title: European cuisine

text: The cuisines of Western countries are diverse, although there are common characteristics that distinguish them from those of other regions. Compared with traditional cooking of East Asia, meat is more prominent and substantial in serving size. Steak and cutlets in particular are common dishes across the West. Western cuisines also emphasize grape wine and sauces as condiments, seasonings, or accompaniments (in part due to the difficulty of seasonings penetrating the often larger pieces of meat used in Western cooking). Many dairy products are utilised in cooking. There are hundreds of varieties of cheese and other fermented milk products. White wheat-flour bread has long been the prestige starch, but historically, most people ate bread, flatcakes, or porridge made from rye, spelt, barley, and oats. Those better-off would also make pasta, dumplings and pastries. The potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonisation of the Americas. Maize is much less common in most European diets than it is in the Americas; however, corn meal (polenta or mămăligă) is a major part of the cuisine of Italy and the Balkans. Although flatbreads (especially with toppings such as pizza or tarte flambée) and rice are eaten in Europe, they are only staple foods in limited areas, particularly in Southern Europe. Salads (cold dishes with uncooked or cooked vegetables, sometimes with a dressing) are an integral part of European cuisine.


title: European cuisine

text: Formal European dinners are served in distinct courses. European presentation evolved from service à la française, or bringing multiple dishes to the table at once, into service à la russe, where dishes are presented sequentially. Usually, cold, hot and savoury, and sweet dishes are served strictly separately in this order, as hors d'oeuvre (appetizer) or soup, as entrée and main course, and as dessert. Dishes that are both sweet and savoury were common earlier in Ancient Roman cuisine, but are today uncommon, with sweet dishes being served only as dessert. A service where the guests are free to take food by themselves is termed a buffet, and is usually restricted to parties or holidays. Nevertheless, guests are expected to follow the same pattern.


title: European cuisine

text: Historically, European cuisine has been developed in the European royal and noble courts. European nobility was usually arms-bearing and lived in separate manors in the countryside. The knife was the primary eating implement (cutlery), and eating steaks and other foods that require cutting followed. This contrasted with East Asian cuisine, where the ruling class were the court officials, who had their food prepared ready to eat in the kitchen, to be eaten with chopsticks. The knife was supplanted by the spoon for soups, while the fork was introduced later in the early modern period, ca. 16th century. Today, most dishes are intended to be eaten with cutlery and only a few finger foods can be eaten with the hands in polite company.


title: European cuisine

text: In medieval times, a person's diet varied depending on their social class. Cereal grains made up a lot of a medieval person's diet, regardless of social class. Bread was common to both classes- it was taken as a lunch for the working man, and thick slices of it were used as plates called trenchers. People of the noble class had access to finely ground flours for their breads and other baked goods. Noblemen were allowed to hunt for deer, boar, rabbits, birds, and other animals, giving them access to fresh meat and fish for their meals. Dishes for people of these classes were often heavily spiced. Spices at that time were very expensive, and the more spices used in dishes, the more wealth the person had to be able to purchase such ingredients. Common spices used were cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, pepper, cumin, cloves, turmeric, anise, and saffron. Other ingredients used in dishes for the nobility and clergy included sugar, almonds and dried fruits like raisins. These imported ingredients would have been very expensive and nearly impossible for commoners to obtain. When banquets were held, the dishes served would be very spectacular- another way for the noblemen to show how rich they were. Sugar sculptures would be placed on the tables as decoration and to eat, and foods would be dyed vibrant colors with imported spices.


title: European cuisine

text: The diet of a commoner would have been much more simple. Strict poaching laws prevented them from hunting, and if they did hunt and were caught, they could have parts of their limbs cut off or they could be killed. Much of the commoners food would have been preserved in some way, such as through pickling or by being salted. Breads would have been made using rye or barley, and any vegetables would likely have been grown by the commoners themselves. Peasants would have likely been able to keep cows, and so would have access to milk, which then allowed them to make butter or cheese. When meat was eaten, it would have been beef, pork, or lamb. Commoners also ate a dish called pottage, a thick stew of vegetables, grains, and meat.


title: European cuisine

text: In the early modern era, European cuisine saw an influx of new ingredients due to the Columbian Exchange, such as the potato, tomato, eggplant, chocolate, bell pepper, pumpkins, and other squash. Distilled spirits, along with tea, coffee, and chocolate were all popularized during this time. In the 1780s, the idea of the modern restaurant was introduced in Paris; the French Revolution accelerated its development, quickly spreading around Europe.


title: European cuisine

text: All of these countries have their specialities. Austria is famous for Wiener Schnitzel - a breaded veal cutlet served with a slice of lemon, the Czech Republic for world renowned beers. Germany for world-famous wursts, Hungary for goulash. Slovakia is famous for gnocchi-like Halusky pasta. Slovenia is known for German and Italian influenced cuisine, Poland for world-famous Pierogis which are a cross between a ravioli and an empanada. Liechtenstein and German speaking Switzerland are famous for Rösti and French speaking Switzerland for fondue and Raclettes.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: Jack Robert Lengyel (born March 4, 1935) is a software executive and former American football coach, lacrosse coach, and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at the College of Wooster from 1966 to 1970 and at Marshall University from 1971 until 1974, compiling a career college football record of 33–54. At Marshall, he took over the Thundering Herd football program after the Southern Airways Flight 932 plane crash that killed nearly the entire team in 1970. Lengyel was the athletic director at California State University, Fresno from 1983 to 1986, at the University of Missouri from 1986 to 1988, and at the United States Naval Academy from 1988 to 2001. He served as the interim athletic director at Temple University in 2002, at Eastern Kentucky University from 2002 to 2003, and at the University of Colorado Boulder from 2004 to 2005.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: Lengyel's family name means "Polish" in Hungarian. He graduated from The University of Akron where he was an assistant coach in 1959, and was a member of the Lone Star Fraternity (Pi Kappa Epsilon). In 1962, he earned a Master of Education degree from Kent State University. He was an assistant coach at Heidelberg College (1961–1962) and Cornell University (1963–1965) before becoming head football coach at the College of Wooster in 1966. At Wooster, Lengyel transformed a team that was 0-9 to winning consecutive games. He also coached lacrosse at Wooster for three seasons, from 1968 to 1970.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: Lengyel was hired by athletic director Joe McMullen after head coach Rick Tolley was killed along with 37 players and 37 coaches and administrators of Marshall in a plane crash on November 14, 1970. He was selected for the job after it was rejected by a Penn State assistant and an assistant from Georgia Tech turned it down. When Lengyel arrived at Marshall he was forced to recruit athletes from other sports (baseball and basketball) as well as allow a large number of walk-ons in order to rebuild the devastated football program. Although the team struggled in Lengyel's first season at the helm, it managed to win a stunning 15–13 victory over Xavier, scoring a touchdown on the final play of the game. His overall record at Marshall as the head coach was 9–33.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: After leaving Marshall, Lengyel went into the private sector before returning to sports as associate director of athletics at Louisville (1978–1980) and Missouri (1980–1983). He then went to Fresno State as director of athletics from 1983 to 1986. He returned to University of Missouri to become their athletic director from 1986 to 1988.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: In 1988, he became the athletic director at the United States Naval Academy, where he served for 14 years before retiring in 2001. He received the 2005 John L. Toner Award from the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame for his service at Navy. Since retiring from Navy in 2001, he has also been the interim director of athletics at Temple University, Eastern Kentucky University, and most recently University of Colorado.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: Lengyel also served many years on the board of trustees for the Foundation of the United States Naval Academy. He is currently the vice president of business development for XOS Digital, a sports media and technology company.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: On January 12, 2008, seven members of a high school basketball team from Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada and their coach's wife were killed in a highway crash when the 15-seat van they were traveling in collided with a tractor-trailer while returning from a game in Moncton in snowy conditions. Drawing similarities between the two tragedies, on March 13, 2008, Jack Lengyel funded his own traveling expenses to New Brunswick, Canada to assist in counseling the grieving community.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: Lengyel went on record with the Canadian Press stating that schools should not be transporting students in small, multi-passenger vans. The New Brunswick government announced soon after the crash that it was suspending the use of the vans.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: In 2019, Lengyel was named to the National Football Foundation (NFF) & College Hall of Fame's 150th Anniversary Team of Excellence.


title: Jack Lengyel

text: In the 2006 film "We Are Marshall", based on the Marshall plane crash and Marshall's 1971 team, Lengyel was portrayed by Matthew McConaughey.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Bevin Boys were young British men conscripted to work in coal mines between December 1943 and March 1948, to increase the rate of coal production, which had declined through the early years of World War II. The programme was named after Ernest Bevin, the Labour Party politician who was Minister of Labour and National Service in the wartime coalition government.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Chosen by lot as ten per cent of all male conscripts aged 18–25, plus some volunteering as an alternative to military conscription, nearly 48,000 Bevin Boys performed vital and dangerous civil conscription service in coal mines. Although the last ballot took place in May 1945 (shortly before VE Day), the final conscripts were not released from service until March 1948. Few chose to remain working in the mining industry after demobilisation; most left for further education or for employment in other sectors.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Bevin Boys were targets of abuse from the general public, who mistakenly believed them to be draft dodgers or cowards and they were frequently stopped by the police as possible deserters. Unlike those who had served in the military, Bevin Boys were not awarded medals for their contribution to the war effort and official recognition by the British government was only conferred in 1995.


title: Bevin Boys

text: At the start of World War II, the UK was highly dependent on coal, not only to power ships and trains, but as the main source of energy for electricity generation. Although output from mines had increased as the world economy recovered from the Great Depression, it was in decline again by the time war broke out in September 1939.


