title: Coors Field

text: In 2017, a consultant determined that Coors Field would require $200 million in capital improvements in the 2020s. To fund those improvements, the Rockies agreed to a long-term lease to develop club-owned nearby land.


title: Coors Field

text: Coors Field was the first new stadium added in a six-year period in which Denver's sports venues were upgraded, along with Ball Arena and Empower Field at Mile High (originally sponsored by INVESCO). It was also the first baseball-only park in the National League since Dodger Stadium was built in 1962.


title: Coors Field

text: As with the other new venues, Coors Field was constructed with accessibility in mind. It sits near Interstate 25 and has direct access to the 20th Street and Park Avenue exits. Nearby Union Station also provides light rail and commuter rail access.


title: Coors Field

text: Coors Field was originally planned to be somewhat smaller, seating only 43,800. However, after the Rockies drew almost 4.5 million people in their first season at Mile High Stadium – the most in baseball history – the plans were altered during construction, and new seats in the right field upper deck were added.


title: Coors Field

text: The center field bleacher section is named "The Rockpile". During the 1993 and 1994 seasons when the team played at Mile High Stadium, which was a hybrid football/baseball venue, the Rockpile was located next to the south stands, which were in dead center field and very distant from home plate. The same design was incorporated into Coors Field, and is located in deep center field up high. The original Rockpile seats cost a dollar each.


title: Coors Field

text: During construction, workers discovered a number of dinosaur fossils throughout the grounds. Rumors circulated that these fossils included a triceratops skull. In reality, the fossil fragments discovered were quite small, and are now housed at the Museum of Science and Nature. Because of these discoveries, "Jurassic Park" was one of the first names to be considered for the stadium. This later led to the selection of a triceratops as the Rockies' mascot, Dinger.


title: Coors Field

text: Coors Brewing purchased naming rights to the stadium as part of their $30 million investment in the Rockies in 1991. A 2017 lease agreement that Rockies club ownership signed with the stadium district ensured that the name would remain at least through 2047.


title: Coors Field

text: While most of the seats in Coors Field are dark green, the seats in the 20th row of the upper deck are purple to mark the elevation of one mile (5280 ft; 1,609 m) above sea level.


title: Coors Field

text: The Blue Moon Brewery at The Sandlot is a microbrewery/restaurant that is behind the right-field stands, with an entrance from Coors Field, and from Blake Street. The brewery is operated by the Coors Brewing Company, and experiments with craft beers on a small scale. The Brewery has won multiple awards at the Great American Beer Festival in various categories. The popular Blue Moon, a Belgian-Style Wheat beer was invented here, and is now mass-produced by Coors. The restaurant is housed in a building that is attached to the stadium. Coors Field has an extensive selection of food items. Selections include Rockie dogs, Denver dogs, vegetarian dogs and burgers, and all of the usual ball park items.


title: Coors Field

text: Behind the center field wall is a landscape decoration that reflects the typical environment of the Rocky Mountains. This landscape area consists of a waterfall, fountains, and pine trees. After a Rockies home run or win, the fountains shoot high into the air.


title: Coors Field

text: The park has two large light emitting diode (LED) video displays and one ribbon display in the outfield from Daktronics. The top display, underneath the "Rockies" logo, measures . The second display measure and is used to give lineups and statistics and as a scoreboard. The field also contains several Daktronics ribbon displays, totaling approximately in length.


title: Coors Field

text: After the close of the 2013 season, renovations began on the right field portion of the upper deck, converted into an outdoor party deck for 2014.


title: Coors Field

text: At above sea level, Coors Field is by far the highest park in the majors. The next-highest, Chase Field in Phoenix, stands at . Designers knew that the stadium would give up a lot of home runs, as the lower air density at such a high elevation would result in balls traveling farther than in other parks. To compensate for this, the outfield fences were placed at an unusually far distance from home plate, thus creating the largest outfield in Major League Baseball. In spite of the pushed-back fences, for many years Coors Field not only gave up the most home runs in baseball, but due to the resultant large field area, the most doubles and triples as well.


title: Coors Field

text: In its first decade, the above-average number of home runs earned Coors Field a reputation as the most hitter-friendly park in Major League Baseball, earning the critical nicknames "Coors Canaveral" (a reference to Cape Canaveral, from where NASA launches spacecraft) and "Williamsport" (referring to the site of the Little League World Series, which has been traditionally dominated by batters). Prior to the 2002 baseball season, studies determined that "dry" air rather than "thin" air had a greater contribution to the increased frequency of home runs. It was found that baseballs stored in damper air are softer and therefore less elastic to the impact of the bat. To address this problem, a secure room-sized humidor was installed to have a damper place to store the baseballs prior to games. Since its introduction, the number of home runs at Coors Field has decreased and is now nearly the same as other parks.


title: Coors Field

text: Regardless of ball humidity, elevation is still a factor in games at Coors Field. The ball does slip more easily through the thin air allowing for longer hits. In addition, the curveball tends to curve less with the thin air than at sea level leading to fewer strikeouts and fewer effective pitches for pitchers to work with.


title: Coors Field

text: Coors Field twice broke the major league record for home runs hit in a ballpark in one season. The previous record, 248, had been set at the Angels' original home of Wrigley Field in Los Angeles in 1961, its only year for major league ball. In Coors Field's first year, the home run total fell just 7 short of that mark, despite losing 9 games from the home schedule (or 1/9 of the normal 81) due to the strike that had continued from 1994. The next season, 1996, with a full schedule finally, 271 home runs were hit at Coors Field. In 1999, the current major league record was set at 303. The annual home run figure dropped noticeably in 2002, and has dropped below 200 starting in 2005.


title: Coors Field

text: Although the number of home runs hit per season at Coors Field is decreasing, Coors Field still remains the most hitter friendly ballpark in the Major Leagues by a wide margin. From 2012 to 2015, the Colorado Rockies led the league in runs scored in home games, while being last in the league for runs scored in away games. This demonstrates the extreme benefit that Coors Field's low air density provides to hitters.


title: Coors Field

text: Many, however, feel that Coors Field has hurt the Rockies' success. One concern over the years has been poor adjustment when playing road games at lower altitudes. The Rockies score an average of just 3.9 runs per road game, the lowest among all teams. This has had a detrimental effect on Colorado's all-time road record, which sits at 888-1352, or 39.6%, the worst in the majors by a large margin. Additionally, many feel that pitcher development on the Rockies has suffered because of how much of an advantage opposing hitters have at Coors Field. Rockies pitchers are more likely to finish with an ERA of at least 4, if not higher, and only Ubaldo Jiménez and Jhoulys Chacín


title: Coors Field

text: maintained sub-4 ERAs during their Rockies tenure (3.66 and 3.84 respectively). This can hurt the trade value and careers of pitchers. Some have claimed that starting pitchers such as Kyle Freeland, Jon Gray, and Germán Márquez would have developed better if they didn't play for Colorado. Additionally, notable relief pitchers such as Jake McGee and Wade Davis are cited to have suffered significant drop-offs due to playing at higher altitudes. Compounded with poor coaching and management decisions, Colorado has gained a bad reputation among the pitching community, and some pitchers have cited their reluctance to play for the Rockies.


title: Coors Field

text: On September 17, 1996, Hideo Nomo of the Los Angeles Dodgers threw the first of his two career no-hit games as the Dodgers won 9–0. Nomo's first no-hitter at Coors Field is of special note due to the park's overwhelming hitter-friendly reputation (before the usage of the humidors, even), it being the only one thrown there through the 2020 season, as well as Nomo pitching for the visiting team; while still a fairly new park at the time, the Rockies started out in the similarly elevated Mile High Stadium and would naturally be more accustomed to Coors Field's nuances such as the larger fielding area as it is their home field.


title: Coors Field

text: In 2011, a man fell to his death when he was attempting to slide down a stair railing during the 7th inning of a Rockies-Diamondbacks game.


title: Coors Field

text: On April 23, 2013, Rockies and Braves played in the coldest game since MLB began tracking game time temperature in 1991, at .


title: Coors Field

text: There have been ten 1–0 games in Coors Field history, through the 2018 season. The first 1–0 game at Coors Field was on July 9, 2005, meaning all ten games have occurred since Major League Baseball allowed the Rockies to start using a humidor on May 15, 2002:


title: Coors Field

text: Games 3 and 4 of the 2007 World Series between the Rockies and the Boston Red Sox were held at Coors Field. The Red Sox swept both games to win the title.


title: Coors Field

text: On August 7, 2016, Ichiro Suzuki collected his 3,000th MLB career hit: a seventh-inning triple that was off the right field wall off Rockies pitcher Chris Rusin.


title: Coors Field

text: Coors Field also hosted three outdoor ice hockey games in February 2016. First, on February 20, the local Denver Pioneers defeated their arch-rival Colorado College 4–1 in a college match billed as the "Battle on Blake". Then, one week later on February 27, the Colorado Avalanche lost to the Detroit Red Wings 5–3 as part of the 2016 NHL Stadium Series. The day before that also hosted the Alumni exhibition game where the Colorado Avalanche alumni defeated their Detroit Red Wings counterparts.


title: Coors Field

text: Alan Roach was the main PA announcer since Coors Field opened in 1995. In the spring preceding the 2007 Rockies season, Roach announced his retirement from his post at Coors Field to spend more time over the summer with his family. He did come back to substitute in 2008. Roach is also the PA announcer for the nearby Colorado Avalanche hockey team of the NHL and former PA announcer for the Denver Broncos of the NFL. He also provides voice-overs for local sports introductions in the region, in addition to hosting a local sports talk radio show. He is currently the PA announcer for the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL. He is also one of the voices of the train system at Denver International Airport, and has also been heard as the PA announcer at recent Super Bowls. Reed Saunders, 23, was chosen to be the new voice of Coors Field on March 16, 2007.


title: Coors Field

text: Coors Field was featured in the movie "The Fan" (1996) starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes. The ballpark was also featured in two episodes of "South Park": "Professor Chaos" (2002) and "The Losing Edge" (2005).


