title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Air Force Base's origin begins on 7 December 1941 when Guam was attacked by the armed forces of Imperial Japan in the Battle of Guam (1941) three hours after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The United States Navy surrendered Guam to the Japanese on 10 December. At the height of the war, approximately 19,000 Japanese soldiers and sailors were deployed to the island. Guam was liberated by the United States Marine Corps' 3rd Amphibious Corps on 21 July 1944, in the Battle of Guam (1944), after a 13-day pre-invasion bombardment.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The Japanese managed to contain the Marines on two beachheads, but their counter-attack failed. The Marines renewed their assault, and reached the northern tip of the island on 10 August 1944. Japanese guerrilla activities continued until the end of the war, and some were holdouts for many years afterwards.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Guam was considered ideal to establish air bases to launch B-29 Superfortress operations against the Japanese Home Islands. The Marianas Islands are about from Tokyo, a range which the B-29s could just about manage. Most important of all, it could be put on a direct supply line from the United States by ship. "North Field," as Andersen AFB was first named, was the first air base built in Guam after its liberation. Its construction began in November 1944 and was supported by the United States Navy Seabees. North Field and its co-located Northwest Field was a massive installation, with four main runways, taxiways, revetments for over 200 B-29s, and a large containment area for base operations and personnel.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The first host unit at North Field was the 314th Bombardment Wing, XXI Bomber Command, Twentieth Air Force. The 314th arrived in Guam on 16 January 1945 from Peterson Field, Colorado. The 314th controlled four operational B-29 bomb groups, the 19th, (Square M), 29th (Square O), 39th (Square P), and 330th (Square K).


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: B-29 Superfortress missions from North Field were attacks against strategic targets in Japan, operating in daylight and at a high altitude to bomb factories, refineries, and other objectives. In March 1945, the XXI Bomber Command changed tactics and started carrying out low-level night incendiary raids on area targets. During the Allied assault on Okinawa, groups of the 314th Bomb Wing attacked airfields from which the Japanese were sending out suicide planes against the invasion force.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Flying out of Guam, S/Sgt Henry E Erwin of the 29th Bombardment Group was awarded the Medal of Honor for action that saved his B-29 during a mission over Koriyama, Japan, on 12 April 1945. When a phosphorus smoke bomb exploded in the launching chute and shot back into the plane, Sgt Erwin picked up the burning bomb, carried it to a window, and threw it out.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: After the war, B-29s from North Field dropped food and supplies to Allied prisoners and participated in several show-of-force missions over Japan. The 29th, 39th and 330th Bombardment Groups returned to the United States and inactivated in December 1945. The 19th remained in Guam to become the station's host unit after the 314th Bombardment Wing moved to Johnson Air Base, Japan for occupation duty.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: After the end of World War II, Guam served as a collection point for surplus war goods that had accumulated in the Pacific Theater.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The 19th Bombardment Wing (BW) was formed at North AFB in 1948 from the resources of the former North Guam Air Force Base Command (Provisional). The 19th BW operated Andersen AFB and continued utilizing B-29s. In May 1949, the headquarters of the Twentieth Air Force moved from Guam to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa. Its former staff was assigned to the 19th BW.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: At Andersen, the wing assumed responsibility for supervising two active bases and one semi-active base, an assortment of communication, weather, radar, rescue and other facilities and units, including the Marianas Air Material Area, a wing size unit. Many of the units and facilities were closed or inactivated within a few months.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In October 1949, the 19th Wing was transferred to the 20th Air Force's command. The remaining units in the Marianas and Bonin Islands were shifted to other organizations. From 17 October 1949 until 28 June 1950, the wing continued B-29 training, operation of Andersen Air Force Base, and rescue and reconnaissance missions.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Three days after North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, the 19th Bomb Group deployed B-29s to Andersen to begin bombing targets throughout South Korea. A few days later, the group was detached from the 19th BW and deployed to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa. The rest of the wing remained at Andersen, providing maintenance for transient aircraft and operating ammunition dumps until 1953.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In 1951, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) selected several overseas bases to support rotational unit deployments of its bombers from stateside bases, starting with B-29 units and later including B-36 Peacemaker, B-47 Stratojet, B-50 Superfortress bombers and KB-29 refueling tankers.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: With decreased hostility in Korea, the 19th BW headquarters was relocated to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa in 1953 and was replaced by the 6319th Air Base Wing of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF). FEAF Bomber Command's 19th Bomb Wing and SAC's 98th and 307th Bomb Wings were inactivated in 1954. Its three B-29 wings returned to the contiguous United States and were replaced with B-47s.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The 3rd Air Division was activated on 18 June in its place. Its objective was to control all SAC units in the Far East. The division operated as a tenant unit from June 1954 until April 1955 and received host-base support services from the 6319th until that unit was inactivated on 1 April 1955. The 6319th was replaced with the SAC-aligned 3960th Air Base Wing.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: SAC continued its 90-day unit rotational training program and began to take control of the base from the FEAF. After the 1 April 1955 base transfer and activation of the 3960th Air Base Wing, B-47s replaced the B-36s in the rotations. The 43rd Bomb Wing from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, operated from July to October 1957, which eventually became Andersen's host unit. The 3960th Air Base Wing was redesignated on 1 July 1956 as the 3960th Air Base Group.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The 41st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron of the Pacific Air Forces, along with its F-86s, was stationed at Andersen from August 1956 until it was inactivated in March 1960. After that, the air defense mission was provided by deployments of Fifth and Thirteenth Air Force units flying the F-102 aircraft.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen's rotational duties concluded when the B-47 was phased out and replaced by the B-52 Stratofortress. The first B-52, the "City of El Paso," arrived from the 95th Bomb Wing at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas in March 1964. It was followed by KC-135 Stratotankers.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: With the start of Operation Arc Light in June 1965, B-52Fs and KC-135As began regular bombing missions over Vietnam and continued until 1973, with a break between August 1970 and early 1972.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In support of Operation Arc Light, SAC activated the 4133rd Bombardment Wing (Provisional) on 1 February 1966. The 3960th Strategic Wing, which was originally activated in 1955 as the 3960th Air Base Wing, continued as the base's host wing until it was inactivated and replaced by the 43rd Strategic Wing on 1 April 1970. The 43rd assumed the mission of the 4133rd on 1 July 1970 and continued in this capacity until the 57th Air Division (Provisional) and 72nd Strategic Wing (Provisional) were activated in June 1972 in support of Operation Bullet Shot (military operation name for temporary duty assignment of US-based technicians — "the herd shot 'round the world."). The 303rd Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Wing (Provisional) was activated in July of the same year. All of the provisional units remained at Andersen until bombing missions ceased on 15 November 1973.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Operation Linebacker II continued the mission of Operation Arc Light, and was most notable for its 11-day bombing campaign between 18 and 29 December 1972, in which more than 150 B-52s flew 729 sorties in 11 days. The B-52s at Andersen, combined with other bombers stationed at U-Tapao Field in Thailand, constituted about 50 percent of SAC's total bomber force and 75 percent of all combat crews. Two bases contained the equivalent of 13 stateside bomber wings.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: A ceasefire came into effect in Vietnam on 27 January 1973. However, the B-52s continued to fly missions over Cambodia and Laos until those were halted on 15 August 1973. With the end of these runs, more than 100 B-52s, both D and G Models, were deployed elsewhere in the world by October 1973. The Eighth Air Force moved to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, and the 3rd Air Division was reactivated on 1 January 1975.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: When the North Vietnamese forces overran South Vietnam later in 1975, the base provided emergency relief and shelter for thousands of Vietnamese evacuees as a part of "Operation New Life". After the Fall of Saigon, Andersen received almost 40,000 refugees and processed another 109,000 for transportation to the United States.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The base returned to routine operations by the late 1970s, but continued to serve as one of SAC's strategic locations. Crews and aircraft were regularly sent to sites between Australia, Alaska and South Korea and supported sea surveillance operations support for the U.S. Navy.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen was also home to the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron "Typhoon Chasers" during the 1960s through the 1980s. Air crews flying WC-130s tracked and penetrated typhoons, providing advanced warnings to military and civilian populations throughout the western Pacific. During the Vietnam War, the 54th also provided cloud seeding capability along the Ho Chi Minh Trail and synoptic reconnaissance, deploying from Udorn RTAFB when not in Guam. The 54th WRS was inactivated in September 1987.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In 1983, the 43rd completed its transition from the B-52D to the B-52G and became one of only two SAC bomber wings equipped with the Harpoon anti-ship missile.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The base saw a major change in 1989, when control transferred from SAC to Pacific Air Forces. The 633rd Air Base Wing activated on 1 October 1989, which led to the inactivations of the 43rd Bombardment Wing on 26 March 1990 and the 60th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 30 April 1990.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In August 1990, Andersen personnel began shipping over 37,000 tons of munitions to forces in the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: With the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991, Andersen was instrumental in caring for American evacuees and their pets as a part of Operation Fiery Vigil. In December, Andersen became home to the Thirteenth Air Force, which had evacuated from Clark Air Base in the Philippines after the eruption.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The host unit was changed on 1 October 1994, when the 633rd Air Base Wing was inactivated. The 36th Air Base Wing took over host operations and was redesignated as the 36th Wing on 12 April 2006. In October 1994, the U.S. Navy's Helicopter Combat Support Squadron Five (HC-5) relocated to Andersen from the now-closed Naval Air Station Agana, Guam. HC-5 was later redesignated as Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron Twenty-Five (HSC-25) following its transition from the CH-46 to the MH-60S.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The base was one of the few places in the world where the NASA Space Shuttle was permitted to land, serving as an Augmented Emergency Landing Site for the Shuttle orbiter.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In 2007, the 50-year-old South Runway's condition had deteriorated to a point at which complete removal and replacement of the runway was necessary to maintain safety. The 50.6 million-dollar runway replacement was a Design-Build project from the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency to the Tutor-Perini Corporation and its local subsidiary, Black Construction Company. The project's scope included demolition and reconstruction of the existing 11,185 feet by 200 feet South Runway, repairs and tie-ins to existing taxiway intersections, removal and replacement of degraded airfield lighting, and arresting gear realignment and reconstruction.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: On 23 February 2008, a USAF B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, one of the most expensive military aircraft in the world, crashed on the base. Both pilots ejected safely before the plane, valued at U.S. dollars, crashed moments after take-off due to a mechanical failure. This was the first time a B-2 had crashed.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: On 21 July 2008, a B-52 crashed into the sea while on a training mission that was to fly over a parade in Guam commemorating the U.S. liberation of the island from Japanese occupation in 1944.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: B-2s and B-52 aircraft from the 13th Bomb Squadron and 393d Bomb Squadron have taken turns in order to provide a continuous bomber presence at the base. One four-month deployment involving four B-2s began in March 2009.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In March 2009, the base announced that it would investigate allegations made by a whistleblower of environmental violations within the protected area of the base. The allegations included poaching, illegal trapping of coconut crabs and resale of trophy deer, paving beaches, and stripping vegetation used for nesting by endangered hawksbill turtles and green sea turtles. Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) said, "The Air Force program for protecting Guam's natural resources has utterly broken down." The Department of Defense Inspector General (DOD IG) determined that the Air Force responses to the PEER allegations adequately addressed the issues raised. Consequently, DoD IG determined further investigation was not warranted.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The strategic importance of Andersen AFB was brought to the forefront on Tuesday, 12 February 2013 when the base was circled by two Russian Tupolev Tu-95 Bear-H bombers hours prior to President Obama's State of the Union Address. Their flight was monitored by US F-15 fighter jets. The Russian bombers later left the area in a northbound direction.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: As tensions escalated between the U.S. and the North Korean regime, the latter threatened to strike the island. A total of 816,393 munitions assets valued at over $95 million were delivered to Andersen Air Force Base between 21 August and 30 September 2017.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In early 2019, the main operational and flying units on the base included the 36th Wing (PACAF), elements of the 624th Regional Support Group, the 734th Air Mobility Support Squadron (Air Mobility Command), Detachment 1, 69th Reconnaissance Group, flying the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk, and the Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron Two-Five (HSC-25), U.S. Navy, flying the Sikorsky MH-60S.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: In April 2020, sixteen years of continuous bomber presence (CBP) at Andersen ended when the USAF announced it was no longer permanently basing strategic bombers outside the continental United States. Since 2004, B-1B Lancer, B-2A Spirit and B-52G Stratofortress aircraft deployed to Guam on a rotational basis. Despite the move, bombers are expected to continue to deploy on an ad hoc basis.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: As part of the establishment of Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz, additional facilities are being constructed on Andersen to house Marines to be stationed there. In addition, the North Ramp on Andersen is being converted for Marine Corps air operations and the abandoned housing facility Andersen South (south of the base proper) is being converted to an urban training compound.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Andersen, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Air Force Base is home to Andersen Elementary School and Andersen Middle School. High school students attend Guam High School in Agana Heights, Guam.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Higher educational opportunities are available for those in the military, Department of Defense employees, and family members at Andersen through contracted academic institutions such as The Asian Division of University of Maryland University College (UMUC) and The Pacific Far East Division of Central Texas College.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Middle School caters to a population of 6th to 8th graders from American military families. The school is within the Department of Defense Education Activity school system and the subsystem DDESS Guam. It has a 5-year accreditation obtained from the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. In September 1997, DoDEA opened its own schools for children of military personnel.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Middle School was founded in 1997 and was scattered across Andersen Air Force Base. Classes for the original school were held in former Air Force dormitories. Many rooms had walls knocked out in order to accommodate class sizes. The original library for the elementary school was shared with the base library for its first year. As of 2012, it is now permanently located in an air conditioned building.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Middle School adopted the block scheduling system. The required core classes are physical education, mathematics, science, social studies, reading, and language arts. The elective classes include Spanish, band, study skills, video production, culture and drama. The school offers both a special education program and opportunities to take high school courses, such as algebra and geometry.


