title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission embarked on a seismic retrofit, designed to bring the Sports Arena up to 21st century seismic standards. Bentley Management Group was hired as the project manager for the Seismic Bracing Remodel. In order to reinforce the existing structure, a series of steel braced frames were connected to the existing concrete structural system at both the arena and loge levels of the building. To provide a solid footing for these steel frames, portions of the arena floor had to be excavated, then reinforced to provide extra strength. Once the steel frames were fitted and incorporated into the existing structure between existing support columns, concrete was then re-poured into the area. The original crown of the arena, one of its most distinguishing characteristics, was the countless small ceramic tiles, each measuring no more than a square inch in width. A multitude of the crown's tiles were loosening and many others were discolored. In order to remedy this, a new crown was designed, this time using individual sections of EIFS (Exterior insulation finishing system), which offered the decided advantages of better durability, easier maintenance and improved thermal characteristics. A foundation surface was applied directly over the existing tiles, in order to seal the crown and give the new surface something to adhere to. Once the structural work was finished, the walls, ceilings, doors, floors and other areas involved in the modification had to be put back together. Throughout the entire project, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena remained open for business. The result was a brand-new crown around the exterior of the building, as well as a new terrazzo floor on the concourse level.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: During an open session meeting on July 17, 2013, the Coliseum Commission authorized the amendment to the existing USC-Coliseum Commission Lease for the operation of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena. On July 25, 2013, the Coliseum Commission and USC executed this new long-term master lease agreement. It became effective on July 29, 2013, and the Commission transferred day-to-day management and financial responsibilities for the Coliseum and Sports Arena to USC. This included the rehiring by USC, on a fixed term basis, of the Coliseum/Sports Arena employees who had been working for the commission the previous day. For most of the former Coliseum Commission employees, the fixed term of their employment would be short-lived, ending 10 months later on May 30, 2014.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: The Sports Arena was demolished in order to replace it with a more in-demand facility — a soccer-specific stadium that would house an MLS team. On May 18, 2015, Los Angeles Football Club announced its intentions to build a privately funded 22,000-seat soccer-specific stadium at the site for $250 million. The stadium would be completed by 2018.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: From March 15 to 19, 2016, Bruce Springsteen performed a series of three sold-out concerts, the last events held in the arena. When he introduced his song "Wrecking Ball" during the last concert, he opened by saying "We gotta play this one for the old building... We're gonna miss this place, it's a great place to play rock 'n' roll." The arena closed after the last concert. Demolition began in September 2016 for the new stadium development. After a groundbreaking for the new stadium, the arena was demolished between August and October 2016. Banc of California Stadium now stands in the old Sports Arena footprint.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: The arena underwent major renovations to bring it up to 21st century seismic standards and was well maintained. There were four fully equipped team rooms, two smaller rooms for officials, and two private dressing rooms for individual performers. There were two additional meeting rooms on site which could be used for administrative or hospitality functions.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: The floor area comprised a space (), affording the largest standing floor capacity of any arena in the area. There was a vertical clearance. The arena has a unique, expansive floor-level footprint of nearly and on the concourse level, allowing the installation of any needed display, food or other programming requirements. There was an enormous load-in ramp at the west side of the arena with a wide entry. Print, radio and television media was serviced on each side of the arena by installation of any kind of portable facilities. Five permanent TV locations were sited on the concourse level. In addition, a catwalk was suspended from the ceiling and circled the arena for cameras or spotlights.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: Spectators could reach arena level seating area either by a circulatory ramp on the southwest side of the building or by a stairway located next to the north doors. There were also escalators located at the southwest and northeast sides of the building. The Sports Arena was the first NBA arena to feature a rotating billboard at courtside, which also acted as the scorer's table. Rotating billboards eventually became standard at all NBA arenas until the mid-2000s, when LED billboard/scorer's tables were introduced.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: Spectator amenities included a full-service main ticket office, a secondary box office and 2 portable booths, 6 permanent concession stands, and a first-aid station. A club and restaurant were located on the arena level of the facility. A number of operational improvements had been made to enhance accessibility for the handicapped, including the installation of 14 additional handicapped parking stalls, hand rails on both sides of the pedestrian ramp leading to the floor level seating, handicapped accessible drinking fountains, an Assistive Listening System to aid the hearing impaired, conversion of restroom facilities, dressing rooms and bathroom fixtures for the handicapped, and increased informational signage. Event presentation was augmented by a four-sided overhead scoreboard with several auxiliary boards.


title: Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena

text: The arena seated up to 16,740 for boxing/wrestling, and 14,546 for hockey. There were 12,389 fixed upper-level, theatre-type seats, and floor-level seating which could be configured by sport. The seating capacity for basketball changed over the years:


title: Patient

text: A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.


title: Patient

text: The word patient originally meant 'one who suffers'. This English noun comes from the Latin word ', the present participle of the deponent verb, ', meaning 'I am suffering,' and akin to the Greek verb ("", to suffer) and its cognate noun ().


title: Patient

text: This language has been construed as meaning that the role of patients is to passively accept and tolerate the suffering and treatments prescribed by the healthcare providers, without engaging in shared decision-making about their care.


title: Patient

text: An outpatient (or out-patient) is a patient who attends an outpatient clinic with no plan to stay beyond the duration of the visit. Even if the patient will not be formally admitted with a note as an outpatient, their attendance is still registered, and the provider will usually give a note explaining the reason for the visit, tests, or procedure/surgery, which should include the names and titles of the participating personnel, the patient's name and date of birth, signature of informed consent, estimated pre-and post-service time for history and exam (before and after), any anesthesia, medications or future treatment plans needed, and estimated time of discharge absent any (further) complications. Treatment provided in this fashion is called ambulatory care. Sometimes surgery is performed without the need for a formal hospital admission or an overnight stay, and this is called outpatient surgery or day surgery, which has many benefits including lowered healthcare cost, reducing the amount of medication prescribed, and using the physician's or surgeon's time more efficiently. Outpatient surgery is suited best for more healthy patients undergoing minor or intermediate procedures (limited urinary-tract, eye, or ear, nose, and throat procedures and procedures involving superficial skin and the extremities). More procedures are being performed in a surgeon's office, termed "office-based surgery", rather than in a hospital-based operating room.


title: Patient

text: An inpatient (or in-patient), on the other hand, is "admitted" to stay in a hospital overnight or for an indeterminate time, usually, several days or weeks, though in some extreme cases, such as with coma or persistent vegetative state, patients can stay in hospitals for years, sometimes until death. Treatment provided in this fashion is called inpatient care. The admission to the hospital involves the production of an admission note. The leaving of the hospital is officially termed "discharge", and involves a corresponding discharge note, and sometimes an assessment process to consider ongoing needs. In the English National Health Service this may take the form of "Discharge to Assess" - where the assessment takes place after the patient has gone home.


title: Patient

text: Misdiagnosis is the leading cause of medical error in outpatient facilities. When the U.S. Institute of Medicine’s groundbreaking 1999 report, "To Err Is Human", found up to 98,000 hospital patients die from preventable medical errors in the U.S. each year, early efforts focused on inpatient safety. While patient safety efforts have focused on inpatient hospital settings for more than a decade, medical errors are even more likely to happen in a doctor’s office or outpatient clinic or center.


title: Patient

text: A day patient or (day-patient) is a patient who is using the full range of services of a hospital or clinic but is not expected to stay the night. The term was originally used by psychiatric hospital services using of this patient type to care for people needing support to make the transition from in-patient to out-patient care. However, the term is now also heavily used for people attending hospitals for day surgery.


title: Patient

text: Because of concerns such as dignity, human rights and political correctness, the term "patient" is not always used to refer to a person receiving health care. Other terms that are sometimes used include health consumer, healthcare consumer, customer or client. However, such terminology may be offensive to those receiving public health care, as it implies a business relationship.


title: Patient

text: In veterinary medicine, the client is the owner or guardian of the patient. These may be used by governmental agencies, insurance companies, patient groups, or health care facilities. Individuals who use or have used psychiatric services may alternatively refer to themselves as consumers, users, or survivors.


title: Patient

text: In nursing homes and assisted living facilities, the term resident is generally used in lieu of "patient". Similarly, those receiving home health care are called "clients".


title: Patient

text: The doctor–patient relationship has sometimes been characterized as silencing the voice of patients. It is now widely agreed that putting patients at the centre of healthcare by trying to provide a consistent, informative and respectful service to patients will improve both outcomes and patient satisfaction.


title: Patient

text: When patients are not at the centre of healthcare, when institutional procedures and targets eclipse local concerns, then patient neglect is possible. Incidents, such as the Stafford Hospital scandal, Winterbourne View hospital abuse scandal and the Veterans Health Administration controversy of 2014 have shown the dangers of prioritizing cost control over the patient experience. Investigations into these and other scandals have recommended that healthcare systems put patient experience at the center, and especially that patients themselves are heard loud and clear within health services.


title: Patient

text: There are many reasons for why health services should listen more to patients. Patients spend more time in healthcare services than regulators or quality controllers, and can recognize problems such as service delays, poor hygiene, and poor conduct. Patients are particularly good at identifying soft problems, such as attitudes, communication, and 'caring neglect', that are difficult to capture with institutional monitoring.


title: Patient

text: One important way in which patients can be placed at the centre of healthcare is for health services to be more open about patient complaints. Each year many hundreds of thousands of patients complain about the care they have received, and these complaints contain valuable information for any health services which want to learn about and improve patient experience.


