title: Pentangle (band)

text: The name "Pentangle" was chosen to represent the five members of the band, and is also the device on Sir Gawain's shield in the Middle English poem "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", which held a fascination for Renbourn.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In 2007, the original members of the band were reunited to receive a Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards and to record a short concert that was broadcast on BBC radio. The following June, all five original members embarked on a twelve-date UK tour.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: The original group formed in 1967. Renbourn and Jansch, who shared a house in St John's Wood, were already popular musicians on the British folk scene, with several solo albums each and a duet LP, "Bert and John". Their use of complex inter-dependent guitar parts, referred to as "folk baroque", had become a distinctive characteristic of their music.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Jacqui McShee had begun as an (unpaid) "floor singer" in several London folk clubs, then, by 1965, ran a folk club at the Red Lion in Sutton, Surrey, establishing a friendship with Jansch and Renbourn when they played there. She sang on Renbourn's "Another Monday" album and performed with him as a duo, debuting at Les Cousins club in August 1966.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Thompson and Cox were well known as jazz musicians and had played together in Alexis Korner's band. By 1966, they were both part of Duffy Power's Nucleus (a band which also included John McLaughlin on electric guitar). Thompson was well-known to Renbourn through appearances at Les Cousins and working with him on a project for television.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In 1967, the Scottish entrepreneur Bruce Dunnet, who had recently organised a tour for Jansch, set up a Sunday night club for him and Renbourn at the (now defunct) Horseshoe Hotel in Tottenham Court Road. McShee began to join them as a vocalist and, by March of that year, Thompson and Cox were being billed as part of the band. Renbourn claims to be the "catalyst" that brought the band together but credits Jansch with the idea "to get the band to play in a regular place, to knock it into shape".


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Although nominally a 'folk' group, the members shared catholic tastes and influences. McShee had a grounding in traditional music, Cox and Thompson a love of jazz, Renbourn a growing interest in early music, and Jansch a taste for blues and contemporaries such as Bob Dylan.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: The first public concert by Pentangle was a sell-out performance at the Royal Festival Hall, on 27 May 1967. Later that year, they undertook a short tour of Denmark — in which they were disastrously billed as a rock'n'roll band — and a short UK tour, organised by Nathan Joseph of Transatlantic Records. By this stage, their association with Bruce Dunnett had ended and, early in 1968, they acquired Jo Lustig as a manager. With his influence, they graduated from clubs to concert halls and from then on, as Colin Harper puts it, "the ramshackle, happy-go-lucky progress of the Pentangle was going to be a streamlined machine of purpose and efficiency".


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Pentangle signed up with Transatlantic Records and their eponymous debut LP was released in May 1968. This all-acoustic album was produced by Shel Talmy, who has claimed to have employed an innovative approach to recording acoustic guitars to deliver a very bright "bell-like" sound. On 29 June of that year they performed at London's Royal Festival Hall. Recordings from that concert formed part of their second album, "Sweet Child" (released in November 1968), a double LP comprising live and studio recordings.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: "Basket of Light", which followed in mid-1969, was their greatest commercial success, thanks to a surprise hit single, "Light Flight" which became popular through its use as theme music for the television series "Take Three Girls" (the BBC's first drama series to be broadcast in colour) for which the band also provided incidental music. The album went all the way to number five in the charts. By 1970, they were at the peak of their popularity, recording a soundtrack for the film "Tam Lin", making at least 12 television appearances, and undertaking tours of the UK (including the Isle of Wight Festival) and America (including a concert at the Carnegie Hall). However, their fourth album, "Cruel Sister", released in October 1970, was a commercial disaster. This was an album of traditional songs that included a 18 1/2-minute-long version of "Jack Orion", a song that Jansch and Renbourn had recorded previously as a duo. It failed to go higher than number 51 in the charts.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: The band returned to a mix of traditional and original material on "Reflection", recorded in March 1971. This was received without enthusiasm by the music press. By this time, the strains of touring and of working together as a band were readily apparent. Bill Leader, who produced the album, said, "It seems to me, in retrospect, that each day a different member of the group had decided that this was it: 'Sod this for a game of soldiers, I'm leaving the group! Pentangle withdrew from Transatlantic, in a bitter dispute with Joseph regarding royalties. Transatlantic had apparently concluded that they were within their contractual rights to withhold royalty payments from the Pentangle albums. Joseph pointed out that his company had covered all the costs, such as recording costs, entailed in making the albums. Jo Lustig, their manager, who had agreed to the Transatlantic contract, made it clear that their contract with him included a clause that they could not sue him "for anything under any circumstances." In order to make some money out of the work they were doing, Pentangle established their own music publishing company, Swiggeroux Music, in 1971.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: The final album of the original lineup was "Solomon's Seal", released by Warner Brothers/Reprise in 1972. Its release was accompanied by a UK tour, in which Pentangle were supported by Wizz Jones and Clive Palmer's band COB. The last few dates of the tour had to be cancelled owing to Thompson becoming ill.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: On New Year's Day, 1973, Jansch decided to leave the band. "Pentangle Split" was the front-page headline of the first issue of "Melody Maker" of the year.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In the early 1980s, a reunion of the band was planned. By this time, Jansch and Renbourn had re-established their solo careers, McShee had a young family, Thompson was mainly doing session work, and Cox was running a restaurant in Minorca. The re-formed Pentangle debuted at the 1982 Cambridge Folk Festival, but without a drummer, as Cox had broken his leg in a road accident. They completed a tour of Italy, Australia and some venues in Germany, with Cox initially playing in a wheelchair.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Renbourn left the band to pursue a long-term ambition of studying classical music, taking up a place at Dartington College of Arts. There then followed a series of replacement personnel. Mike Piggott replaced Renbourn in 1982, and subsequently Nigel Portman Smith replaced Thompson and Gerry Conway (who had worked with Fotheringay, Cat Stevens, Jethro Tull, Richard Thompson and John Martyn) replaced Cox (in 1986 and 1987 respectively); leaving McShee and Jansch as the only remaining members from the original line-up. In 1989, Rod Clements of Lindisfarne fame replaced Piggott. He left and Peter Kirtley assumed the role of guitarist in the following year. The incarnation consisting of Jansch, McShee, Portman Smith, Kirtley and Conway survived almost as long as the original Pentangle and recorded three albums: "Think of Tomorrow", "One More Road" and "Live 1994". This line-up completed their final tour in March–April 1995, after which Jansch left to pursue his solo work, particularly his residency at the 12 Bar Club in London's Denmark Street.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In 1995, McShee formed a trio with Conway on percussion and Spencer Cozens on keyboards. The trio's first album, "About Thyme", featured guests Ralph McTell, Albert Lee, Mike Mainieri, and John Martyn. The album reached the top of fRoots magazine's British folk chart. The album was released on their own label – GJS (Gerry Jacqui Spencer). With the addition of saxophonist Jerry Underwood and bassist/guitarist Alan Thomson, the band was renamed (with the agreement of the original Pentangle members) Jacqui McShee's Pentangle. The new five-piece band's first album "Passe Avant" was released on the Park Records label in 1998. Their April 2000 concert at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire was recorded and released by Park Records under the title "At the Little Theatre".


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In August 2002, saxophonist Jerry Underwood died after an illness. His place in Jacqui McShee's Pentangle was taken by flautist/saxophonist Gary Foote in 2004. In 2005, they released "Feoffees' Lands", (a feoffee is a medieval term for a trustee) on GJS. The 2011 album "Live In Concert", released on GJS Records, features several of their best performances over the years between 1997 and 2011.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: The "new" 2002 Jacqui McShee's Pentangle line-up continued to play regularly in Great Britain in most years from 2002 through the present, as of 2018.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Whilst the new Pentangle incarnations and personnel changes took the band in various musical directions, interest in the original Pentangle line-up continued, with at least nineteen compilation albums being released between 1972 and 2016, such as "The Time Has Come 1967 – 1973" (a 4-CD collection of rarities, outtakes and live performances) in 2007. The liner notes were by Colin Harper and Pete Paphides.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In 2004, the "1968–1972 Lost Broadcasts" album was released. Jo Lustig's influence had secured numerous radio appearances for the band — at least eleven broadcasts by the BBC in 1968, for example. The album was a 2-CD compilation of recordings from these sessions. It includes a recording of "The Name of the Game", which had been used by the BBC as a theme song for some of the Pentangle broadcasts, but had never appeared on record.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: The original Pentangle formally reformed in 2008. They appeared on the BBC TV music programme Later... with Jools Holland on 29 April 2008, with "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme", and on 2 May 2008, performing "Light Flight" and "I've Got a Feeling". They went on to undertake a UK tour, including a return to the Royal Festival Hall, where they had recorded the "Sweet Child" album forty years earlier. They went on to headline at the Green Man Festival in August 2008. The live double-CD album "Finale - An Evening with Pentangle" contains 21 songs recorded during their 2008 tour, and was released by Topic Records in October 2016.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In 2011, the original Pentangle played some limited concerts (including RFH, Glastonbury and Cambridge). There were delays in playing again due to Jansch's throat cancer. The band recorded new material in 2011. Bert Jansch died of cancer on 5 October 2011, aged 67. John Renbourn was found dead at his home on 26 March 2015 after a suspected heart attack.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Film director, Ben Wheatley included Pentangle's song "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme" in the Netflix adaptation of Rebecca (2020 film).


