title: Odin Sphere

text: The initial concept for "Odin Sphere" was of a story revolving around a Valkyrie princess, inspired by Kamitani's wish to emulate the protagonist of "Princess Crown" and hearing at second hand about planning at tri-Ace for "", which involved Norse mythology and featured a princess as its main protagonist. Kamitani's Valkyrie protagonist, who would become Gwyndolin, was created before the rest of the game's world and story were finalized. Working from this initial idea and its roots in Norse mythology, Kamitani began writing a romantic storyline for Gwyndolin and Oswald as the central narrative, basing it on "Der Ring des Nibelungen" by Richard Wagner. He then added further elements inspired by the works of William Shakespeare and traditional European fairy tales. The other narratives focused on different themes: Mercedes' storyline focused on her maturation into a queen, Velvet's story focused on resolving a mystery, while Cornelius' story narrative modeled after traditional fairy tales as a homage to the early PC game "Marchen Veil". Oswald was based directly on Siegfried, the protagonist of "Der Ring des Nibelungen".


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Odin Sphere" was Kamitani's first time writing a large scenario mostly by himself. He began writing the scenario in July 2005, and while he was intended to be done by August, the writing lasted until February 2006. His original plan was something like a straight adaptation of "Der Ring des Nibelungen" and its associated Norse myths, but he reworked it to have more original features to incorporate more action while using its loose chronology to maintain a myth-like atmosphere. As with his other projects, Kamitani included strong female characters, as he felt a woman pushed into summoning the courage to fight deserved victory. There were plans to create backstory elements for characters like Odin and an extra book focusing on Ingway, but the negative impact those elements would have resulted in them being cut. Originally planned to have just an hour and a half of voiced dialogue, the final total was over five hours. Due to the large volumne of story, dividing the narrative and dialogue into cutscenes took six months rather than the planned three.


title: Odin Sphere

text: Kamitani acted as art and character designer for the game, with additional art for elements such as food provided by Shigatake. So as to distance the appearance of Gwyndolin and other Valkyries in "Odin Sphere" from the Valkyries of the "Valkyrie Profile" series, Kamitani modeled their outfits after ballet tutus. The character Mercedes was a fairy version of Gradriel De Valendia, the main protagonist of "Princess Crown". Velvet's design was described as an "Arabic Little Red Riding Hood". More sensual elements of his female character designs came about through chance rather than deliberate design. A few monster designs were recycled from "Princess Crown". The artwork was created at full scale, then shrunk down to fit within the PS2 hardware specifications.


title: Odin Sphere

text: Despite the general move to 3D graphics in the gaming industry, the team decided to use 2D graphics, as Kamitani felt the style was stagnating. The use of 2D graphics meant that traditional cinematographic camera work for cutscenes was impossible to achieve, so the team instead modeled them after scenes from a stage production. This style was also chosen due to the story's Shakespearean atmosphere. The character graphics were hand-drawn in a process Kamitani dubbed "tebineri", or hand-shaping. The toolset used to create the graphic animations was heavily inspired by the similar animation style used for Adobe Flash products. An element that proved troublesome was character movement, which was hard to make behave within the limited hardware specifications of the PS2. A cited example was how Velvet's breasts jiggle slightly when she stops moving. This was intended for more female characters, but due to the hardware limitations it was restricted to Velvet.


title: Odin Sphere

text: The game was localized for the West by Atlus USA. The project leader was Bill Alexander, the lead translator was Sammy Matsushima, while dialogue editing was handled by Mike Meeker. As with their other localizations such as for the "Persona" series, the team tried to stay faithful to the original text. This proved easier than for the "Persona" series as its fictional setting meant there were no cultural in-jokes that would not be understood outside Japan. The localization took place from 2006 to 2007: the project was an unusual one for Atlus, as it was an entirely new intellectual property from a studio that was still little known in the West. When tasked with localizing the game for Western markets, the team were told that the game had a Shakespearean feel, so Matsushima created a script that reflected that: with the concept of a play in mind, the dialogue was written to give a noble feel to the characters, in addition to fairy tale elements fitting in with its frame story of a girl reading books. For his part, Meeker read "King Lear" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream" to find the correct style for his writing, in addition to reading "Beowulf" to properly capture the narrative's darker elements.


title: Odin Sphere

text: The localization proved more challenging than other Atlus projects for multiple reasons. As the characters' text bubbles were designed to use Japanese kanji characters—which compress a lot of information into a single symbol in a way impossible in the English alphabet—each text bubble had to be individually resized and sometimes shifted so they would not intrude on other elements within scenes. The sheer amount of voice acting in the game meant that dubbing took far longer than other similar projects, running past its projected time and requiring Atlus staff members to voice very minor characters to save time. The main characters were a major focus due to the storytelling style of multiple interlinked narratives, with each character's personal growth needing to be reflected in their voice performance. This was particularly true of Mercedes. The auto-scrolling nature of dialogue, which moved along at a set pace rather than through the player's button prompts, meant that performances needed to be correctly timed and balanced to the varying paces at which the actors read their lines. This led to lines being modified during recording to keep within schedule. During the last stages, the team needed to rerecord some lines of dialogue, but to keep the localization in budget and on schedule it was done outside a professional recording studio, resulting in an audible drop in quality.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Odin Sphere" released in North America on May 22, 2007, less than a week after the game's Japanese release. In Europe, it was released on March 14, 2008 by Square Enix. Available with in-game text in English, French, German, Spanish and Italian, it was the first non-Square Enix title the company released in Europe. The European version also included technical improvements that allowed the game to run better than the North American version. It was also published in Australia on March 13. The Japanese voice track was included in the game as a special extra feature for fans of anime. The localization process was timed so that the Japanese and North American releases were days apart rather than months, which put extra pressure due to some promotional assets still being in development in Japan.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Odin Sphere Leifthrasir", a remake of "Odin Sphere" for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, began development in late 2013 alongside publisher Atlus changing ownership from Index Corporation to Sega. Ohnishi acted as the remake's director, while Kamitani produced. Atlus initially wanted to create a followup to Vanillaware's recent successful title "Dragon's Crown", but when "Odin Sphere" came up in conversations, it was decided to work on that as it was both Vanillaware's first project and their first Atlus-published title. Initially planned to be an upgraded port, the availability of development resources allowed for the development of a full remake. The aim by Vanillaware was to keep the well-received story and visual design intact, while improving the RPG elements and ironing out technical issues that were criticized at the time. The game's title "Leifthrasir" was in reference to Líf and Lífþrasir, the two humans in Norse mythology who survive Ragnarok and repopulate the new world. The ""Leifthrasir"" spelling was chosen over the more common ""Lifthrasir"" as the former sounded better. It was also written with the Old Norse letter "þ" incorporated into the title.


title: Odin Sphere

text: There were a large number of changes made to the game. Additional stages and divisions between battle and exploration were created; defense and dodge actions were added for characters; extensive vertical plains were added to environments; enemy and boss AI was redesigned and refined; additional enemies and subbosses were included; a new difficulty level was added; and the POW gauge, inventory and Psypher systems were redesigned. At the time "Odin Sphere" was made, it was fully intended to be a successor to "Princess Crown", but Vanillaware had since become better known for fast-paced action over simple side-scrolling combat. The gameplay was thus adjusted so that it would be familiar to players of the later and more refined "" and "Dragon's Crown". Kamitani later commented that he would have made extensive changes such as removing the alchemy system, but other staff members—who were fans of "Odin Sphere" and were employed after the game's release—successfully pushed to retain and improve rather than remove the original features. According to Ohnishi, how to adjust the gameplay was difficult for the team to decide: elements included the way health and magic energies were raised separately, and how the alchemy system worked. With this in mind, these systems were adjusted so they would be more accessible for people with varied playing styles. The revamped system drew from the team's work on "Dragon's Crown". There was no original story content created, although additional text archives were created and the existing text was rewritten in places. The ability to skip story sequences, unavailable in the original release, was included. It was also decided not to have the different sections be playable out of order, as that would negatively impact the story.


title: Odin Sphere

text: The high-definition upgrade was not as difficult as it might have been as all the art assets had been created in high definition and reduced for the PS2 hardware. Other aspects for the visuals, such as character faces, needed to be redrawn by Kamitani as they remained in low definition. There were also graphic elements remade as the team considered them to be rather poor quality when compared to their current work. Added shadow effects were created, but special parameters needed to be set as there were no 3D environments to use as reference. The 2D perspective also meant that the way enemies behaved needed to be adjusted, so they would not attack the player character while still off screen. In general, the overall graphical quality was improved, the resolution was increased, and the aspect ratio was changed from the original 4:3 to 16:9. The shift to 16:9 meant that character models needed to be re-positioned so as not to leave blank spaces on either side of the central scene. As they needed to analyse the original software to make such changes but had lost the original software used to create the cutscenes, they needed to hurriedly create alternate editing software that ran on a PC. In addition to changes to scenery and model positioning, the text font was resized to match the larger screen and the text bubbles were smoothed out.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Leifthrasir" was first announced in July 2015, along with its planned release platforms. The game was published in Japan on January 14, 2016. In North America, it released on June 7. While minimal work was done by Atlus' localization team for the remake, the amateur voice acting was replaced with professional performances. In Europe, it was published on June 24 by NIS America. NIS America also published "Leifthrasir" on June 24 in Australia and New Zealand. "Leifthrasir" ended up being the last title published during the partnership between Atlus and NIS America, with the two parting following NIS America's growing dissatisfaction with Atlus' behavior with publishing partners since being purchased by Sega.


title: Odin Sphere

text: The music of "Odin Sphere" was composed by a team from music company Basiscape. The team was led by company founder Hitoshi Sakimoto, and included Masaharu Iwata, Mitsuhiro Kaneda, Kimihiro Abe and Manabu Namiki. Sakimoto and Iwata created the majority of the soundtrack. Kamitani brought Basiscape and Sakimoto aboard as they had struck up an acquaintance while working on "Fantasy Earth Zero". He supported Kamitani's team during the more troubling periods of production and was apparently retained for what Kamitani considered a too-small fee when compared to the final music quality. When "Odin Sphere" began development, Kamitani contacted Basiscape at once. The team worked from the concept of Norse mythology interpreted by Japanese, aiming for musical impact rather than cultural accuracy. The aim was to emulate the game's Shakespearean inspiration and evoke the feeling of opening a "Harry Potter" novel for the first time. The music production took two to three years overall.