title: Coors Field

text: "Acclaim Sports Park", featured on "All-Star Baseball 2004" and "2005", is a mirrored image of Coors Field.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: Caleb Joshua Shomo (born December 1, 1992) is an American singer, musician, multi-instrumentalist, and songwriter. He is most well known as the lead-vocalist of hardcore punk band Beartooth, though he records all studio instrumentals for the band. He is also the former lead vocalist, keyboardist, and early backing vocalist of electronicore band Attack Attack!, and the owner of Studio Records in Columbus, Ohio. Shomo joined Attack Attack! as keyboardist at 15 years old while maintaining a passion for electronic music and eventually grew into record production by 18.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: In 2008, Shomo became keyboardist for Attack Attack!, an American metalcore band from Columbus, Ohio, formed in 2007. He had begun as a synth player and programmer when he was 15 as a freshman in high school, of which his influences contributed to the band's electronic sounds, and started doing lead clean and unclean vocals on October 19, 2009 when former vocalist Nick Barham left the group.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: In 2008 they signed to Rise Records and released their debut album Someday Came Suddenly on November 11. It peaked on the "Billboard" 200 at number 193.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: In late 2009, they announced their self-titled album and released it on June 8, 2010. It peaked at number 26 on the Billboard 200, selling more than 15,000 copies in its first week. Shomo features clean vocals on tracks 1 to 5 and 17 and 18 of their deluxe release of self titled Attack Attack!.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: In November the next year, the band announced their third album titled "This Means War". It was released on January 17, 2012. It has since become the band's best charting Billboard topping album, debuting and peaking at number 9 on the Billboard 200, selling more than 17,000 copies in its first week (although the self-titled album sold more records overall). Drummer Andrew Wetzel remarked it "fell off harder than the self-titled" on Formspring


title: Caleb Shomo

text: Despite the band's growing success, Caleb Shomo left the band later that year due to clinical depression he had been dealing with since middle school. This had been causing him to have suicidal tendencies, and struggle with eating disorders, self-image problems and various substance abuse and addictions for the past year. Despite this, he left the band on good terms with the rest of the band supporting his decision. The band itself officially disbanded in May the same year.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: Caleb Shomo began writing Beartooth songs while he was still in Attack Attack! as "a different musical outlet". Shomo has said the band originally "started as a joke band" with members of My Ticket Home, as a way to make fun, punk-rock, hardcore, wild music, play crazy shows and have a good time without pressure from anything. He wrote and recorded everything with all the instruments and did all of the production for their music. The band was originally called Noise, but was switched to Beartooth upon realization the name was already taken.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: On June 7, 2013, Shomo announced that Beartooth was now signed to Red Bull Records. Beartooth released their debut EP "Sick" for free on their website on July 26, 2013. On May 13, 2014 the band's Facebook page announced the release date for their debut album, "Disgusting", as June 10, 2014, along with its track listing. The band released their first single of the album the same day, titled 'Beaten in Lips', along with its music video. The album was available to stream online a day before its release.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: On June 3, 2016, Beartooth released another album titled "Aggressive", with the headlining track of the album posing the same name. In an interview with Kerrang! Magazine, Shomo stated that he felt that the album had a much happier outlook than the previous album, "Disgusting". That being said, he still cites that there are parts of the album that refer to the constant battle that he faces with clinical depression, and mentions that is shown in the song "Find a Way". The songs "Aggressive", "Always Dead", "Loser", and "Hated", were all released prior to the album being released.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: On July 18, 2018, the songs "Infection", "Disease", and "Believe" leaked online forcing the band to reveal the name of their new album, Disease, the tracklisting and its artwork. On September 28, Beartooth released their third studio album "Disease". During writing and recording the "Disease" album, a mini-series of videos about 'making of' of the album were posted on YouTube, named after one of the songs "Greatness or Death" from the third album.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: Along with the announcement of Beartooth after departing from Attack Attack!, he also announced in 2012 that he started making electronic music under the name CLASS. In an interview with Altpress he expressed that he had always loved electronic music and had been creating such music since before he joined Attack Attack!. He self-released an EP consisting of 4 tracks on January 2, 2013. Since the release the project has remained inactive, but when asked about it he responded with ""...I'm ready to go full-force with that. A few of the deals we're working on are addressing the whole thing.""


title: Caleb Shomo

text: In 2012, he left Attack Attack! citing "horrible clinical depression" and revealed that he had been suicidal since middle school. Sometime that year (around April 1 according to Fleur's Instagram account), he married Fleur Shomo. In 2014 when interviewed by Kerrang! he stated that thanks to the success of his musical career he is moving into a new home where he will build a new sunlit studio to record his own music and produce others.


title: Caleb Shomo

text: On December 10, 2020, Austrian duo CueStack released their "Through the Night" EP featuring David Hasselhoff's first heavy metal performance. A remix of the song, produced by Shomo was also released.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The FMA IA 58 Pucará () is an Argentine ground-attack and counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft manufactured by the Fábrica Militar de Aviones. It is a low-wing twin-turboprop all-metal monoplane with retractable landing gear, capable of operating from unprepared strips when operationally required. The type saw action during the Falklands War and the Sri Lankan Civil War.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In August 1966 the Argentine state aircraft factory, Dirección Nacional de Fabricación e Investigación Aeronáutica (DINFIA), began development of the AX-2, a Counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft to meet a requirement of the Argentine Air Force. The project was promoted by engineer Ricardo Olmedo and became under the guidance of engineer Aníbal Dreidemie, who also designed the IA-52 Guaraní II and the IA-63 Pampa. The chosen layout was a low-wing monoplane powered by two turboprop engines mounted in wing-mounted nacelles and fitted with a T-tail. In order to test the proposed layout, DINFIA first built a full-scale unpowered glider test vehicle, which flew for the first time on 26 December 1967.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Testing of the glider showed no major handling problems, and in September 1968, construction began on a powered prototype, given the designation FMA IA 58 Delfín, but later renamed Pucará, to be powered by a pair of Garrett TPE331I/U-303 engines. (DINFIA had been renamed the "Fábrica Militar de Aviones" (FMA) earlier that year). The first prototype made its maiden flight on 20 August 1969, with a second prototype, with power switching to Turbomeca Astazou XVIGs, following on 6 September 1970. The first prototype was later re-engined with the Astazou, this engine being chosen for the production version, and a third production prototype followed in 1973. The first production model flew on 8 November 1974, with deliveries beginning in early 1976.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: At least three projects were related to the IA-58 development. The first was an extended Pucará airframe with pressurized cabin for six passengers, equipped with Astafan turbofan engines for light transport and photography duties. The second was an observation and reconnaissance aircraft having the same configuration as the Fairchild-Republic A-10. The third was denominated IA-60 and was an advanced trainer and light attack platform powered by two Astafans conserving the basic airframe and canopy of the Pucará with T-tail incorporating high wings. Some tests were made on wind tunnels but no further development was made in order to proceed with the IA-63 Pampa program.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The IA 58 Pucará is of conventional, all-metal (mainly duralumin) construction. The unswept cantilever wings have 7 degrees of dihedral on the outer panels and are fitted with slotted trailing-edge flaps. The IA-58 has a slender fuselage, with a tandem cockpit arrangement; the crew of two is seated under the upward opening clamshell canopy on Martin-Baker Mk 6AP6A zero/zero ejection seats and are provided with dual controls and good visibility, at least in the lateral and front quarters. The clean aerodynamic design allow the Pucará to reach relatively high speed, higher than the American OV-10 Bronco, another COIN aircraft. On the other hand, the IA 58 has no cargo bay inside the fuselage as requested for the American aircraft.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Armour plating is fitted to protect the crew and engines from ground fire. The aircraft is powered by a pair of Turbomeca Astazou engines, driving sets of three-bladed Ratier-Forest 23LF propellers; the propellers are also capable of being used as air brakes.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The Pucará was designed for operations from short, rough airstrips. The retractable tricycle landing gear, with a single nosewheel and twin mainwheels retracting into the engine nacelles, is fitted with low pressure tyres to suit operations on rough ground, while the undercarriage legs are tall to give good clearance for underslung weapons loads. Three JATO rockets can be fitted under the fuselage to allow extra short takeoffs. Fuel is fed from two fuselage tanks of combined capacity of and two self-sealing tanks of in the wings. The undercarriage, flaps and brakes are operated hydraulically, with no pneumatic systems. The spring suspension system is like the one used in the Junkers Ju 88, while the tail has a T configuration to improve take-off.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Fixed armament of the Pucará is about comparable with WWII era aircraft, directly comparable with the layout used in the German Bf 110. It consists of two Hispano 804 20 mm cannons mounted under the cockpit with 270 rounds each and four 7.62 mm Browning FN machine guns mounted on the sides of the fuselage with 900 rounds each. Three hardpoints are fitted for carrying external stores single or in clusters (as example up to six bombs under the fuselage or two rockets under each wing) such as bombs, rockets or external fuel tanks, with one of capacity mounted under the fuselage and the remaining two, of capacity beneath the wings. Total external weapons load is limited to . Onboard armaments are aimed by a simple reflector sight.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The first units were delivered in May 1975 to the Argentine Air Force (, FAA), equipping the 2° "Escuadron de Exploración y Ataque", part of the 3rd Air Brigade () in Reconquista, northern Santa Fe province. They had their operational debut late in 1975, when a number of Pucarás carried out counter-insurgency strikes from Córdoba against Communist ERP guerillas in Tucumán Province as part of Operativo Independencia.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: By the time of the Falklands War, about 60 Pucarás had been delivered As one of the few aircraft of the Argentine service capable of flying operationally from the small airfields in the Falklands, as the runway at Port Stanley Airport was not long enough for FAA Skyhawks and Mirages to be deployed, it was decided to deploy a number of Pucarás to the Falklands, with four arriving at Port Stanley on 2 April 1982, and a further eight arriving on 9 April. Many of the Pucarás remaining on the mainland were moved to Puerto Santa Cruz or Comodoro Rivadavia in southern Argentina where they were closer to the Falklands if needed for reinforcements, and were used to perform coastal surveillance.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Most aircraft used in combat were armed with unguided bombs, 2.75 inch rocket pods, or 7.62 mm machine gun pods. Pucarás operated from Port Stanley airport and two small grass improvised airfields at Goose Green and Pebble Island. They were used in the reconnaissance and light-attack role.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Three Pucarás were destroyed and one of their pilots killed at Goose Green by cluster bombs dropped by 800 NAS Sea Harriers on 1 May 1982. Six more were destroyed in the SAS Raid on Pebble Island on 15 May 1982.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: On 21 May a Pucará was lost to a Stinger SAM fired by D Squadron SAS (the first Stinger launched in combat) and another to 30 mm cannon rounds from Cmdr Nigel Ward's RN Sea Harrier, the latter after leading a successful two-aircraft raid on a shed allegedly used as an observation post by British forces. The aircraft was surprisingly tough, as Ward observed no fewer than 20 cannon hits before the target started to fall to earth. The other Pucará, piloted by Lt Juan Micheloud, made good its escape after being chased by Lt Cdr Alasdair Craig's Sea Harrier. Major Carlos Tomba, the pilot of the aircraft shot down by Cmdr Ward, survived the ejection and was recovered by friendly forces.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Up to 161 4.5 in (113 mm) shells, fired by the frigate HMS "Arrow", struck the airfield at Goose Green on 28 May. "Arrow" was assisting 2 Parachute Regiment as it attempted to retake the area. These shells reportedly destroyed two Pucaras at the airfield.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Two Pucarás shot down a Royal Marines Scout helicopter with 7.62 mm machine gun fire on 28 May, while it was on a casualty evacuation mission during the battle of Goose Green. This was the only confirmed Argentine air-to-air victory of the war. One of these Pucarás crashed into Blue Mountain on the return flight to Port Stanley and was destroyed—the body of the pilot (Lt Miguel Gimenez) was found in 1986, and was buried with military honours at Port Darwin by his family, the first Argentine relatives to visit the Falklands since the end of the war.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Also on the 28 May 2 Para shot down a Pucará with small arms fire after it launched rockets on British troops (without causing any casualties), during the Battle of Goose Green. Lt Miguel Cruzado ejected and became a POW.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: After the Argentine surrender, eleven Pucarás (four of them in flying condition) were captured by British forces. Six were taken back to the United Kingdom, as follows:


