title: Odilo Globocnik

text: The same year, Globocnik joined the army, via a military school. The war ended his military education prematurely. Odilo moved with his family to Klagenfurt in Carinthia. There as a teenager, he joined the pro-Austrian volunteer militia fighting Slovene volunteers and, later, the Yugoslav Army during the Carinthian War (1918–19). In 1920, he worked as an underground propagandist for the Austrian cause during the Carinthian Plebiscite.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: He later enrolled at the Höhere Staatsgewerbeschule (a higher vocational school for mechanical engineering), where he passed his Matura (the Austrian equivalent of the German "Abitur") and graduated with honours. He worked as a porter at the railway station, among other jobs, to help financially support his family.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik first became politically active in 1922, when he became a prominent member of pre-Nazi Carinthian paramilitary organisations and was seen wearing a swastika. At the time, he was a building tradesman, introduced to his job while engaged to Grete Michner. Her father, Emil Michner, had talked to the director of KÄWAG ("Kärntner Wasserkraftwerke" AG), an electricity distribution company of Carinthia, and secured Globocnik a job as a technician and construction supervisor.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: After he entered politics, Globocnik faced ridicule from the German and international media for his Slavic surname, in light of the Nazis' (including Globocnik's) extreme racism against Slavs. Globocnik would assiduously maintain that he was of Germanic ancestry. This was important since Slavs were considered sub-human ("Untermenschen") and eventually subjugated to genocide by Nazi Germany. He said that his paternal grandfather was an "Aryan" who was culturally Slavicized, but maintained his Germanic blood. Historians have often dismissed this as a ruse. But historian Joseph Popzeczny argued in his 2004 biography of Globocnik that the story was true, citing Austro-Hungarian census data from 1910 indicating that the Globocniks were ethnic Germans.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: In August 1933, Globocnik was arrested for the first time, for his attempt to contact imprisoned Nazis in Klagenfurt. In the same year, he became a member of the Austrian SS. He was arrested because of his public support for the Nazi Party (NSDAP), as he had become a member of the party in 1931 while he was in Carinthia. Although he was arrested four times between 1933 and 1935, he served just over a year in jail. Heinrich Himmler intervened on his behalf, after two years of arguments between Globocnik and the authorities.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: His first documented activity for the NSDAP occurred in 1931 when he was documented as distributing propaganda for the party. By this point, he had nearly abandoned his work as a building tradesman, and attached himself very closely to the NSDAP. He was assigned to develop a courier and intelligence service for the NSDAP, which channelled funds from the German Reich into Austria. In June 1933, in Vienna, Jewish jeweller Norbert Futterweit was killed when a bomb was thrown at his shop. This was among the earliest murders in Austria attributable to the Nazis, and a number of historians believe that Globocnik was involved in the attack.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik joined the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) on 1 September 1934. His devotion to the Nazi cause paid off, as he was quickly promoted in the party apparatus in Austria. He became a Deputy "Gauleiter" briefly in Vienna and then in Carinthia between January and May 1933. He was appointed as the head of the party intelligence apparatus in Carinthia, serving from 1934 to 1936. From September 1936 to May 1938, he served as the Chief of Staff of the National Leadership of the Austrian Nazi Party under Hubert Klausner.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik was a key player in the usurpation of the Austrian government by the Nazis. With the "Anschluss", Nazi Germany annexed Austria on 12 March 1938.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik was rewarded with an appointment as a State Secretary in the Nazi government, established by Chancellor Arthur Seyss-Inquart on 15 March. On 10 April 1938, he was elected to the "Reichstag". Next came his appointment as "Gauleiter" of Vienna on 22 May 1938 by Adolf Hitler.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: In his early tenure as "Gauleiter", Globocnik espoused Nazi anti-Jewish philosophy: "I will not recoil from radical interventions for the solution of Jewish questions." Later that same year he opened Vienna's first anti-Semitic political exhibition, which was attended by 10,000 visitors on the first day. Prominent at the exhibition and received enthusiastically by the public was the film, ""The Eternal Jew"".


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Early gestures of accommodation to the new government by Cardinal Innitzer did not assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them being Globocnik. He launched a crusade against the Church, and the Nazis confiscated property, closed Catholic organisations and sent many priests to Dachau. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly, and in October 1938 the first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime took place. A rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting "Christ is our Führer", before being dispersed by police. A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik was relieved of his posts and stripped of his party honours on 30 January 1939, when it was discovered that he was involved in illegal foreign currency speculation. As punishment, Himmler transferred Globocnik to the Waffen-SS, in the rank of junior sergeant (Unterscharführer), where he served with SS Standarte "Germania" during the Polish campaign. Himmler liked Globocnik and recognised the value of the ruthless Austrian. In late 1939, Globocnik was pardoned, promoted to SS-"Brigadeführer", and assigned to Lublin province.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: On 9 November 1939, Himmler appointed Globocnik as SS and Police Leader in the Lublin district of the General Government territory. After the initially disappointing party career, Globocnik now had a second chance in the ranks of the SS and the police. On 16 February 1940, Globocnik declared: "The evacuated Jews should feed themselves and be supported by their countrymen, as these Jews have enough [food]. If this does not succeed, one should let them starve."


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: There are indications that Globocnik, along with a chief accomplice Christian Wirth, may have originated the concept of the extermination camp and industrialised murder, and suggested the concept to Himmler. At a two-hour meeting with Himmler on 13 October 1941, Globocnik received verbal approval to begin construction of the Belzec extermination camp, the first such camp in the General Government. Shortly beforehand, in September 1941, Globocnik had been visited by Philipp Bouhler and Viktor Brack, the top officials in the Fuhrer Chancellery responsible for the "Aktion T4" "euthanasia" program, which had been using gas chambers disguised as shower rooms to execute many of its victims. On or about 1 October 1941, Globocnik wrote a memorandum to Himmler containing proposals for actions against the Jews "of a security policy nature," and the 13 October meeting was held to discuss this memorandum and related subjects.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: A colleague's contemporaneous letter reflects Globocnik's state of mind at the time of the 13 October meeting: Globocnik said it was necessary to undertake a "cleansing of the entire [General Government] of Jews and Poles" and was "full of good and far-reaching plans" to achieve this objective. There are indications that Globocnik may have begun a crude experimental gassing facility in the woods near Belzec shortly before his mid-October meeting with Himmler. At the 13 October 1941 meeting with Himmler, Globocnik proposed exterminating the Jews in assembly-line fashion in a concentration camp, using gas chambers. On 14 October 1941 – the day after he had met with Globocnik – Himmler held a five-hour meeting with Reinhard Heydrich to discuss "executions", following which other extermination camp gassing sites were built. Days later, Himmler forbade all further Jewish emigration from Reich territory "in view of the forthcoming 'Final Solution' to the Jewish question."


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: The gassing facilities that Globocnik established at Belzec soon after his 13 October meeting with Himmler were designed by T4 programme personnel assigned to him. They used carbon monoxide, as the T4 programme had done. Before it became an extermination camp, Belzec had been part of Himmler's and Globocnik's Burggraben project. The construction of three more death camps, Sobibor and Majdanek in the Lublin district and Treblinka at Małkinia Górna, followed in 1942. Globocnik was complicit in the extermination of more than 1.5 million Jews of Polish, Czech, Dutch, French, Russian, Slovak, German, Portuguese, Turkish, Spanish and Austrian origin, as well as a smaller number of non-Jews, in the death camps under his control.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: He exploited Jews and non-Jews as slave labourers in his own forced labour camps. He was responsible for seizing the properties and valuables of murdered inmates while in charge of Operation Reinhard. Although other arms of the Nazi state were also involved in the overall management of the greater concentration camp system, Globocnik had control over the "Aktion Reinhard" camps, and any orders that he received came directly from Himmler. From 1942 to 1943, he also oversaw the beginning of the Generalplan Ost, the plan to expel Poles from their lands and resettle those territories with German settlers (see Zamość Uprising). On 9 November 1942, Globocnik was promoted to "SS-Gruppenführer" and "Generalleutnant der Polizei".


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: After the Armistice of Cassibile, Globocnik was appointed as Higher SS and Police Leader of the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral of Italy on 13 September 1943.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Having looted assets stolen from Holocaust victims at death camps in occupied Poland, Globocnik went to Italy with a number of his men who had taken part in "Aktion Tiergarten 4" including Franz Stangl from Treblinka and Franz Reichleitner from Sobibor. A few days after 8 September 1943, Christian Wirth arrived in Trieste. Together, they converted an old rice mill on the outskirts of the city into a detention centre complete with a crematorium, known as Risiera di San Sabba (in Slovene: "Rižarna"). At San Sabba, thousands of Italian Jews, partisans and other political dissidents were interrogated, tortured and murdered under the direction of these men after the 1943 downfall of Benito Mussolini and the German takeover of the country.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: In Slovene Littoral, Slovene Partisans were fought both by Germans and by the Littoral Home Guard, which was also under Globocnik's direct command. It provided Germans with lists of locations of Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation hideouts and suspicious individuals (described as "propagandists").