title: Bansuri

text: A bansuri is an ancient side blown flute originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is an aerophone produced from bamboo and metal like material used in Hindustani classical music. It is referred to as "nadi" and "tunava" in the "Rigveda" and other Vedic texts of Hinduism. Its importance and operation is discussed in the Sanskrit text "Natya Shastra".


title: Bansuri

text: A "bansuri" is traditionally made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with six or seven finger holes. Some modern designs come in ivory, fiberglass and various metals. The six hole instrument covers two and a half octaves of music. The "bansuri" is typically between and in length, and the thickness of a human thumb. One end is closed, and few centimeters from the closed end is its blow hole. Longer "bansuris" feature deeper tones and lower pitches. The traditional design features no mechanical keys, and the musician creates the notes they want by covering and uncovering the various finger holes.


title: Bansuri

text: The "bansuri"-like flute is depicted in ancient Buddhist, Hindu and Jain temple paintings and reliefs, and is common in the iconography of the Hindu god Krishna. it is intimately linked to the love story of Krishna and Radha. The bansuri is revered as Lord Krishna's divine instrument and is often associated with Krishna's Rasa lila dance. These legends sometimes use alternate names for this wind instrument, such as the "murali". However, the instrument is also common among other traditions such as Shaivism. The early medieval Indian texts also refer to it as "vaṃśi", while in medieval Indonesian Hindu and Buddhist arts, as well as temple carvings in Java and Bali dated to be from pre-10th century period, this transverse flute has been called "wangsi" or "bangsi".


title: Bansuri

text: A phonetically similar name for the same instrument, in early medieval texts, is the Sanskrit word "vaṃśi" which is derived from root "vaṃśa" (Sanskrit: वंश) meaning bamboo. A flute player in these medieval texts is called "vamsika".


title: Bansuri

text: Other regional names of -style, six to eight play holes, bamboo flutes in India include , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . The instrument is also used in Nepal, under the name Bām̐surī (बाँसुरी). Nepalese also use the word murli (मुरली), but that word can mean not only flute or fife, but also a reed instrument.


title: Bansuri

text: Ancient regional innovations, such as those in the Himalayan foothills of India, developed more complex designs, such as the which is a "twin bansuri" in different keys constructed as a single instrument, allowing the musician to play more complex music. In central and south India, a similar innovation is called or , and Buddhist stupa reliefs in central India, from about the 1st century BCE, depict the single and twinned flute designs.


title: Bansuri

text: According to Ardal Powell, flute is a simple instrument found in numerous ancient cultures. According to legends the three birthplaces of flutes are Egypt, Greece, and India. Of these, the transverse flute (side blown) appeared only in ancient India, while the fipple flutes are found in all three. It is likely, states Powell, that the modern Indian "bansuri" has not changed much since the early medieval era. However, a flute of a somewhat different design is evidenced in ancient China ("dizi") which Powell, quoting Curt Sachs' "The History of Musical Instruments", suggests may not have originated in China but evolved from a more ancient Central Asian flute design. It is, however, not clear whether there was any connection between the Indian and Chinese varieties.


title: Bansuri

text: The early medieval Indian "bansuri" was, however, influential. Its size, style, bindings, mounts on ends and playing style in medieval Europe artworks has led scholars, such as Liane Ehlich, a flute scholar at the music school in the University of Lucerne, to state that the "bansuri" ("venu") migrated from India into the Byzantium Empire by the 10th century and from there on to medieval Europe where it became popular.


title: Bansuri

text: The flute is discussed as an important musical instrument in the "Natya Shastra" (~200 BCE to 200 CE), the classic Sanskrit text on music and performance arts. The flute (Venu or Vamsa) is mentioned in many Hindu texts on music and singing, as complementary to the human sound and Veena (vaani-veena-venu). The flute is however not called "bansuri" in the ancient, and is referred to by other names such as "nadi", "tunava" in the "Rigveda" (1500–1200 BCE) and other Vedic texts of Hinduism, or as "venu" in post-Vedic texts. The flute is also mentioned in various Upanishads and Yoga texts.


title: Bansuri

text: According to Bruno Nettl, a music historian and ethnomusicologist, the ancient surviving sculptures and paintings in the temples and archaeological sites of India predominantly show transverse flutes being played horizontally (with a downward tilt). However, beginning in the 15th century, vertical end blowing style are commonly represented. This change in the relevance and style of "bansuri" is likely, states Nettl, because of the arrival of Islamic rule era on the Indian subcontinent and the West Asian influence on North Indian music.


title: Bansuri

text: A bansuri is traditionally produced from a special type of bamboo, that naturally grows to long lengths between its nodes (knots). These grow abundantly in Himalayan foothills up to about 11,000 feet with high rainfall. These are particularly found in the northeastern (near Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura) and Western Ghats (near Kerala) states of India where numerous bamboo species grow with internodal lengths greater than .


title: Bansuri

text: The harvested bamboo with a desired diameter is cut, dried and treated with natural oils and resins to strengthen it. Once ready, the artisans examine the smoothness and straightness and measure the dried hollow tube. They mark the exact positions for the holes, then use hot metal rod skewers of different diameters to burn in the holes. Drilling and other methods of hole making are avoided as it is believed they damage the fiber orientation and the splits affects the music quality. The burnt-in holes are then finished by sanding, one end plugged, the flute ringed at various positions to stabilize its form and shape over time and the unit tested for its musical performance. The distance of a finger-hole from the mouth-hole, and the diameter of the finger-hole controls the note it plays. Adjustments to the diameters of various holes is made by the artisans to achieve purity of the musical notes produced. The wall thickness of the "bansuri" determines the tone, range and octave tuning. Once all the holes have reached their performance range, the "bansuri" is steeped in natural oils, cleaned, dried and decorated or bound with silk or nylon threads.


