title: Sudeley Castle

text: The estate itself is made up of a mix of open pasture fields and woodland, and is crisscrossed by a number of public footpaths, most notably, the Cotswold Way, a long-distance footpath. These footpaths have connected Sudeley with other historic towns and monuments, such as Hailes Abbey, Broadway, Belas Knap and Stanway House.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: The castle gardens cover some 15 acres and are available for the public to visit during the castle's open season.The garden is split into ten separate gardens, the centrepiece being the Queens' Garden. The Queens' Garden is the Victorian replanting of an original Elizabethan parterre garden that had been discovered in the same location, the large yew hedges surrounding it date back to 1860.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Celebrated rosarian Jane Fearnley-Whittingstall is responsible for the current rose display in the Queens' Garden, which is now home to over eighty different varieties of rose.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Another garden at Sudeley is The Knot Garden, made up of more than 1,200 box hedges, its intricate design drew inspiration from the pattern of the dress worn by Queen Elizabeth I in "The Allegory of the Tudor Succession", a painting that hangs in the castle.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: St Mary's Church, in which Catherine Parr is buried, is bordered by the White Garden, rich with peonies, clematis, roses and tulips, where Katherine and her companion, Lady Jane Grey would have entered the church for daily prayers.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Sudeley is also home to one of the largest public collections of endangered pheasants in the world, and works closely with the World Pheasant Association. The pheasantry which has been operating at the castle for over thirty years is part of a wider breeding program which has been set up in the hope of increasing the numbers of critically endangered birds before hopefully reintroducing them into their natural habitats.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Sudeley Castle has been a tourist attraction since the early 18th century, drawing antiquarians, print makers and artists from across Britain. Some of the earliest of these being Samuel and Nathaniel Buck who visited and drew the castle in 1732 for their book "Buck's Antiquities". The castle, as a romantic ruin, welcomed King George III who visited in 1788 whilst taking the waters at Cheltenham Spa.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Today, Sudeley is one of the few remaining castles left in England that is still a private residence. The Dent-Brocklehurst family remain dedicated to making the castle and gardens as accessible as possible to the general public, opening it seasonally to visitors, albeit, with the private family quarters remaining largely closed.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: The bedrock of Sudeley's art collection was built upon the Strawberry Hill House Sale of 1842. It was one of the most impressive auctions of its day, lasting some 32 days, selling off the art collection of Horace Walpole, son of Robert Walpole, who is generally considered the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. The collection was added to throughout the Victorian age, and then again on the inheritance part of the art collection of Victorian businessman James Morrison of Basildon Park.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Not everything in the castle's collection neatly falls into the art category, with artefacts such as a prayer book and love letter belonging to Queen Catherine Parr, weaponry, and the "Bohun Book of Hours," one of only six of its kind to survive to the modern day.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Not all the art collection is on display to the public, with a selection of it in the exhibitions; the rest is kept in the family private rooms. The castle does hold specialist art tours that takes small groups of visitors around the private quarters to view the art; however, these need to be booked in advance to ensure availability.