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: With the advance of Allied troops, Globocnik retreated into Austrian Carinthia and finally went into hiding high in the mountains near Weissensee, still in the company of his closest staff members.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik was tracked down and captured by a British armoured cavalry unit on 31 May 1945 in Carinthia, Austria. A unit from the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, found him on the Möslacher Alm, a mountain in the Eastern Alps, with seven other wanted Nazis including Georg Michalsen, Friedrich Rainer, Ernst Lerch, Hermann Höfle, Karl Hellesberger, Hugo Herzog and Friedrich Plöb. Globocnik was taken to Paternion in Villach-Land District to be interrogated. However, before he was questioned, Globocnik committed suicide by biting on a cyanide capsule.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: His body was taken to be buried in a local churchyard, but the priest reportedly refused to have "the body of such a man" resting in consecrated ground. A grave was dug outside the churchyard, next to an outer wall, and the body was buried without ceremony.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Despite contemporary photographs of Globocnik's corpse and reliable reports, such as the "Regimental Diary and Field Reports" of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, detailing the circumstances of his capture and suicide, urban legends suggested he survived the war, or that circumstances of his death differed. Prior to the 1980s, there was debate over the circumstances of Globocnik's survival; some had speculated that his death in either early May or June 1945 was at the hands of either partisans or a Jewish revenge squad. A false version of Globocnik's fate has circulated that says he was turned over to U.S. intelligence by the British. This is based on an "official US document signed by US CIC S/A Operations Officer Andrew L. Venters, dated 27 October 1948, "more than three years after his supposed death"". However, this document was exposed as a forgery in the 1980s by the investigative writer and historian, Gitta Sereny; she gives all details in a long article in "The Observer" newspaper.


title: Odilo Globocnik

text: Globocnik is a key antagonist in the Robert Harris alternative-history novel "Fatherland"; by 1964, he is still alive and a top SS official.


title: Fruitcake

text: Fruitcake (or fruit cake or fruit bread) is a cake made with candied or dried fruit, nuts, and spices, and optionally soaked in spirits. In the United Kingdom, certain rich versions may be iced and decorated.


title: Fruitcake

text: Fruitcakes are typically served in celebration of weddings and Christmas. Given their rich nature, fruitcakes are most often consumed on their own, as opposed to with condiments (such as butter or cream).


title: Fruitcake

text: The earliest recipe from ancient Rome lists pomegranate seeds, pine nuts, and raisins that were mixed into barley mash. In the Middle Ages, honey, spices, and preserved fruits were added.


title: Fruitcake

text: Fruitcakes soon proliferated all over Europe. Recipes varied greatly in different countries throughout the ages, depending on the available ingredients as well as (in some instances) church regulations forbidding the use of butter, regarding the observance of fast. Pope Innocent VIII (1432–1492) finally granted the use of butter, in a written permission known as the ‘Butter Letter' or "Butterbrief" in 1490, giving permission to Saxony to use milk and butter in the "Stollen" fruitcakes.


title: Fruitcake

text: Starting in the 16th century, sugar from the American Colonies (and the discovery that high concentrations of sugar could preserve fruits) created an excess of candied fruit, thus making fruitcakes more affordable and popular.


title: Fruitcake

text: The 17th century English fruitcake was originally yeast-leavened, and the rum and dried fruit helped extend the shelf life of the cake.


title: Fruitcake

text: In Australia, fruitcake is consumed throughout the year, but most commonly at Christmas, and is available at most major retail outlets. The cake is rarely eaten with icing, often it's consumed with butter, margarine, & custard.


title: Fruitcake

text: In the Bahamas, not only is the fruitcake drenched with rum, but the ingredients are as well. All of the candied fruits, walnuts, and raisins are placed in an enclosed container and are soaked with the darkest variety of rum, anywhere from 2 weeks to 3 months in advance. The cake ingredients are mixed, and once the cake has finished baking, rum is poured onto it while it is still hot.


title: Fruitcake

text: In Bulgaria, the common fruitcake is known as "keks" ( ), is home-made and is consumed throughout the year. Recipes for "keks" vary, but commonly it contains flour, butter and/or cooking oil, milk, yeast, yoghurt, eggs, cocoa, walnuts, and raisins. It is usually baked in Bundt-style pans.


title: Fruitcake

text: The fruitcake is commonly eaten during the Christmas season in Canada. Rarely is it seen during other times of the year. The Canadian fruitcake is similar in style to the UK version, as it is in most Commonwealth countries. However, there is rarely icing on the cake and alcohol is not commonly put in Christmas cakes that are sold. The cakes are shaped like a small loaf of bread, and often covered in marzipan.


title: Fruitcake

text: Dark, moist and rich Christmas fruitcakes are the most frequently consumed, with white Christmas fruitcake less common. These cakes tend to be made in mid-November to early December when the weather starts to cool down. They are a staple during Christmas dinner and a gift generally exchanged between business associates and close friends/family.


title: Fruitcake

text: In France, as in some other non-English speaking countries, the "gâteau aux fruits" ("fruit-cake") is often simply called "Cake".


title: Fruitcake

text: In Germany, baked goods that fit the description of fruitcake are not usually regarded as cake but rather as sweet breads.


title: Fruitcake

text: "Stollen" is loaf-shaped and often powdered with icing sugar on the outside. It is usually made with yeast, butter, water, and flour, with the addition of citrus zest, candied citrus peel, raisins, and almonds.


title: Fruitcake

text: The most famous Stollen is the "Dresdner Stollen", sold at the Dresden Christmas market, the Striezelmarkt.


title: Fruitcake

text: Official "Dresden Stollen", produced by only 150 Dresden bakers, bears a special seal depicting Elector Augustus II the Strong.


title: Fruitcake

text: In Bremen, the local fruitcake called Klaben is traditionally sold and eaten during the Christmas season. "Bremer Klaben" is a kind of Stollen which is not dusted with powdered sugar after baking. Both "Dresdner Stollen" and "Bremen Klaben" are protected geographical indications.


title: Fruitcake

text: In Southern Germany and the Alpine region, "" (also called "Berewecke", "Birnenbrot", "Hutzenbrot", "Hutzelbrot", "Kletzenbrot", "Schnitzbrot", or "Zelten") is a sweet, dark bread baked with nuts and dried fruit, e.g. apricots, figs, dates, plums, etc.


title: Fruitcake

text: Fruitcake is a rich dense cake packed with dry fruits and nuts flavoured with spices usually made during Christmas. In India, this is found everywhere during the Christmas season, although it is also available commonly throughout the year.


title: Fruitcake

text: In Ireland, a type of sweetbread called barmbrack is eaten at Hallowe'en. The cake contains different objects such as a ring or small coin, each signifying a different fortune for the person who finds it.


title: Fruitcake

text: Panforte is a chewy, dense Tuscan fruitcake dating back to 13th-century Siena. Panforte is strongly flavored with spices ("panforte" means "strong bread") and baked in a shallow form. Genoa's fruitcake, a lower, denser but still crumbly variety, is called pandolce ("sweet bread").


title: Fruitcake

text: There are various types of fruitcakes from the Emilia-Romagna region, most being dark and heavily spiced with an abundance of candied fruit and nuts. The "certosino" from Bologna is a round cake similar to pan forte but with Chinese spices and a variety of whole-halved candied fruit decorating the top; dark chocolate is often added to the dough for a richer flavour. The certosino is low and very dense. "Panone", produced in much of Emilia is similar to the certosino, but wit a lighter, fluffier dough and candied fruit inside the cake rather than used as decoration. "Panpepato" from Ferrara has a dough similar to panone but has a higher ginger content giving it an almost gingerbread taste. Candied fruit is often not found and instead there is a high concentration of nuts within the dough, the entire cake is often coated in dark chocolate.


title: Fruitcake

text: "Gubana" is a christmas/holiday cake from the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, specifically from the area around Cividale del Friuli. It is a leavened dough cake with a filling of nuts, dried fruit, sugar, and grappa which is then rolled into a spiral filled tube which is then twisted into the shape of a rose or snails shell. Gubana is often eaten with liquor (slivovitz or grappa) around the holiday season. It combines Italian, Friulan, and Slovenian tastes and cooking styles to make a one of a kind sweet.


title: Fruitcake

text: Panettone is a Milanese sweet bread loaf (widely available throughout Italy and in many other countries) served around Christmas which is traditionally filled with dried and candied fruits, with a bread loaf consistency similar in texture to Irish barm brack.


title: Fruitcake

text: Fruitcakes arrived in New Zealand with early settlers from Britain. Until the 1960s fruitcake was generally homemade, but since then they have become commercially widely available in a range of styles. Light coloured fruitcake is often sold as "tennis cake" or "light fruit-cake" all year round.


title: Fruitcake

text: Most New Zealand wedding cakes are finely iced and decorated fruitcake often several tiers high. Most fruitcake is eaten in the Christmas period. It is dark, rich and made from multiple dried fruits. Homemade cakes may use brandy or sherry to enhance flavour rather than as a preservative. They may be square or round, iced or uniced. A Christmas cake is usually simply decorated with a Christmas scene or the words Merry Christmas.


title: Fruitcake

text: In addition to the European-style fruitcake, a traditional fruitcake commonly eaten during Christmas in the Philippines is the "crema de fruta". It is made with layers of sponge cake, sweet custard or whipped cream, gelatin or "gulaman" (agar), and various preserved or fresh fruits, including mangoes, pineapples, cherries, and strawberries.


title: Fruitcake

text: Easier-to-prepare icebox cake variants of "crema de fruta" use ladyfingers ("broas") instead of sponge cake layers. Mango float is a very popular modern adaptation of this dish. It uses graham crackers and ripe carabao mangoes (though other fruits can be used as well).


title: Fruitcake

text: "Keks" is a traditional fruitcake eaten during Christmas season. It is a loaf shaped sponge cake with a substantial content of nuts, raisins, figs and candied fruits.


title: Fruitcake

text: Although French in its origin, Bolo Rei is a traditional fruitcake enjoyed during Christmas season and a staple dessert in any Portuguese home during the holidays. Included is the characteristic fava bean and, according to tradition, whoever finds the fava bean has to pay for the cake the following year.


title: Fruitcake

text: Called black cake, is a traditional part of Christmas celebration in the English Caribbean. The cake incorporates a large quantity of mixed fruits and rum/wine and becomes a treasured Christmas treat consumed and given out between the Christmas season and New Years'. The fruit, wine and rum is prepared weeks sometimes months ahead, and has its origin in the English Christmas pudding, and can be quite expensive. It is very different from a North American fruitcake.


title: Fruitcake

text: The traditional Christmas cake is a round fruitcake covered in marzipan and then in white royal icing or fondant icing. They are often further decorated with snow scenes, holly leaves, and berries (real or artificial), or tiny decorative robins or snowmen. It is also the tradition for this kind of cake to be served at weddings as part of the dessert course.


title: Fruitcake

text: In Yorkshire, it is often served accompanied with cheese. Fruitcakes in the United Kingdom often contain currants and glace cherries, an example of this type being the Genoa cake. A type of fruitcake originated in Scotland, the Dundee Cake, which owes its name to Keiller's marmalade. It does not contain glace cherries, but is decorated with almonds.


title: Fruitcake

text: Mail-order fruitcakes in America began in 1913. Some well-known American bakers of fruitcake include Collin Street Bakery in Corsicana, Texas, and The Claxton Bakery in Claxton, Georgia. Both Collin Street and Claxton are Southern companies with inexpensive access to large nut quantities, for which the expression "nutty as a fruitcake" was derived in 1935. Commercial fruitcakes are often sold from catalogs by charities as a fund raiser.