title: Bansuri

text: There are two varieties of bansuri: transverse and fipple. The fipple flute is usually played in folk music and is held at the lips like a tin whistle. Because the transverse variety enables superior control, variations and embellishments, it is preferred in Indian classical music.


title: Bansuri

text: Six holes are sufficient to produce the seven basic "swaras": "sa", "re", "ga", "ma", "pa", "dha", and "ni". When all holes are closed, it produces the bass scale that is the root note of the "bansuri" ("pa"). With one hole farthest from the closed end of the "bansuri" open, the instrument plays the "dha". Similarly, "ni" is produced with two farthest holes open, "sa" with three farthest open, "ri" with four, "ga" with five, and "ma" is produced with all holes open.


title: Bansuri

text: Every "bansuri" by its design and construction has a specific key and tonal center, corresponding to "sa" ("shadja", natural tonic) of the "swara" scale. This key is achieved by variations in length, inner diameter of the instrument and the relative size and placement of the finger holes. This allows the musician to select a "bansuri" constructed in the key of the music she wants to create and share.


title: Bansuri

text: A "bansuri" is typically held horizontally slanting downwards towards right by the bansuri player. The index, middle and ring fingers of the right hand cover the outer fingerholes, while the same fingers of the left hand cover the rest. The "bansuri" is supported by the thumb and little finger, while the airhole is positioned near the lips and air blown over it at various speeds to reach the desired octave. For the seven-hole bansuri, the little finger (pinky) of the right hand is usually employed.


title: Bansuri

text: As with other air-reed wind instruments, the sound of a bansuri is generated from resonance of the air column inside it. The length of this column is varied by closing or leaving open, a varying number of holes. Half-holing is employed to play flat or minor notes. The 'sa' (on the Indian sargam scale, or equivalent 'do' on the octave) note is obtained by covering the first three holes from the blowing-hole. Octaves are varied by manipulating one's embouchure and controlling the blowing strength. Either finger tips or finger pads are used by "bansuri" players to partially or fully cover the tap holes.


title: Bansuri

text: In order to play the diatonic scale on a bansuri, one needs to find where the notes lie. For example, in a bansuri where Sa or the tonic is always played by closing the first three holes, is equivalent to C, one can play sheet music by creating a finger notation that corresponds to different notes. A flutist is able to perform complex facets of Raga music such as microtonal inflections, ornamentation, and glissando by varying the breath, performing fast and dexterous fingering, and closing/opening the holes with slow, sweeping gestures.


title: Infinity pool

text: An infinity pool, also called an infinity edge pool or a zero edge pool, is a reflecting pool or swimming pool where the water flows over one or more edges, producing a visual effect of water with no boundary. Such pools are often designed so that the edge appears to merge with a larger body of water such as the ocean, or with the sky, and may overlook locations such as natural landscapes and cityscapes. They are often seen at hotels, resorts, estates, and in other luxurious places.


title: Infinity pool

text: It has been claimed that the infinity pool concept originated in France, and that one of the first vanishing-edge designs was the Stag Fountain at the Palace of Versailles, built in the late 17th century. In the US, architect John Lautner has been credited as one of the first to come up with an infinity pool design in the early 1960s. He included infinity pools in various residential projects, and also created the vanishing-edge pool in the 1971 James Bond movie "Diamonds Are Forever".


title: Infinity pool

text: Infinity pools are expensive and require extensive structural, mechanical, and architectural detailing. Since they are often built in precarious locations, sound structural engineering is paramount. The high cost of these pools often arises from the elaborate foundation systems that anchor them to hillsides.


title: Infinity pool

text: The "infinite" edge of the pool terminates at a weir that is lower than the required pool water level. A trough or catch basin is constructed below the weir. The water spills into the catch basin, from where it is pumped back into the pool.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Edward Neil Anthony Hannon (born 7 November 1970) is a Northern Irish singer and songwriter. He is the creator and front man of the chamber pop group The Divine Comedy, and is the band's sole constant member. Hannon wrote the theme tunes for the television sitcoms "Father Ted" and "The IT Crowd".


title: Neil Hannon

text: Hannon was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, the son of Brian Hannon, a Church of Ireland minister in the Diocese of Derry and Raphoe and later Bishop of Clogher. He spent some of his youth in Fivemiletown before moving with his family to Enniskillen, in County Fermanagh, in 1982. While there, he attended Portora Royal School.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Hannon enjoyed synthesizer-based music as a youngster; he has identified the Human League and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as "the first music that really excited [him]". In the late 1980s he developed a fondness of the electric guitar, becoming an "indie kid".


title: Neil Hannon

text: Hannon is founder and mainstay of The Divine Comedy, a band which achieved their biggest commercial success in the mid- to late-1990s with the albums "Casanova" (1996), "A Short Album About Love" (1997), and "Fin de Siècle" (1998). Hannon continues to release albums under The Divine Comedy name, the most recent being "Office Politics" (2019). In 2000 he and Joby Talbot contributed four tracks for Ute Lemper's collaboration album, "Punishing Kiss".


title: Neil Hannon

text: In 2004 he played alongside the Ulster Orchestra for the opening event of the Belfast Festival at Queen's. In 2005, he contributed vocals to his long-time collaborator Joby Talbot's soundtrack for the movie version of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy".


title: Neil Hannon

text: In 2006 it was announced that Hannon was to lend his vocal ability to the "Doctor Who" soundtrack , recording two songs – "Love Don't Roam" for the 2006 Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride", and a new version of "Song For Ten", originally used in 2005's "The Christmas Invasion". On 12 January 2007, "The Guardian" website's "Media Monkey" diary column reported that "Doctor Who" fans from the discussion forum on the fan website Outpost Gallifrey were attempting to organise mass downloads of the Hannon-sung "Love Don't Roam", which was available as a single release on the UK iTunes Store. This was in order to attempt to exploit the new UK Singles Chart download rules, and get the song featured in the Top 40 releases.


title: Neil Hannon

text: The same year Hannon added his writing and vocal talents to the Air album "Pocket Symphony", released in the United States on 6 March 2007. He is featured on the track "Somewhere Between Waking and Sleeping", for which he wrote the lyrics. This song had been originally written for and sung by Charlotte Gainsbourg on her album, "". Though it was not included in its 2006 European release, it was added as a bonus track for its American release on 24 April 2007.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Hannon won the 2007 Choice Music Prize for his 2006 album, "Victory for the Comic Muse". It was announced the following day that he had left EMI by 'mutual consent'. In 2015 he won the 2015 Legend Award from the Oh Yeah organisation in Belfast.


title: Neil Hannon

text: When the band Keane played at the O2 Arena in London in July, "A Bad Dream" was introduced by Hannon. He introduced it by reading the poem "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" by W. B. Yeats, upon which the song is based.


title: Neil Hannon

text: He is credited with composing the theme music for the sitcoms "Father Ted" and "The IT Crowd", the former theme composed for the show and later reworked into "Songs of Love", a track on The Divine Comedy's breakthrough album "Casanova". Both shows were created or co-created by Graham Linehan. For the "Father Ted" episode, "A Song for Europe", Hannon co-wrote and sang "My Lovely Horse", the song Ted and Dougal enter in Eurosong (a parody of the Eurovision Song Contest). For the same episode, Hannon wrote "The Miracle Is Mine", the 'typical' Eurovision ballad sung by Ted's nemesis, Father Dick Byrne. A dream sequence in the episode shows Ted and Dougal in the song's pop video, with Hannon providing vocals. Hannon also wrote and performed "My Lovely Mayo Mammy", sung by Eoin McLove in the episode "Night of the Nearly Dead", and wrote "Big Men in Frocks", sung by Niamh Connolly in "Rock-a-Hula Ted". When a raffle is held in order to raise funds to repair the roof of the parochial house, the Kraftwerk-esque quartet of priests enlisted to perform play an electronic piece of music composed and performed by him. Both of the advertisements for telephone numbers; in "The IT Crowd" (the new emergency number) and "Father Ted" (Priest Chatback) have jingles composed by Hannon. In the episode "A Christmassy Ted", his name is mentioned by Mrs Doyle while she attempts to guess that of the mysterious guest.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Hannon has also collaborated with Thomas Walsh, from the Irish band Pugwash, to create a cricket-themed pop album under the name The Duckworth Lewis Method. The first single, "The Age of Revolution", was released in June 2009, and a full-length album released the week after. The group's second album, "Sticky Wickets", came out in 2013.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Hannon contributed to a musical version of "Swallows and Amazons", writing the music while Helen Edmundson wrote the book and lyrics, which premiered in December 2010 at the Bristol Old Vic. A new Divine Comedy album, "Bang Goes the Knighthood", was released in May 2010.


title: Neil Hannon

text: In April 2012 Hannon's first opera commission, "Sevastopol", was performed by the Royal Opera House. It was part of a program called OperaShots, which invites musicians not typically working within the opera medium to create an opera. "Sevastopol" was based upon Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Sketches". Hannon's second opera (book by Frank Alva Buecheler, English by Tim Clarke) for which he wrote music, "In May", premiered in May 2013 in Lancaster and was shown in 2014 with overwhelming success e.g. in Glasgow and Brighton.


title: Neil Hannon

text: The world premiere of "To Our Fathers in Distress", in the words of the composer "a kind of oratorio" for chorus, strings and organ, was performed on 22 March 2014 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. It was inspired by Hannon's father, the Rt Rev Brian Hannon, who had suffered from Alzheimer's disease before his death in 2022.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Since 2009, Hannon's partner is Irish musician Cathy Davey. The couple live in County Kildare. He was previously married to Orla Little, with whom he has a daughter, Willow Hannon. With Davey, Hannon is a patron of the Irish animal charity My Lovely Horse Rescue, named after the "Father Ted" Eurovision song for which he wrote the music.