title: Bevin Boys

text: At the beginning of the war the Government, underestimating the value of strong younger coal miners, conscripted them into the armed forces. By mid-1943 the coal mines had lost 36,000 workers, and they were generally not replaced, because other likely young men were also being conscripted to the armed forces.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Industrial relations were also poor: In the first half of 1942, there were several local strikes over wages across the country, which also reduced output. In response, the government increased the minimum weekly pay to 83 shillings (for those over the age of 21 working underground) and established a new Ministry of Fuel, Light and Power, under the leadership of Gwilym Lloyd George to oversee the reorganisation of coal production for the war effort. In late summer, a bonus scheme was proposed to reward workers in mines that exceeded their output targets. These measures resulted in an increase in production in the second half of 1942, although volumes were still short of the tonnage required.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Absenteeism (miners taking time off work as a result of e.g. sickness) also rose through the war from 9.65% in December 1941 to 10.79% and 14.40% in the Decembers of 1942 and 1943 respectively.


title: Bevin Boys

text: By October 1943, Britain was becoming desperate for a continued supply of coal, both for the industrial war effort and for keeping homes warm throughout the winter.


title: Bevin Boys

text: On 23 June 1941, Bevin made a broadcast appeal to former miners, asking them to volunteer to return to the pits, with an aim of increasing numbers of mineworkers by 50,000. He also issued a 'standstill' order, to prevent more miners being called up to serve in the armed forces.


title: Bevin Boys

text: On 12 November 1943, Bevin made a radio broadcast aimed at sixth-form boys, to encourage them to volunteer to work in the mines when they registered for National Service. He promised the students that, like those serving in the armed forces, they would be eligible for the government’s further education scheme.


title: Bevin Boys

text: On 12 October 1943 Gwilym Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, announced in the House of Commons that some conscripts would be directed to the mines. On 2 December Ernest Bevin explained the scheme in more detail in parliament, announcing his intention to draft 30,000 men aged 18 to 25 by 30 April 1944.


title: Bevin Boys

text: From 1943 to 1945 one in ten of young men called up was sent to work in the mines. This caused a deal of upset, as many young men wanted to join the fighting forces and felt that as miners they would not be valued.


title: Bevin Boys

text: To make the process random, one of Bevin's secretaries each week, from 14 December 1943, pulled a digit from a hat containing all ten digits, 0–9, and all men liable for call-up that week whose National Service registration number ended in that digit were directed to work in the mines, with the exception of any selected for highly skilled war work such as flying planes and in submarines, and men found physically unfit for mining. Conscripted miners came from many different trades and professions, from desk work to heavy manual labour, and included some who might otherwise have become commissioned officers.


title: Bevin Boys

text: An appeals process was set up, to allow conscripts the opportunity to challenge the decision to send them to the pits, although decisions were rarely overturned. Those who refused to serve in the mines were imprisoned. By 31 May 1944, 285 conscripts had refused to serve as miners, of whom 135 had been prosecuted and 32 had been given a prison sentence. By the end of November 1944, out of a total of 16,000 conscripts, 143 had refused to serve in the mines and had been sent to prison, some with the imposition of hard labour.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Boys when they were nearly 18 years old received an official postcard instructing them in five days time to report to a training centre such as at Cresswell Colliery, Derbyshire.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Bevin Boys with no previous experience of mining, were given six weeks' training (four in a classroom-type setting and two at their assigned colliery). For their first four weeks of underground work, they were supervised by an experienced miner. With the exception of those working in the south Wales coalfields, the conscripts could not work at the coalface until they had accrued four months' experience underground.


title: Bevin Boys

text: For the most part, the Bevin Boys were not directly involved in cutting coal from the mine face, but acted instead as colliers assistants, responsible for filling tubs or wagons and hauling them back to the shaft for transport to the surface. Conscripts were supplied with helmets and steel-capped safety boots.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Almost as soon as the first Bevin Boys had reported for training, there were complaints that their remuneration (44 shillings per week for an 18-year-old) were barely sufficient to cover living costs. Some 140 went on strike in Doncaster for two days before their training had finished. There were also complaints from experienced miners, who resented the fact that a 21-year-old recruit received the same minimum wage as they did.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Bevin Boys did not wear uniforms or badges, but the oldest clothes they could find. Being of military age and without uniform caused many to be stopped by police and questioned about avoiding call-up.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Many Bevin Boys suffered taunts as they wore no uniform, and there were accusations by some people that they were deliberately avoiding military conscription. Since a number of conscientious objectors were sent to work down the mines as an alternative to military service (under a system wholly separate from the Bevin Boy programme), there was sometimes an assumption that Bevin Boys were "Conchies". The right to conscientiously object to military service for philosophical or religious reasons was recognised in conscription legislation, as it had been in the First World War. However, old attitudes still prevailed amongst some members of the general public, with resentment by association towards Bevin Boys. In 1943 Ernest Bevin said in Parliament:


title: Bevin Boys

text: The final conscription ballot took place in May 1945 (shortly before VE Day); however, the final conscripts were not released from service until March 1948.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Within a few months of the first Bevin Boys starting work, there were calls for a badge to be awarded in recognition of the importance of their national service.


title: Bevin Boys

text: After the war, Bevin Boys received neither medals nor the right to return to the jobs they had previously held. (Like Forces veterans, they were entitled to participate in the Government's Further Education and Training Scheme, which paid university fees and an annual means-tested grant of up to £426 to cover living expenses whilst studying.)


title: Bevin Boys

text: The role played by Bevin Boys in Britain's war effort was not fully recognised until 1995, 50 years after VE Day, when Queen Elizabeth II mentioned them in a speech.


title: Bevin Boys

text: On 20 June 2007, Tony Blair informed the House of Commons that thousands of conscripts who worked in mines during the Second World War would be awarded a veterans badge similar to the HM armed forces badge awarded by the Ministry of Defence. The first badges were awarded on 25 March 2008 by the then Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, at a reception in 10 Downing Street, marking the 60th anniversary of discharge of the last Bevin Boys. In 2010, Tom Hickman's "" was published, containing accounts of around 70 of the boys sent to the coal mines.


title: Bevin Boys

text: On Tuesday 7 May 2013, a memorial to the Bevin Boys, based on the Bevin Boys Badge, was unveiled by the Countess of Wessex at the National Memorial Arboretum at Alrewas, Staffordshire. The memorial was designed by former Bevin Boy Harry Parkes; it is made of four stone plinths carved from grey Kilkenny stone from Ireland. The stone should turn black over time, to resemble the coal that the miners extracted.


title: Bevin Boys

text: The Bevin Boys Association is trying to trace all 48,000 Bevin Boy conscripts, optants or volunteers who served in Britain's coal mines during and after the war, from 1943 to 1948.


title: Bevin Boys

text: The Bevin Boys Association was formed in 1989 with a small membership of 32 in the Midlands area. By 2009 the membership had grown to over 1,800 from all over the United Kingdom and overseas.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Today the Bevin Boys Association continues to hold meetings and reunions as well as attending commemoration services.


title: Bevin Boys

text: Douglas Livingstone's radio play, "Road to Durham", is a fictional account of two former Bevin Boys, now in their eighties, as they visit the Durham Miners' Gala.


title: Bevin Boys

text: British musician Jez Lowe wrote the song "The Sea and the Deep Blue Devil" from the perspective of a Bevin Boy who loses his girlfriend to a Royal Navy recruit.


title: Bevin Boys

text: English singer-songwriter Reg Meuross wrote a song called "The Bevin Boys (Bill Pettinger's Lament)". The song was commissioned by Martin Pettinger as a tribute to his Bevin Boy father, Bill.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: Marguerite Marie Alibert (9 December 1890 – 2 January 1971), also known as Maggie Meller, Marguerite Laurent, and Princess Fahmy, was a French socialite. She started her career as a prostitute and later courtesan in Paris and from 1917 to 1918 she had an affair with the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII). After her marriage to Egyptian aristocrat Ali Kamel Fahmy Bey, she was frequently called Princess by the media of the time. In 1923, she killed her husband at the Savoy Hotel in London. She was eventually acquitted of the murder charge after a trial at the Old Bailey.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: Marguerite Marie Alibert was born on 9 December 1890, in Paris to Firmin Alibert, a coachman, and Marie Aurand, a housekeeper. At the age of sixteen she gave birth to a daughter, Raymonde. In the following eight to ten years, Alibert led an itinerant life until she met Mme Denant who ran a "Maison de Rendezvous", a brothel catering to a high society clientele. Under the tutelage of Denant, Alibert became a high-class prostitute.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: Alibert met Edward, Prince of Wales in April 1917 at the Hôtel de Crillon in Paris. At the time, Edward was in France as an officer of the Grenadier Guards in the Western Front during World War I. Edward became infatuated with her and during their relationship he wrote many candid letters to her. Although the affair was intense while it lasted, by the end of the war Edward had broken off the relationship.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: Ali Fahmy Bey became infatuated with Alibert when he first encountered her in Egypt while she was escorting a businessman. He saw her again several times in Paris and they were eventually formally introduced in July 1922. Following that meeting, they embarked on a tour of gambling and entertainment establishments in Deauville, Biarritz, and Paris. Fahmy returned to Egypt, but, soon after, he invited her to the country feigning illness and telling her that he could not live without her. They were married in December 1922 and had a formal Islamic wedding in January 1923.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: On 1 July, the couple arrived in London for holidays. They stayed at the Savoy Hotel with their entourage consisting of a secretary, a valet and a maid. On 9 July, the couple and the secretary went to see the operetta "The Merry Widow". Upon returning to the hotel, they had a late supper where they started one of their frequent arguments. At 2:30 a.m. on 10 July 1923, Alibert shot her husband repeatedly from behind, striking him in the neck, back, and head. She used a .32 calibre semi-automatic Browning pistol. The victim was transported to Charing Cross Hospital but died of his wounds in about an hour.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: The trial opened on Monday 10 September 1923 with large numbers of people queuing to enter, including some who had waited since before daybreak. The trial lasted until Saturday 15 September. During the trial, Alibert presented herself as the victim of the "brutality and beastliness" of her "oriental husband". Alibert was defended by Edward Marshall Hall, one of the most famous British lawyers of that era. The trial judge disallowed any mention of Alibert's past as a courtesan, ensuring that the name of the Prince of Wales was never mentioned as part of the evidence during the trial. At the same time, Fahmy was described as "a monster of Eastern depravity and decadence, whose sexual tastes were indicative of an amoral sadism towards his helpless European wife". Alibert was acquitted of all charges.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: After the trial, Alibert sued her late husband's family aiming to lay claim to his property. A court in Egypt rejected the verdict at the Old Bailey and dismissed her claim. She lived in an apartment facing the Ritz in Paris until the end of her life. After her death, the few remaining letters from Edward (if these really existed), which she had kept as insurance,


