs for someone to fix her hair for a wedding she has in a few hours. Soon after, Willie shows Gina the videotape of the meeting he filmed of Jorge and Inspector Crawford. Later that night, Gina goes to Jorge's salon to not only tell him about the tape, but that she knows he is not Jorge Christophe from Austria, but George Christie from Nebraska. Gina also makes it clear to Jorge that no matter what he does to bring her down, he will never break her. As she leaves, Jorge insults her using his actual country accent, but James (Gina's only male employee) and a few of his friends give Jorge an extreme haircut as revenge.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Later, as the shop listens to their favorite radio talk-show host DJ Hollerin' Helen, they discover she was the desperate customer on the way to the wedding as she gives the shop (and Gina's "hair crack" conditioner) a shout-out on the radio.


title: Beauty Shop

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 38%, based on reviews from 119 critics, with an average score of 5.35/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Despite a strong performance by Queen Latifah, "Beauty Shop" is in need of some style pointers." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 rating, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.


title: Beauty Shop

text: Claudia Puig of "USA Today" wrote "Overall, the parts don't come together and jell as well as they did in the Barbershop films".


title: Beauty Shop

text: Ruthe Stein of the "San Francisco Chronicle" said that "[actress] Alfre Woodard shows she's as adept at comedy as drama".


title: Beauty Shop

text: Derek Armstrong of AllMovie gave the film three out of five stars, stating that while the film sticks to the same formula which made the "Barbershop" films so successful, it still "bursts with life, having attracted a spectrum of enthusiastic performers and a script that exceeds broad character types."


