title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Arrhenius was born on 19 February 1859 at Vik (also spelled Wik or Wijk), near Uppsala, Kingdom of Sweden, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, the son of Svante Gustav and Carolina Thunberg Arrhenius, who were Lutheran. His father had been a land surveyor for Uppsala University, moving up to a supervisory position. At the age of three, Arrhenius taught himself to read without the encouragement of his parents and, by watching his father's addition of numbers in his account books, became an arithmetical prodigy. In later life, Arrhenius was profoundly passionate about mathematical concepts, data analysis and discovering their relationships and laws.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: At age eight, he entered the local cathedral school, starting in the fifth grade, distinguishing himself in physics and mathematics, and graduating as the youngest and most able student in 1876.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: At the University of Uppsala, he was dissatisfied with the chief instructor of physics and the only faculty member who could have supervised him in chemistry, Per Teodor Cleve, so he left to study at the Physical Institute of the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm under the physicist Erik Edlund in 1881.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: His work focused on the conductivities of electrolytes. In 1884, based on this work, he submitted a 150-page dissertation on electrolytic conductivity to Uppsala for the doctorate. It did not impress the professors, who included Cleve, and he received a fourth-class degree, but upon his defense it was reclassified as third-class. Later, extensions of this very work would earn him the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Arrhenius put forth 56 theses in his 1884 dissertation, most of which would still be accepted today unchanged or with minor modifications. The most important idea in the dissertation was his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts disassociate into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrhenius's explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt disassociates into charged particles that Michael Faraday had given the name ions many years earlier. Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of electrolysis, that is, an external direct current source of electricity was necessary to form ions. Arrhenius proposed that, even in the absence of an electric current, aqueous solutions of salts contained ions. He thus proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: The dissertation did not impress the professors at Uppsala, but Arrhenius sent it to a number of scientists in Europe who were developing the new science of physical chemistry, such as Rudolf Clausius, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: They were far more impressed, and Ostwald even came to Uppsala to persuade Arrhenius to join his research team. Arrhenius declined, however, as he preferred to stay in Sweden-Norway for a while (his father was very ill and would die in 1885) and had received an appointment at Uppsala.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In an extension of his ionic theory Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids and bases, in 1884. He believed that acids were substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and that bases were substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In 1885, Arrhenius next received a travel grant from the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which enabled him to study with Ostwald in Riga (now in Latvia), with Friedrich Kohlrausch in Würzburg, Germany, with Ludwig Boltzmann in Graz, Austria, and with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in Amsterdam.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In 1889, Arrhenius explained the fact that most reactions require added heat energy to proceed by formulating the concept of activation energy, an energy barrier that must be overcome before two molecules will react. The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In 1891, he became a lecturer at the Stockholm University College ("Stockholms Högskola", now Stockholm University), being promoted to professor of physics (with much opposition) in 1895, and rector in 1896.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: About 1900, Arrhenius became involved in setting up the Nobel Institutes and the Nobel Prizes. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1901. For the rest of his life, he would be a member of the Nobel Committee on Physics and a de facto member of the Nobel Committee on Chemistry. He used his positions to arrange prizes for his friends (Jacobus van 't Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to attempt to deny them to his enemies (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst, Dmitri Mendeleev). In 1901 Arrhenius was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, against strong opposition. In 1903 he became the first Swede to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In 1905, upon the founding of the Nobel Institute for Physical Research at Stockholm, he was appointed rector of the institute, the position where he remained until retirement in 1927.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Eventually, Arrhenius's theories became generally accepted and he turned to other scientific topics. In 1902, he began to investigate physiological problems in terms of chemical theory. He determined that reactions in living organisms and in the test tube followed the same laws.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In 1904, he delivered at the University of California a course of lectures, the object of which was to illustrate the application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of toxins and antitoxins, and which were published in 1907 under the title "Immunochemistry".


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: He also turned his attention to geology (the origin of ice ages), astronomy, physical cosmology, and astrophysics, accounting for the birth of the Solar System by interstellar collision.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: He considered radiation pressure as accounting for comets, the solar corona, the aurora borealis, and zodiacal light.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: He thought life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of spores, the theory now known as panspermia. He thought of the idea of a universal language, proposing a modification of the English language.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: He was a board member for the "Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene" (founded 1909), which endorsed mendelism at the time, and contributed to the topic of contraceptives around 1910. However, until 1938 information and sale of contraceptives was prohibited in the Kingdom of Sweden. Gordon Stein wrote that Svante Arrhenius was an atheist. In his last years he wrote both textbooks and popular books, trying to emphasize the need for further work on the topics he discussed. In September 1927, he came down with an attack of acute intestinal catarrh and died on 2 October. He was buried in Uppsala.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: He was married twice, first to his former pupil Sofia Rudbeck (1894–1896), with whom he had one son, , and then to Maria Johansson (1905–1927), with whom he had two daughters and a son.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: In developing a theory to explain the ice ages, Arrhenius, in 1896, was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) will increase Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. These calculations led him to conclude that human-caused CO emissions, from fossil-fuel burning and other combustion processes, are large enough to cause global warming. This conclusion has been extensively tested, winning a place at the core of modern climate science. Arrhenius, in this work, built upon the prior work of other famous scientists, including Joseph Fourier, John Tyndall and Claude Pouillet. Arrhenius wanted to determine whether greenhouse gases could contribute to the explanation of the temperature variation between glacial and inter-glacial periods. Arrhenius used infrared observations of the moon – by Frank Washington Very and Samuel Pierpont Langley at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh – to calculate how much of infrared (heat) radiation is captured by CO and water (HO) vapour in Earth's atmosphere. Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the Stefan–Boltzmann law), he formulated what he referred to as a 'rule'.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Here, Arrhenius refers to CO as carbonic acid (which refers only to the aqueous form HCO in modern usage). The following formulation of Arrhenius's rule is still in use today:


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: where formula_2 is the concentration of CO at the beginning (time-zero) of the period being studied (if the same concentration unit is used for both formula_3 and formula_2, then it doesn't matter which concentration unit is used); formula_3 is the CO concentration at end of the period being studied; "ln" is the natural logarithm (= log base e ()); and formula_6 is the augmentation of the temperature, in other words the change in the rate of heating Earth's surface (radiative forcing), which is measured in Watts per square meter. Derivations from atmospheric radiative transfer models have found that formula_7 (alpha) for CO is 5.35 (± 10%) W/m for Earth's atmosphere.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Based on information from his colleague Arvid Högbom, Arrhenius was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes were large enough to cause global warming. In his calculation Arrhenius included the feedback from changes in water vapor as well as latitudinal effects, but he omitted clouds, convection of heat upward in the atmosphere, and other essential factors. His work is currently seen less as an accurate quantification of global warming than as the first demonstration that increases in atmospheric CO will cause global warming, everything else being equal.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Arrhenius's absorption values for CO and his conclusions met criticism by Knut Ångström in 1900, who published the first modern infrared absorption spectrum of CO with two absorption bands, and published experimental results that seemed to show that absorption of infrared radiation by the gas in the atmosphere was already "saturated" so that adding more could make no difference. Arrhenius replied strongly in 1901 ("Annalen der Physik"), dismissing the critique altogether. He touched on the subject briefly in a technical book titled "Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik" (1903). He later wrote "Världarnas utveckling" (1906) (German: "Das Werden der Welten" [1907], English: "Worlds in the Making" [1908]) directed at a general audience, where he suggested that the human emission of CO would be strong enough to prevent the world from entering a new ice age, and that a warmer earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population:


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: At this time, the accepted consensus explanation is that, historically, orbital forcing has set the timing for ice ages, with CO acting as an essential amplifying feedback. However, CO releases since the industrial revolution have increased CO to a level not found since 10 to 15 million years ago, when the global average surface temperature was up to warmer than now and almost all ice had melted, raising world sea-levels to about 100 feet (30 m.) higher than today's.


