title: Jan Brewer

text: In her inaugural address, Brewer promised to keep taxes low in Arizona, in an attempt to attract business from other states, including California. Fewer than two months into her term, however, Brewer proposed a tax increase in front of the State Legislature, prompting Republican state Sen. Ron Gould to walk out of the address mid-speech. Attempting to rationalize the tax increase, Brewer stated that she was ultimately forced to ask for the increase due to the state's $4 billion state budget deficit.


title: Jan Brewer

text: On April 23, 2010, Brewer signed the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, otherwise known as Arizona SB1070, into law, making it "a state crime for illegal immigrants to not have an alien registration document", and requiring police "to question people about their immigration status if there is reason". It also makes it illegal for people to hire illegal immigrants for day labor or to knowingly transport them. In addition, it provides provisions to allow citizens to file lawsuits against government agencies that hinder enforcement of immigration laws. A follow-on bill, said to address certain "racial profiling" issues with the original bill, was passed by the Arizona legislature just before ending their 2010 session, and was signed by Brewer on April 30, 2010. Signing of the bill has led to massive demonstrations in Arizona, Washington, D.C. and many other cities across the United States, both for and against the legislation.


title: Jan Brewer

text: On June 3, 2010, Brewer met with President Barack Obama to discuss immigration along Mexico's border with Arizona, and how the federal government could work together with state officials to combat violence there. Brewer remarked after the meeting, "I am encouraged that there is going to be much better dialogue between the federal government and the state of Arizona now." According to press reports, about 1200 national guard troops would be stationed along the border.


title: Jan Brewer

text: On August 24, 2010, Brewer won the Republican primary, to face Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard in the general election. Brewer was elected in her own right on November 2, 2010, to the office of governor in the state's 2010 gubernatorial election, earning 55% of the states votes over Democrat Terry Goddard with 42%. Polling conducted after Brewer's signing of Arizona SB1070 had shown her as an early favorite in the general election, and she was sworn in for a full term on January 3, 2011, on the State Capitol grounds in Phoenix.


title: Jan Brewer

text: As a result of a ballot measure approved by the voters in 2000, redistricting in Arizona is entrusted to a five-member panel with an independent chair. In 2011, Republicans wanted more favorable lines than those drawn by the commission, and Brewer sent a letter purporting to remove Colleen Mathis, the independent chair, from office. The Arizona Supreme Court ruled that Brewer's action was illegal and it reinstated Mathis.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer was not able to run for a second full four-year term in 2014. The Arizona Constitution limits the governor to two consecutive terms, regardless of whether they are full or partial terms. However, former governors are allowed to seek additional nonconsecutive terms after a four-year respite. In November 2012, Brewer declared she was looking into what she called "ambiguity" in Arizona's term-limit law to seek a third term. In February 2014, Brewer reiterated that she was considering running for re-election, but on March 12, 2014, she announced that she would not attempt to seek another term in office, which would have required what "The Arizona Republic" called a "long-shot court challenge".


title: Jan Brewer

text: On February 26, 2014, Brewer vetoed Arizona SB 1062( a bill allowing business owners to refuse services to homosexuals) that was passed by the state legislature.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In late March 2017, during a phone interview, Brewer expressed opposition to President Trump's American Health Care Act: "This would devastate the most vulnerable, this would devastate rural hospitals, they will probably close down and those jobs would be lost".


title: Jan Brewer

text: A challenge Brewer faced when she took office in 2009 was to resolve a multibillion-dollar budget shortfall that was the most dire of any state in the nation. To combat the deficit, the Governor established a decision making process that forced Arizona to clearly define the appropriate role and scope of State Government and to focus narrowly on delivering those necessary services in the most effective and prudent manner possible.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer's response to the fiscal crisis consisted of two main components. First, she reduced the size and scope of state government while prioritizing funding for public safety and education.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Second, she proposed a three-year temporary sales tax increase, which voters approved. The proposal was intended to raise 1 billion dollars a year in order to reduce the $3 billion/year deficit. She also borrowed approximately $1 billion in an attempt to match expenditures.


title: Jan Brewer

text: The temporary sales tax expired as planned in 2014. The State has funded the rainy day fund to the tune of $450 million.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer created the Arizona Commerce Authority (ACA) as the statewide economic development organization. The ACA board of directors consists of business people, with the intent to focus on business attraction, retention and expansion in Arizona's economic sectors.


title: Jan Brewer

text: The governor also armed the ACA with a $25 million deal closing fund to help attract employers and replaced incentive programs with performance based tax credits.


title: Jan Brewer

text: With the help of the ACA, Arizona employers have created nearly 175,000 new jobs with 4.9 billion dollars in new capital investment. The ACA is also engaged in a national and international campaign to increase business attraction and direct foreign investment.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In 2013, Arizona State University, the Mayo Clinic and the City of Phoenix established the Arizona Biomedical Corridor through contractor KUD International. Brewer guided the State Selection Boards' approval of a beneficiary re-designation on 25 acres of State Trust land whereby trust lands designated for K-12 education were exchanged for university lands. This allows the implementation of Arizona State University's plans to establish post-secondary education and research facilities closely tied to the Mayo Hospital's mission.


title: Jan Brewer

text: During Brewer's tenure Arizona's tax code underwent significant changes. In addition to the increase in sales tax Brewer reduced business property and equipment taxes and corporate income tax. She eliminated the tax on energy sales to manufacturers.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In addition to shifting tax rates away from business, she also undertook a simplification of tax filings. Brewer convened a task force in 2012 to develop recommendations that would simplify the tax code, reduce taxpayer confusion and improve compliance and efficiency. Thanks to legislation enacted in 2013 and 2014, many task force recommendations are now law and have phased in throughout 2015, including single point of administration and collection, a single and uniform audit program, uniform state and city licensing procedures, and prime contracting relief for trade and service contractors.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer signed Tort reform legislation which included a monetary cap on appeal bonds and a cap on damages. She also signed legislation to adopt the Daubert standard.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer enacted policies that gave schools A-F letter grades, provided additional funding to schools that improved student performance, and evaluated and rewarded teachers based on effectiveness rather than seniority.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer expanded access to private schools by increasing tax credits for school tuition organizations and creating empowerment scholarship accounts. Since 2010, charter school enrollment increased by more than 30,000 students and funding for private school choice options increased by more than 50%.


title: Jan Brewer

text: On May 11, 2010, Brewer signed into law legislation that banned the teaching of ethnic studies classes in Arizona public schools.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Since 2010, Arizona's public institutions have increased the number of certificates and degrees awarded by more than 28%.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Arizona, at Brewer's direction, joined a coalition of 26 other states to fight the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the U.S. Supreme Court. The court, however, upheld most of the ACA's provisions. One of the sections that the Court made optional was the requirement that states expand Medicaid eligibility to childless adults at or below 133% of the federal poverty level (FPL).


title: Jan Brewer

text: The court decision had unique implications for Arizona because the voters had already expanded Medicaid coverage to all individuals up to 100% of FPL when they passed Proposition 204 in 2000.


title: Jan Brewer

text: After much debate, the Governor's Medicaid Restoration plan was enacted, taking Federal money through the ACA to expand Medicaid.


title: Jan Brewer

text: To serve individuals who have a serious mental illness (SMI) but do not qualify for Medicaid, $39 million was added to the budget for additional services. Arizona ranks fifth nationally in spending on community-based programs and has the fewest residents per capita living in a state psychiatric hospital.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Arizona's behavioral health system for Maricopa County individuals with SMI has been overseen by the "Arnold" v. "Sarn" lawsuit for more than thirty years. Brewer and the plaintiffs reached an agreement that ends this litigation by reaffirming Arizona's commitment to a community-based behavioral health system of care. The agreement ensures that Arizona will continue to provide community-based services such as supported housing, supported employment, peer support and assertive treatment teams.


title: Jan Brewer

text: The agreement builds national behavioral health standards into the system, requires an annual quality service review to determine if patient needs are being identified and addressed and an annual independent service capacity analysis be performed to ensure there are sufficient providers to meet patient needs.


title: Jan Brewer

text: The agreement is structured so that it remains enforceable by the courts should Arizona not live up to its commitments in the future. This guarantees Arizona will maintain its commitment to a community-based behavioral health system.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer directed the Arizona Department of Health Services to integrate behavioral and physical health care for Title XIX eligible SMI members through a "Recovery through Whole Health" program.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In the face of a mounting budget crisis in Arizona, Brewer signed the 2011 legislative budget, which eliminates the Arizona variant of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, known as KidsCare, that provides health insurance to uninsured children whose families' income exceeds the Medicaid cutoff. According to the FY 2011 budget, enrollment caps will also be put into place for Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS), thereby limiting access to the program. Brewer, at a press conference, said the state had no choice but to eliminate the free health care programs saying, "We do not have the money We are broke."


title: Jan Brewer

text: In 2011, Brewer stopped Medicaid funding for organ transplants to save $1.4 million; 98 patients were waiting for transplants. After criticism, the funding was restored.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer called a special session of the Arizona Legislature to join in the class-action lawsuit by 21 state Attorneys General to challenge the constitutionality of that part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which establishes a federal individual mandate to purchase health insurance. The mandate was considered by legislators and insurers