title: Sudeley Castle

text: Sudeley Castle's textile collection was assembled by Emma Dent in the 19th century, it is considered one of the finest collections in the country, and was for a time, on loan to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Due to how delicate some of the pieces are, a select part of it is on display at the castle in the exhibitions, while the rest is kept in protective storage.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: The 2022 Japanese Super Formula Championship was the fiftieth season of premier Japanese open-wheel motor racing, and the tenth under the moniker of Super Formula. It started in April 2022 and was contested over ten rounds across seven race meetings.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: Tomoki Nojiri defended his championship title at the penultimate race, the first back-to-back series champion since Tsugio Matsuda in 2007 and 2008. His team, Team Mugen, was also crowned teams' champion after the same race, for the first time in its competition history.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: The provisional calendar was announced on 6 August 2021. On 31 January, it was announced that three of the race meetings would be double-header rounds, consisting of two races per weekend: The opening weekend at Fuji Speedway in April, the mid-August weekend at Mobility Resort Motegi, and the season-ending JAF Grand Prix at Suzuka.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: As a measure to help reduce the amount of tyre usage, qualifying now consisted of two phases of knockout qualifying, Q1 and Q2, instead of three phases. The field was split into two groups for Q1, and the fastest six drivers from each Q1 group advanced to Q2.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: For single race meetings, there was a 90 minute free practice session held on Saturday prior to qualifying, and then a 30 minute free practice session before the race. For double-header weekends, there was a single 90 minute free practice session on Friday, and two separate qualifying sessions in the morning to set the grid for each afternoon's race.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: Points scored in all races now counted towards the final championship standings. In 2020 and 2021, only the top five out of seven scores were counted towards the championship.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: The opening round at Fuji Speedway in early April began with Ukyo Sasahara taking a surprise maiden pole in qualifying, ahead of Ren Sato. Both front row starters had bad luck, though, with Sasahara stalling and Sato getting spun around by Hiroki Otsu. This handed Ryo Hirakawa the lead, ahead of Sacha Fenestraz, and the pair soon started fighting, with both leading the race at times. Hirakawa was in the lead by the time he pitted on lap 25 and came out in second behind Tomoki Nojiri, who had pitted earlier. He used his fresher tires to close up to the leader, and was able to get by Nojiri around the outside of turn 13 on lap 30. Hirakawa then went on to win the race. Fenestraz was unable to follow Hirakawa through, so he had to be content with third place.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: The second race of the Fuji double-header saw Nojiri claim his eighth career pole in qualifying. He led Ritomo Miyata at the start, while Sasahara in third stalled again. The safety car was called on lap one when Nobuharu Matsushita spun Tadasuke Makino around and ended his race. Fenestraz was eliminated from contention when he spun around after the restart. Stopping later was once again the better strategy: Hirakawa ran in fifth before stopping, and was able to undercut four cars by virtue of stopping later than them, on lap 24. Nojiri pitted another lap later, and was able to defend his lead on fresher tires. He led Hirakawa home, with the gap between the top two remaining fairly static in the final stages of the race. Miyata came home third to round out the podium. Nojiri left Fuji leading the championship, two points ahead of Hirakawa.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: Suzuka hosted round three of the season, and Nojiri continued his qualifying form, grabbing pole again. He kept Kenta Yamashita behind at the start, who was unable to keep up the pace and got passed by Makino and Matshushita. In wet conditions, a pitstop was no longer mandatory, and most drivers elected to run the race on a single set of wet tires. Nojiri dominated most of the race, with Makino and Matsushita only closing up slowly. Four laps from the end, Matsushita made a decisive move on Makino and got second place. He had managed to keep his tires from overheating better than everyone around him, so he rapidly closed up to leader Nojiri, overtook him two laps later and claimed his maiden Super Formula win. Nojiri's second place still grew his championship lead to 16 points, as Hirakawa had a bad weekend and earned just four points.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: Nojiri kept his one-lap pace at Autopolis, scoring his third pole in a row. Next to him, Miyata had a poor start, first getting passed by Makino and then accidentally sending Sasahara off track when defending. Hirakawa used this to his advantage, starting from eighth and climbing up to third by the time the safety car was deployed for a crashed Toshiki Oyu. Shortly after the restart, Hirakawa was able to move past Makino into second place, before another interruption, this time because of Kamui Kobayashi retiring with damage. When Nojiri then pitted on lap 16, Hirakawa elected to stay out, comfortably overcutting his rival. Nojiri was struggling with pace in his second stint, dropping back to fourth, behind Fenestraz and Atsushi Miyake. This saw his championship lead over Hirakawa cut down to seven points.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: When the first half of the season came to a close at Sugo, Nojiri extended his pole position streak to four, with Hirakawa struggling again in qualifying. Fenestraz started second and moved past Nojiri at the start, before two early safety car periods for Yamashita and Matsushita caused differing strategies across the field. Most drivers took their mandatory pitstop early on during the second safety car, the leaders among them. Seven cars remained out to stop later, so the frontrunners risked getting held up by the slower of those cars, allowing those in front to build a gap and overcut them. The off-strategy group led by Miyata failed to build up a big enough gap, so Miyata ended up fifth after his stop, allowing Fenestraz to claim his maiden win ahead of Oyu and Nojiri. Hirakawa was only able to finish seventh, so Nojiri's lead now stood at 17 points.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: When the championship returned to Fuji in July, Yuhi Sekiguchi ended Nojiri's qualifying streak in a disrupted wet session. An eventful race saw Hirakawa and Miyake retiring after a battle with Oyu in the first turn, before Fenestraz suffered a heavy crash on lap two that triggered a safety car. Many drivers elected to stop early, Nojiri in second among them on lap ten. When race leader Sekiguchi came into the pits on lap 25, his left rear wheel was not fitted properly and it came off when he returned to the track. This prompted another safety car, advantaging those yet to stop. Sasahara stopped on lap 27 and came out in the lead, ahead of Sho Tsuboi, who was just able to hold off Nojiri. Sasahara claimed his maiden win from 13th on the grid. As Hirakawa and Fenestraz both retired, Nojiri was able to extend his championship lead to 29 points.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: The double-header at Motegi began with three-time series champion Naoki Yamamoto claiming pole for race one, his first since 2020. Rain shortly before the race caused a safety car start that saw the polesitter lead away comfortably ahead of Fenestraz and Oyu. This order remained until Oyu suffered from gearbox issues on lap 14 that saw him drop back and pit. On lap 27, the safety car was deployed again when Hirakawa beached his car in the gravel. With Fenestraz unable to pass Yamamoto and wet conditions again eliminating the mandatory pitstop, Yamamoto was able to lead Fenestraz home to win his first race in two years. Nojiri had a rather uneventful race on his way to complete the podium. Hirakawas non-score and Fenestraz's second place saw Fenestraz overhaul Hirakawa in the standings, now 30 points behind Nojiri.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: A day later, it was the other TCS Nakajima Racing driver, Oyu, on pole ahead of Fenestraz. The latter was jumped by Nojiri at the start, and the order settled, with Yamashita the first of the frontrunners to pit, albeit because of a technical issue. Several drivers running further behind also pitted early to maximize the running in clean air, with Sekiguchi benefitting the most of that strategy. He pitted from sixth and undercut the lead group to come out second, with only Hirakawa in front of him who was yet to pit. He did so on lap 30, coming out in fourth, but with the freshest tires. He quickly dispatched Nojiri and Makino to close up to his teammate, but a thrilling battle for the lead ultimately saw him concede victory to Sekiguchi, following him home to secure Team Impul's first one-two since 2008. Nojiri slightly grew his lead over Fenestraz to 32 points.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: The final weekend of the season saw the championship return to Suzuka, where Nojiri cemented his title ambitions with pole for race one, especially with Fenestraz starting 17th and Hirakawa eleventh. Front-row starter Miyata slipped back at the start, while Nojiri's teammate Sasahara climbed to second and immediately pressured Nojiri. Sasahara then pitted a lap earlier than Nojiri and used his warmed-up tires to pass his teammate for the net race lead. Miyata was the last of the frontrunners to pit and looked set to round out the podium, before a slow stop put him out of contention and promoted Sato to third. With his rivals in 16th and ninth place, Nojiri only had to follow his teammate home to secure his second championship in a row, as well as Team Mugen's first teams' title. Fenestraz and Hirakawa stood level on points ahead of the season finale.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: Wrapping up the title the day before did not slow Nojiri down one bit, as he was back on pole for the last race of the season. At the start, Otsu and Sasahara got by Miyata for second and third, before Nirei Fukuzumi crashed into the barriers at turn one and prompted a safety car. Sasahara dropped back at the restart, and Otsu was the first of the new lead trio to pit. Giuliano Alesi then collided with Matsushita at Casio Triangle, sending him into the barriers and causing another safety car, so the other leaders were granted a cheaper pitstop. The top three of Nojiri, Otsu and Miyata then remained the same for the rest of the race, with Fenestraz in fourth claiming second place in the standings ahead of Hirakawa, who came fifth. Sato was 19th, but still able to earn the Rookie of the Year title ahead of Miyake.