title: Wolf eel

text: The wolf eel (Anarrhichthys ocellatus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Anarhichadidae, the wolf fishes. It is found in the North Pacific Ocean. Despite its common name and resemblance, it is not a true eel. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Anarrhichthys.


title: Wolf eel

text: The wolf eel was first formally described in 1855 by the American physician and ichthyologist William Orville Ayres with the type locality given as San Francisco Bay in California. It is the only species in the monotypic genus "Anarrichthys", which was also described by Ayres in 1855. This is one of two genera in the family Anarhichadidae, the other being "Anarhichas".


title: Wolf eel

text: The Wolf eel’s genus name "Anarrhichthys" combines the wolffish genus "Anarhichas", as this taxon has a similar head shape to the wolffishes, and "ichthys", which means “fish”. The specific name "ocellatus" means “ocellated”, a reference to the eye like spots, or ocelli, on the dorsal fin and body.


title: Wolf eel

text: "A. ocellatus" differs from true eels, as they have paired gill slits and pectoral fins. The animal can grow up to in length and in weight.


title: Wolf eel

text: Younger wolf eels are orange with big dark spots in the posterior part of the body. Once older they turn grey, brown greyish or dark olive.


title: Wolf eel

text: They possess powerful jaws with which they crush their prey: canine teeth in the front and molars in the posterior portion of the mouth. In the anal fin, it has no rays and 233 radials. It only has one dorsal fin, that extends from the head to the end of the body, with 228 to 250 flexible fishbones without soft radius. The caudal fin is small. It has no pelvic fins, nor a lateral line.


title: Wolf eel

text: Males have large lips and a protuberance on the superior part of the head. The lifespan of this species is about 20 years.


title: Wolf eel

text: They have a monogamous relationship and tend to mate for life and live in the same cave. They reproduce from October until the end of winter starting from when they are around seven years old. The male puts his head against the female's abdomen and wraps around her, while she extrudes the eggs (she can lay up to 10,000 at a time) which he then fertilizes. Later, they coil around them and use her body to shape the eggs into a neat sphere roughly the size of a grapefruit, the male then coils around her to add an extra layer of protection. They both equally protect their eggs and only one at a time leaves the cave to feed. The eggs will hatch after 91 to 112 days and during this period, in order to ensure correct circulation of water around the eggs to keep them supplied with oxygen, the female periodically massages and rotates them as they develop.


title: Wolf eel

text: "A. ocellatus" is found in caves, crevices and rocky reefs from shallow waters to a depth of , ranging from the Sea of Japan and the Bering Sea to Northern California.


title: Wolf eel

text: Large wolf eels are curious and are rarely aggressive, but are capable of inflicting painful bites on humans.


title: Wolf eel

text: The male and female may pair for life and inhabit a cave together; the two watch their eggs together and one always stays behind when the other leaves to feed.


title: Wolf eel

text: This eel-like fish feeds on invertebrates with hard shells (crustaceans, sea urchins, mussels, clams) and some fishes, crushing them with its strong jaws. It has been observed in captivity that when they are fed soft food such as squid, they tend to prefer it over hard food, which can damage the back teeth.


title: Wolf eel

text: The adult's predators are sharks, big fish and harbor seals. The eggs and juveniles can be threatened by more species, as they are not very large and do not have powerful jaws—many fish such as rockfish and kelp greenling will go after them.


title: Wolf eel

text: The wolf eel has edible, sweet and savory white flesh. In some coastal northwest Native American tribes, the wolf eel was referred to as the sacred "doctorfish". Only the tribal healers were allowed to eat this fish, as it was supposed to enhance their healing powers.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: The Bed-ins for Peace were two week-long nonviolent protests against wars, intended as experimental tests of new ways to promote peace. As the Vietnam War raged in 1969, John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono held one protest at the Hilton Hotel in Amsterdam and one at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal. The idea is derived from a "sit-in", in which a group of protesters remain seated in front of or within an establishment until they are evicted, arrested, or their requests are met.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: The public proceedings were filmed, and later turned into a documentary "Bed Peace", which was made available for free on YouTube in August 2011 by Yoko Ono, as part of her website "Imagine Peace".


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: Knowing their March 20, 1969, marriage would be a huge press event, Lennon and Ono decided to use the publicity to promote world peace. They spent their honeymoon in the presidential suite (Room 702) at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel for a week between March 25 and 31, inviting the world's press into their hotel room every day between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. After their nonconformist artistic expressions (cf. Bari: 33), such as the nude cover of the "Two Virgins" album, the press were expecting them to be having sex, but instead the couple were just sitting in bed, wearing pyjamas—in Lennon's words "like angels"—talking about peace with signs over their bed reading "Hair Peace" and "Bed Peace". After seven days, they flew to Vienna, Austria, where they held a Bagism press conference.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: During April 1969, Lennon and Ono sent acorns to the heads of state in various countries around the world in hopes that they would plant them as a symbol of peace. Their marriage ("You can get married in Gibraltar near Spain"), the first bed-in ("Talking in our beds for a week"), the Vienna press conference ("Made a lightning trip to Vienna...The newspapers said..."), and the acorns ("Fifty acorns tied in a sack") were all mentioned in the song "The Ballad of John and Yoko".


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: Due to the couple's very public image, the Amsterdam bed-in was greeted by fans, and received a great deal of press coverage. Following the event, when asked if he thought the bed-in had been successful, Lennon became rather frustrated. He insisted that the failure of the press to take the couple seriously was part of what he and Ono wanted: "It's part of our policy not to be taken seriously. Our opposition, whoever they may be, in all manifest forms, don't know how to handle humour. And we are humorous." However, Ono also earned controversy in the Jewish community for claiming during the press conference that Jewish women could've changed Hitler by becoming his girlfriend and sleeping with him for 10 days. It was acknowledged that some Nazis, including Nazi "First Lady" Magda Goebbels, had at one point in their lives had Jewish lovers.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: Their second bed-in was planned to take place in New York, but Lennon was not allowed into the U.S. because of his 1968 cannabis conviction. Instead they intended to hold the event in the Bahamas at the Sheraton Oceanus Hotel, flying there on May 24, 1969, but after spending one night in the heat, they decided to move to Canada. They first landed in Toronto and stayed at the King Edward Hotel. They interviewed with Canadian Immigration and were granted a 10 Day Visitor Status. The choice was between Toronto and Montreal. Since they needed the New York press coverage, they decided to move it to Montreal because of its proximity to New York.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: They flew to Montreal on May 26 where they stayed in Rooms 1738, 1740, 1742 and 1744 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel. During their seven-day stay, they invited Timothy Leary, Tommy Smothers, Dick Gregory, Murray the K, Al Capp, Allen Ginsberg and others, and all but the hostile Capp sang on the peace anthem "Give Peace a Chance", recorded by André Perry in the hotel room on June 1, 1969. Perry also recorded Lennon and Ono performing Ono's song "Remember Love" after everyone else had left the room. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation conducted interviews from the hotel room. The event received mixed reaction from the American press.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: In December 1969, Lennon and Ono spread their messages of peace with billboards reading ""WAR IS OVER! If You Want It – Happy Christmas From John and Yoko"". These billboards went up in eleven major world cities.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: The bed-in performance has since been re-interpreted and re-used in protests by a number of artists since 1969, most notably Marijke van Warmerdam with her gallerist Kees van Gelder at the same Amsterdam Hilton in 1992 and the Centre of Attention in 2005 in Miami. A fictional bed-in protest was also featured in a 2006 Viva Voce music video. In 2010 a main Liverpool's centre for the contemporary arts staged a 62-day event, Bed-in at the Blue-coat, which used Lennon & Ono's event as a template for 62 daily performances by artists, activists, community groups and others to do "something for a better world." Ono gave her blessing and sent a video message. The project started on 9 October, on what would have been Lennon's 70th birthday, and ended on 9 December, which marked 30 years since his death.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: On September 13, 2018, Ono who was joined by former Beatle Ringo Starr, actor Jeff Bridges and then-New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, would participate in a Bed-In which was held at New York City Hall and which focused on promoting support for New York City schools.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: A bed-in is in the song "Don't Look Back in Anger" by Oasis. Lead singer Noel Gallagher sings "I'm gonna start a revolution from my bed / 'Cause you said the brains I had went to my head / step outside, summertime's in bloom". The first two lines, per "" (which Noel was reading), were said by Lennon during a taped conversation he had at his room at The Dakota.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: In the music video for the Marcy Playground 1999 song, "It's Saturday", the group finds their way to the bed of Lennon and Ono during their bed-in.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: Linkin Park members Chester Bennington and Mr. Hahn imitated the incident in a photograph taken by Greg Watermann in their book "From the Inside: Linkin Park's Meteora".


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: In late 2006, Billie Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Californian rock band Green Day and wife Adrienne did a similar bed-in with a poster above their heads saying "Make Love Not War" in Spanish.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: On Lewis Black's "Root of All Evil", comedian Andy Daly exhibits a video clip showing that he has also attempted a bed-in to protest the War in Iraq. Trying to mimic Lennon and Ono's original, he climbs into the bed of an Asian woman, who pepper-sprays him.