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: In the 2013 book "The Prince, the Princess and the Perfect Murder," it is speculated that the acquittal of Alibert of the charges for murdering her husband was part of a deal for returning the love letters of the Prince of Wales to him and a further guarantee by Alibert that Edward's name would not be mentioned in court.


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: The killing of her husband was also the focus of the 1991 book "Scandal at the Savoy: The Infamous 1920s Murder Case".


title: Marguerite Alibert

text: In 2013, the UK Channel 4 aired the documentary "Edward VIII's Murderous Mistress: Was there a cover-up of Edward VIII's fling with a murderess?"


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: Junglee () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language action-adventure film directed by American filmmaker Chuck Russell and produced by Junglee Pictures. Starring Vidyut Jammwal, Pooja Sawant, Asha Bhat, and Atul Kulkarni, Injury doctor Dr obaidur rahman the film revolves around a veterinary doctor who upon returning to his father's elephant reserve, encounters and fights against an international poacher's racket. The film features martial arts and action stunts performed by Jammwal.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: The initial release date was moved up a week to give the action thriller "Romeo Akbar Walter" a solo release.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: Initially scheduled for release on 19 October 2018, and then for 5 April, it was released on 29 March 2019. Critics have given the film mostly positive reviews, praising the cinematography and action scenes performed by Jammwal himself. Doctor Name Dr.Obaidur Rahman


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: Dipankar Nair (Thalaivasal Vijay) runs an Elephant sanctuary but things have turned bad as hunters are frequently killing elephants for their tusks. His son Raj (Vidyut Jammwal), a veterinarian in Mumbai, arrives for the 10th anniversary of his mother's death and visits Bhola and Didi, his elephant playmates when he was a child. Keshav (Atul Kulkarni), a hunter, has an eye on huge tusks of Bhola which could fetch good money. Keshav kills Bhola for his tusks and Dipankar who tries to save him. The cops arrive at the funeral of Dipankar and falsely implicate him of being with hunters and also frame Raj for it. After being taken into the prison, Raj, has his hands tied, but he still fights them all, and frees himself after Didi pulls the window out with Shankara (Pooja Sawant), Raj's childhood friend, as her mahout, with Meera (Asha Bhat), a reporter who has come with Raj to write an article on the elephant sanctuary. Raj also reveals to them that the Inspector who framed him for being with hunters, is a part of the group who supports elephant's tusk smuggling.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: Dev (Akshay Oberoi), Raj's best friend, is also revealed to be with the hunters. Dev and Raj fight, after which the hunters come. They injure Raj and kill Dev, who in turn, was in a bid to save Raj. The hunters also capture Shankara, while Meera captures all this in a video. Gajja Guru (Makarand Deshpande), Raj's teacher, nurses Raj, with Meera. Raj, with a dead hunter's phone, gets to know that the buyers are in Paradeep, where Shankara is also kept. Raj attacks the factory, and kills all the bodyguards and hunters. He saves Shankara, and Meera and Jayesh (another childhood friend of Raj) also arrive. Raj attacks Keshav and wounds him. Raj goes to save the others, and using this as a opportunity Keshav picks up his gun, but Gajja Guru and Didi arrive, and Didi kills Keshav. The buyers are captured by the police. Whereas inside, Didi is about to deliver her baby.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: Three months later, Dipankar Nair's last message is shown, in which he tells that elephants are killed every 15 minutes for their tusks, and that we can still stop that by not buying products made of ivory. Didi's child Asha is also shown to Meera's millions of followers. When Raj receives a call from his office, he replies that it will be a while before he is back at work because 'Things have gotten a bit wild out here!'.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: In September 2016, it was announced that Jammwal will star as a veterinary doctor in Rohan Sippy's film titled "Junglee" which will "mirror a unique friendship between man and an animal." Sippy said that the idea of the film came to him after seeing the classic 1971 Salim–Javed film "Haathi Mere Saathi", though it also has some similarities with "Tom-Yum-Goong". However, the film later went to American director Chuck Russell, who is known for directing "The Mask" (1994), "Eraser" (1996) and "The Scorpion King" (2002).


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: Jammwal performs an animal flow style of combat for the film. His upbringing in Kerala and his background in the Indian martial art of Kalaripayattu helped him prepare for the role. As a Kalaripayattu practitioner, he grew up interacting with animals. With his prior experience as a stuntman, Jammwal performed his own stunts for the film, which impressed Russell.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: While talking about his first experience directing an Indian film, Russell said that he wanted to make a film "that is true to India, but uses the music, dance and the wonderful artists in Bollywood to tell a universal story about returning to the natural world". The principal photography of the film began on 5 December 2017 and was finished in the summer of 2018. Out of 100, four elephants were selected for the film after scouting in India and Sri Lanka. "Junglee" was shot in Thailand. The scenes involving elephants were shot in the presence of Thai crew members. Few scenes were also shot in the Jungles of Odisha and West Bengal.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: The film released on 29 March 2019. The film was made available as video on demand through Hotstar on 25 May 2019.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: , of the reviews compiled by Rotten Tomatoes are positive, with an average rating of . Saibal Chatterjee writing for NDTV rates the film with one and a half stars out of five and says, "Jammwal is about the only bright spot in a pulpy action-adventure film." Renuka Vyavahare of Times Of India gives three and half stars out of five and says, "Watch Junglee for its spellbinding action, cute elephants and gorgeous jungles. Such an adventurous and brave attempt is rare in Hindi cinema." Priyanka Sinha Jha of News18 rates the film with two stars out of five and feels that the film is a big disappointment. Writing for The Indian Express Shubhra Gupta gives it two stars out of five and finds the film comic book simple. Devesh Sharma of Filmfare giving three stars out of five says, "All-in-all, Junglee is an action-packed adventure which also tells us that we share this planet with lots of different species, who have an equal right to it..." Anupama Chopra of "Film Companion" gives two stars out of five with remarks, "The film’s intentions are admirable and the action is carried off with conviction, but the humans have the depth of cartoon characters." Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in writes, "The message of Junglee is deadly serious, but its solutions belong firmly in the realm of the children’s movie."


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: "Junglee" earned on its opening day in India. Its opening weekend earnings in the domestic market were . It earned in its opening week in India. It earned in the domestic market.


title: Junglee (2019 film)

text: The music of the film is composed by Sameer Uddin while the lyrics are penned by Anvita Dutt Guptan and Kumar Suryavanshi.


title: Stone Temple Pilots discography

text: The discography of Stone Temple Pilots, an American rock band, consists of 8 studio albums, 3 compilation albums, 2 live albums, 1 extended play, 34 singles and 22 music videos.


title: Insider Inc.

text: Insider Inc. is an American online media company known for publishing the financial news website "Insider" (formerly "Business Insider") and other news and media websites. It is a subsidiary of the German publisher Axel Springer SE, the largest in Europe.


title: Insider Inc.

text: "Business Insider" was founded in 2007 by Henry Blodget and Kevin P. Ryan. In 2013, Jeff Bezos led an effort to raise million for Business Insider Inc. through his investment company Bezos Expeditions. On September 29, 2015, Axel Springer SE announced that it had acquired 88% of the stake in Business Insider Inc. for a reported million ( million). After the purchase, Axel Springer SE held a stake of approximately 97%, and Jeff Bezos held the remaining shares through Bezos Expeditions. As of 2018, Axel Springer owns a 100% stake in Insider Inc.


title: Insider Inc.

text: Business Insider Inc.'s name was changed to Insider Inc. in December 2017 as the company planned on becoming a general interest news publisher. Nicholas Carlson is Global Editor-in-Chief of Insider. In January 2018, the firm moved its global headquarters in New York City from the Flatiron District to the Financial District. In March 2018, it launched its first advertising campaign, with the tagline "Get in." The firm started using the Digital Content Ratings of Nielsen Holdings to measure its digital video audience in July 2018.


title: Insider Inc.

text: "Business Insider" is the original publication of Insider Inc., focusing on business and financial news. The website "Tech Insider" originally started as a standalone technology-focused news website in 2015, but it was eventually incorporated into a section of Business Insider.


title: Insider Inc.

text: In 2015, "Business Insider" started establishing a social media presence on Twitter and Facebook for "Insider", its general news site comparable to BuzzFeed. The website "Insider.com" launched in May 2016 and focuses on news and lifestyle articles and video.