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The Sri Lanka Air Force in search for an aircraft for counter-insurgency operations and facing refusal of military supplies from western countries who were its traditional military suppliers, purchased two Pucarás from the Argentine Air Force. These two were attached to the No 1 Flying Training based at SLAF Anuradhapura and were issued SLAF serials CA-601 and CA-602. Following initial training, Pucarás were used in a dual role of pilot training with dual pilots for advance training and combat sorties with a single pilot. In 1993, two more aircraft CA-604 and CA-605 were added. Pucarás were found to be highly effective for the Sri Lanka Air Force as these had high payload capacity and cruising speed for close air support. Operating mainly out of SLAF Anuradhapura, at times Pucarás were detached to its forward base at SLAF Palaly, providing close air support for the Sri Lanka Army notably during Operation Riviresa. Sri Lanka Air Force also deployed Pucarás for maritime patrolling. CA-605 was hit by ground fire over the Kilaly lagoon, but manage to land at SLAF Palaly. It is on display at the Sri Lanka Air Force Museum. During fierce fighting in the Northern Province amides Operation Leap Forward, CA-601 was shot down by a MPADS in July 1995, killing its pilot Flight Lieutenant Dilhan Perera, his body was recovered by an air force rescue team that had reached the crash site. CA-604 was destroyed while on a night bombing sortie from what appears to have been a premature ordnance detonation, its pilot ejected safely. Following the accident the sole remaining aircraft CA-602 was retired in 1997 with Mil Mi-24 helicopter gunships taking over the role of close air support, followed by Mikoyan MiG-27s. Pucarás lack of oxygen system limiting it to low altitudes and lack of counter measure against SAMs proved it be its main limitations.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In May 1982, at the peak of the Falklands War, the Argentine Air Force, in collaboration with the Navy, outfitted a prototype, AX-04, with pylons to mount Mark 13 torpedoes. The aim was its possible production as torpedo-carrying aircraft to enhance the anti-ship capabilities of the Argentine air forces. Several trials were performed off Puerto Madryn, over Golfo Nuevo, but the war ended before the technicians could evaluate the feasibility of the project.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Several attempts were made to upgrade the entire fleet, including the Pucará Charlie conversion, Pucará 2000 and Pucará Bravo (modernization of 40 units was ordered and later cancelled by the FAA, only one unit was converted). These were cancelled during the 1980s due to shortage of funds.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The Uruguayan Air Force updated its fleet with the incorporation of Litton LTN-211 and GPS omega navigation systems. Minor structure modifications were made in order to carry the Mk. 82 Snakeye bomb and 1000-litre drop tank. Other avionics incorporated were the WX-500 Stormscope by L3 Communications and LED Sandel SN3500 backlit display navigation.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In 2007 an IA-58 of the Argentine Air Force was converted to carry a modified engine operating on soy-derived bio-jet fuel. The project, financed and directed by the Argentine Government ("Secretaría de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Productiva de la Nación"), made Argentina the second nation in the world to propel an aircraft with biojet fuel. The project intends to make the FAA less reliant on fossil fuels.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Since 2009 an extensive upgrade of the avionics and major overhaul of the airframes has been carried out by the FAA and FAdeA, creating the IA-58D Pucará Delta. The avionics for the cockpit will be as close as possible to the FMA IA-63 Pampa Phase II. Some of the updated components will include a new set of communications hardware, DME, ELT, IFF, GPS, EADI, EHSI, RWR, HUD, DEFA 554 cannon and new powerplant PT6A-62 950shp instead of the original Turbomeca Astazou. The overhaul will keep Argentinian Pucarás active until 2045. Bureaucratic and economic issues are delaying the conversion of the entire fleet. The Uruguayan Air Force also showed interest on the maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) program and installation of new engines offered by FAdeA.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: As of April 2016, Fábrica Militar de Aviones is in the process of modernizing twenty of the Argentine Air Force's fleet of Pucaras. The first prototype flew in November 2015.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The Peruvian Air Force was reported in mid 1972 to have shown great interest in acquiring up to 25 IA-58A for delivery in 1974.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: The first foreign contract was in February 1978 with the Islamic Air Force of Mauritania for four IA-58A planes plus support and training at a full cost of U$10.8 million. Another eight units were also negotiated as options. When Mauritanian President Moktar Ould Daddah was ousted in a coup d'état, the contract was cancelled. The plane series n°015 to n°018 were built and ready to ship with Mauritanian registration numbers. Then were incorporated to the Argentine Air Force as A-515 to A-518 keeping the desert camouflage and configuration.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In March 1983, negotiations for two Pucarás were going with Central African Republic Air Force for US$9.5 million including support, training and spare parts. The contract was cancelled.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In September 1983, another contract was signed, this time with the Venezuelan Air Force for 24 IA-58A equipped with Garrett TPE331-11-601W turboprop engines, at U$110 million. Venezuela cancelled the purchase order. A number of OV-10A Broncos were negotiated and later incorporated from the USAF stocks instead, with credit facilities.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In March 1985, a new contract with the Iraqi Air Force, which was later disbanded due political foreign issues, was signed with Iraq for 20 IA-58A with 20 more on option for U$76 million.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In May 1986 the Bolivian Air Force requested 12 IA-58A for U$52 million, with no purchase orders placed.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: Iran negotiated 60 IA-58A for U$283 million by April 1987 and at the end of that year a new deal for 50 planes at U$160 million with no purchase orders ever placed.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In November 1987, six Pucarás were negotiated with the Force Aérienne Zairoise for US$26.7 million, contract cancelled.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In 1990 the Brazilian Air Force announced a purchase of 30 IA-58A as part of the project SIVAM. But with the development of the Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano, the order was cancelled.


title: FMA IA 58 Pucará

text: In 1991 a purchase order was negotiated by the Paraguayan Air Force for four IA-58A at U$10.6 million but later disregarded.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: The Province of the Transvaal (), commonly referred to as the Transvaal (; ), was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994, when a new constitution subdivided it following the end of apartheid. The name "Transvaal" refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the country's executive capital.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: In 1910, four British colonies united to form the Union of South Africa. The Transvaal Colony, which had been formed out of the bulk of the old South African Republic after the Second Boer War, became the Transvaal Province in the new union. Half a century later, in 1961, the union ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations and became the Republic of South Africa. The PWV (Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) conurbation in the Transvaal, centred on Pretoria and Johannesburg, became South Africa's economic powerhouse, a position it still holds today as Gauteng Province.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: In 1994, after the fall of apartheid, the former provinces were abolished, and the Transvaal ceased to exist. The south-central portion (including the PWV) became Gauteng, the northern portion became Limpopo and the southeastern portion became Mpumalanga. Most of the North West came from the southwestern portion of the old Transvaal, and a tiny segment of the Transvaal joined KwaZulu-Natal.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: Even before 1994, the Transvaal Province was subdivided into regions for a number of purposes (such as municipal and district courts, and sporting divisions). These divisions included Northern Transvaal (present-day Limpopo and Pretoria), Eastern Transvaal (currently Mpumalanga), Western Transvaal (currently part of North West Province) and Southern Transvaal (now Gauteng Province).


title: Transvaal (province)

text: The Transvaal province lay between the Vaal River in the south, and the Limpopo River in the north, roughly between and S, and 25 and 32 E. To its south it bordered with the Orange Free State and Natal provinces, to its west were the Cape Province and the Bechuanaland Protectorate (later Botswana), to its north Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe), and to its east Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique) and Swaziland. Except on the south-west, these borders were mostly well defined by natural features.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: Several Bantustans were entirely inside the Transvaal: Venda, KwaNdebele, Gazankulu, KaNgwane and Lebowa. Parts of Bophuthatswana were also in the Transvaal, with other parts in Cape Province and Orange Free State.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: Within the Transvaal lies the Waterberg Massif, a prominent ancient geological feature of the South African landscape.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: The province was divided into a number of sporting teams. These teams were renamed after the Transvaal became defunct, however their traditional territories have remained unchanged in many cases, even though they overlap the boundaries of the Transvaal's successor provinces.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: Examples of this include the Blue Bulls (formerly "Northern Transvaal"), which governs rugby in Pretoria (now part of Gauteng) and Limpopo Province, and the Golden Lions (formerly "Transvaal") formed in 1889.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: The Orlando Pirates Football Club was founded in 1937 and was originally based in Orlando, Soweto and Kaizer Chiefs were founded. January 1970. Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. originated from Marabastad, a cosmopolitan area north west of the Pretoria CBD in the early 1960s.