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Pentangle are often characterised as a folk-rock band. Danny Thompson preferred to describe the group as a "folk-jazz band." John Renbourn also rejected the "folk-rock" categorisation, saying, "One of the worst things you can do to a folk song is inflict a rock beat on it. . . Most of the old songs that I have heard have their own internal rhythm. When we worked on those in the group, Terry Cox worked out his percussion patterns to match the patterns in the songs exactly. In that respect he was the opposite of a folk-rock drummer." This approach to songs led to the use of unusual time signatures: "Market Song" from "Sweet Child" moves from 7/4 to 11/4 and 4/4 time, and "Light Flight" from "Basket of Light" includes sections in 5/8, 7/8 and 6/4.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: Writing in "The Times," Henry Raynor struggled to characterise their music: "It is not a pop group, not a folk group and not a jazz group, but what it attempts is music which is a synthesis of all these and other styles as well as interesting experiments in each of them individually." Even Pentangle's earliest work is characterised by that synthesis of styles. Songs such as "Bruton Town" and "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme" from 1968's "The Pentangle" include elements of folk, jazz, blues, and early music. Pete Townshend described their sound as "fresh and innovative." By the release of their fourth album, "Cruel Sister", in 1970, Pentangle had moved closer to traditional folk music and begun using electric guitars. By this time, folk music had itself moved towards rock and the use of electrified instruments, so "Cruel Sister" invited comparison with such works as Fairport Convention's "Liege and Lief" and Steeleye Span's "Hark! The Village Wait". Pentangle is thus often described as one of the progenitors of British folk rock.


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In their final two albums, Pentangle returned to their folk-jazz roots, but by then the predominant musical taste had moved to British folk rock. Colin Harper commented that Pentangle's "increasingly fragile music was on borrowed time and everyone knew it."


title: Pentangle (band)

text: In January 2007, the five original members of Pentangle were presented with a Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards by Sir David Attenborough. Producer John Leonard said, "Pentangle were one of the most influential groups of the late 20th century and it would be wrong for the awards not to recognise what an impact they had on the music scene." Pentangle played together for the event, for the first time in over 20 years. Their performance was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on Wednesday 7 February 2007.


title: Tatu Baby

text: Katherine "Kat" Flores (born October 28, 1987), known professionally as Tatu Baby, is an American tattoo artist and reality television personality. She was a contestant on "Ink Master" season 2 in 2012, where she placed fourth, followed by season 3 of the same show in 2013, where she placed third. She currently stars as a main cast member in "Cartel Crew" (2019–present), another reality television show based on people who have connections to drug cartels. Tatu Baby has remained active as a tattoo artist in Miami, Florida.


title: Tatu Baby

text: Katherine "Tatu Baby" Flores was born October 28, 1987 in Miami, Florida to Colombian parents. Tatu Baby's father, a drug kingpin in Queens, New York, was killed when Tatu Baby was four years old. She does not reveal the name of her father on "Cartel Crew"; "Distractify" called him "infamous" and the "Telegraph" stated he was a "colleague of Pablo Escobar", the Colombian drug lord. After her father died, Tatu Baby's mother wanted to get out of the drug business for the safety of her family.


title: Tatu Baby

text: Tatu Baby started tattooing professionally at age 19. She names Nikko Hurtado, Jose Lopez, and Steve Butcher as inspirations. With six years of experience, she got cast in the reality tattooing competition show "Ink Master" for their second season. In doing so, Devon Preston from "Inked Magazine" stated Tatu Baby "...helped to open doors for thousands of women pursuing careers in tattooing." She made it fourth in the competition and was invited back for the third season of the show. Screen Rant writer Gabriela Torres ranked Tatu Baby's tattoo depicting a Hindu goddess with eight arms atop a lion during season 3 as the seventh worst tattoo of the series overall, writing, "The result was less than fascinating. Tatu Baby's lion ended up looking more like a cartoon instead of a majestic jungle cat." For the finale of season 3, she designed and tattooed a wolf and Native American woman above a tomahawk as a backpiece. She placed third in the show overall.


title: Tatu Baby

text: After "Ink Master" season 3 ended, Tatu Baby opened her own shop, called Till the End Tattoos in Miami, Florida. "Teen Vogue" wrote, "The studio has a range of artists who specialize in custom designs, black-and-gray work and realism, so even if you can't get Tatu Baby herself (she's definitely in high demand), you're pretty much guaranteed to find someone else you're into."


title: Tatu Baby

text: In 2019, Tatu Baby was cast as a main cast member in the VH1 series "Cartel Crew", which follows the lives of family members connected to drug lords and cartels. She continued on the series for their second season, also released in 2019.


title: Tatu Baby

text: In August 2020, Tatu Baby tattooed Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA and Colombian singer Karol G. Anuel AA got "Fear God" above his right eyebrow with a cross beneath it, while Karol G got a butterfly on her right arm and "+57", and "1991" on her right hand. Other celebrities Tatu Baby has tattooed include American singers Dalex, Jason Derulo, Luis Fonsi, and Rick Ross; American former professional basketball player Dwyane Wade; Mexican boxer Canelo Álvarez; and others. Tess Adamakos of "Inked Magazine" named Tatu Baby one of the 10 leading names in the tattoo world. VH1 wrote, "The talented Tatu Baby is one of the top Latina tattoo artists in the U.S."


title: Tatu Baby

text: Tatu Baby has one child with Eddie Soto, a son named Deniro Roman Soto. As of 2020, she is unmarried.


title: Tatu Baby

text: Tatu Baby has a number of tattoos herself. She has been tattooed by Billy Vegas, Shane O'Neill, David Gonzalez, Johnny Quintana (right upper arm), Boog (masquerade girl on the outer forearm), Jon Mesa (rose and diamond on the right side of her neck), Hector Arriaga (lower left arm), Mike Dargas (left hand), and Jime Litwalk (owl behind her right thigh).


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Reeta Chakrabarti (born 12 December 1964) is a British journalist, newsreader and correspondent for BBC News. She is known for presenting "BBC News at One", "BBC News at Six", "BBC News at Ten" and "BBC Weekend News", and presenting regularly on the BBC News Channel and occasionally BBC World News.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Reeta Chakrabarti was born on 12 December 1964 in Ealing, London to an Indian Bengali family and was raised in Birmingham. As a teenager she lived in India, attending the Calcutta International School in Kolkata and King Edward VI High School for Girls.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Chakrabarti studied English and French at Exeter College, Oxford, from 1984 to 1988, including a year in France. Of her time at Oxford, Chakrabarti said, "I loved my time there. There weren’t – then – many people from my background at university. But that didn’t stop my experience from being overwhelmingly good."


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Reeta started as a producer on BBC Radio 4, working on the "Today" programme, "The World at One" and "PM" before becoming a reporter on "5 Live Breakfast", in which she covered the French presidential elections, and the Dunblane massacre.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: In 1992, she started working at BBC Radio 1, specifically Newsbeat, writing and delivering news bulletins for 'Steve Wright In The Afternoon' and News 92.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: In 1997 she became one of the BBC's Community Affairs Correspondents, covering the Stephen Lawrence inquest and subsequent Public Inquiry. She also covered home affairs including the Damilola Taylor murder trial and Health.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: As a Political Correspondent at Westminster from 1999 she appeared on both television and radio, reporting on political stories for BBC1, BBC2, the BBC News Channel, BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 5 Live. During this time Reeta covered three General Elections, several changes of party leaders, with other notable stories including the Cash for Honours affair and MPs' expenses. Occasionally she presented real-time audience reactions to debates.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: In 2010 she became an Education Correspondent and covered changes to university tuition fees, the introduction of free schools, growth in academies and changes to exams and the curriculum. From South Korea, in 2013, she reported on why East Asian pupils had better results than those from Britain in international league tables.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: She has reported on social matters, with stories relating to adoption, poverty, and social mobility in the UK. Abroad, in 2013 she reported on the success of women bankers in India, and why the pace of life in Denmark is healthier than that in the UK. She reported from a ship in the Mediterranean on the European migrant crisis in 2016 and 2017. Other reports have included looking at the issues of abortion in Chile in 2016, where she interviewed the then President, Michelle Bachelet, and also in Poland, where there were protests against the tightening of abortion laws. During 2017 and 2018, she reported three times on the Rohingya crisis from Bangladesh and Myanmar, and anchored the BBC’s coverage of the 70th anniversary of the Partition of India and Pakistan in 2017. She was part of the studio team for the 2019 General Election, and the 2020 US Presidential Election. She was also a key part of the BBC’s news coverage of Covid during the lockdowns of 2020 and 2021.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: In March 2022 Reeta was the main BBC presenter in Lviv in western Ukraine, anchoring the news bulletins ten days after the Russian invasion. In April 2022 she anchored the BBC’s coverage of the French Presidential election from Paris.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Chakrabarti was named an honorary fellow of Exeter College, Oxford in 2018. She was also made an honorary Doctor of Letters by York St John University in 2018, and became the chancellor of York St John University in 2019 and an honorary fellow of University College, London in 2019. She is also an honorary fellow of the University of East London.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Chakrabarti is married to Paul Hamilton, Professor of English at Queen Mary University of London. They live in North London and have three children. She is a fan of the poet John Keats and chose this as her specialist subject on the BBC television quiz "Celebrity Mastermind" broadcast on 22 December 2016.