title: Insider Inc.

text: In October 2016, "Business Insider" started "Markets Insider", a globally-focused markets data and news service. Data is provided by Germany-based finance portal "Finanzen.net", another Axel Springer holding.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: Max Keeble's Big Move is a 2001 American comedy film directed by Tim Hill, written by David L. Watts, James Greer, Jonathan Bernstein and Mark Blackwell and starring Alex D. Linz, Larry Miller, Jamie Kennedy, Nora Dunn, and Robert Carradine. The plot follows the eponymous Max and his friends, who begin going to junior high school only to learn Max and his family will soon move elsewhere; Max resolves to get even with those who bully him and his friends before he leaves since he will not remain long enough to face discipline for anything he does.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: The film was released in the United States on October 5, 2001 by Walt Disney Pictures. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $18 million against its $25 million budget.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: Max Keeble is a paperboy who starts his first day of middle school. Max is antagonized by the corrupt megalomaniacal school principal, Elliot T. Jindrake, resident school bullies Troy McGinty and Dobbs, and the Evil Ice Cream Man. Max also learns that an animal shelter he visits next door to the school is being closed down to build Jindrake's opulent football stadium.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: When Max's father, Donald, reveals that he is moving to Chicago for his boss, because he is unable to stand up for himself, Max realizes that he can do whatever he wants to his tormentors, facing no consequences because he will be gone by then. Enlisting his equally socially outcast friends, Robe and Megan, Max sets up a variety of pranks, which include traumatizing Troy by playing the main theme song of the children's television show "MacGoogles the Highlander Frog" (which frightened him as a child), then trapping him in the gym with a MacGoogles costume wearer; instigating a fight between Dobbs and the Evil Ice Cream Man by stealing the coolant coil for the ice cream truck and Dobbs's handheld device; and ruining Jindrake's chances of becoming successor to the current superintendent, Bobby "Crazy Legs" Knebworth (an alumnus who was a star football player for the school) by planting animal pheromones within his breath spray, instigating a food fight in the cafeteria in view of Superintendent Knebworth, and later by sabotaging his TV announcements by placing a cardboard cutout of Max mocking him.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: After his missions are completed, Max ends up ditching Robe and Megan's going-away party by accepting an invitation to a milkshake party hosted by his crush Jenna, causing a falling-out. Robe tells Max how Megan really feels about him, and then walks away telling Max that he hopes he enjoys his new life in Chicago. Max then calls Megan's house, telling her mom to relay to her that he is sorry for what happened. Taking Max's earlier advice to heart, Donald announces that he quit his job and started his own business, meaning that Max is not moving after all. Max freaks out at this news, and learns that other students at his school are suffering because of his actions.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: Max confronts Jindrake, Troy, and Dobbs one final time, and with the help of other students at his school, Max eventually defeats Troy and Dobbs for good by throwing them into the dumpster with his schoolmates' help and stops Jindrake from demolishing the animal shelter. Jindrake is dismissed and facing criminal charges for manipulating with the school budget to build his stadium due to Max tricking Jindrake into publicly admitting to his crimes earlier.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: The film ends when Max rides on his bicycle delivering newspapers around his neighborhood, and the Evil Ice Cream Man starts pursuing him once again.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: "Max Keeble's Big Move" grossed $17.3 million in the United States and Canada and $1.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $18.6 million, against a production budget of $25 million.


title: Max Keeble's Big Move

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 29% based on 56 reviews, and an average rating of 4.31/10. The site's critical consensus reads: ""Max Keeble" may be fun for kids, but bland and unoriginal for adults." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 40 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: Death is an American rock band formed in Detroit, Michigan, in 1971 by brothers Bobby (bass, vocals), David (guitar), and Dannis (drums) Hackney.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: The trio initially started out as a funk group but quickly switched their style to rock after seeing concerts by the Who and Alice Cooper. Music critic Peter Margasak retrospectively wrote that David "pushed the group in a hard-rock direction that presaged punk, and while this certainly didn't help them find a following in the mid-70s, today it makes them look like visionaries" – David himself having been called "the visionary of the group". They are often recognized by many people as one of the first punk rock bands. The band broke up in 1977 but reformed in 2009 when the independent record label Drag City released their unreleased recordings from 1975.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: In 1964, the three young Hackney brothers (David, Bobby and Dannis) were sat down by their father to witness the Beatles' first appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show". The following day, David found a discarded guitar in an alley and set about learning to play. Brothers Bobby and Dannis soon followed suit and they began playing music together. Later, the young trio purchased the best instruments that they could afford with the money that their mother won in a settlement.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: The brothers practiced and recorded early demos in a room in the family home and performed their earliest gigs from their garage. Forming in 1971 and originally calling themselves Rock Fire Funk Express, guitarist David convinced his brothers to change the name of the band to Death in 1974 after their father died in an accident. David wanted to change the meaning of the word: "His concept was spinning death from the negative to the positive. It was a hard sell", Bobby Hackney recalled in 2010. The name distinguished them from other all-black bands; their musical style, an innovation on an already evident musical approach in Detroit, further demarcated Death, "no doubt" the first all-black punk band and perhaps the first punk band in general.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: In 1975, Death recorded seven songs written by David and Bobby at Detroit's United Sound Studios with engineer Jim Vitt. According to the Hackney family, Columbia Records president Clive Davis funded the recording sessions but implored the band to change its name to something more commercially palatable. When the Hackneys refused, Davis ceased his support. Bobby and Dannis were tentative about this decision, ultimately prioritizing the brotherly relationship. The band only recorded seven songs instead of the planned dozen. The following year they self-released a single taken from these sessions on their label Tryangle Records. The single "Politicians in My Eyes" b/w "Keep On Knocking" saw a run of only 500 copies.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: The Hackney brothers ended the band in 1977. The brothers then moved to Burlington, Vermont, and released two albums of gospel rock as The 4th Movement in the early 1980s. David moved back to Detroit in 1982 and died of lung cancer in 2000. Bobby and Dannis still reside in Vermont and lead the reggae band Lambs Bread. Dannis is currently the drummer for the Vermont-based rock/funk band The Aerolites.


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: Copies of the "Politicians in My Eyes" 7", and the story of Death continued to circulate in collector's circles, with some copies going up to the cost of $800 due to their extreme rarity; one source of them was Don Schwenk, a friend of the Hackneys who was originally commissioned to create the album art for the upcoming LP, and was given a box of the singles in exchange. MP3s of the two songs from the single eventually found their way to Chunklet in 2008; around this time Bobby Hackney's son Julian moved to California and heard the Death songs after a recommendation of a roommate and immediately recognized his father's voice. Once the news of the discovery and the story of Death began to spread, it eventually reached Drag City Records, who contacted the Hackneys about the possible release of the album, who provided the label with the original master tape: In 2009, Drag City released all seven Death songs from their 1975 United Sound sessions on CD and LP under the title "...For the Whole World to See".


title: Death (proto-punk band)

text: In the meantime, the sons of Bobby Hackney (Julian, Urian, and Bobby Jr.), wanting to get the word out more, started a band called Rough Francis (named after David's one time recording), covering the songs of Death after discovering the old recordings online. A March 2009 article in "The New York Times" by Mike Rubin, covering one of Rough Francis' live shows and the history of Death introduced the band to an even wider audience. The popularity eventually reached Mickey Leigh, who invited both bands to play Joey Ramone's birthday party. In September 2009, a reformed Death played three shows with original members Bobby and Dannis Hackney, with Lambs Bread guitarist Bobbie Duncan taking the place of the late David Hackney. During a 2010 performance at the Boomslang Festival in Lexington, Kentucky, the band announced that Drag City would release a new album with demos and rough cuts that predate the 1975 sessions. The album "Spiritual • Mental • Physical" was released in January 2011. In 2014, Death released their third studio album "III," and in 2015 their most recent record, entitled "N.E.W." was released.


title: Vacaville, California

text: Vacaville is a city located in Solano County in Northern California. Sitting approximately from Sacramento and from San Francisco, it is within the Sacramento Valley. As of the 2020 census, Vacaville had a population of 102,386, making it the third largest city in Solano County.


title: Vacaville, California

text: Prior to European contact, the indigenous Patwin tribe lived in the area with the Ululato tribelet establishing a chiefdom around the Ululato village in what is now downtown Vacaville along the Ulatis Creek.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The early settler pioneers of the land were Juan Manuel Cabeza Vaca and Juan Felipe Peña who were awarded a Mexican land grant in 1842. The same year in 1842, Vaca and Peña's families settled in the area of Lagoon Valley. Peña's Adobe home is the oldest standing building, built in 1842.


title: Vacaville, California

text: Discussions for the sale of a portion of land to William McDaniel began in August 1850. A written agreement was signed on December 13, 1851, forming a township, nine square miles of land were deeded to William McDaniel for $3,000, and the original city plans were laid out from that. In the agreement, McDaniel's would name the new town after Juan Manuel Cabeza Vaca.


title: Vacaville, California

text: In 1880, Leonard Buck created the California Fruit Shipping Association, as well as the L.W. and F.H. Buck Company, an early company selling auctioned fruit in the state, and Vacaville was soon home to many large produce companies and local farms which flourished due to the Vaca Valley's rich soil.


title: Vacaville, California

text: In 1885, the first grade school built was Ulatis School. In 1898, the town's first high school was built, Vacaville Union High School.


title: Vacaville, California

text: In August 2020, parts of Vacaville were evacuated due to the Hennessey Fire, which resulted in the burning of over in five counties, including in Vacaville where farms and homes were destroyed.