title: Neil Hannon

text: Politically, Hannon describes himself as being "a thoroughly leftie, "Guardian"-reading chap, but of the champagne socialist variety".


title: Avocado oil

text: Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of "Persea americana". It is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point. It is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics.


title: Avocado oil

text: Avocado oil has an unusually high smoke point: for unrefined oil and for refined. The exact smoke point depends heavily on the quality of refinement and the way the oil is stored.


title: Avocado oil

text: Avocado oil functions well as a carrier oil for other flavors. It is high in monounsaturated fats and vitamin E, and also enhances the absorption of carotenoids and other nutrients.


title: Avocado oil

text: Following drying of the avocado flesh to remove as much water as possible (the flesh is about 65% water), oil for cosmetics is usually extracted with solvents at elevated temperatures. After extraction, it is usually refined, bleached, and deodorized, resulting in an odorless yellow oil. Edible cold-pressed avocado oil is generally unrefined, like extra virgin olive oil, so it retains the flavor and color characteristics of the fruit flesh.


title: Avocado oil

text: A study performed at the University of California, Davis in 2020 determined that a majority of the domestic and imported avocado oil sold in the US is rancid before its expiration date or is adulterated with other oils. In some cases, the researchers found that bottles labeled as “pure” or “extra virgin” avocado oil contained nearly 100% soybean oil.


title: Avocado oil

text: Avocado oil is one of few edible oils not derived from seeds; it is pressed from the fleshy pulp surrounding the avocado pit. Unrefined avocado oil from the 'Hass' cultivar has a characteristic flavor, is high in monounsaturated fatty acids, and has a high smoke point (≥), making it a good oil for frying. 'Hass' cold-pressed avocado oil is a brilliant emerald green when extracted; the color is attributed to high levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids; it has been described as having an avocado flavor, with grassy and butter/mushroom-like flavors. Other varieties may produce oils of slightly different flavor profile; 'Fuerte' has been described as having more mushroom and less avocado flavor.


title: Avocado oil

text: Avocado oil has a similar monounsaturated fat profile to olive oil. Avocado oil is naturally low acidic, helping to increase smoke point. Unrefined avocado oil can be safely heated to . Both unrefined and refined avocado oil can safely be used for almost any high-heat cooking, including baking, stir-frying, deep-frying, searing, barbecuing, roasting, and sauteing. Like all oils, the more refined, the higher the smoke point. Each 30 mL of avocado oil contains 3.6 mg of Vitamin E and 146.1 mg of beta-sitosterol.


title: Avocado oil

text: The following table provides information about the composition of avocado oil and how it compares with other vegetable oils.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: Der Fuehrer's Face (originally titled A Nightmare in Nutziland or Donald Duck in Nutziland ) is a 1943 American animated anti-Nazi propaganda short film produced by Walt Disney Productions, created in 1942 and released on January 1, 1943 by RKO Radio Pictures. The cartoon, which features Donald Duck in a nightmare setting working at a factory in Nazi Germany, was made in an effort to sell war bonds and is an example of American propaganda during World War II. The film was directed by Jack Kinney and written by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer. Spike Jones released a version of Oliver Wallace's theme for the short before the film was released.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: "Der Fuehrer's Face" won the Oscar for Best Animated Short Film at the 15th Academy Awards. It was the only Donald Duck film to receive the honor, although eight other films were also nominated. In 1994, it was voted Number 22 of "the 50 Greatest Cartoons" of all time by members of the animation field. However, because of the propagandistic nature of the short and the depiction of Donald Duck as a Nazi (albeit a deeply reluctant one), Disney kept the film out of general circulation after its original release. Its first home release came in 2004 with the release of the DVD sets.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: A German oom-pah bandcomposed of Axis powers leadersJoseph Goebbels on the trombone, Heinrich Himmler on the snare drum, Hideki Tojo on the sousaphone, Hermann Goering on the piccolo and Benito Mussolini on the bass drummarches noisily at four o'clock in the morning through a small town where the trees, windmills, fence posts, and even the clouds are shaped like swastikas while singing the virtues of the Nazi doctrine. A familiar character, Donald Duck lives in a nightmare world, a Nazi German forced to produce artillery shells under terrible conditions. His cuckoo clock with a bird that is dressed up as Adolf Hitler heils as a clock chime, only for Donald to throw a shoe at it. Passing by Donald's house (the features of which depict Hitler), the band members poke him out of bed with a bayonet to get him ready for work. Here Donald then faces and heils the portraits of Der Fuehrer (Hitler), the Emperor of Japan (Hirohito), and Il Duce (Mussolini) respectively, then goes to make breakfast.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: Because of wartime rationing, Donald's breakfast consists of bread that is so stale and hard it resembles wood (and must be sliced using a saw), coffee brewed from a single hoarded coffee bean, and a bacon and egg-flavored breath spray. The band shoves a copy of "Mein Kampf" in front of him for a moment of reading, then marches into his house and escorts him to a factory, with Donald now carrying the bass drum and Goering kicking him.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: Upon arriving at the factory (at bayonet-point), Donald starts his comical 48-hour daily shift of screwing caps onto artillery shells coming at him in an assembly line. Mixed in with the shells are portraits of Der Fuehrer, so Donald must perform the Hitler salute every time a portrait appears, all the while screwing the caps onto shells, much to his disgust. Each new batch of shells is of a different size, ranging from individual bullets to massive shells as large as Donald (if not larger). The pace of the assembly line intensifies (as in the Charlie Chaplin comedy "Modern Times"), and Donald finds it increasingly hard to complete all the tasks. At the same time, he is bombarded with propaganda messages about the purported superiority of the Aryan race and the glory of working for Der Fuehrer.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: After a "paid vacation" that consists of making swastika shapes with his body for a few seconds in front of a painted backdrop of the Alps as exercise, Donald is ordered to work overtime. He has a nervous breakdown with hallucinations of artillery shells everywhere, some of which are snakes and birds, some sing and are the same shape of the marching band from the start, music and all (some of the animation from this sequence is recycled from the "Pink Elephants on Parade" sequence from "Dumbo").


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: When the hallucinations clear, Donald finds himself in his bed, and realizes that the whole experience was a nightmare; however, he sees the shadow of a figure holding its right hand up in the form of a Nazi salute. He begins to do so himself until he realizes that it is the shadow of a miniature Statue of Liberty, holding her torch high in her right hand. Remembering that he lives in the United States, Donald embraces the statue, saying, "Am I glad to be a citizen of the United States of America!"


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: The short ends with a caricature of Hitler's angry face, and a tomato is thrown at it, forming the words "The End".


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: Before the film's release, the popular band Spike Jones and His City Slickers, noted for their parodies of popular songs of the time, released a version of Oliver Wallace's theme song, "Der Fuehrer's Face" (also known informally as "The Nazi Song") in September 1942 on RCA Victor Bluebird Records #11586. Unlike the version in the cartoon, some Spike Jones versions contain the rude sound effect of an instrument he called the "birdaphone", a rubber razzer (also known as the Bronx Cheer) with each "Heil!" to show contempt for Hitler (Instead, the cartoon version features the sound of a tuba.) The so-called "Bronx Cheer" was a well-known expression of disgust in that time period and was not deemed obscene or offensive. The sheet music cover bears the image of Donald Duck throwing a tomato in Hitler's face. In the Jones version, the chorus line, "Ja, we is the supermen—" is answered by a soloist's "Super-duper super men!" effeminately delivered suggesting the prevalence of epicenes in the Party; in the Disney version, these lines are flatly delivered but with effeminate gestures by Hermann Göring. The recording was very popular, peaking at No. 3 on the U.S. chart.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: Although the film portrays events in Nazi Germany, its release came while the United States also was on total war footing. Coffee, meat and food oils were rationed, civilians were heavily employed in military production, and propaganda in support of the war effort (such as the film itself) was pervasive. The film's criticism therefore emphasizes violence and terror under the Nazi government, as compared with the dull grind that all the warring nations faced.