title: Reeta Chakrabarti

text: Chakrabarti is a Patron of Pan Intercultural Arts, a UK charity that uses the arts to empower marginalised young people and unlock their potential. She is also a patron of the Oxford University Media Society, and became a trustee for the Keats Shelley Memorial Association in 2021. She was a judge for the David Cohen Prize for Literature 2021, which was won by the writer Colm Toibin. In December 2021, Chakrabarti was announced Chair of the Panel of judges choosing the Costa Book of the Year 2021.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: In computer engineering, instruction pipelining or ILP is a technique for implementing instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy with some instruction by dividing incoming instructions into a series of sequential steps (the eponymous "pipeline") performed by different processor units with different parts of instructions processed in parallel.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: In a pipelined computer, instructions flow through the central processing unit (CPU) in stages. For example, it might have one stage for each step of the von Neumann cycle: Fetch the instruction, fetch the operands, do the instruction, write the results. A pipelined computer usually has "pipeline registers" after each stage. These store information from the instruction and calculations so that the logic gates of the next stage can do the next step.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: This arrangement lets the CPU complete an instruction on each clock cycle. It is common for even-numbered stages to operate on one edge of the square-wave clock, while odd-numbered stages operate on the other edge. This allows more CPU throughput than a multicycle computer at a given clock rate, but may increase latency due to the added overhead of the pipelining process itself. Also, even though the electronic logic has a fixed maximum speed, a pipelined computer can be made faster or slower by varying the number of stages in the pipeline. With more stages, each stage does less work, and so the stage has fewer delays from the logic gates and could run at a higher clock rate.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: A pipelined model of computer is often the most economical, when cost is measured as logic gates per instruction per second. At each instant, an instruction is in only one pipeline stage, and on average, a pipeline stage is less costly than a multicycle computer. Also, when made well, most of the pipelined computer's logic is in use most of the time. In contrast, out of order computers usually have large amounts of idle logic at any given instant. Similar calculations usually show that a pipelined computer uses less energy per instruction.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: However, a pipelined computer is usually more complex and more costly than a comparable multicycle computer. It typically has more logic gates, registers and a more complex control unit. In a like way, it might use more total energy, while using less energy per instruction. Out of order CPUs can usually do more instructions per second because they can do several instructions at once.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: In a pipelined computer, the control unit arranges for the flow to start, continue, and stop as a program commands. The instruction data is usually passed in pipeline registers from one stage to the next, with a somewhat separated piece of control logic for each stage. The control unit also assures that the instruction in each stage does not harm the operation of instructions in other stages. For example, if two stages must use the same piece of data, the control logic assures that the uses are done in the correct sequence.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: When operating efficiently, a pipelined computer will have an instruction in each stage. It is then working on all of those instructions at the same time. It can finish about one instruction for each cycle of its clock. But when a program switches to a different sequence of instructions, the pipeline sometimes must discard the data in process and restart. This is called a "stall."


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Much of the design of a pipelined computer prevents interference between the stages and reduces stalls.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: As the pipeline is made "deeper" (with a greater number of dependent steps), a given step can be implemented with simpler circuitry, which may let the processor clock run faster. Such pipelines may be called "superpipelines."


title: Instruction pipelining

text: A processor is said to be "fully pipelined" if it can fetch an instruction on every cycle. Thus, if some instructions or conditions require delays that inhibit fetching new instructions, the processor is not fully pipelined.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Seminal uses of pipelining were in the ILLIAC II project and the IBM Stretch project, though a simple version was used earlier in the Z1 in 1939 and the Z3 in 1941.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Pipelining began in earnest in the late 1970s in supercomputers such as vector processors and array processors. One of the early supercomputers was the Cyber series built by Control Data Corporation. Its main architect, Seymour Cray, later headed Cray Research. Cray developed the XMP line of supercomputers, using pipelining for both multiply and add/subtract functions. Later, Star Technologies added parallelism (several pipelined functions working in parallel), developed by Roger Chen. In 1984, Star Technologies added the pipelined divide circuit developed by James Bradley. By the mid-1980s, pipelining was used by many different companies around the world.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Pipelining was not limited to supercomputers. In 1976, the Amdahl Corporation's 470 series general purpose mainframe had a 7-step pipeline, and a patented branch prediction circuit.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: The model of sequential execution assumes that each instruction completes before the next one begins; this assumption is not true on a pipelined processor. A situation where the expected result is problematic is known as a hazard. Imagine the following two register instructions to a hypothetical processor:


title: Instruction pipelining

text: If the processor has the 5 steps listed in the initial illustration (the 'Basic five-stage pipeline' at the start of the article), instruction 1 would be fetched at time "t" and its execution would be complete at "t". Instruction 2 would be fetched at "t" and would be complete at "t". The first instruction might deposit the incremented number into R5 as its fifth step (register write back) at "t". But the second instruction might get the number from R5 (to copy to R6) in its second step (instruction decode and register fetch) at time "t". It seems that the first instruction would not have incremented the value by then. The above code invokes a hazard.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Writing computer programs in a compiled language might not raise these concerns, as the compiler could be designed to generate machine code that avoids hazards.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: In some early DSP and RISC processors, the documentation advises programmers to avoid such dependencies in adjacent and nearly adjacent instructions (called delay slots), or declares that the second instruction uses an old value rather than the desired value (in the example above, the processor might counter-intuitively copy the unincremented value), or declares that the value it uses is undefined. The programmer may have unrelated work that the processor can do in the meantime; or, to ensure correct results, the programmer may insert NOPs into the code, partly negating the advantages of pipelining.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Pipelined processors commonly use three techniques to work as expected when the programmer assumes that each instruction completes before the next one begins:


title: Instruction pipelining

text: A branch out of the normal instruction sequence often involves a hazard. Unless the processor can give effect to the branch in a single time cycle, the pipeline will continue fetching instructions sequentially. Such instructions cannot be allowed to take effect because the programmer has diverted control to another part of the program.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: A conditional branch is even more problematic. The processor may or may not branch, depending on a calculation that has not yet occurred. Various processors may stall, may attempt branch prediction, and may be able to begin to execute two different program sequences (eager execution), each assuming the branch is or is not taken, discarding all work that pertains to the incorrect guess.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: A processor with an implementation of branch prediction that usually makes correct predictions can minimize the performance penalty from branching. However, if branches are predicted poorly, it may create more work for the processor, such as flushing from the pipeline the incorrect code path that has begun execution before resuming execution at the correct location.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Programs written for a pipelined processor deliberately avoid branching to minimize possible loss of speed. For example, the programmer can handle the usual case with sequential execution and branch only on detecting unusual cases. Using programs such as gcov to analyze code coverage lets the programmer measure how often particular branches are actually executed and gain insight with which to optimize the code.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: To the right is a generic pipeline with four stages: fetch, decode, execute and write-back. The top gray box is the list of instructions waiting to be executed, the bottom gray box is the list of instructions that have had their execution completed, and the middle white box is the pipeline.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: A pipelined processor may deal with hazards by stalling and creating a bubble in the pipeline, resulting in one or more cycles in which nothing useful happens.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: In the illustration at right, in cycle 3, the processor cannot decode the purple instruction, perhaps because the processor determines that decoding depends on results produced by the execution of the green instruction. The green instruction can proceed to the Execute stage and then to the Write-back stage as scheduled, but the purple instruction is stalled for one cycle at the Fetch stage. The blue instruction, which was due to be fetched during cycle 3, is stalled for one cycle, as is the red instruction after it.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: Because of the bubble (the blue ovals in the illustration), the processor's Decode circuitry is idle during cycle 3. Its Execute circuitry is idle during cycle 4 and its Write-back circuitry is idle during cycle 5.


title: Instruction pipelining

text: When the bubble moves out of the pipeline (at cycle 6), normal execution resumes. But everything now is one cycle late. It will take 8 cycles (cycle 1 through 8) rather than 7 to completely execute the four instructions shown in colors.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The Samaritan Torah (Samaritan Hebrew: , "Tōrāʾ"), also called the Samaritan Pentateuch, is a text of the Torah written in the Samaritan script and used as sacred scripture by the Samaritans. It dates back to one of the ancient versions of the Hebrew Bible that existed during the Second Temple period, and constitutes the entire biblical canon in Samaritanism.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Some six thousand differences exist between the Samaritan and the Jewish Masoretic Text. Most are minor variations in the spelling of words or grammatical constructions, but others involve significant semantic changes, such as the uniquely Samaritan commandment to construct an altar on Mount Gerizim. Nearly two thousand of these textual variations agree with the Koine Greek Septuagint and some are shared with the Latin Vulgate. Throughout their history, Samaritans have made use of translations of the Samaritan Pentateuch into Aramaic, Greek, and Arabic, as well as liturgical and exegetical works based upon it.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: It first became known to the Western world in 1631, proving the first example of the Samaritan alphabet and sparking an intense theological debate regarding its relative age versus the Masoretic Text. This first published copy, much later labelled as Codex B by , became the source of most Western critical editions of the Samaritan Pentateuch until the latter half of the 20th century; today the codex is held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Some Pentateuchal manuscripts discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls have been identified as bearing a "pre-Samaritan" text type.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Samaritans believe that God authored their Pentateuch and gave Moses the first copy along with the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments. They believe that they preserve this divinely composed text uncorrupted to the present day. Samaritans commonly refer to their Pentateuch as ("Qushta", Aramaic for "Truth").