title: Vacaville, California

text: On August 29, 2022, a truck transporting tomatoes crashed on Interstate 80 in Vacaville, injuring four, splattering over 150,000 of the tomatoes onto the eastbound section of the freeway, and significantly delaying eastbound traffic for hours. The peculiarity of the freeway accident subsequently resulted in international news coverage.


title: Vacaville, California

text: There are a number of rare and endangered species in the Vacaville area. Endangered plants which have historically occurred in the vernal pool areas in and around Vacaville include "Legenre limosa", "Plagiobothrys hystriculus", "Downingia humilis", Contra Costa Goldfields ("Lasthenia conjugens"), and Showy Indian clover ("Trifolium amoenum"). To this day Trifolium amoenum can still be found in Lagoon Valley Regional Park.


title: Vacaville, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . 99.26% of the area is land and 0.74% is water. Excluding the Putah South Canal and minor local creeks, the only significant body of water within the city is the Lagoon Valley Lake.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The unincorporated communities of Allendale and Elmira are generally considered to be part of "greater" Vacaville.


title: Vacaville, California

text: Vacaville has a typical Mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csa") with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Characteristic of inland California, summers can get quite hot. Autumns are warm in the early part but quickly cool down as the wet season approaches. Winters can be cool, and often foggy, but are mild compared to other regions. Spring is a rather pleasant season with fairly mild temperatures and not so much rain. The greater majority of precipitation falls in the autumn, winter, and spring months with little to none in summer.


title: Vacaville, California

text: According to National Weather Service records, average January temperatures in Vacaville are a maximum of and a minimum of . Average July temperatures are a maximum of and a minimum of . There are an average of 87.7 days with highs of or higher. There are an average of 30.7 days with lows of or lower. The record high temperature was on July 23, 2006. The record low temperature was on December 26, 1924.


title: Vacaville, California

text: Average annual precipitation is . There are an average of 57 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1983 with and the driest year was 2012 with 5 inches. The most precipitation in one month was in January 1916. The most precipitation in 24 hours was on February 27, 1940. Snowfall is rare in Vacaville, but light measurable amounts have occurred, including in January 1907 and in December 1988.


title: Vacaville, California

text: According to the 2020 United States Census, Vacaville had a population of 102,386. During the period 2015-2019 there were an average of 2.81 people per household. The American Community Survey (ACS) estimated the population identified as 50.5% non-hispanic white, 24.8% hispanic or latino, 10.1% black or African-American, 8.1% of two or more races, 7.8% Asian, 0.9% native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and 0.7% American Indian or Alaska Native. The same survey estimated that 22.7% of the population was under 18 years old and 14% was over 65 years old.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Vacaville had a population of 92,428. The population density was . The racial makeup of Vacaville was 61,301 (66.3%) White, 9,510 (10.3%) African American, 846 (0.9%) Native American, 5,606 (6.1%) Asian (3.3% Filipino, 0.7% Chinese, 0.6% Indian, 0.5% Japanese, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.3% Korean), 532 (0.6%) Pacific Islander, 8,136 (8.8%) from other races, and 6,497 (7.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21,121 persons (22.9%); 17.0% of Vacaville is Mexican, 0.9% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Salvadoran, 0.3% Nicaraguan, 0.2% Guatemalan, and 0.2% Peruvian.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The Census reported that 91.3% of the population lived in households and 8.6% were institutionalized.


title: Vacaville, California

text: There were 31,092 households, out of which 11,747 (37.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 16,347 (52.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,068 (13.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,686 (5.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,892 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 208 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 7,053 households (22.7%) were made up of individuals, and 2,689 (8.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71. There were 22,101 families (71.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.19.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The population was spread out, with 21,511 people (23.3%) under the age of 18, 8,963 people (9.7%) aged 18 to 24, 26,269 people (28.4%) aged 25 to 44, 26,016 people (28.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 9,669 people (10.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.1 males.


title: Vacaville, California

text: There were 32,814 housing units at an average density of , of which 63.4% were owner-occupied and 36.6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.8%. 59.0% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 32.3% lived in rental housing units.


title: Vacaville, California

text: As of the 2000 census there were 88,625 people living in the city. The population density was 1,263.6/km (3,272.3/mi). There were 28,696 housing units at an average density of 409.1/km (1,059.5/mi). The racial makeup of the city was 72.11% White, 10.02% African American, 0.97% Native American, 4.18% Asian, 0.45% Pacific Islander, 6.74% from other races, and 5.53% from two or more races. 17.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Vacaville, California

text: Of the 28,105 households, 20,966 were families: 41.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were "non-families." 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.24.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The median age was 34 years, and the age distribution of the population was rather spread out: 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. However, the sex ratio was higher than the national average. For every 100 females, there were 118.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.7 males.


title: Vacaville, California

text: According to the city of Vacaville, in 2019/2020, median household income was $82,513, which was 39 percent above the national average and


title: Vacaville, California

text: In 2007, the median income for a family was $63,950. Also in 2007, males had a median income of $43,527 versus $31,748 for females and per capita income for the city was $21,557. 6.1% of the population and 4.3% of families lived below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 7.4% of those under the age of 18 and 4.8% of those 65 and older lived below the poverty line.


title: Vacaville, California

text: There are biotechnology/pharmaceutical facilities operated by Genentech, ALZA Corporation, Kaiser Permanente, and Novartis International AG. On May 14, 2014, ICON Aircraft announced they would consolidate all company functions in a new 140,000-square-foot facility in Vacaville. Two state prisons are located in Vacaville: California State Prison, Solano and California Medical Facility.


title: Vacaville, California

text: According to the city's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Vacaville, California

text: Between 1992 and 1995, local artist Guillermo Wagner Granizo installed twenty outdoor ceramic tile murals, set into three freestanding walls near City Hall entitled, "Vacaville Centennial". The murals depict various aspects of the history of the city of Vacaville, including the early pioneers Juan Manuel Vaca, Juan Felipe Peña and William McDaniel, the early fruit industry, the first schools, Peña Adobe Park, the Nut Tree (a 1920s roadside fruit and nut stand), various parades, the annual tree lighting ceremony, "Hamburger Hill", and the factory outlet stores, among others.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The city includes several historic buildings and places, including Peña Adobe, Will H. Buck House, Pleasants Ranch, and Vacaville Town Hall.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The city holds annual Vacaville Fiesta Days, that happens downtown, which includes a parade that features the public school marching bands, gymnasts, and even an electric car showcase, among other things. Other sites for tourists include the Vacaville Premium Outlets and the Nut Tree, which is home to a train for children, a carousel, and even a life-size chessboard, as well as numerous stores and dining establishments. Every Friday during the summer the city holds the Creek Walk in Down Town Vacaville. Every December, the city holds a Festival of Trees in the ice skating rink and the Tree Lighting Ceremony, in which residents of Vacaville gather downtown to see a tree illuminate and enjoy festive music played by the Jepson Band, hot chocolate, and horse-drawn carriage rides. The Jimmy Doolittle Center at the Nut Tree Airport displays aircraft from as early as 1912 and is home to the Jimmy Doolittle Shell Lockheed Vega. Displays also include personal items of General Doolittle and items related to the Doolittle Raid of 1942.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The city has two unified public school districts, a community college district, private schools and colleges.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The town has a District supporting the Solano Community College. Among others, it offers an associate degree in biotechnology, which could lead to employment with local industries.