title: Svante Arrhenius

text: Arrhenius estimated based on the CO levels at his time, that reducing levels by 0.62–0.55 would decrease temperatures by 4–5 °C (Celsius) and an increase of 2.5 to 3 times of CO would cause a temperature rise of 8–9 °C in the Arctic. In his book "Worlds in the Making" he described the "hot-house" theory of the atmosphere.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Love Mocktail 2 is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film written and directed by Darling Krishna who produced the film with his wife Milana Nagaraj. Krishna and Milana also star, alongside Rachel David and Amrutha Iyengar. The film serves as a sequel to "Love Mocktail" (2020). The plot follows the life of Adi who is coping with the death of his wife Nidhi and tries to move on.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Krishna completed the script work of "Love Mocktail" sequel by June 2020. It was filmed and edited by Sri Crazy Mindz while Nakul Abhyankar composed the music. "Love Mocktail 2" was released theatrically on 11 February 2022.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Following the events of the previous film, Vijay (Viju) and Sushma go to a police station to report Adi as missing after he switches off his phone. When asked, they narrate what happened so far.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: After Nidhi's death, Adi spends two years in depression. One day, Sushma realizes that she has a letter that Nidhi had written to him if he can't forget her. She and Vijay go to deliver it to him, but they see he has stopped grieving and gotten back together with Jyo and decide not to. However, it turns out he took the letter anyway and reads it. Adi starts looking for love with the help of Vijay and a matchmaker, Jakana, but finds that all the women that he meets had known him from earlier incidents. Vijay and Sushma see him with Jyo again and confront him, but they find out that they're not meeting as lovers and, shockingly, that Adi has been hallucinating Nidhi the whole time, and she has been providing him guidance based on the letter, which asked him to find a new wife to take care of him. They go to a psychiatrist, who gives him medicine, and he decides to accept Sihi as his new wife, who had a crush on him since his college days. However, Sihi's family doesn't accept him due to his previous marriage; to alleviate this, Adi and Sihi visit her grandfather to approve of their marriage.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Adi doesn't take his medicine, and he still gets advice from Nidhi. When they arrive at his country home, Adi tries to impress her grandfather based on Nidhi's suggestions, but they end up backfiring. Sihi's grandfather was particularly loyal to his wife, and didn't marry anyone else after she died, which makes him distrust Adi. Additionally, Adi and Sihi end up meeting Aditi, who has come to the area on her honeymoon, and is unimpressed with his new escapades as he had claimed that Nidhi's love is enough for one lifetime in the last film. One day, he asks Adi if he remembers his wife; although Nidhi tells him to say no, Adi reveals that he sees her as someone who is a part of him. The next day, Adi is told to go to the temple, where Sihi and her grandfather are; he states that he underestimated Adi and grants his approval. However, Sihi rejects Adi, revealing that she found out he still sees Nidhi, and tells him to leave. Afterwards, the visions of Nidhi leave as well. When Vijay calls to tell him a corny joke about the "misery" of marriage, Adi calls him out, pointing out that despite being in a love marriage he doesn't show affection to his wife, and turns off his phone. He picks up Sihi's grandfather's live-in maid, who reveals her own struggles after her husband died but relates how she found a new life in her son, also named Adi. Inspired, Adi finds an orphanage and adopts a girl he names Nidhi.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Back in the present, Adi calls Vijay and Sushma to tell them he is coming back, cryptically stating that he has found Nidhi.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Darling Krishna announced "Love Mocktail 2," following the success of his 2020 film "Love Mocktail". He completed the script work by June 2020. Krishna added a lot of humour to the sequel unlike the original which was an emotional romantic drama. Nakul Abhyankar was signed as the composer for the sequel, replacing Raghu Dixit. Malayalam actress Rachel David was cast in the film, marking her debut in Kannada cinema.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Filming took place between August 2020 and 2021. The first schedule of the film was shot in August 2020 in Bangalore with minimum crew, and Krishna intended to wrap up the entire shoot by December. Around 60% of the film was shot by October 2020, and the team began editing the filmed portions.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Krishna and Milana took a break from shoot following their wedding in February 2021 and the film was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The production was resumed in June 2021 in Ladakh where a montage was shot, and returned to Bangalore. The filming was completed by August 2021.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: The soundtrack album consists of six singles composed by Nakul Abhyankar with lyrics written by Raghavendra Kamat.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: In December 2021, "Love Mocktail 2" was confirmed to release on 11 February 2022. Though the final copy of the film was ready by October 2021, Krishna and Milana preferred a February release to coincide with the Valentine's Day weekend. KRG Studios has acquired the distribution rights of the film.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Reviewing the film for "The New Indian Express", A. Sharadhaa called "Love Mocktail 2" a "perfect blend of love and laughter." On performances, she wrote, "Krishna effortlessly continues from where he left off in Love Mocktail, and the other actors too chip in with effective performances," particularly noting Abhilash, Sushmitha, and Sushma for their humour. "Deccan Herald" Vivek M V said: "The magic is still intact," and called Nidhi as the soul of the franchise. "The humour finds purpose and the drama gets engaging and even delightfully mature. Krishna's lazy elegance and brooding expressions along with Nakul Abhayankar's music complement the film's poignant mood," he added.


title: Love Mocktail 2

text: Sunayana Suresh of "The Times of India", stated it was "a heart-warming journey, filled with loads of laughter." While appreciating the film for the most part, she said that the latter half, mainly the lead-up to the climax, was underwhelming. Prathibha Joy of "OTT Play" gave a mixed review for the film. While Joy praised the characters and former half, she felt that the humour was forced at times.


title: Genesis 1:1

text: Genesis 1:1 is the first verse of the first chapter of the Book of Genesis in the Christian and Hebrew Bible and the opening of the Genesis creation narrative.


title: Genesis 1:1

text: Genesis 1:1 forms the basis for the Judeo-Christian doctrine of creation out of nothing ("creatio ex nihilo"), but most biblical scholars agree that on strictly linguistic and exegetical grounds, this is not the preferred option, and that the authors of Genesis 1, writing around 500–400 BCE, were concerned not with the origins of matter (the material which God formed into the habitable cosmos), but with the fixing of destinies.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: Human Target is an American action drama television series that was broadcast by Fox in the United States. Based loosely on the "Human Target" comic book character created by Len Wein and Carmine Infantino for DC Comics, it is the second series based on this title developed for television, the first TV series having been aired in 1992 on ABC. Developed by Jonathan E. Steinberg, "Human Target" premiered on CTV in Canada and on Fox in the United States in January 2010.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: The series stars Mark Valley, Chi McBride, Jackie Earle Haley, with Indira Varma and Janet Montgomery joining the cast in the second season. It follows Christopher Chance (Valley)–an ex-assassin–who is a private contractor that serves as a bodyguard and provides security for his clients. It was renewed for a second season in May 2010, with new showrunner Matt Miller replacing Steinberg. The series received generally positive reviews, with critics praising its action sequences and its use of comedy. Fox canceled the series after two seasons in May 2011.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: The series follows the life of San Francisco-based Christopher Chance (Mark Valley), a unique private contractor, bodyguard and security expert hired to protect his clients. Rather than taking on the target's identity himself (as in the comic book version), he protects his clients by completely integrating himself into their lives, to become a "human target". Chance is accompanied by business partner Winston (Chi McBride) and hired gun Guerrero (Jackie Earle Haley). Former client Ilsa Pucci (Indira Varma) becomes Chance's benefactor, while experienced thief Ames (Janet Montgomery) joins the team to seek redemption. Chance puts himself on the line to find the truth behind the mission. Even his own business partner Winston does not know what drove him towards this life, although it is explained in the first-season finale episode (which also explains about the name Christopher Chance itself).


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: Fox announced in 2009 that "Human Target" would premiere mid-season. The show was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: "Human Target" was renewed for a second season in May 2010. Matt Miller took over as showrunner from Jon E. Steinberg who remained part of the production team as an executive producer. Warner Bros. had contacted Miller to take a look at the first season and give his opinions on what changes he would make to the show.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: In the original concept, Jackie Earle Haley's character Guerrero was intended to have a one-time appearance in the pilot episode, and every episode thereafter would feature a different character assisting Chance and Winston. However, the producers liked Haley's performance and his character, and invited the actor to be a regular on the series.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: Composer Bear McCreary scored the music for the first season, for which he received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music. He wanted to create a modern classic-adventure score", and a heroic but still fun and iconic theme for Chance. Chance's theme later became the opening theme for the first season. McCreary wrote around 30 minutes of full orchestral music for 11 weeks in a row, which was performed by an average of 60 musicians. The score for the final episode of the season, "Christopher Chance", was performed by a total of 94 musicians, making it the largest live orchestra ever assembled for a television series. McCreary was not asked back for the second season as they could no longer afford a weekly 40-person orchestra. "Chuck" composer Tim Jones took over the role.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: The series premiered in Canada on CTV on January 15, 2010, and began airing on Fox two days later. The first three episodes aired in various time slots on Fox; it premiered on Sunday at 8:00 pm ET; the second episode aired Wednesday at 9:00 pm ET; and the third episode aired Tuesday at 9:00 pm ET before relocating to its regular time slot for the remainder of the season, Wednesday at 8:00 pm ET. The first seasons' finale aired April 11, 2010 in Canada and three days later in the U.S. The second season was due to premiere on September 24, 2010 but later delayed to October 1, airing in a new time slot, Fridays at 8:00 pm ET. Instead of airing the season premiere Fox aired a rerun of "Human Target" and moved the show back to Wednesdays, taking "Lie to Me" time-slot, which had moved to Mondays due to the cancellation of "Lone Star". The second season premiered November 17, 2010 on Fox and originally aired Wednesdays at 8:00 pm ET. In January 2011, back-to-back episodes aired on January 5 and 14. Due to network coverage of the Tucson memorial service, the two scheduled episodes did not air in the United States on Fox, but they aired in Canada on A. The episodes were rescheduled and aired on January 14, 2011 on Fox. The next scheduled episode to air on January 26 was to be delayed and aired January 31, airing Monday at 8:00 pm ET. The final two episodes of the season aired on February 2 and 9, airing in another new timeslot, Wednesdays at 9:00 pm. Fox canceled the series on May 10, 2011.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: In Australia, "Human Target" premiered on GO! on August 18, 2010. A week later it premiered in New Zealand on TV2.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: In the UK, it premiered on Syfy on April 14, 2010. The second season was also broadcast on Syfy, and premiered on May 26, 2011.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: "Human Target – The Complete 1st Season" was released as a widescreen three-disc region 1 DVD box set as well as a two-disc region free Blu-ray version on September 21, 2010. In addition to the 12 episodes of the season, which have an enhanced audio mix, a number of extras are included; several unaired and deleted scenes, an audio commentary by Mark Valley, Chi McBride, Jonathan E. Steinberg and Peter Johnson for the pilot episode and two featurettes; ""Human Target": Full Contact Television" and ""Human Target": Confidential Informant". The set received a rating of 4.5 out of 5 from Blu-ray.com, with concerns expressed that "squeezing twelve episodes onto two discs takes a bit of a toll" and caused some artifacting. The site also questioned the use of a lossy 640 kbit/s audio track and the small number of special features, calling it "a tad pricey for twelve episodes". By contrast, DVD Verdict said that the DVD's gave "a better-than average offering of supplements".