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer abolished the Child Protective Services (CPS) department and created the Department of Child Safety (DCS) – a permanent, stand-alone agency with the express mission of safeguarding Arizona's abused and neglected children. As part of the new agency, the Office of Child Welfare Investigations will continue to investigate the highest priority cases of criminal conduct.


title: Jan Brewer

text: All 6,596 cases that were previously not investigated have been investigated and closed. A quarter of the 12,695 inactive cases have already been closed and the entire backlog will be reopened and reviewed by January 2015.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer created a Human Trafficking Council to implement best practices, promote greater collaboration with law enforcement, state agencies and the community-at-large and raise public awareness about victims' services, restitution and prevention.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer established the Arizona SERVES Task Force to improve the working relationships between the state, non-profit organizations and community and faith-based entities. The governor also created the Office of Faith and Community Partnerships and the Council on Faith and Community Partnerships. The office is a statewide faith and community initiative resource and promotes service and volunteerism throughout the state.


title: Jan Brewer

text: As governor, Brewer reformed its personnel system, toward a system modeled after the private sector. As part of the reform effort, a number of pivotal actions were implemented including consolidating the Governor's control over personnel, implementing at-will workforce, implemented a performance management system and pay practices to recognize and reward top performers, and other measures.


title: Jan Brewer

text: By March 2013, 80% of the employees were at-will. In 2015, on average over 100 employees volunteered every pay period to go from being covered to uncovered, at-will.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer implemented changes to the procurement system. Brewer also implemented changes to the state retirement plan, ending the retirement plan for elected officials, increasing the requirements to qualify for state retirement, and established Alternate Contribution Rate for employees that return to work.


title: Jan Brewer

text: On June 27, 2010, Brewer appeared on "Sunday Square Off", broadcast on KPNX-TV. While speaking on the subject of crime related to illegal immigration, she said that "law enforcement agencies have found bodies in the desert either buried or just lying out there that have been beheaded", a claim that has been disputed. Brewer later said that she "misspoke".


title: Jan Brewer

text: On July 11, 2010, Brewer announced that $10 million given to her state by the federal government, most of which was intended to go to education, would instead go to enforcing border security.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In accordance with her long standing anti-illegal immigrant policies, Brewer signed Arizona SB 1070 into law in 2010, creating a significant controversy. SB 1070 made it a state misdemeanor for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents, as well as other provisions. When the Obama Administration challenged SB 1070 in court the Governor defended the law. Additionally, she repeatedly urged President Obama and Congress to utilize the National Guard, Border Patrol agents and technology to secure the southern border once and for all.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In addition to signing Arizona SB 1070, she has prohibited state and local governments from giving any public benefits to illegal aliens and made it a misdemeanor for a state or local government official to fail to report immigration law violations discovered while administering a public benefit or service. Brewer has also supported efforts to re-deploy the Arizona National Guard along the southern Arizona border, in an attempt to provide increased border security.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In February 2016, Brewer endorsed businessman Donald Trump for President of the United States, praising his views on immigration:


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer signed legislation that authorized the Department of Health Services to conduct unannounced inspections of abortion clinics.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer prohibited local governments from maintaining a list of citizens who possess a firearm or enacting firearm regulations that are more stringent than state law, made it easier to claim self-defense in a shooting, allowed lawful gun owners to enter a restaurant or bar with a concealed weapon unless specifically prohibited by the establishment owner, and allowed U.S. citizens to carry a concealed firearm in Arizona without a permit.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In July 2009, Brewer signed SB 1113, which entitles people in Arizona to carry concealed guns in bars or restaurants as long as they do not consume alcohol, and the business has not specifically posted a sign in accordance with Arizona law that guns are not to be permitted on the premises. Brewer also signed SB 1168, a measure that bans property owners from prohibiting the storage of firearms in locked vehicles parked on their lots. She signed SB 1243, which allows a person who is threatened to announce that they are armed, or display or place their hand on their firearm before the use of deadly force. In April 2010, Brewer signed SB 1108, which removes the licensure requirement for law-abiding citizens who choose to carry a concealed firearm in the state of Arizona — the third state in the union with such a law after Vermont and Alaska. Brewer is a member and supporter of the National Rifle Association, as well as the Arizona Rifle and Pistol Association. On April 18, 2011, Brewer vetoed two bills, one setting a mandate that anyone running for president must have proof of U.S. citizenship, and the other allowing guns on college campuses.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Under Brewer, Arizona stepped up its efforts to decrease forest fire risk by thinning approximately 29,000 forested acres on state land.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Under Brewer's direction, the State Land Department negotiated a $200 million, 60.9 mile long high pressure natural gas pipeline beginning west of the Tucson Mountain Park and continuing south along State Highway 286 to the United States border with Mexico near Sasabe, Arizona, largely traveling through state trust land.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer directed the Arizona Department of Water Resources to develop "Arizona's Next Century: A Strategic Vision for Water Supply Sustainability", a document outlining Arizona's water use plan. The "Vision" was the necessary first step, organizing the state into 22 planning areas and envisioning options.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer issued Executive Order 2013–02 to develop land and natural resources management strategies for sustainable economic growth and establishing the National Resources Review Council (NRRC). The NRRC prepared an Interim Report containing recommendations from five subcommittees (Clearinghouse, Engagement and Partnering, GIS, Mitigation and Conservation Banking and Planning). The recommendations start with the creation of a single point of contact (OSPB) that will receive all federal natural resource requests and make sure all appropriate state natural resource agencies have been notified and help coordinate appropriate response(s) on behalf of the state.


title: Jan Brewer

text: In October 2014, Brewer announced the creation of the Arizona Collaboratory for Advanced Energy Solutions (AZ CAES), which was a partnership of industry, Arizona universities, government, non-profits and national laboratories designed to increase Arizona's competitive advantage in securing public funding, private funding and sponsored energy research at the three state universities.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer adopted a state energy plan and established energy goals for Arizona in 2014. The plan was designed to increase solar development; promote energy education and energy sector apprenticeship and job training opportunities; reduce energy use in state buildings through the creation of $1.1 million revolving loan fund for energy efficiency projects; and create a State Energy Advisory Board to address energy issues on an annual basis.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Arizona's Energy Assurance Plan was updated with a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy. Last updated in 2006, the plan identified clear channels of communication and procedures in the event of an extended energy emergency. Multiple energy emergency table-top drills and training on city, state and regional levels were conducted with participants from all energy sectors.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Due to a change in Mexican law opening up energy markets between the United States and Mexico, a bi-national energy assessment was completed. Presented to Brewer and Sonora Governor Padres, both signed a Declaration of Cooperation between the two states to evaluate on an ongoing basis viable energy exchange opportunities. The Governor's office led a 19-member task force and held meetings in Hermosillo, Sonora and Nogales, Arizona to complete this assessment. The Task Force formed international contacts for future bi-national electricity transmission projects.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer also granted in-state student status for the purposes of tuition at any Arizona public university or community college to any person honorably discharged from the US Armed Forces. Additionally, she allowed children of active duty military parents to qualify for Empowerment Scholarship Accounts. She also extended professional licensing to include military experience.


title: Jan Brewer

text: During Brewer's time as governor, she filled a number of vacancies in the courts. She appointed three State Supreme Court judges, Ann Timmer, John Pelander, and Robert M. Brutinel, all Republicans. She also appointed a number of Superior and Appellate Court judges. She was criticized for promoting judges primarily from the Republican Party.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer supported Arizona Proposition 107, which would have defined marriage as between a man and a woman. This 2006 referendum, which would have prevented both same-sex marriage and civil unions in the state, did not pass – the first time U.S. voters rejected an attempt to ban same-sex marriage. However, in 2008, another proposition that banned same sex marriage (but not civil unions) passed.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer signed a law repealing legislation put into place by former governor Janet Napolitano, which had granted domestic partners of state employees the ability to be considered as "dependents", similar to the way married spouses are handled.


title: Jan Brewer

text: According to an editorial in the "Arizona Daily Star" on October 13, 2009, the Department of Administration in Arizona "stated that about 800 state employees are affected and that the cost to insure domestic partners is about $3 million of the $625 million the state spends on benefits". However, the state was giving those employees another year of coverage, due to legal necessity: "A legal review determined existing contracts with state employees will be honored."


title: Jan Brewer

text: A federal lawsuit, "Diaz v. Brewer", formerly "Collins v. Brewer", challenging Brewer's action is being heard in federal court. The plaintiffs, represented by Lambda Legal, a LGBT rights advocacy group, asked for summary judgment based on due process and equal protection claims. On July 23, 2010, U.S. District Judge John W. Sedwick denied the due process claim, but based on the equal protection claim he issued a temporary injunction blocking enforcement of the law pending a trial. Brewer appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which sided with Sedwick and ruled against her. The state appealed to the Supreme Court, which denied the appeal, letting the Ninth Circuit ruling stand.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer is the author of "Scorpions for Breakfast: My Fight Against Special Interests, Liberal Media, and Cynical Politicos to Secure America's Border", published November 2011 by Broadside Books.


title: Jan Brewer

text: Brewer is a New York Times Best Selling Author with "Scorpions for Breakfast" having reached the New York Times Best Seller lists for e-book nonfiction and combined print and e-book nonfiction.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Alexander James Brooker (born 15 May 1984) is an English journalist, presenter and comedian best known for his television work with Channel 4.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Since 2012, Brooker has co-hosted "The Last Leg", a Channel 4 panel show with Adam Hills and Josh Widdicombe as well as co-presenting Channel 4 ski jumping show "The Jump" with Davina McCall in 2014. In 2016, he began presenting "The Superhumans Show" for Channel 4 daytime.