title: Odin Sphere

text: When creating the music, particularly the main theme, Sakimoto tried to capture the feelings of the characters struggling to determine their futures and face the truth of their situations. The Celtic-styled "Shanachie" version, which played during the end credits, was performed by Kansai-based band Shanachie. Kaneda created the boss track "A Hard Fight and then Hope", wanting a theme that was indicative of the main characters fighting beings larger than them. Commenting on his track "The Hero's Triumphant Return", Iwata aimed at creating a hopeful and triumphant song for key story segments. The main theme's lyrics were written by Nami Uehara, who arranged the main theme's "Shanachie" version. It was translated into French by Maryvonne Nagel Okamoto. All versions of the main theme were sung by Noriko Kawahara.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Odin Sphere Original Soundtrack" released on October 14, 2007 by Five Records. Additional orchestral arrangements included on the disk were performed by Eminence Symphony Orchestra. A reprint was issued by Basiscape Records on April 18, 2012. Upon release, it reached #171 in the Oricon charts, remaining in the charts for one week. The album received positive reviews from music critics.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Leifthrasir" made use of rearranged pieces, in addition to new tracks. These new tracks, 25 in all, were created for the new battle arenas. The music was composed by Sakimoto, Kaneda, Iwata, Abe, Namiki, Kazuki Higashihara, Azusa Chiba and Yoshimi Kudo. Uehara returned as arranger alongside Sakimoto, Kaneda, Iwata, Kudo, Higashihara and Chiba. During his work on the project, Sakimoto felt that the score needed minimal adjustment despite it being ten years since it was created. Shanachie returned to perform a rearranged version of the theme song. Vocals this time were performed by Rena and Miwa Horio. "Odin Sphere Leifthrasir Original Soundtrack" released on January 14, 2016. In addition to the songs included in "Leifthrasir", the soundtrack included five additional remixes of existing themes.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Odin Sphere" scored 83/100 on the aggregate site Metacritic based on 49 reviews, denoting a generally positive reception and being the 7th best-reviewed PS2 game of the year. Editors of "Famitsu Weekly" magazine gave the Japanese version a 32 out of 40 cumulative score, earning it the publication's Silver Award, with critics praising the title's graphics and "intuitive" controls, but also remarked that its difficulty was high and many areas of the game looked too similar. "Play Magazine" awarded it a perfect score, stating that "In the case of "Odin Sphere", [we are] confident that this is a perfect game, and that anyone who comes to it will derive the same," praising its 2D graphics, detailed storyline, and unique combat system as high points. Western reviewers generally praised the game highly: the story was cited as both compelling and well-told, with it being compared to the works of Shakespeare and the "A Song of Ice and Fire" book series. The gameplay systems and controls were generally praised, but while criticism was laid upon elements of repetition in its combat and progression, and its inventory system. The graphics were unanimously praised, with many comparing it to classic storybooks. A recurring criticism was slow-down during crowded battle sequences.


title: Odin Sphere

text: The PS4 version of "Leifthrasir" received an aggregate score of 87/100 based on 49 reviews, becoming the 15th best-reviewed title of 2016. The Vita version received a score of 93/100 based on five reviews. Reviewing "Leifthrasir", "Famitsu" praised the increased smoothness and battle frequency, noting that the title still felt fresh despite being the remake of a 2007 title. They also praised the graphical upgrade and its effect on the artwork. Critics generally agreed that "Leifthrasir" was an improvement on the original game, praising its technical performance, lack of the original's framerate problems, graphical upgrade, and redesigned gameplay systems. Despite this, reviewers noted that the game could get repetitive, with a few noting incumbent issues with its story presentation.


title: Odin Sphere

text: In its debut week in Japan, "Odin Sphere" sold 59,248 units, reaching #3 in the charts. It went up to second place in the charts the following week. Sales capped out at 96,280 units in the region by the end of 2007. Upon release in North America, the game reached the top of sales charts and remained there into the following week. It was among the top 20 best-selling titles in North America during its debut month, and was the only title in that ranking not to be a sequel or belong to an established brand. Atlus kept their traditionally convervative sales expectations for the game, but critical and fan reception prompted it to quickly sell out. According to a later statement by Atlus' parent company, "Odin Sphere" had sold 350,000 units worldwide during the 2007 to 2008 period, placing it among the PS2's "Greatest Hits" line. Upon its release as a PS2 Classic on the PlayStation Network in October 2011, the game was the best-selling out of five concurrent releases including "God Hand", and reached #15 in the PSN charts for that month. As of 2015, the game has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide. The financial success of the game for Vanillaware was contributed by Kamitani to high royalty payments set by Atlus as part of the publishing contract.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Leifthrasir" reached the top of sales charts, claiming the spot "Monster Hunter Generations" which had held the position for three weeks on end. Sales were strong compared to the original version: selling 43,394 units on PlayStation Vita at #1, 42,263 units on PlayStation 4 at #2, and 9,771 units on PlayStation 3 at #10. All version of "Leifthrasir" sold a total of 95,428, and marked an improvement in sales for Atlus after low sales for "Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE" the previous month. Upon release in Western territories, the Vita version reached #2 on the PSN chart.


title: Odin Sphere

text: "Odin Sphere" became the recipient of several website and magazine distinctions, particularly during IGN's "Best of 2007" PlayStation 2 awards, where the game won "Best Artistic Design", "Best Story", "Most Innovative Design", and "Best RPG". It was a runner-up in the PlayStation 2 categories for "Best Original Score" and "PS2 Game of the Year", additionally earning its developer Vanillaware "Best Developer" along with "GrimGrimoire", also released in 2007. It was favorably mentioned by multiple editors in RPGFan's "Games of 2007" awards, while it was in third place for the 2007 RPGamer Award for best PS2 title behind "GrimGrimoire" and "Persona 3". The game also won GamesRadar's "Pure Beauty" award during their Platinum Chalice Awards, with the website remarking that "The graphics here are so artistic it's hypnotic, if not literally breathtaking."


title: Odin Sphere

text: The delayed release of "Odin Sphere" led to issues with the company: they needed to start other projects to keep their company going, leading to the development of "GrimGrimoire". The development of "GrimGrimoire" drained the company's funds, forcing Kamitani to take out a flexible loan of 20 million yen to keep the company afloat and fund development for their next projects, in addition to finding new publishers as Atlus refused to take any more of Vanillaware's products until they had seen how "Odin Sphere" performed commercially. Nippon Ichi Software would handle "GrimGrimoire", while Marvelous Entertainment accepted their next project, "Muramasa: The Demon Blade" for the Wii. The commercial success of "Odin Sphere" both enabled the development of "Muramasa: The Demon Blade" and cleared Kamitani's debt. In tandem with their other titles, "Odin Sphere" helped establish Vanillaware as a respected developer.


title: Khao Lak

text: Khao Lak (, ) is a series of villages, now tourist-oriented, mainly in the Takua Pa District and partly in the Thai Mueang District of Phang Nga Province, Thailand.


title: Khao Lak

text: The name "Khao Lak" literally translated means 'Main Mountain'. This was one of the peaks used by ancient sea farers as a landmark to guide them into the safe harbor at Thaplamu. Lak mountain is one of the main peaks in the hilly small mountainous region (maximum height in Khao Lak-Lam Ru National Park.


title: Khao Lak

text: The tiny village of Ban Khao Lak, the original beach, Hat Khao Lak, and the bay of Khao Lak (Ao Khao Lak) actually all lie in the Lam Kaen sub-district of Thai Mueang District. However the name Khao Lak has now grown to enclose many other villages in the area, mostly on the Northern side of the mountain in the Khukkhak sub-district of Takuapa district.


title: Khao Lak

text: Khao Lak is located in Phang Nga Province of Southern Thailand. Approximately 100km from the Island of Phuket, 130km from Krabi town and 30km from the old tin mining town of Takuapa.


title: Khao Lak

text: Beach boundaries are fluid, and vary with local prejudices, official government pronouncements, and the marketing efforts of local resorts. It is generally accepted that Khao Lak beaches include (from south to north):


title: Khao Lak

text: Taken together, these beaches stretch for some along the Andaman Sea. All beaches are public, as are all beaches in Thailand.


title: Khao Lak

text: Since the tsunami, Khao Lak's infrastructure and economy have bounced back. Coastal resorts have been reconstructed or repaired, and new ones have been built or are in the process of being built. In 2016, there were reportedly 7,822 hotel rooms at 104 registered accommodations. Occupancy rates range from 70-90 percent during the high season period (November–March).


title: Khao Lak

text: The lush area around Khao Lak was once called Takola. Artifacts dating back to 1,400 years show evidence it was a significant coastal town and trading post of the ancient Maritime Silk Route.


title: Khao Lak

text: In 1987, over nine huts were found inside cashew nut trees of Khao Lak Resort, which are one of the most beautiful areas of forest where species of Thai wildlife are a common sight. Khao Lak was mentioned for the first time in 1988 in the second edition of Traveller Handbuch Thailand by Stefan Loose Verlag.


title: Khao Lak

text: Khao Lak was the coastal area of Thailand hardest hit by the tsunami resulting from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Many people died including many foreign tourists. The final death toll was over 4,000, with local unofficial estimates topping 10,000 due to the lack of accurate government censuses and the fact that much of the migrant Burmese population was not documented nor recognized as legal residents.


title: Khao Lak

text: Most of the coastal landscape was destroyed by the tsunami. Some replanting programmes have been initiated and a great deal has been accomplished in the rejuvenation of surrounding foliage. Studies suggesting that coastal vegetation may have helped buffer the effects of the waves have ensured that replanting and maintenance of the coastal vegetation have become a priority in the reconstruction of the landscape.


title: Khao Lak

text: The force of the tsunami beached Thai navy boat 813 (Tor 813) almost inland from Bang Niang Beach. It was on patrol, guarding Bhumi Jensen, a grandson of the king, as he was jet skiing in front of La Flora Resort. Despite rescue efforts, he could not be saved. His mother, Princess Ubol Ratana, and sister survived by fleeing to an upper story of La Flora. The area in which the patrol boat lies has been renovated and includes a museum dedicated to the events of 26 December.