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: A two-disc soundtrack containing 43 tracks composed by Bear McCreary for the first season was released by WaterTower Music on October 8, 2010. A limited three-disc soundtrack with an additional 20 tracks was released on October 22 the same year by La-La Land Records.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: The series premiere of "Human Target" received generally favorable reviews, scoring 69 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 26 critical reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 62% with an average rating of 6.8 out of 10 based on 29 reviews. The website's critics consensus states, ""Human Target" is frequently preposterous, but this slam-bang action series also offers a solid mix of comedy and thrills". "The New York Post" stated, "because he's a human target, he has no problem blowing out of exploding buildings (of which there are too many to count) with nary a scratch. Think Jack Bauer with excellent grooming". Robert Bianco wrote of the show's premiere in "USA Today" that the "confined-spaces fight on the train is a miniature marvel of its kind". Not all reviews were positive. Cynthia Fuchs gave the show a 3 out of 10, calling it predictable and the characters uninteresting.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: The second-season premiere received similar favorable reviews, scoring slightly higher than the first season with 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 13 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 88% with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10 based on 24 reviews. The website's critics consensus states: "Action-packed sequences and the addition of two central female characters give "Human Target"s second season a necessary boost". Brian Lowry from "Variety" criticized the changes made to the second season believing that the producers were forced to give the show an overhaul by the network to make it more appealing to women. He believes the changes almost ruined the show for those who loved the first season, but he said "for all that, there are still some good moments in these early hours, and the stuntwork remains impressive". He was also happy to see the scheduling changes keeping the show away from the Friday night death slot. Some reviewers wondered what happened to the original theme music, with Ian Cullen going as far as to say that "the change of music in the opening title sequence just plain sucked".


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: In the U.S. the series premiere attracted 10.12 million viewers, and dropped to 7.24 million viewers for the season finale. The first season averaged on 8.26 million viewers and became 48th in viewers. In Canada the premiere was watched by 1.26 million people, ranking 21st in that week.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: The second season continued the drop in viewers and premiered to 6.59 million viewers. Viewership increased for the final three episodes of the second season, when the show aired in special time slots. Notably, episode 12 which aired after "American Idol", received 9.3 million viewers, a season-high, and the best ratings the series has had since the beginning of the first season.


title: Human Target (2010 TV series)

text: In 2010 "Human Target" was nominated for three Emmy Awards. Stunt coordinator Dean Choe received a nomination for "Outstanding Stunt Coordination" for the fifth episode "Run", Bear McCreary for "Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music" and Karin Fong, Jeremy O. Cox and Cara McKenney for "Outstanding Main Title Design".


title: Christmastide

text: Christmastide is a season of the liturgical year in most Christian churches. In some, Christmastide is identical to Twelvetide.


title: Christmastide

text: For the Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Anglican Church and Methodist Church, Christmastide begins on 24 December at sunset or Vespers, which is liturgically the beginning of Christmas Eve. Most of 24 December is thus not part of Christmastide, but of Advent, the season in the Church Year that precedes Christmastide. In many liturgical calendars Christmastide is followed by the closely related season of Epiphanytide at sunset on 5 January, which is known as Twelfth Night.


title: Christmastide

text: There are several celebrations within Christmastide, including Christmas Day (25 December), St. Stephen's Day (26 December), Childermas (28 December), New Year's Eve (31 December), the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ or the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (1 January), and the Feast of the Holy Family (date varies). The Twelve Days of Christmas terminate with Epiphany Eve or Twelfth Night (the evening of 5 January).


title: Christmastide

text: Customs of the Christmas season include carol singing, gift giving, attending Nativity plays, church services, and eating special food, such as Christmas cake. Traditional examples of Christmas greetings include the Western Christian phrase "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!" and the Eastern Christian greeting "Christ is born!", to which others respond, "Glorify Him!"


title: Christmastide

text: Christmastide, commonly called the Twelve Days of Christmas, lasts 12 days, from 25 December to 5 January, the latter date being named as Twelfth Night. These traditional dates are adhered to by the Lutheran Church and the Anglican Church.


title: Christmastide

text: However, the ending is defined differently by other Christian denominations. In 1969, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church expanded Christmastide by a variable number of days: "Christmas Time runs from... up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after 6 January." Before 1955, the 12 Christmastide days in the Roman Rite (25 December to 5 January) were followed by the 8 days of the Octave of Epiphany, 6–13 January, and its 1960 Code of Rubrics defined "Christmastide" as running "from I vespers of Christmas to none of 5th January inclusive". "The Saint Andrew Daily Missal" (1945) says Christmastide begins with "the vigil of the feast [Christmas Day] and ends in the temporal cycle on the octave day of the Epiphany...[and] in the sanctoral cycle on the Purification of our Lady (Feb. 2)." Within the Christmas Cycle is "the time before, during and after the feast itself, thus having for its aim to "prepare" the soul for them, then allow it to "celebrate" them with solemnity and finally to "prolong" them several weeks"; this references Advent, Christmas, and the Time after Epiphany (Epiphanytide).


title: Christmastide

text: In 567, the Council of Tours "proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in preparation for the feast." Christopher Hill, as well as William J. Federer, states that this was done in order to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east." Ronald Hutton adds that, while the Council of Tours declared the 12 days one festal cycle, it confirmed that three of those days were fasting days, dividing the rejoicing days into two blocs.


title: Christmastide

text: In medieval era Christendom, Christmastide "lasted from the Nativity to the Purification." To this day, the "Christian cultures in Western Europe and Latin America extend the season to forty days, ending on the Feast of the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple and the Purification of Mary on 2 February, a feast also known as Candlemas because of the blessing of candles on this day, inspired by the Song of Simeon, which proclaims Jesus as 'a light for revelation to the nations'." Many Churches refer to the period after the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas and up to Candlemas, as Epiphanytide, also called the Epiphany season.


title: Christmastide

text: During the Christmas season, various festivities are traditionally enjoyed and buildings are adorned with Christmas decorations, which are often set up during Advent. These Christmas decorations include the Nativity Scene, Christmas tree, and various Christmas ornaments. In the Western Christian world, the two traditional days on which Christmas decorations are removed are Twelfth Night, Baptism of Jesus and Candlemas. Any not removed on the first occasion should be left undisturbed until the second. Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is considered to be inauspicious. "The Saint Andrew Daily Missal" (1945), authored by Dom Gaspar Lefebvre, stipulates:


title: Christmastide

text: On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day (the first day of Christmastide), it is customary for most households in Christendom to attend a service of worship or Mass. During the season of Christmastide, in many Christian households, a gift is given for each of the Twelve Days of Christmastide, while in others, gifts are only given on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the festive season, respectively. The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition, is symbolic of the presentation of the gifts by the Three Wise Men to the infant Jesus.


title: Christmastide

text: In several parts of the world, it is common to have a large family feast on Christmas Day, preceded by saying grace. Desserts such as Christmas cake are unique to Christmastide; in India and Pakistan, a version known as Allahabadi cake is popular. During the Christmas season, it is also very common for Christmas carols to be sung at Christian churches, as well as in front of houses—in the latter scenario, groups of Christians go from one house to another to sing Christmas carols. Popular Christmas carols include "Silent Night", "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus", "We Three Kings", "Down in Yon Forest", "Away in a Manger", "I Wonder as I Wander", "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen", "There's a Song in the Air", and "Let all mortal flesh keep silence". In the Christmas season, it is very common for television stations to air feature films relating to Christmas and Christianity in general, such as "The Greatest Story Ever Told" and "Scrooge".


title: Christmastide

text: On Saint Stephen's Day, the second day of Christmastide, people traditionally have their horses blessed, and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide, wine is blessed and consumed. On New Year's Eve (the seventh day of Christmastide), it is common for many Christians to attend a watchnight service to thank God for being blessed in the previous year and resolving to serve Him in the coming year. Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays, among other forms of "musical and theatrical presentations".


title: Christmastide

text: In the Russia Orthodox Church, Christmastide is referred to as "Svyatki", meaning "Holy Days". It is celebrated from the Nativity of Christ (7 January n.s) to the Theophany or Baptism of Christ (19 January n.s.). Activities during this period include attending church services, singing Christmas carols and spiritual hymns, visiting relatives and friends, and performing works of mercy, such as visiting the sick, the elderly people, orphans, and giving generous alms. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Babouschka, a character similar to the Italian Befana, has returned as a continued favorite of the Russian Christmas traditions.


title: Christmastide

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as in the Greek Catholic Churches and Byzatine-Rite Lutheran Churches, Christmas is the third most important feast (after Pascha and Pentecost). The day after, the Church celebrates the Synaxis of the Theotokos. This means that Saint Stephen's Day and the Feast of the Holy Innocents fall one day later than in the West. The coming of the Wise Men is celebrated on the feast itself.


title: Christmastide

text: With the atheistic Cult of Reason in power during the era of Revolutionary France, Christian Christmas religious services were banned and the three kings cake of the Christmas-Epiphany season was forcibly renamed the "equality cake" under anticlerical government policies.


title: Christmastide

text: Under the state atheism of the Soviet Union, after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other Christian holidays—were prohibited. Saint Nicholas was replaced by Ded Moroz or Grandfather Frost, the Russian Spirit of Winter who brought gifts on New Year's, accompanied by the snowmaiden "Snyegurochka" who helps distribute gifts.


title: Christmastide

text: It was not until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 that the prohibition ended and Christmas was celebrated for the first time in Russia after seven decades. Russia had adopted the custom of celebrating New Year's Day instead. However, the Orthodox Church Christmas is on 7 January. This is, also, an official national holiday.


title: Christmastide

text: European History Professor Joseph Perry wrote that in Nazi Germany, "because Nazi ideologues saw organized religion as an enemy of the totalitarian state, propagandists sought to deemphasize—or eliminate altogether—the Christian aspects of the holiday" and that "Propagandists tirelessly promoted numerous Nazified Christmas songs, which replaced Christian themes with the regime's racial ideologies."


title: Christmastide

text: The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism, and has conducted antireligious campaigns to this end. In December 2018, officials raided Christian churches just prior to Christmastide and coerced them to close; Christmas trees and Santa Clauses were also forcibly removed. Christmas in Modern China is celebrated only as a commercial day and very much secular and is not a public holiday.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: Daniel Donald MacPherson (born 25 April 1980) is an Australian actor and television presenter, known for his roles as Joel Samuels in "Neighbours", PC Cameron Tait in "The Bill", Sergeant Samuel Wyatt in Sky and Cinemax's "Strike Back", Whit Carmichael in the Shane Abbess sci-fi film "Infini", and Arion Elessedil in "The Shannara Chronicles". He also co-hosted "Dancing with the Stars" for six years while simultaneously starring in a number of Australian dramas such as "Wild Boys".