title: Alex Brooker

text: In February 2018 Brooker signed with Leeds Rhinos' Foundation PDRL (Physical Disability Rugby League) team.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Brooker went to the Norton Knatchbull School in Ashford, Kent, before graduating from Liverpool John Moores University in 2006 and worked as a sports reporter on the "Liverpool Echo". He now works for the Press Association.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Brooker entered Channel 4's "Half a Million Quid Talent Search" in 2012, which aimed to find disabled talent for coverage of the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games and beyond. He first appeared as a trackside reporter on Channel 4's coverage of the 2011 BT Paralympic World Cup. Brooker interviewed the likes of Boris Johnson and David Cameron during the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony and was a co-host on "The Last Leg with Adam Hills", a nightly alternative look at the Games.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Brooker was also on "The Last Leg of the Year", an end of year special with Adam Hills and Josh Widdicombe.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Since 25 January 2013, Brooker has been a co-host on "The Last Leg" on Channel 4. In February 2015 Brooker interviewed Nick Clegg for the programme: his performance was described by political journalist Hugo Rifkind as "a model of how to talk normally to a politician – and make them talk normally back".


title: Alex Brooker

text: On 1 August 2013, Brooker hosted a one-off documentary about body image on Channel 4, titled "Alex Brooker: My Perfect Body".


title: Alex Brooker

text: In January and February 2014, Brooker co-presented the first series of celebrity reality show "The Jump" on Channel 4 opposite Davina McCall. The series was broadcast live over ten nights from a mountainside in Austria. However, Brooker did not return for the second series in 2015. In 2016, he presented "The Superhumans Show" on Channel 4.


title: Alex Brooker

text: In May 2022 the BBC announced that Brooker would be one of the guest presenters to take over Richard Osman's role on Pointless.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Brooker was born in Croydon. He was born with hand and arm differences and a twisted right leg which had to be amputated when he was a baby. He now wears a prosthetic leg.


title: Alex Brooker

text: Brooker is a supporter of Arsenal F.C., appearing regularly on the " Footballistically Arsenal" podcast.


title: Alex Brooker

text: In May 2014, Brooker fronted a campaign called "End The Awkward" by disability charity Scope, which used comedy to shine a light on the awkwardness that many people feel about disability. Brooker appeared in three advertisements guiding viewers through awkward situations that they may encounter with a disabled person.


title: Alex Brooker

text: In September 2012, Brooker won "The Million Pound Drop Live" with Josh Widdicombe playing for Echoes Foundation, Scope Joseph's Goal.


title: 2022 Super GT Series

text: The 2022 Super GT Series was a motor racing championship based in Japan for grand touring cars, sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) and run by the GT Association (GTA). It was the thirtieth season of the JAF Super GT Championship which includes the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship era, and the eighteenth season under the Super GT name. It was also the fortieth overall season of a national JAF sportscar championship dating back to the All Japan Endurance/Sports Prototype Championship.


title: 2022 Super GT Series

text: Team Impul won the GT500 championship for the first time since 1995, as Kazuki Hiramine and Bertrand Baguette won the Drivers' Championship. It was the first Teams' Championship for Impul since the inaugural 1994 season, and the first championship for the new Nissan Z GT500 which made its debut this season. In GT300, Kondo Racing, Kiyoto Fujinami, and João Paulo de Oliveira won their second set of Drivers' and Teams' Championships in three years.


title: 2022 Super GT Series

text: A confirmed eight round provisional 2022 calendar was announced on 6 August 2021. The calendar was updated on 20 October 2021, with the sixth round at Sportsland Sugo moving from the weekend of 10-11 September to 17-18 September, avoiding a clash of dates with the 2022 FIA WEC 6 Hours of Fuji. Distances for all events were confirmed on 5 March 2022: Rounds two and four at Fuji Speedway, and round five at Suzuka Circuit, were 450 kilometre races, while all other rounds were 300 kilometres.


title: Id Tech 3

text: id Tech 3, popularly known as the "Quake III Arena" engine, is a game engine developed by id Software for their video game "Quake III Arena". It has been adopted by numerous games. During its time, it competed with the Unreal Engine; both engines were widely licensed.


title: Id Tech 3

text: While id Tech 3 is based on id Tech 2 engine, a large amount of the code was rewritten. Successor id Tech 4 was derived from id Tech 3, as was Infinity Ward's IW engine used in "Call of Duty 2" onwards.


title: Id Tech 3

text: At QuakeCon 2005, John Carmack announced that the id Tech 3 source code would be released under the GNU General Public License v2.0 or later, and it was released on August 19, 2005. Originally distributed by id via FTP, the code can be downloaded from id's GitHub account.


title: Id Tech 3

text: Unlike most other game engines released at the time — including its primary competitor, the Unreal Engine, id Tech 3 requires an OpenGL-compliant graphics accelerator to run. The engine does not include a software renderer.


title: Id Tech 3

text: id Tech 3 introduced spline-based curved surfaces in addition to planar volumes, which are responsible for many of the surfaces present within the game.


title: Id Tech 3

text: The graphical technology of the game is based tightly around a "shader" system where the appearance of many surfaces can be defined in text files referred to as "shader scripts." Shaders are described and rendered as several layers, each layer contains a texture, a "blend mode" which determines how to superimpose it over the previous layer and texture orientation modes such as environment mapping, scrolling, and rotation. These features can readily be seen within the game with many bright and active surfaces in each map and even on character models. The shader system goes beyond visual appearance, defining the contents of volumes (e.g. a water volume is defined by applying a water shader to its surfaces), light emission and which sound to play when a volume is trodden upon. In order to assist calculation of these shaders, "id Tech 3" implements a specific fast inverse square root function, which attracted a significant amount of attention in the game development community for its clever use of integer operations.


title: Id Tech 3

text: In-game videos all use a proprietary format called "RoQ", which was originally created by Graeme Devine, the co-designer of "Quake 3", for the game "The 11th Hour". Internally RoQ uses vector quantization to encode video and DPCM to encode audio. While the format itself is proprietary it was successfully reverse-engineered in 2001, and the actual RoQ decoder is present in the "Quake 3" source code release. RoQ has seen little use outside games based on the "id Tech 3" or "id Tech 4" engines, but is supported by several video players (such as MPlayer) and a handful of third-party encoders exist. One notable exception is the Unreal Engine-based game "", which uses RoQ files for its intro and outro cutscenes, as well as for a joke cutscene that plays after a mission at the end of part one.


title: Id Tech 3

text: id Tech 3 loads 3D models in the MD3 format. The format uses vertex movements (sometimes called per-vertex animation) as opposed to skeletal animation in order to store animation. The animation features in the MD3 format are superior to those in id Tech 2's MD2 format because an animator is able to have a variable number of key frames per second instead of MD2's standard 10 key frames per second. This allows for more complex animations that are less "shaky" than the models found in "Quake II".


title: Id Tech 3

text: Another important feature about the MD3 format is that models are broken up into three different parts which are anchored to each other. Typically, this is used to separate the head, torso and legs so that each part can animate independently for the sake of animation blending (i.e. a running animation on the legs, and shooting animation on the torso). Each part of the model has its own set of textures.


title: Id Tech 3

text: The character models are lit and shaded using Gouraud shading while the levels (stored in the BSP format) are lit either with lightmaps or Gouraud shading depending on the user's preference. The engine is able to take colored lights from the lightgrid and apply them to the models, resulting in a lighting quality that was, for its time, very advanced.


title: Id Tech 3

text: In the GPLed version of the source code, most of the code dealing with the MD4 skeletal animation files was missing. It is presumed that id simply never finished the format, although almost all licensees derived their own skeletal animation systems from what was present. Ritual Entertainment did this for use in the game, "", the SDK to which formed the basis of MD4 support completed by someone who used the pseudonym Gongo.


title: Id Tech 3

text: The engine is capable of three different kinds of shadows. One just places a circle with faded edges at the characters' feet, commonly known as the "blob shadow" technique. The other two modes project an accurate polygonal shadow across the floor. The difference between the latter two modes is one's reliance on opaque, solid black shadows while the other mode attempts (with mixed success) to project depth-pass stencil shadow volume shadows in a medium-transparent black. Neither of these techniques clip the shadow volumes, causing the shadows to extend down walls and through geometry.


title: Id Tech 3

text: Other visual features include volumetric fog, mirrors, portals, decals, and wave-form vertex distortion.


title: Id Tech 3

text: "id Tech 3"'s sound system outputs to two channels using a looping output buffer, mixed from 96 tracks with stereo spatialization and Doppler effect. All of the sound mixing is done within the engine, which can create problems for licensees hoping to implement EAX or surround sound support. Several popular effects such as echoes are also absent.


title: Id Tech 3

text: A major flaw of the sound system is that the mixer is not given its own thread, so if the game stalls for too long (particularly while navigating the menus or connecting to a server), the small output buffer will begin to loop, a very noticeable artifact. This problem was also present in the "Doom 3", "Quake", and "Quake II" engines.