title: Vacaville, California

text: The city includes two hospitals, NorthBay VacaValley Hospital, a 50-bed facility whose campus also includes the NorthBay Cancer Center and HealthSpring Fitness Center, and the Kaiser Permanente Vacaville Medical Center, a hospital and trauma center.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: Harrogate Town A.F.C. is a professional association football club in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, which competes in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: The club is nicknamed the Sulphurites, due to the spa town's sulphur springs. The club's colours are black and yellow and they play home games at Wetherby Road.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: Harrogate Hotspurs were founded in 1935 and changed their name to Harrogate Town after football returned at the end of the Second World War, joining the West Yorkshire Association League. They entered the Yorkshire League again in 1957, before becoming founder members of the Northern Counties East League in 1982 and a founding member of the Northern Premier League's First Division in 1987. They won the Northern Premier League Division One title in 2001–02 and became founder members of the Conference North in 2004. They won the National League North play-offs in 2018 and secured a place in the Football League for the first time with victory in the 2020 National League play-off Final. The team won the 2019–20 FA Trophy Final against Concord Rangers.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: People in the town of Harrogate had tried to put together a football team as far back as 1907 but it took until 1914 for Harrogate A.F.C. to be founded. They were entered into the Northern Football League in 1914, and were set to play their home fixtures at the County Ground, but the First World War meant all fixtures were postponed.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: After the First World War, Robert Ackrill Breare instigated a meeting to discuss putting the club back together. Breare later became the secretary of the club, which entered into the West Riding League.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: Harrogate played their first competitive fixture on 30 August 1919 at Starbeck Lane Ground against Horsforth. They won the game 1–0 and the scorer was L. Craven with a headed goal. They were entered into the FA Cup the same year, losing to South Kirkby Colliery 4–0 in a 1Q replay. Harrogate also won their first trophy, the Whitworth Cup, with a 4–0 victory against Ripon City.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: For the 1920–21 season Harrogate were one of the founding teams in the new Yorkshire League, yet they also continued to field a team in the West Riding League. The club had relocated to a new ground: Wetherby Road. Around the holiday periods, they took part in friendlies against higher league opposition including Liverpool at their Anfield ground, and another at fellow Yorkshire side Sheffield United in front of 15,000 fans.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: They moved league once again for their third season, leaving the West Riding League and moving into the Midland Football League. It included the reserve teams of Nottingham Forest, Sheffield Wednesday and Barnsley. The club remained in the Yorkshire League, fielding a reserve team. However, the club resigned from the Midland League after only one season and reverting to fielding a first team in the Yorkshire League. The West Riding County Challenge Cup was won by Harrogate in 1925, with their 3–1 victory against Fryston Colliery at Elland Road.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: League victory was secured in 1926–27, as Harrogate became the Yorkshire League champions, with Bob Morphet scoring 44 goals. The club then moved into the Northern Football League. Their second West Riding County Challenge Cup was won the same season against Selby Town. The team disbanded in 1932.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: A football club was brought back to the town in 1935 with Harrogate Hotspurs. After the Second World War, the club was renamed Harrogate Town and played in the West Yorkshire Association Football League. Harrogate Town joined the Yorkshire League again in 1957. They spent many years in the Yorkshire League during the 1960s and 1970s, and then became a founding member of the new Northern Counties East Football League in 1982. The club was looking to climb the newly instated football pyramid and so began to improve their ground, installing floodlights. They played a friendly to mark the occasion against Leeds United, with Eddie Gray being the first to switch the lights on.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: After a West Riding County Cup win in 1986, and five seasons in the Northern Counties East League, they became founding members of the Northern Premier League's new First Division in 1987–88, after having been invited to join the new league. In 1990 the club became a limited company to fund construction of a new main stand, and in the same year the club won the Northern Premier League First Division Cup. They spent 15 seasons in this league, twice narrowly avoiding relegation back to the Northern Counties East League. However, they won promotion to the Premier Division in 2001–02 after finishing as champions. During their first season in that division they finished sixth, and for the first time in the club's history they reached the first round of the FA Cup, losing 5–1 to Farnborough Town of the Football Conference. Town also won the West Riding County Cup in both the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: After finishing fifth in the Premier Division in 2003–04, the club became founders of the newly established Conference North in 2004. During their FA Cup run in the 2005–06 season, Harrogate were drawn to play at Torquay United, their first cup game against Football League opposition. After drawing 1–1 at Plainmoor, they lost 6–5 on penalties after a 0–0 draw in the replay. At the end of the season the club finished fifth and qualified for the promotion play-offs, but lost 1–0 to eventual winners Stafford Rangers.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: At the end of the 2009–10 season the club finished bottom of the Conference North and were due to be relegated. However, after Northwich Victoria were demoted due to financial problems, the club were reprieved.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: Before the start of the 2011–12 season, Bill Fotherby handed control of the club to Irving Weaver, father of manager Simon Weaver. Tad Nowakowski, father of player Adam, also joined the board to help improve community links. The 2011–12 season ended in a relegation dogfight, Harrogate saved on the last day thanks to a 5–0 away win at Corby Town.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: The 2012–13 season saw the team's best run in the FA Cup. On 3 November 2012 they beat League Two team Torquay United 1–0 to go beyond the first round for the first time. Against Hastings United in the second round, they drew 1–1 at Wetherby Road, and the replay at Hastings also finished 1–1, due to a late goal from Harrogate's Tom Platt. However, Town lost 5–4 on penalties.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: After a good start placing them in the top five at the beginning of the 2016–17 season, the team went on a long run of bad form. As a result, Weaver and other club officials decided that the players at the end of the season should be given full-time contracts to improve chances of promotion. Near the end of the 2016–17 season, the club announced that they would be going full-time the following season. Many players left the club following the club's change to professionalism, and the club signed multiple midfielders and defenders before their pre-season home match against Leeds United. They began training as a full-time club on 3 July 2017.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: On 13 May 2018, they won the National League North play-offs for the 2017–18 season beating Brackley Town in the play-off final earning promotion to the National League.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: The club finished sixth in their 2018–19 National League campaign, qualifying for the play-offs. They were beaten 3–1 by AFC Fylde in a play-off eliminator. As the 2019–20 National League season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, table positions were determined on average points-per-game, of which Harrogate Town had 1.78, placing them second and meaning they again qualified for the play-offs, this time in the semi-finals. In the semi-final, they beat Boreham Wood 1–0. On 2 August 2020, at Wembley Stadium, the club faced Notts County in the play-off Final and won 3–1, earning promotion to the English Football League for the first time in their history.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: On their way to the FA Trophy Final, Harrogate defeated Hartlepool United, Darlington, Eastleigh, AFC Fylde and Notts County. Harrogate won the 2019–20 FA Trophy against Concord Rangers on 3 May 2021. As a result of the almost 12-month delay in staging the Final, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Harrogate Town became the first EFL side in history to participate in the competition.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: On 12 September 2020, Harrogate played their first ever Football League game, winning 4–0 away at Southend United. In September 2020, Harrogate played their first ever EFL Cup match away to Tranmere Rovers which they won. In the second round, Harrogate were eliminated by Premier League side West Bromwich Albion 3–0. On 5 April 2021, their home match with Port Vale was the first English Football League game where a woman officiated as the referee. In 2020–21, Harrogate finished their first Football League season in 17th place. In 2021–22, Harrogate did enough to survive in the League again, finishing in 19th place and reached the third round of the FA Cup for the first time.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: The club play at Wetherby Road, also known as the EnviroVent Stadium for sponsorship purposes. Opened on 28 August 1920, it has a capacity of 5,000 of which 1,000 is seated. The ground is situated on the A661 Wetherby Road adjacent to Harrogate District Hospital. It has covered accommodation on all four sides, as well as a hospitality lounge in the south-east corner. The club shop and a function room called the 1919 Venue are on the south side. Harrogate Town's academy also play most of their home games at Wetherby Road.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: On promotion to the Football League, in August 2020, the club confirmed that, in order to comply with the League's regulations, they would replace Wetherby Road's synthetic pitch with a grass one. This was not completed by the time that the 2020–21 season commenced and the club arranged a temporary groundshare at Doncaster Rovers' Keepmoat Stadium.


title: Harrogate Town A.F.C.

text: The first Football League match played at Wetherby Road was on Saturday 17 October 2020 when Harrogate beat Barrow 1–0.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Miranda Hobbes is a fictional character on the American HBO television series "Sex and the City", its subsequent film spinoffs, and HBO Max revival "And Just Like That...". She is played by actress Cynthia Nixon. Nixon received an Emmy Award and has received two Screen Actors Guild Awards for her performance.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Miranda Hobbes first appeared in Candace Bushnell's newspaper column "Sex and the City" as a cable television executive in her early thirties.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: The television "Sex and the City" version of Miranda Hobbes is a fiery career-minded red-head, a Harvard-educated lawyer with a cynical take on relationships and men. As the series progresses, Miranda's cynicism softens, particularly after she becomes pregnant by her on-again, off-again bartender boyfriend, Steve Brady, whom she eventually marries. The birth of her son, Brady Hobbes, brings up new issues for her Type A, workaholic personality as she finds her way to balance career and motherhood. Of the four women, she is the first to purchase a Manhattan apartment, which she gives up when she moves into a Brooklyn town house in the final season to make room for her growing family.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: In the feature length movie, Miranda is still married to Steve, and they are living in Brooklyn with their son Brady, who is now five years old. We learn that she is still employing Magda and that Steve's mother Mary is living in a nursing home, as she now suffers from advancing Alzheimer's. Miranda and Steve's relationship has become stale, with Miranda under the pressure of her job and caring for Brady. After a shared laugh one night over Miranda having a milk moustache, the two have sex in a moment of newfound passion, but midway through Miranda tells Steve to hurry up because she has to get up early, which upsets him.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: At one of their coffee dates, Miranda tells the girls that she and Steve have not had sex in six months, and shortly afterwards Steve confesses he had sex with another woman one time out of frustration. Although Steve begs for forgiveness, Miranda insists on splitting up, and she moves to the Lower East Side. In a moment of short-sighted selfishness, she tells Big the night before his and Carrie's wedding that they are crazy to get married because it ruins everything, causing him to leave Carrie at the altar.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Miranda wants to confess everything right after, but Charlotte convinces her it was not really her fault, but Big's. The girls change the honeymoon trip into a holiday trip for themselves. Almost a full year passes by before Miranda confesses it on Valentine's Day to Carrie about her wrongdoing. Carrie berates Miranda for wanting forgiveness while refusing to forgive Steve. Miranda and Steve go to couples' therapy, during which they decide to meet on the Brooklyn Bridge in two weeks if they want to forgive and forget what happened and start over.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Miranda starts contemplating her relationship with Steve by making a pro and cons list. She looks in the mirror and sees that she has a milk moustache. This makes her realize she wants to be with Steve after all and she hurries to the Brooklyn Bridge to reconcile with him.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: In "Sex and the City 2", Miranda is an overworked lawyer who has no time to be a mom. She feels that she's being taken advantage of at work, passed over because she is a woman. When Steve suggests she quit her job, she is reluctant but does so after she is overlooked—then shushed—during a meeting.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Although she has every intention of returning to work, Miranda revels in her free time and happily makes it to Brady's activities. As part of her break, she decides to accompany Samantha, Carrie and Charlotte to Abu Dhabi. While there, Miranda takes charge of the group's scheduling and learns an impressive amount of Arabic. She also sympathizes with Charlotte for her feeling inadequate, confessing that it's exhausting being a "good" mother.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: When Miranda arrives home, she looks for and finds a fulfilling job. She is last seen at an outdoor staff meeting of the more relaxed law firm where she is flourishing and appreciated.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: "The Carrie Diarie"'s showrunner Amy B. Harris revealed that if the show had been renewed for a third season, young Miranda would have been introduced as a character.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: In "And Just Like That...", Miranda pursues a master's degree in human rights at Columbia University, cheats on Steve, and explores her bisexuality with Carrie's boss, comedian Che Diaz (played by Sara Ramirez).