title: 2022 Super Formula Championship

text: While Nojiri had only two wins, he only finished outside the top three on two times and never came lower than fourth place. His resounding qualifying form granted him six pole positions and 20 bonus points from qualifying alone. This consistency and one-lap pace meant he shook off Hirakawa's championship chase early on, and never looked seriously threatened by him or Fenestraz later on. After two seasons of restricted borders, customs troubles and uncertainty about government restrictions, the championship enjoyed a relatively stable season without any mid-season driver changes. 21 cars entered every round, a high-point for the series.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Clockers is a 1995 American crime drama film directed by Spike Lee. It is an adaptation of the 1992 novel of the same name by Richard Price, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Lee. The film stars Harvey Keitel, John Turturro, Delroy Lindo, and Mekhi Phifer in his debut film role. Set in New York City, "Clockers" tells the story of Strike (Phifer), a street-level drug dealer who becomes entangled in a murder investigation.


title: Clockers (film)

text: The film originally entered production with Martin Scorsese attached to direct; he had previously collaborated with Price on his 1986 film "The Color of Money". Scorsese eventually dropped out of production to focus on his passion project "Casino", at which point Lee stepped in to direct and rewrite the script, Scorsese remained a co-producer alongside Lee. "Clockers" received generally positive reviews from film critics, but was a box office failure, grossing only around $13 million on a $25 million budget.