title: Id Tech 3

text: "id Tech 3" uses a "snapshot" system to relay information about game "frames" to the client over UDP. The server updates object interaction at a fixed rate independent of the rate clients update the server with their actions and then attempts to send the state of all objects at that moment (the current server frame) to each client. The server attempts to omit as much information as possible about each frame, relaying only differences from the last frame the client confirmed as received (Delta encoding). All data packets are compressed by Huffman coding with static pre-calculated frequency data to reduce bandwidth use even further.


title: Id Tech 3

text: "Quake 3" also integrated a relatively elaborate cheat-protection system called "pure server." Any client connecting to a pure server automatically has pure mode enabled, and while pure mode is enabled only files within data packs can be accessed. Clients are disconnected if their data packs fail one of several integrity checks. The codice_1 file, with its high potential for cheat-related modification, is subject to additional integrity checks. Developers must manually deactivate pure server to test maps or mods that are not in data packs using the PK3 file format. Later versions supplemented pure server with PunkBuster support, though all the hooks to it are absent from the source code release because PunkBuster is closed source software and including support for it in the source code release would have caused any redistributors/reusers of the code to violate the GPL.


title: Id Tech 3

text: "id Tech 3" uses a virtual machine to control object behavior on the server, effects and prediction on the client and the user interface. This presents many advantages as mod authors do not need to worry about crashing the entire game with bad code, clients could show more advanced effects and game menus than was possible in "Quake II" and the user interface for mods was entirely customizable.


title: Id Tech 3

text: Virtual machine files are developed in ANSI C, using LCC to compile them to a 32-bit RISC pseudo-assembly format. A tool called "q3asm" then converts them to QVM files, which are multi-segmented files consisting of static data and instructions based on a reduced set of the input opcodes. Unless operations which require a specific endianness are used, a QVM file will run the same on any platform supported by "Quake 3."


title: Id Tech 3

text: The virtual machine also contained bytecode compilers for the x86 and PowerPC architectures, executing QVM instructions via an interpreter.


title: Id Tech 3

text: Ioquake3 is a game engine project which aims to build upon the id Tech 3 source code release in order to remove bugs, clean up source code and to add more advanced graphical and audio features via SDL and OpenAL. ioquake3 is also intended to act as a clean base package, upon which other projects may be built. The game engine supports Ogg Vorbis format and video capture of demos in .avi format.


title: Id Tech 3

text: The project was started shortly after the source code release with the goal of creating a bug-free, enhanced open source "Quake III" engine source code distribution upon which new games and projects can be based. In addition, the project aims to provide an improved environment in which "Quake III: Arena", the "Team Arena" expansion pack and all the popular mods can be played. Notable features added by the project include builtin VoIP support, Anaglyph stereo rendering (for viewing with 3D glasses), and numerous security fixes. A list of some of the features is available on the project's website.


title: Id Tech 3

text: Ioquake3 has been the basis of several game projects based on the id Tech 3 engine, such as "OpenArena" (mimicking "Quake III Arena"), "Tremulous", "Smokin' Guns", "Urban Terror", "Turtle Arena" and "World of Padman" as well as game engine projects such as efport (a "" engine recreation project), ioJedi Outcast, ioJedi Academy, ioDoom3 and OpenMoHAA. The engine and its associated games have been included in several Linux and BSD distributions.


title: Id Tech 3

text: The source code for the "Return to Castle Wolfenstein" and "" engines was released under GNU GPL-3.0-or-later on August 12, 2010. The ioquake3 developers announced the start of respective engine projects (iortcw, iowolfet, ET: Legacy) soon after.


title: Id Tech 3

text: The ioquake3 project has also been used in the academic arena as the basis for a variety of research in institutions such as Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Notre Dame as the foundation for VR research, and Swinburne University of Technology's Centre for Advanced Internet Architectures.


title: Id Tech 3

text: There are even collaborative efforts from researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Toronto that use ioquake3 as a platform for their published researches. Students have used ioquake3 as the basis for advanced graphics work for their theses, as well, such as Stephan Reiter's work which has even been noted at the LLVM project due to his synthesis of the ioquake3 engine, ray-tracing rendering technique, and LLVM.


title: Id Tech 3

text: Though the name "ioquake3" is based on Ryan ""Icculus"" Gordon's site icculus.org, Ryan does not lead the project. Instead, he maintains a mentor role and provides hosting for the mailing lists and the SVN repository used by the project.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Nonbenzodiazepines (), sometimes referred to colloquially as Z-drugs (as many of their names begin with the letter "z"), are a class of psychoactive drugs that are very benzodiazepine-like in nature. They are used in the treatment of sleep problems, and for their anxiolytic effects.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Nonbenzodiazepine pharmacodynamics are almost entirely the same as benzodiazepine drugs and therefore exhibit similar benefits, side-effects, and risks. However, nonbenzodiazepines have dissimilar or entirely different chemical structures and are therefore unrelated to benzodiazepines on a molecular level.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: The nonbenzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the GABA-A receptor. Like the benzodiazepines, they exert their effects by binding to and activating the benzodiazepine site of the receptor complex. Many of these compounds are subtype selective providing novel anxiolytics with little to no hypnotic and amnesiac effects and novel hypnotics with little or no anxiolytic effects.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Nonbenzodiazepines have demonstrated efficacy in treating sleep disorders. There is some limited evidence that suggests that tolerance to nonbenzodiazepines is slower to develop than with benzodiazepines. However, data is limited so no conclusions can be drawn. Data is also limited into the long-term effects of nonbenzodiazepines. Further research into the safety of nonbenzodiazepines and long-term effectiveness of nonbenzodiazepines has been recommended in a review of the literature. Some differences exist between the Z-drugs, for example tolerance and rebound effects may not occur with zaleplon.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: The first three nonbenzodiazepine drugs to enter the market were the "Z-drugs", zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. These three drugs are all sedatives used exclusively for the treatment of mild insomnia. They are safer than the older barbiturates especially in overdosage and they may, when compared to the benzodiazepines, have less of a tendency to induce physical dependence and addiction, although these issues can still become a problem. This has led to the Z-drugs becoming widely prescribed for the treatment of insomnia particularly in elderly patients. A little under a third (31%) of all Americans over 65 years of age are taking Z-drugs.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Long-term use is not recommended as tolerance and addiction can occur. A survey of patients using nonbenzodiazepine Z drugs and benzodiazepine hypnotic users found that there was no difference in reports of adverse effects that were reported in over 41% of users and, in fact, Z drug users were more likely to report that they had tried to quit their hypnotic drug and were more likely to want to stop taking Z drugs than benzodiazepine users. Efficacy also did not differ between benzodiazepine and Z drug users.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: The Z-drugs are not without disadvantages, and all three compounds are notable for producing side-effects such as pronounced amnesia and more rarely hallucinations, especially when used in large doses. On rare occasions, these drugs can produce a fugue state, wherein the patient sleepwalks and may perform relatively complex actions, including cooking meals or driving cars, while effectively unconscious and with no recollection of the events upon awakening. While this effect is rare (and has also been reported to occur with some of the older sedative drugs such as temazepam and secobarbital), it can be potentially hazardous, and so further development of this class of drugs has continued in an effort to find new compounds with further improved profiles.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Daytime withdrawal-related anxiety can also occur from chronic nightly nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic usage such as with zopiclone.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Side-effects can differ within the drug class due to differences in metabolism and pharmacology. For example, long-acting benzodiazepines have problems of drug accumulation especially in the elderly or those with liver disease, and shorter-acting benzodiazepines have a higher risk of more severe withdrawal symptoms. In the case of the nonbenzodiazepines, zaleplon may be the safest in terms of next-day sedation, and − unlike zolpidem and zopiclone − zaleplon has been found to have no association with increased motor vehicle accidents even when taken for middle-of-the-night insomnia due to its ultrashort elimination half-life.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: It has been claimed that insomnia causes depression and hypothesized that insomnia medications may help to treat depression. However, an analysis of data of clinical trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the drugs zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone found that these sedative hypnotic drugs more than doubled the risks of developing depression compared to those taking placebo pills. Hypnotic drugs, therefore, may be contraindicated in patients with or at risk of depression. Hypnotics were found to be more likely to cause depression than to help it. Studies have found that long-term users of sedative hypnotic drugs have a markedly raised suicide risk as well as an overall increased mortality risk. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia, on the other hand, has been found to both improve sleep quality as well as general mental health.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Nonbenzodiazepines should not be discontinued abruptly if taken for more than a few weeks due to the risk of rebound withdrawal effects and acute withdrawal reactions, which may resemble those seen during benzodiazepine withdrawal. Treatment usually entails gradually reducing the dosage over a period of weeks or several months depending on the individual, dosage, and length of time the drug has been taken. If this approach fails, a crossover to a benzodiazepine equivalent dose of a long-acting benzodiazepine (such as chlordiazepoxide or more preferably diazepam) can be tried followed by a gradual reduction in dosage. In extreme cases and, in particular, where severe addiction and/or abuse is manifested, an inpatient detoxification may be required, with flumazenil as a possible detoxification tool.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs, similar to benzodiazepines, cause impairments in body balance and standing steadiness upon waking; falls and hip fractures are frequently reported. The combination with alcohol increases these impairments. Partial but incomplete tolerance develops to these impairments. In general, nonbenzodiazepines are not recommended for older patients due to the increased risk of falls and fractures. An extensive review of the medical literature regarding the management of insomnia and the elderly found that there is considerable evidence of the effectiveness and lasting benefits of non-drug treatments for insomnia in adults of all age groups and that these interventions are underused. Compared with the benzodiazepines, the nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics offer little if any advantages in efficacy or tolerability in elderly persons. It was found that newer agents such as the melatonin agonists may be more suitable and effective for the management of chronic insomnia in elderly people. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics for insomnia lacks an evidence base and is discouraged for reasons that include concerns about such potential adverse drug effects as cognitive impairment (anterograde amnesia), daytime sedation, motor incoordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls. In addition, the effectiveness and safety of long-term use of these agents remain to be determined. It was concluded that further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment and the most appropriate management strategy for elderly persons with chronic insomnia.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: A review of the literature regarding hypnotics including the nonbenzodiazepine Z drugs concluded that these drugs carry a significant risk to the individual. The risks include dependence, accidents, and other adverse effects. Gradual discontinuation of hypnotics may lead to improved health without worsening of sleep. It is preferred that they should be prescribed for only a few days at the lowest effective dose and avoided wherever possible in the elderly.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: More recently, a range of non-sedating anxiolytic drugs derived from the same structural families as the Z-drugs have been developed, such as alpidem (Ananyxl) and pagoclone, and approved for clinical prescription. Nonbenzodiazepine drugs are much more selective than the older benzodiazepine anxiolytics, producing effective relief of anxiety/panic with little or no sedation, anterograde amnesia, or anticonvulsant effects, and are thus potentially more precise than older, anti-anxiety drugs. However, anxiolytic nonbenzodiazepines are not widely prescribed and many have collapsed after initial clinical trials and consumption halted many projects, including but not limited to alpidem, indiplon, and suriclone.