title: Khao Lak

text: Others among the casualties were well-known Finnish musician and TV host Aki Sirkesalo and his family, and Imre von Polgar, guitarist for the Swedish rock band, The Watermelon Men. Almost four years old at the time, a young girl was swept away at Khao Lak and remained the subject of a media-covered intensive search despite being formally identified in August 2005 as a victim. Jane Holland (nee Attenborough) the elder daughter of the film director and actor Richard Attenborough perished in the tsunami with several members of her family. The current President of Finland Sauli Niinistö and his adult son survived by clinging to a power pole. Since the 2004 tsunami, an early-warning system has been installed along the affected coastline. In April 2012, it received its most recent test following an earthquake off the coast of Sumatra. Audible warning sirens alerted the local population to the possibility of a tsunami roughly 2 hours before estimated landfall, allowing the populace to move to higher ground inland.


title: Khao Lak

text: The 2012 film "The Impossible" is based on the true story of the family of María Belón, who survived the 2004 tsunami, and was also filmed in Khao Lak.


title: Khao Lak

text: The Khao Lak region falls almost entirely within the Khuk Khak Sub-district ("tambon") of the Takua Pa District ("amphoe") of Phang Nga Province. The Takua Pa District is divided into eight sub-districts. The village of Ban Khao Lak does not fall within the Khuk Khak sub-district, the area commonly thought of as "Khao Lak".


title: Khao Lak

text: The weather in Khao Lak can be separated into two distinct seasons. The dry season between November and April, and the monsoon season from May to October. Khao Lak is mostly warm all year round with temperatures averaging around 28°C to 32°C.


title: Khao Lak

text: In the dry season it is not uncommon for Khao Lak to go without rain for around six weeks at a time. This is the main tourist season when the weather is more settled. During this time the wind generally comes from the East, meaning the town is sheltered by its position on the Western side of the mountains near the coast.


title: Khao Lak

text: In the monsoon season however the wind changes direction and comes from the West where it reflects off of the mountains and causes strong winds, waves and storm like conditions in the area.


title: Jordan Patrick Smith

text: Jordan Patrick Smith (born 18 June 1989) is a Scottish-Australian actor. He gained prominence through his role as Andrew Robinson in the soap opera "Neighbours" (2009–2013, 2022). He has since appeared in the film "Unbroken" (2014), and the historical dramas "Banished" (2015), "Vikings" (2016–2020), and the HBO horror fantasy drama "Lovecraft Country" (2020).


title: Jordan Patrick Smith

text: Smith was born in Fife. He attended St Columba's High School and played football for Dunfermline's youth academy. Following a holiday to Australia in 2001, Smith's family fell in love with the country and decided to emigrate. They moved to Brisbane in 2003 when Smith was thirteen years old. He attended Carmel Catholic College.


title: Jordan Patrick Smith

text: After finishing school, Smith took a number of acting courses and appeared in a few commercials. He has previously appeared in "", in which he played a surfer. Smith has also had roles in "Mortified" and "Home and Away".


title: Jordan Patrick Smith

text: While between jobs, Smith worked as a labourer. In 2009, he was offered the role of Andrew Robinson in the hit soap opera "Neighbours", but nearly had to turn it down because he was in hospital. He says, "I'd been doing some work as a labourer and I'd been lifting up concrete floors when some of the concrete flew up and smashed into my face. My nose got all swollen and became infected, so I was kept on a drip of antibiotics for a week. I got the call to say I got the part while I was still in hospital on Sunday night (in Queensland) and I had to be in Melbourne by 7am the next day."


title: Jordan Patrick Smith

text: Smith has admitted that "Neighbours" had to change his character's background story because of his Scottish accent. Andrew was initially meant to have been brought up in Brazil, but the strength of Smith's accent meant that this had to be changed. He has also stated that he had to "refine" his accent in order to be understood by other cast members and the audience. Smith admitted that if he was not playing the role of Andrew Robinson he would have liked to play the role of fellow "Neighbours" character Lucas Fitzgerald, played by his co-star Scott Major, instead. While he was appearing on "Neighbours", Smith resided with his co-star Chris Milligan, who played Kyle Canning.


title: Jordan Patrick Smith

text: On 26 November 2012, it was announced that Smith would be leaving "Neighbours". He made his final screen appearance as Andrew on 29 March 2013. Smith co-starred in Angelina Jolie's "Unbroken" as Cliff, an Australian prisoner who is taken to a Japanese POW camp in World War II. In 2015, Smith appeared in the BBC series "Banished"; he joined the cast of "Vikings" as Ubbe in 2016; and in 2020, he played William in the HBO series "Lovecraft Country".


title: Karl Radek

text: Karl Berngardovich Radek (; 31 October 1885 – 19 May 1939) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist active in the Polish and German social democratic movements before World War I and a Communist International leader in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.


title: Karl Radek

text: Radek was born in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv in Ukraine), as Karol Sobelsohn, to a Litvak (Lithuanian Jewish) family; his father, Bernhard, worked in the post office and died whilst Karl was young. He took the name "Radek" from a favourite character, "Andrzej Radek", in "Syzyfowe prace" ('The Labors of Sisyphus', 1897) by Stefan Żeromski.


title: Karl Radek

text: Radek joined the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) in 1904 and participated in the 1905 Revolution in Warsaw, where he had responsibility for the party's newspaper "Czerwony Sztandar".


title: Karl Radek

text: In 1907, after his arrest in Poland and his escape from custody, Radek moved to Leipzig in Germany and joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), working on the Party's "Leipziger Volkszeitung". He re-located to Bremen, where he worked for "Bremer Bürgerzeitung", in 1911, and was one of several who attacked Karl Kautsky's analysis of imperialism in "Die Neue Zeit" in May 1912.


title: Karl Radek

text: In September 1910, Radek was accused by members of the Polish Socialist Party of stealing books, clothes and money from party comrades, as part of an anti-semitic campaign against the SDKPiL. On this occasion, he was vigorously defended by the SDKPiL leaders, Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches. The following year, however, the SDKPiL changed its course, partly because of a personality clash between Jogiches and Vladimir Lenin, during which younger members of the party, led by Yakov Hanecki, and including Radek, had sided with Lenin. Wanting to make an example of Radek, Jogiches revived the charges of theft, and convened a party commission in December 1911 to investigate. He dissolved the commission in July 1912, after it had failed to come to any conclusion, and in August pushed a decision through the party court expelling Radek. In their written finding, they broke his alias, making it — he claimed — dangerous for him to stay in Russian occupied Poland.


title: Karl Radek

text: In 1912 August Thalheimer invited Radek to go to Göppingen (near Stuttgart) to temporarily replace him in control of the local SPD party newspaper "Freie Volkszeitung", which had financial difficulties. Radek accused the local party leadership in Württemberg of assisting revisionists to strangle the newspaper due to the paper's hostility to them. The 1913 SPD Congress noted Radek's expulsion and then went on to decide in principle that no-one who had been expelled from a sister-party could join another party within the Second International and retrospectively applied this rule to Radek. Within the SPD Anton Pannekoek and Karl Liebknecht opposed this move, as did others in the International such as Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin, some of whom participated in the "Paris Commission" set up by the International.


title: Karl Radek

text: After the outbreak of World War I Radek moved to Switzerland where he worked as a liaison between Lenin and the Bremen Left, with whom he had close links from his time in Germany, introducing him to Paul Levi at this time. He took part in the Zimmerwald Conference in 1915, siding with the left.


title: Karl Radek

text: During World War I, Radek engaged in polemics with Vladimir Lenin over the subject of the Irish Easter Rising of 1916; while Lenin was strongly enthusiastic about the Rising, seeing it as a blow to English imperialism, Radek disagreed. Basing his view on Theodore Rothstein (a Jewish emigre from the Russian Empire, living in London), he claimed that, what he called the "Sinn Féin movement" was petit-bourgeois and that the backbone of earlier rebellions in Ireland, the peasant farmer, had been placated at the start of the century by England. In his article "The End of a Song", Radek claimed efforts to restore the Irish language to official status were flawed because it was "medieval". Leon Trotsky held a view halfway between Radek and Lenin.


title: Karl Radek

text: In 1917 Radek was one of the passengers on the sealed train that carried Lenin and other Russian revolutionaries through Germany after the February Revolution in Russia. However, he was refused entry to Russia and went on to Stockholm, where he produced German-language versions of Bolshevik documents and other information translated from Russian, which he published in the journals "Russische Korrespondenz-Pravda" and "Bote der Russischen Revolution".


title: Karl Radek

text: After the October Revolution and the onset of the Russian Civil War, Radek arrived in Petrograd and became Vice-Commissar for Foreign Affairs, taking part in the Brest-Litovsk treaty negotiations, as well as being responsible for distribution of Bolshevik propaganda amongst German troops and prisoners of war. During the discussions around signing the treaty, Radek was one of the advocates of a revolutionary war.


title: Karl Radek

text: After being refused recognition as an official representative of the Bolshevik regime, Radek and other delegates — Adolph Joffe, Nikolai Bukharin, Christian Rakovsky and Ignatov — traveled to the German Congress of Soviets. After they were turned back at the border, Radek alone crossed the German border illegally in December 1918, arriving in Berlin on 19 or 20 December, where he participated in discussions and conferences leading to foundation of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Radek was arrested after the Spartacist uprising on 12 February 1919 and held in Moabit Prison until his release in January 1920. While he was in Moabit, attitude of the German authorities towards the Bolsheviks changed. The idea of creating an alliance of nations that had suffered from the Versailles treaty — principally Germany, Russia and Turkey — gained currency in Berlin, as a result of which Radek was allowed to receive a stream of visitors in his prison cell, including Walter Rathenau, Arthur Holitscher, Enver Pasha, and Ruth Fischer.


title: Karl Radek

text: On his return to Russia Radek became the Secretary of the Comintern, taking the main responsibility for German issues. He was removed from this position after he supported the KPD in opposing inviting representatives of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany to attend the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, pitting him against the Comintern's executive and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It was Radek who took up the slogan of Stuttgart communists of fighting for a united front with other working-class organisations, that later formed the basis for the strategy developed by the Comintern.