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: MacPherson grew up in Sydney's beachside suburb of Cronulla. He was accepted into Mensa at the age of 10 and went on to attend the academically selective school Sydney Boys High School.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: MacPherson was discovered while competing in the Kurnell triathlon in southern Sydney when he was 16. He soon landed the role of Joel Samuels in the soap opera "Neighbours", starting in 1998. Soon after, MacPherson won a Logie Award in 1999 for Most Popular New Talent. After leaving the soap in 2002, MacPherson travelled to the United Kingdom to star in a British production of the musical "Godspell" in which he alternated the lead roles of Jesus and Judas with English entertainer Jonathan Wilkes. During this time MacPherson resided in Notting Hill with close friend Robbie Williams. After completing the show, MacPherson was offered the role of PC Cameron Tait in the British drama "The Bill", which he played from 2003 until late 2004. Upon leaving "The Bill", he took a role playing Jesus opposite Edward Woodward as God in "The Mysteries". This was a drama based on a medieval mystery play cycle in which every scene moved to a different part of Canterbury Cathedral.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: In 2005, MacPherson returned to Australia to present the Australian version of "The X Factor". MacPherson received very positive feedback, despite the series attracting low ratings. After the season had finished, reports stated that before one of the live shows MacPherson was accidentally knocked unconscious by a crew member. After regaining consciousness several minutes later, and being rushed to hospital, MacPherson went on to do the show that night despite being heavily concussed. He says he "remembers nothing at all" from that night's broadcast. This was undetected by the public. The following year, MacPherson hosted a three-part series called "Killer Sharks" on Australia's Network Ten in February 2006. In late 2006, he appeared in a British/Australian production entitled "Tripping Over". The show appeared on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and Network Ten in Australia. "Tripping Over" featured MacPherson's ex-"Neighbours" co-star Brooke Satchwell. "Tripping Over" received numerous positive reviews and the show was a hit with Australian critics; however due to funding issues it was not picked up for a second season.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: In October 2007, MacPherson left Network Ten after taking a role on the Seven Network's "City Homicide". The show became the number one Australian Drama between 2007 and 2008. MacPherson left "City Homicide" during the fourth season. On 3 August 2008, the Seven Network announced that MacPherson would be taking over the hosting role on "Dancing with the Stars", after former host Daryl Somers resigned at the end of 2007. This was his first live hosting gig since "The X Factor" in 2005. On 17 May 2010, MacPherson guest co-hosted "The Morning Show" alongside Kylie Gillies, while regular male presenter Larry Emdur was on holidays. Macpherson hosted the Seven Network series, "Beat the Star", a local version of the British and German television series for one season before the show was cancelled.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: In 2011, MacPherson returned to hosting season 11 of "Dancing with the Stars" in the first half of the year, before filming a new "Australian Western" style show, called "Wild Boys" based around Bushrangers. MacPherson played the lead role and the show's protagonist, Jack Keenan and starred alongside Zoe Ventoura. "Wild Boys" premiered to strong ratings of 1.67 million viewers. This was not to last, and in November 2011, the Seven Network chose not to make a second season of the show. In 2013 MacPherson played the lead role of 'Whit' in Shane Abbess's sci fi feature film "Infini". Macpherson's performance in the lead role was universally praised for its intensity. MacPherson and Abbess re-united in 2015 for another science fiction film, "SFV1", with MacPherson starring alongside US actor Kellan Lutz. In February 2015, it was announced that MacPherson had landed the role of Arion in MTV's upcoming fantasy drama series "The Shannara Chronicles". MacPherson appeared in a documentary special celebrating "Neighbours" 30th anniversary titled "", which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015. In 2014, MacPherson resigned from "Dancing with the Stars" to focus on his film career; his replacement was comedian Shane Bourne.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: MacPherson starred in the pantomime "Jack and the Beanstalk" in 1999 at the Victoria Theatre in Halifax. He also starred in two pantomimes at the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury alongside Paul Hendy and Leila Birch, "Cinderella" in 2000 and "Aladdin" in 2001.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: In 2006, MacPherson co-hosted the Sydney New Year's Eve 2006-07 telecast alongside "Big Brother" host Gretel Killeen. The telecast caused much controversy after former "Big Brother 2004" housemates Ryan Fitzgerald and Bree Amer appeared to be drunk throughout their segments of the evening. Notably, MacPherson received much praise for being a "complete professional" and left with his reputation unscathed.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: MacPherson competes in World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) and Ironman 70.3. He competed in Ironman Australia at Port Macquarie, where he missed out on qualifying for the Ironman World Championship in Hawaii by only one spot. His swim time of 49:30 in Ironman New Zealand 2008 was the fastest in his age group. His fastest Ironman remains 9-hour and 42 minutes in Port Macquarie in 2007.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: In April 2009, MacPherson completed the China Ironman in Haikou. He completed the race in 11 hours and one minute, after a 3.8 km swim, 180 km bike ride and 42 km run in 45C heat. He came first in his 25–29 age group, qualifying him for the Hawaiian Ironman in October. MacPherson competed in the Hawaiian Ironman in 2009, finishing in 10 hours and 32 minutes. Macpherson has twice qualified for the Ironman 70.3 world championships, in 2013 and 2014.


title: Daniel MacPherson

text: He began dating his "Wild Boys" co-star Zoe Ventoura in 2011. They became engaged in December 2014, and married on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland in November 2015. The couple have one child, a son born in December 2019 named Austin Xavier.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: Josiah Gordon "Doc" Scurlock (January 11, 1849 – July 25, 1929) was an American Old West figure, cowboy, and gunfighter. A founding member of the Regulators during the Lincoln County War in New Mexico, Scurlock rode alongside such men as Billy the Kid.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: He was born in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, January 11, 1849, the sixth of 11 children born to Priestly Norman Scurlock (July 3, 1806 – June 22, 1876) and Esther Ann Brown (May 19, 1819 – June 1, 1903). Josiah was said to have studied medicine in New Orleans, thus receiving his nickname "Doc".