title: Clockers (film)

text: In a Brooklyn housing project, a group of clockers — street-level drug dealers — sells drugs for Rodney Little, a local drug lord. Rodney tells Ronald "Strike" Dunham, one of his lead clockers, that another dealer, Darryl Adams, is stealing from him and that he wants Strike to kill him. Strike then meets with his brother, Victor, and asks if he knows someone who could kill Darryl.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Homicide detectives Rocco Klein and Larry Mazilli, riding to the scene of Adams' murder, receive a phone call from another detective who says a man has confessed at a local church to killing Adams. The police meet Strike's older brother Victor at the church and take him in for questioning. In the interrogation room, Victor tells Rocco that he shot Adams in self-defense. Rocco finds holes in this story and starts looking into Victor's background, which includes two jobs, a wife, two children, no criminal record, and aspirations to move out of the projects, and concludes that Victor is covering for his younger brother.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Rodney discusses Darryl's death with Strike. Later, Rodney tells Strike a story of a younger Rodney and Errol, where Errol threatened Rodney at gunpoint to kill a dealer, which he did. Back in the present, he tells Strike the reason Errol forced him at gunpoint to do so was so that Errol could hold something over him if he ever decided to tell on Errol, which was why he told Strike to kill Darryl Adams. Strike and Rodney have a falling-out after Rodney denies telling Strike to kill Darryl.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Rocco pressures Strike, but Victor sticks to his story, so Rocco convinces Rodney that Strike has confessed and informed on Rodney's drug ring. Rocco arrests Rodney and then implicates Strike in front of his crew. Strike tries to play it off and deny that he was involved in Rodney's arrest, but his crew begins to turn on Strike, leading to them labeling him a snitch. Rodney, calling Errol to notify him that he is in jail, puts a hit out on Strike. Strike then gets together some money and decides to leave town.


title: Clockers (film)

text: As Strike walks to his car, he sees Errol sitting on his car, deducing that Errol is there to kill him. Strike hides behind a fence, but a younger boy who admired Strike, Tyrone (Pee Wee Love), rides up to Errol on a bike and shoots him dead with Strike's gun. Later, Tyrone is taken into custody. With Rocco, Tyrone's mother (Regina Taylor) and Andre listening, Tyrone confesses that he got the gun from Strike. Andre storms out of the interrogation room and proceeds to look for Strike.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Andre angrily beats Strike in front of the whole project, and with a gun threatens the onlooking bystanders to stay back. As Andre threatens to kill Strike if he ever talks to or even looks at the young boy again, Rodney pulls up, which leads to Strike jumping in his own car and driving to the precinct, with Rodney following. Strike runs into Rocco, who now has an arrest warrant for Strike, and runs into the precinct just as Rodney pulls up.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Rocco tries to intimidate Strike into confessing to the murder, but he loses his composure when Strike continues to change his story. When Rocco grabs Strike and throws him against the wall, Strike's mother walks in with Mazilli and Victor's wife. She advises Rocco that Victor confessed to the murder immediately when he got home, and how Victor was physically unable to leave his bed. Strike asks his mom what happened to the bail money he gave Victor's wife, which leads to Strike's mother angrily throwing the money in Strike's face.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Meanwhile, Rodney proceeds to damage Strike's car, going as far as breaking the windows, damaging the doors and urinating in the car. Left with no other options and unable to go home, Strike asks Rocco to drive him to Penn Station.


title: Clockers (film)

text: As they are sitting in a car, Rocco threatens Strike that if he ever sees him again he will arrest him, let Andre beat him down again, then arrest Rodney on the same charges and make sure that Rodney and Strike share a cell and a bed in prison. Strike boards a train and leaves town. While Tyrone is playing inside his apartment with the train set that Strike gave him, outside the apartment, Rocco and Mazilli respond to the homicide of Scientific, one of the guys in Strike's old crew. The film ends with a shot of Strike looking outward on a moving train, apparently far away from the city.


title: Clockers (film)

text: Critics and film buffs were quick to notice that the poster, designed by Art Sims, was similar to the artwork of Saul Bass for Otto Preminger's 1959 film "Anatomy of a Murder". Sims claimed that it was a homage, but Bass regarded it as a rip-off.


title: Clockers (film)

text: The film received generally positive reviews. The review aggregator "Rotten Tomatoes" records that 73% of the 62 reviewers viewed it positively. The site's consensus reads, "A work of mournful maturity that sacrifices little of its director's signature energy, "Clockers" is an admittedly flawed drama with a powerfully urgent message". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Clockers (film)

text: David Denby of "New York" said that while the original novel was "filled with operational detail" the film adaptation was "more emotional" and "less factual". Denby further explained that Spike Lee was "concerned less with Strike's spiritual condition than with the survival of the entire community." Denby said that Lee, in the work, "jumps around a lot, telling his story in hot flashes" as typical in Spike Lee films, arguing that the technique makes the film "difficult to follow". In regard to the cinematography of Malik Sayeed, Denby said that it was "rough and dark-hued, with an almost tabloid angriness in the scenes of violence."