title: Fruitcake

text: Most American mass-produced fruitcakes are alcohol-free, but those made according to traditional recipes are saturated with liqueurs or brandy and covered in powdered sugar, both of which prevent mold. Brandy (or wine) soaked linens can be used to store the fruitcakes, and some people feel that fruitcakes improve with age.


title: Fruitcake

text: In the United States, the fruitcake has become a ridiculed dessert, in part due to the mass-produced inexpensive cakes of questionable age. Some attribute the beginning of this trend with "The Tonight Show" host Johnny Carson. He would joke that there really is only one fruitcake in the world, passed from family to family. After Carson's death, the tradition continued with "The Fruitcake Lady" (Marie Rudisill), who made appearances on the show and offered her "fruitcake" opinions. In fact, the fruitcake had been a butt of jokes on television programs such as "Father Knows Best" and "The Donna Reed Show" years before "The Tonight Show" debuted and appears to have first become a vilified confection in the early 20th century, as evidenced by Warner Brothers cartoons.


title: Fruitcake

text: Since 1995, Manitou Springs, Colorado, has hosted the Great Fruitcake Toss on the first Saturday of every January. "We encourage the use of recycled fruitcakes," says Leslie Lewis of the Manitou Springs Chamber of Commerce. The all-time Great Fruitcake Toss record is 1,420 feet, set in January 2007 by a group of eight Boeing engineers who built the "Omega 380," a mock artillery piece fueled by compressed air pumped by an exercise bike.


title: Fruitcake

text: When a fruitcake contains a good deal of alcohol, it can be preserved for many years. For example, a fruitcake baked in 1878 has been kept as an heirloom by a family in Tecumseh, Michigan; as of 2019, the baker's great-great-granddaughter is the custodian of the cake. Wrapping the cake in alcohol-soaked linen before storing is one method of lengthening its shelf life.


title: Fruitcake

text: A 106-year-old fruitcake discovered in 2017 by the Antarctic Heritage Trust was described as in "excellent condition" and "almost" edible.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: Chai ( "living" "") figures prominently in modern Jewish culture; the Hebrew letters of the word are often used as a visual symbol.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: According to "The Jewish Daily Forward", its use as an amulet originates in 18th century Eastern Europe. Chai as a symbol goes back to medieval Spain. Letters as symbols in Jewish culture go back to the earliest Jewish roots, the Talmud states that the world was created from Hebrew letters which form verses of the Torah. In medieval Kabbalah, Chai is the lowest (closest to the physical plane) emanation of God. According to 16th century Greek rabbi Shlomo Hacohen Soloniki, in his commentary on the Zohar, Chai as a symbol has its linkage in the Kabbalah texts to God's attribute of 'Ratzon', or motivation, will, muse. The Jewish commentaries give an especially long treatment to certain verses in the Torah with the word as their central theme. Three examples are Leviticus 18:5 'Chai Bahem', 'and you shall live by [this faith]' (as opposed to just doing it), this is part of the section dealing with the legacy of Moses Our Teacher following his death. Deuteronomy 30:15 "Verily, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil, in that I command thee this day to love the thy God, to walk in His ways, and to keep His commandments and His statutes and His ordinances; then thou shalt live." There is nary an ancient Jewish commentator who does not comment on that verse. The Shema prayer as well speaks of the importance of Chai, to live and walk in the Jewish cultural lifestyle.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: Two common Jewish names used since Talmudic times, are based on this symbol, Chaya feminine, Chayim masculine. The Jewish toast (on alcoholic beverages such as wine) is l'chaim, 'to life'.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: On a spiritual (and historical) level, chai stands for being alive in front of God as opposed to being (spiritually) dead. This is derived from Tenach, Deuteronomy 30:19–20 where (the) heaven(s) and the earth are depicted as a witness for the fact that there is life and death, blessing and curse and that you (therefore) should choose Life (God), in order to live.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: The word is made up of two letters of the Hebrew alphabet – Chet () and Yod (), forming the word "chai", meaning "alive", or "living". The most common spelling in Latin script is "Chai", but the word is occasionally also spelled "Hai". The usual modern pronunciation of this word is , while a transcription of the Biblical and Mishnaic pronunciation would have likely been (with a pharyngeal consonant).


title: Chai (symbol)

text: In Hebrew, the related word "chaya" () means "living thing" or "animal", and is derived from the Hebrew word "chai" (), meaning "life".


title: Chai (symbol)

text: There have been various mystical numerological speculations about the fact that, according to the system of gematria, the letters of "chai" add up to 18 (see "Lamedvavniks" etc.). For this reason, 18 is a spiritual number in Judaism, and many Jews give gifts of money in multiples of 18 as a result.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: The Chai symbol can be worn by Jews as a medallion around the neck, similarly to other Jewish symbols, such as the Star of David and the Hamsa.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: Jews often give gifts and donations in multiples of 18, which is called "giving chai". Mailings from Jewish charities usually suggest the amounts to give in multiples of chai (18, 36, 54 dollars, etc.) rather than the usual multiples of 25.


title: Chai (symbol)

text: It is heard in a BBC recording from April 20, 1945 of Jewish survivors of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp five days after their liberation. This was the first Sabbath ceremony openly conducted on German soil since the beginning of the war. With people still dying around them, the survivors sang what would become the Israeli national anthem, "Hatikvah". At the end of "Hatikvah", British Army Chaplain Leslie Hardman shouts out, "Am Yisrael Chai!" ("The people of Israel is alive!")


title: Chai (symbol)

text: In the Eurovision Song Contest 1983, which was held in Germany four decades after Shoah, Israel was represented with the song "Chai", performed by Ofra Haza, which includes the line "Am Yisra'el chai".


title: Chai (symbol)

text: Several Jewish radio stations have the word in their names, including Kol Chai (Israel), Radio Jai (Argentina), and ChaiFM (South Africa).


title: Chai (symbol)

text: Elvis Presley wore a chai necklace while performing toward the end of his life. Baseball star Rod Carew wore a chai necklace during his playing days; his first wife and daughters were Jewish, even though Carew himself never formally converted to Judaism. Canadian rapper Drake, himself Jewish, wore a chai necklace on the cover of "Vibe" magazine in 2010.


title: Standoff missile

text: Standoff weapons are missiles or bombs which may be launched from a distance sufficient to allow attacking personnel to evade the effect of the weapon or defensive fire from the target area. Typically, they are used against land- and sea-based targets in an offensive operation. The name is derived from their ability to engage the target while standing off outside the range at which the defenders are likely to engage the attacker. Typical stand-off weapons include cruise missiles, glide bombs and short-range ballistic missiles.


title: Envoy Air

text: Envoy Air Inc. is an American regional airline headquartered in Irving, Texas, in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The airline is a wholly owned subsidiary of the American Airlines Group and it is paid by fellow group member American Airlines to staff, operate and maintain aircraft used on American Eagle flights that are scheduled, marketed and sold by American Airlines.


title: Envoy Air

text: Envoy Air operates a fleet consisting of exclusively Embraer regional jet aircraft. The company has a team of more than 18,000 employees, operating more than 1,000 daily flights to over 150 destinations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and South America.


title: Envoy Air

text: Envoy was formerly known as American Eagle Airlines and was formed when American's parent company merged several airlines owned by the group and operating regional flights. The name was changed to avoid confusion with other regional carriers that operate on behalf of American Eagle. The name "American Eagle Airlines" was also used between April 1980 and April 1981 by an unrelated air charter service that suspended operations and filed bankruptcy before flying any scheduled operations.


title: Envoy Air

text: Envoy began as a collection of regional carriers with contracts to carry the American Eagle brand name. The first American Eagle flight was operated by Metroflight Airlines, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Metro Airlines (formerly Houston Metro Airlines), on 1 November 1984, from Fayetteville, Arkansas, and Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Metroflight utilized Convair 580 turboprop aircraft that had been formerly operated by Frontier Airlines.


title: Envoy Air

text: Other carriers that have flown in American Eagle livery include Executive Airlines, Command Airways, Air Virginia, Simmons Airlines, Chaparral Airlines and Wings West Airlines. Among other aircraft in its fleet, Chaparral flew Grumman I-C turboprops which were stretched, 37 passenger regional airliner versions of Grumman's successful propjet business aircraft and was one of only a few air carriers to ever operate the type in scheduled passenger service.


title: Envoy Air

text: Until 1987 these third-party carriers flew under contract with American Airlines to provide regional feed to its hubs. During 1987 and 1988 AMR Corp. acquired its regional carriers, starting with Simmons Airlines. AMR's final airline d.b.a. American Eagle acquisition was Executive Airlines in 1989.


title: Envoy Air

text: By mid-1991 AMR had consolidated the number of carriers to four. The May 15, 1998, merger of Wings West and Flagship into Simmons (and the name change of Simmons Airlines to American Eagle Airlines) reduced the number of carriers flying as American Eagle under separate operating certificates to two: American Eagle Airlines and Executive Airlines.


title: Envoy Air

text: American Eagle Airlines launched its regional jet service in May 1998 using Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft.


title: Envoy Air

text: AMR struck a codesharing deal with Trans World Airlines (TWA), allowing TWA to sell American Eagle Airlines flights feeding into Los Angeles and later New York's JFK Airports. These services were branded by TWA as Trans World Connection flights. These American Eagle Airlines/Trans World agreements were forged well in advance of AMR's acquisition of TWA in 2001.


title: Envoy Air

text: During 2007, AMR began studying ways to spin American Eagle Airlines off into a separate company, including, but not limited to, the possibilities of selling the company to either stockholders or to an unaffiliated third party. In 2008, AMR said any plans had been put on hold until the airline industry stabilized after the worldwide financial crisis. In July 2011, AMR announced the spin-off of American Eagle Airlines but those plans were again shelved when AMR filed for bankruptcy in November 2011.


title: Envoy Air

text: On 14 January 2014, American Airlines Group officially announced the rebranding of its American Eagle subsidiary as Envoy. Aircraft operated by American Eagle continued to operate under the current American Eagle branding, but an "Operated by Envoy Air" label was added, similar to the label used by other contract airlines that fly aircraft with American Eagle livery. This name change was created to avoid confusion when American Airlines announced that other regional carriers would operate on behalf of American. The term 'Envoy' is a reincarnation of the now deprecated Envoy Class of seating on US Airways aircraft.