title: Doc Scurlock

text: Described as tall, weighing , with brown eyes and dark blond hair, Doc went to Mexico in about 1870. While there, he and another man had an argument over a card game and drew their pistols. The other man shot first and the bullet went through Doc's mouth, knocking out his front teeth and coming out the back of his neck without any more serious damage. He quickly returned fire and killed the man who shot him.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In 1871, Scurlock went to work as a line rider for John Chisum. He and other riders were also used to defend Chisum and his cattle holdings in the event cattle rustlers attempted to prey on them. Sometime during 1873, he and Jack Holt were surprised by a group of Indians, and Holt was killed. Scurlock found refuge among some rocks and, after a protracted fight, he killed the Indian leader. During the night he slipped away and walked for help. At some time after the fight, Holt's body was presumably partially dismembered, as his right arm was removed at the elbow.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In September 1875, Scurlock's riding partner, Newt Higgins, was killed by Indians. Scurlock was so upset over this incident he told Chisum he wanted to quit. Chisum, however, would not hear of it and refused to pay him. Scurlock then made the newspapers when he stole three horses, two saddles, and a rifle and left for Arizona. Chisum sent some of his men after Scurlock and they caught up with him, but when he explained that he took the things because Chisum would not pay him, they agreed with him and let him go.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In Arizona, he met Charlie Bowdre and the two men opened a cheese factory on the Gila River. Some of Scurlock and Bowdre's descendants have said that one of their first employees was Billy the Kid. After they closed the cheese factory in the spring of 1876, Scurlock and his best friend, Bowdre, returned to Lincoln County, New Mexico, where they bought a ranch on public domain land on the Rio Ruidoso from L. G. Murphy on credit, which made them victims of the L. G. Murphy & Co. monopoly.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: Scurlock, Bowdre, Frank Coe, George Coe, and Ab Saunders stormed the very weak Lincoln jail on July 18, 1876, freeing cattle rustler Jesus Largo from the custody of Sheriff Saturnino Baca. They took Largo outside of town and hanged him. Scurlock accidentally shot and killed his friend, Mike G. Harkins, manager of John H. Riley's store at Blazer's Mill, while he was examining a pistol on September 2, 1876.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: On October 19, 1876, Scurlock and María Antonia Miguela Herrera (June 13, 1860 – November 27, 1912) were married in Lincoln, New Mexico. (Around the same time, Antonia's sister, Manuela Herrera, married Charlie Bowdre, which made Bowdre a brother-in-law of Scurlock.) Ten children were eventually born of Scurlock and Antonia's union.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: For over a year, Scurlock was in several posses to pursue and arrest horse thieves. He, Bowdre, and others lynched some of the thieves they caught. In January 1877, Scurlock and a neighbor, George Coe, were arrested by Sheriff William J. Brady for suspicion of harboring a murdering fugitive and member of the Jesse Evans Gang named Frank Freeman. For the next few days, Scurlock and Coe received very harsh treatment from Brady. They were allegedly tortured, but were eventually released. In October 1877, the Evans Gang stole horses belonging to John Tunstall, Alexander McSween, and Richard "Dick" Brewer from Brewer's Rio Ruidoso ranch. Scurlock and Bowdre, as well as Brewer, went off in pursuit of the Evans Gang and located them, but were unable to regain possession of the stolen horses.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: After Tunstall was murdered in February 1878, Scurlock became a founding member of the Regulators and was involved in most of the battles of the Lincoln County War. In the Gunfight of Blazer's Mills on April 4, Scurlock was shot in the leg by Buckshot Roberts. Scurlock later became the third and final leader of the Regulators, after prior leaders Dick Brewer and Frank McNab had been killed.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: Scurlock served as a deputy sheriff under Sheriff John Copeland, who was a McSween partisan and replaced Sheriff Brady. On May 14, 1878, he led a posse of 18 to 20 men, which included Billy the Kid, Bowdre, George Coe, Brown, and Scroggins, to the Dolan-Riley cattle ranch, ostensibly in search of those implicated in the killing of MacNab and the wounding of Saunders. According to Riley, they drove off 26 horses and two mules, killed a herder named Wair; a Navajo Indian employed at the ranch as a cook; and a 15-year-old boy called Johnny. However, W.T. Thornton, Thomas B. Catron's law partner, reported that the latter two were only wounded. Writer Robert M. Utley says that they captured a man named "Indian" Manuel Segovia, the likely shooter of McNab, but he was shot while allegedly trying to escape.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: Since Catron had foreclosed on the property of J. J. Dolan & Co., the horses appear to have been his property. As a result of his strong protest to the governor, Copeland was removed as sheriff due to his refusing to side with the Murphy-Dolan faction. The raid by the Regulators resulted in the removal of one of their partisans from a position of authority and his replacement with George Peppin, who was just as strongly attached to the other side.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: When Billy attempted to make a deal with Governor Lew Wallace, Scurlock was captured and held in custody with him. He was held on suspicion of the murder of "Buckshot" Roberts. When Wallace's deal fell through, Billy and Scurlock were told they were going to be charged. Faced with extradition for murder, on June 17, 1879, Billy and Scurlock rode out of Lincoln. Sheriff Kimball did nothing to stop them. In August Billy and associates stole a large number of cattle from Chisum. After Chisum sent a posse after them, Scurlock decided to leave the gang.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In about October or November 1879, Scurlock moved to Texas, where he settled down and became a highly respected citizen. On the 1880 census in Potter County, Texas, he was keeping the mail station.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: Doc Scurlock died at age 80 from a heart attack in Eastland, Texas. He is interred in Eastland City Cemetery, along with his wife and other family members.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In the western film, "Young Guns", Scurlock was portrayed by actor Kiefer Sutherland, as a polite, moral, poetry writing cowboy. At the end of the film, Scurlock left Billy the Kid's posse, fleeing from New Mexico with an Asian woman he fell for earlier in the movie in the hopes of starting a new life in the East.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In the sequel, "Young Guns II", Scurlock (again played by Sutherland) is serving as a school teacher in New York City when he is arrested and taken back to New Mexico, where he is saved from hanging by The Kid. He rejoins Billy's posse and is mortally wounded in an ambush led by John W. Poe, played by Viggo Mortensen, when he steps out of their hideout. Back inside, he staggers out again to be killed in a hail of bullets. This is based on the death of Charlie Bowdre in an ambush organized by Pat Garrett. In fact, Scurlock was married to a Mexican woman in 1876 and died peacefully in Texas many years after the period of time covered by the movie. The original "Young Guns II" screenplay accurately portrays Scurlock as heading off to Texas with his bride. It has been reported that Kiefer Sutherland, faced with scheduling conflicts, refused to return to the Young Guns franchise unless his character died in the movie's "Stinking Springs Shoot Out". Writer John Fusco fought against this demand, but ultimately rewrote the scene to accommodate Sutherland's schedule.


title: Doc Scurlock

text: In the John Wayne film, "Chisum", Scurlock is mentioned as one of the people Billy is recruiting in his crusade against Murphy. He appears during the climactic shootout, but it is unclear which out of half-a-dozen gang members (all played by unknown extras) is meant to be Scurlock.


title: Saab 105

text: The Saab 105 is a Swedish high-wing, twinjet trainer aircraft developed in the early 1960s as a private venture by Saab AB. The Swedish Air Force, which had opted to procure the type for various roles, issued the aircraft with the designation Sk 60. The Sk 60 entered service in 1967, replacing the ageing De Havilland Vampire fleet.


title: Saab 105

text: The Swedish Air Force bought a total of 150 aircraft and another 40 were exported to Austria, designated Saab 105Ö. The Saab 105 is also the aircraft used by Swedish Air Force display team Team 60 and was formerly used by two display teams of the Austrian Air Force, "Karo As" and "Silver Birds".


title: Saab 105

text: In 1959, development of what would be subsequently designated as the Saab 105 was initiated by Saab. The company had decided to develop the aircraft as a private venture and intended for the type to be capable of serving in a wide variety of military and civil capacities. In a military capacity, the 105 can be operated as a jet trainer, conduct aerial reconnaissance and ground attack, and a limited interceptor capability. Amongst the diverse roles planned for the aircraft, Saab proposed a four-to-five seat business jet cabin configuration which was intended to be used by corporate customers. At the time, the 105 was one of the only small European aircraft to be equipped with turbofan, which was reported as of interest to prospective business customers. The 105 was intended to launch Saab into the business jet market; however, ultimately no such customers emerged for the type and thus Saab elected to focus its interest upon military customers instead.


title: Saab 105

text: Early on, the Swedish Air Force had formed a commitment with Saab that, contingent upon satisfactory performance of the prototype during flight testing, that an order for at least 100 aircraft would be placed. In December 1961, the Swedish Government announced that it had authorized the Swedish Air Force to sponsor the development and manufacture of a single prototype Saab 105 in a training configuration. On 29 June 1963, this first prototype conducted its maiden flight. The flight test program soon revealed the type to have good handling qualities and to be capable of performing aerobatic maneuvers. In March 1965, a single prototype was dispatched to Turbomeca's facilities in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine, France, for further flight testing of its Turbomeca Aubisque powerplant.


title: Saab 105

text: On 6 March 1965, the Swedish Air Force received authorisation from the Swedish Government to place an order for an initial quantity of 130 Saab 105 aircraft. The Swedish aircraft were divided into three principal variants, these being the "Sk 60A" for training and liaison duties using a four-seat configuration, the "Sk 60B" for light attack missions in a twin side-by-side seating configuration, and the "Sk 60C" dual-role attack and reconnaissance aircraft, equipped with various cameras in the aircraft's nose for the latter role.


title: Saab 105

text: An improved version, designated as the Saab 105Ö, was procured by Austria as a lightweight multi-role aircraft with the intention to deploy them in trainer, reconnaissance, interception and ground attack roles. In order to meet the requirements specified by the Austrian Air Force, the 105Ö features several key differences, which includes some avionics changes, the adoption of a strengthened wing for carrying greater quantities of munitions and equipment upon the underwing hardpoints, and a more powerful version of the Turbomeca Aubisque powerplant, which provided superior performance when operated from air bases at high altitude.


title: Saab 105

text: The Saab 105 was developed to function as a small and inexpensive multirole aircraft, which has been most typically used in a training capacity. It is an all-metal twin-jet aircraft with a pressurized cabin. It features a T-tail configuration, modestly swept wings, and a pair of engines mounted on either side of the fuselage just underneath the wing.


title: Saab 105

text: The 105 can be outfitted with various armaments and equipment to perform a wide range of duties, most of which would be installed upon the aircraft's six underwing hardpoints. In a ground-attack/close air support capacity, the 105 can employ a combination of 135 mm, 127 mm, and 75 mm unguided rockets, air-to-ground missiles and assorted bombs, including napalm bombs; either a pair of 30 mm cannon or 7.62 mm guns may be installed using a series of gun pods. In the air defense role, AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles can be employed in addition to the cannons. Additionally, for the purpose of carrying a maximum of two passengers, smaller ejector seats can be installed for the pilot and co-pilot while a small bench directly behind them can be used by the passengers. Generic and more specialized surveillance/reconnaissance missions can also be performed by the Saab 105, having the option of being fitted with radiation detection equipment for atmospheric sampling. With suitable equipment, the 105 could be readily converted between trainer and light attack roles.


title: Saab 105

text: As built, the Saab 105 was typically powered by a pair of Turbomeca Aubisque low-bypass turbofan engines, licence-manufactured by Volvo Flygmotor as the "RM9". The Aubisque engine reportedly provided favourable engine-out characteristics, allowing the aircraft to proceed to successfully takeoff in the event of a single engine failing at the critical point. This has not been the sole powerplant for the type, as a number of 105 aircraft have been powered by the General Electric J85 engine instead. Swedish Air Force aircraft have been remanufactured during the 1990s to use the newer Williams International FJ44, which has been designated as the "RM15".