title: Transvaal (province)

text: Cricket teams from the former Transvaal include "Transvaal" (later Gauteng) which represented the southern parts of the province, and "Northern Transvaal" (later Northerns) that represents the northern parts of Gauteng, including Pretoria, as well as areas further north.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: Gorka Márquez (born 4 September 1990) is a Spanish professional dancer, best known for appearing on the British dance show "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Gorka Márquez

text: Márquez began dancing at the age of 12, and in 2010 he represented Spain at the World Latin Championships, before reaching the semi-finals of the 2012 World DanceSport Federation World Cup. In 2014, Márquez joined the touring live dance show "Burn the Floor" as one of their leads, performing with the dance company all over the world.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In 2016 Márquez became a professional dancer on the BBC ballroom dancing show "Strictly Come Dancing" for its fourteenth series. He was partnered with "EastEnders" actress Tameka Empson, and they were eliminated in week three of the competition.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In 2017, he returned in the show's fifteenth series. He was partnered with singer and former "The X Factor" winner, Alexandra Burke. They reached the final, finishing as joint runners-up. With Burke, Márquez holds the record for achieving the most tens in a single series with 32, surpassing Danny Mac and Oti Mabuse’s previous record of 26 tens.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In 2018 he participated in the show's sixteenth series, where he was partnered with television presenter and campaigner Katie Piper. The couple were eliminated in week four of the competition, finishing in 13th place.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: The following year, Márquez announced that he had been demoted from the main professional line-up, but explained that he would still participate in the weekly group dances.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In 2020 Márquez returned as a professional for the show's eighteenth series, reaching the final with "EastEnders" actress Maisie Smith.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In 2021 he returned in the show's nineteenth series, reaching week three with "Coronation Street" actress Katie McGlynn.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In 2022, he returned in the show's twentieth series. reaching the final with television presenter Helen Skelton.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: In September 2022 Márquez announced he would be appearing at Donahey's 2023 Dancing with The Stars Weekends.


title: Gorka Márquez

text: Márquez is engaged to British actress Gemma Atkinson. Atkinson gave birth to a baby girl, Mia, on 4 July 2019. She and Márquez announced their engagement on 14 February 2021.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: Pokémon Chronicles, partly known in Japan as , is a spin-off series of the original "Pokémon" anime, revolving around characters other than Ash Ketchum.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: It first aired in Japan on October 15, 2002 on TV Tokyo and concluded on September 28, 2004. An English adaptation dub was later produced and first aired in Britain on Toonami, where it ran between May 11, 2005 and October 5, 2005. The show aired in India on Cartoon Network in 2009. The series made its U.S. premiere on Cartoon Network on June 3, 2006, after it ended in most other countries.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: Four DVDs have been released in the United Kingdom, with a U.S. release still non-existent. All of the episodes have been released as extras on the first six-season box sets of "Pokémon" in Australia (the newer 6 DVD box sets do not have the "Pokémon Chronicles" episodes, while the older 14 DVD sets do). A box set containing all 22 episodes has also been released in Australia.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: When shown on Shūkan Pokémon Hōsōkyoku, the episodes did not have a musical opening. Instead, they open with Brock and Misty talking (except for the Team Rocket episodes, where said characters would talk instead). Normally, it would result in Misty hitting Brock with a mallet, fan, or water gun for acting out of line. The endings would normally deal with that episode's character. When released on DVD these sequences were omitted entirely.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: The Japanese episodes were seen as "special" episodes, hence the unconventional opening. However, it was dubbed as a completely new series, so a musical opening was required. While the openings from the main series interlink scenes from the related Japanese opening with scenes from the episodes, there was no Japanese opening for Pokémon Chronicles, A new opening was created. Some of the scenes in the opening are taken from the Japanese Legend of Thunder opening, the rest are taken from episodes. There are 42 scenes in 36 seconds.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: The ending is a repeat of the opening on the left of the screen, with the credits rolling past on the right. There are a few variations, however. The DVD version and first two parts of "The Legend of Thunder" shows footage from the battle at the start of Part Two. The ending for "Pikachu's Winter Vacation" on the DVD rolls over a full screen picture taken from the episode.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: The original theme tune is a modified version of the "G/S Pokerap". However, there is an instrumental in the middle, where the narrator basically says what Chronicles is about:


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: When the series aired in America, starting with the second episode, the intro sequence was changed to a newer version, consisting of a montage of various scenes from "The Legend of Thunder" with more intense music. In the original of "The Legend of Thunder", it also features a cameo by the Johto rival, and later in another episode.


title: Pokémon Chronicles

text: The episodes have been released on DVD in a number of markets, excluding Region 1. English language releases are limited to Regions 2 and 4. If bought as standalone Volumes, Volume Three is available packaged in with Volume Two as a "bonus Volume". This is likely because the covers of Volumes One, Two and Four depict the evolutions of Charmander, Squirtle and Bulbasaur, respectively. A box set is also available with Volumes One, Two and Three, though Volume Four is only available as a single disk Volume. Unusually, the box set packages Volume Three in its own case with the Bulbasaur cover, leading to two near-identical Volume covers. Also unusually, an image on Play.com depicts a completely different cover for Volume Four, though this cover is used on the outer case of the box set.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU family of small inline-four piston engines by PSA Peugeot Citroën were introduced in 1986 and used in the Peugeot and Citroën range of cars. It was first installed in the Citroën AX in October 1986, replacing the X family, although it shared many components with its predecessor. The TU is available in either petrol or a naturally aspirated diesel variant, the latter called TUD.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU engine is distantly related to the older X-Type engine - sharing a similar overhead camshaft architecture, but the key differences are the belt driven camshaft (the X is chain driven), and that the TU is mounted in a conventional upright position with a separate, end-on mounted transmission and unequal length drive shafts. The X engine, by comparison, had an integral transmission mounted on the side of the crankcase (giving rise to its popular nickname the "suitcase engine"), sharing a common oil supply and was mounted almost lying flat on its side within the car.


title: PSA TU engine

text: Citroën: AX, Saxo, C2, C3, C4, BX, ZX, Xsara, C15, Nemo and Berlingo. Peugeot: 106, 205, 206, 207, 309, 306, 307, 405, Bipper, Partner and Hoggar, the Iranian Peugeot 405 and Pars as well as the Samand Soren and IKCO Runna.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TUD engine was only used in 11 cars of which 6 were non-PSA models: the Citroën AX, Citroën Saxo, Citroën Xsara; Peugeot 106, Rover Metro/100-series, Nissan Micra, Maruti Suzuki Zen D/Di and Maruti Suzuki Esteem D/Di and IKCO Samand, and the Tata Indigo 1.4 TD. The Tata's is a smaller version of the TUD engine, based on the 1.5D.


title: PSA TU engine

text: PSA has now stopped production of original TU engines, although EC engines, closely related to the TU5 unit, are still in production for emerging markets such as China and Russia and available in both 1.6 and 1.8 litre versions.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU9 was the entry-level version, used in a variety of cars including the Citroën AX, Saxo, Peugeot 205 and 106. It had a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Power was initially , but it was increased to in 1992, with the adoption of central fuel injection and a catalytic converter. Production was stopped in the Citroën Saxo and Peugeot 106 with the introduction of Euro III in 2001. Early versions of this engine suffered premature piston failure which were of a special fuel-saving low-friction design. Symptoms were piston slap, especially with a cold engine, excessive oil consumption and exhaust smoke. PSA repaired the affected vehicles under warranty. This involved fitting a revised piston design and replacement liners.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU1 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Power was initially , but it was increased to in 1992, with the adoption of central fuel injection and a catalytic converter. The introduction of Euro III led to the adoption of multi point injection, but power remained the same (although there was a small torque increase). This engine was the entry-level option in the Citroën C2 and C3 and Peugeot 206.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU2 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Power was initially , powering the Citroën AX Sport, but a slightly more powerful version of the TU24 was developed for the Peugeot 205 Rallye with a longer intake manifold and slightly larger venturi size in the Weber carburetors. A new version with was created in 1992 for the Peugeot 106 Rallye, with the adoption of a Magneti Marelli fuel injection system and a catalytic converter. This version in the 106 Rallye uses a different taller TU3 aluminium block to the TU24 (whose block is based on a TU1), different con rod lengths and pistons to the TU24. The aluminium heads also differ slightly in port size and shape with different camshafts. The valve sizes are very slightly different with the TU24 being Inlet / Exhaust. TU2J2 being Inlet and Exhaust with slightly thinner valve stems than the TU24.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU3 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . This engine has been one of the most used by the PSA Group, with applications in superminis, compacts and midsize cars, including a stint in competition use in the Citroën AX GT Cup and the Citroën AX GTI Cup, held in many European countries throughout the early 1990s in both circuit racing and rallying.


title: PSA TU engine

text: In its early years, it was available with either a single or double barrel carburettor, with fuel injection introduced in 1990 for the AX GTI and 106 XSi, capable of delivering at 6600 rpm. The carburettor versions gave way to fuel injection in 1992, while the sports version was retired in 1996.


title: PSA TU engine

text: A DOHC 16-valve version of the 1360 cc TU3 with variable valve timing was introduced in 2004 with the Peugeot 206 Quiksilver Edition. However, this version was named ET3, possibly as a prelude for the new PSA/BMW Prince engine family.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TU5 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . It was initially available in 8- and 16-valve configuration, but only the DOHC 16V option remains. The block is made of cast iron and the head is aluminium. Power is in most current applications, the same as the DV6 1.6 L Diesel engine, although a sporty version was used to power the Citroën C2 VTS. The TU5 has been used in motorsports by both Citroën and Peugeot. This engine (JP+ version) was also installed in the Yugo Florida from 2002 until 2008.