title: Clockers (film)

text: "Clockers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" was released on August 25, 1995, through MCA Soundtracks. Composed of twelve songs, it features performances from Marc Dorsey, Rebelz of Authority, BrooklyNytes, Buckshot LeFonque, Chaka Khan, Crooklyn Dodgers '95, Des'ree, Mega Banton, Seal and Strictly Difficult. The album made it to #54 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States, spawning two singles: "Return of the Crooklyn Dodgers" by Jeru the Damaja, O.C. and Chubb Rock, which peaked at #96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and "Love Me Still" by Chaka Khan.


title: Clockers (film)

text: One song featured in the film but not included in the original motion picture soundtrack is R&B artist Philip Bailey's "Children of the Ghetto", from Bailey's 1984 album "Chinese Wall".


title: Group of Eight (Australian universities)

text: The Group of Eight (Go8) comprises Australia's most research intensive universities (in alphabetical order) - the University of Adelaide, the Australian National University, the University of Melbourne, Monash University, UNSW Sydney, the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney and the University of Western Australia. It is often compared to the Russell Group of pioneering research universities in the United Kingdom.


text: The Go8 universities are some of the largest and the oldest universities in Australia and are consistently the highest ranked of all Australian universities. Seven of the Go8 members are ranked in the world's top 100 universities and all Go8 members are ranked in the world's top 150 universities; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THES), the QS World University Rankings (QS) and the U.S. News & World Report (US News). Go8 Universities feature in the top 50 for every broad subject area in the QS world university subject rankings. In addition, all Go8 Universities are in the QS top 100 for Engineering and Technology, Life Sciences and Medicine, Arts and Humanities, and Social Sciences and Management.


text: The Go8 educates 425,000 students; educating more than one quarter of all higher education students in Australia. It graduates some 110,000 quality graduates each year.


text: The Go8 undertakes 70 per cent of Australia's university research and their research funding from industry and other non-Government sources is twice that of the rest of the sector combined.


text: The Go8 receives 71 per cent of Australian Competitive Grant (Category 1) funding and had the largest proportion of research fields rated at 4 or 5 (‘above’ or ‘well above’ world standard) in the latest Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) exercise, with 99 per cent of Go8 research is world class or above. Each year the Go8 spends some $6.5 billion on research – more than $2.4 billion of which is spent on Medical and Health Services research. Go8 universities educate more than half of Australia's doctors, dentists, vets and provide some 54 per cent of Australia's science graduates and more than 40 per cent of Australia's engineering graduates.


text: The Go8 Board, which consists of the vice-chancellors (who also serve as principals or presidents) of its eight member universities, meets five times a year. The current Chair of the Board is Margaret Gardner, Vice-Chancellor of Monash University. Vicki Thomson is the Chief Executive of the Group of Eight, taking up the role in January 2015.


title: Viral replication

text: Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.


title: Viral replication

text: It is the first step of viral replication. The virus attaches to the cell membrane of the host cell. It then injects its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection.


title: Viral replication

text: In animal cells these viruses get into the cell through the process of endocytosis which works through fusing of the virus and fusing of the viral envelope with the cell membrane of the animal cell and in plant cells it enters through the process of pinocytosis which works on pinching of the viruses.


title: Viral replication

text: The cell membrane of the host cell invaginates the virus particle, enclosing it in a pinocytotic vacuole. This protects the cell from antibodies like in the case of the HIV virus.


title: Viral replication

text: For some RNA viruses, the infecting RNA produces messenger RNA (mRNA), which can translate the genome into protein products.


title: Viral replication

text: For viruses with negative stranded RNA, or DNA, viruses are produced by transcription then translation.


title: Viral replication

text: The mRNA is used to instruct the host cell to make virus components. The virus takes advantage of the existing cell structures to replicate itself.


title: Viral replication

text: A virion is simply an active or intact virus particle. In this stage, newly synthesized genome (nucleic acid), and proteins are assembled to form new virus particles.


title: Viral replication

text: This may take place in the cell's nucleus, cytoplasm, or at plasma membrane for most developed viruses.


title: Viral replication

text: The viruses, now being matured are released by either sudden rupture of the cell, or gradual extrusion (force out) of enveloped viruses through the cell membrane.


title: Viral replication

text: In the case of bacterial viruses, the release of progeny virions takes place by lysis of the infected bacterium. However, in the case of animal viruses, release usually occurs without cell lysis.