title: Saab 105

text: In July 1967, the first Swedish Air Force student pilots started training on the Saab 105. In July 1970, Austrian Air Force pilot training activities on the type formally commenced; by August 2010, 22 of Austria's Saab 105 aircraft remained operational, attaining a combined total flight time of roughly 1,500 flying hours per year.


title: Saab 105

text: During the 1990s, by which point the existing engines of the Swedish Air Force's Sk 60 fleet were considered to be towards the end of their technical and economic lifespan, it was decided to replace the Turbomeca Aubisque engines with newly built Williams International FJ44 engines, which are lighter and less costly to operate. In November 1993, a contract was signed for the re-engining of 115 aircraft; the number of aircraft to be upgraded was subsequently reduced as a result of cuts to the defence budget. The replacement was performed as a low-cost measure to fulfill the Swedish Air Force's continuing requirement for a primary trainer aircraft. In September 1996, the first of these upgraded aircraft, which had been redesignated as the "Sk 60W", was re-delivered to the Swedish Air Force.


title: Saab 105

text: In June 2007, Saab signed a long term service agreement with the Austrian Air Force to provide logistics and technical support for their Saab 105Ö fleet for a further 10–15 years. Austria finally retired the Saab 105 on 31 December 2020. In December 2008, Saab received a SKr900 million ($115 million) contract to support extended operations of Sweden's 105 trainer fleet up to mid-2017. In September 2009, a SKr130 million ($18.8 million) contract to deliver a package of cockpit and system upgrades for the Sk 60 aircraft was signed. One goal of this modernisation was increased compatibility with the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, the primary combat aircraft of the Swedish Air Force.


title: Saab 105

text: In October 2009, Saab proposed to replace the Swedish Air Force's Sk 60 trainers with the Embraer Super Tucano. In March 2014, the Swedish Air Force publicly acknowledged that it was to begin studying replacement options for the Saab 105; Major General Micael Bydén observed that multinational training opportunities were being examined and that prospective replacement aircraft include the Alenia Aermacchi M-346, BAE Systems Hawk and Pilatus PC-21. On 28 March 2014, Saab and Pilatus Aircraft signed a memorandum of understanding to offer the PC-21 to the Swedish Air Force. On 29 April 2015, a request for information (RFI) was issued by the Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) for a new Military Flying Training System to provide long term basic and advanced training fleet functions; the advanced trainer requirements specify the presence of an embedded training capability including simulated radar and weapons use, as well as tactical displays in both cockpit positions resembling fourth and fifth-generation jet fighter aircraft.


title: Saab 105

text: In 2020 Saab signed a new service agreement with the Swedish Armed Forces to provide support for the Saab 105 to 2025, with one year option to 2026. In May 2021 the Grob G 120TP was chosen to be the new basic trainer for the Swedish Air force with first airplanes to be operational in 2023.


title: Classified advertising

text: Classified advertising is a form of advertising, particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals, which may be sold or distributed free of charge. Classified advertisements are much cheaper than larger display advertisements used by businesses, although display advertising is more widespread. They were also commonly called "want" ads, starting in 1763, and are sometimes called small ads in Britain.


title: Classified advertising

text: Advertisements in a newspaper are typically short, as they are charged for by the line or word, and are one newspaper column wide.


title: Classified advertising

text: Publications printing news or other information often have sections of classified advertisements; there are also publications that contain only advertisements. The advertisements are grouped into categories or "classes" such as "for sale—telephones", "wanted—kitchen appliances", and "services—plumbing", hence the term "classified". Classified ads generally fall into two types: individuals advertising sales of their personal goods, and advertisements by local businesses. Some businesses use classified ads to hire new employees.


title: Classified advertising

text: One issue with newspaper classified advertising is that it does not allow images, even though display ads, which do allow images, can be found in the classified section.


title: Classified advertising

text: In recent years the term "classified advertising" or "classified ads" has expanded from merely the sense of print advertisements in periodicals to include similar types of advertising on computer services, radio, and even television, particularly cable television but occasionally broadcast television as well, with the latter occurring typically very early in the morning hours.


title: Classified advertising

text: Like most forms of printed media, the classified ad has found its way to the Internet, as newspapers have taken their classified ads online and new groups have discovered the benefits of classified advertising.


title: Classified advertising

text: Internet classified ads do not typically use per-line pricing models, so they tend to be longer. They are also searchable, unlike printed material, tend to be local, and may foster a greater sense of urgency as a result of their daily structure and wider scope for audiences. Because of their self-regulatory nature and low cost structures, some companies offer free classifieds internationally. Other companies focus mainly on their local hometown region, while others blanket urban areas by using postal codes. Craigslist.org was one of the first online classified sites, and has grown to become the largest classified source, bringing in over 14 million unique visitors a month according to Comscore Media Metrix. The sex ad section of the site was probed by authorities until it was shut down indefinitely. A growing number of sites and companies have begun to provide specialized classified marketplaces online, catering to niche market products and services, such include boats, pianos, pets, and adult services, amongst others. In many cases, these specialized services provide better and more targeted search capabilities than general search engines or general classified services can provide. Facebook marketplace provides classified-style services but prohibits the sale of firearms. Other online classified ads websites now exist, Gumtree and Preloved are well known examples. A relatively new entry to this group is Little Breeders Pet Portal that provides its services to UK residents.


title: Classified advertising

text: A number of online services called aggregators crawl and aggregate classifieds from sources such as blogs and RSS feeds, as opposed to relying on manually submitted listings.


title: Classified advertising

text: Additionally, other companies provide online advertising services and tools to assist members in designing online ads using professional ad templates and then automatically distributing the finished ads to the various online ad directories as part of their service. In this sense these companies act as both an application service provider and a content delivery platform. Social classifieds is a growing niche.


title: Classified advertising

text: In 2003 the market for classified ads in the United States was $15.9 billion (newspapers), $14.1 billion (online) according to market researcher Classified Intelligence. The worldwide market for classified ads in 2003 was estimated at over $100 billion. Perhaps due to the lack of a standard for reporting, market statistics vary concerning the total market for internet classified ads. The Kelsey Research Group listed online classified ads as being worth $13.3 billion, while Jupiter Research provided a conservative appraisal of $2.6 billion and the Interactive Advertising Bureau listed the net worth of online classified revenue at $2.1 billion .


title: Classified advertising

text: Newspaper's revenue from classifieds advertisements is decreasing continually as internet classifieds grow. Classified advertising at some of the larger newspaper chains dropped by 14% to 20% in 2007, while traffic to classified sites grew by 23%.


title: Classified advertising

text: As the online classified advertising sector develops, there is an increasing emphasis toward specialization. Vertical markets for classifieds are developing quickly along with the general marketplace for classifieds websites. Like search engines, classified websites are often specialized, with sites providing advertising platforms for niche markets of buyers or sellers.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: Now Apocalypse is an American comedy television series that aired for one season of ten episodes from March 10 to May 12, 2019, on Starz. The series was written by Gregg Araki and Karley Sciortino. Araki also was director and executive producer alongside Steven Soderbergh and Gregory Jacobs. Starz canceled the series on July 26, 2019.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: Ulysses, his friends Carly and Ford, and Ford's girlfriend Severine navigate love, sex, and fame in Los Angeles. Troubled by sinister, premonitory dreams, Ulysses wonders if the end of the world as we know it is coming, or if he is simply suffering some kind of marijuana-fueled delusions.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: Gregg Araki was inspired to do television by the mystery series "Twin Peaks", which he called "so ground-breaking and artistic and unusual and just its totally own thing". He directed episodes of several television series, but was hesitant to run his own show until he thought about the story potential of life in Los Angeles. Araki presented the idea to writer Karley Sciortino, who started working with him on the script. Gregory Jacobs, who had worked with Araki on "Red Oaks", joined the project and brought in Steven Soderbergh. The production designer, costume designer, and director of photography have previously worked on other projects with Araki.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: On March 26, 2018, it was announced that Starz had given "Now Apocalypse" a series order for a first season of ten episodes. The series is written by Araki and Sciortino, and directed by Araki. The series is executive produced by Soderbergh, Jacobs, and Araki. On December 10, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on March 10, 2019. On March 22, 2019, the eight remaining episodes of season one were released online and on demand. They also continued to air weekly.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: Starz canceled the series on July 26, 2019. Araki later stated that he was shopping the series to other networks.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: In June 2018, it was announced that Avan Jogia, Kelli Berglund, Beau Mirchoff, and Roxane Mesquida had joined the main cast and that Evan Hart, Taylor Hart, Tyler Posey, Jacob Artist, Chris Aquilino, Desmond Chiam, RJ Mitte, and Grace Victoria Cox had been cast in recurring roles. On July 2, 2018, it was reported that Kevin Daniels and Avra Friedman had joined the cast in a recurring capacity.


title: Now Apocalypse

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds an approval rating of 78% based on 32 reviews, with an average score of 6.42 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Marrying filmmaker Gregg Araki's frisky style with heady conspiracies and literary allusions, "Now Apocalypse"s bodacious aesthetics and philosophical pondering may prove too deliberately offbeat and garish for some." Metacritic assigned the series a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: CP violation

text: In particle physics, CP violation is a violation of CP-symmetry (or charge conjugation parity symmetry): the combination of C-symmetry (charge symmetry) and P-symmetry (parity symmetry). CP-symmetry states that the laws of physics should be the same if a particle is interchanged with its antiparticle (C-symmetry) while its spatial coordinates are inverted ("mirror" or P-symmetry). The discovery of CP violation in 1964 in the decays of neutral kaons resulted in the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980 for its discoverers James Cronin and Val Fitch.