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that can be found either attached to the membrane of cells (mACE2) in the intestines, kidney, testis, gallbladder, and heart or in a soluble form (sACE2). Both membrane bound and soluble ACE2 are integral parts of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that exists to keep the body's blood pressure in check. While mACE2 does not appear to factor into the harmful phase of RAAS (the increase of blood pressure), its existence is vital in order for the enzyme ADAM17 to cleave its extracellular domain to create soluble ACE2 (sACE2). Soluble ACE2 lowers blood pressure by catalyzing the hydrolysis of angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor peptide) into angiotensin (1–7) (a vasodilator) which in turns binds to MasR receptors creating localized vasodilation and hence decreasing blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure makes the entire process a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: mACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein itself is known to damage the endothelium via downregulation of ACE2. The human version of the enzyme can be referred to as hACE2.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Membrane bound Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (mACE2) is a zinc-containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of intestinal enterocytes, renal tubular cells and other cells. mACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: mACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in the intestines and other tissues. The extracellular domain of mACE2 can be cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as ADAM17 a member of the sheddase enzyme family, during the protective phase of RAAS, the Renin Angiotension Aldosterone System which regulates our body's blood pressure. The resulting cleaved protein is known as soluble ACE2 or sACE2. It is released into the bloodstream where one of sACE2's functions is to turn excess angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7 which binds to MasR receptors creating localized vasodilation and hence decreasing blood pressure. Excess sACE2 may ultimately be excreted in the urine.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: mACE2 is attached to the cell membrane of mainly enterocytes of the small intestine and duodenum, proximal tubular cells of the kidneys, glandular cells of the gallbladder, as well as Sertoli cells and Leydig cells of the testis. The expression profile of mACE2 in the human body was recently thoroughly evaluated by the Human Protein Atlas team using a large-scale multiomics approach combining several different methods for analysis of gene expression, including a stringent immunohistochemical analysis using two independent antibodies. In addition to the above-mentioned issues, mACE2 expression was also seen in endothelial cells and pericytes of blood vessels within certain tissues, cardiomyocytes in heart tissue, and a smaller subset of cells within the thyroid gland, epididymis, seminal vesicle, pancreas, liver and placenta. Despite the fact that the respiratory system is the primary route of SARS-CoV-2 infection, very limited expression is seen, both at protein and mRNA level. The expression within the respiratory system is mainly restricted to the upper bronchial and nasal epithelia, especially in the ciliated cells.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: As part of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) protective phase, soluble ACE2's (sACE2) important function is to act as a counterbalance to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II which causes a cascade of hormonal reactions which is part of the body's harmful phase of RAAS, which ultimately leads to an increase in the body's blood pressure. ACE2 has an opposing effect to ACE, degrading angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7), thereby lowering blood pressure.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: sACE2, as part of RAAS's protective phase, cleaves the carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine from angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and hydrolyses it into the vasodilator angiotensin (1-7) (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH), which binds to Mas Receptors and ultimately leads to a decrease in blood pressure. sACE2 can also cleave numerous peptides, including , apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: mACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Research in mice has shown that ACE2 (whether it is the membrane bound version or soluble is inconclusive) is involved in regulation of the blood glucose level but its mechanism is yet to be confirmed.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: As a transmembrane protein, mACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS), and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to the enzymatic domain of mACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells. The binding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through mACE2 receptors present in heart tissue may be responsible for direct viral injury leading to myocarditis. In a study done during the SARS outbreak, SARS virus RNA was ascertained in the autopsy of heart specimens in 35% of the patients who died due to SARS. It was also observed that an already diseased heart has increased expression of mACE2 receptors contrasted to healthy individuals. This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic. It has also been shown that disruption of S-protein glycosylation significantly impairs viral entry, indicating the importance of glycan-protein interactions in the process.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of mACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection. Furthermore, according to studies conducted on mice, the interaction of the spike protein of the coronavirus with mACE2 induces a drop in the levels of mACE2 in cells through internalization and degradation of the protein and hence may contribute to lung damage.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: On the other hand, sACE2 has been shown to have a protective effect against virus-induced lung injury by increasing the production of the vasodilator angiotensin 1–7. Furthermore, some researchers have hypothesized that sACE2 (which is created during the Protective Phase of RAAS) is not only involved in binding to Angiotensin II to create Angiotensin I-7 which lowers blood pressure by vasodilation, but that free and soluble ACE2 may also be binding to coronavirus spike proteins, hence making those coronavirus spikes unavailable for binding to mACE-2 sites. But even with only tiny amounts of mACE2, SARS-CoV-2 virus can gain entry into cells if TMPRSS2 is present.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) that are used to treat high blood pressure have been shown in rodent studies to upregulate mACE2 expression, possibly affecting the severity of coronavirus infections.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: However, a systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that "use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls." Moreover, "the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure. Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia." An April 2020 study of patients hospitalized in Hubei Province in China found a death rate of 3.7% for patients with hypertension who were taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The death rate was compared with 9.8% of hospitalized patients with hypertension not taking such drugs, suggesting that ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not harmful and may help against the coronavirus.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Despite lack of conclusive evidence, some have advocated for and against the cessation of ACE inhibitor or ARB treatment in COVID-19 patients with hypertension. However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Plasma ACE2 levels predict outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients, with higher plasma levels being correlated with worse disease outcomes. Patients with high blood pressure or heart disease show elevated ACE2 plasma levels.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Given its role as the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, it has been repeatedly hypothesised that population variation in ACE2 may contribute to an individual's genetic susceptibility to COVID-19. Several studies have reported that ACE2 missense variants can alter its binding affinity for the Spike protein, and consequently its susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry, and there is strong evidence of individuals who carry rare variants in ACE2 that could confer total resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The expression level of ACE2 at the cell surface is another critical factor affecting viral susceptibility and probably plays a role in the tissue tropism of the virus and many suspected COVID-19 associated ACE2 variants affect expression.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary blood flow and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours, and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours. Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: An "in vitro" study focused on the early stages of infection found that clinical-grade human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) reduced SARS-CoV-2 recovery from vero cells by a factor of 1,000-5,000. The equivalent mouse rsACE2 did not have such an effect. This study suggests that rhsACE2 not only restores the renin-angiotensin system to balance as in the earlier ARDS studies, but also directly slows down infection by this virus – possibly as a decoy. ACE2 mutants have been engineered with even higher affinity for SARS-CoV-2 Spike and shown to effectively neutralise the virus "in vitro". An ACE2 triple mutant that displayed nanomolar binding to Spike (sACE2.v2.4), was later shown to block pseudovirus cell entry in human lung cell lines and prevent SARS-CoV-2 induced ARDS in an ACE2 humanized mouse model.