title: Der Fuehrer's Face

text: In 2010, "Der Fuehrer's Face" was ruled by a local court in Kamchatka, Russia to be included in the national list of extremist materials, which was first created in 2002. This was due to a local who received a suspended sentence of six months for uploading it to the internet and "inciting hatred and enmity". On July 21, 2016, another Russian court reversed the ruling of the local court, removing the short film from the list. The court highlighted that the film's portrayal of Nazism through caricature form cannot be deemed "extremist" in nature.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: Microsoft HoloLens is an augmented reality (AR)/mixed reality (MR) headset developed and manufactured by Microsoft. HoloLens runs the Windows Mixed Reality platform under the Windows 10 operating system. Some of the positional tracking technology used in HoloLens can trace its lineage to the Microsoft Kinect, an accessory for Microsoft's Xbox game console that was introduced in 2010.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The pre-production version of HoloLens, the Development Edition, shipped on March 30, 2016, and is targeted to developers in the United States and Canada for a list price of $3000 which allowed hobbyist, professionals, and corporations to participate in the pre-production version of HoloLens. Samsung and Asus have extended an offer to Microsoft to help produce their own mixed-reality products, in collaboration with Microsoft, based around the concept and hardware on HoloLens. On October 12, 2016, Microsoft announced global expansion of HoloLens and publicized that HoloLens would be available for preorder in Australia, Ireland, France, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. There is also a Commercial Suite (similar to a pro edition of Windows), with enterprise features, such as BitLocker security. As of May 2017, The Suite sold for US$5,000. Microsoft has decided to rent the Hololens without clients making the full investment. Microsoft partners with a company called Absorbents to give the service of HoloLens rental.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: HoloLens 2 was announced at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Spain, on February 24, 2019, and was available on preorder at US$3,500.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The HoloLens is a head-mounted display unit connected to an adjustable, cushioned inner headband, which can tilt HoloLens up and down, as well as forward and backward. To wear the unit, the user fits the HoloLens on their head, using an adjustment wheel at the back of the headband to secure it around the crown, supporting and distributing the weight of the unit equally for comfort, before tilting the visor towards the front of the eyes.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The front of the unit houses many of the sensors and related hardware, including the processors, cameras and projection lenses. The visor is tinted; enclosed in the visor piece is a pair of transparent combiner lenses, in which the projected images are displayed in the lower half. The HoloLens must be calibrated to the interpupillary distance (IPD), or accustomed vision of the user.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: Along the bottom edges of the side, located near the user's ears, are a pair of small, red 3D audio speakers. The speakers, competing against typical sound systems, do not obstruct external sounds, allowing the user to hear virtual sounds, along with the environment. Using head-related transfer functions, the HoloLens generates binaural audio, which can simulate spatial effects; meaning the user, virtually, can perceive and locate a sound, as though it is coming from a virtual pinpoint or location.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: On the top edge are two pairs of buttons: display brightness buttons above the left ear, and volume buttons above the right ear. Adjacent buttons are shaped differently—one concave, one convex—so that the user can distinguish them by touch.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: At the end of the left arm is a power button and row of five, small individual LED nodes, used to indicate system status, as well as for power management, indicating battery level and setting power/standby mode. A USB 2.0 micro-B receptacle is located along the bottom edge. A 3.5 mm audio jack is located along the bottom edge of the right arm.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The HoloLens is a first generation AR device. The displays on the HoloLens are simple waveguide displays with a fixed focus of approximately two meters. Because of the fixed focus, the displays exhibit the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The HoloLens features an inertial measurement unit (IMU) (which includes an accelerometer, gyroscope, and a magnetometer) four "environment understanding" sensors (two on each side), an energy-efficient depth camera with a 120°×120° angle of view, a 2.4-megapixel photographic video camera, a four-microphone array, and an ambient light sensor.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: In addition to an Intel Cherry Trail SoC containing the CPU and GPU, HoloLens features a custom-made Microsoft Holographic Processing Unit (HPU), a coprocessor manufactured specifically for the HoloLens by Microsoft. The SoC and the HPU each have 1GB LPDDR3 and share 8MB SRAM, with the SoC also controlling 64GB eMMC and running the Windows 10 operating system. The HPU uses 28 custom DSPs from Tensilica to process and integrate data from the sensors, as well as handling tasks such as spatial mapping, gesture recognition, and voice and speech recognition. According to Alex Kipman, the HPU processes "terabytes of information". One attendee estimated that the display field of view of the demonstration units was 30°×17.5°. In an interview at the 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo in June, Microsoft Vice-President of Next-Gen Experiences, Kudo Tsunoda, indicated that the field of view is unlikely to be significantly different on release of the current version.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The HoloLens contains an internal rechargeable battery, with average life rated at 2–3 hours of active use, or 2 weeks of standby time. The HoloLens can be operated while charging.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: HoloLens features IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy (LE) wireless connectivity. The headset uses Bluetooth LE to pair with the included Clicker, a thumb-sized finger-operating input device that can be used for interface scrolling and selecting. The Clicker features a clickable surface for selecting, and an orientation sensor which provides for scrolling functions via tilting and panning of the unit. The Clicker features an elastic finger loop for holding the device, and a USB 2.0 micro-B receptacle for charging its internal battery.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: Since 2016, a number of augmented-reality applications have been showcased for the HoloLens. Some of the applications that were available at launch included:


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The HoloLens uses voice commands, gaze, hand gestures, and a controller as the primary input methods. Gaze commands, such as head-tracking, allows the user to bring application focus to whatever the user is perceiving. "Elements"—or any virtual application or button—are selected using an air tap method, similar to clicking an imaginary computer mouse. The tap can be held for a drag simulation to move an element, as well as voice commands for certain commands and actions.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: The HoloLens shell carries over and adapts many elements from the Windows desktop environment. A "bloom" gesture for accessing the shell (performing a similar function to pressing a Windows key on a Windows keyboard or tablet, or the Xbox button on an Xbox One Controller) is performed by opening one's hand, fingers spread with the palm facing up. Windows can be dragged to a particular position, as well as resized. Virtual elements such as windows or menus can be "pinned" to locations, physical structures or objects within the environment; or can be "carried," or fixed in relation to the user, following the user as they move around. Title bars for application windows have a title on the left, and buttons for window management functions on the right.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: In April 2016 Microsoft created the Microsoft HoloLens App for Windows 10 PC's and Windows 10 Mobile devices, that allows developers to run apps, use his or her phone or PC's keyboard to type text, view a live stream from the HoloLens user's point of view, and remotely capture mixed reality photos and videos.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: Microsoft Visual Studio is an IDE that can be used to develop applications (both 2D and 3D) for HoloLens. Applications can be tested using HoloLens emulator (included into Visual Studio 2015 IDE) or HoloLens Development Edition.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: HoloLens can run almost all Universal Windows Platform apps. These apps appear as 2D projections. Not all Windows 10 APIs are currently supported by HoloLens, but in most cases the same app is able to run across all Windows 10 devices (including HoloLens), and the same tools that are used to develop applications for Windows PC or Windows Phone can be used to develop a HoloLens app.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: 3D applications, or "holographic" applications, use Windows Holographic APIs. Microsoft recommends Unity engine and Vuforia to create 3D apps for HoloLens, but it's also possible for a developer to build their own engine using DirectX and Windows APIs.


title: Microsoft HoloLens

text: In November 2018 Microsoft got a contract for the supply of 100,000 HoloLens MR glasses, worth US$479 million, to the U.S. military. The MR goggles are intended to provide "increased lethality, mobility, and situational awareness necessary to achieve overmatch against [...] current and future adversaries." Just before the opening of one of the largest international technology conferences - the GSMA Mobile World Congress 2019 in Barcelona - fifty Microsoft employees wrote a letter to their CEO Satya Nadella and President Brad Smith stating that they "refuse to develop technologies for warfare and oppression". They demanded that corporate management terminate the contract.


title: Mark Holton

text: Mark Douglas Holton (born April 2, 1958) is an American actor, best known for portraying Francis Buxton in "Pee-wee's Big Adventure" (1985), Chubby in the "Teen Wolf" film series and Ozzie Jones in "Leprechaun" (1993), and "Leprechaun Returns" (2018).


title: Mark Holton

text: Holton was born in Oklahoma City. He graduated from Okmulgee High School in 1976. He attended Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.


title: Mark Holton

text: Holton's professional breakthrough came with the role of Francis Buxton, Pee-wee Herman's nemesis in the blockbuster comedy "Pee-wee's Big Adventure" (1985). He found further fame as high school basketball player Chubby in the werewolf comedies "Teen Wolf" (1985), and "Teen Wolf Too" (1987). His mainstream visibility grew with supporting roles in "" (1988), "A League of Their Own" (1992), "My Life" (1993), and "Little Giants" (1994).


title: Mark Holton

text: Holton has been equally prolific in television, performing in episodes of "The Young and the Restless", "Seinfeld", "MacGyver", "Sledge Hammer!", "Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!", "", "NCIS", and "NYPD Blue". He also makes an appearance in The Ramones' music video for "Something to Believe In". Following his cameo appearance in "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle" (2000), Holton refocused his attention on independent film and television projects. His first leading film role came through the direct-to-video drama "Gacy" (2003), in which he portrayed serial killer John Wayne Gacy.


title: Mark Holton

text: Holton retired from performing in the late 2000s. He made a comeback with a second portrayal of B.M. Fahrtz in "Tim and Eric Awesome Show Great Job! Awesome 10 Year Anniversary Version, Great Job?" (2017). He returned to film acting in the made-for-television "Leprechaun Returns" (2018), a direct sequel to the original cult comedy hit "Leprechaun" (1993), reprising the role of Ozzie from the film.


title: Progressive overload

text: Progressive overload is a method of strength training that advocates for the gradual increase of the stress placed upon the musculoskeletal and nervous system. The principle of progressive overload suggests that the continual increase in the total workload during training sessions will stimulate muscle growth and strength gain. This improvement in overall performance will, in turn, allow the athlete to keep increasing the intensity of their training sessions.


title: Progressive overload

text: The method was developed by Thomas Delorme, M.D. while he rehabilitated soldiers after World War II. At the time, most medical doctors believed that weightlifting should be shunned because any type of extreme effort was not desirable for the heart. However, Dr. Thomas Delorme had been active in weight lifting for years and believed that it could have beneficial effects to rehabilitation. In 1944, Delorme was working at the Gardiner General Hospital in Chicago, when he met Sergeant Thaddeus Kawalek, an old army veteran that was struggling with a knee injury. Coincidentally, Kawalek was also a weightlifter and he believed in Delorme's theory about the benefits of the sport. From there, Kawalek became Delorme's first patient in his alternative treatment. The results exceeded expectation. Kawalek recovered much faster than patients in similar conditions and regained full use of his knee. Today, the technique is recognized as a fundamental principle for success in various forms of strength training programs including fitness training, weight lifting, high intensity training and physical therapy programs.


title: Progressive overload

text: The goal of strength-training programs is to increase one’s physical strength and performance. This is achieved through resistance training. By placing the exercise musculature under greater-than-normal demand, the body will start a natural adaptation process, improving its capabilities to endure that higher amount of stress. Neuromuscular adaptation will occur first, which will already increase the individual’s strength when lifting. With consistency in the training sessions, what will follow will be an increase in overall muscle mass and the strengthening of connective tissue.