title: CP violation

text: It plays an important role both in the attempts of cosmology to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe, and in the study of weak interactions in particle physics.


title: CP violation

text: Until the 1950s, parity conservation was believed to be one of the fundamental geometric conservation laws (along with conservation of energy and conservation of momentum). After the discovery of parity violation in 1956, CP-symmetry was proposed to restore order. However, while the strong interaction and electromagnetic interaction seem to be invariant under the combined CP transformation operation, further experiments showed that this symmetry is slightly violated during certain types of weak decay.


title: CP violation

text: Only a weaker version of the symmetry could be preserved by physical phenomena, which was CPT symmetry. Besides C and P, there is a third operation, time reversal T, which corresponds to reversal of motion. Invariance under time reversal implies that whenever a motion is allowed by the laws of physics, the reversed motion is also an allowed one and occurs at the same rate forwards and backwards.


title: CP violation

text: The combination of CPT is thought to constitute an exact symmetry of all types of fundamental interactions. Because of the long-held CPT symmetry theorem, provided that it is valid, a violation of the CP-symmetry is equivalent to a violation of the T-symmetry. In this theorem, regarded as one of the basic principles of quantum field theory, charge conjugation, parity, and time reversal are applied together. Direct observation of the time reversal symmetry violation without any assumption of CPT theorem was done in 1998 by two groups, CPLEAR and KTeV collaborations, at CERN and Fermilab, respectively. Already in 1970 Klaus Schubert observed T violation independent of assuming CPT symmetry by using the Bell–Steinberger unitarity relation.


title: CP violation

text: The idea behind parity symmetry was that the equations of particle physics are invariant under mirror inversion. This led to the prediction that the mirror image of a reaction (such as a chemical reaction or radioactive decay) occurs at the same rate as the original reaction. However, in 1956 a careful critical review of the existing experimental data by theoretical physicists Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang revealed that while parity conservation had been verified in decays by the strong or electromagnetic interactions, it was untested in the weak interaction. They proposed several possible direct experimental tests.


title: CP violation

text: The first test based on beta decay of cobalt-60 nuclei was carried out in 1956 by a group led by Chien-Shiung Wu, and demonstrated conclusively that weak interactions violate the P-symmetry or, as the analogy goes, some reactions did not occur as often as their mirror image. However, parity symmetry still appears to be valid for all reactions involving electromagnetism and strong interactions.


title: CP violation

text: Overall, the symmetry of a quantum mechanical system can be restored if another approximate symmetry "S" can be found such that the combined symmetry "PS" remains unbroken. This rather subtle point about the structure of Hilbert space was realized shortly after the discovery of "P" violation, and it was proposed that charge conjugation, "C", which transforms a particle into its antiparticle, was the suitable symmetry to restore order.


title: CP violation

text: In 1956 Reinhard Oehme in a letter to Yang and shortly after, Ioffe, Okun and Rudik showed that the parity violation meant that charge conjugation invariance must also be violated in weak decays.


title: CP violation

text: Charge violation was confirmed in the Wu experiment and in experiments performed by Valentine Telegdi and Jerome Friedman and Garwin and Lederman who observed parity non-conservation in pion and muon decay and found that C is also violated. Charge violation was more explicitly shown in experiments done by John Riley Holt at the University of Liverpool.


title: CP violation

text: Oehme then wrote a paper with Lee and Yang in which they discussed the interplay of non-invariance under P, C and T. The same result was also independently obtained by B.L. Ioffe, Okun and A.P. Rudik. Both groups also discussed possible CP violations in neutral kaon decays.


title: CP violation

text: Lev Landau proposed in 1957 "CP-symmetry", often called just "CP" as the true symmetry between matter and antimatter. "CP-symmetry" is the product of two transformations: C for charge conjugation and P for parity. In other words, a process in which all particles are exchanged with their antiparticles was assumed to be equivalent to the mirror image of the original process and so the combined CP-symmetry would be conserved in the weak interaction.


title: CP violation

text: In 1962, a group of experimentalists at Dubna, on Okun's insistence, unsuccessfully searched for CP-violating kaon decay.


title: CP violation

text: In 1964, James Cronin, Val Fitch and coworkers provided clear evidence from kaon decay that CP-symmetry could be broken. This work won them the 1980 Nobel Prize. This discovery showed that weak interactions violate not only the charge-conjugation symmetry C between particles and antiparticles and the P or parity, but also their combination. The discovery shocked particle physics and opened the door to questions still at the core of particle physics and of cosmology today. The lack of an exact CP-symmetry, but also the fact that it is so close to a symmetry, introduced a great puzzle.


title: CP violation

text: The kind of CP violation discovered in 1964 was linked to the fact that neutral kaons can transform into their antiparticles (in which each quark is replaced with the other's antiquark) and vice versa, but such transformation does not occur with exactly the same probability in both directions; this is called "indirect" CP violation.


title: CP violation

text: Despite many searches, no other manifestation of CP violation was discovered until the 1990s, when the NA31 experiment at CERN suggested evidence for CP violation in the decay process of the very same neutral kaons ("direct" CP violation). The observation was somewhat controversial, and final proof for it came in 1999 from the KTeV experiment at Fermilab and the NA48 experiment at CERN.


title: CP violation

text: Starting in 2001, a new generation of experiments, including the BaBar experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and the Belle Experiment at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Japan, observed direct CP violation in a different system, namely in decays of the B mesons. A large number of CP violation processes in B meson decays have now been discovered. Before these "B-factory" experiments, there was a logical possibility that all CP violation was confined to kaon physics. However, this raised the question of why CP violation did "not" extend to the strong force, and furthermore, why this was not predicted by the unextended Standard Model, despite the model's accuracy for "normal" phenomena.


title: CP violation

text: In 2011, a hint of CP violation in decays of neutral D mesons was reported by the LHCb experiment at CERN using 0.6 fb of Run 1 data. However, the same measurement using the full 3.0 fb Run 1 sample was consistent with CP-symmetry.


title: CP violation

text: In March 2019, LHCb announced discovery of CP violation in charmed formula_1 decays with a deviation from zero of 5.3 standard deviations.


title: CP violation

text: In 2020, the T2K Collaboration reported some indications of CP violation in leptons for the first time.


title: CP violation

text: In this experiment, beams of muon neutrinos () and muon antineutrinos () were alternately produced by an accelerator. By the time they got to the detector, a significantly higher proportion of electron neutrinos () were detected from the beams, than electron antineutrinos () were from the beams. The results were not yet precise enough to determine the size of the CP violation, relative to that seen in quarks. In addition, another similar experiment, NOvA sees no evidence of CP violation in neutrino oscillations and is in slight tension with T2K.


title: CP violation

text: "Direct" CP violation is allowed in the Standard Model if a complex phase appears in the CKM matrix describing quark mixing, or the PMNS matrix describing neutrino mixing. A necessary condition for the appearance of the complex phase is the presence of at least three generations of quarks. If fewer generations are present, the complex phase parameter can be absorbed into redefinitions of the quark fields.


title: CP violation

text: A popular rephasing invariant whose vanishing signals absence of CP violation and occurs in most CP violating amplitudes is the "Jarlskog invariant":


title: CP violation

text: for quarks, which is formula_3 times the maximum value of formula_4 For leptons, only an upper limit exists: formula_5


title: CP violation

text: The reason why such a complex phase causes CP violation is not immediately obvious, but can be seen as follows. Consider any given particles (or sets of particles) formula_6 and formula_7 and their antiparticles formula_8 and formula_9 Now consider the processes formula_10 and the corresponding antiparticle process formula_11 and denote their amplitudes formula_12 and formula_13 respectively. Before CP violation, these terms must be the "same" complex number. We can separate the magnitude and phase by writing formula_14 If a phase term is introduced from (e.g.) the CKM matrix, denote it formula_15 Note that formula_13 contains the conjugate matrix to formula_17 so it picks up a phase term formula_18


title: CP violation

text: Physically measurable reaction rates are proportional to formula_21 thus so far nothing is different. However, consider that there are "two different routes": formula_22 and formula_23 or equivalently, two unrelated intermediate states: formula_24 and formula_25 Now we have:


title: CP violation

text: Thus, we see that a complex phase gives rise to processes that proceed at different rates for particles and antiparticles, and CP is violated.


title: CP violation

text: From the theoretical end, the CKM matrix is defined as formula_29 where formula_30 and formula_31 are unitary transformation matrices which diagonalize the fermion mass matrices formula_32 and formula_33 respectively.


title: CP violation

text: There is no experimentally known violation of the CP-symmetry in quantum chromodynamics. As there is no known reason for it to be conserved in QCD specifically, this is a "fine tuning" problem known as the strong CP problem.


title: CP violation

text: QCD does not violate the CP-symmetry as easily as the electroweak theory; unlike the electroweak theory in which the gauge fields couple to chiral currents constructed from the fermionic fields, the gluons couple to vector currents. Experiments do not indicate any CP violation in the QCD sector. For example, a generic CP violation in the strongly interacting sector would create the electric dipole moment of the neutron which would be comparable to 10 e·m while the experimental upper bound is roughly one trillionth that size.


title: CP violation

text: This is a problem because at the end, there are natural terms in the QCD Lagrangian that are able to break the CP-symmetry.