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Samaritans include only the Pentateuch in their biblical canon. They do not recognize divine authorship or inspiration in any other book in the Jewish Tanakh. A Samaritan Book of Joshua partly based upon the Tanakh's Book of Joshua exists, but Samaritans regard it as a non-canonical secular historical chronicle.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: According to a view based on the biblical Book of Ezra (), the Samaritans are the people of Samaria who parted ways with the people of Judah (the Judahites) in the Persian period. The Samaritans believe that it was not they, but the Jews, who separated from the authentic stream of the Israelite tradition and law, around the time of Eli, in the 11th century BCE. Jews have traditionally connected the origin of the Samaritans with the later events described in claiming that the Samaritans are not related to the Israelites, but to those brought to Samaria by the Assyrians.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Modern scholarship connects the formation of the Samaritan community with events which followed the Babylonian captivity. One view is that the Samaritans are the people of the Kingdom of Israel who separated from the Kingdom of Judah. Another view is that the event happened somewhere around 432 BCE, when Manasseh, the son-in-law of Sanballat, went off to found a community in Samaria, as related in the Book of Nehemiah 13:28 and "Antiquities of the Jews" by Josephus. Josephus himself, however, dates this event and the building of the temple at Shechem to the time of Alexander the Great. Others believe that the real schism between the peoples did not take place until Hasmonean times when the Gerizim temple was destroyed in 128 BCE by John Hyrcanus. The script of the Samaritan Pentateuch, its close connections at many points with the Septuagint, and its even closer agreements with the present Hebrew text, all suggest a date about 122 BCE.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Excavation work undertaken since 1982 by Yitzhak Magen has firmly dated the temple structures on Gerizim to the middle of the 5th century BCE, built by Sanballat the Horonite, a contemporary of Ezra and Nehemiah, who lived more than one hundred years before the Sanballat that is mentioned by Josephus.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The adoption of the Pentateuch as the sacred text of the Samaritans before their final schism with the Palestinian Jewish community provides evidence that it was already widely accepted as a canonical authority in that region.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentateuch are written in a different script than the one used in the Masoretic Pentateuch, used by Jews. The Samaritan text is written with the Samaritan alphabet, derived from the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet used by the Israelite community prior to the Babylonian captivity. During the exile in Babylon, Jews adopted the Ashuri script, based on the Babylonians' Aramaic alphabet, which was developed into the modern Hebrew alphabet. Originally, all manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentateuch consisted of unvocalized text written using only the letters of the Samaritan alphabet. Beginning in the 12th century, some manuscripts show a partial vocalization resembling the Jewish Tiberian vocalization used in Masoretic manuscripts. More recently, manuscripts have been produced with full vocalization. The Samaritan Pentateuchal text is divided into 904 paragraphs. Divisions between sections of text are marked with various combinations of lines, dots or an asterisk; a dot is used to indicate the separation between words.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The "London Polyglot" lists six thousand instances where the Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Masoretic (Jewish) text. As different printed editions of the Samaritan Pentateuch are based upon different sets of manuscripts, the precise number varies significantly from one edition to another.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Only a minority of such differences are significant. Most are simply spelling differences, usually concerning Hebrew letters of similar appearance; the use of more "matres lectionis" (symbols indicating vowels) in the Samaritan Pentateuch, compared with the Masoretic; different placement of words in a sentence; and the replacement of some verbal constructions with equivalent ones. A comparison between both versions shows a preference in the Samaritan version for the Hebrew preposition "al" where the Masoretic text has "el".


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The most notable substantial differences between both texts are those related to Mount Gerizim, the Samaritans' place of worship. The Samaritan version of the Ten Commandments includes the command that an altar be built on Mount Gerizim on which all sacrifices should be offered. The Samaritan Pentateuch contains the following paragraph, which is absent from the Jewish version:


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Another important difference between the Samaritan Torah and the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah is in . According to the Jewish text, the Israelites were told to enter the Promised Land and build an altar on Mount Ebal, while the Samaritan text says that such altar, the first built by the Israelites in the Promised Land, should be built on Mount Gerizim.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: A few verses afterwards, both the Jewish and the Samaritan texts contain instructions for the Israelites to perform two ceremonies upon entering the Promised Land: one of blessings, to be held on Mount Gerizim, and one of cursings, to take place on Mount Ebal.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In 1946, the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered, which include the oldest known versions of the Torah. In , the Dead Sea scroll fragments bring "Gerizim" instead of "Ebal", indicating that the Samaritan version was likely the original reading.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In , the Samaritan Pentateuch refers to Moses' wife as ""kaashet"", which translates as "the beautiful woman", while the Jewish version and the Jewish commentaries suggest that the word used was ""Kushi"", meaning "black woman" or "Cushite woman." For the Samaritans, therefore, Moses had only one wife, Zipporah, throughout his whole life, while Jewish sources generally understand that Moses had two wives, Zipporah and a second, unnamed Cushite woman.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Several other differences are found. The Samaritan Pentateuch uses less anthropomorphic language in descriptions of God, with intermediaries performing actions that the Jewish version attributes directly to God. Where the Jewish text describes Yahweh as a "man of war" (), the Samaritan has "hero of war", a phrase applied to spiritual beings. In , the Samaritan text reads "The Angel of God found Balaam", in contrast with the Jewish text, which reads "And God met Balaam."


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In , the Jewish text says that Joseph's grandchildren were born "upon the knees of Joseph", while the Samaritan text says they were born "in the days of Joseph".


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In about thirty-four instances, the Samaritan Pentateuch has repetitions in one section of text that was also found in other parts of the Pentateuch. Such repetitions are also implied or presupposed in the Jewish text, but not explicitly recorded in it. For example, the Samaritan text in the Book of Exodus on multiple occasions records Moses repeating to Pharaoh exactly what both God had previously instructed Moses to tell him, which makes the text look repetitious, in comparison with the Jewish text. In other occasions, the Samaritan Pentateuch has subjects, prepositions, particles, appositives, including the repetition of words and phrases within a single passage, that are absent from the Jewish text.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The Samaritan Torah contains frequent agreements with the Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, the two Bible translations to which Catholics have traditionally ascribed considerable authority.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The Septuagint text agrees with the Samaritan version in approximately 1,900 of the 6,000 instances in which it differs from the Masoretic (Jewish) text. Many of these agreements reflect inconsequential grammatical details, but some are significant. For example, in both the Samaritan and the Septuagint reads:


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Passages in the Latin Vulgate also show agreements with the Samaritan version, in contrast with the Masoretic (Jewish) version.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In , the Samaritan Pentateuch places the binding and near-sacrifice of Isaac in the "land of Moreh" (Hebrew: מוראה), while the Jewish Pentateuch has "land of Moriah" (Hebrew: מריה). The Samaritan "Moreh" describes the region around Shechem and modern-day Nablus, where the Samaritans' holy Mount Gerizim is situated, while Jews claim the land is the same as Mount Moriah, in Jerusalem. The Vulgate translates this phrase as "in terram visionis" ("in the land of vision") which implies that Jerome was familiar with the reading "Moreh", a Hebrew word whose triliteral root suggests "vision."


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The earliest recorded assessments of the Samaritan Pentateuch are found in rabbinical literature and Christian Patristic writings of the first millennium CE. The Talmud records Jewish Rabbi Eleazar b. Simeon condemning the Samaritan scribes: "You have falsified your Pentateuch...and you have not profited aught by it." Some early Christian writers found the Samaritan Pentateuch useful for textual criticism. Cyril of Alexandria, Procopius of Gaza and others spoke of certain words missing from the Jewish Bible, but present in the Samaritan Pentateuch. Eusebius of Caesarea wrote that the "Greek translation [of the Bible] also differs from the Hebrew, though not so much from the Samaritan" and noted that the Septuagint agrees with the Samaritan Pentateuch in the number of years elapsed from Noah's Flood to Abraham. Christian interest in the Samaritan Pentateuch fell into neglect during the Middle Ages.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The publication of a manuscript of the Samaritan Pentateuch in 17th-century Europe reawakened interest in the text and fueled a controversy between Protestants and Roman Catholics over which Old Testament textual traditions are authoritative. Roman Catholics showed a particular interest in the study of the Samaritan Pentateuch on account of the antiquity of the text and its frequent agreements with the Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, two Bible translations to which Catholics have traditionally ascribed considerable authority. Some Catholics including Jean Morin, a convert from Calvinism to Catholicism, argued that the Samaritan Pentateuch's correspondences with the Latin Vulgate and Septuagint indicated that it represents a more authentic Hebrew text than the Masoretic. Several Protestants replied with a defense of the Masoretic text's authority and argued that the Samaritan text is a late and unreliable derivation from the Masoretic.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The 18th-century Protestant Hebrew scholar Benjamin Kennicott's analysis of the Samaritan Pentateuch stands as a notable exception to the general trend of early Protestant research on the text. He questioned the underlying assumption that the Masoretic text must be more authentic simply because it has been more widely accepted as the authoritative Hebrew version of the Pentateuch:


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Kennicott also states that the reading Gerizim may actually be the original reading, since that is the mountain for proclaiming blessings, and that it is very green and rich of vegetation (as opposed to Mt. Ebal, which is barren and the mountain for proclaiming curses) amongst other arguments.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: German scholar Wilhelm Gesenius published a study of the Samaritan Pentateuch in 1815 which biblical scholars widely embraced during the next century. He argued that the Septuagint and the Samaritan Pentateuch share a common source in a family of Hebrew manuscripts which he named the "Alexandrino-Samaritanus". In contrast to the proto-Masoretic "Judean" manuscripts carefully preserved and copied in Jerusalem, he regarded the Alexandrino-Samaritanus as having been carelessly handled by scribal copyists who popularized, simplified, and expanded the text. Gesenius concluded that the Samaritan text contained only four valid variants when compared to the Masoretic text.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In 1915, Paul Kahle published a paper which compared passages from the Samaritan text to Pentateuchal quotations in the New Testament and pseudepigraphal texts including the Book of Jubilees, the First Book of Enoch and the Assumption of Moses. He concluded that the Samaritan Pentateuch preserves "many genuine old readings and an ancient form of the Pentateuch."