title: PSA TU engine

text: The latest application is in the Citroën C-Elysée and Peugeot 301 where it is renamed "EC5". For the Chinese market the engine is named N6A 10FXA3A PSA and produces .


title: PSA TU engine

text: The TUD was the diesel variant. An indirect injection diesel with mechanical pump (Bosch or Lucas variants depending on model and year). It initially used the alloy cylinder casings of the TU3 with stronger wet liners. This was thus called TUD3. This engine was particularly prone to early head gasket failure, a problem that was not completely resolved with the introduction of the TUD5 engine with a more rigid cast iron block. In 1994 displacement was increased to , with a bore and a stroke of , and the block recast in iron with bores directly in the block, the engine being renamed TUD5. Besides a number of applications in the PSA Group's supermini models (AX, Saxo, 106) and Citroën Xsara, it was sold to other automakers who did not possess small diesel engines, such as India's Maruti (who installed it in their Esteem and Zen) and the Rover Metro from 1993 until the end of production in 1997. It also powered the diesel version of the second generation of the Nissan Micra in Europe, which wasn't sold in the UK.


title: Sotho language

text: Sotho () or Sesotho () or Southern Sotho is a Southern Bantu language of the Sotho–Tswana ("S.30") group, spoken primarily by the Basotho in Lesotho, where it is the national and official language; South Africa (particularly the Free State), where it is one of the 11 official languages; and in Zimbabwe where it is one of 16 official languages.


title: Sotho language

text: Like all Bantu languages, Sesotho is an agglutinative language, which uses numerous affixes and derivational and inflexional rules to build complete words.


title: Sotho language

text: Sotho is a Southern Bantu language, belonging to the Niger–Congo language family within the Sotho-Tswana branch of Zone S (S.30).


title: Sotho language

text: Although Southern Sotho shares the name "Sotho" with Northern Sotho, the two groups have less in common with each other than they have with Setswana.


title: Sotho language

text: "Sotho" is also the name given to the entire Sotho-Tswana group, in which case Sesotho proper is called "Southern Sotho". Within the Sotho-Tswana group, Southern Sotho is most closely related to Lozi ("Silozi"), with which it forms the Sesotho-Lozi group within Sotho-Tswana.


title: Sotho language

text: The Northern Sotho group is geographical, and includes a number of dialects also closely related to Sotho-Lozi. Tswana is also known as "Western Sesotho".


title: Sotho language

text: The Sotho-Tswana group is in turn closely related to the other Southern Bantu languages, including the Venda, Tsonga, Tonga, Lozi which is native to Zambia and the other surrounding Southern African countries and Nguni languages, and possibly also the Makua (zone P) languages of Tanzania and Mozambique.


title: Sotho language

text: "Sotho" is the root word. Various prefixes may be added for specific derivations, such as "Sesotho" for the Sotho language and "Basotho" for the Sotho people. Use of "Sesotho" rather than "Sotho" for the language in English has seen increasing use since the 1980s, especially in South African English and in Lesotho.


title: Sotho language

text: Except for faint lexical variation within Lesotho, and for marked lexical variation between the Lesotho/Free State variety and that of the large urban townships to the north (such as Soweto) due to heavy borrowing from neighbouring languages, there is no discernible dialect variation in this language.


title: Sotho language

text: However, one point that seems to often confuse authors who attempt to study the dialectology of Sesotho is the term "Basotho", which can variously mean "Sotho–Tswana speakers," "Southern Sotho and Northern Sotho speakers," "Sesotho speakers," and "residents of Lesotho." The Nguni language Phuthi has been heavily influenced by Sesotho; its speakers have mixed Nguni and Sotho–Tswana ancestry. It seems that it is sometimes treated erroneously as a dialect of Sesotho called "Sephuthi." However, Phuthi is mutually unintelligible with standard Sesotho and thus cannot in any sense be termed a dialect of it. The occasional tendency to label all minor languages spoken in Lesotho as "dialects" of Sesotho is considered patronising, in addition to being linguistically inaccurate and in part serving a national myth that all citizens of Lesotho have Sesotho as their mother tongue.


title: Sotho language

text: Additionally, being derived from a language or dialect very closely related to modern Sesotho, the Zambian Sotho–Tswana language Lozi is also sometimes cited as a modern dialect of Sesotho named "Serotse" or "Sekololo".


title: Sotho language

text: The oral history of the Basotho and Northern Sotho peoples (as contained in their liboko) states that 'Mathulare, a daughter of the chief of the "Bafokeng" nation (an old and respected people), was married to chief Tabane of the (Southern) "Bakgatla" (a branch of the "Bahurutse", who are one of the most ancient of the Sotho–Tswana tribes), and bore the founders of five tribes: "Bapedi" (by Mopedi), "Makgolokwe" (by Kgetsi), "Baphuthing" (by Mophuthing, and later the Mzizi of Dlamini, connected with the present-day Ndebele), "Batlokwa" (by Kgwadi), and "Basia" (by Mosia). These were the first peoples to be called "Basotho", before many of their descendants and other peoples came together to form Moshoeshoe I's nation in the early 19th century. The situation is even further complicated by various historical factors, such as members of parent clans joining their descendants or various clans calling themselves by the same names (because they honour the same legendary ancestor or have the same totem).


title: Sotho language

text: An often repeated story is that when the modern Basotho nation was established by King Moshoeshoe I, his own "dialect" Sekwena was chosen over two other popular variations Setlokwa and Setaung and that these two still exist as "dialects" of modern Sesotho. The inclusion of Setlokwa in this scenario is confusing, as the modern language named "Setlokwa" is a Northern Sesotho language spoken by descendants of the same Batlokwa whose attack on the young chief Moshoeshoe's settlement during Lifaqane (led by the famous widow Mmanthatisi) caused them to migrate to present-day Lesotho. On the other hand, Doke & Mofokeng claims that the tendency of many Sesotho speakers to say for example "ke ronngwe" instead of "ke romilwe" when forming the perfect of the passive of verbs ending in "-ma" (as well as forming their perfects with "-mme" instead of "-mile" ) is "a relic of the extinct Tlokwa dialect".


title: Sotho language

text: According to the South African National Census of 2011, there were almost four million first language Sesotho speakers recorded in South Africa – approximately eight per cent of the population. Most Sesotho speakers in South Africa reside in Free State and Gauteng. Sesotho is also the main language spoken by the people of Lesotho, where, according to 1993 data, it was spoken by about 1,493,000 people, or 85% of the population. The census fails to record other South Africans for whom Sesotho is a second or third language. Such speakers are found in all major residential areas of Metropolitan Municipalities – such as Johannesburg, and Tshwane – where multilingualism and polylectalism are very high.


title: Sotho language

text: Sesotho is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa, one of the two official languages of Lesotho and one of the sixteen official languages of Zimbabwe.


title: Sotho language

text: Sesotho is one of the many languages from which tsotsitaals are derived. Tsotsitaal is not a proper language, as it is primarily a unique vocabulary and a set of idioms but used with the grammar and inflexion rules of another language (usually Sesotho or Zulu). It is a part of the youth culture in most Southern Gauteng townships and is the primary language used in Kwaito music.


title: Sotho language

text: The sound system of Sesotho is unusual in many respects. It has ejective consonants, click consonants, a uvular trill, a relatively large number of affricate consonants, no prenasalised consonants, and a rare form of vowel-height (alternatively, advanced tongue root) harmony. In total, the language contains some 39 consonantal and 9 vowel phonemes.


title: Sotho language

text: It also has a large number of complex sound transformations which often change the phones of words due to the influence of other (sometimes invisible) sounds.


title: Sotho language

text: Sesotho makes a three-way distinction between lightly ejective, aspirated and voiced stops in several places of articulation.


title: Sotho language

text: The most striking properties of Sesotho grammar, and the most important properties which reveal it as a Bantu language, are its noun gender and concord systems. The grammatical gender system does not encode sex gender, and indeed, Bantu languages in general are not grammatically marked for gender.