title: CP violation

text: For a nonzero choice of the θ angle and the chiral phase of the quark mass θ′ one expects the CP-symmetry to be violated. One usually assumes that the chiral quark mass phase can be converted to a contribution to the total effective formula_35 angle, but it remains to be explained why this angle is extremely small instead of being of order one; the particular value of the θ angle that must be very close to zero (in this case) is an example of a fine-tuning problem in physics, and is typically solved by physics beyond the Standard Model.


title: CP violation

text: There are several proposed solutions to solve the strong CP problem. The most well-known is Peccei–Quinn theory, involving new scalar particles called axions. A newer, more radical approach not requiring the axion is a theory involving two time dimensions first proposed in 1998 by Bars, Deliduman, and Andreev.


title: CP violation

text: The non-dark matter universe is made chiefly of matter, rather than consisting of equal parts of matter and antimatter as might be expected. It can be demonstrated that, to create an imbalance in matter and antimatter from an initial condition of balance, the Sakharov conditions must be satisfied, one of which is the existence of CP violation during the extreme conditions of the first seconds after the Big Bang. Explanations which do not involve CP violation are less plausible, since they rely on the assumption that the matter–antimatter imbalance was present at the beginning, or on other admittedly exotic assumptions.


title: CP violation

text: The Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter if CP-symmetry was preserved; as such, there should have been total cancellation of both—protons should have cancelled with antiprotons, electrons with positrons, neutrons with antineutrons, and so on. This would have resulted in a sea of radiation in the universe with no matter. Since this is not the case, after the Big Bang, physical laws must have acted differently for matter and antimatter, i.e. violating CP-symmetry.


title: CP violation

text: The Standard Model contains at least three sources of CP violation. The first of these, involving the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix in the quark sector, has been observed experimentally and can only account for a small portion of the CP violation required to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry. The strong interaction should also violate CP, in principle, but the failure to observe the electric dipole moment of the neutron in experiments suggests that any CP violation in the strong sector is also too small to account for the necessary CP violation in the early universe. The third source of CP violation is the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix in the lepton sector. The current long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, T2K and NOνA, may be able to find evidence of CP violation over a small fraction of possible values of the CP violating Dirac phase while the proposed next-generation experiments, Hyper-Kamiokande and DUNE, will be sensitive enough to definitively observe CP violation over a relatively large fraction of possible values of the Dirac phase. Further into the future, a neutrino factory could be sensitive to nearly all possible values of the CP violating Dirac phase. If neutrinos are Majorana fermions, the PMNS matrix could have two additional CP violating Majorana phases, leading to a fourth source of CP violation within the Standard Model. The experimental evidence for Majorana neutrinos would be the observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay. The best limits come from the GERDA experiment. CP violation in the lepton sector generates a matter-antimatter asymmetry through a process called leptogenesis. This could become the preferred explanation in the Standard Model for the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe if CP violation is experimentally confirmed in the lepton sector.


title: CP violation

text: If CP violation in the lepton sector is experimentally determined to be too small to account for matter-antimatter asymmetry, some new physics beyond the Standard Model would be required to explain additional sources of CP violation. Adding new particles and/or interactions to the Standard Model generally introduces new sources of CP violation since CP is not a symmetry of nature.


title: CP violation

text: Sakharov proposed a way to restore CP-symmetry using T-symmetry, extending spacetime "before" the Big Bang. He described complete "CPT reflections" of events on each side of what he called the "initial singularity". Because of this, phenomena with an opposite arrow of time at "t" < 0 would undergo an opposite CP violation, so the CP-symmetry would be preserved as a whole. The anomalous excess of matter over antimatter after the Big Bang in the orthochronous (or positive) sector, becomes an excess of antimatter before the Big Bang (antichronous or negative sector) as both charge conjugation, parity and arrow of time are reversed due to CPT reflections of all phenomena occurring over the initial singularity:


title: Barry Miller (actor)

text: Barry Miller (born February 6, 1958) is an American actor. He won Broadway's 1985 Tony Award as Best Actor (Featured Role - Play) for his performance in "Biloxi Blues".


title: Barry Miller (actor)

text: Miller was born at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, California to Sidney Miller, an actor, director, and writer, and Iris Burton, an agent. His former stepmother is actress Dorothy Green. He attended Bancroft Junior High School, in Hollywood, and Fairfax High School.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Lina Maria Hidalgo (born February 19, 1991) is an American politician in the state of Texas. She is the county judge of Harris County, the third-most populous county in the United States. Hidalgo is the first woman and the first Latina to be elected to this office. Notwithstanding the label, the position of county judge is for the most part a nonjudicial position in Texas. Hidalgo functions as the county's chief executive and its emergency manager. She oversees a budget of over $4 billion.<ref name="NYT 2018/11/08"></ref>


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo was born in Bogota, Colombia, on February 19, 1991. Her family left Colombia when she was five years old, and lived in Peru and Mexico City before moving to Houston, Texas, when she was 15.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo graduated from Seven Lakes High School in Katy, Texas, and then attended Stanford University, graduating with a degree in political science in 2013. Her honors thesis was titled "Tiananmen or Tahrir? A Comparative Study of Military Intervention Against Popular Protest."


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: That same year, Hidalgo became a U.S. citizen. Upon graduation from Stanford, Hidalgo received the Omidyar Network Postgraduate Fellowship to work with an international organization. She moved to Thailand, where she worked for the Internews Network, an international nonprofit dedicated to training journalists and advocating for press freedom.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: After returning to the U.S., Hidalgo worked as a medical interpreter at the Texas Medical Center in Houston and volunteered for the Texas Civil Rights Project. During this time, she was accepted into the MPP/JD joint program at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government and New York University School of Law, respectively. Though Hidalgo originally planned to pursue a career in health care and criminal justice, the 2016 election inspired her to put her academic ambitions on hold and run for public office instead.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo ran for County Judge of Harris County in the 2018 elections. She was unopposed in the Democratic Party primary election and faced incumbent Ed Emmett in the general election. Hidalgo ran on a platform focused on flood control, criminal justice reform, and increasing transparency and accountability in local government. She defeated Emmett on November 6, becoming the first woman and Latina elected to the office of Harris County Judge. Her victory was considered an upset and attracted national attention, with a large and diverse coalition of activists and organizations leading her to a narrow 19,000-vote victory. The election also switched majority control of Harris County Commissioners Court, over which Hidalgo presides, from Republicans to Democrats.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Hidalgo implemented public health measures early in an attempt to halt the spread of the coronavirus. In March 2020, she ordered the closure of bars and restaurants. In April 2020, Hidalgo required Harris County members to wear face masks in public. Republicans at the state and federal level strongly criticized her public health measures. Governor Greg Abbott said that local officials could not enforce mask mandates. By June, as cases in Texas climbed, Abbott ordered his own face mask mandate.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo has been credited with making voting easier in Harris County during the 2020 Texas elections and with increasing turnout among lower-propensity voters. By October 30, 2020 (the Thursday before election day), more votes had been cast in Texas than the entire number cast in the 2016 United States presidential election in Texas.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo has filed a lawsuit against the Texas Department of Transportation to stop the expansion of Interstate 45 through Houston. Because of her intervention, the federal government is investigating whether this proposed expansion, which could increase pollution and relocate people, violates any environmental and civil rights laws. The County later paused the lawsuit to negotiate with TxDOT.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo's director of communications issued a statement noting that a third of Harris County residents are Spanish speakers: Judge Hidalgo represents all of Harris County and given the county's composition and her bilingual skills, she will continue to communicate as broadly as possible especially when public safety is at stake.<ref name="NBC 2019/03/27"></ref>


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: In March 2021, Harris County had a controversy over a contract awarded to Elevate Strategies, a company that was hired to do COVID-19 "vaccine outreach." The company had only one employee and was run out of an apartment in the city. Hidalgo and county commissioners allegedly had ties to Elevate Strategies. Mark Jones of Rice University said, "This was an RFP [request for proposal] that was wired from the very start to go to Elevate Strategies to provide political money for Lina Hidalgo's supporters". Hidalgo responded, "Y’all bring it on! Bring it on! Because there is nothing here." In the end, the county terminated the $11 million contract.


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo defeated her opponent, Alexandra del Moral Mealer, by a margin of around 17,000 votes out of 1 million votes cast (50.8% to 49.2%).


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo was criticized after a March 2019 news conference in which she spoke in English and Spanish about the health implications of a massive chemical fire. She was addressing constituents and reporters from English- and Spanish-language media outlets. A Chambers County commissioner posted on social media: "English, this is not Mexico."<ref name="TT 2019/03/27"></ref>


title: Lina Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo was featured on the cover of "Time" in January 2018 alongside dozens of other women who ran for office in one of the biggest elections for women.


title: Proto-Celtic language

text: Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity.


title: Proto-Celtic language

text: Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax, though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian. So the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish and Middle Welsh, dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD.


title: Proto-Celtic language

text: Proto-Celtic is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1200–900 BC. The fact that it is possible to reconstruct a Proto-Celtic word for 'iron' (traditionally reconstructed as "*īsarnom") has long been taken as an indication that the divergence into individual Celtic languages did not start until the Iron Age (8th century BCE to 1st century BCE); otherwise, descendant languages would have developed their own, unrelated words for their metal. However, Schumacher and Schrijver suggest a date for Proto-Celtic as early as the 13th century BC, the time of the Canegrate culture, in northwest Italy, and the Urnfield culture in Central Europe, implying that the divergence may have already started in the Bronze Age.


title: Proto-Celtic language

text: The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Celtic (PC) may be summarized as follows. The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list.


title: Proto-Celtic language

text: The following sound changes are shared with the Italic languages in particular, and are cited in support of the Italo-Celtic hypothesis.