title: Nonbenzodiazepine

text: Z-drugs emerged in the last years of the 1980s and early 1990s, with zopiclone (Imovane) approved by the British National Health Service as early as 1989, quickly followed by Sanofi with zolpidem (Ambien). By 1999, King Pharmaceuticals had finalized approval with the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market zaleplon (Sonata, Starnoc) across the US. In 2005, the FDA approved eszopiclone (Lunesta) the ("S")-enantiomer of zopiclone. That same year, 2005, the FDA finalized approval for Ambien CR, or extended-release zolpidem. Most recently, in 2012 the FDA approved Intermezzo (zolpidem tartate sublingual), which is marketed for middle-of-the-night insomnia, available in doses only half of the strength of immediate-release zolpidem tartrate to avoid residual next-day sedation.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai (transl: My sister is one in a thousand, international title: The Inseparables) is an Indian Hindi-language soap opera that aired on StarPlus during weekdays from 3 October 2011 to 13 September 2013. The series is digitally available on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Two sisters, Jeevika and Manvi live in Rishikesh with their family. Jeevika is sweet, righteous and mature, and is a teacher in a neighbouring school. Her younger sister, Manvi, fresh out of college, is carefree, rebellious, childish and immature. Chandrika, their grandmother receives marriage proposal for Jeevika from Vadheras in Chandigarh. Jeevika loves Dr. Manan, but sides with Chandrika despite her feelings for Manan.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: The Vadheras' sons, Viren and Virat meet Jeevika and Manvi. Viren meets Jeevika and falls for her and the two get married. After a series of incidents, Virat and Manvi bond with each other.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Soon after, Manvi is diagnosed with cancer. But she decides not to disclose it to Jeevika or her new family. Only Virat comes to know of her sickness. Around the same time, Jeevika faces an accident during her stay at Rishikesh. Viren asks Manvi to donate her blood, but she refuses leaving Viren furious. A confused Virat takes her away from the hospital and confronts her, and breaks their friendship. She is thus forced to reveal to Virat about her condition.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: On the other hand, Viren, unaware of Manvi's illness, forbids her to meet Jeevika and leaves for Chandigarh with his unconscious wife on chartered flight. Virat supports Manvi and decides to take her to Chandigarh. Troubled, Manvi reaches Chandigarh, and the family, later, Jeevika get to know about her condition. Jeevika takes Manvi to Mumbai to further pursue treatment. Manvi successfully recovers and in the process, Virat and Manvi grow closer and are engaged. Meanwhile, Jeevika gets pregnant.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: On the day of the engagement, Manvi learns that her Mumbai treatment was unsuccessful and she has two years to live. For her treatment to be successful, she needs a bone marrow donor. Jeevika's bone marrow matches with Manvi, but she is unable to donate because she is pregnant. Jeevika and Viren decide it would be right to abort their child to save Manvi's life. After all, Manvi is like Jeevika's first child. Manvi resents Jeevika's decision as she does not want her to abort her child. She goes to court to stop Jeevika with Inder fighting from her side and Viren fighting Jeevika's. Later, Jeevika lies to the family that they found another donor whose bone marrow matched with Manvi's to get the treatment done. Jeevika aborts her child and secretly donates her bone marrow to Manvi with the support of Viren.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: The family later faces more obstacles; due to Viren's professional rival Jaiswal sending Swamini's son, Karan to their house. Virat and Jeevika are falsely imprisoned, but Manvi and Viren manage to prove them innocent. The sisters manage to save the Chaudharys' ancestral property from being taken away by Dabbu's greedy wife, Sweety by reforming her. Virat later moves out to prove himself as a successful singer and Manvi follows him. The sisters' estranged father, Mahesh also makes an appearance, and Manvi immediately forgives her father for his absence and helps him reconcile with the family.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Jeevika finds out that she is infertile; due to having donated her bone marrow to Manvi while she was pregnant the first time and they opt for surrogacy with the help of a woman named Vidhi. Meanwhile, Manvi is also pregnant and reunite with the family. Viren helps Vidhi get away from her abusive husband, Harshad. Vidhi conceives and later gives birth to Viren and Jeevika's child.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Jeevika names her daughter Mansi while Manvi names her daughter Jahnvi. Furthermore, it is revealed that Jeevika is pregnant. The show ends on a happy note with the whole family together.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Much of the show has been shot in Rishikesh, Chandigarh and Mumbai. In the earlier episodes of the show, the cast had gone to Mussoorie to shoot the show in Jaypee Residency Manor, Mussoorie but in the show it was claimed as their bungalow. The series was also dubbed into English as "The Inseparables" on Star Life.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: The show is produced and directed by Siddharth Malohtra of Cinevistaas Limited. Krystle D'Souza was cast to play Jeevika Chaudhary along with Nia Sharma as Maanvi Chaudhary. Karan Tacker and Kushal Tandon both were finalised to play the main role. Abhinav Shukla was roped to play another important chartecter in the series. Other cast included Seema Kapoor, Anju Mahendru, Manasvi Vyas, Anupam Bhattacharya, Divyajyotee Sharma, Gaurav Kumar, Deep Dhillon and Tarla Joshi. Seema played a strict women and but later her character turned positive.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: Speaking about its end, producer Siddharth Malhotra said, "The channel didn't want to shut the show. Both the channel and the production house tried reasoning with the cast. But since they are unwilling to play parents on screen, we have to forcibly end the show". In Jan 2021, the show confirmed returning with a sequel.


title: Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai

text: The Indian Express rated the show two stars and said, "The show is strictly average fare. Krystal D'Souza and Nia Sharma as Jeevika and Maanvi share a sweet chemistry. The promos of the show and the title had got us excited but the bonding between the two sisters doesn't go beyond hugging each other and wiping each other's tears. We wish the scenes were written better…with a title like that we expected some more endearing, engaging stuff between the sisters."


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Alexandre Pantoja Passidomo (born, April 16, 1990) is a Brazilian mixed martial arts fighter, currently fighting for the UFC and is the flyweight champion of the Resurrection Fighting Alliance and Shooto Brazil. As of August 20, 2022, he is #2 in the UFC flyweight rankings.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: On May 11, 2016, the UFC announced that the 16 contestants for the season of this TUF would be flyweight champion fighters from various organizations around the world, with the winner being expected to have a chance to fight for the flyweight title against Demetrious Johnson. The cast was announced on July 20. The coaches for the season were the former challengers to the flyweight belt, Joseph Benavidez and Henry Cejudo, and Pantoja was from Team Cejudo.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: He was ranked # 1 in Team Cejudo, and made his first fight against # 16 Team Benavidez, Brandon Moreno. The two came to interact within the house, even with Pantoja speaking Portuguese and Brandon Moreno speaking Spanish, the similarity between languages facilitated communication. In the fight, Alexandre Pantoja defeated Brandon Moreno by submission in the second round. With this victory, Pantoja went to the quarterfinals of the reality show.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced fellow team Cejudo member Kai Kara-France in the quarterfinals, defeating him by unanimous decision and progressing through to the semifinals.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Hiromasa Ougikubo in the semifinals of the tournament and was defeated by unanimous decision, and it was soon announced that he had contracted with the UFC.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Alexandre made his promotional debut on January 28, 2017, at UFC on Fox 23 against Eric Shelton. He won the fight via split decision.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Neil Seery on July 16, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 113. He won the fight via submission in the third round.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Brandon Moreno on May 19, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 129. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Ulka Sasaki on November 17, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 140. He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the first round.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Deiveson Figueiredo on July 27, 2019 at UFC 240. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the "Fight of the Night" award.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Matt Schnell on December 21, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 165. He won the fight via first-round knockout. The win also earned Pantoja his first "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantojais faced Askar Askarov at UFC Fight Night 172 on July 19, 2020. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja was expected to face promotional newcomer and the former Rizin FF Bantamweight champion Manel Kape on December 19, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 183. However Pantoja pulled out of the fight in early December for undisclosed reasons. The fight eventually took place on February 6, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 184. Pantoja won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Brandon Royval on August 21, 2021 UFC on ESPN 29. He won the fight via rear-naked choke in round two. With this win, Pantoja earned the Performance of the Night award. Pantoja was meant to fight for the UFC flyweight title but a knee injury forced him out of it.