title: Viral replication

text: Viruses are classed into 7 types of genes, each of which has its own families of viruses, which in turn have differing replication strategies themselves. David Baltimore, a Nobel Prize-winning biologist, devised a system called the Baltimore Classification System to classify different viruses based on their unique replication strategy. There are seven different replication strategies based on this system (Baltimore Class I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII). The seven classes of viruses are listed here briefly and in generalities.


title: Viral replication

text: This type of virus usually must enter the host nucleus before it is able to replicate. Some of these viruses require host cell polymerases to replicate their genome, while others, such as adenoviruses or herpes viruses, encode their own replication factors. However, in either cases, replication of the viral genome is highly dependent on a cellular state permissive to DNA replication and, thus, on the cell cycle. The virus may induce the cell to forcefully undergo cell division, which may lead to transformation of the cell and, ultimately, cancer. An example of a family within this classification is the Adenoviridae.


title: Viral replication

text: There is only one well-studied example in which a class 1 family of viruses does not replicate within the nucleus. This is the Poxvirus family, which comprises highly pathogenic viruses that infect vertebrates.


title: Viral replication

text: Viruses that fall under this category include ones that are not as well-studied, but still do pertain highly to vertebrates. Two examples include the Circoviridae and Parvoviridae. They replicate within the nucleus, and form a double-stranded DNA intermediate during replication. A human Anellovirus called TTV is included within this classification and is found in almost all humans, infecting them asymptomatically in nearly every major organ.


title: Viral replication

text: Like most viruses with RNA genomes, double-stranded RNA viruses do not rely on host polymerases for replication to the extent that viruses with DNA genomes do. Double-stranded RNA viruses are not as well-studied as other classes. This class includes two major families, the Reoviridae and Birnaviridae. Replication is monocistronic and includes individual, segmented genomes, meaning that each of the genes codes for only one protein, unlike other viruses, which exhibit more complex translation.


title: Viral replication

text: These viruses consist of two types, however both share the fact that replication is primarily in the cytoplasm, and that replication is not as dependent on the cell cycle as that of DNA viruses. This class of viruses is also one of the most-studied types of viruses, alongside the double-stranded DNA viruses.


title: Viral replication

text: The positive-sense RNA viruses and indeed all genes defined as positive-sense can be directly accessed by host ribosomes to immediately form proteins. These can be divided into two groups, both of which replicate in the cytoplasm:


title: Viral replication

text: The negative-sense RNA viruses and indeed all genes defined as negative-sense cannot be directly accessed by host ribosomes to immediately form proteins. Instead, they must be transcribed by viral polymerases into the "readable" complementary positive-sense. These can also be divided into two groups:


title: Viral replication

text: Examples in this class include the families Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae (which includes rabies).


title: Viral replication

text: A well-studied family of this class of viruses include the retroviruses. One defining feature is the use of reverse transcriptase to convert the positive-sense RNA into DNA. Instead of using the RNA for templates of proteins, they use DNA to create the templates, which is spliced into the host genome using integrase. Replication can then commence with the help of the host cell's polymerases.


title: Viral replication

text: This small group of viruses, exemplified by the Hepatitis B virus, have a double-stranded, gapped genome that is subsequently filled in to form a covalently closed circle (cccDNA) that serves as a template for production of viral mRNAs and a subgenomic RNA. The pregenome RNA serves as template for the viral reverse transcriptase and for production of the DNA genome.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: In geometry, a normal is an object such as a line, ray, or vector that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, the normal line to a plane curve at a given point is the (infinite) line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: A normal vector may have length one (a unit vector) or its length may represent the curvature of the object (a "curvature vector"); its algebraic sign may indicate sides (interior or exterior).


title: Normal (geometry)

text: In three dimensions, a surface normal, or simply normal, to a surface at point formula_1 is a vector perpendicular to the tangent plane of the surface at P. The word "normal" is also used as an adjective: a line "normal" to a plane, the "normal" component of a force, the normal vector, etc. The concept of normality generalizes to orthogonality (right angles).


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The concept has been generalized to differentiable manifolds of arbitrary dimension embedded in a Euclidean space. The normal vector space or normal space of a manifold at point formula_1 is the set of vectors which are orthogonal to the tangent space at formula_3


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The normal is often used in 3D computer graphics (notice the singular, as only one normal will be defined) to determine a surface's orientation toward a light source for flat shading, or the orientation of each of the surface's corners (vertices) to mimic a curved surface with Phong shading.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The foot of a normal at a point of interest "Q" (analogous to the foot of a perpendicular) can be defined at the point "P" on the surface where the normal vector contains "Q".