title: Progressive overload

text: Progressive overload not only stimulates muscle hypertrophy, but it also stimulates the development of stronger and denser bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilage. Progressive overload also incrementally increases blood flow to regions of the body exercised and stimulates more responsive nerve connections between the brain and the muscles involved. In fact, studies suggest that the increase in muscle contraction force, caused by resistance training, happens partially due to an increase in the responsiveness and efficacy of the neural system.


title: Progressive overload

text: According to recent studies, progressive overload may also be beneficial for the overall health of the individual since it is a good method to increase muscle strength, which was found to decrease the risk of all-cause mortality regardless of muscle mass.


title: Progressive overload

text: Conversely, decreased use of the muscle results in incremental loss of mass and strength, known as muscular atrophy (see atrophy and muscle atrophy). Sedentary people often lose a pound or more of muscle annually.


title: Progressive overload

text: The loss of 10 pounds of muscle per decade is one consequence of a sedentary lifestyle. The adaptive processes of the human body will only respond if continually called upon to exert greater force to meet higher physiological demands.


title: Progressive overload

text: In order to minimize injury and maximize results, the novice begins at a comfortable level of muscular intensity and advances towards overload of the muscles over the course of the exercise program. Progressive overload requires a gradual increase in volume, intensity, frequency or time in order to achieve the targeted goal of the user. In this context, volume and intensity are defined as follows:


title: Progressive overload

text: This technique results in greater gains in physical strength and muscular growth, but there are limits. An excess of training stimuli can lead to the problem of overtraining. Overtraining is the decline in training performance over the course of a training program, often accompanied by an increased risk of illness or injury or a decreased desire to exercise. To help avoid this problem, the technique of periodization is applied. Periodization in the context of fitness or strength training programs means scheduling for adequate recovery time between training sessions, and for variety over the course of a long-term program. Motivation can be maintained by avoiding the monotony of repeating identical exercise routines.


title: Progressive overload

text: Through experimentation, the athlete should learn what is the maximum number of repetitions he or she can perform, while maintaining good posture, at a specific weight. For example, if they can do 8 repetitions of the bench press exercise with 50 kg, that will be the baseline. From that point on, the athlete should focus on improving one of the categories mentioned in the methodology section: volume, intensity , frequency, or interval duration. In this example, the athlete could do the same number of repetitions but with 52 kg. Eventually, through the body's natural adaptation process, an increase in strength and muscle mass will allow the subject to continue increasing the weight.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Double Dare is an American television game show in which two teams compete to win cash and prizes by answering trivia questions and completing messy stunts known as physical challenges. It originally ran from 1986 to 1993. A revival ran in 2000, and the most recent revival ran from 2018 to 2019.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Hosted by Marc Summers, the program originally premiered on Nickelodeon on October 6, 1986, as its first game show. The series saw many adjustments in scheduling and titling throughout its run. Almost immediately after its debut, "Double Dare" had more than tripled viewership for Nickelodeon's afternoon lineup, becoming the most-watched original daily program on cable television. The program was a major success for Nickelodeon, helping to establish the network as a major player in cable television and to revitalize the genre of game shows for children. "Double Dare" remains Nickelodeon's longest-running game show. In January 2001, "TV Guide" ranked the show number 29 on its list of 50 Greatest Game Shows.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: A continuation for syndication premiered on February 22, 1988, later revamped as "Super Sloppy Double Dare" on January 22, 1989. The program also had a short run on Fox as "Family Double Dare", airing from April 3 to July 23, 1988. Nickelodeon continued "Family Double Dare", premiering a new version on October 6, 1990. The original series ended on February 7, 1993. The series was revived, hosted by Jason Harris, and titled "Double Dare 2000"; this aired from January 22 to November 10, 2000. A second revival of the series, hosted by Liza Koshy and featuring Marc Summers, aired from June 25, 2018, to December 20, 2019.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Each team on the original "Double Dare" and "Super Sloppy Double Dare" consisted of two children, while teams on "Family Double Dare" and "Double Dare 2000" included two adults and two children. Originally, both teams wore red uniforms, but after "Double Dare" entered syndication in 1988, one team wore blue uniforms while the other wore red.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Each round begins with a toss-up physical challenge in which both teams compete, with the winning team receiving both initial control of the round, and money for their score. After the toss-up, the host begins asking trivia questions of the team in control. Each correct answer earns a monetary award and allows the team to maintain control, while an incorrect answer or failure to respond within approximately ten seconds turns control over to the opponents. However, the team can dare their opponents to answer the question, doubling its value; in response, the opponents can double dare for quadruple the original value. When the team in control is challenged to a double dare, they have to either answer or compete in a physical challenge. An incorrect answer, or not responding within approximately five seconds on a dare or double dare, awards both control and the appropriate amount of money to the team that issues it. The second round plays the same as the first, with question values doubled. On the original "Double Dare" and "Super Sloppy Double Dare", a question was initially worth $10. On "Family Double Dare" and "Double Dare 2000", a question was initially worth $25. On the 2018 "Double Dare", a question was initially worth $50, later 50 points.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Physical challenges are often messy stunts that a team has to perform in a specified time, usually 20 or 30 seconds, although occasionally 10 or 15 seconds. All physical challenges on "Double Dare 2000" were 30 seconds in length, unless a time reduction was in play due to the Triple Dare Challenge. The team wins money and retained control for completing the stunt. Otherwise, the money and control pass to their opponents.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Many challenges have involved filling a container past a line with one of a variety of substances including water, uncooked rice, green slime, whipped cream, and milk. Others involve catching a specific number of items before time runs out. For example, during "Pies in the Pants," a contestant has to catch a set number of pies in a pair of oversized clown pants within the specified time limit, while their teammate launches the pies from a foot-operated catapult at the opposite end of the stage.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: On the original "Double Dare" and "Super Sloppy Double Dare", both contestants on a team competed in all physical challenges. For the 1988 version of "Family Double Dare", all four members of a team competed in the challenges. On the 1990–93 version of "Family Double Dare" and on "Double Dare 2000", two members of a team competed in round one, and all four members competed in round two. All members of a team competed in physical challenges in the first season of the 2018 "Double Dare", while most challenges in the second season are for two players.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: "Double Dare 2000" introduced the Triple Dare Challenge. Available only in round two, this allowed a team to make their physical challenge more difficult, increasing its value by $100, and putting a bonus prize at stake. Difficulties included reducing the time limit, adding an extra item to the stunt, or increasing the overall difficulty of the stunt. The actual modifier was not revealed unless the team decided to accept the challenge. If the team did not complete the challenge successfully, the money, prize, and control went to their opponents.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: The team with the highest score at the end of round two goes on to the bonus round, the obstacle course (renamed the Slopstacle Course for "Double Dare 2000"). From the original "Double Dare" through "Double Dare 2000" both teams keep all money earned, regardless of the outcome. Only the winning team on the 2018 version gets to keep their money.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: The course consists of eight obstacles that have to be completed within 60 seconds. Each obstacle has an orange flag either at its end or hidden within it. One team member runs the first obstacle, then passes its flag to a partner, who then moves on to the next obstacle. The team continues to alternate in this manner until they have completed the course or until time expires. For safety reasons, team members are given helmets, elbow pads, and knee pads to wear while running the course.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Many obstacles have appeared in the course rotation, often based on body parts, food, and enlarged items found in daily life. Popular elements of the obstacle course have included The One-Ton Human Hamster Wheel, an oversized hamster wheel; Pick It, a giant human nose with a flag hidden inside; The Sundae Slide, a chocolate-covered ramp leading to a playground slide with ice cream at the bottom; and Gum Drop, which required contestants to leap into a giant gumball machine filled with plastic balls and slide out through the dispensing hatch at the bottom.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Through January 2019, the team would win a prize for each obstacle completed, escalating in value up to a grand prize for completing the entire course. Two-person teams split cash earnings from the front game, and both contestants receive the same physical prize for each obstacle. Prizes have included televisions, concert tickets, encyclopedias, electronics, gift certificates, non-motorized modes of transportation and, on the Fox "Family Double Dare", cash. On the original and "Super Sloppy" versions, the grand prize was usually a vacation or an experience at Space Camp. All eight prizes were usually worth a total of between $3,000 and $4,000, with some episodes featuring a prize package nearing $10,000. On the Fox "Family Double Dare", as well as the first season of the Nickelodeon run, the grand prize was a vehicle, making all eight prizes worth between $15,000 and $25,000. Once again, the grand prize was typically a vacation for the second season of Nickelodeon's "Family Double Dare", "Double Dare 2000" and the first season of the 2018 "Double Dare", with grand prize packages on the 2018 version having a value of more than $6,000. With the premiere of the second season of the 2018 revival, the obstacle course is now played for $500 cash for each obstacle completed, with a total jackpot of $5,000 for successfully completing the course. Cash values were doubled for the finals game of a tournament series.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: In the mid-1980s, Nickelodeon was approached by production and consulting groups with the idea of doing a game show for children, a first for the network. Nickelodeon conducted focus groups and concluded that children enjoyed watching game shows with adults, but they did not have a game show targeted at their demographic. Dee LaDuke, Robert Mittenthal, Michael Klinghoffer, and Geoffrey Darby worked to develop a new format, basing it on a combination of trivia, truth or dare, and the board game Mouse Trap. The pilot presentation was recorded in May 1986, hosted by Darby. "Double Dare" was green-lighted, and Nickelodeon announced its premiere on June 5, 1986.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Initial candidates to host the program included Soupy Sales, host of children's variety shows in the 1950s and 1960s, and comedian Dana Carvey. After Nickelodeon determined Sales to be too old for the role, and Carvey was offered a chance to audition for "Saturday Night Live", the search for a host continued. Producers viewed over 1,000 applicants from New York or Los Angeles. First attending a tryout in lieu of a friend, and later passing multiple auditions, television warm-up comedian Marc Summers was one of two finalists advancing to a final audition. Each hosted a mock game for Nickelodeon to make an ultimate decision on who would host "Double Dare". The producers felt the way Summers ended the game by leading into a commercial break was more professional and he was hired for the position in the first week of September 1986. Because focus groups showed that the audience thought he was more than 10 years younger than he actually was, Summers, then 34 years old, was obligated by Nickelodeon for years to not mention his age publicly.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: In need of an announcer, "Double Dare" producers were made aware of Philadelphia-area radio host John Harvey, known on-air as Harvey, whose "Harvey in the Morning" program on WIOQ had been canceled months earlier. He accepted the offer to be announcer of the program. Stage assistants also appeared on-camera on "Double Dare", initially only assisting in setting up physical challenges and obstacles, but expanding the role as the series continued to sometimes interacting with Summers, demonstrating challenges, and modeling prizes. Robin Marrella and Dave Shikiar were the two permanent stage assistants when the program began.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: James Fenhagen and Byron Taylor created the original stage design for "Double Dare." The design for the original series' set was inspired by a 1980s Italian postmodern design and architecture group known as the Memphis Group. Glass brick walls and yellow and pink, often in a checkerboard pattern, were prominent aspects of the set design. Highlighted by blue and yellow tile-style floors, Geoffrey Darby gave the direction for the set to look like a "natatorium" (swimming pool), while Robert Mittenthal feels its inspiration is derived from a bathroom. All the original "Double Dare" music was composed by Edd Kalehoff.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Production originated at the studios of PBS affiliate WHYY-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. WHYY offered Nickelodeon their newly opened production wing to use, and Nickelodeon felt Philadelphia was a better location to initially produce "Double Dare" because of its lower production costs, instead of cities like New York or Los Angeles where national television production is more common. The 65-episode first season was recorded in a 23-day period beginning September 18, 1986. "Double Dare" premiered on Nickelodeon on October 6, 1986. New episodes aired weekdays at 5:30p.m. ET during the original series' run on Nickelodeon. After the success of the first 65 episodes, a second 65-episode season was ordered.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: A weekend edition titled "Super Sloppy Double Dare" taped over two weeks in July 1987 and premiered August 2, 1987, airing 26 episodes on Sunday mornings. "Super Sloppy Double Dare" featured gameplay identical to the original format; however, physical challenges and obstacles were designed to make a bigger mess. Viewers were encouraged to send in a postcard with their contact information and could win a prize if their card was selected, and a team performing a physical challenge completed the stunt successfully. Episodes of "Super Sloppy Double Dare" were taped at Unitel Studio in New York City before production moved back to WHYY-TV.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: In July 1987, pilots hosted by Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce Jenner) were produced by Viacom for two possible versions of "Double Dare" with adult players: one pairing celebrities with contestants, and another with married couples. Neither concept advanced to series.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: By November 1987, Fox announced they had partnered with Viacom to purchase the distribution rights for new episodes of the program in syndication. New episodes of "Double Dare" aired on independent stations and Fox affiliates beginning on February 22, 1988. There were 130 first-run syndication episodes in 1988.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: A 13-episode Saturday night edition titled "Family Double Dare" aired on Fox from April 3 to July 23, 1988. Teams on this version consisted of four family members, most often a mother, father, and two children. The budget was increased, and the prize total featured during the obstacle course was larger than that featured on the Nickelodeon series. A further 13 episodes of "Family Double Dare" were then ordered, but Fox canceled the series shortly before production was to begin because of "creative differences."