title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

text: Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). rhACE2 is in phase II trial for severe COVID-19.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The is a hotel in Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda ward, Tokyo. It was created in the late 1880s at the request of the Japanese aristocracy to cater to the increasing number of Western visitors to Japan. The hotel site is located just south of the Imperial Palace grounds, next to the previous location of the Palace moat. The modern hotel overlooks the Palace, the Western-style Hibiya Park, and the Yurakucho and Ginza neighborhoods.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Three main buildings have stood on the hotel site, each of which embodied the finest Western design of its era. Including annexes, there have been at least 10 structures that have been part of the Imperial Hotel, including two designed by Frank Lloyd Wright:


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The original Imperial Hotel opened in November 1890 on the Northeast corner of what is now the hotel property. The hotel faced roughly North, with parts of the Imperial Palace moats (no longer extant) across streets on the North and East sides of the building.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The hotel was backed by key Japanese leaders, such as Foreign Minister Count Inoue Kaoru and Viscount Shibusawa Eiichi. Shibusawa and Okura Kihachiro submitted an application to form the Tokyo Hotel Co. on November 28, 1887, in order to "build a large hotel in Tokyo and to conduct the business of renting rooms to foreign guests, and for parties and other events...". There were initially 21 investors, with the largest (21.15%) being the Imperial Household Ministry. Site preparation for the hotel started in July 1888, and construction began in the fall of that year. On 7 July 1890 the name was changed to Imperial Hotel Ltd. The hotel was opened in November 1890.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Plans for the hotel were part of the effort to centralize government offices in the Hibiya area. A group of German architects visited Japan and made some preliminary drawings. The initial drawings for the hotel were created by Heinrich Mänz, in the German neo-Renaissance style. In 1886, a group of 20 Japanese were sent to Germany for training. Eventually, Yuzuru Watanabe would be picked to design the 60-room hotel, which would also be known as "Watanabe House". Watanabe used the original layout by Mänz, but because of soil conditions, changed the four story stone structure to a three-story wood frame and brick structure, with the exterior painted to look like stone. He also added rooms under the eaves to accommodate more guests. Western (French) food had been the official banquet fare of the Imperial Palace since Emperor Meiji hosted a luncheon for the nephew of the king of Italy on 8 September 1873, and the Imperial Hotel followed that tradition.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Japan's first Diet building, just finished on 24 November 1890 in time for the first Diet session, burned down on 20 January 1891. After a week of preparations, the House of Peers reconvened in the ballroom of the Imperial Hotel, where they would meet until March 1.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Business was slow at first, and the hotel lost money. Even after the U.S. annexed the Philippines in 1902 After the Spanish–American and the Philippine–American War, bringing more travelers through Japan, the hotel only averaged 40 guests and 50 restaurant customers. It was not until the start of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 that the hotel was regularly filled to capacity. In 1906 a 42-room annex was built and the Hotel Metropole in Tsukiji was purchased to increase capacity, allowing the hotel to serve up to 150 resident guests and seat up to 200 for dinner and banquets. The Metropole was torn down in 1910, as planning began for a new building to be completed by 1916.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Watanabe's Imperial Hotel building was destroyed by fire on 16 April 1922, while Edward, Prince of Wales was visiting Japan. The fire broke out during the day, with a full staff on hand and most of the guests out at an Imperial garden party. There were no deaths, but business at the hotel stopped until the South wing of the new hotel could be opened.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The second Imperial Hotel was built from 1919 to 1923, and officially opened on 1 September 1923. This hotel was the best-known of Frank Lloyd Wright's buildings in Japan. It was designed roughly in the shape of its own logo, with the guest room wings forming the letter "H", while the public rooms were in a smaller but taller central wing shaped like the letter "I" that cut through the middle of the "H".