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: American singer Jhené Aiko imitated the image with Childish Gambino of Lennon and Ono in their bed for her single "Bed Peace" off her 2013 EP "Sail Out".


title: Bed-ins for Peace

text: In 2010, the city of Montreal unveiled a commemorative artwork in Mount Royal Park commemorating the famous bed-in. The work by Linda Covit and Marie-Claude Séguin is entitled "Give Peace a Chance" and features the words "give peace a chance" in forty languages.


title: Amir Wilson

text: Amir Ahmad Wilson (born 6 February 2004) is an English actor. He played Will Parry in the HBO and BBC One series "His Dark Materials", Tiuri in the Netflix series "The Letter for the King", and Dickon in the 2020 film adaptation of "The Secret Garden".


title: Amir Wilson

text: Wilson was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire to English father, Paul, and Sudanese mother, Nagla. He has an older sister, Iman. He grew up in the suburb of Monkmoor, attending St. Giles' C of E Primary School. Wilson began acting and training with local theatre group Get Your Wigle On.


title: Panzerotti

text: A panzerotto (; plural panzerotti , also known as panzarotto ), is a savory turnover that originated in Central and Southern Italian cuisine which resembles a small calzone, both in shape and dough used for its preparation. The term usually applies to a fried turnover rather than an oven-baked pastry (i.e. a calzone), though "calzoni" and "panzerotti" are often mistaken for each other.


title: Panzerotti

text: The noun "panzerotto" comes from a diminutive of "panza", a regional variation of Italian "pancia" ("belly, tummy"), referring to the distinctive swelling of the pastry which resembles a belly bloating.


title: Panzerotti

text: Although etymologically related, the word () refers to a totally different dish from panzerotti, denoting a kind of ravioli which is typical of Genoa.


title: Panzerotti

text: Panzerotti are also popular in the United States and Canada as well, where it is often called "panzerotti" or "panzarotti" as a singular noun (plural "panzerotties"/"panzarotties" or "panzarottis"/"panzarottis").


title: Panzerotti

text: Panzerotti originated in Southern Italy and Central, especially in the Apulian cuisine. They are basically small versions of "calzoni" but are usually fried rather than oven-baked, which is why they are also known as "calzoni fritti" ("fried calzones") or "pizze fritte" ("fried pizzas") in Italy, most typically in Campania. In parts of Apulia, such as Molfetta and Mola di Bari (both in the Metropolitan City of Bari), panzerotti also go by the name of "frittelle" or "frittelli" ("fritters"), while in Brindisi they are known as "fritte" (a local variation of "frittelle").


title: Panzerotti

text: The most common fillings for this turnover are tomato and mozzarella. Peeled whole tomatoes are drained and dried to be used as a filling, as using non-dried tomatoes will cause the dough to rip due to the moisture. Other fillings are onions sauteed in olive oil and seasoned with salted anchovies and capers, or mortadella and provolone cheese.


title: Panzerotti

text: A different recipe for panzerotti is "panzerotti di patate" ("potato panzerottis"), a specialty from Salento which consists of mashed potato croquettes rather than panzerotti as the term is most typically intended.


title: Panzerotti

text: Panzerotti are also consumed in North America, where they were imported by Southern Italian immigrants at the time of the Italian diaspora.


title: Panzerotti

text: As for their shape and texture, they can come in various sizes, and are usually semicircular. They consist of a pocket of dough filled with varying amounts of melted mozzarella cheese, tomato sauce and any reasonable number of fillings, which is then folded over and deep-fried. Panzerotti rise during this process, creating a pocket containing a considerable amount of steam which should be partially released prior to eating.


title: Panzerotti

text: Since the mid-1960s, panzerotti have been a popular fast food item in Canada. Commercialized frozen versions are called Pizza Pockets or Pizza Pops.


title: Panzerotti

text: Winnipeg, Manitoba is a Canadian hub for panzerotti production in Canada and worldwide, where Naleway Foods has been dubbed the second-largest processor of pierogies and panzerottis in Canada.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release [ER, XR, XL] dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage).


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Sustained-release dosage forms are dosage forms designed to release (liberate) a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. This can be achieved through a variety of formulations, including liposomes and drug-polymer conjugates (an example being hydrogels). Sustained release's definition is more akin to a "controlled release" rather than "sustained".


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Extended-release dosage consists of either sustained-release (SR) or controlled-release (CR) dosage. SR maintains drug release over a sustained period but not at a constant rate. CR maintains drug release over a sustained period at a nearly constant rate.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Sometimes these and other terms are treated as synonyms, but the United States Food and Drug Administration has in fact defined most of these as different concepts. Sometimes the term "depot tablet" is used by non-native speakers, but this is not found in any English dictionaries and is a literal translation of the term used in Swedish and some other languages.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Modified-release dosage and its variants are mechanisms used in tablets (pills) and capsules to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released slower and steadier into the bloodstream while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release (IR) formulations of the same drug. For example, extended-release morphine enables people with chronic pain to only take one or two tablets per day.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Most commonly it refers to time-dependent release in oral dose formulations. Timed release has several distinct variants such as sustained release where prolonged release is intended, pulse release, delayed release (e.g. to target different regions of the GI tract) etc. A distinction of controlled release is that it not only prolongs action, but it attempts to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window to avoid potentially hazardous peaks in drug concentration following ingestion or injection and to maximize therapeutic efficiency.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: In addition to pills, the mechanism can also apply to capsules and injectable drug carriers (that often have an additional release function), forms of controlled release medicines include gels, implants and devices (e.g. the vaginal ring and contraceptive implant) and transdermal patches.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Examples for cosmetic, personal care, and food science applications often centre on odour or flavour release.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: The release technology scientific and industrial community is represented by the Controlled Release Society (CRS). The CRS is the worldwide society for delivery science and technologies. CRS serves more than 1,600 members from more than 50 countries. Two-thirds of CRS membership is represented by industry and one-third represents academia and government. CRS is affiliated with the "Journal of Controlled Release" and "Drug Delivery and Translational Research" scientific journals.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: There is no industry standard for these abbreviations, and confusion and misreading have sometimes caused prescribing errors. Clear handwriting is necessary. For some drugs with multiple formulations, putting the meaning in parentheses is advisable.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: A few other abbreviations are similar to these (in that they may serve as suffixes) but refer to dose rather than release rate. They include "ES" and "XS" (Extra Strength).


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Today, most time-release drugs are formulated so that the active ingredient is embedded in a matrix of insoluble substance(s) (various: some acrylics, even chitin; these substances are often patented) such that the dissolving drug must find its way out through the holes.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: In some SR formulations, the drug dissolves into the matrix, and the matrix physically swells to form a gel, allowing the drug to exit through the gel's outer surface.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Micro-encapsulation is also regarded as a more complete technology to produce complex dissolution profiles. Through coating an active pharmaceutical ingredient around an inert core and layering it with insoluble substances to form a microsphere, one can obtain more consistent and replicable dissolution rates in a convenient format that can be mixed and matched with other instant release pharmaceutical ingredients into any two piece gelatin capsule.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: The biological half-life of the drug refers to the drug's elimination from the bloodstream which can be caused by metabolism, urine, and other forms of excretion. If the active compound has a long half-life (over 6 hours), it is sustained on its own. If the active compound has a short half-life, it would require a large amount to maintain a prolonged effective dose. In this case, a broad therapeutic window is necessary to avoid toxicity; otherwise, the risk is unwarranted and another mode of administration would be recommended. Appropriate half-lives used to apply sustained methods are typically 3–4 hours and a drug greater than 0.5 grams is too big.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: The therapeutic index also factors whether a drug can be used as a time release drug. A drug with a thin therapeutic range, or small therapeutic index, will be determined unfit for a sustained release mechanism in partial fear of dose dumping which can prove fatal at the conditions mentioned. For a drug that is made to be released over time, the objective is to stay within the therapeutic range as long as needed.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Diffusion systems' rate release is dependent on the rate at which the drug dissolves through a barrier which is usually a type of polymer. Diffusion systems can be broken into two subcategories, reservoir devices and matrix devices.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Dissolution systems must have the system dissolved slowly in order for the drug to have sustained release properties which can be achieved by using appropriate salts and/or derivatives as well as coating the drug with a dissolving material. It is used for drug compounds with high solubility in water. When the drug is covered with some slow dissolving coat, it will eventually release the drug. Instead of diffusion, the drug release depends on the solubility and thickness of the coating. Because of this mechanism, the dissolution will be the rate limiting factor for drug release. Dissolution systems can be broken down to subcategories called reservoir devices and matrix devices.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery systems (OROS) have the form of a rigid tablet with a semi-permeable outer membrane and one or more small laser drilled holes in it. As the tablet passes through the body, water is absorbed through the semipermeable membrane via osmosis, and the resulting osmotic pressure is used to push the active drug through the opening(s) in the tablet. OROS is a trademarked name owned by ALZA Corporation, which pioneered the use of osmotic pumps for oral drug delivery.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Osmotic release systems have a number of major advantages over other controlled-release mechanisms. They are significantly less affected by factors such as pH, food intake, GI motility, and differing intestinal environments. Using an osmotic pump to deliver drugs has additional inherent advantages regarding control over drug delivery rates. This allows for much more precise drug delivery over an extended period of time, which results in much more predictable pharmacokinetics. However, osmotic release systems are relatively complicated, somewhat difficult to manufacture, and may cause irritation or even blockage of the GI tract due to prolonged release of irritating drugs from the non-deformable tablet.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: In the ion-exchange method, the resins are cross-linked water-insoluble polymers that contain ionisable functional groups that form a repeating pattern of polymers, creating a polymer chain. The drug is attached to the resin and is released when an appropriate interaction of ions and ion exchange groups occur. The area and length of the drug release and number of cross-link polymers dictate the rate at which the drug is released, determining the SR effect.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: A floating system is a system where it floats on gastric fluids due to low density. The density of the gastric fluids is about 1 g/mL; thus, the drug/tablet administered must have a smaller density. The buoyancy will allow the system to float to the top of the stomach and release at a slower rate without worry of excreting it. This system requires that there are enough gastric fluids present as well as food. Many types of forms of drugs use this method such as powders, capsules, and tablets.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Bio-adhesive systems generally are meant to stick to mucus and can be favorable for mouth based interactions due to high mucus levels in the general area but not as simple for other areas. Magnetic materials can be added to the drug so another magnet can hold it from outside the body to assist in holding the system in place. However, there is low patient compliance with this system.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: The matrix system is the mixture of materials with the drug, which will cause the drug to slow down. However, this system has several subcategories: hydrophobic matrices, lipid matrices, hydrophilic matrices, biodegradable matrices, and mineral matrices.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Examples of stimuli that may be used to bring about release include pH, enzymes, light, magnetic fields, temperature, ultrasonics, osmosis, cellular traction forces, and electronic control of MEMS and NEMS.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Spherical hydrogels, in micro-size (50-600 µm diameter) with 3-dimensional cross-linked polymer, can be used as drug carrier to control the release of the drug. These hydrogels are called microgels. They may possess a negative charge as example DC-beads. By ion-exchange mechanism, a large amount of oppositely charged amphiphilic drugs can be loaded inside these microgels. Then, the release of these drugs can be controlled by a specific triggering factor like pH, ionic strength or temperature.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Some time release formulations do not work properly if split, such as controlled-release tablet coatings, while other formulations such as micro-encapsulation still work if the microcapsules inside are swallowed whole.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Among the health information technology (HIT) that pharmacists use are medication safety tools to help manage this problem. For example, the ISMP "do not crush" list can be entered into the system so that warning stickers can be printed at the point of dispensing, to be stuck on the pill bottle.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: Pharmaceutical companies that do not supply a range of half-dose and quarter-dose versions of time-release tablets can make it difficult for patients to be slowly tapered off their drugs.