title: Alexandre Pantoja

text: Pantoja faced Alex Perez on July 30, 2022, at UFC 277. He won the fight via a neck crank submission early in the first round. The win also earned Pantoja his third "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Codec

text: A codec is a device or computer program that encodes or decodes a data stream or signal. "Codec" is a portmanteau of coder/decoder.


title: Codec

text: In electronic communications, an endec is a device that acts as both an encoder and a decoder on a signal or data stream, and hence is a type of codec. "Endec" is a portmanteau of encoder/decoder.


title: Codec

text: A coder or encoder encodes a data stream or a signal for transmission or storage, possibly in encrypted form, and the decoder function reverses the encoding for playback or editing. Codecs are used in videoconferencing, streaming media, and video editing applications.


title: Codec

text: In the mid-20th century, a codec was a device that coded analog signals into digital form using pulse-code modulation (PCM). Later, the name was also applied to software for converting between digital signal formats, including companding functions.


title: Codec

text: An audio codec converts analog audio signals into digital signals for transmission or encodes them for storage. A receiving device converts the digital signals back to analog form using an audio decoder for playback. An example of this are the codecs used in the sound cards of personal computers. A video codec accomplishes the same task for video signals.


title: Codec

text: When implementing the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) protocol, an endec may be used between the UART and the optoelectronics.


title: Codec

text: In addition to encoding a signal, a codec may also compress the data to reduce transmission bandwidth or storage space. Compression codecs are classified primarily into lossy codecs and lossless codecs.


title: Codec

text: Lossless codecs are often used for archiving data in a compressed form while retaining all information present in the original stream. If preserving the original quality of the stream is more important than eliminating the correspondingly larger data sizes, lossless codecs are preferred. This is especially true if the data is to undergo further processing (for example editing) in which case the repeated application of processing (encoding and decoding) on lossy codecs will degrade the quality of the resulting data such that it is no longer identifiable (visually, audibly or both). Using more than one codec or encoding scheme successively can also degrade quality significantly. The decreasing cost of storage capacity and network bandwidth has a tendency to reduce the need for lossy codecs for some media.


title: Codec

text: Many popular codecs are lossy. They reduce quality in order to maximize compression. Often, this type of compression is virtually indistinguishable from the original uncompressed sound or images, depending on the codec and the settings used. The most widely used lossy data compression technique in digital media is based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT), used in compression standards such as JPEG images, H.26x and MPEG video, and MP3 and AAC audio. Smaller data sets ease the strain on relatively expensive storage sub-systems such as non-volatile memory and hard disk, as well as write-once-read-many formats such as CD-ROM, DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Lower data rates also reduce cost and improve performance when the data is transmitted, e.g. over the internet.


title: Codec

text: Two principal techniques are used in codecs, pulse-code modulation and delta modulation. Codecs are often designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media to be encoded. For example, a digital video (using a DV codec) of a sports event needs to encode motion well but not necessarily exact colors, while a video of an art exhibit needs to encode color and surface texture well.


title: Codec

text: Audio codecs for cell phones need to have very low latency between source encoding and playback. In contrast, audio codecs for recording or broadcast can use high-latency audio compression techniques to achieve higher fidelity at a lower bit-rate.


title: Codec

text: There are thousands of audio and video codecs, ranging in cost from free to hundreds of dollars or more. This variety of codecs can create compatibility and obsolescence issues. The impact is lessened for older formats, for which free or nearly-free codecs have existed for a long time. The older formats are often ill-suited to modern applications, however, such as playback in small portable devices. For example, raw uncompressed PCM audio (44.1 kHz, 16 bit stereo, as represented on an audio CD or in a .wav or .aiff file) has long been a standard across multiple platforms, but its transmission over networks is slow and expensive compared with more modern compressed formats, such as Opus and MP3.


title: Codec

text: Many multimedia data streams contain both audio and video, and often some metadata that permits synchronization of audio and video. Each of these three streams may be handled by different programs, processes, or hardware; but for the multimedia data streams to be useful in stored or transmitted form, they must be encapsulated together in a container format.


title: Codec

text: Lower bitrate codecs allow more users, but they also have more distortion. Beyond the initial increase in distortion, lower bit rate codecs also achieve their lower bit rates by using more complex algorithms that make certain assumptions, such as those about the media and the packet loss rate. Other codecs may not make those same assumptions. When a user with a low bitrate codec talks to a user with another codec, additional distortion is introduced by each transcoding.


title: Codec

text: Audio Video Interleave (AVI) is sometimes erroneously described as a codec, but AVI is actually a container format, while a codec is a software or hardware tool that encodes or decodes audio or video into or from some audio or video format. Audio and video encoded with many codecs might be put into an AVI container, although AVI is not an ISO standard. There are also other well-known container formats, such as Ogg, ASF, QuickTime, RealMedia, Matroska, and DivX Media Format. MPEG transport stream, MPEG program stream, MP4, and ISO base media file format are examples of container formats that are ISO standardized.


title: Codec

text: are used when an online user takes a type of codec and installs viruses and other malware into whatever data is being compressed and uses it as a disguise. This disguise appears as a codec download through a pop up alert or ad. When a user goes to click or download that codec the malware is then installed on the computer. Once a fake codec is installed it is often used to access private data, corrupt an entire computer system or to keep spreading the malware. One of the previous most used ways to spread malware was fake AV pages and with the rise of codec technology both have been used in combination to take advantage of online users. This combination allows fake codecs to be automatically downloaded to a device through a website linked in a pop up ad, virus/codec alerts or articles as well.


title: ER (season 8)

text: The eighth season of the American fictional drama television series "ER" first aired on September 27, 2001, and concluded on May 16, 2002. The eighth season consists of 22 episodes.


title: ER (season 8)

text: After being gone for five years, Susan Lewis returns to the show providing continuity of the earlier years and some closure with Greene. Greene begins to experience health problems and deals with Rachel after she starts causing problems. In addition, Weaver also has a revelation and confronts and accepts her sexuality. The season's long story line of Greene's illness and death and how it affects many characters marks Season 8 as a major turning point in the series. This season also saw a major change in the cast, with four characters leaving, including original characters Greene and Benton as well as Cleo and Dave. Abby helps a neighbor, but faces repercussions and Kovac punches the man who clobbered Abby. In turn, two new main characters with very different personalities – Michael Gallant and Greg Pratt – are introduced in Season 8. For the first time, John Carter is centered as the main character of the show at the end of the season. In this season, several staff members face personal and professional pressures, including Greene and Corday who face the most difficult issue of all when their baby overdoses on Ecstasy pills. The two argue after their baby nearly dies. Weaver becomes more aggressive and she accepts that she is a lesbian. Greene's final episode as a regular character is the 21st episode of Season 8. Benton and Finch also leave to make new changes in their lives. After Greene's death, many of the characters become affected, especially Carter who reads two letters to the staff. A plague hits the ER as Season 8 ends. Several members attend Mark's funeral. This season saw the exits of Anthony Edwards, Michael Michele, Erik Palladino and Eriq La Salle as series regulars.


title: ER (season 8)

text: Original executive producers John Wells and Michael Crichton reprised their roles. Seventh season executive producer Jack Orman returned as executive producer and show runner. Previous executive producer Christopher Chulack remained a consulting producer while working on Wells' "Third Watch". Seventh season co-executive producer Meredith Stiehm also served as a consulting producer for the eighth season but left the crew with the close of the season. Seventh season supervising producers R. Scott Gemmill and Dee Johnson were promoted to co-executive producers for the eighth season. Seventh season producers Richard Thorpe, Joe Sachs, Jonathan Kaplan, and Wendy Spence Rosato all returned for the eighth season. Sachs was promoted to supervising producer mid-season. Michael Salamunovich returned as co-producer but left the crew with the close of the season.


title: ER (season 8)

text: Wells wrote a further two episodes for the season. Orman was the seasons prolific writer with six episodes. Gemmill wrote five episodes. Sachs wrote three episodes. Johnson wrote four episodes. Stiehm wrote three episodes. David Zabel joined the crew as executive story editor and contributed to four episodes as a writer. Writer Elizabeth Hunter became a story editor for the second half of the season only and wrote two further episodes.