title: Sotho language

text: Another well-known property of the Bantu languages is their agglutinative morphology. Additionally, they tend to lack any grammatical case systems, indicating noun roles almost exclusively through word order.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: NTR: Kathanayakudu () is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language biographical drama film based on the real life and acting career of N. T. Rama Rao. It was produced by Nandamuri Balakrishna, Sai Korrapati Ranganatha, Vishnu Vardhan Induri under NBK Films, Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram, Vibri Media banners and directed by Krish Jagarlamudi. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, as his father N. T. Rama Rao, Vidya Balan in Basava Ramatarakam's role in her debut Telugu movie and music is composed by M. M. Keeravani. The film has a sequel, "", that showcases the political journey of Rama Rao.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: The film begins in 1984, Nandamuri Basava Ramatarakam is asking Nandamuri Harikrishna for a photo album of her husband, N. T. Rama Rao, while he was younger. The film continues in 1947, when N. T. Rama Rao works as a sub-registrar at Guntur sub-courts. He quits and decides to turn into a film star. For which his ideal companion, Basavaramatarakam, & is a loyal affectionate brother Nandamuri Trivikrama Rao gives full-fledged support. Now Rama Rao reaches Madras, to meet the director L. V. Prasad who introduces him to the director B. A. Subba Rao and he is selected without an audition for the film "Palletoori Pilla". On the set, he gets acquainted with star hero Akkineni Nageswara Rao, and both become good friends. Unfortunately, the movie gets delayed due to financial problems. Meanwhile, he is introduced in the movie "Mana Desam" as a cameo and also gets an opportunity in the "Vijaya Productions" banner on monthly wages who produce his first film "Shavukaru" which becomes a disaster. After that, Nagireddy & Alur Chakrapani plan another project "Pathala Bhairavi" when everybody suggests the name of Akkineni Nageswara Rao but director K. V. Reddy insists on Rama Rao as Thota Ramudu which becomes a blockbuster and establishes Rama Rao as the first Super Star on the Indian screen. Soon, he shifts his family to Madras.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: During that time, a severe drought affected the Rayalaseema region when Rama Rao unites several industry stalwarts and collects donations from the public because of which clashes arrive between Nagireddy & Rama Rao. Angered, Rama Rao leaves their production and starts his banner "National Art Theatres" introducing Trivikrama Rao as a producer associating with his brother-in-law Rukmanandha Rao. He also allows his friends T. Prakash Rao, D. Yoganand, and T. V. Raju. Afterward, Nagireddy & Chakrapani again approach Rama Rao and request him to come back and he agrees. While filming "Mayabazar", everyone objects him to playing Lord Krishna's role, but he enthralls everyone with his divine attire. Later on, P. Pullaiah makes a devotional movie "Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam" there onwards, people adore him as a deity, and devotees who visit Tirupathi complete their journey only after seeing Rama Rao.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: Time passes, Rama Rao couple is blessed with 8 sons & 4 daughters. At present, Rama Rao plans a project "Seetharama Kalyanam" in the role of Ravana, but no one comes forward to direct, so, he takes the project for which he toils in a steady position for 20 hours in a single shot. Thereafter, a tragic incident, when he is on the set of "Irugu Porugu", his elder son Rama Krishna passes away. Yet, he withstands and completes the shoot, showing his dedication to movies. Years roll by, and Rama Rao & Nageswara Rao have been honored with Padma Shri by Govt of India where they are disdained as Madrasis by Prime minister Indira Gandhi when Rama Rao affirms that the pair belongs to Andhra Pradesh. Hereafter, Nageswara Rao shifts the Industry to Hyderabad but Rama Rao stays back to find a permanent solution for the recognition of the Telugu people. Eventually, Prime Minister declares a national emergency in the country when a lot of atrocities occur and Rama Rao turns against them. During the time of the '70s, Rama Rao decides to construct Ramakrishna Cine Studios in memory of his deceased son, when his career is at a low. So, he makes a prestigious project "Daana Veera Soora Karna" in his direction, playing 3 vital roles, taking care of the production department, and completing it within 38 days which becomes a huge blockbuster. After that, he grabs several hits, such as "Adavi Ramudu", "Yamagola", "Vetagaadu" etc.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: Then, Diviseema cyclone effect hits Andhra Pradesh which creates devastation when Nageswara Rao also accompanies Rama Rao and they again collect donations for their welfare. There, a transformation occurs and Rama Rao decides to spend the rest of his life in public service. He consults various scholarly people and even the public requests him to step into politics. At that moment, the ruling party starts questioning Rama Rao's son-in-law and Minister of Communication Nara Chandrababu Naidu, but he maintains patience. Simultaneously, the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh are continuously changing the center's command. Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy, the childhood friend of Rama Rao, becomes the 8th Chief Minister and he invites Rama Rao to his swearing-in ceremony. There, Rama Rao meets a Congress party leader Nadendla Bhaskar Rao who, too, encourages him, with an assurance of his backing. At the age of 60, Rama Rao decides to establish a party, for which his entire family opposes except his son Nandamuri Harikrishna. Though Basavaramatarakam is disinterested, she respects her husband's decision and gives her warm comfort. Finally, the movie ends with Rama Rao announcing his party name, Telugu Desam.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: The original score and soundtrack for both NTR Kathanayakudu and Mahanayakudu were composed by M. M. Keeravani, marking his second collaboration with Krish and his consecutive fourth and fifth collaborations with Nandamuri Balakrishna. The music rights were acquired by Lahari Music. The audio and trailer launch for Kathanayukudu and Mahanayakudu was held at JRC Convention Center, Hyderabad on 21 December 2018. The veteran stalwarts Krishna, Krishnam Raju, Mohan Babu, K. Raghavendra Rao, N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and others attended the function along with complete Nandamuri family.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: The film began on 29 March 2018 at Ramakrishna Cine Studios, Hyderabad. Nandamuri Balakrishna dressed up as Duryodhana and started with his father's famous dialogue "Yemantive Yemantive" from the movie "Daana Veera Soora Karna" (1977). Vice President Venkaiah Naidu gave clap and K. Raghavendra Rao directed the first shoot. Telangana Minister Talasani Srinivas Yadav, Jamuna, Allu Aravind, Dr. Rajashekar, Jeevitha Rajashekar, Boyapati Srinu and several other industry people were present at the occasion. The film was planned for release during Dussera 2019.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: Initially Teja was announced as director of movie but he walked out of the project due to creative differences with Balakrishna. Teja was then replaced by Krish.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: "NTR: Kathanayakudu" was released in theatres worldwide on 9 January 2019 in 1,100 screens; with more than 1,000 screens in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu. It was later premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 8 February after the film makers postponed the release of the film's sequel, "", which was scheduled to release on the same day, due to poor performance at the box office. The makers intended the OTT release to reach a wider audience and act as a marketing stunt for the sequel.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: Sangeetha Devi Dundoo reviewing for "The Hindu" wrote that the film is an ode to N. T. Rama Rao with strong background score and cinematography building up on the relations between Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao, however lacks drama and focuses more on idolizing Rama Rao rather than exploring his personal life and his flaws. Priyanka Sundar of "Hindustan Times" rated the move 2/5 and wrote that the film portrays Rama Rao as "larger-than-life" and as a perfect man and fails to examine at a deeper level into his character and motivations; his wife's character played by Vidya Balan is underdeveloped lacking chemistry with the lead character, Balakrishna. She concluded that it does not fully engage the audience with the lead character. Suresh Kavirayani reviewing for "Deccan Chronicle" gave a 4/5 rating and wrote that the film is a tribute to Rama Rao and is well directed by Krish with riveting narration focusing Rama Rao's film career and personal life. He also wrote that the film only portrayed his rise to stardom despite conflicts involved him and praised Balakrishna's performance and termed it his best as he portrayed the character with finely grained techniques rather than his usual overt acting style.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: Krishna Sripada reviewing for "The News Minute" wrote that the film can be seen in different ways depending on the perspectives of the viewer – some seeing it as a documentation of Rao's life and career, while others finding it lacks dramatic impact and not as emotionally powerful as they had expected. He immensely praised Krish for bringing the right balance between these two. He wrote that the film serves as a nostalgic look back of Telugu cinema and fashion from that time period. Janani Kumar of "India Today" rather 3/5 in her review and wrote that Balakrishna championed his role, but the film would have been realistic if it exhibited the struggles and faults apart from just Rama Rao's achievements. She praised Balan's acting, background score and cinematography and summarized the film "falls short of becoming the best, leaving the star (N. T. Rama Rao) dehumanised". Hemanth Kumar reviewing for "Firstpost" rated 3/5 and wrote that the film serves as an extensive showcase of Rama Rao's film career in Telugu cinema and that he was portrayed as "a perfect man, who always did the right thing" and thus an absence of "major drama or emotional upheavals". He opined that Rao's life until he entered politics was peaceful and thus there was no drama in the film. He praised the performances of Balakrishna and Balan, direction, background score and cinematography but could be exhausting due to its longer runtime.


title: NTR: Kathanayakudu

text: Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" rated 3/5 and wrote that the film showcased Rama Rao as "larger-than-life hero turned flawless god" and omits to display any struggles that he might have faced during his career. She praised the cast, direction, background score and cinematography but criticized the narration as uneven, slow moving with a non-human characterization of Rama Rao. Pranita Jonnalagedda rated 3/5 in "The Week" and reviewed the film acts as a fitting antecedent for its sequel where the main drama in the life of Rama Rao exists. She praised the direction, music, cinematography and Balan's acting despite her limited time-screen and noted the longer than usual runtime and the lack of any drama resulting in unstimulating narrative.


title: Thought Police

text: In the dystopian novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949), by George Orwell, the Thought Police ("Thinkpol") are the secret police of the superstate of Oceania, who discover and punish "thoughtcrime", personal and political thoughts unapproved by Ingsoc's regime. The Thinkpol use criminal psychology and omnipresent surveillance via informers, telescreens, cameras, and microphones, to monitor the citizens of Oceania and arrest all those who have committed "thoughtcrime" in challenge to the "status quo" authority of the Party and the regime of Big Brother. Orwell's concept of "policing thought" derived from the intellectual self-honesty shown by a person's "power of facing unpleasant facts"; thus, criticising the dominant ideology of British society often placed Orwell in conflict with ideologues, people advocating "smelly little orthodoxies".


title: Thought Police

text: In the year 1984, the government of Oceania, dominated by the Inner Party, uses the Newspeak language to control the speech, actions, and thought of the population, by defining "unapproved thoughts" as "thoughtcrime;" for such actions, the "Thinkpol" arrest Winston Smith, the protagonist of the story, and Julia, his lover, as enemies of the state. In conversation with Winston, O'Brien, a member of the Inner Party and a covert Thinkpol officer, reveals that the Thinkpol conduct false flag operations, such as by pretending to be members of the Brotherhood in order to lure out and arrest "thought criminals".


title: Thought Police

text: As an "agent provocateur", O'Brien gives Winston a copy of the forbidden book, "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism", by Emmanuel Goldstein the enemy of the state of Oceania; yet the factual reality of The Brotherhood in Oceania remains uncertain, because O'Brien refuses to tell Winston whether or not the Brotherhood exists. The book explains that “Nothing is efficient in Oceania except the Thought Police,” as the Thinkpol is the only apparatus that must function effectively for the Party to retain control. There is a telescreen in the quarters of every Inner-party and Outer-party citizen, by which the Thinkpol audio-visually police their behaviour for unorthodox opinions, and to spy visible indications of the mental stresses manifested by a person struggling with "ownlife", such as words spoken whilst asleep. The Thinkpol also spy upon and eliminate intelligent people, such as the lexicographer Syme, who is rendered an "unperson" despite his fierce loyalty to the Party and to Big Brother.


title: Thought Police

text: To eliminate possible martyrs, men and women of whom popular memory might provoke anti–Party resistance, thought-criminals are taken to the "Miniluv" (Ministry of Love), where the Thinkpol break them with conversation, degradation (moral and physical), and torture in Room 101. In breaking prisoners, the Thinkpol coerce their sincere acceptance of the Ingsoc worldview and to love Big Brother without reservation. Afterward, the Thinkpol release the politically rehabilitated prisoners to the social mainstream of Oceania. If the released thought-criminals are found to have committed more "thoughtcrimes", the Thinkpol re-arrest them for further interrogation and torture, and eventual execution that concludes with cremation into an "unperson".