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Skipper Johnston (Ben Weber) is a 27-year-old website developer, with whom Miranda enters into a tentative relationship in the first season. Originally introduced by Carrie, Miranda finds Skipper young and immature, and is irritated by his romantic view of life and love, which contrasts sharply with her cynical outlook. Although they occasionally engage in an on-again, off-again sexual relationship, she never plans for him to become a serious interest.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: In contrast, Skipper is terribly smitten with Miranda from the start, even going so far as to break up with a girl in mid-intercourse when Miranda calls, as he believes it means that "the woman he loves most" wants to be with him. Horrified at learning this, Miranda suggests dating other people, but Skipper, angered by Miranda's attitude, breaks it off and leaves. He is next seen when his latest girlfriend ends things with him and as this has happened a lot, Skipper is angry—attracting Miranda's attention again.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Dr. Robert Leeds (Blair Underwood) is a successful sports medicine doctor for the New York Knicks, whom Miranda meets while interviewing him with fellow members of her building's tenant board to occupy a vacant apartment. Upon Robert's arrival, Miranda is instantly charmed by him, and somewhat hijacks the interview in order to learn more about him. Robert eventually agrees to move in, and in time the two begin a short but lively romantic relationship. Despite Miranda and Robert's sparks of chemistry, Miranda cannot control her longing for her current on-again, off-again boyfriend, Steve Brady. Eventually, at her son's first birthday party, Miranda professes her love to Steve, and her relationship with Roberts ends off-screen. After a few awkward encounters, Robert overcomes his anger towards Miranda and Steve, and is last seen in the series with two scantily dressed women in his apartment.


title: Miranda Hobbes

text: Steve Brady (David Eigenberg) and Miranda meet during the second season when Miranda is waiting for Carrie at the bar where Steve works. Although Miranda simply sees Steve as a one-night stand after they meet, Steve senses a strong connection, and he asks to see her again. Miranda refuses at first, but they become a couple after she realizes her strong attraction for Steve. The couple's difference in economic status creates tension in their relationship, and they eventually break up. However, they remain on friendly terms, often leading to a sexual relationship between the two. After Steve loses one of his testicles to cancer, Miranda sleeps with him to convince him that having one ball will not prevent women from having sex with him. This union resulted in her pregnancy. She initially decides to have an abortion without planning to inform Steve of her pregnancy. At the clinic, she changes her mind, and decides to keep the baby. Miranda tells Steve she is pregnant and will take on full responsibility, including raising the child and providing all the related finances, but Steve can visit whenever he wants and generally be a part of the baby's life. Steve later proposes to Miranda, which prompts her to yell at him that she doesn't want to marry him, to which Steve responds that he doesn't really want to marry her. Miranda gives birth to Brady Hobbes (a homage to their respective surnames), and the two try to raise him together as platonic partners, with difficulty. Miranda initially pretends that she doesn't love Steve, but when she attempts to admit her feelings for him, she discovers he is now seeing another woman, Debbie. Eventually, at Brady's first birthday party, Miranda ends up blurting out her love for Steve and, to her delight and surprise, Steve admits that he, too, loves Miranda, and that she is "the one." They kiss, and within three weeks they are back together; they remain together for the rest of the series, eventually getting married in a simple ceremony with their closest friends and family in a community garden and purchasing a townhouse in Brooklyn for their growing family. In "Sex and the City: The Movie", the pair go through a rough part whereby Steve cheats on Miranda. The couple split and then go through counselling and reunite at the end of the film.


title: Camera lens

text: A camera lens (also known as photographic lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically.


title: Camera lens

text: There is no major difference in principle between a lens used for a still camera, a video camera, a telescope, a microscope, or other apparatus, but the details of design and construction are different. A lens might be permanently fixed to a camera, or it might be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures, and other properties.


title: Camera lens

text: While in principle a simple convex lens will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible) the many optical aberrations that arise. Some aberrations will be present in any lens system. It is the job of the lens designer to balance these and produce a design that is suitable for photographic use and possibly mass production.


title: Camera lens

text: Typical rectilinear lenses can be thought of as "improved" pinhole "lenses". As shown, a pinhole "lens" is simply a small aperture that blocks most rays of light, ideally selecting one ray to the object for each point on the image sensor. Pinhole lenses have a few severe limitations:


title: Camera lens

text: Practical lenses can be thought of as an answer to the question: "how can a pinhole lens be modified to admit more light and give a smaller spot size?". A first step is to put a simple convex lens at the pinhole with a focal length equal to the distance to the film plane (assuming the camera will take pictures of distant objects). This allows the pinhole to be opened up significantly (fourth image) because a thin convex lens bends light rays in proportion to their distance to the axis of the lens, with rays striking the center of the lens passing straight through. The geometry is almost the same as with a simple pinhole lens, but rather than being illuminated by single rays of light, each image point is illuminated by a focused "pencil" of light rays.


title: Camera lens

text: From the front of the camera, the small hole (the aperture), would be seen. The virtual image of the aperture as seen from the world is known as the lens's entrance pupil; ideally, all rays of light leaving a point on the object that enter the entrance pupil will be focused to the same point on the image sensor/film (provided the object point is in the field of view). If one were inside the camera, one would see the lens acting as a projector. The virtual image of the aperture from inside the camera is the lens's exit pupil. In this simple case, the aperture, entrance pupil, and exit pupil are all in the same place because the only optical element is in the plane of the aperture, but in general these three will be in different places. Practical photographic lenses include more lens elements. The additional elements allow lens designers to reduce various aberrations, but the principle of operation remains the same: pencils of rays are collected at the entrance pupil and focused down from the exit pupil onto the image plane.


title: Camera lens

text: A camera lens may be made from a number of elements: from one, as in the Box Brownie's meniscus lens, to over 20 in the more complex zooms. These elements may themselves comprise a group of lenses cemented together.


title: Camera lens

text: The front element is critical to the performance of the whole assembly. In all modern lenses the surface is coated to reduce abrasion, flare, and surface reflectance, and to adjust color balance. To minimize aberration, the curvature is usually set so that the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction are equal. In a prime lens this is easy, but in a zoom there is always a compromise.


title: Camera lens

text: The lens usually is focused by adjusting the distance from the lens assembly to the image plane, or by moving elements of the lens assembly. To improve performance, some lenses have a cam system that adjusts the distance between the groups as the lens is focused. Manufacturers call this different things: Nikon calls it CRC (close range correction); Canon calls it a floating system; and Hasselblad and Mamiya call it FLE (floating lens element).


title: Camera lens

text: Glass is the most common material used to construct lens elements, due to its good optical properties and resistance to scratching. Other materials are also used, such as quartz glass, fluorite, plastics like acrylic (Plexiglass), and even germanium and meteoritic glass. Plastics allow the manufacturing of strongly aspherical lens elements which are difficult or impossible to manufacture in glass, and which simplify or improve lens manufacturing and performance. Plastics are not used for the outermost elements of all but the cheapest lenses as they scratch easily. Molded plastic lenses have been used for the cheapest disposable cameras for many years, and have acquired a bad reputation: manufacturers of quality optics tend to use euphemisms such as "optical resin". However many modern, high performance (and high priced) lenses from popular manufacturers include molded or hybrid aspherical elements, so it is not true that all lenses with plastic elements are of low photographic quality.


title: Camera lens

text: The 1951 USAF resolution test chart is one way to measure the resolving power of a lens. The quality of the material, coatings, and build affect the resolution. Lens resolution is ultimately limited by diffraction, and very few photographic lenses approach this resolution. Ones that do are called "diffraction limited" and are usually extremely expensive.


title: Camera lens

text: Today, most lenses are multi-coated in order to minimize lens flare and other unwanted effects. Some lenses have a UV coating to keep out the ultraviolet light that could taint color. Most modern optical cements for bonding glass elements also block UV light, negating the need for a UV filter. However, this leaves an avenue for lens fungus to attack if lenses are not cared for appropriately. UV photographers must go to great lengths to find lenses with no cement or coatings.


title: Camera lens

text: A lens will most often have an aperture adjustment mechanism, usually an iris diaphragm, to regulate the amount of light that passes. In early camera models a rotating plate or slider with different sized holes was used. These Waterhouse stops may still be found on modern, specialized lenses. A shutter, to regulate the time during which light may pass, may be incorporated within the lens assembly (for better quality imagery), within the camera, or even, rarely, in front of the lens. Some cameras with leaf shutters in the lens omit the aperture, and the shutter does double duty.


title: Camera lens

text: The two fundamental parameters of an optical lens are the focal length and the maximum aperture. The lens' focal length determines the magnification of the image projected onto the image plane, and the aperture the light intensity of that image. For a given photographic system the focal length determines the angle of view, short focal lengths giving a wider field of view than longer focal length lenses. A wider aperture, identified by a smaller f-number, allows using a faster shutter speed for the same exposure. The camera equation, or G#, is the ratio of the radiance reaching the camera sensor to the irradiance on the focal plane of the camera lens.


title: Camera lens

text: The maximum usable aperture of a lens is specified as the focal ratio or f-number, defined as the lens's focal length divided by the effective aperture (or entrance pupil), a dimensionless number. The lower the f-number, the higher light intensity at the focal plane. Larger apertures (smaller f-numbers) provide a much shallower depth of field than smaller apertures, other conditions being equal. Practical lens assemblies may also contain mechanisms to deal with measuring light, secondary apertures for flare reduction, and mechanisms to hold the aperture open until the instant of exposure to allow SLR cameras to focus with a brighter image with shallower depth of field, theoretically allowing better focus accuracy.