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The "normal distance" of a point "Q" to a curve or to a surface is the Euclidean distance between "Q" and its foot "P".


title: Normal (geometry)

text: For a convex polygon (such as a triangle), a surface normal can be calculated as the vector cross product of two (non-parallel) edges of the polygon.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: where formula_7 is a point on the plane and formula_8 are non-parallel vectors pointing along the plane, a normal to the plane is a vector normal to both formula_9 and formula_10 which can be found as the cross product formula_11


title: Normal (geometry)

text: If a (possibly non-flat) surface formula_12 in 3D space formula_13 is parameterized by a system of curvilinear coordinates formula_14 with formula_15 and formula_16 real variables, then a normal to "S" is by definition a normal to a tangent plane, given by the cross product of the partial derivatives


title: Normal (geometry)

text: If a surface formula_12 is given implicitly as the set of points formula_19 satisfying formula_20 then a normal at a point formula_19 on the surface is given by the gradient


title: Normal (geometry)

text: For a surface formula_12 in formula_13 given as the graph of a function formula_26 an upward-pointing normal can be found either from the parametrization formula_27 giving


title: Normal (geometry)

text: Since a surface does not have a tangent plane at a singular point, it has no well-defined normal at that point: for example, the vertex of a cone. In general, it is possible to define a normal almost everywhere for a surface that is Lipschitz continuous.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The normal to a (hyper)surface is usually scaled to have unit length, but it does not have a unique direction, since its opposite is also a unit normal. For a surface which is the topological boundary of a set in three dimensions, one can distinguish between the inward-pointing normal and outer-pointing normal. For an oriented surface, the normal is usually determined by the right-hand rule or its analog in higher dimensions.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: If the normal is constructed as the cross product of tangent vectors (as described in the text above), it is a pseudovector.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: When applying a transform to a surface it is often useful to derive normals for the resulting surface from the original normals.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: Specifically, given a 3×3 transformation matrix formula_31 we can determine the matrix formula_32 that transforms a vector formula_33 perpendicular to the tangent plane formula_34 into a vector formula_35 perpendicular to the transformed tangent plane formula_36 by the following logic:


title: Normal (geometry)

text: Choosing formula_32 such that formula_41 or formula_42 will satisfy the above equation, giving a formula_43 perpendicular to formula_44 or an formula_35 perpendicular to formula_46 as required.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: Therefore, one should use the inverse transpose of the linear transformation when transforming surface normals. The inverse transpose is equal to the original matrix if the matrix is orthonormal, that is, purely rotational with no scaling or shearing.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: For an formula_47-dimensional hyperplane in formula_48-dimensional space formula_49 given by its parametric representation


title: Normal (geometry)

text: where formula_51 is a point on the hyperplane and formula_52 for formula_53 are linearly independent vectors pointing along the hyperplane, a normal to the hyperplane is any vector formula_54 in the null space of the matrix formula_55 meaning formula_56 That is, any vector orthogonal to all in-plane vectors is by definition a surface normal. Alternatively, if the hyperplane is defined as the solution set of a single linear equation formula_57 then the vector formula_58 is a normal.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The definition of a normal to a surface in three-dimensional space can be extended to formula_59-dimensional hypersurfaces in formula_60 A hypersurface may be locally defined implicitly as the set of points formula_61 satisfying an equation formula_62 where formula_63 is a given scalar function. If formula_63 is continuously differentiable then the hypersurface is a differentiable manifold in the neighbourhood of the points where the gradient is not zero. At these points a normal vector is given by the gradient:


title: Normal (geometry)

text: A differential variety defined by implicit equations in the formula_48-dimensional space formula_49 is the set of the common zeros of a finite set of differentiable functions in formula_48 variables


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The Jacobian matrix of the variety is the formula_71 matrix whose formula_72-th row is the gradient of formula_73 By the implicit function theorem, the variety is a manifold in the neighborhood of a point where the Jacobian matrix has rank formula_74 At such a point formula_75 the normal vector space is the vector space generated by the values at formula_1 of the gradient vectors of the formula_73


title: Normal (geometry)

text: In other words, a variety is defined as the intersection of formula_78 hypersurfaces, and the normal vector space at a point is the vector space generated by the normal vectors of the hypersurfaces at the point.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The normal (affine) space at a point formula_1 of the variety is the affine subspace passing through formula_1 and generated by the normal vector space at formula_3


title: Normal (geometry)

text: At a point formula_85 where formula_86 the rows of the Jacobian matrix are formula_87 and formula_88 Thus the normal affine space is the plane of equation formula_89 Similarly, if formula_90 the "normal plane" at formula_91 is the plane of equation formula_92


title: Normal (geometry)

text: At the point formula_93 the rows of the Jacobian matrix are formula_87 and formula_95 Thus the normal vector space and the normal affine space have dimension 1 and the normal affine space is the formula_96-axis.