title: Envoy Air

text: The headquarters is in Irving, Texas, in two buildings located north of the northeast portion of DFW Airport.


title: Envoy Air

text: American Eagle was previously headquartered at the American Airlines headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas, and had employees in several buildings: HDQ1, HDQ2, the Systems Operations Control (SOC) center, the DFW American Eagle hangar, the DFW-area warehouse CP-28, Flight Academy, and the Flagship University. It was scheduled to consolidate operations and move 600 employees; from the headquarters, SOC, and training divisions; into the Irving offices in July 2014; they were formerly occupied by Epsilon.


title: Envoy Air

text: There were previously bases in Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, New York, Raleigh/Durham, and San Juan.


title: Envoy Air

text: In September 2009, AMR Corporation announced plans to add a First Class cabin to its fleet of 25 Bombardier CRJ700 regional jets and also signed a letter of intent with Bombardier, Inc. to exercise options for the purchase of 22 additional CRJ700 aircraft for delivery beginning in the middle of 2010.


title: Envoy Air

text: In January 2014, American Eagle's pilots' union reached an agreement with the regional carrier's management that guaranteed 60 of the 90 new Embraer 175 aircraft that American Airlines ordered in December were to be operated by Eagle. The deal included options for 90 other aircraft to be operated by the regional carrier. Delivery of the aircraft would begin in the first quarter of 2015. This deal was voted down by the pilots' union, the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA).


title: Envoy Air

text: Envoy was awarded 40 new Embraer 175 aircraft with 90 options. Deliveries began on November 13, 2015.


title: Envoy Air

text: In October 2016, Envoy announced that they had taken delivery of two additional Embraer 175 aircraft.


title: Envoy Air

text: In May 2018, Envoy announced that they had taken delivery of fifteen additional Embraer 175 aircraft between March and November 2019 bringing the total of E175's to 69 by the end of 2019.


title: Envoy Air

text: In November 2018, Envoy announced that they had taken delivery of an additional fifteen Embraer 175 aircraft totaling 84 by mid-2020.


title: Envoy Air

text: In March 2020, it was announced that all twenty of the Embraer 175 aircraft operated by Compass Airlines would be transferred to Envoy upon their closure in April 2020.


title: Envoy Air

text: In February 2021, American Airlines announced that the remaining ERJ140 fleet belonging to Envoy would end service on May 5, 2021.


title: Envoy Air

text: On March 1, 2021, Envoy is welcoming an order of six Embraer 170 jets to the fleet and is expected to enter the fleet in 2021.


title: Envoy Air

text: The American Eagle brand operated a variety of twin turboprop aircraft over the years via its various regional and commuter airline partners, including the ATR 42 and ATR 72; Beechcraft Model 99; British Aerospace Jetstream 31 and 32 models; CASA C-212 Aviocar; Convair 580; Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner; Grumman Gulfstream I (stretched G-IC model); NAMC YS-11; Short 330 and Short 360; and the Saab 340.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: The OM617 engine family is a straight-5 diesel automobile engine from Mercedes-Benz used in the 1970s and 1980s. It is a direct development from the straight-4 OM616. It was sold in vehicles from 1974 to 1991. The OM617 is considered to be one of the most reliable engines ever produced with engines often reaching over without being rebuilt and is one of the key reasons for Mercedes' popularity in North America in the 1980s, as it was powerful and reliable compared to other automotive diesels of the time. It is also a very popular choice for the use of alternative fuels, mainly straight or waste vegetable oil and biodiesel, although the use of these fuels may cause engine damage over time if not processed properly before use.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: Essentially an OM616 with an extra cylinder, it debuted in 1974 with the W115(240 3.0d) chassis. Bore and stroke was . It was originally . Bosch MW inline injection pumps were used, which had flyweight governors and vacuum shutoff. Previous engines had used pneumatic governors, and "gorilla knob" to start and shut off the engine. The North American engines had ADA device equipped pumps which limited fuel at high altitudes to prevent smoking with less dense air. New engine blocks after the .910 had rear mounted oil filter housings, with a combined full flow and bypass filter element. In August 1978 the precombustion chamber was updated to be similar to the new OM617A design for more swirl and more efficient combustion. The engine capacity was lowered to to satisfy engine displacement tax laws in Europe by changing the bore to . September 1979 saw a new camshaft with greater valve lift let air and exhaust gases have less resistance. Power output rose to . Torque remained at @ 2400 rpm. In November 1980 the MW style injection pump was replaced with the M type for non-North American engines. Engines were equipped with series wired loop type glow plugs up until 1980 when replaced by the much more reliable pencil type plugs (these had been already used in the OM617A since 1978). Vehicles sold to the North American market had exhaust gas recirculation equipment fitted.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: Canister style oil filter at bottom front of engine. Power output was @ 4000 rpm and torque was @ 2400 rpm.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: This was introduced with the W123 series. Power originally was @ 4000 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm. From September 1979 - @ 4400 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: The year 1976 saw the engine adapted to use a turbocharger. This OM617LA was fitted to the C111-IID test vehicle, and set 16 world land speed and endurance records at the Nardo test facility in Italy. In 1978 the engine was upgraded again to and installed in the C111-IIID and broke 9 further records. Modifications for production engines included oil squirters to cool the underneath of the pistons; pistons with oil passages; stronger connecting rods; sodium filled valve stems and a stronger nitride-hardened crankshaft. Also an uprated oil pump with separate chain drive was fitted as the turbocharger lubrication required higher flow. Bosch MW injection pumps were calibrated for greater fuel output and fitted with an ALDA device which prevented overfueling until the turbocharger had begun to provide boost pressure. Pencil glow plugs were provided on all OM617A engines.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: In 1978, the OM617.950 was mated with the Mercedes-Benz W116 to produce the North American market-only 300SD, the world's first production turbodiesel sedan. These engines pre-dated the introduction of tighter emissions laws, so were not fitted with EGR. Power originally was @ 4200 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm. From October 1979 - @ 4350 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: The .951 was introduced for 1981 and displaced , using a bore and stroke. Power originally was @ 4350 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm. From August 1984 - @ 4350 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm. Vehicles sold to the North American market had EGR equipment fitted.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: The .952 is identical to the .951 apart from minor changes to fit the North American 123 chassis. It was also fitted to the European market W123 wagon, the 300TD. This was the only turbocharged OM617 fitted to a European W123. Power originally was @ 4350 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm. From October 1982 - @ 4350 rpm, torque @ 2400 rpm. Vehicles sold to the North American market had EGR equipment fitted.


title: Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine

text: While many people believe the 2001-2004 Mercedes-Benz C 30 CDI AMG was the first and so far only diesel model built in Affalterbach, the 1989 AMG MB 100 D begs to differ. Just two years after the infamous Hammer hit the scene, AMG turned its attention towards Benz's Spanish-made workhorse. AMG offered an upgraded diesel both in 2.4- (OM616) or 3.0-liter form (OM617), tuned to give the light van 98 or 127 horsepower, mostly thanks to a new sequential turbocharger. The extra kraft came in handy, considering the weight penalty of rich leathers and television sets.


title: Melissa De Sousa

text: Melissa De Sousa is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Shelby in the 1999 romantic comedy-drama film "The Best Man", its 2013 sequel "The Best Man Holiday", Gabriella Jimenez in BET's "Reed Between the Lines" (2011), and Ana Lopez in "Black Lightning".


title: Melissa De Sousa

text: Born and raised in New York City by Panamanian parents, Melissa De Sousa attended the High School of Performing Arts as a ballet major, and began her career as a principal dancer with The Alvin Ailey American Dance Company before transitioning into acting.


title: Melissa De Sousa

text: De Sousa is best known for her performance as Shelby in the Universal Studios franchise "The Best Man" and "The Best Man Holiday" starring opposite Terrence Howard, for which she earned an NAACP Image Award nomination. Currently recurring as Mirta Herrera on Showtime's "On Becoming a God in Central Florida", she also led the cult hit series "Single Ladies" for BET.


title: Melissa De Sousa

text: De Sousa also starred opposite Matthew Perry in the TNT original presentation of "The Ron Clark Story", which garnered an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Made For Television Movie. Other film work includes "Laurel Canyon", "Miss Congeniality", and "Constellation". Her television credits include series regular roles on "Reed Between The Lines", "Second Time Around", "One on One", "The $treet", "Valley of the Dolls", and "Damon". Guest star credits include "Criminal Minds", "Elementary", "Shameless", and countless others.


title: Mount Bromo

text: The Bromo (), or Mount Bromo () is an active somma volcano and part of the Tengger mountains, in East Java, Indonesia. At it is not the highest peak of the massif, but the most famous. The area is one of the most visited tourist destinations in East Java, and the volcano is included in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. The name Bromo comes from the Javanese pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu god of creation. Mount Bromo is located in the middle of a plain called "Sea of Sand" (Javanese: Segara Wedi or Indonesian: Lautan Pasir), a nature reserve that has been protected since 1919.


title: Mount Bromo

text: A typical way to visit Mount Bromo is from the nearby mountain village of Cemoro Lawang. From there it is possible to walk to the volcano in about 45 minutes, but it is also possible to take an organized jeep tour, including stops at the viewpoint of Mount Penanjakan () (Indonesian: Gunung Penanjakan). The sights on Mount Penanjakan can also be reached on foot in about two hours. Depending on the level of volcanic activity, the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation sometimes issues a warning not to visit Mount Bromo.


title: Mount Bromo

text: Mount Bromo erupted in 2004. That eruptive episode led to the death of two people who had been hit by rocks from the explosion.


title: Mount Bromo

text: On Tuesday, 23 November 2010, 16.30 WIB ("Western Indonesian Time"), the Indonesian Centre of Vulcanology and Geology Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) confirmed the activity status of Mount Bromo at "alert" due to increasing tremor activity and shallow volcanic earthquakes at the mountain. Concerns were raised that a volcanic eruption might be likely to occur. As a precaution, local residents and tourists were instructed to remain clear of an area within a radius of three kilometers from the caldera and refugee encampments were erected. The area surrounding the Teggera caldera of Bromo remained off-limits for visitors throughout the remainder of 2010.


title: Mount Bromo

text: On 29 November 2010, Transport Ministry spokesman Bambang Ervan announced that Malang's domestic airport would be closed until 4 December 2010. Malang is a city of about 800,000 people is about west of Mount Bromo. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport normally handles 10 daily domestic flights from the capital Jakarta. Government volcanologist Surono reported that the volcano was spitting columns of ash some into the sky.