title: Karl Radek

text: In mid-1923, Radek made his controversial speech 'Leo Schlageter: The Wanderer into the Void' at an open session of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI). In the speech he praised the actions of the German Freikorps officer Leo Schlageter who had been shot whilst engaging in sabotage against French troops occupying the Ruhr area; in doing so Radek sought to explain the reasons why men like Schlageter were drawn towards the far right, and attempted to channel national grievances away from chauvinism and towards support of the working movement and the Communists.


title: Karl Radek

text: Although Radek was not at Chemnitz when the decision to cancel the uprising in November 1923 took place at the KPD Zentrale, he subsequently approved the decision and defended it.


title: Karl Radek

text: At subsequent congresses of the Russian Communist Party and meetings of the ECCI, Radek and Brandler were made the scapegoats for the defeat of the revolution by Zinoviev, with Radek being removed from the ECCI at the Fifth Congress of the Comintern.


title: Karl Radek

text: Radek was part of the Left Opposition from 1923, writing his article 'Leon Trotsky: Organizer of Victory' shortly after Lenin's stroke in January of that year. Later in the year at the Thirteenth Party Congress Radek was removed from the Central Committee.


title: Karl Radek

text: In the summer of 1925, Radek was appointed Provost of the newly established Sun Yat-Sen University in Moscow, where he collected information for the opposition from students about the situation in China and cautiously began to challenge the official Comintern policy. However, the terminal illness of Radek's lover, Larissa Reissner, saw Radek lose his inhibitions and he began publicly criticising Stalin, in particular debating Stalin's doctrine of Socialism in One Country at the Communist Academy. Radek was sacked from his post at Sun Yat-Sen University in May 1927.


title: Karl Radek

text: Radek was expelled from the Party in 1927 after helping to organise an independent demonstration on the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution with Grigory Zinoviev in Leningrad.In early 1928, when prominent oppositionists were deported to various remote locations within the Soviet Union, Radek was sent to Tobolsk and a few months later moved on to Tomsk.


title: Karl Radek

text: On 10 July 1929, Radek, alongside other oppositionists Ivar Smilga and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, signed a document capitulating to Stalin, with Radek being held in particular disdain by oppositionist circles for his betrayal of Yakov Blumkin, who had been carrying a secret letter from Trotsky, in exile in Turkey, to Radek. However, he was re-admitted in 1930 and was one of the few former oppositionists to retain a prominent place within the party, heading the International Information Bureau of the Russian Communist Party Central Committee as well as giving the address on foreign literature at the First Conference of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1934. In that speech, he denounced Marcel Proust and James Joyce. He said that "in the pages of Proust, the old world, like a mangy dog no longer capable of any action whatever, lies basking in the sun and endlessly licks its sores" and compared Joyce's "Ulysses" to "a heap of dung, crawling with worms, photographed by a cinema apparatus through a microscope." Later in his life he adopted a position that the Soviet government should be close to Germany. In 1934 he was interviewed by a German politician, at which both of them deplored the hostile drift of their respective governments, and Radek made a controversial remark: "There are some fine lads in the SA and SS." In 1936 he congratulated General Ernst Köstring on the day Germany occupied the Rhineland, along with Mikhail Tukhachevsky. He helped to write the 1936 Soviet Constitution but, during the Great Purge of the 1930s, he was accused of treason and confessed, after two and a half months of interrogation, at the Trial of the Seventeen in 1937, the so-called Second Moscow Trial. He was sentenced to 10 years of penal labor.


title: Karl Radek

text: He was reportedly killed in a labor camp in a fight with a fellow Left Opposition inmate named Varezhnikov. According to an investigation of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the KGB after the Khrushchev Thaw, his murder was organized under the Supervision of the senior NKVD operative Pyotr Kubatkin.


title: Karl Radek

text: Radek has been credited with originating a number of political jokes about Joseph Stalin. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988, under Mikhail Gorbachev.


title: Public enemy

text: "Public enemy" is a term which was first widely used in the United States in the 1930s to describe individuals whose activities were seen as criminal and extremely damaging to society, though the phrase had been used for centuries to describe pirates, vikings, highwaymen, bandits, mobsters, and similar outlaws.


title: Public enemy

text: The Senate declared emperor Nero a "hostis publicus" in AD 68. Its direct translation is "public enemy". Whereas "public" is currently used in English in order to describe something related to collectivity at large, with an implication towards government or the State, the Latin word "publicus" could, in addition to that meaning, also refer directly to people, making it the equivalent of the genitive of "populus" ("people"), "populi" ("popular" or "of the people"). Thus, "public enemy" and "enemy of the people" are, etymologically, near-synonyms.


title: Public enemy

text: The words """" were extensively used during the French revolution. On 25 December 1793, Robespierre stated: "The revolutionary government owes to the good citizen all the protection of the nation; it owes nothing to the Enemies of the People but death". The Law of 22 Prairial in 1794 extended the remit of the Revolutionary Tribunal to punish "enemies of the people", with some political crimes punishable by death, including "spreading false news to divide or trouble the people".


title: Public enemy

text: The modern use of the term was first popularized in April 1930 by Frank J. Loesch, then chairman of the Chicago Crime Commission, in an attempt to publicly denounce Al Capone and other organized crime gangsters.


title: Public enemy

text: All of those listed were reputed to be gangsters or racketeers and most were rum-running bootleggers. Although all were known to be consistent law breakers (most prominently in regard to the widely broken Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution banning alcohol), none of those named were fugitives or were actively wanted by the law. The list's purpose was clearly to shame those named and to encourage authorities to prosecute them.


title: Public enemy

text: The phrase was later appropriated by J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, who used it to describe various notorious fugitives they were pursuing throughout the 1930s. Unlike Loesch's use of the term, the FBI's "Public Enemies" were wanted criminals and fugitives who were already charged with crimes. Among the criminals whom the FBI called "public enemies" were John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, Bonnie and Clyde, Pretty Boy Floyd, Machine Gun Kelly, Ma Barker, and Alvin Karpis.


title: Public enemy

text: The term was used so extensively during the 1930s that some writers call that period of the FBI's early history the "Public Enemy Era". Dillinger, Floyd, Nelson, and Karpis, in that order, would be deemed "Public Enemy Number 1" from June 1934 to May 1936. Use of the term eventually evolved into the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.


title: Public enemy

text: The FBI's website describes the bureau's use of the term: "The FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice made use of the term, 'Public Enemy,' in the 1930s, an era in which the term was synonymous with 'fugitive' or 'notorious gangster.'" It was used in speeches, books, press releases, and internal memoranda and remains in usage to this day.


title: Rena Owen

text: Rena Owen (born 22 July 1962) is a New Zealand actress in theatre, television and film. Owen is best known for her leading role as Beth Heke in Lee Tamahori's "Once Were Warriors" and as Taun We in George Lucas's "".


title: Rena Owen

text: Born in the New Zealand Bay of Islands, Owen is of Welsh, English, Irish and Maori descent. One of nine children, she grew up in Moerewa, raised Catholic in a small rural town in the North Island's Bay of Islands. She regularly performed in local Maori culture groups and performed in dramas and musicals while in high school. Owen pursued a medical career and trained as a nurse at Auckland Hospital for three and a half years. Once she qualified as a registered nurse, Owen moved to London, England.


title: Rena Owen

text: Owen trained at the Actors Institute in London in the mid-1980s and worked extensively in British theatre. Highlights include Voices From Prison for the Royal Shakespeare Company, Co-Existences for the Elephant Theatre and Outside in for Theater New Zealand, which debuted at the Edinburgh Festival. Owen wrote and starred in "Te Awa i Tahuti (The River That Ran Away)", which had a successful London tour and was later published by NZ Playmarket in 1991.


title: Rena Owen

text: On her return to New Zealand in 1989, Owen acted in two dramas for Television NZ's "E Tipu E Rea" series. A first of its kind, the series was written, acted, directed & produced by Maori, telling Maori stories. She worked extensively in theatre; acting, writing, directing, working as a dramaturge, and was a founding member of Taki Rua Theatre. Owen wrote and starred in "Daddy's Girl", while also playing reoccurring roles in two TV series; "Betty's Bunch & Shark in the Park". Recent theatre credits include starring in the classic NZ plays, "Haruru Mai" for the NZ International Arts Festival and "The Pohutukawa Tree" for ATC. In the USA, she has acted in multiple stage readings for Native Voices at the Autry in LA, and a charity stage reading of "Vagina Monologues" for the City of West Hollywood. She also played the lead in a Hawaiian play called "Fine Dancing", adapted and directed Toa Fraser's play "Bare" for the Asian American Theatre Company in San Francisco (AATC).


title: Rena Owen

text: In "Once Were Warriors", Owen played the leading role of Beth Heke alongside Temuera Morrison, who played her husband. "Once Were Warriors" is predominantly narrated from Beth's perspective, and her performance was praised as "classic". Owen reprised the role in the film's sequel, "What Becomes of the Broken Hearted?" (1999).


title: Rena Owen

text: Owen played Taun We in George Lucas' "", Nee Alavar in "", and a cameo role in Steven Spielberg's "A.I." Whilst playing a reoccurring role in WB's "Angel", Owen played supporting and cameo roles in multiple international independent films. Highlights include the NZ Canadian co-production, "Nemesis Game", Garth Maxwell's "When Love Comes", Rolf de Heer's acclaimed "Dance Me to My Song", Vincent Ward's acclaimed "Rain of the Children", and US thrillers "Alyce Kills" & "The Well". She played leading roles in the Australian TV drama series, "Medivac" in 1998, and recently in ABC's, "The Straits", a multi-ethnic crime family drama. She also appeared in A&E's "Longmire".


title: Rena Owen

text: Recently Owen and Morrison completed work on a documentary celebrating the 20-year anniversary of "Once Were Warriors".


title: Rena Owen

text: In 2016, Rena was cast in the Freeform thriller series' "Siren" as Helen, which was premiered on March 29, 2018.