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: In 1911, Frank Lloyd Wright was recommended to Aisaku Hayashi of the Imperial Hotel by Frederick W. Gookin, a fellow collector of Japanese art. By 1912, Wright was corresponding directly with Hayashi, but the death of Emperor Meiji put a hold on discussions. When discussions resumed, Wright traveled to Japan, leaving the United States on 11 January 1913. During his stay, Wright examined the site and drew some preliminary plans. He returned to the United States in May confident that he would get the commission. In early 1916, Hayashi, his wife, and Japanese architect Tori Yoshitake traveled to the United States, arriving at Taliesin in February. In addition to going over plan details before submitting them to the Hotel Board of Directors for final approval, the trip seems to have been made for Hayashi to see some of Wright's work in person, and to see how American hotels were run. Hayashi and his companions were back in Japan by mid-April, and the board had approved the plans in time for Wright to sail for Japan on 28 December 1916.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The purpose of the 1917 visit (Wright arrived on January 9 and left on April 21) was to prepare for construction—examine the site more thoroughly, make arrangements for materials, and hire draftsmen to make the working drawings. Wright was back at Taliesin by mid-May. Initial working drawings were all done at Taliesin, and Wright did not return to Japan until 17 November 1918 to supervise the start of construction.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: In late 1919, when work had just begun on the new hotel, the 1906 Imperial Hotel annex burnt to the ground. Work on the new hotel was stopped while Wright designed a temporary annex, which was opened 5 months later.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: On 26 April 1922, the worst earthquake (6.8) in decades struck Tokyo. While many buildings in the area were destroyed and the remains of the first Imperial Hotel were toppled, the hotel itself—while shaken—stood completely undamaged. Wright was working on the upper floor of the building at the time, and he feared that the building would collapse when he heard a huge crash, but this turned out to just be the five chimneys from the first Imperial Hotel, which had burnt down 10 days earlier.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The North wing of the new hotel and a partially completed center section opened on 2 July 1922, in time to host the reunion of the United States Naval Academy class of 1881. At this point, estimates were that it would only take about 6 weeks to complete the hotel, and since the South wing was a mirror image of the North, Wright decided that he could leave the completion to be supervised by Arata Endo. Wright left Japan on 22 July 1922, never to return. The hotel took another 11 months to complete, and officially opened in June 1923.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The Frank Lloyd Wright annex (one of six Wright designs for Japan that was actually built) was destroyed in the Great Kantō earthquake on 1 September 1923, although by that time it was no longer in use.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The Frank Lloyd Wright version was designed in the Maya Revival Style of architecture. It incorporates a tall, pyramid-like structure, and also loosely copies Maya motifs in its decorations. The main building materials are poured concrete, concrete block, and carved oya stone. The visual effect of the hotel was stunning and dramatic, though not unique; in recent years, architectural historians have noted a marked similarity with the Cafe Australia in Melbourne, Australia (1916), designed by Prairie School architects Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The architecture heavily influenced the style of the Kōshien Hotel, which was constructed by Wright's apprentice Arata Endo.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The structure famously survived the Great Kantō earthquake on September 1, 1923 (7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (M)). A telegram from Baron Kihachiro Okura reported the following:


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Wright passed the telegram to journalists, helping to perpetuate a legend that the hotel was unaffected by the earthquake. In reality, the building had been damaged; the central section slumped, several floors bulged, four pieces of stonework fell to the ground, fans fell from the balcony, and electric ranges in the kitchen were toppled, starting a kitchen fire that was fairly quickly extinguished. It was also not the only building to survive, or the least damaged. On the insurance company damage scale (1–5), it was in the second best (light damage) category. According to the Tokyo Building Inspection Department, about 19% of the brick buildings and 20% of the steel and reinforced concrete buildings in the city were categorized in the best category (no damage) and thus performed better than the Imperial.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The building's main failing was its foundation. Wright had intended the hotel to float on the site's alluvial mud "as a battleship floats on water", even during an earthquake. This was accomplished by making it shallow, with broad footings. However, this proved an inadequate support and did not prevent the building from sinking into the mud to such an extent that it had to be demolished decades later. Furthermore, alluvial mud, such as that at the hotel's site, amplifies seismic waves.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: After the earthquake and subsequent fire, the Hotel temporarily hosted the American, British, French, and Italian embassies, as well as the Chinese and Swedish Ministers. The Grill Room, as well as some exterior space behind the hotel, was allocated to storage of relief supplies. The front entrance to the new South wing was given over for use by public utilities, and the press was given the banquet hall entrance and the promenade leading to the banquet hall. Until electric and water were restored, cooking was done outside, first on campfires, then on charcoal grills. For the first four days after the earthquake, the hotel fed all comers for free, up to 2,500 people twice daily. After that, the hotel charged only cost until the emergency was over. Electricity was restored to the hotel on September 4, and water on September 5. Relief supplies from other countries started arriving in Tokyo, and to the hotel, on September 3 with the arrival of the destroyer USS "Stewart".