title: Mount Bromo

text: The Tengger Caldera was still active in late January 2011, the activity being characterised by fluctuating ongoing eruptions. On 23 January 2011, the Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM; Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi) reported that since 19 December 2010 volcanic ash and incandescent material had been thrown up by eruptive activity resulting in a heavy rain of material that fell around the crater. Continuous eruptions on 21 January caused a thin ash fall mainly in the village areas of Ngadirejo and Sukapura Wonokerto in Probolinggo Regency.


title: Mount Bromo

text: The impact of a heavy rain of volcanic ash from eruptions since 19 December 2010 resulted in disruption of normal activities. By early 2011, concerns were being raised about the effect upon the local economy and the potential for long-term environmental and health problems amongst the residents in the locality surrounding Mount Bromo. Due to high seasonal rainfall in January 2011 the potential for lahar and lava flow was raised due to the deposits of volcanic ash, sand and other ejected material that had built up. Seismic activity was dominated by tremor vibration and reports of visual intensity and sounds of eruption continued to be reported from the mountain monitoring facility, Bromo Observation Post. People living on the banks of the Perahu Ravine, Nganten Ravine and Sukapura River were alerted to the possibility of lava flows, especially when it was raining heavily in the area around Cemorolawang, Ngadisari and Ngadirejo. Eruptions and volcanic tremors were reported during the period 21 January – 22 January with activity subsiding on 23 January 2011. On 23 January 2011 at 6:00 am, the alert status at Mount Bromo remained at Level III.


title: Mount Bromo

text: On 23 January 2011, an exclusion zone was recommended for communities living around Mount Bromo. Tourists and hikers were advised to not come within a radius of from the active crater. CVGHM stated that they expected warning signs to be installed stating the limit radius of from the crater. Operational caution was recommended for flights into and leaving Juanda International Airport IATA:SUB in Surabaya. CVGHM recommended the establishment of public areas for the provision of face masks and eye protection. CVGHM also issued a warning to residents to be cautious of ash buildup on roofs and other places that may give cause for collapse under the burden of ash.


title: Mount Bromo

text: Further eruptions and the issuing of aviation ash advisories during the period 27–28 January 2011 led to concerns being raised regarding a volcanic ash plume, reported to be drifting eastward toward the air corridors used to access the Ngurah Rai International Airport IATA:DPS in Bali. Airport official Sherly Yunita was reported at the time as stating that concerns about visibility had prompted Singapore Airlines, Jetstar-ValueAir, Air France-KLM, Virgin Blue and Cathay Pacific to cancel several flights to Bali, to the east. SilkAir also cancelled flights on the 27 January between Singapore and Lombok, an island to the east of Bali. The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre in Darwin, Australia released several Code Red Aviation Ash Advisories pertaining to Mount Bromo (Tengger Caldera), on 27 January. They indicated that ash was observed at altitudes up to (FL180) extending to the south east of the caldera. In other ash advisories of that day the cloud was reported as at times having a drift, both to the east and to the south east.


title: Mount Bromo

text: The Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported on 13 January 2011, that deformation using tiltmeter measurements indicated an inflation at rate of 5 micro radians between 25 November 2010 – 14 December 2010 and a relatively stable since 15 December 2010 both on Radial Components and Tangential Components.


title: Mount Bromo

text: Deformation measurement using electronic distance measurement equipment compared observations at designated measuring points; POS-BRO, POS-KUR and POS-BAT during the period 25 November 2010 – 20 December 2010 with observations from the period 21 December 2010 – 30 December 2010 indicated the shortening of the distance from the POS-BAT, or inflation. Observations between 30 December 2010 – 23 January 2011 were reported as relatively stable.


title: Mount Bromo

text: Mount Bromo showed signs of increasing activity beginning in 4th Dec 2015, when the amount of smoke coming out of the crater intensified. By late November Mount Bromo began to eject ashes into the air. Indonesian Volcano Monitoring Bureau (PVBMG) issued a warning that forbade people from climbing Mount Bromo. Later, the warning was extended into a exclusion zone, before eventually extended into wider range which virtually barred visitors from coming down into the caldera floor, which is popularly known as Sandsea.


title: Mount Bromo

text: On the fourteenth day of the Hindu festival of Yadnya Kasada, the Tenggerese people of Probolinggo Regency, East Java, travel up the mountain in order to make offerings of fruit, rice, vegetables, flowers and sacrifices of livestock to the mountain gods by throwing them into the caldera of the volcano. The origin of the ritual lies in the 15th century legend.


title: Mount Bromo

text: On the sand plain, locally called "Segara Wedi" (lit. sand ocean), sits a Hindu temple called Pura Luhur Poten. The temple holds a significant importance to the Tenggerese scattered across the mountain villages, such as Ngadisari, Wonokitri, Ngadas, Argosari, Ranu Prani, Ledok Ombo and Wonokerso. The temple organises the annual Yadnya Kasada ceremony which lasts for about one month. The major difference between this temple and Balinese ones are the type of stones and building materials. Pura Luhur Poten uses natural black stones from volcanoes nearby, while Balinese temples are mostly made from red bricks. Inside this pura, there are several buildings and enclosures aligned in a mandala zone composition.


title: Carrie Keagan

text: Carrie Keagan (born July 1980) is an American television personality, actress, writer and producer, known as the host of "Up Close with Carrie Keagan", "Big Morning Buzz Live" on VH1 and for her appearances as a panelist on Fox News Channel's "Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld", the E! talk show "Chelsea Lately", Vh1 Classic's "Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy Camp" and her numerous hosting duties for E!, VH1 and G4's "Attack of the Show!".


title: Carrie Keagan

text: Carrie Keagan was born on July 4, 1980 in Buffalo, New York, USA as Carrie Nile, the niece of singer-songwriter Willie Nile. She grew up in Amherst, New York, and attended Buffalo State College. She changed her name circa 2002.


title: Carrie Keagan

text: Keagan hosts No Good TV's original programming, including series "Up Close with Carrie Keagan" and "In Bed with Carrie". She guest co-hosted E!'s "The Daily 10"; co-anchored Emmy, Oscar and Golden Globe red-carpet coverage for TV Guide Network; and conducted backstage coverage on the Teen Choice Awards on Fox.


title: Carrie Keagan

text: She has appeared on numerous Mark Burnett productions, including VH1 Classic's "Rock'n’Roll Fantasy Camp" and MTV's "Rock Band Battle" and "P. Diddy's Starmaker". She has co-hosted many events for VH1, including the red carpet show broadcast for the Critics' Choice Awards in 2008 and 2009, and the 3rd annual "VH1 Rock Honors: The Who". She produced and hosted two seasons of VH1 Classic's "One Hit Wonders" and "Now: That's What I Call Dance Music". In 2010, she appeared as a guest host on episodes of G4's "Attack of the Show!", including several installments in which she appears as a parody version of the DC Comics superhero Power Girl. In 2011 she began hosting her own show "Big Morning Buzz Live" on VH1. Keagan left the show in 2013 and was replaced by Nick Lachey. In August 2014, Keagan helped to raise awareness of the disease ALS by participating in the Ice Bucket Challenge. On January 28, 2016, she was announced as one of the contestants on "The New Celebrity Apprentice", also known as "Celebrity Apprentice 8". On January 2, 2017, she was the first contestant fired, finishing in 16th place and earning no money for her charity, The Humane Society of the United States. On November 18, 2018 she co-hosted the first ever Gamer’s Choice Awards.


title: Carrie Keagan

text: Keagan had a recurring role in the Comedy Central series "Reno 911!" and several roles and cameos in movies, including "Superbad", "The Hangover", "Miss March", "" and" ". Keagan was featured as a "Babe of the Month" in "Playboy" magazine in July 2008, was photographed by television producer Brannon Braga for "Femme Fatales Magazine" and has been featured on the cover of "Garage" magazine.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: Lee Yo-won (born April 9, 1980) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Queen Seondeok in the eponymous hit period drama.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: Lee Yo-won was a sophomore in high school when she won a modeling contest and first appeared as a model in the November 1997 issue of fashion magazine Figaro. This led to commercials, then to minor roles in television series and movies. Though she started getting recognized by the public after the box-office success of anarchic comedy "Attack the Gas Station" (1999), her first notable acting role was in controversial TV drama "Blue Mist" (2001), where she played a young woman in her 20s who becomes romantically involved with a married man in his 40s.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: Critical darling "Take Care of My Cat" (2001) followed shortly, for which she received several newcomer awards. In a later interview with "Elle Korea" in 2009, she cited the film as her most memorable work.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: But after starring in a number of big-screen star vehicles that weren't received well by audiences and critics, Lee felt mentally and physically exhausted. After finishing the historical drama "" (lit. "The Great Ambition", 2002), she made the surprising announcement that she was temporarily retiring from the entertainment scene.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: Lee made a successful acting comeback in 2005, as the lead actress in period drama "Fashion 70's", which she chose because she wanted to work with TV director Lee Jae-gyu (who had previously directed "Damo"), and because it was not a typical love story, but depicted a woman's success in life and career. A supporting role followed in romantic comedy "When Romance Meets Destiny".


title: Lee Yo-won

text: In 2007, Lee played the titular character in hit medical drama/romance "Surgeon Bong Dal-hee", though her next series, melodrama "Bad Love" was less successful in the ratings. She then switched to more serious fare as part of the ensemble cast of "May 18", a film about the Gwangju massacre and one of the highest grossing Korean films of all time.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: Tired of playing fragile characters, Lee portrayed Queen Seondeok of Silla in the massively popular period drama "Queen Seondeok" (2009). Her follow-up, fantasy melodrama "49 Days" (2011) in which she played dual roles as a woman possessed, also resonated with audiences. Afterwards she appeared in "Horse Doctor" (2012) about a Joseon-era veterinarian turned royal physician, and "Empire of Gold" (2013) which revolved around a power struggle over a chaebol.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: On the big screen, Lee said after her enjoyable experience working with Jeong Jae-eun on "Take Care of My Cat", she wanted to work with other female directors, so she starred in Anna Lee's romantic mystery "The Recipe" (2010) and Bang Eun-jin's crime thriller "Perfect Number" (2012). In contrast, she was cast in the only female starring role in Kang Woo-suk's "Fists of Legend" (2013), about middle-aged men who join a televised mixed martial arts tournament/reality show.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: In 2016, Lee made a successful comeback to the small screen with the quirky romantic-comedy "My Horrible Boss". Her role as a hot-headed career woman was well-received, with many citing it as her "rediscovery role". She then participated in another film, titled "Yes, Family", playing a reporter who is the oldest among-st four siblings. Lee also starred in the MBC drama "Night Light", alongside Jin Goo and Uee.


title: Lee Yo-won

text: Lee married businessman and professional golfer Park Jin-woo on January 10, 2003. The couple have two daughters & one son (born in Dec 2003, May 2014 and May 2015).