title: Rena Owen

text: Owen acted as Taun We in "" (2002) (in which Temuera Morrison played Jango Fett) and acted in "" (2005) as Nee Alavar. She also worked with the "Star Wars" Expanded Universe when she reprised her role as Taun We in the video game "" and also an uncredited role as Jedi Master Tionne Solusar in the video game "." In 2021, Owen reprised her role as Taun We in "".


title: Rena Owen

text: Her role in "Once Were Warriors" earned Owen rave reviews and multiple international awards including Best Actress at the Montreal World Film Festival, Oporto Film Festival, San Diego International Film Festival, and the Cannes Film Festival Spirit Award. In New Zealand, she was awarded a Special Benny Award for Excellence in Film, and the Toastmasters Communicator of the Year Award.


title: Rena Owen

text: Further acting accolades include a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her role in the 1997 New Zealand TV Series, "Coverstory" and an AFI Best Supporting Actress nomination in 1998 for her role in Rolf de Heer's film, "Dance Me to My Song". She won the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 2012 Aotearoa Film and Television Awards (AFTA) for her role as Hine Ryan in the New Zealand soap opera "Shortland Street". She was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for her recurring role as Mere Hahunga in the award-winning Australian TV series, "East West 101", at the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, and nominated for Best Actress at the Montecarlo International Television Festival.


title: Yadira Guevara-Prip

text: Yadira Helena Guevara-Prip (born May 22, 1995) is an American stage and television actress, best known for her roles in "", "Supernatural", "13 Reasons Why", and "See".


title: Yadira Guevara-Prip

text: Guevara-Prip began her work as an actress on the stage in New York City, landing roles in many works by Latin American playwrights and theatre companies. During the 2010s Guevara-Prip performed in productions by the Atlantic Theater Company, Cherry Lane Theatre, and INTAR Theater, among others. In 2016 Guevara-Prip played the character of Lala in the world premiere of Pia Scala-Zankel's play "Street Children", for which she was praised by "The New York Times".


title: Yadira Guevara-Prip

text: Guevara-Prip made her television debut in 2016 as Zinky on the Amazon Prime Video series "Mad Dogs". In 2017 she landed the role of Kaia Nieves on "Supernatural". Guevara-Prip went on to reprise the role for "Supernatural"s 13th, 14th and 15th seasons. In 2018 Guevara-Prip made her first appearance in the "Star Trek" franchise portraying the Xahean queen Me Hani Ika Hali Ka Po in the premiere episode of "" on CBS All Access. She returned as Po for ""s , for the season's final two episodes.


title: Yadira Guevara-Prip

text: In 2018, Guevara-Prip worked with the Breaking Walls Foundation to bring dozens of teens from around the world to Santiago, Chile for a residency of theatrical and creative writing workshops.


title: Yadira Guevara-Prip

text: In 2019, Guevara-Prip became a regular cast member in the first season of the dystopian science fiction series "See". The show was one of four inaugural scripted serials to be featured with the launch of Apple TV+ in November 2019, and Guevara-Prip starred as Bow Lion, a shadow warrior for a clan of nomadic people living 500 years in the future. Apple renewed the show for a second season shortly after its debut. In December 2019 the website "Cinemaholic" reported that Guevara-Prip would return for season 2.


title: Yubo

text: Yubo (formerly known as Yellow) is a French social networking app developed by TWELVE APP in 2015. It is designed to "meet new people" and "create a sense of community". The app has 60 million users as of 2022.


title: Yubo

text: Yubo was created by Sacha Lazimi, Jérémie Aouate, and Arthur Patora when they were engineering students at CentraleSupélec Graduate school of the Paris-Saclay University and Télécom Paris. Formerly known as Yellow, it was first launched in 2015. According to the founders, the app seeks to create a space for "socializing online" and to "facilitate communication between people all over the world who share mutual interests."


title: Yubo

text: In December 2019, the app raised $12.3 million (€11.2 million) in a funding round led by French private equity firms like Iris Capital, Idinvest Partners, Alven, Sweet Capital and Village Global. The funds will be used to develop its technology and expand its global user base.


title: Yubo

text: Between 2015 and December 2019, app users have created an estimated 2 billion friendships, along with exchanging more than 10 billion messages and launching 30 million livestreams.


title: Yubo

text: In 2020, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Yubo recorded a significant rise in use due to quarantined teenagers, with 550% increase in time spent in video discussion groups. And Yubo doubled the number of new daily signups, which reached 30,000 per day in mid-April. In October 2020, the app had 40 million users worldwide, 60% of whom are Americans and Canadians.


title: Yubo

text: In September 2020, Yubo established its U.S. headquarters in Jacksonville, Florida. At the same time, Yubo opened a new office in London. In November 2020, Yubo carries out a new fundraising, raising $47.5 million (€40 million) from its historical investors and a new entrant, Gaia Capital Partner. The announced objective is in particular to strengthen moderation and develop the Asian market. In addition, Jerry Murdock, co-founder of Insight Partners who invested in Twitter and Snapchat, joined the board of directors of Yubo.


title: Yubo

text: Live streaming video is one of the main features of the app. Each session can host up to ten streamers with an unlimited number of viewers. Streamers can only join a session room if they are invited by another streamer or if they create it. Viewers can send comments to interact with the streamers. Viewers and streamers can become friends. Viewers can choose the live they want to join based on a variety of topics or the nationality of the participants. The app includes a swiping feature to swipe on other people profiles with similar age and messaging features. Users can choose to see only profiles with specific location, or specific gender. Unlike many social networks other than Yubo, Yubo does not offer a "like" function on its app, and the app is not based on the "followers" count . Yubo is alike to ainternet forum, a place where users can socialize in a group setting. It is described to be like "real life".


title: Yubo

text: In December 2020, Yubo through its partnership with Snapchat, the AR lenses from the Snap Inc. camera kit were included directly in the app.


title: Yubo

text: For Pride Month of 2021, Yubo has added 35 new gender options for users to identify with on the app. The list has been compiled with the UK NGO Mermaids.


title: Yubo

text: In Mid-July 2021, Yubo launched its Pixels collection. This was a collaboration with pixel artist Banfan to create collectible digital art representing qualities, moods and personalities. Yubo users were purchase these in-app and can start their own collection or send it to their friends.


title: Yubo

text: In July 2021, Yubo launched its Virtual currency. The application's business model is based on in-app microtransaction system and not advertisements. Available in the Yubo store, YuBucks can be purchased in packs or via a weekly or monthly subscription system.


title: Yubo

text: Tags are categories that allows users to share their interests. In November 2021, Yubo launched Add by Tag. Using the feature users can search for people with specific tags to find friends.


title: Yubo

text: Yubo consists of two communities, one for young people aged 13–17 and an adult community for people aged 18 and over. Members of one community can only interact with other people in their group and cannot communicate with anyone of the opposite community for safety reasons and child protection.


title: Yubo

text: The app uses face-recognition and age-estimation technology on every photo uploaded during sign up. The website app says if a user is under 13 or if an adult has given a wrong age. Moreover, Yubo scans Google to see if user has collected a photo on internet to feed his profile, and every message is scanned in real time to identify problems. Flagged accounts have to download another app named Yoti to get their age verified. Verified users are marked with a yellow badge on their profile.


title: Yubo

text: Following various incidents on app's safety, harassment, nudity and incidents between minors and adults, various measures were taken by Yubo. Yubo entered into a partnership with Yoti in February 2019 to use their age estimation technology to analyze faces and estimate how old users are. The company claimed it has already checked more than 22 million profile pictures and removed a "few thousand" profiles belonging to under-13s as a result. Safety advocates and governments have supported Yubo's efforts to place safeguards on the app, such as by creating a proactive "engage and educate" approach for their community, a mix between AI and human moderators, banning sexually explicit profile content and auto-blocking fake profiles.


title: Yubo

text: In 2018, Yubo joined the eSafety Commissioner's Tier 1 social media scheme in Australia for resolving cyberbullying. Australian eSafety Commissioner, Julie Inman Grant, declared: "I applaud Yubo for extensively reworking its safety features to make its platform safer for teens. Altering its age restrictions, improving its real identity policy, setting clear policies around inappropriate content and cyberbullying, and giving users the ability to turn location data off demonstrates that Yubo is taking user safety seriously".


title: Yubo

text: In 2020, Yubo implemented an algorithm which scans livestreams. If the algorithm detects inappropriate content in a livestream, the livestream is automatically removed. In February 2020 in the United Kingdom, an independent report on child sexual abuse (independent inquiry into child sexual abuse) estimates that "the value of human moderation is evident from the success achieved by the social network Yubo, whose moderators interrupt livestreams to tell underage users to put their clothes on".


title: Yubo

text: In February 2021, Yubo launched pop-up alerts in an attempt to prevent inappropriate requests in private chat.  When a user is about to share private information, such as their phone number or location, they receive a pop-up message warning them of the risks of sharing private information.


title: Yubo

text: In July 2021, Yubo was updated with the Muted Words feature. Users can choose any word, abbreviation or emoji that they find offensive to them and contents containing those information would be hidden from the user. Users are also able to choose from whom to mute the words – they can block from all users or just those who are not in their friends. Then the comments with these words will be automatically hidden from the user’s view.


title: Yubo

text: The company has established partnerships in several countries with associations engaged in the fight against online harassment and child protection.


title: Yubo

text: In April 2020, Yubo announced a partnership with the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC), an American NGO dedicated to the search for missing children. Yubo will share data in the event of "suspected illegal activity involving minors". And the NCMEC participates in the "Safety Board" of the social network, a committee of ten international experts in cybersecurity and child protection.


title: Yubo

text: In July 2021 to accompany the release of its new "Muted Word" feature, Yubo launched an in-app campaign to raise awareness about sexual harassment. This campaign was carried out in partnership with the NCMEC in the U.S., Childnet and the Diana Award in the UK, E-Enfance in France and in Denmark.


title: Yubo

text: Following the Robb Elementary School shooting on 24 May 2022 in Uvalde, Texas, the app came under criticism for failing to remove the perpetator's profile from their platform quickly, leaving the profile up for four days after the shooting. Multiple sources reported that Ramos boasted about purchasing a firearm, and posted threatening messages, having been nicknamed "school shooter" in the platform before committing the school shooting.


title: Yubo

text: Yubo has a freemium model which originated in video games, where users spend real-world currency to get in-app upgrades. Yubo is based around microtransactions which allow users to, for example, give more visibility to their profile. Yubo has a virtual currency called "YuBucks" which users can buy with real life money. The app is not supported by advertisements.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: Oru Adaar Love () is a 2019 Malayalam-language romantic comedy film. The screenplay was written by Sarang Jayaprakash and Lijo Panadan from a story by Omar Lulu, and produced by Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy under his production company Ousepachan Movie House. The film features Priya Prakash Varrier and Noorin Shereef with Roshan Abdul Rahoof in the prominent roles.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: The story deals with high school romance. The movie gained worldwide attention due to a clip which went viral, from the song "Manikya Malaraya Poovi". It prompted the makers to make changes in script, which delayed production. The film was released on 14 February 2019. It was dubbed and released in Tamil with the same title, in Kannada as "Kirik Love Story" and in Telugu as "Lover's Day".