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Support for Kahle's thesis was bolstered by the discovery of biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, which contain a text similar to the Samaritan Pentateuch. The Dead Sea Scroll texts have demonstrated that a Pentateuchal text type resembling the Samaritan Pentateuch goes back to the second century BCE and perhaps even earlier.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: These discoveries have demonstrated that manuscripts bearing a "pre-Samaritan" text of at least some portions of the Pentateuch such as Exodus and Numbers circulated alongside other manuscripts with a "pre-Masoretic" text. One Dead Sea Scroll copy of the Book of Exodus, conventionally named 4QpaleoExod, shows a particularly close relation to the Samaritan Pentateuch:


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Frank Moore Cross has described the origin of the Samaritan Pentateuch within the context of his local texts hypothesis. He views the Samaritan Pentateuch as having emerged from a manuscript tradition local to the Land of Israel. The Hebrew texts that form the underlying basis for the Septuagint branched from the Israelite tradition as Israelites emigrated to Egypt and took copies of the Pentateuch with them. Cross states that the Samaritan and the Septuagint share a nearer common ancestor than either does with the Masoretic, which he suggested developed from local texts used by the Babylonian Jewish community. His explanation accounts for the Samaritan and the Septuagint sharing variants not found in the Masoretic and their differences reflecting the period of their independent development as distinct local text traditions. On the basis of archaizing and pseudo-archaic forms, Cross dates the emergence of the Samaritan Pentateuch as a uniquely Samaritan textual tradition to the post-Maccabean age.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Scholars widely agree that many textual elements previously classified as "Samaritan variants" actually derive from the earlier phases of the Pentateuch's textual history.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Regarding the controversy between the Samaritan and Masoretic versions of , the Dead Sea Scrolls texts agree with the Samaritan version, in that, in them, the Israelites were instructed to build their first altar in the Promised Land on Mount Gerizim, as stated in the Samaritan Torah, and not on Mount Ebal, as stated in the Masoretic text.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The Samaritan Targum, composed in the Samaritan dialect of Aramaic, is the earliest translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch. Its creation was motivated by the same need to translate the Pentateuch into the Aramaic language spoken by the community which led to the creation of Jewish Targums such as Targum Onkelos. Samaritans have traditionally ascribed the Targum to Nathanael, a Samaritan priest who died circa 20 BCE. The Samaritan Targum has a complex textual tradition represented by manuscripts belonging to one of three fundamental text types exhibiting substantial divergences from one another. Affinities that the oldest of these textual traditions share with the Dead Sea Scrolls and Onkelos suggest that the Targum may originate from the same school which finalized the Samaritan Pentateuch itself. Others have placed the origin of the Targum around the beginning of the third century or even later. Extant manuscripts of the Targum are "extremely difficult to use" on account of scribal errors caused by a faulty understanding of Hebrew on the part of the Targum's translators and a faulty understanding of Aramaic on the part of later copyists.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Scholia of Origen's Hexapla and the writings of some church fathers contain references to "the Samareitikon" (Greek: το Σαμαρειτικόν), a work that is no longer extant. Despite earlier suggestions that it was merely a series of Greek scholia translated from the Samaritan Pentateuch, scholars now concur that it was a complete Greek translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch either directly translated from it or via the Samaritan Targum. It may have been composed for the use of a Greek-speaking Samaritan community residing in Egypt.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: With the displacement of Samaritan Aramaic by Arabic as the language of the Samaritan community in the centuries following the Arab conquest of Syria, they employed several Arabic translations of the Pentateuch. The oldest was an adaptation of Saadia Gaon's Arabic translation of the Jewish Torah. Although the text was modified to suit the Samaritan community, it still retained many unaltered Jewish readings. By the 11th or 12th century, a new Arabic translation directly based upon the Samaritan Pentateuch had appeared in Nablus. Manuscripts containing this translation are notable for their bilingual or trilingual character; the Arabic text is accompanied by the original Samaritan Hebrew in a parallel column and sometimes the Aramaic text of the Samaritan Targum in a third. Later Arabic translations also appeared; one featured a further Samaritan revision of Saadia Gaon's translation to bring it into greater conformity with the Samaritan Pentateuch and others were based upon Arabic Pentateuchal translations used by Christians.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: In April 2013, a complete English translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch comparing it to the Masoretic version was published.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Several biblical commentaries and other theological texts based upon the Samaritan Pentateuch have been composed by members of the Samaritan community from the fourth century CE onwards. Samaritans also employ liturgical texts containing catenae extracted from their Pentateuch.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Samaritans attach special importance to the "Abisha Scroll" used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. It consists of a continuous length of parchment sewn together from the skins of rams that, according to a Samaritan tradition, were ritually sacrificed. The text is written in gold letters. Rollers tipped with ornamental knobs are attached to both ends of the parchment and the whole is kept in a cylindrical silver case when not in use. Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun, although contemporary scholars describe it as a composite of several fragmentary scrolls each penned between the 12th and 14th centuries CE. Other manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentateuch consist of vellum or cotton paper written upon with black ink. Numerous manuscripts of the text exist, but none written in the original Hebrew or in translation predates the Middle Ages. The scroll contains a cryptogram, dubbed the "tashqil" by scholars, which Samaritans consider to be Abishua's ancient colophon:


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: I, Abishua,—the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, unto them be accorded the grace of YHWH and His glory—wrote the holy book at the entrance of the tabernacle of the congregation, at Mount Gerizim, in the year thirteen of the possession by the children of Israel, of the Land of Canaan according to its boundaries [all] around; I praise YHWH.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Interest in the Samaritan Pentateuch was awakened in 1616 when the traveler Pietro della Valle purchased a copy of the text in Damascus. This manuscript, now known as Codex B, was deposited in a Parisian library. In 1631, an edited copy of Codex B was published in Le Jay's (Paris) Polyglot by Jean Morin. It was republished in Walton's Polyglot in 1657. Subsequently, Archbishop Ussher and others procured additional copies which were brought to Europe and later, America.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Until the latter half of the 20th century, critical editions of the Samaritan Pentateuch were largely based upon Codex B. The most notable of these is "Der Hebräische Pentateuch der Samaritaner" ("The Hebrew Pentateuch of the Samaritans") compiled by August von Gall and published in 1918. An extensive critical apparatus is included listing variant readings found in previously published manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentateuch. His work is still regarded as being generally accurate despite the presence of some errors, but it neglects important manuscripts including the Abisha Scroll which had not yet been published at the time. Textual variants found in the Abisha scroll were published in 1959 by Federico Pérez Castro and between 1961 and 1965 by A. and R. Sadaqa in "Jewish and Samaritan Versions of the Pentateuch – With Particular Stress on the Differences Between Both Texts". In 1976 L.F. Giron-Blanc published Codex Add. 1846, a Samaritan Pentateuch codex dating to 1100 CE in the critical edition "Pentateuco Hebreo-Samaritano: Génesis" supplemented with variants found in fifteen previously unpublished manuscripts. Certain recently published critical editions of Pentateuchal books take Samaritan variants into account, including D.L. Phillips' edition of Exodus.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: The Arabic translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch has been edited and published at the beginning of the 21st century.