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: In 1930, the Kōshien Hotel was constructed under the plans of Arata Endo, a disciple of Wright. The design was inspired by the Imperial Hotel.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: By 1936, Japan was preparing for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and there was serious talk of replacing Wright's Imperial Hotel with a building more suited to the needs of the time. With only 280 rooms, the hotel was no longer financially viable. World War II intervened to cancel the Olympics and save the hotel from the wrecking ball.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: During World War II, the South wing of the hotel was gutted by incendiary bombs on 25 May 1945, and the Peacock room was destroyed. The hotel asked Wright to come back and design the repairs to the hotel, but Wright refused. The hotel was commandeered for a period by the Allied occupation forces and managed by the U.S. government, under the supervision of Lieutenant J. Malcolm Morris, from 1945 to 1952, and some of the damage was repaired during this time.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: As part of the land reform instituted by the occupying forces under General Douglas MacArthur, Okura Kishichiro and all of his family had to give up their shares in the Imperial Hotel. The same applied to the Imperial Household Agency, ending the financial involvement of the Imperial family in the hotel.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The hotel was returned to its owners on 1 April 1952, and full repairs could be made. As the guest wings of the Wright building were only three stories tall, it actually had relatively few guest rooms. Once the war damage had been repaired, a new annex was constructed directly behind the North wing of Wright's building, opening on 1 December 1954 and adding 200 guest rooms to the hotel. Construction for a second annex of 450 guest rooms started on 17 November 1956, with the annex opening in June 1958.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: On January 15, 1956, a salesman for the hotel's jewelry shop was robbed by American professional wrestler John MacFarland and a Japanese accomplice. MacFarland was famous for his Japanese professional wrestling career, but was deeply in debt and desperate for money. The jewelry shop was known to arrange showings of expensive gems to wealthy customers; MacFarland arranged for a showing of diamonds, rubies, and sapphires in his room that morning at 10:20. He attacked the salesman, tied him up, and took his briefcase. He immediately left the hotel through the main lobby, but paused to sign autographs before departing. Police quickly realized that MacFarland, a recognizable 6'4" Caucasian man with red hair, was the perpetrator. He was arrested without incident at Tokyo club later that night. None of the missing gemstones were ever recovered.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The hotel eventually slipped into decay as time took its toll. In a controversial decision, it was decided in 1967 to demolish the old hotel and replace it with a high-rise structure. Reasons given for the demolition include the damage to the banquet section and South wing during World War II, uneven settling of the building on its floating foundation (some parts of the building had sunk as much as ), and damage to the decorative oya stone that was causing pieces to fall off. The second Imperial Hotel was closed on 15 November 1967, and demolition started shortly after.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: While most of Wright's building was destroyed, the iconic central lobby wing and the reflecting pool were disassembled and rebuilt at The Museum "Meiji-mura", a collection of buildings (mostly from the Meiji Era) in Inuyama, near Nagoya, where they are open to the public.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: Because the building structure was brick and concrete and could not be disassembled, as much of the oya stone as possible, tiles, and other finishing materials were preserved. Demolition of the hotel was completed and materials stored at Meiji-mura by March 1968. A site for the reconstruction was chosen in February 1970, and exterior reconstruction started in March, taking 6 years to complete. Interior reconstruction started in November 1983 after a 7-year pause, and was completed in October 1985, more than 17 years after the demolition.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

text: The third main building is a 17-story hotel tower with 772 guest rooms, constructed on the site of Wright's building and opened on March 10, 1970.