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: The story revolves around the journey of Higher secondary school kids from the time they first meet in class 11 until their passing out in class 12. Roshan woos Priya with the help of Gadha and his other friends. One evening Roshan and his friends get drunk and a friend of Roshan accidentally sends blue film videos from Roshan's phone to the school's WhatsApp group. This causes a rift between Roshan and Priya.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: Roshan and Gadha then pretend to be in love to make Priya jealous but they end up having feelings for each other. Priya approaches Roshan and says that she has forgiven him and they can start to be in a relationship again. But Roshan is unable to forget Gadha, which comes to be known by Priya. Heartbroken, she tells Roshan that Gadha, not Priya, can be a perfect partner for him and they end their relationship.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: On graduation day, Roshan decides to propose Gadha on top of the mountain. Just as Roshan is about to propose to Gadha, they are attacked by a bunch of goons who were antagonized by Roshan and Gadha earlier as part of an eve teasing incident. Gadha is about to be raped and Roshan gets thrashed brutally.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: Just as Roshan is about to propose to Gadha, they are attacked by a bunch of goons who were antagonized by Roshan and Gadha earlier as part of an eve teasing incident. Gadha is about to be raped and Roshan gets thrashed brutally, but fortunately they are saved by their college friends and they beat the goons to death. In the ending Roshan and Gadha are seen on a bike and they ride with their friends happily.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: Filming started on 15 January 2018. Malayalam film producer Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy, impressed with Omar Lulu's "Happy Wedding" and "Chunkzz" decided to finance his third project, "Oru Adaar Love". The primary cast was selected through audition. Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy said he likes to promote newcomers, as has he done with his previous films. After Priya Prakash Varrier's wink in the song "Manikya Malaraya Poovi" became a viral hit, the makers altered the script to give prominence to her, thus sidelining the role played by Noorin Shereef, who had initially been cast in the lead role.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: The film music and score were composed by Shaan Rahman. The song "Manikya Malaraya Poovi" sung by Vineeth Sreenivasan, a revised modern version of a Mappila song, was uploaded on 9 February 2018 on YouTube as part of the promotions. It became a viral video at number 1 position garnering over one million views and 50,000 likes in 20 hours. The original version of "Manikya Malaraya Poovi" was written by P. M. A. Jabbar with music composition by Thalassery K. Refeeque in 1978.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "Oru Adaar Love" was released on 14 February 2019. It was dubbed in Tamil with the same title, in Kannada as "Kirik Love Story" and in Telugu as "Lover's Day".


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: S.R. Praveen of "The Hindu" stated "Oru Adaar Love on a Valentine’s day seems to be the handiwork of the culture police, for love hardly ever got such a shabby treatment on screen. If only a wink could save this experiment in mediocrity", referring to a scene from a song in the movie where the lead female actor winks, that went viral on the internet before the movie's release.


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "The Times of India" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love seems like a quickly put together movie trying to cash in on the rather unexpected publicity that came its way. There are unpredictable twists in the tale, however, that may keep viewers hooked till the end."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "India Today" gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love's lacklustre story and underdeveloped character arcs struggle hard to entertain the audience throughout the film."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "The News Minute" gave 1 out of 5 stars, stating: "The film appears to say that the wrongs that men do aren’t really all that wrong. The misogyny doesn’t even try to hide behind any ‘larger’ story like in some movies."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "Times Now" gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "The film does no justice to the title but you can watch it to reminisce about your high school days and your first crushes. But when it comes to high school romances, I would still prefer watching Trisha Krishnan-Vijay Sethupathi’s 96."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "The Week" gave 1 out of 5 stars, stating: "One of the oft used cliches when reviewing a movie is 'old wine in new bottle'. In Omar Lulu's case, he has just a bottle and filled with some water that has the colour of wine."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "News18" gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Everything has been planned conveniently to suit a violent ending. What could have turned into an engaging tale of teenage realisation ends up nowhere. It’s a lost opportunity."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "The Indian Express" gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love has no plot as such except for a predictable romantic triangle that plays out between Priya Prakash Varrier, Roshan Abdul Rahoof and Noorin Shereef. The point the film tries to make hasn’t been fleshed out fully to last a two-hour long narration. The entire movie feels like one big set up to achieve a moment that’s fashioned to make the audience sob."


title: Oru Adaar Love

text: "Sify" gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love provides some unexpected surprises but you would require real patience to sit through until then. It’s a no brainer, often offensive school kid romance that uses every technique to entertain. If that is your idea of fun, you may find this one fine."


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Richard Fulcher (born November 18, 1968) is an American comedian, actor and author. He played Bob Fossil and other characters in the British comedy series "The Mighty Boosh", and Edward Sheath in the American series "Jon Benjamin Has a Van". He has also appeared in Noel Fielding's more recent show, "Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy". His other appearances include "Unnatural Acts" with Julian Barratt and Fielding of "The Mighty Boosh" and he starred in and wrote the TV series "Snuff Box" alongside Matt Berry.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Fulcher was born in Massachusetts. He attended St. Albans School in Washington, D.C., and then earned a degree in government from Dartmouth College. After graduating he pursued a career in comedy. He took to improvised comedy at the ImprovOlympic in Chicago, where he was one of the early members of the Upright Citizens Brigade.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Beginning in late 1992 in Chicago, Fulcher began working on a new long-form improvisational comedy concept – a completely improvised university lecture that would become known as Modern Problems In Science. After several months of rehearsing, Fulcher, Dick Costolo, and Phil Granchi launched the show at Chicago's Annoyance Theater under the direction of Tom Keevers. The show played at the Annoyance for more than a year, after which the group took the show to the 1994 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The show became an underground hit and later toured at comedy festivals in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Canada and Singapore, with a run at the Bloomsbury Theatre in London. Fulcher and the group performed the show at the 1995 and 1996 Edinburgh Fringe, after which the show was made into a six-part television series for the Paramount Channel UK.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Fulcher played Bob Fossil in "The Mighty Boosh" stage, radio and television shows, as well as many other characters, including the Ape of Death and Lester Corncrake. He is also the only writer to provide additional material for the TV series apart from Noel Fielding and Julian Barratt. Fulcher has a variety of running gags on "The Mighty Boosh": he plays very short characters, performing them on his knees, and as various cockney characters can be heard muttering, "I'm a cockney, I'm a cockney...". His "Boosh" characters will be abused and sometimes die horribly, with Fulcher saying, "A little to the left!" It was also in "The Mighty Boosh" that he met Matt Berry, who played Dixon Bainbridge. In the documentary "A Journey Through Time and Space" he was said to be the only person who plays a "watered down version of himself". Fulcher said that after portraying 'Tommy Nookah' people came up to him in the street and demanded that he 'do Tommy'.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Fulcher was a star and major writer for the BBC Three sketch show "Snuff Box", along with Matt Berry, whom he met on the set of "The Mighty Boosh". Berry plays the High Executioner to the King of England and Fulcher his assistant. He also plays other minor characters in the series. "Snuff Box" was aired only once on BBC Three (Feb – April 2006) and was released on DVD in the UK in June 2008.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: In 2009, Fulcher wrote the book "Tiny Acts of Rebellion" published by Michael O'Mara Books Ltd in the UK (and in the US in 2010) and illustrated by Mr Bingo. He has made several publicity appearances in the promotion of the book at book signings in Europe and the US, as well as on Episode 51 of the radio show and podcast "Comedy Death-Ray Radio". Tiny Acts was also adapted into a stage show which sold out at the Edinburgh Fringe and its Soho Theatre run. It co-starred Arnab Chanda and was directed by Harry Deansway.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: In the US, Fulcher was one of the "undercover" comedians who posed as various absurd talk show guests in the 2004 Comedy Central series "Crossballs". He was also the London body double for the character Garth in "Wayne's World 2". In 1998 he starred in and wrote for the sketch show "Unnatural Acts" for the Paramount Comedy Channel alongside his future "Mighty Boosh" co-stars Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding and also Seán Cullen and Rich Easter. Fulcher played a baker in "", where he collaborated with Matt Berry. The pair then starred in their own comedy series, "Snuff Box", on BBC Three. In addition to his acting and writing Fulcher is also a singer and dancer, and has employed these talents in various "Boosh" episodes and stage shows, on "Snuff Box", and as tech correspondent and stand up comic Dane Rivers on the comedy videocast "Goodnight Burbank". He was interviewed on the first episode of comedian Steve Agee's podcast "The John Show". He has also provided the voice-over for an MBNA credit card advert. In 2007 he provided the vocals to the electro song "Uncle Kevin" by "DeadDogInBlackBag".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: On November 5, 2007 he starred in "Golf War" on E4, alongside Season 1 "Boosh" regulars Simon Farnaby and Matt Berry. He currently stars in ITV's mobile TV show "The Gym" as Dave Darblay, a life coach unable to recover from the loneliness of being left by his wife.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: In 2008, he also appeared in an episode of Adult Swim's "Fat Guy Stuck in Internet" entitled "Beast and Breakfast", as well as playing the character of Mr Brilliance in BBC Three comedy, "Trexx and Flipside". He also appeared as the priest at Sarah Silverman's wedding to her dog in a 2008 episode of "The Sarah Silverman Program", and reprised the role in the later episode "Nightmayor".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: It was announced on November 11, 2008 that MTV had commissioned a spin-off series of "The Mighty Boosh", starring Rich Fulcher as Eleanor, the transvestite who appeared in the "Mighty Boosh" Series Three episode "Eels".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: He appeared as a talent show judge in series 3 of the British TV drama "Skins", and appeared on the final episode of the US TV series "Monk".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: In addition, Fulcher had a recurring role in the Comedy Central show "Jon Benjamin Has a Van" as Edward Sheath, a consumer advocate bringing attention to the terrible things he does in the segment "Shame on Me".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: He guest-starred as a jaybird in the episode "Apple Thief" of "Adventure Time". The episode aired on October 3, 2011. He also guest-starred in the episode "Exes and Oh-No's!" of the Adult Swim show "".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Fulcher voiced one of the elves in "Arthur Christmas", released on November 23, 2011. On November 25, 2011, he guest-starred in an episode of "SpongeBob SquarePants" titled "Way of the Sponge", playing Fuzzy Acorns.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: On July 16, 2013, he appeared on Comedy Central's "Drunk History" retelling the story of Abraham Lincoln during his time as a lawyer. He has since returned to the series on several occasions, portraying Porter Wagoner, Julius Waties Waring, William A. Clark, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: In 2014–2015, he voiced Queen Entozoa/Sourdough and one of the worms in an episode of a Disney animated show "Wander Over Yonder".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: He made an appearance on "Regular Show" in episode 16: "Butt Dial" as the Answering Machine, one of the Phone Guardians. He also made an appearance on "Rick and Morty" in episode 9: "Something Ricked This Way Comes" as King Flippy-nips, ruler of Pluto.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: On March 1, 2015, he guest-starred in an episode of "Bob's Burgers" titled "The Gayle Tales", playing a character named Stacy. Later in 2015, Fulcher appeared in the BBC Three comedy "Top Coppers" as Mayor Grady.