title: Modified-release dosage

text: The earliest SR drugs are associated with a patent in 1938 by Israel Lipowski, who coated pellets which led to coating particles. The science of controlled release developed further with more oral sustained-release products in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the development of controlled release of marine anti-foulants in the 1950s, and controlled release fertilizer in the 1970s where sustained and controlled delivery of nutrients was achieved following a single application to the soil. Delivery is usually effected by dissolution, degradation, or disintegration of an excipient in which the active compound is formulated. Enteric coating and other encapsulation technologies can further modify release profiles.


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: The microwave auditory effect, also known as the microwave hearing effect or the Frey effect, consists of the human perception of audible clicks, or even speech, induced by pulsed or modulated radio frequencies. The communications are generated directly inside the human head without the need of any receiving electronic device. The effect was first reported by persons working in the vicinity of radar transponders during World War II. In 1961, the American neuroscientist Allan H. Frey studied this phenomenon and was the first to publish information on the nature of the microwave auditory effect. The cause is thought to be thermoelastic expansion of portions of the auditory apparatus, although competing theories explain the results of holographic interferometry tests differently.


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: Allan H. Frey was the first American to publish on the microwave auditory effect (MAE). Frey's "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy" appeared in the "Journal of Applied Physiology" in 1961. In his experiments, the subjects were discovered to be able to hear appropriately pulsed microwave radiation, from a distance of a few inches to hundreds of feet from the transmitter. In Frey's tests, a repetition rate of 50 Hz was used, with pulse width between 10–70 microseconds. The perceived loudness was found to be linked to the peak power density, instead of average power density. At 1.245 GHz, the peak power density for perception was below 80 mW/cm. According to Frey, the induced sounds were described as "a buzz, clicking, hiss, or knocking, depending on several transmitter parameters, i.e., pulse width and pulse-repetition rate". By changing transmitter parameters, Frey was able to induce the "perception of severe buffeting of the head, without such apparent vestibular symptoms as dizziness or nausea". Other transmitter parameters induced a pins and needles sensation. Frey experimented with nerve-deaf subjects, and speculated that the human detecting mechanism was in the cochlea, but at the time of the experiment the results were inconclusive due to factors such as tinnitus.


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: Auditory sensations of clicking or buzzing have been reported by some workers at modern-day microwave transmitting sites that emit pulsed microwave radiation. Auditory responses to transmitted frequencies from approximately 200 MHz to at least 3 GHz have been reported. The cause is thought to be thermoelastic expansion of portions of auditory apparatus, and the generally accepted mechanism is rapid (but minuscule, in the range of 10 °C) heating of brain by each pulse, and the resulting pressure wave traveling through the skull to the cochlea.


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: In 1975, an article by neuropsychologist Don Justesen discussing radiation effects on human perception referred to an experiment by Joseph C. Sharp and Mark Grove at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research during which Sharp and Grove reportedly were able to recognize nine out of ten words transmitted by "voice modulated microwaves". Since the radiation levels approached the (then current) 10 mW/cm² limit of safe exposure, critics have observed that under such conditions brain damage from thermal effects of high power microwave radiation would occur, and there was "no conclusive evidence for MAE at lower energy densities".


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: In 2003–04, WaveBand Corp. had a contract from the U.S. Navy for the design of an MAE system they called MEDUSA (Mob Excess Deterrent Using Silent Audio) that was intended to temporarily incapacitate personnel through remote application. Reportedly, Sierra Nevada Corp. took over the contract from WaveBand. Experts, such as Kenneth Foster, a University of Pennsylvania bioengineering professor who published research on the microwave auditory effect in 1974, have discounted the effectiveness of the proposed device. Foster said that because of human biophysics, the device "would kill you well before you were bothered by the noise". According to former professor at the University of Washington Bill Guy, "There’s a misunderstanding by the public and even some scientists about this auditory effect," and "there couldn’t possibly be a hazard from the sound, because the heat would get you first".


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: Microwave effects have been proposed as the cause of otherwise unexplained illnesses of U.S. diplomats in Cuba and China occurring since 2017 and 2018. However, this explanation has been debated. Bioengineer Kenneth R. Foster noted of the health effects observed in the diplomats, "it's crazy, but it's sure as heck not microwaves." As of October 2021, a microwave cause remains one of the major hypotheses.


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: Numerous individuals suffering from auditory hallucinations, delusional disorders, or other mental illnesses have claimed that government agents use forms of mind control technologies based on microwave signals to transmit sounds and thoughts into their heads as a form of electronic harassment, referring to the alleged technology as "voice to skull" or "V2K".


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: There are extensive online support networks and numerous websites maintained by people fearing mind control. California psychiatrist Alan Drucker has identified evidence of delusional disorders on many of these websites and other psychologists are divided over whether such sites reinforce mental troubles, or act as a form of group social support.


title: Microwave auditory effect

text: Psychologists have identified many examples of people reporting 'mind control experiences' (MCEs) on self-published web pages that are "highly likely to be influenced by delusional beliefs". Common themes include "Bad Guys" using "psychotronics" and "microwaves", frequent mention of the CIA's MKULTRA project, and frequent citing of Frey's 1962 paper entitled "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy".


title: Deeksha Seth

text: Deeksha Seth (born 14 February 1990) is an Indian actress and model. A finalist in Femina Miss India in 2009, she made her acting debut in the Telugu film "Vedam" (2010).


title: Deeksha Seth

text: Seth was born on 14 February 1990 in Delhi. Since her father was working for ITC Limited and was often transferred, her family has been shifting regularly and living in various parts of India, including Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh as well as in Kathmandu, Nepal. She finished her nursery and schooling up to third class in Chennai, and enrolled at a college in Mumbai. She attended a boarding school at Mayo College Girls' School, Ajmer. She has one elder sister, who is currently living and working in Mumbai. She cites that she wanted to become an marine archaeologist.


title: Deeksha Seth

text: During her first year at college in 2009, she was spotted by a Femina Miss India contest scout during an NSS event, who persuaded her into modeling and to participate at the beauty pageant. She created a portfolio with the help of a friend of her father, and competed in the contest. In spite of her lack of modeling experience, she was one of the top 10 finalists, winning the Fresh Face title.


title: Deeksha Seth

text: During a modeling assignment in Hyderabad, the casting director of the Telugu film "Vedam" by Krish, had spotted her. She was cast for the role of Pooja, the rich girlfriend of the lead character Cable Raju (portrayed by Allu Arjun), after 70 girls were rejected by the makers, citing that she "loved the script and decided to give it a shot". "Vedam", an anthology drama film, opened to high critical acclaim, winning accolades at various award functions. In quick succession, she signed two more films, with the Ravi Teja-starrer "Mirapakay" releasing next, which emerged a high commercial success. Two weeks later after "Mirapakaay", the action drama "Wanted" with Gopichand, which constituted her debut as a lead female character, released and ended up as a box-office bomb. She has been signed for three more Telugu projects, "Rebel" alongside Prabhas and Tamannaah, "Nippu" opposite Ravi Teja again, and the socio-fantasy film "Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?". She was also roped in for two Tamil films, Suseenthiran's "Rajapattai" with Vikram, as well as the Silambarasan-starrer "Vettai Mannan", scheduled to release in 2013.


title: Divergent series

text: In mathematics, a divergent series is an infinite series that is not convergent, meaning that the infinite sequence of the partial sums of the series does not have a finite limit.