title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: Several publications containing the text of the Samaritan Targum have appeared. In 1875, the German scholar Adolf Brüll published his "Das samaritanische Targum zum Pentateuch" ("The Samaritan Targum to the Pentateuch"). More recently a two volume set edited by Abraham Tal appeared featuring the first critical edition based upon all extant manuscripts containing the Targumic text.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: Michelle Elizabeth Tanner is a fictional character on the long-running ABC sitcom "Full House", who was portrayed by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. She first appeared in the show's 1987 pilot, "Our Very First Show", and continued to appear up to the two-part series finale, "Michelle Rides Again", in 1995. The character of Michelle was the Olsen twins' first acting role; the two were nine months old when they started working on the series. Shortly after "Full House" ended, the sisters appeared in many films and TV shows up until their teenage years. Michelle Tanner does not appear in the 2016 Netflix sequel, "Fuller House", as both Olsen twins declined to reprise the role.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: Michelle Tanner is the youngest member of the Tanner family and is notable in the series for saying a string of precocious catchphrases such as "you got it dude", “puh-lease”, "you're in big trouble, mister", "no way, José!", and "aw nuts!" Raised by her father Danny Tanner, her uncle Jesse Katsopolis and her father's friend Joey Gladstone after her mother Pamela's death in a car accident caused by a drunk driver, Michelle debuted during her character's infancy, maturing throughout the progression of the series. She is depicted as being slightly mischievous, though her status as the youngest daughter of the family leaves many of her misdeeds undisciplined and spares her from punishment – much to the chagrin of her older sisters. Michelle is quite playful, being a young child; however many episodes end with her realization of a vital moral. Having never interacted with her deceased mother, Michelle occasionally yearns for a mother of her own and episode plots have surrounded her desire for a mother and her plans to attempt to gain one through her father Danny remarrying. She forms a very strong familial bond with Jesse (her uncle) and enjoys his company and playful teasing. She was the flower girl at his and Becky's wedding. Their relationship is so strong that she becomes crestfallen upon learning of Jesse's intended relocation from the Tanner household after his marriage to Rebecca Donaldson in the season four episode "Fuller House". She holds a tendency to scheme when met with a new desire as an enhancement to the comedy of the series but she eventually realizes the errors of her ways by the episode's conclusion. From seasons six through eight (as first established in "Lovers and Other Tanners"), Michelle is a "Honey Bee" in an organization which her sisters D.J. and Stephanie had previously participated in. Michelle attends Meadowcrest Preschool through seasons 3-4 and later, Frasier Street Elementary School through seasons 5–8.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: In the season three episode "Bye, Bye Birdie", on Michelle's first day of preschool, she meets a boy named Aaron Bailey, who, that day, is able to wear the sharing crown because he brought his toys in. That day, the teacher calls the kids to the reading carpet for story time and Michelle tells the class bird to come to participate, opening the cage and consequently resulting in the bird flying out the open window. A saddened Michelle desperately attempts to get the bird back but at the end of the episode, Danny gets her a new bird for her class. When she brings it in, all the kids love it and Aaron lets Michelle wear the sharing crown for bringing the bird to be the class pet; the two eventually become friends and stay friends throughout the series. In seasons five and six, she is friends with a boy named Teddy, whom she meets on her first day of kindergarten in the season five premiere "Double Trouble". The two enjoy doing many things together; it is revealed in "The Long Goodbye" that they enjoy dotting each other's "I"s on their papers. When the two are in first grade, Teddy reveals his father got a new job and thus he and his family have to move to Amarillo, Texas. Michelle, saddened by the news, ties him up in her room tricking him into thinking she was teaching him how to jump rope. He is eventually untied by Joey and he gives her his special toy, "Furry Murray" and she gives him her special stuffed pig, "Pinky." Later, the two decide to write to one another. At the end of that same episode, Michelle makes a new friend named Denise Frazier, who then sits in Teddy's old seat and learns how to cross "T"'s. The two become friends through the seventh season (Denise does not appear in season eight due to her portrayer Jurnee Smollett's commitment to the short-lived sitcom "On Our Own"). She, at first, does not want a new best friend but she does like Denise. Michelle also makes many other friends throughout the series, including shy but intelligent Derek Boyd (Blake McIver Ewing) and tough-girl Lisa Leeper (Kathryn Zaremba). In the season seven episode "Be Your Own Best Friend," Teddy moves back to San Francisco and attends Michelle's school once again, rejoining her class. Michelle, Teddy and Denise get into an argument when Danny comes into class for Parent Volunteer Day. He gives an assignment to trace each student's best friend, leading Michelle to believe that a person could only have one best friend. The three then have trouble deciding whom to trace, allowing Michelle to take advantage of the situation. She says that she would pick the one who gives her the best stuff but she did not say it explicitly (Teddy offers to give her his lone-star bolo tie and some Snickles candy – a parody of Skittles and Denise offers her hair scrunchie and pencil case; Michelle takes them up on the offers, not realizing she is accepting bribes, which ultimately make Teddy and Denise angry when they understand what is actually happening). The three eventually make up in the end after Michelle picks Comet the dog as her best friend and traces him and Danny helps them to understand that they could all be best friends.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: In the season three episode "And They Call It Puppy Love," the Tanner family adopts a dog named Comet, one of the puppies born to Minnie, a golden retriever who wandered from the home of her owners (in Ohio) and halfway through California and was found by Joey and Michelle in the backyard. Michelle grows a strong bond with Comet over the course of the series. In the season four episode "One Last Kiss," Michelle wanted another dog that was her size because Comet got bigger. In the season six episode "Road to Tokyo," when Jesse is on tour in Tokyo, Michelle decides to dig a hole to Tokyo in order to visit and she asks Comet to dig. In the first episode of season eight, "Comet's Excellent Adventure," Comet runs away when Jesse unknowingly allows Michelle to walk Comet by herself (as he was trying to deal with his bandmates in Jesse and the Rippers voting him out of the group due to the intrusion of his commitments to the family and his radio show gig), leading Michelle (and eventually the rest of the family) to look all around San Francisco to find him (this is the only episode that has been filmed on-location in San Francisco). Comet comes home at the end of the episode.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: The production team behind "Full House" did not want people to know that Michelle was played by a set of twins, so the girls were credited as "Mary-Kate Ashley Olsen" for most of the show's run (making it appear as if a single actress had the first name Mary-Kate and the middle name Ashley). In series' first season, they were not officially added to the opening title sequence until season two but were credited in the syndicated versions of the season one opening titles. It was not until the eighth and final season that the twins were credited as "Mary-Kate "and" Ashley Olsen" in the opening titles. Despite the fact that the Olsens are fraternal twins, their physical appearances were similar enough so that few people could tell the two apart over the course of the show's run. In season one, Mary-Kate was used more often due to the fact Ashley cried when she was put on set for a scene.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: In 1989, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor/Actress Under Five Years of Age for their portrayal of Michelle. In 1990, they were also awarded Young Artist Awards for their work on "Full House", in the category of Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age. The two also won the Young Artist Awards for Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten in 1991.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: Shortly after the show ended, two separate book series focusing respectively on Michelle and Stephanie were published. The stories take place mainly during the continuity of the show's later seasons and include the sisters' friends and many other characters. The plots mainly focus on the characters' struggles and triumphs. Most of the books were not an episode in the series. Michelle is about nine years old and Stephanie is in her teens in the series. The books were mainly published in the 1990s.


title: Michelle Tanner

text: The Olsen twins declined to reprise their role for "Fuller House", the 2016 Netflix sequel to "Full House". Ashley stated that she would not feel comfortable in front of the camera after a 12-year absence from acting and Mary-Kate stated that the timing was bad. In the series, their character is only seen during flashbacks and mentioned from time-to-time. For example, Danny mentions to the family that Michelle is now working as a fashion designer in New York, and thus has become an unseen character of this series.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: Anna Creek Station is the world's largest working cattle station. It is located in the Australian state of South Australia.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: Anna Creek Station has an area of which is slightly larger than Israel. It is larger than its nearest rival, Alexandria Station in the country's Northern Territory. It is over seven times the size of the United States' biggest ranch, King Ranch in Texas, which is .


title: Anna Creek Station

text: The station is arid pastoral country. As of 16 December 2016, the station is owned by the Williams Cattle Company, a family business that bought Anna Creek from S. Kidman & Co, doubling their total area held under pastoral leases. The nearest township is William Creek (which is surrounded by the Anna Creek station), but the nearest town for freight is Coober Pedy.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: The property was originally established in 1863 but moved to its current location in 1872. It was originally used for sheep, but due to losses from dingo attacks, they switched to cattle.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: The land occupying the extent of the Anna Creek Station pastoral lease was gazetted as a locality by the Government of South Australia on 26 April 2013 with the name 'Anna Creek'.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: Despite its size, in 2007 Anna Creek Station was carrying only 1,500 head of cattle due to the 2000s drought. In 2008, when the station was owned by S. Kidman and Co Ltd, there were eight full-time staff and they were destocking all their cattle. Following floods in 2010, conditions improved and the station restocked. It had 10,000 head of cattle in May 2011 and is capable of carrying up to 16,500 head of cattle during a good season. They raise Santa Gertrudis cattle as they are suitable for hot, dry climates.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: In mid April 2016, it was announced that the South Australian cattle company Williams Cattle Company was to acquire Anna Creek from S Kidman & Co, subject to approval by the Foreign Investment Review Board of the sale of the remainder of the Kidman holding to a consortium led by the Chinese group Dakang Australia Holdings. Federal Treasurer Scott Morrison blocked the sale later that month, in the national interest. Anna Creek is located in a weapons testing range. Morrison had previously blocked the sale of Kidman to related Chinese company, Pengxin Group. In December, Anna Creek was finally sold to the South Australian family business Williams Cattle Company, at an estimated $16 million, while the rest of the Kidman empire was sold to a consortium comprising mining magnate Gina Rinehart's Hancock Prospecting, owning 67%, and the Chinese company Shanghai CRED, owning 33%. The Williams family planned to invest heavily in new waters and trucking yards in order to facilitate an increase in the number of stock carried on the station.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: There is a main homestead at Anna Creek and an outstation at The Peake. Although the homesteads are very isolated, they have satellite telecommunications including television and internet. The Coober Pedy Oodnadatta One Day Mail Run delivers mail twice a week and can bring a small amount of freight. The Peake Ruins, including those of a former telegraph office, cemetery, mine site and lime kilns at the outstation, are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register. The Strangways Springs Telegraph Station Ruins on the station are also listed on the Heritage Register.


title: Anna Creek Station

text: Once there was a large workforce of stockmen at Anna Creek, who mustered the cattle on horses. Today light aircraft are used for spotting animals which are rounded up by stockmen riding motorbikes, requiring a much smaller workforce.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: Indian Creek is a village in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It has 41 residential home sites and the Indian Creek Country Club. The population was 86 at the 2010 census.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of . of it is land and of it (6.67%) is water.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: As of 2010, there were 33 households, out of which 21.2% were vacant. In 2000, 14.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 28.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.3% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.33.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: In 2000, the village population was spread out, with 18.2% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 68.8 males.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: In 2000, the median income for a household in the village was $61,250, and the median income for a family was $61,250. Males had a median income of $46,875 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $137,382. There were 21.4% of families and 29.4% of the population living below the poverty line.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: As of 2013, English was the mother tongue for 40.00% of the population, while other Indo-European languages were spoken by 32.70% of all residents. Speakers of Spanish accounted for 27.30%, while the combined total of those who spoke an Asian language or Pacific Islander language made up 0.00%. The rest of the people who spoke any other languages in Indian Creek were at 0.00%. In total, 60.00% of the populace spoke something other than English as their first language.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: In the 2016 presidential election, Indian Creek went to Donald Trump with 20 votes (56%) while Hillary Clinton received 16 votes (44%). In the 2020 presidential election, Indian Creek tallied 42 votes (79%) for Donald Trump and 11 votes (21%) for Joe Biden.


title: Indian Creek, Florida

text: Ruth K. Broad/Bay Harbor K–8 Center in Bay Harbor Islands serves as the local elementary and K–8 school. Residents who want to have a conventional middle school may instead choose the zoned middle school, Miami Beach Nautilus Middle School. Miami Beach Senior High School is the senior high school serving Surfside.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter, the cerebral cortex, that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. In eutherian (placental) mammals, the hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a very large bundle of nerve fibers. Smaller commissures, including the anterior commissure, the posterior commissure and the fornix, also join the hemispheres and these are also present in other vertebrates. These commissures transfer information between the two hemispheres to coordinate localized functions.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: There are three known poles of the cerebral hemispheres: the "occipital pole", the "frontal pole", and the "temporal pole".