title: ER (season 8)

text: Producers Kaplan and Thorpe served as the season's regular directors. Kaplan helmed five episodes while Thorpe directed four. New directors Nelson McCormick and actor Vondie Curtis-Hall each directed two episodes. Cast member and regular director Laura Innes helmed a further episode. Series veterans Félix Enríquez Alcalá, Christopher Misiano, David Nutter, and Tom Moore all returned to direct further episodes. Show runner Orman made his television directing debut with an episode. The season's other new directors were Alan J. Levi, Jessica Yu, and Jesús S. Treviño.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics was the thirteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It included the sport of basketball's men's and women's competitions of the 1992 Summer Olympics. The games were played at the Pavelló Olímpic de Badalona. 12 men's teams and 8 women's teams participated in the tournament.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: This was the first time that NBA players were eligible to play in Summer Olympics basketball, following a decision of FIBA in April 1989. Until 1992, only amateurs and players from professional leagues other than the NBA were allowed to play.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: The United States men's team, which was nicknamed "The Dream Team", won the gold medal by beating Croatia in the men's final, with Lithuania winning the bronze medal. A documentary film, "The Other Dream Team", covered the progress of the Lithuanian team.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: The Unified Team, representing the Commonwealth of Independent States, of the recently defunct Soviet Union, won the women's tournament, with China as runner-up. The United States women's team won the bronze medal after losing to the CIS in the semifinal, suffering their third and last defeat to date in the Olympic basketball history.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: The men's top scorer was Oscar Schmidt with 198 points in 8 games, with an average of 24.7 points, and Drazen Petrovic was second with 187 points in 7 games, with an average of 26.7 points.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: An NOC may enter up to one men's team with 12 players and up to one women's team with 12 players. For the men's tournament, the host country qualified automatically, as did the winners of the continental championships held for Asia, Oceania, Africa and the Americas, plus the runner-up, third and fourth place from the Americas competitions. A special qualifying tournament was held for European teams to allocate four extra berths. For the women's tournament, the host team qualified automatically, as did the top three teams from the 1990 FIBA World Championship. A qualifying tournament was held to allocate four extra berths. Yugoslavia was replaced by Italy (the fifth place team from the qualifying tournament) after it was excluded from the Olympic tournament.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: The top four places in each of the preliminary round groups advanced to the eight team, single-elimination knockout stage, where Group A teams would meet Group B teams.


title: Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics

text: The best two teams from each group advanced to the semifinals. The United States and Cuba advanced undefeated through the group phase but couldn't reach the finals and ended up facing each other for the bronze medal instead.


title: Conversion of units

text: Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors which change the measured quantity value without changing its effects.


title: Conversion of units

text: The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose. This may be governed by regulation, contract, technical specifications or other published standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors as:


title: Conversion of units

text: Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the first measurement. This is sometimes called "soft conversion". It does not involve changing the physical configuration of the item being measured.


title: Conversion of units

text: By contrast, a "hard conversion" or an "adaptive conversion" may not be exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the item. Nominal values are sometimes allowed and used.


title: Conversion of units

text: The factor-label method, also known as the unit-factor method or the unity bracket method, is a widely used technique for unit conversions using the rules of algebra.


title: Conversion of units

text: The factor-label method is the sequential application of conversion factors expressed as fractions and arranged so that any dimensional unit appearing in both the numerator and denominator of any of the fractions can be cancelled out until only the desired set of dimensional units is obtained. For example, 10 miles per hour can be converted to metres per second by using a sequence of conversion factors as shown below:


title: Conversion of units

text: Each conversion factor is chosen based on the relationship between one of the original units and one of the desired units (or some intermediary unit), before being re-arranged to create a factor that cancels out the original unit. For example, as "mile" is the numerator in the original fraction and formula_2, "mile" will need to be the denominator in the conversion factor. Dividing both sides of the equation by 1 mile yields formula_3, which when simplified results in the dimensionless formula_4. Because of the identity property of multiplication, multiplying any quantity (physical or not) by the dimensionless 1 does not change that quantity. Once this and the conversion factor for seconds per hour have been multiplied by the original fraction to cancel out the units "mile" and "hour", 10 miles per hour converts to 4.4704 metres per second.


title: Conversion of units

text: As a more complex example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO) in the flue gas from an industrial furnace can be converted to a mass flow rate expressed in grams per hour (g/h) of NO by using the following information as shown below:


title: Conversion of units

text: After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NO concentration of 10 ppm converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour.


title: Conversion of units

text: The factor-label method can also be used on any mathematical equation to check whether or not the dimensional units on the left hand side of the equation are the same as the dimensional units on the right hand side of the equation. Having the same units on both sides of an equation does not ensure that the equation is correct, but having different units on the two sides (when expressed in terms of base units) of an equation implies that the equation is wrong.


title: Conversion of units

text: As can be seen, when the dimensional units appearing in the numerator and denominator of the equation's right hand side are cancelled out, both sides of the equation have the same dimensional units. Dimensional analysis can be used as a tool to construct equations that relate non-associated physico-chemical properties. The equations may reveal hitherto unknown or overlooked properties of matter, in the form of left-over dimensions – dimensional adjusters – that can then be assigned physical significance. It is important to point out that such 'mathematical manipulation' is neither without prior precedent, nor without considerable scientific significance. Indeed, the Planck constant, a fundamental physical constant, was 'discovered' as a purely mathematical abstraction or representation that built on the Rayleigh–Jeans law for preventing the ultraviolet catastrophe. It was assigned and ascended to its quantum physical significance either in tandem or post mathematical dimensional adjustment – not earlier.


title: Conversion of units

text: The factor-label method can convert only unit quantities for which the units are in a linear relationship intersecting at 0. (Ratio scale in Stevens's typology) Most units fit this paradigm. An example for which it cannot be used is the conversion between degrees Celsius and kelvins (or degrees Fahrenheit). Between degrees Celsius and kelvins, there is a constant difference rather than a constant ratio, while between degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit there is neither a constant difference nor a constant ratio. There is, however, an affine transform (formula_7, rather than a linear transform formula_8) between them.


title: Conversion of units

text: For example, the freezing point of water is 0 °C and 32 °F, and a 5 °C change is the same as a 9 °F change. Thus, to convert from units of Fahrenheit to units of Celsius, one subtracts 32 °F (the offset from the point of reference), divides by 9 °F and multiplies by 5 °C (scales by the ratio of units), and adds 0 °C (the offset from the point of reference). Reversing this yields the formula for obtaining a quantity in units of Celsius from units of Fahrenheit; one could have started with the equivalence between 100 °C and 212 °F, though this would yield the same formula at the end.


title: Conversion of units

text: Hence, to convert the numerical quantity value of a temperature "T"[F] in degrees Fahrenheit to a numerical quantity value "T"[C] in degrees Celsius, this formula may be used:


title: Conversion of units

text: In the cases where non-SI units are used, the numerical calculation of a formula can be done by first working out the pre-factor, and then plug in the numerical values of the given/known quantities.


title: Conversion of units

text: For example, in the study of Bose–Einstein condensate, atomic mass is usually given in daltons, instead of kilograms, and chemical potential is often given in the Boltzmann constant times nanokelvin. The condensate's healing length is given by:


title: Conversion of units

text: For a Na condensate with chemical potential of (the Boltzmann constant times) 128 nK, the calculation of healing length (in micrometres) can be done in two steps:


title: Conversion of units

text: This method is especially useful for programming and/or making a worksheet, where input quantities are taking multiple different values; For example, with the pre-factor calculated above, it is very easy to see that the healing length of Yb with chemical potential 20.3 nK is formula_15.


title: Conversion of units

text: There are many conversion tools. They are found in the function libraries of applications such as spreadsheets databases, in calculators, and in macro packages and plugins for many other applications such as the mathematical, scientific and technical applications.


title: Conversion of units

text: There are many standalone applications that offer the thousands of the various units with conversions. For example, the free software movement offers a command line utility GNU units for Linux and Windows.


title: The Nest (British TV series)

text: The Nest is a BBC One five-part television drama series starring Sophie Rundle and Martin Compston as a married couple unable to conceive with Mirren Mack as the 18-year-old who offers to be their surrogate mother. Broadcasting began on 22 March 2020.


title: The Nest (British TV series)

text: "The Nest" was filmed in Glasgow, East Kilbride, Paisley and Helensburgh. Emily (Sophie Rundle) and Dan's (Martin Compston) house in the series is called Cape Cove, a holiday rental house on the shore of Scotland's Loch Long. Speaking on finding the house, producer Clare Kerr said: "It was a challenge, but it was always in the script, and because water runs through the script as a kind of theme... We were really lucky in that nobody else had used it, because it's got such a particular look." The scenes where Emily is swimming were also filmed in Loch Long. Kaya's (Mirren Mack) flat is situated in Gorbals, while the fictional "Calderwood Falls" waterfall is located at the Devil's Pulpit. The Devil's Pulpit has previously been used as a setting for Starz period drama "Outlander".


title: Granblue Fantasy: Relink

text: "Granblue Fantasy: Relink" was announced under the title of "Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link" in August 2016, to be developed by a collaboration between PlatinumGames and Cygames. Some of the game's staff include composers Nobuo Uematsu and Tsutomu Narita, and artist Hideo Minaba. In September 2016, the PlayStation 4 was announced as the target platform. The game is set in the same fictional realm as the original "Granblue Fantasy" but takes place in a different location, although some characters from the original game will appear.