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Megara, also known as Meg, is a fictional character who appears in the Walt Disney Pictures 35th animated film "Hercules" (1997). Voiced by actress Susan Egan, Meg is introduced as a cynical young woman enslaved by Hades, god of the underworld. Hades forces Meg to uncover Hercules' weaknesses by seducing him in return for her freedom, only to develop genuine feelings for the character instead. Loosely based on Megara and Deianira, Hercules' first and second wives in Greek mythology, directors Ron Clements and John Musker adapted Meg into a morally conflicted con artist, while basing her role and personality on 1940s screwball comediennes, particularly actress Barbara Stanwyck's performance in "The Lady Eve" (1941).


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Egan had already been starring as Belle in the stage adaptation of Disney's "Beauty and the Beast" (1994) when she learned of auditions for "Hercules". Despite campaigning heavily for the role of Meg, Disney initially prevented Egan from auditioning because the studio felt that Meg and Belle's personalities differed too greatly, doubting that the actress could voice the former convincingly until she ultimately proved capable. To prepare for both her audition and the role, Egan drew inspiration from several classic Hollywood actresses, including Joan Crawford, Bette Davis and Lauren Bacall, in addition to Stanwyck. After opting not to draw the character realistically, supervising animator Ken Duncan decided to incorporate elements of Greek pottery into Meg's hair, body and clothing, while borrowing some of Egan's own mannerisms.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Reception towards Meg has been positive, with critics welcoming her independence, wit and complexity as departures from previous Disney heroines, as well as praising Egan's performance. The character is considered to be underappreciated by contemporary critics, with several media publications ranking her among Disney's most underrated heroines. Meg has made subsequent appearances in the film's , television spin-off and video game adaptations, as well as a live-action iteration in "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by actress Kacey Rohl.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Megara's role in "Hercules" is one of several creative liberties Disney took when adapting the Greek myth into an animated film. In Greek mythology, Megara is Hercules' first wife, with whom the character has several children. The eldest daughter of King Creon, Megara is gifted to Hercules after he defeats the Minyans at Orchomenos. Megara and their children are eventually killed by Hercules himself, having been driven to insanity by Hera, the wife of his unfaithful father Zeus. These elements were entirely omitted from the animated film while retaining a female character named "Meg", instead adapting her into a con artist with a troubled past, whose relationship with Hercules ultimately redeems her.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: The writers adapted the way in which Hercules meets his second wife, Deianira, into the way he meets Meg. "Herakles" author Emma Stafford determined that Disney had assimilated the character with Deianira, in addition to making Meg older and more experienced. Directors and screenwriters Ron Clements and John Musker primarily drew inspiration for the film from screwball comedies during the 1930s and 1940s, particularly films directed by Preston Sturges and Frank Capra, with Musker describing "Hercules" as "a comedy about the battle between idealism and cynicism, in the same way as some of those Sturges and Capra movies". Thus, Meg was written as a cynical heroine who finds it difficult to trust men.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: The writers based Meg on actress Barbara Stanwyck's character in the film "The Lady Eve" (1941). Clements said that Meg "was especially interesting for us [to create] because she was so different from the other Disney heroines" of the time period. In addition to her "sharp-tongued" nature, writing Meg as a heroine who plots with the film's villain against its hero was a stark departure from previous Disney heroines and virtually unprecedented at the time. Since Meg initially works for Hades, the writers also drew inspiration from Lola, a temptress contracted to work for the devil in the musical "Damn Yankees" (1956). According to "The Baltimore Sun", Meg was one of Disney's first heroines to have been written with a past and backstory.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg is voiced by American actress and singer Susan Egan who, prior to "Hercules", had auditioned for every animated Disney film since 1991's "Beauty and the Beast". Disney was interested in recruiting a Broadway performer to voice Meg, instead of casting separate actors as the character's speaking and singing voices. At the time, Egan was starring on Broadway as Belle in the stage adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast", a role she originated, and had been four months into her tenure when she learned of auditions for Meg. Despite strong interest in the role and assuming her professional relationship with the studio would benefit her prospects, Disney refused to let Egan audition, stating she was "not right" for the character, since the filmmakers felt Meg's "bad girl" personality was far too different from the kind, sweet-natured Belle for Egan to voice convincingly. Egan pursued the role constantly until Disney finally relented.Several of Egan's Broadway contemporaries vied for the same role, including actresses Donna Murphy and Audra McDonald, both of whom attended her audition. Composer Alan Menken and musical director Michael Kosarin, both of whom Egan had worked with during "Beauty and the Beast", oversaw her audition. Egan described the audition process as unusual because the filmmakers avoided looking at her, preferring to either close their eyes or study a drawing of Meg to help determine if her voice complimented their vision and not be distracted by Egan's appearance. Egan read Meg's lines in her naturally deep voice which sounds different than the manufactured "Belle voice" Disney had grown accustomed to hearing, surprising the casting directors and Menken. Egan relayed to the filmmakers that "when I play Belle, I'm acting", describing herself as much more similar to Meg in both voice and personality. Aware that Meg was based on Stanwyck, Egan researched some of Stanwyck's films, as well as the performances of actresses Joan Crawford, Bette Davis and Lauren Bacall, drawing inspiration from their "cadence of acting" and mid-Atlantic accents. Egan then performed "Somewhere That's Green" from Menken's musical "Little Shop of Horrors" (1982) as her audition song. Apart from periodic updates from Kosarin, Egan would not hear from Disney until six months afterward when the studio chose her as one of three contenders to begin animating the character to, until she was finally cast following her last animation test. Egan had begun to grow anxious because Disney had opted to cast "big name[d]" actors in several prominent roles, considering herself fortunate to play both the speaking and singing parts of her character, which had grown more uncommon in animated films.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Egan continued to perform in "Beauty and the Beast" while working on "Hercules," playing Belle throughout the day and Meg during evenings. Egan's first recording session was postponed due to a foot injury she suffered on stage. At one point, Menken warned Egan that she had begun incorporating aspects of Meg's personality into Belle, saying, "You're onstage and your hip juts out ... it's like you're going to roll your eyes and tell the Beast to shave", which she corrected. Egan continued to draw inspiration from classic Hollywood performers, adapting "a hard-boiled frame of mind" when approaching Meg's putdowns, retorts and insults. She channeled actresses Jean Arthur and Ginger Rogers for the scene in which Meg first nicknames Hercules "Wonder Boy". Some of Egan's lines were lifted directly from her audition, particularly "So did they give you a name along with all those rippling pectorals?" and "My friends call me Meg. At least they would if I had any friends". This posed a challenge for the sound engineers, who were tasked with removing background noise such as New York City traffic from the footage. Egan described Meg as "the gorgeous, girl-with-a-track-record" female character that she had always wanted to play, possessing "the Liz Taylor look and the one-liners I wish I could come up with in real life." Egan felt it "fun to be funny" as Meg, believing that her sarcastic and witty personality is typically reserved for male characters.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg was inspired by 1940s screwball comediennes, specifically actress Barbara Stanwyck's performances in the films "The Lady Eve" and "Ball of Fire" (both 1941). Both Egan and supervising animator Ken Duncan drew inspiration from Stanwyck's "tough-minded" demeanor in her films, with Egan describing Meg as a "fast-talking, 1940s dame who has guys wrapped around her little finger". Egan believes Meg is a character "somewhere in between" good and evil, unlike most Disney heroines who are typically either one or the other. Egan called Meg a "beautiful and brilliant" woman "who knows how to go after what she wants," describing her as "disillusioned with people" until she meets "Hercules, who is so pure of spirit and so honest that it re-establishes her faith in goodness." Egan said Meg and Belle are "not exactly the same type" of character; comparing Meg to her other Disney heroine, Belle, Egan described the former as the Beast to Hercules' Belle: "[Meg is] the one who's had a traumatic event in her life which has forced her to lose faith in people. It takes a pure spirit to reestablish that faith. For the Beast, it was Belle. For Meg, it's Hercules." Furthermore, Egan believes "there's no other character like Meg", elaborating that she lacks the moral compass that Belle has "because that's Hercules’ job in the movie. She's not a princess, and she's not a villain." Egan believes that Meg undergoes "a much larger arch than the Disney princesses" as she experiences a change of heart, describing her as flawed and feeling that Disney not crowning her a princess makes her "more relatable".


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Disney enlisted cartoonist and caricaturist Gerald Scarfe to help design the film's characters. Alongside Hercules, Meg is one of only two prominent human characters in the film; Scarfe determined that neither character "offer[ed] a lot for caricature" in comparison to the film's non-human characters, opting to draw them as "good looking, hunky, pretty" instead. Observing that Disney heroines "ha[ve] certainly evolved over the years", Scarfe identified Meg as very different from Snow White from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937), describing her as "a feisty, in some ways cynical girl who has a lot of oomph." Duncan served as Meg's supervising animator, both designing and animating the character. Duncan Marjoribanks was originally intended to animate Meg, while Duncan had been slated to animate Nessus. Duncan asked to replace Marjoribanks when the latter left the production to work for DreamWorks Animation. Duncan originally attempted to draw Meg as a realistic-looking heroine. Upon deciding to incorporate elements of Greek pottery into the character's hair, Duncan ultimately decided to base the character's entire body on pottery as well. Duncan hoped that his animation would change how Meg's personality was originally depicted in storyboards, from "tough and angry to street smart and playfully sarcastic." Clements and Musker described Meg's head as "sort of a vase shape", while "she's got a Greek curl in the back." Notably, Meg's hair is designed and animated in a way that is very difficult to replicate in real life.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Egan feels her character closer resembles Stanwyck than herself, although some of Egan's mannerisms, facial expressions and features, such as Egan's arched eyebrows, were incorporated into the character's appearance by animators watching video footage of the actress recording. While reviewing storyboards early during production, Egan recognized Meg performing a "slicing" gesture with her hand she had originated during her audition when her character says "Thanks for everything, Herc. It's been a real slice", which producer Alice Dewey confirmed had been borrowed directly from Egan's audition. Meg's eye colour had been changed from blue to purple by the time Phil's line warning Hercules not to be distracted by her eyes was written, prompting the writers to change it from "Don't let your guard down because of a pair of big, blue eyes" to "goo-goo eyes". In 2011, Egan enlisted Duncan to animate animal characters in the music video for her single "Nina Doesn't Care".