title: Thought Police

text: Moreover, every member of the Inner Party and of the Outer Party who ever knew, was acquainted with, or knew of any "unperson" must forget them, lest they commit the "thoughtcrime" of remembering an "unperson". Such "crimestop", ideological self-discipline, of not thinking independently, indicates the cultural success of the Newspeak language as a means of social control. Moreover, the Minitrue (Ministry of Truth) destroy all records of unpersons. The Thinkpol usually do not interfere with the lives of the Proles, the working classes of Oceania, but do deploy "agents provocateurs" to operate amongst them, by planting rumours to entrap and identify and eliminate any Prole who shows intelligence and the capacity for independent thought, which might lead to rebellion against the cultural hegemony of the Party.


title: Thought Police

text: In the early twentieth century, before the publication of "Nineteen Eighty-Four", the Empire of Japan (1868–1947), in 1911, established the "Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu" ('Special Higher Police'), a political police force also known as "Shisō Keisatsu", the Thought Police, who investigated and controlled native political groups whose ideologies were considered a threat to the public order of the countries colonised by Japan. In contemporary usage, the term "Thought Police" often refers to the actual or perceived enforcement of ideological orthodoxy in the political life of a society.


title: Barbara Steele

text: Barbara Steele (born 29 December 1937) is an English film actress known for starring in Italian gothic horror films of the 1960s. She has been referred to as the "Queen of All Scream Queens" and "Britain's first lady of horror". She played the dual role of Asa and Katia Vajda in Mario Bava's landmark film "Black Sunday" (1960), and starred in "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1961), (1962), (1964), and "Castle of Blood" (1964).


title: Barbara Steele

text: Additionally, Steele had supporting roles in Federico Fellini's "8½" (1963), David Cronenberg's "Shivers" (1975), and Louis Malle's "Pretty Baby" (1978), and appeared on television in the 1991 TV series "Dark Shadows". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for producing the American television miniseries "War and Remembrance" (1988–1989). Steele appeared in several films in the 2010s, including a lead role in "The Butterfly Room" (2012) and supporting role in Ryan Gosling's "Lost River" (2014).


title: Barbara Steele

text: Steele was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire. She studied art at the Chelsea Art School and in Paris at the Sorbonne.


title: Barbara Steele

text: During the 1960s, Steele starred in a string of Italian horror films, including "Black Sunday" (1960), "The Horrible Dr. Hichcock" (1962), "The Ghost" (1963), "The Long Hair of Death" (1964), "Castle of Blood" (1964), "Terror-Creatures from the Grave" and "Nightmare Castle" (both 1965). She also starred in Roger Corman's adaptation of "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1961), based on Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same title, and the British film "Curse of the Crimson Altar" (1968).


title: Barbara Steele

text: Steele guest starred in British television shows including the spy drama, "Danger Man" (aka "Secret Agent") starring Patrick McGoohan in 1965. She made her American television debut in 1960 as Dolores in the "Daughter of Illusion" episode of the ABC series, "Adventures in Paradise", starring Gardner McKay. In that same year, she was replaced by Barbara Eden in the Elvis Presley film "Flaming Star" after a disagreement with director Don Siegel. In 1961, she appeared as Phyllis in the "Beta Delta Gamma" episode of CBS's "Alfred Hitchcock Presents". She also had an supporting role in Federico Fellini's "8½" (1963), and in 1966 appeared in the second-season episode of NBC's "I Spy", "Bridge of Spies".


title: Barbara Steele

text: Steele returned to the horror genre in the later 1970s, appearing in three horror films: David Cronenberg's "Shivers" (a.k.a. "They Came From Within") (1975), "Piranha" (1978), and "The Silent Scream" (1979).


title: Barbara Steele

text: Steele served as associate producer of the TV miniseries, "The Winds of War" (1983), and was a producer for its sequel, "War and Remembrance" (1988), for which she shared the 1989 Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special with executive producer Dan Curtis.


title: Barbara Steele

text: Steele was cast as Julia Hoffman in the 1991 remake of the 1960s ABC television series "Dark Shadows". In 2010, she was a guest star in the "Dark Shadows" audio drama, "The Night Whispers".


title: Barbara Steele

text: In 2010, actor-writer Mark Gatiss interviewed Steele about her role in "Black Sunday" for his BBC documentary series "A History of Horror". In 2012, Gatiss again interviewed Steele about her role in "Shivers" for his follow-up documentary, "Horror Europa". In 2014, she appeared in Ryan Gosling's directorial debut, the drama-fantasy thriller film "Lost River", in which she portrayed the character Belladonna in a supporting role.


title: Barbara Steele

text: Steele was married to American screenwriter James Poe. They were married in 1969 and divorced in 1978.


title: 2018–19 AFC Ajax season

text: During the 2018–19 season, Ajax participated in the Eredivisie, the KNVB Cup and the UEFA Champions League. With winning both the competition and the cup, it meant the first double won since the 2001–02 season. In the Champions League, they knocked-out defending champions Real Madrid in the round of 16. After beating Juventus in the quarter-final, they reached a Champions League semi-final for the first time since 1997. Ajax were seconds away from reaching the final by beating Tottenham Hotspur, until Lucas Moura scored a last-minute goal, sending Tottenham to the final in Madrid on away goals.


title: 2018–19 AFC Ajax season

text: On an individual level, Dušan Tadić was the biggest surprise; signed from Southampton in June 2018 for just €11.4 million, the 30-year old unexpectedly became the club's leading goalscorer with a total of 38, including 9 goals in the Champions League. He doubled his personal season record for scoring, as well as earned the right to be the team's captain for the next season.


title: 2018–19 AFC Ajax season

text: "For a list of all Dutch football transfers in the summer window (1 July 2018 to 31 August 2018) please see List of Dutch football transfers summer 2018. For a list of all Dutch football transfers in the winter window (1 January 2019 to 1 February 2019) please see List of Dutch football transfers winter 2018–19."


title: Fetish fashion

text: type of clothing or accessory, created to be extreme or provocative in a fetishistic manner. These styles are by definition not worn by the majority of people; if everyone wears an item, it cannot have fetishistic, special nature. They are usually made of materials such as leather, latex or synthetic rubber or plastic, nylon, PVC, spandex, fishnet, and stainless steel. Some fetish fashion items include: stiletto heel shoes and boots (most notably the ballet boot), hobble skirts, corsets, collars, full-body latex catsuits, stockings, miniskirt, crotchless underwear, jockstraps, diapers, garters, locks, rings, zippers, eyewear, handcuffs, and stylized costumes based on more traditional outfits, such as wedding dresses that are almost completely see-through lace, or lingerie for men.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Fetish fashions should not be confused with costuming. They both involve clothing and intend to present an image, but a costume is by definition something for public view, without sexual implications. Fetish fashion is usually for an intimate setting, with sexual implications.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Fetish fashions are usually considered to be separate from those clothing items used in cosplay, whereby these exotic fashions are specifically used as costuming to effect a certain situation rather than to be merely worn; such as the creation of a character for picture play. However, sometimes the two areas do overlap. For example, in Japan, many themed restaurants have waitresses who wear costumes such as a suit made of latex or a stylized French maid outfit.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Some type of garments that women wear to routinely improve their appearance are thought of as erotic and qualify as fetish wear: corsets and high heels. Most fetish wear is not practical enough for routine daily wear. An example of a fetish costume worn by women is the dominatrix costume. This typically consists of dark or black garments including a corset or bustier, stockings and high-heeled footwear such as thigh-high boots to enhance the dominating appearance. An accessory such as a whip or a riding crop is often carried.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Fetish fashion has no specific origin point because certain fashions that were appreciated specifically for themselves or worn as part of a specific subculture have been noted since the earliest days of clothing. Some scholars, like Michael Hayworth, argue that the use of corsetry and hobble skirts back in the late 19th century was the first mainstream note of fetish fashions, because the majority of society did not have access to these articles. These items were specifically appreciated for themselves (i.e. the person liked the woman wearing the corset rather than just the woman by herself).


title: Fetish fashion

text: In 1914 a few weeks before the start of World War One, L. Richard and his wife Nativa founded their lingerie firm, Yva Richard, in Paris. Their custom made unique creations became increasingly daring and avant-garde, and by the late 1920s, they had highly successful international mail-order business. Richard took most of the photographs for their catalogue, and Nativa would sometimes model. One of their most iconic designs was a studded steel cone bra and chastity belt with a plumed headdress. Their success encouraged the tailor Léon Vidal, who owned a chain of erotic bookshops to open a luxurious lingerie boutique called Diana Slip.


title: Fetish fashion

text: A leather subculture appeared amongst the underground gay community in the United States, with the first gay leather bar opening in 1958 in Chicago. This culture quickly spread worldwide, and became more mainstream in the 1960s due to the influence of rock musicians and television performers such as Diana Rigg and Honor Blackman in "The Avengers", who wore full body leather catsuits and full limb-covering leather and latex gloves and boots.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Many fashion designers incorporate elements of the fetish subculture into their creations or directly create products based on elements that are not accepted by the mainstream. Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood created several restrictive BDSM-inspired clothing items of punk fashion for the 1970s punk subculture; in particular bondage trousers, which connect the wearer's legs with straps. The more recent fetish clothing makers House of Harlot and Torture Garden Clothing, Breathless of London, Vex Latex Clothing and Madame S of California focus on using latex and leather as the base material for their creations, rather than as an accessory.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Fetish fashions became popularized in the United States during the 1950s through books and magazines such as "Bizarre" and many other underground publications. "Skin Two" is a contemporary fetish magazine covering many aspects of the worldwide fetish subculture. The name is a reference to fetish clothing as a second skin.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Fetish fashion has had an influence on mainstream fashion, both on and off the runway. Many well-known designers have used fetish wear as an inspiration, borrowing details and incorporating materials such as latex, PVC, lace, vinyl and patent leather. Such designers include Thierry Mugler, Jonathan Saunders, Alexander McQueen, Christian Dior, Chanel and Nicholas Kirkwood. The Alexander McQueen Autumn/Winter 2016 ready-to-wear collection was influenced by fetish fashion, and the inspiration of materials and pieces such as harnesses and corsets can be seen on most of the looks.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Other brands have been created specifically for the fetish clothing luxury market. Zana Bayne, a post-fetish leather brand based in New York City was founded by Zana Bayne in 2010. Their work has been worn by celebrities such as Beyoncé and Lady Gaga. Zana Bayne have also collaborated with other brands such as Marc Jacobs and Comme des Garçons. Todd Pendu began working with Zana Bayne when he was at Comme des Garçons, before becoming a full-time creative partner at Zana Bayne in 2012. Atsuko Kudo is another brand explicitly influenced by fetish fashion, who design and manufacture ladies wear made entirely in latex rubber.


title: Fetish fashion

text: Street fashion has also been influenced by fetish fashion. By late 2016 and through 2017 a number of fetish fashion elements had appeared in ready-to-wear and street wear around the world. This includes items such as chokers, fishnets, corsets, thigh-high boots; details such as straps, buckles, pierced ring hardware and chains; and materials like patent leather and vinyl.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: WWE (formerly the WWF, WWWF, and its predecessor, Capitol Wrestling) has maintained several women's professional wrestling championships since acquiring The Fabulous Moolah's NWA World Women's Championship in 1984. Whenever brand division has been implemented, separate women's titles have been created or allocated for each brand.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: In addition to titles specifically designated for women, women in WWE have also won four other championships. Two of these titles have been explicitly open to all challengers, while two others were traditionally considered "men's titles".