title: Camera lens

text: Focal lengths are usually specified in millimetres (mm), but older lenses might be marked in centimetres (cm) or inches. For a given film or sensor size, specified by the length of the diagonal, a lens may be classified as a:


title: Camera lens

text: A side effect of using lenses of different focal lengths is the different distances from which a subject can be framed, resulting in a different perspective. Photographs can be taken of a person stretching out a hand with a wideangle, a normal lens, and a telephoto, which contain exactly the same image size by changing the distance from the subject. But the perspective will be different. With the wideangle, the hands will be exaggeratedly large relative to the head. As the focal length increases, the emphasis on the outstretched hand decreases. However, if pictures are taken from the same distance, and enlarged and cropped to contain the same view, the pictures will have identical perspective. A moderate long-focus (telephoto) lens is often recommended for portraiture because the perspective corresponding to the longer shooting distance is considered to look more flattering.


title: Camera lens

text: The widest aperture lens in history of photography is believed to be the Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7, which was designed and made specifically for the NASA Apollo lunar program to capture the far side of the moon in 1966. Three of these lenses were purchased by filmmaker Stanley Kubrick in order to film scenes in his movie "Barry Lyndon", using candlelight as the sole light source.


title: Camera lens

text: The complexity of a lens — the number of elements and their degree of asphericity — depends upon the angle of view, the maximum aperture, and intended price point, among other variables. An extreme wideangle lens of large aperture must be of very complex construction to correct for optical aberrations, which are worse at the edge of the field and when the edge of a large lens is used for image-forming. A long-focus lens of small aperture can be of very simple construction to attain comparable image quality: a doublet (two elements) will often suffice. Some older cameras were fitted with convertible lenses (German: "") of normal focal length. The front element could be unscrewed, leaving a lens of twice the focal length, and half the angle of view and half the aperture. The simpler half-lens was of adequate quality for the narrow angle of view and small relative aperture. Obviously the bellows had to extend to twice the normal length.


title: Camera lens

text: Good-quality lenses with maximum aperture no greater than f/2.8 and fixed, normal, focal length need at least three (triplet) or four elements (the trade name "Tessar" derives from the Greek "tessera", meaning "four"). The widest-range zooms often have fifteen or more. The reflection of light at each of the many interfaces between different optical media (air, glass, plastic) seriously degraded the contrast and color saturation of early lenses, particularly zoom lenses, especially where the lens was directly illuminated by a light source. The introduction many years ago of optical coatings, and advances in coating technology over the years, have resulted in major improvements, and modern high-quality zoom lenses give images of quite acceptable contrast, although zoom lenses with many elements will transmit less light than lenses made with fewer elements (all other factors such as aperture, focal length, and coatings being equal).


title: Camera lens

text: Many single-lens reflex cameras and some rangefinder cameras have detachable lenses. A few other types do as well, notably the Mamiya TLR cameras and SLR, medium format cameras (RZ67, RB67, 645-1000s)other companies that produce medium format equipment such as Bronica, Hasselblad and Fuji have similar camera styles that allow interchangeability in the lenses as well, and mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras. The lenses attach to the camera using a lens mount, which contains mechanical linkages and often also electrical contacts between the lens and camera body.


title: Camera lens

text: The lens mount design is an important issue for compatibility between cameras and lenses. There is no universal standard for lens mounts, and each major camera maker typically uses its own proprietary design, incompatible with other makers. A few older manual focus lens mount designs, such as the Leica M39 lens mount for rangefinders, M42 lens mount for early SLRs, and the Pentax K mount are found across multiple brands, but this is not common today. A few mount designs, such as the Olympus/Kodak Four Thirds System mount for DSLRs, have also been licensed to other makers. Most large-format cameras take interchangeable lenses as well, which are usually mounted in a lensboard or on the front standard.


title: Camera lens

text: The most common interchangeable lens mounts on the market today include the Canon EF, EF-S and EF-M autofocus lens mounts. Others include the Nikon F manual and autofocus mounts, the Olympus/Kodak Four Thirds and Olympus/Panasonic Micro Four Thirds digital-only mounts, the Pentax K mount and autofocus variants, the Sony Alpha mount (derived from the Minolta mount) and the Sony E digital-only mount.


title: Camera lens

text: A macro lens used in macro or "close-up" photography (not to be confused with the compositional term "close up") is any lens that produces an image on the focal plane (i.e., film or a digital sensor) that is one quarter of life size (1:4) to the same size (1:1) as the subject being imaged. There is no official standard to define a macro lens, usually a prime lens, but a 1:1 ratio is, typically, considered "true" macro. Magnification from life size to larger is called "Micro" photography (2:1, 3:1 etc.). This configuration is generally used to image "close-up" very small subjects. A macro lens may be of any focal length, the actual focus length being determined by its practical use, considering magnification, the required ratio, access to the subject, and illumination considerations. It can be a special lens corrected optically for close up work or it can be any lens modified (with adapters or spacers, which are also known as "extension tubes".) to bring the focal plane "forward" for very close photography. Depending on the camera to subject distance and aperture, the depth-of-field can be very narrow, limiting the linear depth of the area that will be in focus. Lenses are usually stopped down to give a greater depth-of-field.


title: Camera lens

text: Some lenses, called zoom lenses, have a focal length that varies as internal elements are moved, typically by rotating the barrel or pressing a button which activates an electric motor. Commonly, the lens may zoom from moderate wide-angle, through normal, to moderate telephoto; or from normal to extreme telephoto. The zoom range is limited by manufacturing constraints; the ideal of a lens of large maximum aperture which will zoom from extreme wideangle to extreme telephoto is not attainable. Zoom lenses are widely used for small-format cameras of all types: still and cine cameras with fixed or interchangeable lenses. Bulk and price limit their use for larger film sizes. Motorized zoom lenses may also have the focus, iris, and other functions motorized.


title: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)

text: Lego The Lord of the Rings is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales, that was released on Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Vita, Microsoft Windows, Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. The OS X version of the game, published by Feral Interactive, was released on 21 February 2013.


title: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)

text: Based on "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, the game follows the original but spoofed storylines of "", "", and "", taking players through the epic story events, "re-imagined with the humour and endless variety of Lego play". The game utilises music and voice acting taken from all three films of the film trilogy. Developer Traveller's Tales has stated they toned down the slapstick humour found in other Lego-licensed titles. The game follows the events in the films; however, like the "Lego Star Wars" series, some scenes from the films have been altered to become more family friendly or just provide comic relief to the player.


title: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)

text: On 1 January 2019, all digital sales of the game were halted. This was confirmed a few days later by publisher Warner Bros. Interactive. The game was later re-added to Steam on 27 April 2020, and it was added to Xbox backwards compatibility on the Xbox One and Series X and S consoles on 16 November 2021.


title: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)

text: Throughout the game, players can also collect and use numerous magical items, including the Light of Eärendil, Elven rope and a wide variety of swords, bows and other such weaponry and armour familiar to the films. New character abilities include the lighting up of dark places (Frodo, Gandalf, Radagast and Saruman) and being thrown at objects and to locations (Gimli and Gloin). Each character has their own inventory, which usually consists of weapons and quest items. Some characters have items with abilities that are either character-exclusive or available only to a small number of characters. There is also an inventory shared by all characters, which includes all Mithril items as well as collectible items located throughout the open world and all the missions, all of which feature a large variety of weaponry and abilities. The game has a total of 18 levels (plus a bonus level upon completion), as well as a hidden ending, which is unlocked after 100% of the game is complete. Combat involves the player attacking enemies either through basic melee combos or firing projectiles, either through aiming or pressing the shoot button. However, if the player and the enemy are both using swords, they may enter a brief sword fighting sequence involving the player pressing the fight button. Throughout the game, some parts of both the story and the open world can only be traversed or completed by using special items or abilities. These abilities include fishing, shooting, collecting water, explosive, invisibility, breaking Mordor bricks, light, and jumping high.


title: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)

text: In the open world mode of the game, the player controls 2 changeable characters and is allowed to freely explore the game world, which spans the entire world of Middle-Earth minus Mirkwood and the lands south of Mordor. While players primarily travel on foot, they have the option of using Fast Travel through the Map, which transports the player to any location they've been to and allows the player to change the time of day. They also have the option to ride horses at specific locations throughout the game world. Throughout the map, there are several notable locations, including the Custom Character creator at Bag End in the Shire which allows players to create custom characters and the Blacksmith in Bree, who creates items using the player's Mithril Bricks and Blueprints. While in free roam, the player can unlock and buy characters by finding them throughout Middle-Earth, defeating them in battle, and then buying them for a varying number of Studs. However, for other characters, the player has to complete puzzles to find their character tokens, at which point they can be bought through the character selection screen. There are also many different side quests scattered through Middle-Earth, which usually consist of having the player find a specific item. Upon finding the item, the player is usually rewarded through Extras, which grant the player special boosts. Also scattered throughout Middle-Earth are Blueprints, Mithril Bricks, and other collectibles.


title: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)

text: There are more than 80 playable characters, including Frodo Baggins, Gandalf, Legolas, and many others to discover and unlock including Tom Bombadil, a character who appears in the books but not in the film trilogy. Unlike in the Lego "The Lord of the Rings" sets, the Hobbits appear barefoot like they do in the franchise. The player can also create their own characters, by travelling to Hobbiton and entering the Hobbit house with the green door, which is Frodo and Bilbo's house, Bag End.