title: Rich Fulcher

text: He guest-starred on three episodes of Cartoon Network's "The Amazing World of Gumball" as Frankie Watterson, Richard's estranged conman father: "The Signature" (from season 4), "The Outside" (from season 5), and "The Father" (from season 6).


title: Rich Fulcher

text: He currently voices Watson in "Animation Domination High-Def"'s web-series, "The Adventures of OG Sherlock Kush".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: In 2017, Fulcher appeared in "Curb Your Enthusiasm", playing the role of a restaurant manager in season 9, episode 3 – "A Disturbance in the Kitchen".


title: Rich Fulcher

text: Fulcher appeared in the 2018 episode "I'm Sick" on the Netflix series "Love", playing the character of Glen Michener, an actor who played the role of Michael Myers in "Halloween". Later in 2018, Fulcher appeared in the Showtime series "Kidding", as Clay, one of the puppeteers alongside Jim Carrey.


title: Maggie Reilly

text: Maggie Reilly (born 15 September 1956) is a Scottish singer best known for her collaborations with the composer and instrumentalist Mike Oldfield. Most notably, she performed lead vocals on the Oldfield songs "Family Man", "Moonlight Shadow", "To France", and "Foreign Affair", all of which were international hits in the early 1980s.


title: Maggie Reilly

text: Reilly first came to prominence as a member of the 1970s soul outfit Cado Belle (previously named Joe Cool) and released one album with them in 1976.


title: Maggie Reilly

text: She is best known for her collaborations with the composer Mike Oldfield between 1980 and 1984, especially by co-writing and performing the vocals on "Family Man" (and other tracks on the album "Five Miles Out"), "Moonlight Shadow", "Foreign Affair", and "To France" (and other tracks on the album "Discovery").


title: Maggie Reilly

text: In 1992, she released her debut solo album "Echoes", from which the singles "Everytime We Touch", "Tears in the Rain" and "Wait" were the most successful. A series of solo albums were released over the next 27 years.


title: Maggie Reilly

text: She has also worked with many other artists, including Mike Batt (on his "Hunting of the Snark" album), Jack Bruce, Dave Greenfield & Jean-Jacques Burnel, Nick Mason & Rick Fenn, Michael Cretu, Lesiëm, Ralph McTell, Simon Nicol of Fairport Convention, Stefan Zauner of Münchener Freiheit, Runrig, The Sisters of Mercy, and Smokie. "Moonlight Shadow 2k14" (Michael Fall remix) was released on 23 May 2014 on the German label ZYX Music.


The Portugal national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Portugal and is controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). They are nicknamed ""Esperanças."" "Esperança" means hope, thus they are Portugal's hopes for the future.


title: Portugal national under-21 football team

text: Following the realignment of UEFA's youth competitions in 1976, the Portuguese under-21 team was formed. Until 1994, the team had a rather poor record, failing to qualify for each of the first eight UEFA under-21 Championships. Since 1994, the team has improved its record greatly, qualifying for five of the next seven tournaments, including the 2006 finals.


text: Having qualified for the 2006 tournament finals, UEFA announced that Portugal would host the finals in May and June. From 2007 onwards, host nations will be announced before the qualification stage and will not need to qualify.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: Juhayman ibn Muhammad ibn Sayf al-Otaybi (; 16 September 1936 – 9 January 1980), was a Saudi terrorist and soldier who in 1979 led the seizure of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia's holiest mosque, to protest against the Saudi monarchy.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: Juhayman said that his justification for the siege was that the House of Saud had lost its legitimacy through corruption and imitation of the West, an echo of his father's charge in 1921 against former Saudi king Ibn Saud. Unlike earlier anti-monarchist dissidents in the kingdom, Juhayman attacked the Saudi ulama for failing to protest against policies that betrayed Islam, and accused them of accepting the rule of an infidel state and offering loyalty to corrupt rulers "in exchange for honors and riches".


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: On 20 November 1979, the first day of the Islamic year 1400, the Great Mosque of Mecca was seized by a well-organized group of 400 to 500 men under al-Otaybi's leadership. A siege lasted more than two weeks before Saudi special forces broke into the mosque. French special forces provided a special tear gas (CS gas) which prevents aggressiveness and slows down breathing. Juhayman was publicly executed by the Saudi authorities in Mecca on 9 January 1980.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: Juhayman al-Otaybi was born in al-Sajir, Al-Qassim Province, a settlement established by King Abdulaziz to house Ikhwan Bedouin tribesmen who had fought for him. This settlement (known as a hijra) was populated by members of his tribe, the 'Utaybah, one of the most pre-eminent tribes of the Najd region. Many of Juhayman's relatives participated in the Battle of Sabilla during the Ikhwan uprising against King Abdulaziz, including his father and grandfather, Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaybi. Juhayman grew up aware of the battle and of how, in their eyes, the Saudi monarchs had betrayed the original religious principles of the Saudi state. He finished school without fluent writing ability, but he loved to read religious texts.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: He served in the Saudi Arabian National Guard from 1955 to 1973. He was thin and 6'2 (188 cm) in height according to his friends in the National Guard. His son, Hathal bin Juhayman al-Otaybi, who works for the National Guard, was promoted to the rank of Colonel in 2018.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: Otaybi did not complete primary education, but he attended school until the fourth grade. After his military service he moved to Medina. There he attended religious courses at the Islamic University, where he met with Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Qahtani.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: Otaybi, upon moving to Medina, joined the local chapter of a Salafi group called "Al-Jamaa al-Salafiya al-Muhtasiba" (The Salafi group that commands right and forbids wrong), which was founded in the mid-1960s by several of Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani's disciples. Many of the group's members and scholars were either of Bedouin descent or non-Saudis residents, and therefore marginalized in the religious establishment. Their activism was at least partially motivated by this marginalization. Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz used his religious stature to arrange fundraising for the group, and Otaybi earned money by buying, repairing and re-selling cars from city auctions.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: Otaybi lived in a "makeshift compound" about a half hour's walk to the Prophet's Mosque, and his followers stayed in a nearby dirt-floored hostel called Bayt al-Ikhwan ("House of the Brothers"). Otaybi and his devotees obeyed an austere and simple lifestyle, searching the Quran and Hadith for scriptural evidence of what was permissible not only for their beliefs but in their day-to-day lives. Otaybi was perturbed by the encroachment of Western beliefs and "Bid‘ah" (, innovation) in Saudi society to the detriment of (what he believed to be) true Islam. He opposed the integration of women into the workforce, television, the immodest shorts worn by football players during matches, and Saudi currency with an image of the King on it.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: By 1977, ibn Baz had departed to Riyadh and Otaybi became the leader of a faction of young recruits that developed their own—sometimes unorthodox—religious doctrines. When older members of the Jamaa travelled to Medina to confront Otaybi about these developments, the two factions split from each other. Otaybi attacked the elder sheikhs as government sellouts and called his new group al-Ikhwan.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: In the late 1970s, he moved to Riyadh, where he drew the attention of the Saudi security forces. He and approximately 100 of his followers were arrested in the summer of 1978 for demonstrating against the monarchy, but were released after ibn Baz questioned them and pronounced them harmless.


title: Juhayman al-Otaybi

text: He married both the daughter of Prince Sajer Al Mohaya and the sister of Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Qahtani.


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: "What the World Needs Now Is Love" is a 1965 popular song with lyrics by Hal David and music composed by Burt Bacharach. First recorded and made popular by Jackie DeShannon, it was released on April 15, 1965, on the Imperial label after a release on sister label Liberty records the previous month was canceled. It peaked at number seven on the US Hot 100 in July of that year. In Canada, the song reached number one.


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: Co-songwriter Burt Bacharach revealed in his 2014 autobiography that this song had among the most difficult lyrics Hal David ever wrote, despite being deceptively simple as a pop hit. He explained that they had the main melody and chorus written back in 1962, centering around a waltz tempo, but it took another two years for David to finally come up with the lyric, "Lord, we don't need another mountain." Once David worked out the verses, Bacharach said the song essentially "wrote itself" and they finished it in a day or two.


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: The song's success caught the two songwriters completely by surprise, since they were very aware of the controversy and disagreements among Americans about the Vietnam War, which was the subtext for David's lyrics. Bacharach has continuously used the song as the intro and finale for most of his live concert appearances well into the 2000s.