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg is the film's female lead, whose listless personality distinguishes her from Disney's history of earnest heroines. "Stylist" writer Kayleigh Dray described Meg as manipulative, sarcastic, fierce, and wise, characteristics that Egan said are typically reserved for male characters in Disney films. IndieWire's Greg Ehrbar observed that Meg's sardonicism is "unusual for a Disney heroine", describing her as a "descendant of a Barbara Stanwyck film noir character" who is also hesitant "to get close to anyone lest they wreck her life further", suffering from a complicated past that leaves her bitter and cynical. The "Los Angeles Times"' Kenneth Turan remarked that Meg is "a different kind of Disney heroine, the kind of been-around, good-bad girl who could have been voiced by Barbara Stanwyck." Meg is also very sarcastic, a characteristic considered to be unusual among most Disney heroines, often speaking in "misandrist quips."


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: "Vice" writer Jill Gutowitz reviewed that Meg "was measurably more sexual than any female character" at the time of the film's release; "I had never seen a woman treat men the way she did, luring them with her catlike eyes; tugging them around by the shirt collar; dragging her spindly fingers across their pecs. Meg teased her friends and foes, taunting them with an air of mystery that implied she harbored secrets." Observing that "Female characters tend to be fully good or fully bad in Disney movies—a Maleficent or a Sleeping Beauty, if you will", Kate Knibbs of "The Ringer" wrote that "Meg is a little harder to neatly categorize, as she's a good person with an attitude problem who makes some bad choices. "Disney, Pixar, and the Hidden Messages of Children's Films" author M. Keith Booker called Meg Hercules' "version of Kryptonite", Superman's weakness. Describing Meg as "cynical and articulate," "The Independent"'s Judith Welikala stated that the character "shows a more devious side normally confined to villainous females," unlike her predecessors. Sabina Ibarra of Moviefone identified Meg as "one of Disney's few lady anti-heroes", representing "a reluctant hero" until she encounters "someone who brings out the good in her".


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg resents being referred to as a damsel in distress, particularly by Hercules when they first meet. Uninterested in and opposed to the idea of love, the character is cynical towards the idea of new romantic relationships due to suffering from a broken heart as a result of past failed relationships. Particularly when her lover died, and in order to bring him back she sold her soul to Hades. But soon after, he left her for another woman. At the same time, love complicates Meg's motivations, affecting choices she makes both about herself and others. The "San Francisco Chronicle"'s Peter Stack wrote that Meg appears to be "as world-weary as a downtown barfly". Hercules must ultimately prove himself a hero by earning Meg's love. According to "Bustle"'s Tracy Dye, Meg "only used her feminine wiles as a guise to pay her dues to evil Hades". PopSugar's Stacey Nguyen considers Meg one of the studio's most sexually confident characters. According to Shoshana Kessock of "Tor.com", Meg is an example "of some creative editing ... where [she finds her] particular power in the films: through blatant uses of sexuality." Meg is depicted sexualizing herself in order to use her sexuality as a weapon unlike Jasmine, Pocahontas and Esmeralda, who instead are sexualized by the men around them. Meanwhile, Meg also undergoes character development, slowly opening up to and sacrificing herself for Hercules. Identifying Meg as "a stronger and more complex female character ... than the typical Disney princess". Booker considers Hercules' decision to sacrifice immortality in order to be with Meg as a "progressive twist" in which the hero sacrifices something important to be with his love interest, as opposed to the woman sacrificing.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg first appears in "Hercules" (1997) as a young woman working for Hades, god of the underworld. She meets Hercules when he frees her from Nessus, a centaur Meg had been sent by Hades to recruit for his army. Resisting Hercules' help, Meg distrusts men, having once sold her soul to Hades in return for an ex-boyfriend's life only for him to pursue another woman, leaving Meg indebted to Hades for eternity. Hades enlists Meg to entice the seemingly infallible Hercules in hopes of distracting and ultimately defeating him, offering her freedom for uncovering his weaknesses. Upon convincing Hercules to take a day off, they share a romantic evening during which Meg realizes she has unwillingly begun to fall in love with him, although she denies feeling this way. Meg refuses to assist Hades any further, prompting him to kidnap her in order to lure Hercules upon discovering that Meg is Hercules' weakness. Hades tricks Hercules into giving up his strength in return for Meg's guaranteed safety, only to reveal that Meg was initially working for him. With Hercules incapacitated, Hades attacks Mount Olympus and Thebes, but Hercules remains determined to defend both regions. During the battle, Meg pushes Hercules out of the way of a falling column, by which she is crushed and fatally injured. Meg's injury restores Hercules' strength, which he uses to confront Hades and retrieve Meg's soul from the River Styx before it reaches the underworld, ultimately reviving her. Hercules' sacrifice for Meg proves himself a true hero, becoming a god in the process and finally allowing him to return to Mount Olympus. However, Hercules chooses to relinquish his immortality so that he can remain on Earth with Meg. Meg appears as Hercules' wife in the film's direct-to-video sequel "" (1999), in which she learns about Hercules' past and childhood.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg made guest appearances on the television series "Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series" (1998). A live-action version of Megara appears on the fantasy television series "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by actress Kacey Rohl. The character first appears in the 13th episode of the show's fifth season, "Labor of Love", alongside Hercules. The show's iteration of Meg is described as "a plucky young adventurer with a sly sense of humor and a tough, no-nonsense spirit." In the episode, Meg has been imprisoned in the Underworld for several years after being eaten by Cerberus. She has no affiliation with Hades, and little is revealed about her backstory or past relationships. She is imprisoned with Captain Hook, who plots to help her escape. After defeating Cerberus with Hercules and Snow White, Meg leaves the Underworld and returns to Olympus with Hercules. Critics and audiences were divided over Meg's portrayal in the series, with fans expressing their disappointment with the character's characterization on social media. Hypable's Brittany Lovely lamented that Meg "went from a strong female lead who was a damsel in distress who could handle it, to a character who needed not one, but two men to rescue her." Allison Piwowarski of Romper wrote that the show portrayed Meg as "scared and weak" for most of the episode, "until the final moments ... that she seemed to at all represent the character of which she was based on." Feeling that the character had been relegated to a love interest, Piwowarski concluded, "While I'm happy to see that she was able to be the hero at the end of the episode, I wish she would have been the strong female character she truly is throughout the entire episode."


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Meg appears in the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series, beginning with "Kingdom Hearts II" (2005). She meets Sora during his second visit to the Olympus Coliseum while she was contemplating asking Hades to stop sending monsters for Hercules to fight, having grown fond of him. She accepts Sora's offer for him to go in her stead, under the condition that they keep the entire arrangement a secret from Hercules. Hades kidnaps Meg as bait to convince Sora to unlock the Underworld's Underdrome, holding her hostage when Hercules and Auron refuse to fight each other in the Underdrome. Sora and Hercules rescue her, promising to repay the heroes as best as she can. The character appears in the game's sequel "Kingdom Hearts III" (2019).


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Critical reception towards Meg has been mostly positive. The "Chicago Tribune"'s Harlene Ellin welcomed Meg as "Disney's first crack at a tough-chick heroine." Michael Ollove of "The Baltimore Sun" called Meg "one of Disney's most original female characters", comparing her to both Stanwyck and actress Veronica Lake. Ollove continued, "For the first time, Disney has created a female heroine with a past, a girl ... who's been around the Parthenon." Janet Maslin, film critic for "The New York Times", called Meg "hipper" than typical Disney heroines, describing her as "a sardonic burgundy-haired vamp who sounds like...Veronica Lake". "Entertainment Weekly"'s Owen Gleiberman described the character as "refreshingly saucy". Amy Longsdorf of "The Morning Call" hailed Meg as "one of the most complicated heroines in the Disney canon", as well as "revolutionary" in terms of her moral ambiguity. "The Irish Times" wrote that the character "may mark a breakthrough in the roll-call of Disney heroines, as the company's first (albeit implied) non-virginal female romantic lead." John Rundin of "Animation World Network" called Meg "A surprisingly liberated heroine for a Disney animation film" and the film's sole exception to studio's intolerance "for moral complexity and ambiguity".


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Egan's performance has also been widely praised. The "Los Angeles Times" film critic Kenneth Turan wrote that "Hercules" may have been less successful if not for Egan's "excellent, feeling work". James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" called Egan's performance "suitably sassy" while comparing her character to actress Mae West. "Time" film critic Richard Corliss reviewed Meg as "wonderfully voiced by Egan", likening the character's relationship with Hercules to Stanwyck's chemistry with actor Eddie Bracken. Derek Armstrong of AllMovie wrote that Egan's "readings drip with the kind of eyeball-rolling feminist wit that makes [Meg] one of Disney's strongest female characters." Josh Spiegel of /Film described Meg as "a vastly more interesting character than Hercules ... in part because Egan's performance is brimming with personality", explaining that although Hercules "often seems like an overgrown child. Meg, at least, is full of creative angles and unexpected byways", voicing his preference for the character over Princess Jasmine from "Aladdin" (1992). "Time" ranked Egan's work among the studio's "best voice performances". "Geeks + Gamers" contributor Virginia Kublawi crowned Egan one of "Hercules"' MVPs, calling her a sympathetic, "unique character" who uses her sexualtiy and appearance as a weapons unlike previous Disney heroines, describing the trait as "Not necessarily a new or groundbreaking idea, but certainly not one you often see depicted in sympathetic characters in Disney movies." Kublawi further praised the character's design and song while calling her a standout among the film's characters. Writing for CNN, Carol Buckland appreciated Egan's "smart, surprisingly sexy turn as Meg, the bad girl who ends up going good", but warned that parents may be disturbed by her "shady-lady tactics". Similarly, Bob Smithouser of "Plugged In" was wary of the character's "wiggling hips and allusions to Meg's other Aphroditic charms", calling her "immodest." In a more mixed review, Nell Minow of Common Sense Media agreed that although "Meg is tougher and braver than the traditional damsel in distress," she is "still very much on the sidelines."