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: On January 5, 1989, production began on a new version of "Super Sloppy Double Dare" from Philadelphia at WHYY-TV, continuing in syndication. The series premiered on January 22, 1989. The second half of the series was produced at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, with production beginning in April 1989. For the second half, 40 episodes were taped. This version of the show recorded in larger studios with a larger set allowed for a lower level devoted to physical challenges and obstacles with a bigger size and, typically, bigger messes. Many episodes in this part of the series featured unique and offbeat themes that questions, challenges, and sometimes wardrobe would be patterned after. Themes included a Salute to Baseball, Backwards Day, Stupid Hat Day, a Salute to Breakfast, and two Super-Slop-a-Mania episodes featuring wrestlers and personalities from the World Wrestling Federation. Another special episode saw Summers and Harvey each team with a contestant to compete against each other, with Jim J. Bullock taking over hosting duties. By the end of "Super Sloppy Double Dare", the program was syndicated to 154 stations. The series left syndication on September 8, 1989.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: "Family Double Dare" returned to Nickelodeon on August 13, 1990, first airing repeats of the Fox version. A "Salute to Double Dare" special aired September 2, 1990, with Summers, Harvey, and Marrella highlighting moments from "Double Dare", discussing its popularity, and previewing the upcoming "Family Double Dare". Nickelodeon launched its own version of "Family Double Dare" on weekends beginning October 6, 1990. Nickelodeon produced the series at the newly opened Nickelodeon Studios on the Universal Studios Florida grounds in Orlando. Production began in July 1990 and ended on July 24, 1992, with 80 episodes taped over two seasons. Between the production cycles of "Family Double Dare", two special episodes of "Double Dare" were recorded on February 6–7, 1992: "NBA All-Star Double Dare" with National Basketball Association alumni and "Super Special Double Dare" with members of the casts of "Clarissa Explains It All" and "Welcome Freshmen".


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Jaime Bojanowski and Chris Miles joined Robin Marrella as stage assistants for "Family Double Dare", replacing Dave Shikiar who left the series between the ending of "Super Sloppy Double Dare" in 1989 and the beginning of "Family Double Dare" in 1990 to pursue production opportunities on other programs like "The Home Show" and "Wild & Crazy Kids". In order to spend time with his wife and his newborn son Caleb, Harvey did not announce the last season of "Family Double Dare" in 1992. He was replaced as announcer by Doc Holliday, an Orlando-area radio host on WXXL's "Doc & Johnny in the Morning". Harvey made a cameo appearance on the final episode of the season and the series.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: "Family Double Dare" concluded on February 7, 1993, with a one-hour Tournament of Champions episode. The episode featured a "brains vs. brawn" mini-tournament where the two families from the final season who answered the most questions correctly played against each other, and the two families from the final season with the fastest obstacle course times played against each other. The winners of those games competed to determine the 1993 "Family Double Dare" champions. Physical challenges from "Double Dare" appeared on "Nickelodeon All-Star Challenge", a three-part special combining elements from many of Nickelodeon's game shows, airing on October 3, 1994.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Repeats of the original "Double Dare" continued to air on Nickelodeon until March 15, 1991, and returned to Nickelodeon's schedule again from June 12 to September 30, 1994. Repeats of "Family Double Dare" remained on the Nickelodeon schedule until January 31, 1999. At this time, development began for the revival that would become "Double Dare 2000".


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: "Double Dare" has spawned versions in foreign countries throughout the world, including: Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, The Netherlands, Germany, India, and Brazil. Six episodes of the Australian version recorded for American consumption, one featuring an American team competing against an Australian team, aired on Nickelodeon during a special marathon on September 3, 1990. Repeats of all versions of "Double Dare" aired in various cycles on Nick GAS from the network's inception in 1999 until its closure in 2009. From 2011 to 2019, "Double Dare" was incorporated into the branding of TeenNick's classic Nickelodeon blocks The '90s Are All That, and its successor, The Splat (later known as NickSplat and NickRewind). Episodes of "Double Dare" have occasionally aired in these blocks.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: On December 20, 1999, Nickelodeon announced a revival of the original "Double Dare" show, titled "Double Dare 2000". Production began on January 5, 2000, and the show broadcast its first episode later that same month on January 22, 2000, now hosted by Jason Harris with Tiffany Phillips as announcer. Additional episodes were taped in July of the same year. Eileen Braun, who worked on the original "Double Dare" as a production assistant and a production coordinator, was the executive producer for "Double Dare 2000". Marc Summers advised on production as an executive consultant. Jeffrey Lamar, Tia Marie Schroeder and Will Finley worked on "Double Dare 2000" as stage assistants.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: "Double Dare 2000" followed the "Family Double Dare" format with a revamped set and bigger physical challenges. It also featured the new Triple Dare Challenge option in round two, and referred to the obstacle course as the Slopstacle Course. In association with Sony and National Mobile Television, five episodes of "Double Dare 2000" were produced in high-definition with a . The episodes were broadcast in a letterboxed format as Nickelodeon did not broadcast in high-definition until 2008. The music for "Double Dare 2000", a remix of the original soundtrack, was composed by former Crack the Sky guitarist Rick Witkowski. Byron Taylor again served as set designer. The series concluded on November 10, 2000. Repeats remained on the Nickelodeon schedule until July 29, 2001.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Beginning May 21, 2012, Nickelodeon Suites Resort in Orlando produced "Double Dare" as a nightly live stage presentation, "Double Dare Live". As part of the Studio Nick feature of the hotel, shows were performed each night exclusively for the resort's guests. The show featured elements and updates from the various versions of "Double Dare", including remixed music, physical challenges and an obstacle course similar to the TV show. Like the most recent formats of the program, eight contestants were selected to participate for the game-playing teams, while additional audience members played other physical challenges throughout the program. The production continued until Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando rebranded as a Holiday Inn Resort on June 1, 2016. A scaled-down version of "Double Dare Live", called "Double Dare Challenge", has been presented at Nickelodeon Universe in Mall of America in seasonal cycles since 2016.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: On July 22, 2016, special live editions of "Double Dare", produced by Nickelodeon and The Splat with original host Marc Summers, took place at the Fluxx nightclub during San Diego Comic-Con 2016. The event was live-streamed on The Splat's Facebook page and included in the later anniversary special. The week of July 25, 2016, The Splat aired a "Double Dare"-themed week featuring episodes and moments from the series' history, and included edited versions of the Comic-Con games. These events marked Summers' first Nickelodeon-sponsored involvement with the brand since "Double Dare 2000".