title: Divergent series

text: If a series converges, the individual terms of the series must approach zero. Thus any series in which the individual terms do not approach zero diverges. However, convergence is a stronger condition: not all series whose terms approach zero converge. A counterexample is the harmonic series


title: Divergent series

text: In specialized mathematical contexts, values can be objectively assigned to certain series whose sequences of partial sums diverge, in order to make meaning of the divergence of the series. A "summability method" or "summation method" is a partial function from the set of series to values. For example, Cesàro summation assigns Grandi's divergent series


title: Divergent series

text: the value . Cesàro summation is an "averaging" method, in that it relies on the arithmetic mean of the sequence of partial sums. Other methods involve analytic continuations of related series. In physics, there are a wide variety of summability methods; these are discussed in greater detail in the article on regularization.


title: Divergent series

text: Before the 19th century, divergent series were widely used by Leonhard Euler and others, but often led to confusing and contradictory results. A major problem was Euler's idea that any divergent series should have a natural sum, without first defining what is meant by the sum of a divergent series. Augustin-Louis Cauchy eventually gave a rigorous definition of the sum of a (convergent) series, and for some time after this, divergent series were mostly excluded from mathematics. They reappeared in 1886 with Henri Poincaré's work on asymptotic series. In 1890, Ernesto Cesàro realized that one could give a rigorous definition of the sum of some divergent series, and defined Cesàro summation. (This was not the first use of Cesàro summation, which was used implicitly by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius in 1880; Cesàro's key contribution was not the discovery of this method, but his idea that one should give an explicit definition of the sum of a divergent series.) In the years after Cesàro's paper, several other mathematicians gave other definitions of the sum of a divergent series, although these are not always compatible: different definitions can give different answers for the sum of the same divergent series; so, when talking about the sum of a divergent series, it is necessary to specify which summation method one is using.


title: Divergent series

text: A summability method "M" is "regular" if it agrees with the actual limit on all convergent series. Such a result is called an "Abelian theorem" for "M", from the prototypical Abel's theorem. More subtle, are partial converse results, called "Tauberian theorems", from a prototype proved by Alfred Tauber. Here "partial converse" means that if "M" sums the series "Σ", and some side-condition holds, then "Σ" was convergent in the first place; without any side-condition such a result would say that "M" only summed convergent series (making it useless as a summation method for divergent series).


title: Divergent series

text: The function giving the sum of a convergent series is "linear", and it follows from the Hahn–Banach theorem that it may be extended to a summation method summing any series with bounded partial sums. This is called the "Banach limit". This fact is not very useful in practice, since there are many such extensions, inconsistent with each other, and also since proving such operators exist requires invoking the axiom of choice or its equivalents, such as Zorn's lemma. They are therefore nonconstructive.


title: Divergent series

text: The subject of divergent series, as a domain of mathematical analysis, is primarily concerned with explicit and natural techniques such as Abel summation, Cesàro summation and Borel summation, and their relationships. The advent of Wiener's tauberian theorem marked an epoch in the subject, introducing unexpected connections to Banach algebra methods in Fourier analysis.


title: Divergent series

text: Summation of divergent series is also related to extrapolation methods and sequence transformations as numerical techniques. Examples of such techniques are Padé approximants, Levin-type sequence transformations, and order-dependent mappings related to renormalization techniques for large-order perturbation theory in quantum mechanics.


title: Divergent series

text: Summation methods usually concentrate on the sequence of partial sums of the series. While this sequence does not converge, we may often find that when we take an average of larger and larger numbers of initial terms of the sequence, the average converges, and we can use this average instead of a limit to evaluate the sum of the series. A "summation method" can be seen as a function from a set of sequences of partial sums to values. If A is any summation method assigning values to a set of sequences, we may mechanically translate this to a "series-summation method" A that assigns the same values to the corresponding series. There are certain properties it is desirable for these methods to possess if they are to arrive at values corresponding to limits and sums, respectively.


title: Divergent series

text: The third condition is less important, and some significant methods, such as Borel summation, do not possess it.


title: Divergent series

text: A desirable property for two distinct summation methods A and B to share is "consistency": A and B are consistent if for every sequence "s" to which both assign a value, (Using this language, a summation method A is regular iff it is consistent with the standard sum Σ.) If two methods are consistent, and one sums more series than the other, the one summing more series is "stronger".


title: Divergent series

text: There are powerful numerical summation methods that are neither regular nor linear, for instance nonlinear sequence transformations like Levin-type sequence transformations and Padé approximants, as well as the order-dependent mappings of perturbative series based on renormalization techniques.


title: Divergent series

text: Taking regularity, linearity and stability as axioms, it is possible to sum many divergent series by elementary algebraic manipulations. This partly explains why many different summation methods give the same answer for certain series.


title: Divergent series

text: can be evaluated regardless of convergence. More rigorously, any summation method that possesses these properties and which assigns a finite value to the geometric series must assign this value. However, when "r" is a real number larger than 1, the partial sums increase without bound, and averaging methods assign a limit of infinity.


title: Divergent series

text: The two classical summation methods for series, ordinary convergence and absolute convergence, define the sum as a limit of certain partial sums. These are included only for completeness; strictly speaking they are not true summation methods for divergent series since, by definition, a series is divergent only if these methods do not work. Most but not all summation methods for divergent series extend these methods to a larger class of sequences.


title: Divergent series

text: Absolute convergence defines the sum of a sequence (or set) of numbers to be the limit of the net of all partial sums , if it exists. It does not depend on the order of the elements of the sequence, and a classical theorem says that a sequence is absolutely convergent if and only if the sequence of absolute values is convergent in the standard sense.


title: Divergent series

text: Cauchy's classical definition of the sum of a series defines the sum to be the limit of the sequence of partial sums . This is the default definition of convergence of a sequence.


title: Divergent series

text: The most significant of the Nørlund means are the Cesàro sums. Here, if we define the sequence "p" by


title: Divergent series

text: then the Cesàro sum "C" is defined by Cesàro sums are Nørlund means if , and hence are regular, linear, stable, and consistent. "C" is ordinary summation, and "C" is ordinary Cesàro summation. Cesàro sums have the property that if then "C" is stronger than "C".


title: Divergent series

text: More generally, if the series for "f" only converges for large "x" but can be analytically continued to all positive real "x", then one can still define the sum of the divergent series by the limit above.


title: Divergent series

text: A series of this type is known as a generalized Dirichlet series; in applications to physics, this is known as the method of "heat-kernel regularization".


title: Divergent series

text: Abelian means are regular and linear, but not stable and not always consistent between different choices of "λ". However, some special cases are very important summation methods.


title: Divergent series

text: where "z" = exp(−"x"). Then the limit of "f"("x") as "x" approaches 0 through positive reals is the limit of the power series for "f"("z") as "z" approaches 1 from below through positive reals, and the Abel sum "A"("s") is defined as


title: Divergent series

text: Abel summation is interesting in part because it is consistent with but more powerful than Cesàro summation: whenever the latter is defined. The Abel sum is therefore regular, linear, stable, and consistent with Cesàro summation.


title: Divergent series

text: Then "L"("s"), the "Lindelöf sum" , is the limit of "f"("x") as "x" goes to positive zero. The Lindelöf sum is a powerful method when applied to power series among other applications, summing power series in the Mittag-Leffler star.


title: Divergent series

text: If "g"("z") is analytic in a disk around zero, and hence has a Maclaurin series "G"("z") with a positive radius of convergence, then in the Mittag-Leffler star. Moreover, convergence to "g"("z") is uniform on compact subsets of the star.


title: Divergent series

text: If Σ"a""x" converges for small complex "x" and can be analytically continued along some path from "x" = 0 to the point "x" = 1, then the sum of the series can be defined to be the value at "x" = 1. This value may depend on the choice of path. One of the first examples of potentially different sums for a divergent series, using analytic continuation, was given by Callet, who observed that if formula_14 then


title: Divergent series

text: Euler summation is essentially an explicit form of analytic continuation. If a power series converges for small complex "z" and can be analytically continued to the open disk with diameter from to 1 and is continuous at 1, then its value at "q" is called the Euler or (E,"q") sum of the series Σ"a". Euler used it before analytic continuation was defined in general, and gave explicit formulas for the power series of the analytic continuation.


title: Divergent series

text: The operation of Euler summation can be repeated several times, and this is essentially equivalent to taking an analytic continuation of a power series to the point "z" = 1.


title: Divergent series

text: This method defines the sum of a series to be the value of the analytic continuation of the Dirichlet series


title: Divergent series

text: at "s" = 0, if this exists and is unique. This method is sometimes confused with zeta function regularization.


title: Divergent series

text: If "s" = 0 is an isolated singularity, the sum is defined by the constant term of the Laurent series expansion.


title: Divergent series

text: (for positive values of the "a") converges for large real "s" and can be analytically continued along the real line to "s" = −1, then its value at "s" = −1 is called the zeta regularized sum of the series "a" + "a" + ... Zeta function regularization is nonlinear. In applications, the numbers "a" are sometimes the eigenvalues of a self-adjoint operator "A" with compact resolvent, and "f"("s") is then the trace of "A". For example, if "A" has eigenvalues 1, 2, 3, ... then "f"("s") is the Riemann zeta function, "ζ"("s"), whose value at "s" = −1 is −, assigning a value to the divergent series . Other values of "s" can also be used to assign values for the divergent sums , and in general


title: Divergent series

text: If "J"("x") = Σ"p""x" is an integral function, then the "J" sum of the series "a" + ... is defined to be


title: Divergent series

text: There is a variation of this method where the series for "J" has a finite radius of convergence "r" and diverges at "x" = "r". In this case one defines the sum as above, except taking the limit as "x" tends to "r" rather than infinity.