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The central sulcus is a prominent fissure which separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: Macroscopically the hemispheres are roughly mirror images of each other, with only subtle differences, such as the Yakovlevian torque seen in the human brain, which is a slight warping of the right side, bringing it just forward of the left side. On a microscopic level, the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex, shows the functions of cells, quantities of neurotransmitter levels and receptor subtypes to be markedly asymmetrical between the hemispheres. However, while some of these hemispheric distribution differences are consistent across human beings, or even across some species, many observable distribution differences vary from individual to individual within a given species.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: Each cerebral hemisphere has an outer layer of cerebral cortex which is of grey matter and in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres is an inner layer or core of white matter known as the centrum semiovale. The interior portion of the hemispheres of the cerebrum includes the lateral ventricles, the basal ganglia, and the white matter.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: There are three poles of the cerebrum, the occipital pole, the frontal pole, and the temporal pole. The occipital pole is the posterior end of each occipital lobe in each hemisphere. It is more pointed than the rounder frontal pole. The frontal pole is at the frontmost part of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere, and is more rounded than the occipital pole. The temporal pole is located between the frontal and occipital poles, and sits in the anterior part of middle cranial fossa in each temporal lobe.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: If the upper part of either hemisphere is removed, at a level about 1.25 cm above the corpus callosum, the central white matter will be exposed as an oval-shaped area, the centrum semiovale, surrounded by a narrow convoluted margin of gray substance, and studded with numerous minute red dots (puncta vasculosa), produced by the escape of blood from divided blood vessels.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: If the remaining portions of the hemispheres be slightly drawn apart a broad band of white substance, the corpus callosum, will be observed, connecting them at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure; the margins of the hemispheres which overlap the corpus callosum are called the "labia cerebri".


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: Each labium is part of the cingulate gyrus already described; and the groove between it and the upper surface of the corpus callosum is termed the callosal sulcus.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: If the hemispheres are sliced off to a level with the upper surface of the corpus callosum, the white substance of that structure will be seen connecting the two hemispheres.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The large expanse of medullary matter now exposed, surrounded by the convoluted margin of gray substance, is called the centrum semiovale. The blood supply to the centrum semiovale is from the superficial middle cerebral artery. The cortical branches of this artery descend to provide blood to the centrum semiovale.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The cerebral hemispheres are derived from the telencephalon. They arise five weeks after conception as bilateral invaginations of the walls.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The hemispheres grow round in a C-shape and then back again, pulling all structures internal to the hemispheres (such as the ventricles) with them.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The intraventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) allows communication with the lateral ventricles.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain functions (e.g. logic, creativity) being lateralized, that is, located in the right or left side of the brain. These claims are often inaccurate, as most brain functions are actually distributed across both hemispheres. Most scientific evidence for asymmetry relates to low-level perceptual functions rather than the higher-level functions popularly discussed (e.g. subconscious processing of grammar, not "logical thinking" in general). In addition to this lateralization of some functions, the low-level representations also tend to represent the contralateral side of the body.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: The best example of an established lateralization is that of Broca's and Wernicke's Areas (language) where both are often found exclusively on the left hemisphere. These areas frequently correspond to handedness however, meaning the localization of these areas is regularly found on the hemisphere opposite to the dominant hand. Function lateralization, such as semantics, intonation, accentuation, and prosody, has since been called into question and largely been found to have a neuronal basis in both hemispheres.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: Perceptual information is processed in both hemispheres, but is laterally partitioned: information from each side of the body is sent to the opposite hemisphere (visual information is partitioned somewhat differently, but still lateralized). Similarly, motor control signals sent out to the body also come from the hemisphere on the opposite side. Thus, hand preference (which hand someone prefers to use) is also related to hemisphere lateralization.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: In some aspects, the hemispheres are asymmetrical; the right side is slightly bigger. There are higher levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine on the right and higher levels of dopamine on the left. There is more white matter (longer axons) on the right and more grey matter (cell bodies) on the left.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: Linear reasoning functions of language such as grammar and word production are often lateralized to the left hemisphere of the brain. In contrast, holistic reasoning functions of language such as intonation and emphasis are often lateralized to the right hemisphere of the brain. Other integrative functions such as intuitive or heuristic arithmetic, binaural sound localization, etc. seem to be more bilaterally controlled.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: As a treatment for epilepsy the corpus callosum may be severed to cut the major connection between the hemispheres in a procedure known as a corpus callosotomy.


title: Cerebral hemisphere

text: A hemispherectomy is the removal or disabling of one of the hemispheres of the brain. This is a rare procedure used in some extreme cases of seizures which are unresponsive to other treatments.


title: Summertime Blues

text: "Summertime Blues" is a song co-written and recorded by American rock artist Eddie Cochran. It was written by Cochran and his manager Jerry Capehart. Originally a single B-side, it was released in August 1958 and peaked at number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on September 29, 1958, and number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. It has been covered by many artists, including being a number-one hit for country music artist Alan Jackson, and scoring notable hits in versions by Blue Cheer, The Who, and Brian Setzer, the last of whom recorded his version for the 1987 film "La Bamba", in which he portrayed Cochran. Jimi Hendrix performed it in concert. T. Rex recorded their own rendition of the song for their self titled debut album "T. Rex" in 1970 and performed it live.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The song is about the struggle between a teenager and his parents, his boss and his congressman during the summer. The narrator resents having to take a job in order to earn pocket money, and he cannot go on a date with his girlfriend because his boss keeps scheduling him to work late. After falsely telling the boss he is sick in order to get out of going to work, his parents will not let him use their car due to his laziness. Finally, he considers visiting the United Nations to complain about his situation; he settles for writing to his congressman, who brushes him off since he is too young to vote.


title: Summertime Blues

text: "Summertime Blues" was recorded on March 28, 1958, at Gold Star Recording Studios in Hollywood, California. Eddie Cochran sang both the vocal and bass vocal (the "work-a-late" portions, Cochran's tribute to the Kingfish character from the "Amos and Andy" television series), played all the guitar parts, and added the hand clapping with possibly Sharon Sheeley. Connie 'Guybo' Smith played the electric bass and Earl Palmer drums.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The 1958 Liberty Records single by Eddie Cochran was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 and the song is ranked number 73 in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In March 2005, "Q" magazine placed it at number 77 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. The song is also on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The song appears in the movies "Caddyshack," "This Boy's Life and American Shaolin", as well as season 4 of "Beverly Hills, 90210".


title: Summertime Blues

text: Recorded four years after the Eddie Cochran original (and some two years after his death), the Beach Boys paid tribute to him on their first album, "Surfin' Safari", released October 1962. Lead vocal on the track was jointly sung by lead guitarist Carl Wilson, who was not yet 16, and Capitol Records A&R man Nick Venet. Never released as a single in the US, it gained enough popularity in the Philippines early in 1966 to post no. 7 on that country's hit parade as listed by "Billboard" in its weekly 'Hits of the World' charts.


title: Summertime Blues

text: Australian rock 'n' roll singer Johnny Chester cited Cochran as one of his idols and had used the track when rehearsing his first band in 1959. Chester released his cover version on W&G Records in 1962 and was backed on the recording by local instrumental group The Chessmen, with Bert Stacpool on piano, his brother Les Stacpool on guitar, Frank McMahon on bass guitar, and Graeme Trottman on drums. In December it peaked at No. 30 on the Kent Music Report.


title: Summertime Blues

text: Swedish rock band Hep Stars recorded Summertime Blues as a single in late December 1964. It was a six-hour, consecutive session in which the Hep Stars recorded six tracks: "Summertime Blues", "A Tribute to Buddy Holly", "Farmer John", "If You Need Me", "Bird Dog" and "Donna". The sessions for these were the first professional recordings of keyboardist Benny Andersson, later of ABBA fame. Their manager, Åke Gerhard had booked the recording sessions, as cheaply as he possibly could get away with. He booked Borgarskolan in central Stockholm and quickly turned it into a makeshift recording studio. Andersson would later comment on the sessions:


title: Summertime Blues

text: Of these tracks, only "A Tribute to Buddy Holly" was released as a single in February 1965. While that initially failed to chart, their increasing popularity was fueled by their March 23, 1965 appearance on "Drop-In" which quickly made "A Tribute to Buddy Holly" climb the charts. This prompted Gerhard and his record label Olga Records to quickly issue "Summertime Blues" "Farmer John" and "Cadillac" as singles in late March 1965. While "Farmer John", "Cadillac" and "A Tribute to Buddy Holly" peaked at number 1, 2 and 4 at the same time on "Tio i Topp", "Summertime Blues" missed the charts all together. This was most likely due to the fact that guitarist Janne Frisk provided lead vocals on the track, as opposed to Svenne Hedlund singing it. "Summertime Blues" and "A Tribute to Buddy Holly" became the Hep Stars only singles to feature Frisk on lead vocals.