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: On September 18, 1956, The Fabulous Moolah became the third NWA World Women's Champion. Moolah had worked for the northeastern United States-based Capitol Wrestling Corporation, a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), since the previous year. In 1963, Capitol Wrestling seceded from the NWA and established itself as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF); it quietly rejoined the NWA in 1971. Moolah bought the rights to the championship in the 1970s, and continued to defend the championship as the NWA World Women's Champion. The WWWF, renamed the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979, withdrew from the NWA for good in 1983. Moolah sold the championship's rights to the WWF in 1984, and she was recognized as the WWF Women's Champion. Instead of beginning her reign in 1984, the WWF claimed the lineage of her reign from when she first became champion in 1956. The preceding champions and the title changes between 1956 and when Moolah lost it in 1984 are not recognized by WWE, although they are recognized by the NWA. As a result, The Fabulous Moolah's first reign is considered to have lasted 28 years by the promotion.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: In 1990, the Women's Championship became inactive after Rockin' Robin vacated the championship following her departure from the WWF. Then in December 1993, the title was reactivated with Alundra Blayze winning a tournament for the vacant Women's Championship. However, the Women's Championship became inactive again when Blayze was released from the WWF. Blayze, as Madusa, unexpectedly signed with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1995 and threw the championship belt, which was still in her possession, in a trash can on an episode of "WCW Monday Nitro". The Women's Championship was reactivated again in September 1998 when Jacqueline Moore defeated Sable to win the title.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was subsequently referred to as the WWE Women's Championship. With the WWE brand extension in March 2002, the Women's Championship at first was still defended on both the Raw and SmackDown brands, while most titles were exclusive to one brand. In September, the Women's Championship became exclusive to only the Raw brand, but remained the sole championship contested by women until July 4, 2008, when a counterpart to the championship, called the WWE Divas Championship, was created for the SmackDown brand. The titles switched brands after their respective title holders were drafted to the opposite brands in the 2009 WWE draft.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The Women's Championship was unified with the Divas Championship at Night of Champions in September 2010, creating the Unified WWE Divas Championship and rendering the Women's Championship defunct as the unified title followed the lineage of the Divas Championship; shortly after, the title dropped the "Unified" moniker. The Divas Championship continued as the only women's championship of the main roster until 2016 when it was retired and replaced by a new WWE Women's Championship at WrestleMania 32. This came after the term "Diva" was scrutinized by some commentators, fans, and several past and present WWE female performers who were in favor of changing the championship to the Women's Championship. The division itself was also changed from being called the Divas division to being called the Women's division. The new championship does not share its title history with the previous championships.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: Following the reintroduction of the brand extension in July 2016, then-champion Charlotte Flair was drafted to the Raw brand, making the championship exclusive to Raw. In response, SmackDown created the SmackDown Women's Championship on August 23, 2016. The WWE Women's Championship was subsequently renamed Raw Women's Championship to reflect its exclusivity to that brand. In addition, WWE's former developmental territory NXT established the NXT Women's Championship in April 2013, which became one of WWE's three main women's titles in September 2019 when NXT became WWE's third major brand but reverted back to a developmental brand in 2021. Another title, the NXT UK Women's Championship, debuted for NXT's sister brand NXT UK in 2018, but was recognized as being a step below the others. It was unified into the NXT Women's Championship in September 2022. Nikki A.S.H. is the only woman to have competed for all currently active women's championships, as well as the now retired NXT UK Women's Championship and gender neutral 24/7 Championship.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows the women wrestlers that are currently holding all active women's and gender-neutral championships in WWE.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows retired women championships and the final female title holders before the belts were deactivated in WWE.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows the longest reigning champion for each singles and tag team women's championship.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows the wrestlers with the most reigns for each women's championship created and/or promoted by WWE.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows the wrestlers who have the most reigns in total for women's singles championships, combining all titles they have held as recognized by WWE. This list also shows the titles that they won to achieve this record (minimum of four reigns).


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows the top 10 female wrestlers based on their most combined days as champions in WWE history.


title: Women's championships in WWE

text: The following list shows the inaugural WWE female Championship holders and the years that the championships were first ever won in WWE history.


title: Coast Starlight

text: The Coast Starlight is a passenger train operated by Amtrak on the West Coast of the United States between Seattle and Los Angeles via Portland and the San Francisco Bay Area. The train, which has operated continuously since Amtrak's formation in 1971, was the first to offer direct service between Seattle and Los Angeles. Its name is a combination of two prior Southern Pacific (SP) trains, the "Coast Daylight" and the "Starlight".


title: Coast Starlight

text: During fiscal year (FY) 2019, the "Coast Starlight" carried 426,029 passengers, an increase of 2.0% from FY 2018. In FY 2016, the train had a total revenue of $40.5 million, a decrease of 1.4% from FY 2015.


title: Coast Starlight

text: Before the formation of Amtrak, no passenger train ran the entire length of the West Coast. The closest equivalent was the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP)'s "West Coast", which ran via the San Joaquin Valley from Los Angeles to Portland from 1924 to 1949, with through cars to Seattle via the Great Northern Railway (GN).


title: Coast Starlight

text: By 1971, the SP operated just two daily trains between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area: the Los Angeles–San Francisco "Coast Daylight" via the Coast Line, and the Los Angeles–Oakland "San Joaquin Daylight" via the Central Valley. The SP also operated the tri-weekly "Cascade" between Oakland and Portland, Oregon. The Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) and Union Pacific Railroad ran three daily round trips between Portland and Seattle. The Santa Fe ran the "San Diegan" between Los Angeles and San Diego.


title: Coast Starlight

text: The Seattle–San Diego route was initially left out of plans for Railpax (later Amtrak) until protests from politicians in California, Oregon, and Washington. With the start of Amtrak operations on May 1, 1971, a single train began running between Seattle and San Diego. The unnamed train (#11/12) ran three days a week; on the other four days, another unnamed train (#98/99) ran between Oakland and Los Angeles. On November 14, Amtrak extended the Oakland–Los Angeles train to San Diego, renumbered it to #12/13, and renamed it Coast Daylight. The Seattle–San Diego train became the Coast Daylight/Starlight (#11-12) northbound and Coast Starlight/Daylight (#13-14) southbound. Both trains were cut back from San Diego to Los Angeles in April 1972, replaced by a third "San Diegan". On June 10, 1973, Amtrak began running the combined "Coast Daylight/Starlight" daily for the summer months. Positive response led to Amtrak to retain this service, and the "Coast Daylight" name was dropped on May 19, 1974.


title: Coast Starlight

text: An additional train, the "Spirit of California", ran the section of the route between Sacramento and Los Angeles on an overnight schedule from October 25, 1981, to September 30, 1983. From November 10, 1996, to October 25, 1997, through coaches were transferred between the "Coast Starlight" and "San Diegan" at Los Angeles.


title: Coast Starlight

text: The "Coast Starlight" originally used the Southern Pacific West Valley Line between Tehama and Davis. That route included a stop at Orland, but bypassed Sacramento. On April 26, 1982, the train was rerouted via Roseville on the Southern Pacific Valley and Martinez Subdivisions, with stops added at Sacramento, Chico, and Marysville, per request from the state. In 1999, the "Coast Starlight" was rerouted onto the more direct ex-Western Pacific Sacramento Subdivision between Marysville and Sacramento, with the Marysville stop closed.


title: Coast Starlight

text: Ridership declined by 26% between 1999 and 2005 as freight congestion and track maintenance on the Union Pacific Railroad reduced the "Coast Starlight"s on-time performance to 2%, which Amtrak characterized as "dismal." By mid-summer in 2006 delays of 5–11 hours were common. Critics dubbed the train the "Star-late". During early summer 2008, the "Coast Starlight" was relaunched with new amenities and refurbished equipment. In July 2008, refurbished Pacific Parlour cars returned to service as part of the relaunch. This was much anticipated, due to the success of Amtrak's relaunch of the "Empire Builder". Between FY 2008 and FY 2009, ridership on the "Coast Starlight" jumped 15% from 353,657 passengers to 406,398 passengers. Operating conditions on the UP improved as well; by May 2008 on-time performance had reached 86%.


title: Coast Starlight

text: Service was suspended north of Sacramento for a month in 2017 after a freight derailment damaged a bridge near Mount Shasta, California.


title: Coast Starlight

text: On February 24, 2019, the southbound "Coast Starlight" struck a fallen tree near Oakridge, Oregon after a rare heavy snowstorm. The train was stranded for 36 hours before tracks could be cleared for a Union Pacific locomotive to tow the train back to Eugene–Springfield.


title: Coast Starlight

text: From October 1, 2020, to May 24, 2021, daily service was reduced to three trains per week due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 24, 2021, as part of its post-COVID service restorations, Amtrak restored the Coast Starlight frequency to daily service in both directions.