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: The song was originally offered to Dionne Warwick, who turned it down at the time, saying she felt it was "too country" for her tastes and "too preachy" though she later recorded it for her album "Here Where There Is Love". (Warwick also recorded a second version in 1996, which scraped the lower reaches of the US Hot 100.) Bacharach initially did not believe in the song, and was reluctant to play it for DeShannon. The song was also rejected by Gene Pitney, reportedly over a financial dispute. DeShannon's version was recorded on March 23, 1965, at New York's Bell Sound Studios. Bacharach arranged, conducted and produced the session. In 1966 The Chambers Brothers recorded a soul version of "What the World Needs Now Is Love" using gospel harmonies, on their album "The Time Has Come".


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: An instrumental version of the song was featured regularly on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for many years, most frequently heard when pledge amounts were announced on the broadcast.


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: In addition to the DeShannon hit recording and the numerous cover versions, "What the World Needs Now is Love" served as the basis for a distinctive 1971 remix. Disc jockey Tom Clay was working at radio station KGBS in Los Angeles, California, when he created the single "What the World Needs Now is Love/Abraham, Martin and John" (combining with the top 5 hit, in 1968, by Dion), a social commentary that became a surprise hit record that summer. The song begins with a man asking a young girl to define such words as bigotry, segregation, and hatred (to which the girl says she does not know); she says that prejudice is "when someone's sick". Following that is a soundbite of a drill sergeant leading a platoon into training, along with gunfire sound effects, after which are snippets of the two songs – both as recorded by the Blackberries, a session recording group. Interspersed are excerpts of speeches by John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, the eulogy given (by Ted Kennedy) after Robert's assassination, and Martin Luther King Jr., and soundbites of news coverage of each assassination. The ending of the song is a reprise of the introduction.


title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: "What the World Needs Now is Love/Abraham, Martin and John" rose to No. 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in August 1971, and was Clay's only Top 40 hit.Popular Youtube Version


title: Fred Allen

text: John Florence Sullivan (May 31, 1894 – March 17, 1956), known professionally as Fred Allen, was an American comedian. His absurdist, topically pointed radio program "The Fred Allen Show" (1932–1949) made him one of the most popular and forward-looking humorists in the Golden Age of American radio.


title: Fred Allen

text: His best-remembered gag was his long-running mock feud with friend and fellow comedian Jack Benny, but it was only part of his appeal; radio historian John Dunning (in "On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio") wrote that Allen was perhaps radio's most admired comedian and most frequently censored. A master ad libber, Allen often tangled with his network's executives (and often barbed them on the air over the battles) while developing routines whose style and substance influenced fellow comic talents, including Groucho Marx, Stan Freberg, Henry Morgan, and Johnny Carson; his avowed fans also included President Franklin D. Roosevelt, humorist James Thurber, and novelists William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Herman Wouk (who began his career writing for Allen).


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen was honored with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to television and radio.


title: Fred Allen

text: John Florence Sullivan was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Irish Catholic parents. Allen barely knew his mother, Cecilia ( Herlihy) Sullivan, who died of pneumonia when he was not quite three years old. Along with his father, James Henry Sullivan, and his infant brother Robert, Allen was taken in by one of his mother's sisters, "my aunt Lizzie", around whom he focused the first chapter of his second memoir, "Much Ado About Me". His father was so shattered by his mother's death that, according to Allen, he drank more heavily. His aunt suffered as well; her husband Michael was partially paralyzed by lead poisoning shortly after they married, leaving him mostly unable to work, something Allen remembered as causing contention among Lizzie's sisters. Eventually, Allen's father remarried and offered his sons the choice between coming with him and his new wife or staying with Aunt Lizzie. Allen's younger brother chose to go with their father, but Allen decided to stay with his aunt. "I never regretted it", he wrote.


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen took piano lessons as a boy, his father having brought an Emerson upright along when they moved in with his aunt. He learned exactly two songs – "Hiawatha" and "Pitter, Patter, Little Raindrops" – and would be asked to play "half or all my repertoire" when visitors came to the house. He also worked at the Boston Public Library, where he discovered a book about the origin and development of comedy. Enduring various upheavals at home (other aunts came and went, prompting several moves), Allen also took up juggling while learning as much as possible about comedy.


title: Fred Allen

text: Some library co-workers planned to put on a show and asked him to do a bit of juggling and some of his comedy. When a girl in the crowd told him, "You're crazy to keep working here at the library; you ought to go on stage," Allen decided his career path was set.


title: Fred Allen

text: In 1914, at the age of 20, Allen took a job with a local piano company, in addition to his library work. He appeared at a number of amateur night competitions, soon taking the stage name Fred St. James, and booking with the local vaudeville circuit at $30 a week, enough at that time to allow him to quit his jobs with the library and the piano company. Eventually he became "Freddy James," often billing himself as the world's worst juggler. Allen refined the mix of his deliberately clumsy juggling and the standard jokes and one-liners, directing much of the humor at his own poor juggling abilities. During his time in vaudeville, his act evolved more toward monologic comedy and less juggling. In 1917, returning to the New York circuit, his stage name was changed to Fred Allen so that he would not be offered the same low salary that theater owners had been accustomed to paying him in his early career. His new surname came from Edgar Allen, a booker for the Fox theaters.


title: Fred Allen

text: In 1922, Allen commissioned comic-strip artist Martin Branner to cover a theater curtain with an elaborate mural painting depicting a cemetery with a punchline on each gravestone. This was the "Old Joke Cemetery," where overworked gags go to die. In Allen's act, the audiences would see the curtain (and have several minutes to read its 46 punchlines) before Allen made his entrance. Audiences typically would be laughing at the curtain before Allen even appeared. Robert Taylor's biography of Allen includes an impressive full-length photo of Branner's curtain painting, and many of the punchlines are clearly legible in the photo.


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen used a variety of gimmicks in his changing act, from a ventriloquist dummy to juggling to singing, but the focus was always on his comedy, which was heavy on wordplay. One recurring bit was to read a purported "letter from home" with material such as the following:


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen's wit was at times not intended for the vaudeville audience but rather for other professionals in show business. After one of his appearances failed one day, Allen made the best of it by circulating an obituary of his act on black-bordered funeral stationery. He also mailed vials of his supposed "flop sweat" to newspapers as part of his comic self-promotion.


title: Fred Allen

text: In 1921 Fred Allen and Nora Bayes toured with the company of Lew Fields. Their musical director was a nineteen-year-old Richard Rodgers. Many years later, when he and Oscar Hammerstein II appeared as mystery guests on "What's My Line?", Rodgers recalled Allen's act, sitting on the edge of the stage, his legs dangling down, playing a banjo while telling jokes.


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen temporarily left vaudeville, moving to work in such Shubert Brothers stage productions as "The Passing Show" in 1922. The show played well in its runup to Broadway but lasted only ten weeks at the Winter Garden Theatre. Portland Hoffa, who was in the chorus of the show, was eventually to marry Allen.


title: Fred Allen

text: He received good notices for his comic work in several of the productions, particularly "Vogues" and "Greenwich Village Follies", and continued to develop his comic writing, even writing a column for "Variety" called "Near Fun." A salary dispute ended the column; Allen wanted only $60 a week to give up his theater work to become a full-time columnist, but his editor tried a sleight-of-hand based on the paper's ad rates to deny him. He spent his summer in Boston, honed his comic and writing skills even further, worked in a "respectfully" received duo that billed themselves as Fink and Smith, and played a few of the dying vaudeville houses.


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen returned to New York to the pleasant surprise that Portland Hoffa was taking instruction to convert to Roman Catholicism. After the couple married, Allen began writing material for them to use together ("With a vaudeville act, Portland and I could be together, even if we couldn't find any work"), and the couple divided their time between the show business circuit, Allen's New England family home and Old Orchard Beach, Maine, in summers.


title: Fred Allen

text: Fred Allen's first taste of radio came while he and Portland Hoffa waited for a promised slot in a new Arthur Hammerstein musical. In the interim, they appeared on a Chicago station's program, "WLS Showboat", into which Allen recalled, "Portland and I were presented... to inject a little class into it." Their success in these appearances helped their theater reception; live audiences in the Midwest liked to see their radio favorites in person, even if Allen and Hoffa would be replaced by Bob Hope when the radio show moved to New York several months afterward.


title: Fred Allen

text: The couple eventually got their Hammerstein show, "Polly", which opened in Delaware and made the usual tour before hitting Broadway. Also in that cast was a young Englishman named Archie Leach, who received as many good notices for his romantic appeal as Allen got for his comic work. Hammerstein retooled the show before bringing it to New York, replacing everyone but two women and Allen. Leach decided to buy an old car and drive to Hollywood. "What Archie Leach didn't tell me", Allen remembered, "was that he was going to change his name to Cary Grant."


title: Fred Allen

text: "Polly" never succeeded in spite of several retoolings, but Allen did go on to successful shows like "The Little Show" (1929–30) and "Three's a Crowd" (1930–31), which eventually led to his full-time entry to radio in 1932.


title: Fred Allen

text: Allen first hosted The Linit Bath Club Revue on CBS, moving the show to NBC and becoming "The Salad Bowl Revue" (in a nod to new sponsor Hellmann's Mayonnaise, which was marketed by the parent company of Linit) later in the year. The show became "The Sal Hepatica Revue" (1933–34), "The Hour of Smiles" (1934–35), and finally "Town Hall Tonight" (1935–39). In 1939–40, however, sponsor Bristol-Myers, which advertised Ipana toothpaste as well as Sal Hepatica during the program, altered the title to "The Fred Allen Show", over his objections. Allen's perfectionism (odd to some, considering his deft ad-libs) caused him to leap from sponsor to sponsor until "Town Hall Tonight" allowed him to set his chosen small-town milieu and establish himself as a bona fide radio star.


title: Fred Allen

text: The hour-long show featured segments that would influence radio and, much later, television; news satires such as "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In"'s "Laugh-In Looks at the News" and "Saturday Night Live's" "Weekend Update" were influenced by "Town Hall Tonight's" "The News Reel", later renamed "Town Hall News" (and in 1939–40, as a sop to his sponsor, "Ipana News"). "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson's" "Mighty Carson Art Players" routines referenced Allen's Mighty Allen Art Players, in name and sometimes in routines. Allen and company also satirized popular musical comedies and films of the day, including and especially "Oklahoma!". Allen also did semi-satirical interpretations of well-known lives—including his own.