title: Divergent series

text: Valiron's method is a generalization of Borel summation to certain more general integral functions "J". Valiron showed that under certain conditions it is equivalent to defining the sum of a series as


title: Divergent series

text: where "H" is the second derivative of "G" and "c"("n") = "e", and "a" + ... + "a" is to be interpreted as 0 when "h" < 0.


title: Divergent series

text: converges for all "x" in the support of "μ", then the ("dμ") sum of the series is defined to be the value of the integral


title: Divergent series

text: if it is defined. (If the numbers "μ" increase too rapidly then they do not uniquely determine the measure "μ".)


title: Divergent series

text: For example, if "dμ" = "e" "dx" for positive "x" and 0 for negative "x" then "μ" = "n"!, and this gives one version of Borel summation, where the value of a sum is given by


title: Divergent series

text: There is a generalization of this depending on a variable "α", called the (B′,"α") sum, where the sum of a series "a" + ... is defined to be


title: Divergent series

text: if this integral exists. A further generalization is to replace the sum under the integral by its analytic continuation from small "t".


title: Divergent series

text: This summation method works by using an extension to the real numbers known as the hyperreal numbers. Since the hyperreal numbers include distinct infinite values, these numbers can be used to represent the values of divergent series. The key method is to designate a particular infinite value that is being summed, usually formula_31, which is used as a unit of infinity. Instead of summing to an arbitrary infinity (as is typically done with formula_32), the BGN method sums to the specific hyperreal infinite value labeled formula_31. Therefore, the summations are of the form


title: Divergent series

text: This allows the usage of standard formulas for finite series such as arithmetic progressions in an infinite context. For instance, using this method, the sum of the progression formula_35 is formula_36, or, using just the most significant infinite hyperreal part, formula_37.


title: Divergent series

text: In 1812 Hutton introduced a method of summing divergent series by starting with the sequence of partial sums, and repeatedly applying the operation of replacing a sequence "s", "s", ... by the sequence of averages , , ..., and then taking the limit .


title: Divergent series

text: Albert Ingham showed that if "δ" is any positive number then (C,−"δ") (Cesàro) summability implies Ingham summability, and Ingham summability implies (C,"δ") summability .


title: Divergent series

text: If a series is (C,"k") (Cesàro) summable for any "k" then it is Lambert summable to the same value, and if a series is Lambert summable then it is Abel summable to the same value .


title: Divergent series

text: Ramanujan summation is a method of assigning a value to divergent series used by Ramanujan and based on the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula. The Ramanujan sum of a series "f"(0) + "f"(1) + ... depends not only on the values of "f" at integers, but also on values of the function "f" at non-integral points, so it is not really a summation method in the sense of this article.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Anastasius I Dicorus (; – 9 July 518) was Eastern Roman emperor from 491 to 518. A career civil servant, he came to the throne at the age of 61 after being chosen by the wife of his predecessor, Zeno. His reign was characterised by reforms and improvements in the government, finances, economy, and bureaucracy of the Empire. He is noted for leaving the empire with a stable government, reinvigorated monetary economy and a sizeable budget surplus, which allowed the Empire to pursue more ambitious policies under his successors, most notably Justinian I. Since many of Anastasius' reforms proved long-lasting, his influence over the Empire endured for many centuries.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Anastasius was a Miaphysite and his personal religious tendencies caused tensions throughout his reign in the Empire which was becoming increasingly divided along religious lines. He is venerated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church on 29 July.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Anastasius was born at Dyrrachium; the date is unknown, but is thought to have been no later than 431. He was born into an Illyrian family. Anastasius had one black eye and one blue eye (heterochromia), and for that reason he was nicknamed "Dicorus" (, "two-pupiled"). Before becoming emperor, Anastasius was a particularly successful administrator in the department of finance.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Anastasius is known to have had a brother named Paulus, who served as consul in 496. With a woman known as Magna, Paulus was father to Irene, who married Olybrius. This Olybrius was the son of Anicia Juliana and Areobindus Dagalaifus Areobindus. The daughter of Olybrius and Irene was named Proba. She married Probus and was mother to a younger Juliana. This younger Juliana married another Anastasius and was mother of Areobindus, Placidia, and a younger Proba, who married Flavius Anastasius, born in 530, maternal grandson of Theodora, and mother of Areobindus, born in 550, and Placidia, born in 552 and wife of John Mystacon. Another nephew of Anastasius was Flavius Probus, consul in 502. Anastasius' sister, Caesaria, married Secundinus, and gave birth to Hypatius and Pompeius. Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Moschianus Probus Magnus, consul in 518, was a great-nephew of Anastasius. His daughter Juliana later married Marcellus, a brother of Justin II. The extensive family may well have included several viable candidates for the throne.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Following the death of Zeno (491), there is strong evidence that many Roman citizens wanted an emperor who was an Orthodox Christian and a Roman proper. In the weeks following Zeno's death, crowds gathered in Constantinople chanting "Give the Empire an Orthodox Emperor!" Under such pressure, Ariadne, Zeno's widow, turned to Anastasius. Anastasius was in his sixties at the time of his ascension to the throne. It is noteworthy that Ariadne chose Anastasius over Zeno's brother Longinus, who was arguably the more logical choice; this upset the Isaurians. It was also not appreciated by the circus factions, the Blues and the Greens. These groups combined aspects of street gangs and political parties and had been patronised by Longinus. The Blues and Greens subsequently repeatedly rioted, causing serious loss of life and damage. Religiously, Anastasius' sympathies were with the Monophysites. Consequently, as a condition of his rule, the Patriarch of Constantinople required that he pledge not to repudiate the Council of Chalcedon.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Ariadne married Anastasius on 20 May 491, shortly after his accession on 11 April. He gained popular favour by a judicious remission of taxation, in particular by abolishing the hated tax on receipts which was mostly paid by the poor. He displayed great vigour and energy in administering the affairs of the Empire. His reforms improved the empire's tax base and pulled it from financial depression and bleak morale. By the end of his reign, it is claimed that the treasury had 320,000 lb gold reserve.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Under Anastasius the Eastern Roman Empire engaged in the Isaurian War against the usurper Longinus and the Anastasian War against Sassanid Persia.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: The Isaurian War (492–497) was stirred up by the Isaurian supporters of Longinus, the brother of Zeno, who was passed over for the throne in favour of Anastasius. The battle of Cotyaeum in 492 broke the back of the revolt, but guerrilla warfare continued in the Isaurian mountains for several years. The resistance in the mountains hinged upon the Isaurians' retention of Papirius Castle. The war lasted five years, but Anastasius passed legislation related to the economy in the mid-490s, suggesting that the Isaurian War did not absorb all of the energy and resources of the government. After five years, the Isaurian resistance was broken; large numbers of Isaurians were forcibly relocated to Thrace, to ensure that they would not revolt again.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: During the Anastasian War of 502–505 with the Sassanid Persians, the Sassanids captured the cities of Theodosiopolis and Amida, although the Romans later received Amida in exchange for gold. The Persian provinces also suffered severely and a peace was concluded in 506. Anastasius afterward built the strong fortress of Daras, which was named Anastasiopolis, to hold the Persians at Nisibis in check. The Balkan provinces were denuded of troops, however, and were devastated by invasions of Slavs and Bulgars; to protect Constantinople and its vicinity against them, the emperor built the Anastasian Wall, extending from the Propontis to the Black Sea. He converted his home city, Dyrrachium, into one of the most fortified cities on the Adriatic with the construction of Durrës Castle.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: The Emperor was a convinced Miaphysite, following the teachings of Cyril of Alexandria and Severus of Antioch who taught "One Incarnate Nature of Christ" in an undivided union of the Divine and human natures. However, his ecclesiastical policy was moderate. He endeavoured to maintain the principle of the Henotikon of Zeno and the peace of the church. Yet, in 512, perhaps emboldened after his military success against the Persians, Anastasius I deposed the Patriarch of Chalcedon and replaced him with a Monophysite. This violated his agreement with the Patriarch of Constantinople and precipitated riots in Chalcedon. The following year the general Vitalian started a rebellion, quickly defeating an imperial army and marching on Constantinople. With the army closing in, Anastasius gave Vitalian the title of Commander of the Army of Thrace and began communicating with the Pope regarding a potential end to the Acacian schism. Two years later, General Marinus attacked Vitalian and forced him and his troops to the northern part of Thrace. Following the conclusion of this conflict, Anastasius had undisputed control of the Empire until his death in 518.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: The "Anonymous Valesianus" gives a (most likely fictional) account of Anastasius attempting to predict his successor: Anastasius did not know which of his three nephews would succeed him, so he put a message under one of three couches and had his nephews take seats in the room. He believed that the nephew who sat on the couch with the message would be his heir. However, two of his nephews sat on the same couch, and the one with the concealed message remained empty. After putting the matter to God in prayer, he determined that the first person to enter his room the next morning would be the next emperor, and that person turned out to be Justin, the chief of his guards.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Anastasius died childless in Constantinople on 9 July 518. He was 90 and a half years old according to the later chronicles of John Malalas ( 491–578) and the "Chronicon Paschale" ( 630). The early 6th-century historian Victor of Tunnuna states that he died at the age of 88, a figure accepted by most modern historians.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: He became the last emperor known to be consecrated as divus on his death. Anastasius left the Imperial treasury with 23,000,000 "solidi", which is 320,000 pounds of gold or . The illiterate, peasant-born Justin then became the next emperor. Meanwhile, his nephew and future heir Justinian engrossed himself in the life of Constantinople.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Anastasius is famous for showing an uncommon interest in administrative efficiency and issues concerning the economy. Whenever it was possible in governmental transactions, he altered the method of payment from goods to hard currency. This practice decreased the potential for embezzlement and the need for transportation and storage of supplies. It also allowed for easier accounting. He also applied this practice to taxes, mandating that taxes be paid with cash rather than with goods. He eliminated the practice of providing soldiers with their arms and uniforms; instead he allotted each soldier a generous sum of money with which to purchase their own. These changes to imperial policy seem to have worked well; taxpayers often paid smaller tax bills than they had before, while government revenue increased. The increase in revenue allowed the emperor to pay soldiers a higher wage, which attracted native Roman soldiers to the military, as opposed to the barbarian and Isaurian mercenaries which some previous emperors had been forced to rely on. Anastasius is often cited for his "prudent management" of the empire's finances.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: Amidst these reforms, though, Anastasius continued the practice of selling official positions. He sold so many that he has been accused of having facilitated the creation of a civilian aristocracy. This claim is strengthened by the growth in influence of families that often held high level positions in the government, such as the Apiones from Egypt. This has puzzled historians, given that the emperor seems to have minimised government corruption/inefficiency in other areas. Anastasius I also gave official positions to his close friend General Celer, his brother-in-law, his brother, his nephews, and his grand-nephews.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: The complex monetary system of the early Byzantine Empire, which suffered a partial collapse in the mid-5th century, was revived by Anastasius in 498. The new system involved three denominations of gold, the "solidus" and its half and third; and five of copper, the "follis", worth 40 "nummi", and its fractions down to a "nummus". It would seem that the new currency quickly became an important part of trade with other regions. A follis coin has been found in the Charjou desert, north of the River Oxus. Four solidi from his reign have been recovered as far from the Roman Empire as China. China might seem an unlikely trading partner, but the Romans and the Chinese were probably able to do business via Central Asian merchants travelling along the Silk Roads. Some Roman trading partners attempted to replicate the coins of Anastasius. The currency created by Anastasius stayed in use and circulated widely for long after his reign.