title: Granblue Fantasy: Relink

text: The first public gameplay was shown at "GranBlue Fes 2017". In a late 2017 issue of "Dengeki PlayStation", director Tetsuya Fukuhara described some gameplay details - the game includes four person co-operative multiplayer, or, single person play with three AI characters. Its official title, "Granblue Fantasy: Relink", was revealed in December 2018. In February 2019 it was announced that PlatinumGames would no longer be involved in the project, leaving Cygames to handle the rest of development. In December 2021, it was announced that the game would be released worldwide in 2022 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, and Microsoft Windows. In June 2022, it was announced that its release had been pushed back to 2023.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Natchitoches ( ; ) is a small city and the parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. Established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis as part of French Louisiana, the community was named after the indigenous Natchitoches people.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: The City of Natchitoches was incorporated on February 5, 1819, after Louisiana had become a state in 1812. It is the oldest permanent settlement in the land acquired by the Louisiana Purchase. Natchitoches is home to Northwestern State University. Its sister city is Nacogdoches, Texas.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Natchitoches was established in 1714 by Canadien explorer Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent European settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico; French traders settled there as early as 1699. The post was established near a village of Natchitoches Indians, after whom the city was named. Early settlers were French Catholic immigrants and creoles (originally meaning those ethnic French born in the colony). French creoles acquired lands that were developed in the antebellum years as cotton-producing Magnolia Plantation and Oakland Plantation. Each has been preserved and is designated as a National Historic Landmark.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: After the United States' Louisiana Purchase of 1803, migration into the territory increased from the US. Natchitoches grew along with the population in the parish. Initially, the Americans were primarily of English and Scots-Irish ancestry and of Protestant faith. They developed several cotton plantations along the Red River. Numerous enslaved African Americans were brought to the area through the domestic slave trade to work the cotton, and provide all other skills on these plantations, generating the revenues for the wealthy planters before the Civil War.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: In the 1820s and early 1830s, Natchitoches also served as a freight transfer point for cotton shipped from parts of east Texas. Cotton shippers used a land route crossing the Sabine River to Natchitoches, where the freight was transferred to boats, and floated down the Red River to New Orleans.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: When the course of the Red River shifted, it bypassed Natchitoches and cut off its lucrative connection with the Mississippi River. A oxbow lake was left in the river's previous location which became known as Cane River Lake.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: During the Civil War, Natchitoches was set on fire by Union soldiers who retreated through the town after their failed attempt to capture Shreveport. Confederate cavalry pursued the fleeing soldiers and arrived in time to help extinguish the flames before the town was destroyed. Alexandria was destroyed by Union troops in 1864, but both Union and Confederate troops were responsible for severely damaging plantations along the river during the war, including Magnolia and Oakland.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: In the spring of 1863, Confederate General Richard Taylor and his men passed through Natchitoches en route to Shreveport. Andrew W. Hyatt, one of Taylor's line officers, wrote in his diary: "reaching the banks of Cane River. ... We are now on a regular race from the enemy, and are bound for Grand Ecore. ..." Three days later on May 11, 1863, Hyatt penned: "We have now retreated 280 miles. Natchitoches is quite a 'town,' and the galleries were crowded with pretty women, who waved us a kind reception as we passed through the town."


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Around Natchitoches, 12,556 bales of Confederate cotton were stored. A match factory also opened in the city during the war. The residents of Natchitoches often engaged in fund-raising activities to relieve the destitute during the war. Historian John D. Winters observed, "Eggnog parties and other social affairs during the Christmas holiday season lifted the morale of civilians, as well as that of the soldiers."


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Radford Blunt published the "Natchitoches Republican". He was also a candidate for the state legislature. William H. Tunnard edited the paper.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: As the parish seat, Natchitoches suffered from the decline in agricultural population through the mid-20th century, and grew at a markedly lower rate after 1960. The mechanization of agriculture had reduced the number of workers needed, and many moved to cities for jobs. By the early 1970s, the town's businesses were declining, along with many area farms, and buildings were boarded up.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: In the mid-1970s, Mayor Bobby DeBlieux and other preservationists believed that attracting tourists to the area, based on its historic assets of nearly intact plantations and numerous historic buildings, could be a key to attracting visitors, reviving the town, and stimulating new businesses. Over the years, he worked with a variety of landowners and local people to gain support for designating a historic district in the city. He also supported making a national park out of the working area of Magnolia Plantation, which had many surviving outbuildings from the 19th century, and from Oakland Plantation, both downriver in the parish.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: By the end of the 20th century, the mile-long French colonial area of downtown, which lies along Cane Lake, was designated as a National Historic District. Many buildings were adapted as antique shops, restaurants and souvenir emporiums. To accommodate tourists, the town had 32 bed-and-breakfast inns, the highest in the state. By 2018, that number had increased to 50.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: The plantation country surrounds Cane River Lake. The markedly intact downriver Magnolia and Oakland plantations were designated as National Historic Landmarks, and are part of what has been developed as the Cane River Creole National Historical Park, which was authorized in 1994, with the support of US Senator J. Bennett Johnston. He was a cousin by marriage of Betty Hertzog, the last of the family to live in the great house at Magnolia.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Tours and interpretive programs at both sites continue to attract visitors, especially as they grapple with telling the difficult history of slavery and its aftermath at the plantations. They also cover the contributions of blacks and Creoles of color to the community.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Since the late 20th century, the 35-mile oxbow lake has served as the spring-break training location for numerous university crew teams, from schools such as the University of St. Thomas, Kansas State University, University of Kansas, Wichita State University, Murray State University, University of Central Oklahoma, and Washington University, as well as Northwestern State University. In the spring of 2018, LSU, Alabama, Texas and Georgia were also represented. Tourists interested in sports often visit in this period to watch the sports teams.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Over the years, the city and parish have improved conditions with a riverbank stabilization project and a water pump project to improve water levels in the lake. This directs water from Hampton Lake into Bayou Possiant, which feeds Cane River Lake.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Natchitoches was the site of the 1973 plane crash that claimed the life of singer-songwriter Jim Croce. Croce had performed a concert on campus for Northwestern State University students at Prather Coliseum. He was killed less than an hour later in a plane headed to Sherman, Texas. The crash may have been a result of the pilot suffering a fatal heart attack.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: In 2005, the cartoonist and historian Pap Dean published "Historic Natchitoches: Beauty of the Cane", a study of the history, people, and attractions of the historic city. Harrisonburg, the seat of Catahoula Parish, is the other earliest French settlement in the state.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Natchitoches is the home of the oldest general store in Louisiana, the still operating Kaffie-Frederick, Inc., General Mercantile, located on Front Street. The store was co-founded in 1863 by ancestors of Alexandria businessman and former city commissioner Arnold Jack Rosenthal (1923–2010). It has been featured in several nationally televised reality shows such as "Duck Dynasty" and "Cajun Pawn", with the words ""If you can't find it anywhere else, you can probably find it at Kaffie-Fredrick"."


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and (14.21%) are covered by water.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: A 35-mi-long (56 km) lake was formed from a portion of the Red River when it changed course. It is now known as Cane River Lake. The municipal water supply comes from nearby Sibley Lake, a formerly drained wetland dammed in 1962, which also offers fishing and boating.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Soils in this area are a combination of leaf mold and red clays, sand, and sediments. The area is part of the Chestnut Salt Dome.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Though Natchitoches has few multistorey buildings, it has retained much of its historic European-style architecture listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Natchitoches Historic District. The city is a mesh of wrought iron, stucco, and red brick. The city still has one of the original brick streets (Front Street), which the historical society protects from alterations. The city of Natchitoches recently completed a restoration project to repair the century-old brick street. During this process, workers removed each brick one by one, numbered it, cleaned it, and then replaced it after utilities, drainage, and the foundation were repaired beneath.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Weather-wise, Natchitoches lies in a boundary region that separates the plains of Texas from the consistently humid Gulf Coast. This gives summers both heat and humidity. Winters in Natchitoches are relatively mild, with measurable snowfall once every 5–10 years. Natchitoches averages of rain per year. The city is in an area that frequently experiences severe thunderstorms, hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 18,039 people, 6,222 households, and 2,773 families residing in the city.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: As of the 2010 census, 18,323 people, 6,705 households, and 3,631 families were residing in the city. The population density was . The 7,906 housing units averaged 312.2 per sq mi (120.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 59.0% African American, 36.4% White, 0.5% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.42% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race was 1.7% of the population.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Of the 6,113 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.3% were married couples living together, 21.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were not families. About 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50, and the average family size was 3.18.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: In the city, the age distribution was 23.6% under the age of 18, 27.2% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: The median income for a household in the city was $23,261, and for a family was $30,396. Males had a median income of $28,601 versus $17,859 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,642. About 26.7% of families and 34.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.0% of those under age 18 and 19.2% of those aged 65 or over.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Following continued population decline in the area, in part due to mechanization of agriculture, by the 1970s, Natchitoches had suffered an economic downturn that resulted in a 65% vacancy in the commercial district. Because of efforts to revitalize the city and emphasize its unique historic assets, as described above, vacancy is now about 1%.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: The Port of Natchitoches—a river port on the Red River—is located off the eastbound part of U.S. Route 84, just outside Natchitoches. The port exports lumber from yards onsite, as forestry is a major industry in the area, as well.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: Natchitoches Regional Airport serves cities (via FBO) such as Baton Rouge, New Orleans, Dallas, Houston, Little Rock, Monroe, and Shreveport. It is adjacent to Northwestern State University; together, they offer flight training. The airport is under renovation to become one of the country's most advanced non-towered airports.


title: Natchitoches, Louisiana

text: The Natchitoches National Fish Hatchery is based here. They handle over six species of fish and other wildlife. The parish attracts numerous sports fishermen during the seasons.