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: A half-hour special presentation, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the show's premiere, the "Double Dare Reunion Special", aired on November 23, 2016, on Nick at Nite, with an encore airing on The Splat. The special included vintage clips, behind-the-scenes footage, and a new game recorded at San Diego Comic-Con 2016 played by cast members from "All That". Summers, announcer Harvey, and stage assistant Robin Russo (née Marrella) appeared in the special. 1.126 million viewers watched the special on Nick at Nite, outperforming all other shows on the network for the evening, and finishing as the third-most viewed of all non-sports original cable telecasts among viewers ages 18 to 34 for that day.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: In 2017, Summers stated that, due to the success of the special, he was in negotiations to return to "Double Dare" in some form with Nickelodeon. News outlets reported in March 2018 that Nickelodeon was producing a new series of "Blue's Clues", and was in negotiations to reboot "Clarissa Explains It All", two shows originally made by the network in the 1990s. Upon learning of these developments, and inspired by the success of other contemporary television revivals like "Will & Grace", Summers emailed Nickelodeon executives to ask if he was going to be the person to receive "the next phone call."


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: On April 25, 2018, Nickelodeon announced a new version of "Double Dare", which is the second revival of the show. The network ordered 40 episodes that recorded in Los Angeles at CBS Studio Center throughout June 2018. The series premiered on June 25, airing weeknights. Actress and television/internet personality Liza Koshy hosted the series. Original host Marc Summers also appeared on the series in an on-camera role. Along with performing traditional duties of an announcer, Summers provided commentary on the show's physical challenges and helped introduce elements and transition the game.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Summers was also one of the show's executive producers. Fremantle produced the series on behalf of Nickelodeon.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: The set, designed by James Pearse Connelly, bore a heavy resemblance to the original set used in the 1980s. Updates included using digital screens for displays and decoration, enhanced lighting, and a dedicated space for the obstacle course, though timing and scoring uses emulation of the original vane display-type numerals. Members of the "challenge team" also appeared as stage assistants, including Eric Pierce, Michelle Kallman, James Michael Ryan Jr., and Stad St. Fleur. Edd Kalehoff remixed and re-composed the original theme song and soundtrack for this version.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Episodes broadcast predominantly featured teams of two children competing, but some episodes have participation from teams of one child and one adult family member. An episode also aired with teams of three siblings, and one with teams of two children with two adult family members. Some episodes featured celebrity participants, such as actors from past Nickelodeon series competing, including "All That"'s Jamie Lynn Spears and Josh Server. The 2018 Kids' Choice Sports, which aired on July 20, 2018, culminated with host and basketball player Chris Paul competing against Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps in the "Double Dare" obstacle course, presented by Liza Koshy and Marc Summers. Because Koshy had difficulty with her voice during the taping of an episode, Summers filled in as host for the second half of a show, which aired on July 26. The first cycle of season one, airing 24 half-hour episodes, concluded on July 27. Episodes resumed airing on September 30, with weekly airings, culminating with a special 60-minute episode featuring "Kenan & Kel" stars Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell aired on November 21. The final episode of season one aired on February 1, 2019.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: In celebration of Super Bowl LIII, a special 45-minute episode featuring stars of Nickelodeon comedy "Cousins for Life" and NFL players was recorded on January 31, 2019 at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, as part of the Super Bowl Experience. The episode was simulcast on Nickelodeon, TeenNick, and Nicktoons on February 3, the same day Super Bowl LIII was held.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: In January 2019, casting began for a second season of "Double Dare". Filming of season two began on February 27 and ran through early March. The season premiered on March 11, with a new tournament format offering cash prizes in the obstacle course. Two teams of four children compete in the first episode, with the winning team splitting up into four individual teams, where each child is paired up with a celebrity. The winning teams from these episodes play against each other in the fourth and final episode of the tournament. The premiere week featured the Kids' Choice Awards Tournament, teaming kids with nominees of the 2019 awards. WWE Superstars Week aired the week of April 22, teaming kids with wrestlers in WWE. SpongeBob Week aired the week of July 8, celebrating the 20th anniversary of "SpongeBob SquarePants". Halloween Week aired the week of October 21, celebrating Halloween. The Holiday Tournament aired in four weekly installments, beginning November 29. On August 31, 2019, Summers announced that "Double Dare" would not be renewed for a third season. The series concluded with the finals of the Holiday Tournament, which aired on December 20, 2019.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: On October 29, 2021, Summers hosted a reunion special streamed by Red Tail Enterainment's "Double Dare Live". Titled "Double Dare Live at 35", the Facebook special featured Harvey, Robin Russo, Jason Harris, and other cast members, crew and contestants from "Double Dare"'s runs discussing their experiences with the program.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Within a month of its premiere, "Double Dare" had more than tripled viewership for Nickelodeon's afternoon schedule becoming the highest-rated original, daily program on cable. During "Double Dare"s first year, the program averaged a 3.0 household Nielsen rating, with over 1 million households tuned in each week. On its February 1988 debut in syndication, the program averaged a 5.4 household Nielsen rating and a 15.4 rating among children ages 2 to 11, and was the second-highest rated syndicated program in that demographic. By January 1989, "Double Dare" averaged a 3.1 household Nielsen rating. The special Sunday premiere episode of "Family Double Dare" on Fox on April 3, 1988, scored a 4.0 household Nielsen rating, finishing fifth out of 10 programs broadcast on Fox that week helping to give Fox's Sunday night schedule its highest ratings to that point.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: When "Double Dare 2000" premiered in January 2000, episodes in its first two weeks averaged household Nielsen ratings of up to 3.0, being viewed by up to 2.7 million households, and finishing in the top 25 basic cable programs each week. "Double Dare 2000" often won its time slot in viewership among children ages 2 to 11.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: The June premiere of the 2018 revival was watched by 1.843 million viewers, outperforming all other shows on Nickelodeon for the day, finishing as the highest-rated broadcast for teenagers ages 12 to 17. "Double Dare"'s premiere was Nickelodeon's most-viewed series launch among adults 18 to 49 in more than five years. By the end of its second week, viewership for new episodes hovered around one million overall viewers.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: At its peak, "Double Dare" was the highest-rated, live-action show for children ages 8 to 15. The show was also popular with college students, with many schools offering "Double Dare" fan clubs. Half of Nickelodeon's operating profit in 1988 was due to the success of "Double Dare" and its syndication. On the show's success, then-senior vice-president of Nickelodeon programming Herb Scannell said that "Double Dare" was like "having a hit record your first time out. "Double Dare" put Nick on the map."


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: "Double Dare" revitalized interest in the concept of a game show for children. Less than a year after the program launched, NBC had premiered "I'm Telling!", Lorimar Television had announced plans for "Fun House", and Nickelodeon's "Finders Keepers" began airing—all shows based on competition between teams of children. During "Double Dare"s first year on television, junior versions of established game shows including "Hollywood Squares" and "The Cross-Wits" were developed for syndication, but ultimately were not produced. Game show executive and producer Bob Boden noted that "Double Dare" "allowed kids to get dirty and have a good time in ways that really were not acceptable before that show". "Double Dare" remains the longest-running game show produced by Nickelodeon.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: As "Double Dare" grew messier, a green slime substance became more commonly used in physical challenges and obstacles. Slime was originally introduced on another Nickelodeon program, "You Can't Do That on Television". "Double Dare"'s high viewership led to greater visibility for Nickelodeon's association with slime and saw it featured in promotions for the network in the late 1980s. The substance proliferated further, including annual slimings on the Kids' Choice Awards, a slime geyser at Nickelodeon Studios, and slime-based segments on other game shows including "Wild & Crazy Kids" and "Figure It Out". The relationship between Nickelodeon and slime still lasts on the network.


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Reviews of the show were often favorable, noting it was fun entertainment for the family. After "Double Dare" premiered, Kenneth R. Clark, media writer for the "Chicago Tribune", observed that when contestants "squeal and make faces, it is somehow natural, wholesome and infectious," and said, ""Double Dare" is so refreshing." Noel Holston of the "Minneapolis Star and Tribune" wrote that "kids and game shows, when you think about it, go together like hot fudge and ice cream". "The Orange County Register"s Ellen T. Klein said "Double Dare" is "such fast-paced, furious and messy fun" and rated the show as "good". In 1988, television critic Ken Tucker cited the interaction between, and the performances of host Marc Summers and announcer Harvey as "the not-so-secret ingredients in the show's success in drawing adult, as well as youthful, viewers".


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Some criticism came from the feeling that the program was not educational. Others were concerned about food waste like beans and eggs in physical challenges and obstacles. In a "Cheers and Jeers" section in 1988, "TV Guide" gave "jeers" to "Double Dare" for "daring to push beyond the limits of good taste," saying it was "gross and insulting to watch." In 1989, television and film critic Jeffrey Lyons wrote that he "wouldn't dream of proclaiming that "Super Sloppy Double Dare" is good for your child. But what's wrong with watching an admittedly dumb—but hilarious—program just for fun?"


title: Double Dare (franchise)

text: Andrea Graham wrote for Common Sense Media that revival series "Double Dare 2000" is a "fun, action-filled game show that families can watch together – amid all the slime are some good messages about family togetherness". Original host and executive consultant for "Double Dare 2000" Marc Summers said that "there were issues" with the revival. In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, he said that he felt the length of the Triple Dare Challenge took away from the game and that "if we would have done it the way we originally did it, we would have been fine, but unfortunately, it didn't happen".