title: Anastasius I Dicorus

text: A 40-"nummi" coin of Anastasius is depicted on the obverse of North Macedonia's 50 denar banknote, issued in 1996.


title: Compressibility factor

text: In thermodynamics, the compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behaviour. It is simply defined as the ratio of the molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. It is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for the real gas behaviour. In general, deviation from ideal behaviour becomes more significant the closer a gas is to a phase change, the lower the temperature or the larger the pressure. Compressibility factor values are usually obtained by calculation from equations of state (EOS), such as the virial equation which take compound-specific empirical constants as input. For a gas that is a mixture of two or more pure gases (air or natural gas, for example), the gas composition must be known before compressibility can be calculated.


title: Compressibility factor

text: Alternatively, the compressibility factor for specific gases can be read from generalized compressibility charts that plot formula_1 as a function of pressure at constant temperature.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The compressibility factor should not be confused with the compressibility (also known as coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) of a material, which is the measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid in response to a pressure change.


title: Compressibility factor

text: where p is the pressure, formula_3 is the density of the gas and formula_4 is the specific gas constant, formula_5 being the molar mass, and the formula_6 is the absolute temperature (kelvin or Rankine scale).


title: Compressibility factor

text: where p is the pressure, n is the number of moles of gas, formula_6 is the absolute temperature, and formula_9 is the gas constant.


title: Compressibility factor

text: For an ideal gas the compressibility factor is formula_10 per definition. In many real world applications requirements for accuracy demand that deviations from ideal gas behaviour, i.e., real gas behaviour, be taken into account. The value of formula_1 generally increases with pressure and decreases with temperature. At high pressures molecules are colliding more often. This allows repulsive forces between molecules to have a noticeable effect, making the molar volume of the real gas (formula_12) greater than the molar volume of the corresponding ideal gas (formula_13), which causes formula_1 to exceed one. When pressures are lower, the molecules are free to move. In this case attractive forces dominate, making formula_15. The closer the gas is to its critical point or its boiling point, the more formula_1 deviates from the ideal case.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The unique relationship between the compressibility factor and the reduced temperature, formula_18, and the reduced pressure, formula_19, was first recognized by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873 and is known as the two-parameter principle of corresponding states. The principle of corresponding states expresses the generalization that the properties of a gas which are dependent on intermolecular forces are related to the critical properties of the gas in a universal way. That provides a most important basis for developing correlations of molecular properties.


title: Compressibility factor

text: As for the compressibility of gases, the principle of corresponding states indicates that any pure gas at the same reduced temperature, formula_18, and reduced pressure, formula_19, should have the same compressibility factor.


title: Compressibility factor

text: Here formula_24 and formula_25 are known as the critical temperature and critical pressure of a gas. They are characteristics of each specific gas with formula_24 being the temperature above which it is not possible to liquify a given gas and formula_25 is the minimum pressure required to liquify a given gas at its critical temperature. Together they define the critical point of a fluid above which distinct liquid and gas phases of a given fluid do not exist.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data for real gases varies from one pure gas to another. However, when the compressibility factors of various single-component gases are graphed versus pressure along with temperature isotherms many of the graphs exhibit similar isotherm shapes.


title: Compressibility factor

text: In order to obtain a generalized graph that can be used for many different gases, the reduced pressure and temperature, formula_19 and formula_18, are used to normalize the compressibility factor data. Figure 2 is an example of a generalized compressibility factor graph derived from hundreds of experimental PVT data points of 10 pure gases, namely methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-hexane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and steam.


title: Compressibility factor

text: There are more detailed generalized compressibility factor graphs based on as many as 25 or more different pure gases, such as the Nelson-Obert graphs. Such graphs are said to have an accuracy within 1–2 percent for formula_1 values greater than 0.6 and within 4–6 percent for formula_1 values of 0.3–0.6.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The generalized compressibility factor graphs may be considerably in error for strongly polar gases which are gases for which the centers of positive and negative charge do not coincide. In such cases the estimate for formula_1 may be in error by as much as 15–20 percent.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The quantum gases hydrogen, helium, and neon do not conform to the corresponding-states behavior and the reduced pressure and temperature for those three gases should be redefined in the following manner to improve the accuracy of predicting their compressibility factors when using the generalized graphs:


title: Compressibility factor

text: In order to read a compressibility chart, the reduced pressure and temperature must be known. If either the reduced pressure or temperature is unknown, the reduced specific volume must be found. Unlike the reduced pressure and temperature, the reduced specific volume is not found by using the critical volume. The reduced specific volume is defined by,


title: Compressibility factor

text: Once two of the three reduced properties are found, the compressibility chart can be used. In a compressibility chart, reduced pressure is on the x-axis and Z is on the y-axis. When given the reduced pressure and temperature, find the given pressure on the x-axis. From there, move up on the chart until the given reduced temperature is found. Z is found by looking where those two points intersect. the same process can be followed if reduced specific volume is given with either reduced pressure or temperature.


title: Compressibility factor

text: There are three observations that can be made when looking at a generalized compressibility chart. These observations are:


title: Compressibility factor

text: The virial equation is especially useful to describe the causes of non-ideality at a molecular level (very few gases are mono-atomic) as it is derived directly from statistical mechanics:


title: Compressibility factor

text: Where the coefficients in the numerator are known as virial coefficients and are functions of temperature.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The virial coefficients account for interactions between successively larger groups of molecules. For example, formula_38 accounts for interactions between pairs, formula_39 for interactions between three gas molecules, and so on. Because interactions between large numbers of molecules are rare, the virial equation is usually truncated after the third term.


title: Compressibility factor

text: When this truncation is assumed, the compressibility factor is linked to the intermolecular-force potential φ by:


title: Compressibility factor

text: Deviations of the compressibility factor, "Z", from unity are due to attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces. At a given temperature and pressure, repulsive forces tend to make the volume larger than for an ideal gas; when these forces dominate "Z" is greater than unity. When attractive forces dominate, "Z" is less than unity. The relative importance of attractive forces decreases as temperature increases (see effect on gases).


title: Compressibility factor

text: As seen above, the behavior of "Z" is qualitatively similar for all gases. Molecular nitrogen, N, is used here to further describe and understand that behavior. All data used in this section were obtained from the NIST Chemistry WebBook. It is useful to note that for N the normal boiling point of the liquid is 77.4 K and the critical point is at 126.2 K and 34.0 bar.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The figure on the right shows an overview covering a wide temperature range. At low temperature (100 K), the curve has a characteristic check-mark shape, the rising portion of the curve is very nearly directly proportional to pressure. At intermediate temperature (160 K), there is a smooth curve with a broad minimum; although the high pressure portion is again nearly linear, it is no longer directly proportional to pressure. Finally, at high temperature (400 K), "Z" is above unity at all pressures. For all curves, "Z" approaches the ideal gas value of unity at low pressure and exceeds that value at very high pressure.


title: Compressibility factor

text: To better understand these curves, a closer look at the behavior for low temperature and pressure is given in the second figure. All of the curves start out with "Z" equal to unity at zero pressure and "Z" initially decreases as pressure increases. N is a gas under these conditions, so the distance between molecules is large, but becomes smaller as pressure increases. This increases the attractive interactions between molecules, pulling the molecules closer together and causing the volume to be less than for an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. Higher temperature reduces the effect of the attractive interactions and the gas behaves in a more nearly ideal manner.