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Karen Mazurkewich of "Playback" credited Duncan with "upset[tng] the Disney stereotype by crafting a more sly and sexy female lead" via Meg, prior to whom she stated Disney heroines had been "feisty but often cloyingly naive." Shoshana Kessock of "Tor.com" wrote that Meg "lit up the screen", describing the character as "a complicated woman whose heart and loyalty, though torn throughout the film, are entirely her own." Kessock wrote that the character's sexuality "makes her a difficult character for the PG brand. Yet in the pantheon of Anti-Princesses ... she claims her place among the more in command, take-charge Disney women", concluding, "When she finally does give in to her feelings for Hercules, it is after a lot of soul-searching and character growth, something that could be a good story for young women to learn—if she was given the same air time as the other Disney heroines." Romper's Allison Piwowarski described Meg as "a very powerful character in the Disney universe" who "is just as much of a hero as Herc is." "Screen Rant"'s Matthew Wilkinson called Meg "one of Hercules' best characters, mainly because she's full of sass and confidence, while also bringing the emotional aspects as well." Writing for "Vice", Jill Gutowitz described Meg's "depth, her wit, her bullheaded resistance to being saved, and her willingness to rebuke masculinity" as "The most intriguing" aspects of her characterization, as opposed to her appearance.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Dirk Libbey of Cinema Blend hailed Meg as "one of Disney's most interesting female characters", calling it a shame that her film is less celebrated than some of its contemporaries. A Plus contributor Jill O'Rourke reported that fans often defend "Hercules" from its detractors due to Meg's role, who she described as an "anti-princess". Mary Grace Garis, writing for "Bustle", called Meg "a standout" who is "far better than any Disney Princess", describing her as "more intriguing" than her contemporaries. Garis also identified Meg's independence, sarcasm, and relatability among her strongest attributes, coining her "a goddess amongst princesses". Lindsey Weber of Vulture agreed that Meg is superior to Disney Princesses, calling her a feminist, one of the few Disney heroines to have "an actual personality", and a "great love interest". In a 2017 article, Nerdist crowned Meg "The real star of "Hercules"". Writing for "Odyssey", Nina Siso called Meg one of Disney's "coolest female characters", whereas Freeform deemed Meg a character whom everyone wishes to be. "Thought Catalog" ranked Meg Disney's 10th "Most Awesome Female Character", commending her independence. "Screen Rant" ranked Meg Disney's 23rd best heroine, with author Colby Tortorici describing her as more "fleshed out ... than some of the older Disney heroines." Writing for "The Independent", Clarisse Loughrey described Meg as "a close runner-up for the title" of the film's hero, calling her "the go-to Disney princess for the cool kids".


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Media publications have called Meg one of Disney's most underrated characters. Shoshana Kessock of "Tor.com" believes Meg establishes herself "among the more in command, take-charge Disney women", although her sexuality "makes her a difficult character for the PG [Disney Princess] brand". "Odyssey" contributor Christina Lograsso called Meg "by far my favorite Disney character out there, and it is time she gets some credit", praising her independence, wit and sympathetic nature. "Bustle" writer Tracy Dye agreed that the character is "The Most Underrated Disney Heroine Ever", appreciating her departure from previous Disney heroines and crediting her cynicism with "upend[ing] the stereotype in the landscape of many fairytales, which show women who are unremitting in their search for love and 'happily ever after'." In addition to complimenting her wit, complexity and independence, Dye concluded that Meg "offered a realistic portrayal of a woman who had become guarded after having her heart broken", encouraging readers to adopt the character as their own favorite Disney heroine. According to Sara Franks-Allen of ScreenCrush, Meg was excluded from the official Disney Princess franchise due to "Hercules"' underperformance in theaters, describing her as a "forgotten Disney princess". "The Ringer"'s Kate Knibbs believes Meg "would be the only Disney princess with a shitty ex-boyfriend" if she were an official Disney princess, describing her exclusion as "for the best, because she's also the female Disney character who seems like she'd care the least about the distinction." Naming Meg one of the "10 Best Unofficial Disney Princesses", Collider's Kristin Kranz described her as "one of the most complex, interesting, and authentic feeling of the female characters in animated Disney movies", calling her exclusion from the official Disney Princess franchise a shame.


title: Megara (Disney character)

text: Manuel Betancourt, writing for Catapult, identified Meg as a strong female role model who was one of his "most enduring" during his teenage years due to her dry wit. In addition to gradually abolishing "the more retrograde fairy tale princess stories Disney had been serving for decades", Betancourt believes Meg also helped audiences transition "to objectify its male protagonists". Fans have long revered Meg as a feminist icon. "Affinity" magazine's Sophia Cunningham considers Meg to be a feminist Disney character who does not "get enough credit", deeming her "my personal favorite Disney character of all time" and calling her line "I'm a damsel, I'm in distress, I can handle this. Have a nice day" famous. "Stylist" ranked Meg Disney's ninth most feminist Disney princess, with author Kayleigh Dray calling her "a revelation to many bright-eyed Disney fans growing up" and crediting her villainous role with disproving that "non-bubbly women are deemed evil". Natalie Xenos of "Metro" called Meg "the badass heroine cinema needs", recognizing her as a feminist who "was inspiring girls long before Moana and Elsa". Stacey Nguyen of PopSugar argued that Meg is neither a role model or feminist icon like some of her contemporaries but remains one of her favorite Disney heroines, describing her as "one of the richest, most developed characters in Disney's library" who she believes is deprived of the discussion she deserves. Nguyen crowned the character "the other hero in "Hercules"".


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. The only common element in these oscillators is the inclusion of bromine and an acid. The reactions are important to theoretical chemistry in that they show that chemical reactions do not have to be dominated by equilibrium thermodynamic behavior. These reactions are far from equilibrium and remain so for a significant length of time and evolve chaotically. In this sense, they provide an interesting chemical model of nonequilibrium biological phenomena; as such, mathematical models and simulations of the BZ reactions themselves are of theoretical interest, showing phenomenon as noise-induced order.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: An essential aspect of the BZ reaction is its so called "excitability"; under the influence of stimuli, patterns develop in what would otherwise be a perfectly quiescent medium. Some clock reactions such as Briggs–Rauscher and BZ using the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride as catalyst can be excited into self-organising activity through the influence of light.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: The discovery of the phenomenon is credited to Boris Belousov. In 1951, while trying to find the non-organic analog to the Krebs cycle, he noted that in a mix of potassium bromate, cerium(IV) sulfate, malonic acid, and citric acid in dilute sulfuric acid, the ratio of concentration of the cerium(IV) and cerium(III) ions oscillated, causing the colour of the solution to oscillate between a yellow solution and a colorless solution. This is due to the cerium(IV) ions being reduced by malonic acid to cerium(III) ions, which are then oxidized back to cerium(IV) ions by bromate(V) ions.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: Belousov made two attempts to publish his finding, but was rejected on the grounds that he could not explain his results to the satisfaction of the editors of the journals to which he submitted his results. Soviet biochemist Simon El'evich Shnoll encouraged Belousov to continue his efforts to publish his results. In 1959 his work was finally published in a less respectable, nonreviewed journal.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: After Belousov's publication, Shnoll gave the project in 1961 to a graduate student, Anatol Zhabotinsky, who investigated the reaction sequence in detail; however, the results of these men's work were still not widely disseminated, and were not known in the West until a conference in Prague in 1968.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: A number of BZ cocktails are available in the chemical literature and on the web. Ferroin, a complex of phenanthroline and iron, is a common indicator. These reactions, if carried out in petri dishes, result in the formation first of colored spots. These spots grow into a series of expanding concentric rings or perhaps expanding spirals similar to the patterns generated by a cyclic cellular automaton. The colors disappear if the dishes are shaken, and then reappear. The waves continue until the reagents are consumed. The reaction can also be performed in a beaker using a magnetic stirrer.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: Andrew Adamatzky, a computer scientist in the University of the West of England, reported on liquid logic gates using the BZ reaction. The BZ reaction has also been used by Juan Pérez-Mercader and his group at Harvard University to create an entirely chemical Turing machine, capable of recognizing a Chomsky type-1 language.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: Strikingly similar oscillatory spiral patterns appear elsewhere in nature, at very different spatial and temporal scales, for example the growth pattern of "Dictyostelium discoideum", a soil-dwelling amoeba colony. In the BZ reaction, the size of the interacting elements is molecular and the time scale of the reaction is minutes. In the case of the soil amoeba, the size of the elements is typical of single-celled organisms and the times involved are on the order of days to years.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: Investigators are also exploring the creation of a "wet computer", using self-creating "cells" and other techniques to mimic certain properties of neurons.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: The mechanism for this reaction is very complex and is thought to involve around 18 different steps which have been the subject of a number of research papers.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: In a way similar to the Briggs–Rauscher reaction, two key processes (both of which are auto-catalytic) occur; process A generates molecular bromine, giving the red colour, and process B consumes the bromine to give bromide ions. Theoretically, the reaction resembles the ideal Turing pattern, a system that emerges qualitatively from solving the reaction diffusion equations for a reaction that generates both a reaction inhibitor and a reaction promoter, of which the two diffuse across the medium at different rates.


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: One of the most common variations on this reaction uses malonic acid (CH(COH)) as the acid and potassium bromate (KBrO) as the source of bromine. The overall equation is:


title: Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

text: Many variants of the reaction exist. The only key chemical is the bromate oxidizer. The catalyst ion is most often cerium, but it can be also manganese, or complexes of iron, ruthenium, cobalt, copper, chromium, silver, nickel and osmium. Many different reductants can be used. (Zhabotinsky, 1964b; Field and Burger, 1985)


title: The Crow (upcoming film)

text: The Crow is an upcoming American supernatural superhero film directed by Rupert Sanders, from a screenplay by Zach Baylin. It stars Bill Skarsgård as Eric Draven / The Crow, a murdered musician who is resurrected to avenge the deaths of himself and his fiancée, played by FKA Twigs. Serving as a remake of the 1994 film, the film is based on James O'Barr's comic of the same name.