title: Summertime Blues

text: While not issued on any album at the time, it, along with the B-Side were issued as bonus material on the 1996 remaster of their debut album "We and Our Cadillac"


title: Summertime Blues

text: The American rock band Blue Cheer recorded their version of "Summertime Blues" in 1967 and included it on their 1968 release entitled "Vincebus Eruptum". The single peaked at #14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, pushing the sales of the album even higher to #11. It topped the Dutch charts for one week in 1968. While not as widely played or recognized as The Who's version, it certainly is more distorted. This version was ranked #73 on the list of "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time" of "Rolling Stone". This version omits the responses and instead has each band member do a quick "solo". A portion of Blue Cheer's version appears in the movie "Troll". Rush did a cover of this version for their "Feedback" EP. The main riff from Jimi Hendrix's "Foxy Lady" has been inserted in various parts of this version.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The Who played "Summertime Blues" as a staple of their concerts from their early days up to 1976, with intermittent appearances thereafter. It has not been played since the death of bassist John Entwistle in 2002. It was performed during the 1967 US tour, from which the first known Who recordings of the song were made, including a June 1967 date at the Monterey Pop Festival.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The first version to be released by The Who appeared on the 1970 album "Live at Leeds". The single from this album peaked at number 38 in the UK and number 27 in the US. "I'm a big fan of 'Summertime Blues' on that album," remarked Rush bassist Geddy Lee, "which we covered "[see below]" to a large degree because of their version."


title: Summertime Blues

text: This version by The Who differed from the original in both the sense of aggression and volume. As Daltry noted 'we'd taken the song from being in kind of a swing rhythm on the off-beat to a rock rhythm on the one'. Entwistle would sing the bass parts on the song but the band struggled to capture the same energy of it in the studio. The live version recorded at the Leeds show managed to capture this fully.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The Who recorded at least two studio versions of this track in 1967. They went unreleased until 1998 and 2009, when they appeared on the remastered CD of "Odds & Sods" and the deluxe edition of "The Who Sell Out" respectively. Other live versions from the Who are featured in the "Monterey Pop Festival" CD box set and the concert and documentary film "Woodstock" (1970), as well as "Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970" and the CD release of "Live at the Royal Albert Hall".


title: Summertime Blues

text: "Billboard" magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that The Who gave it a "wild updating" and was "certain to put them right up there at the top."


title: Summertime Blues

text: T. Rex recorded the song in 1970, using it as a standalone B-side to their breakthrough "Ride a White Swan" single. Further, "Summertime Blues" was frequently performed at T. Rex concerts from 1970 to 1972. Unlike the acoustic studio version, live performances of the song were always with electric guitars, as was the December 1970 version recorded for BBC Radio 1.


title: Summertime Blues

text: Mick Farren, former lead singer of The Deviants recorded the song in December 1969, releasing it on his 1970 solo album "Mona – The Carnivorous Circus"


title: Summertime Blues

text: American country music artist Alan Jackson recorded the song for his 1994 album, "Who I Am". It was released in June 1994 as the lead single from the album and the song reached Number One on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and number 4 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 (equivalent to number 104 on the "Billboard" Hot 100). Jackson said that he was inspired by Buck Owens' version.


title: Summertime Blues

text: Deborah Evans Price of "Billboard" magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that Jackson "gives the oft-covered Eddie Cochran oldie the full, twangy 'Chattahoochee' treatment." She goes on to say that "until the vocal starts, you may not know which song you're listening to. But who cares?" She says that with his "signature laid-back vocal style, the long, tall Georgian turns this '50s teen anthem into a '90s country classic." Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe reviewed the song unfavorably, saying that Jackson blatantly attempted to recreate the "Chattahoochee" phenomenon. He goes on to say that the "charm of the Eddie Cochran original is lost by forcing those country line-dance beats into the backing track."


title: Summertime Blues

text: The video was directed by Michael Salomon and was released in June 1994. Considered by Jackson as the "sequel" to his "Chattahoochee" video a year earlier, it was also the only video of his that Salomon directed. It begins with a shot of him water-skiing (which ends the "Chattahoochee" video) before transitioning to him and a band performing the song while seated in the bed of a pickup. Many 4-wheelers, ATVs and a limo full of middle-aged farmers are seen riding through the mud and getting stuck. Jackson, in a plain white t-shirt, is seen riding around in the mud in his pickup before getting out and walking in between many people fighting in the mud. However, he stays stainless until the very end, where he only gets one small spot of mud on the left side of his shirt before finally joining in the tussle. It ends with Jackson posing as a scarecrow.


title: Summertime Blues

text: "Summertime Blues" debuted at number 53 on the US "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of June 18, 1994.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday. His version (titled "La Fille de l'été dernier") was released in 1975 and spent one week at no. 1 on the singles sales chart in France (from May 10 to 16, 1975).


title: Summertime Blues

text: Canadian rock band Rush released their cover as a single on May 21, 2004. It was later included on their cover EP "Feedback", released on June 29. The song was performed live during the band's 30th anniversary tour later that year, and was included on the "" concert DVD. The fourth line of each verse is omitted.


title: Summertime Blues

text: Their version of "Summertime Blues" was also used as an official theme song for WWE's Summerslam PPV event in 2004.


title: Summertime Blues

text: The Prophets, Levon Helm, Guitar Wolf, The Flying Lizards, Bobby Vee, The Crickets, Buck Owens, James Taylor, Joan Jett and The Blackhearts, Jimmy Buffett, The Ventures, Dick Dale, Robert Gordon with Link Wray, Skid Row, T. Rex, MC5, Alex Chilton and Marty Wilde have also covered the song.


title: Third Party System

text: In the terminology of historians and political scientists, the Third Party System was a period in the history of political parties in the United States from the 1850s until the 1890s, which featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race. This period, the later part of which is often termed the Gilded Age, is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System.


title: Third Party System

text: It was dominated by the new Republican Party, which claimed success in saving the Union, abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen, while adopting many Whig-style modernization programs such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads, social spending (such as on greater Civil War veteran pension funding), and aid to land grant colleges. While most elections from 1876 through 1892 were extremely close, the opposition Democrats won only the 1884 and 1892 presidential elections (the Democrats also won the popular vote in the 1876 and 1888 presidential elections, but lost the electoral college vote), though from 1875 to 1895 the party usually controlled the United States House of Representatives and controlled the United States Senate from 1879–1881 and 1893–1895. Some scholars emphasize that the 1876 election saw a realignment and the collapse of support for Reconstruction.


title: Third Party System

text: The northern and western states were largely Republican, except for the closely balanced New York, Indiana, New Jersey, and Connecticut. After 1876, the Democrats took control of the "Solid South".


title: Third Party System

text: As with the preceding Second Party System era, the Third was characterized by intense voter interest, routinely high voter turnout, unflinching party loyalty, dependence on nominating conventions, hierarchical party organizations, and the systematic use of government jobs as patronage for party workers, known as the spoils system. Cities of 50,000 or more developed ward and citywide "bosses" who could depend on the votes of clients, especially recent immigrants. Newspapers continued to be the primary communication system, with the great majority closely linked to one party or the other.


title: Third Party System

text: Both parties consisted of broad-based voting coalitions. Throughout the North, businessmen, shop owners, skilled craftsmen, clerks and professionals favored the Republicans, as did more modern, commercially oriented farmers. In the South, the Republicans won strong support from the freedmen (newly enfranchised African Americans), but the party was usually controlled by local whites ("scalawags") and opportunistic Yankees ("carpetbaggers"). The race issue pulled the great majority of white southerners into the Democratic Party as Redeemers.


title: Third Party System

text: The Democratic Party was dominated by conservative, pro-business Bourbon Democrats, who usually controlled the national convention from 1868 until their great defeat by William Jennings Bryan in 1896. The Democratic coalition was composed of traditional Democrats in the North (many of them former Copperheads). They were joined by the Redeemers in the South and by Catholic immigrants, especially Irish-Americans and German-Americans. In addition, the party attracted unskilled laborers and hard-scrabble old-stock farmers in remote areas of New England and along the Ohio River valley.


title: Third Party System

text: Religious lines were sharply drawn. Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other pietists in the North were tightly linked to the Republicans. In sharp contrast, liturgical groups, especially the Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially prohibition. While both parties cut across economic class structures, the Democrats were supported more heavily by its lower tiers.


title: Third Party System

text: Cultural issues, especially prohibition and public-funding for Catholic schools (as well as non-English schools of both Protestant and Catholic denominations) in parity with what were at the time Protestant-based, English-language public schools, became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50% of the voters were pietistic Protestants who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins, such as drinking. Liturgical churches constituted over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of personal morality issues. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades, and national prohibition was finally passed in 1918 (repealed in 1932), serving as a major issue between the largely wet Democrats and the largely dry Republicans - although there was a pro-Prohibition faction within the Democratic Party and an anti-Prohibition faction within the Republican Party.