title: Compressibility factor

text: As the pressure increases, the gas eventually reaches the gas-liquid coexistence curve, shown by the dashed line in the figure. When that happens, the attractive interactions have become strong enough to overcome the tendency of thermal motion to cause the molecules to spread out; so the gas condenses to form a liquid. Points on the vertical portions of the curves correspond to N being partly gas and partly liquid. On the coexistence curve, there are then two possible values for "Z", a larger one corresponding to the gas and a smaller value corresponding to the liquid. Once all the gas has been converted to liquid, the volume decreases only slightly with further increases in pressure; then "Z" is very nearly proportional to pressure.


title: Compressibility factor

text: As temperature and pressure increase along the coexistence curve, the gas becomes more like a liquid and the liquid becomes more like a gas. At the critical point, the two are the same. So for temperatures above the critical temperature (126.2 K), there is no phase transition; as pressure increases the gas gradually transforms into something more like a liquid. Just above the critical point there is a range of pressure for which "Z" drops quite rapidly (see the 130 K curve), but at higher temperatures the process is entirely gradual.


title: Compressibility factor

text: The final figures shows the behavior at temperatures well above the critical temperatures. The repulsive interactions are essentially unaffected by temperature, but the attractive interaction have less and less influence. Thus, at sufficiently high temperature, the repulsive interactions dominate at all pressures.


title: Compressibility factor

text: This can be seen in the graph showing the high temperature behavior. As temperature increases, the initial slope becomes less negative, the pressure at which "Z" is a minimum gets smaller, and the pressure at which repulsive interactions start to dominate, i.e. where "Z" goes from less than unity to greater than unity, gets smaller. At the Boyle temperature (327 K for N), the attractive and repulsive effects cancel each other at low pressure. Then "Z" remains at the ideal gas value of unity up to pressures of several tens of bar. Above the Boyle temperature, the compressibility factor is always greater than unity and increases slowly but steadily as pressure increases.


title: Compressibility factor

text: It is extremely difficult to generalize at what pressures or temperatures the deviation from the ideal gas becomes important. As a rule of thumb, the ideal gas law is reasonably accurate up to a pressure of about 2 atm, and even higher for small non-associating molecules. For example, methyl chloride, a highly polar molecule and therefore with significant intermolecular forces, the experimental value for the compressibility factor is formula_41 at a pressure of 10 atm and temperature of 100 °C. For air (small non-polar molecules) at approximately the same conditions, the compressibility factor is only formula_42 (see table below for 10 bars, 400 K).


title: Compressibility factor

text: Normal air comprises in crude numbers 80 percent nitrogen and 20 percent oxygen . Both molecules are small and non-polar (and therefore non-associating). We can therefore expect that the behaviour of air within broad temperature and pressure ranges can be approximated as an ideal gas with reasonable accuracy. Experimental values for the compressibility factor confirm this.


title: Compressibility factor

text: formula_1 values are calculated from values of pressure, volume (or density), and temperature in Vasserman, Kazavchinskii, and Rabinovich, "Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air Components;' Moscow, Nauka, 1966, and NBS-NSF Trans. TT 70-50095, 1971: and Vasserman and Rabinovich, "Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and Its Component, "Moscow, 1968, and NBS-NSF Trans. 69-55092, 1970.


title: Varsha Usgaonkar

text: Varsha Usgaonkar (born 28 February 1968), is an Indian actress, model and singer from Goa. She has worked in various Marathi as well as Bollywood movies as a leading actress. During the 1990s, she was the most popular actress in Marathi cinema.


title: Varsha Usgaonkar

text: Usgaonkar first shot to fame in 1984 as the lead heroine in the super-hit Marathi stage play "Brahmachari". Subsequently, she quickly rose to one of the top actresses in the Marathi film industry with super-hit productions such as "Gammat Jammat", "Hamal De Dhamal", "Saglikade Bombabomb", "Sawat Majhi Ladki", "Shejari Shejari", "Ek Hota Vidushak", "Lapandav" and "Aflatoon". She starred as a lead actress in Bollywood films, "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi" and "Pathreela Raasta". In 2005, she appeared in the Bollywood films "" and "Mr Ya Miss" as a supporting actress.


title: Varsha Usgaonkar

text: In the Faisal Saif-directed controversial Hindi feature film, "Jigyaasa", she played the role of a "mother" to Hrishitaa Bhatt. Usgaonkar started her television career in 1988 playing the role of Uttara, wife of Abhimanyu and mother of Parikshit, (the future of the Bharat Dynasty TV serial "Mahabharata"). The role led her to many Hindi movie offers and most of them failed to create a box office success. She also played ""Roopmati"" (Snake Queen) in the 1994 TV serial "Chandrakanta". She has appeared in the Marathi shows "Aakash Zep" and "Eka Mekansathi" and has acted in the Hindi television serials "Alvida Darling", "Tanha" and "Anhonee".


title: Varsha Usgaonkar

text: One of her most prominent performances was on the TV serial "Jhansi Ki Rani" in the 1990s on Doordarshan, where she played the lead character of Rani Lakshmibai. Usgaonkar is also a singer and has sung in a Konkani music album "Roop Tujem Laita Pixem", with Ulhas Buyao. She is currently playing the supporting role of Nandini Yashwant Shirke-Patil in Star Pravah's popular serial Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta.


title: Varsha Usgaonkar

text: Usgaonkar is a Konkani speaker born and raised in Goa. She is the daughter of Goa's former deputy speaker, A. K. S. Usgaonkar. She has two sisters, Tosha Kurade and Manisha Tarcar.


title: New Hampshire House of Representatives

text: The New Hampshire House of Representatives is the lower house in the New Hampshire General Court, the bicameral legislature of the state of New Hampshire. The House of Representatives consists of 400 members coming from 204 legislative districts across the state, created from divisions of the state's counties. On average, each legislator represents about 3,300 residents, which is the smallest lower house representative-to-population ratio in the country.


title: New Hampshire House of Representatives

text: New Hampshire has by far the largest lower house of any American state; the second-largest, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, has 203 members. The House is the fourth-largest lower house in the English-speaking world (behind the 435-member United States House of Representatives, 543-member Lok Sabha of India, and 650-member House of Commons of the United Kingdom).


title: New Hampshire House of Representatives

text: Districts vary in number of seats based on their populations, with the least-populous districts electing only one member and the most populous electing 11. In multi-member districts, voters are allowed to cast as many votes as there are seats to be filled; for instance, in a two-member district, a voter can vote for up to two candidates. This system of plurality block voting often results in one party winning all of the seats in the district, as the (cross-sectional) results below for the current representation attest. Some municipalities are in multiple districts, including floterial districts, so as to achieve more equal apportionment by population.


title: New Hampshire House of Representatives

text: Unlike in many state legislatures, there is no single "aisle" to cross per se, as members of both parties sit partially segregated in five sections. The seat section and number is put on the legislator's motor vehicle license plate, which they pay for if they wish to put one on their personal automobiles, or in the case of the chairpersons and party leaders, their title is put on the legislative plate. Seating location is enforced, as seating is pre-assigned. Although the personal preference of the legislator is asked, usually chairmen and those with special needs are given the preferred aisle seats. The sixth section is the Speaker's seat at the head of the hall.


title: New Hampshire House of Representatives

text: The House of Representatives has met in Representatives Hall of the New Hampshire State House since 1819. Representatives Hall is thus the oldest chamber in the United States still in continuous legislative use. Large arched windows line the walls. On the rostrum hang portraits of John P. Hale, Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, Franklin Pierce, and Daniel Webster.


title: New Hampshire House of Representatives

text: The chair is the presiding officer of the committee, responsible for leading hearings, maintaining order, and enforcing committee rules. In the absence of the chair, the vice chair becomes presiding officer for the hearing. The clerk is responsible for all administrative matters for the committee, including attendance, minutes, and recording votes. The ranking member is the chief representative of the minority party on the committee, and is traditionally appointed chair when the majority changes hands. Chairs and vice chairs are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the speaker, while ranking members are appointed by the speaker on recommendation of the minority leader. The committee clerk is selected by the committee chair. The speaker can unilaterally remove or reassign any committee member, chair, vice chair or clerk.


title: Scolopendra subspinipes

text: Scolopendra subspinipes is a species of very large centipede found throughout eastern Asia. One of the most widespread and common species in the genus "Scolopendra", it is also found on virtually all land areas around and within the Indian Ocean, all of tropical and subtropical Asia from Russia to the islands of Malaysia and Indonesia, Australia, South and Central America, the Caribbean islands, and possibly parts of the southern United States, but how much of this range is natural and how much due to human introduction is unclear. With a wide geographic range and numerous color variations, the species is known by a great many common names, including Chinese red-headed centipede, jungle centipede, orange-legged centipede, red-headed centipede (not to then be confused with "Scolopendra morsitans"), Hawaiian centipede, and Vietnamese centipede.


title: Scolopendra subspinipes

text: It is among the largest centipedes with a maximum length of . This centipede is an active, aggressive predator that preys on any animal it can overpower.


title: Scolopendra subspinipes

text: This is a large species which can grow up to 20 cm in length. However in 2018 a far larger specimen was recovered in Hawaii by Clayton Cambra, who captured what appeared to be a "Scolopendra subspinipes" that measured an astonishing 36.6 cm in length.