title: Normal (geometry)

text: The is the outward-pointing ray perpendicular to the surface of an optical medium at a given point. In reflection of light, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are respectively the angle between the normal and the incident ray (on the plane of incidence) and the angle between the normal and the reflected ray.


title: Amylose

text: Amylose is a polysaccharide made of α--glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. It is one of the two components of starch, making up approximately 20–30%. Because of its tightly packed helical structure, amylose is more resistant to digestion than other starch molecules and is therefore an important form of resistant starch.


title: Amylose

text: Amylose is made up of α(1→4) bound glucose molecules. The carbon atoms on glucose are numbered, starting at the aldehyde (C=O) carbon, so, in amylose, the 1-carbon on one glucose molecule is linked to the 4-carbon on the next glucose molecule (α(1→4) bonds). The structural formula of amylose is pictured at right. The number of repeated glucose subunits (n) is usually in the range of 300 to 3000, but can be many thousands.


title: Amylose

text: There are three main forms of amylose chains can take. It can exist in a disordered amorphous conformation or two different helical forms. It can bind with itself in a double helix (A or B form), or it can bind with another hydrophobic guest molecule such as iodine, a fatty acid, or an aromatic compound. This is known as the V form and is how amylopectin binds to amylose in the structure of starch. Within this group, there are many different variations. Each is notated with V and then a subscript indicating the number of glucose units per turn. The most common is the V form, which has six glucose units a turn. V and possibly V forms exist as well. These provide an even larger space for the guest molecule to bind.


title: Amylose

text: This linear structure can have some rotation around the phi and psi angles, but for the most part bound glucose ring oxygens lie on one side of the structure. The α(1→4) structure promotes the formation of a helix structure, making it possible for hydrogen bonds to form between the oxygen atoms bound at the 2-carbon of one glucose molecule and the 3-carbon of the next glucose molecule.


title: Amylose

text: Fiber X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with computer-based structure refinement has found A-, B-, and C- polymorphs of amylose. Each form corresponds to either the A-, the B-, or the C- starch forms. A- and B- structures have different helical crystal structures and water contents, whereas the C- structure is a mixture of A- and B- unit cells, resulting in an intermediate packing density between the two forms.


title: Amylose

text: Because the long linear chains of amylose more readily crystallize than amylopectin (which has short, highly branched chains), high-amylose starch is more resistant to digestion. Unlike amylopectin, amylose is not soluble in cold water. It also reduces the crystallinity of amylopectin and how easily water can infiltrate the starch. The higher the amylose content, the less expansion potential and the lower the gel strength for the same starch concentration. This can be countered partially by increasing the granule size.


title: Amylose

text: Amylose is important in plant energy storage. It is less readily digested than amylopectin; however, because of its helical structure, it takes up less space compared to amylopectin. As a result, it is the preferred starch for storage in plants. It makes up about 30% of the stored starch in plants, though the specific percentage varies by species and variety.


title: Amylose

text: The digestive enzyme α-amylase is responsible for the breakdown of the starch molecule into maltotriose and maltose, which can be used as sources of energy.


title: Amylose

text: Amylose is also an important thickener, water binder, emulsion stabilizer, and gelling agent in both industrial and food-based contexts. Loose helical amylose chains have a hydrophobic interior that can bind to hydrophobic molecules such as lipids and aromatic compounds. The one problem with this is that, when it crystallizes or associates, it can lose some stability, often releasing water in the process (syneresis). When amylose concentration is increased, gel stickiness decreases but gel firmness increases. When other things including amylopectin bind to amylose, the viscosity can be affected, but incorporating κ-carrageenan, alginate, xanthan gum, or low-molecular-weight sugars can reduce the loss in stability. The ability to bind water can add substance to food, possibly serving as a fat replacement. For example, amylose is responsible for causing white sauce to thicken, but, upon cooling, some separation between the solid and the water will occur. Amylose is known for its good film forming properties, hence carrying a potential importance in food packaging. Excellent film forming behavior of amylose was studied already in 1950s. Amylose films are better for both barrier properties and mechanical properties when compared to the amylopectin films.


title: Amylose

text: In a laboratory setting, it can act as a marker. Iodine molecules fit neatly inside the helical structure of amylose, binding with the starch polymer that absorbs certain known wavelengths of light. Hence, a common test is the iodine test for starch. Mix starch with a small amount of yellow iodine solution. In the presence of amylose, a blue-black color will be observed. The intensity of the color can be tested with a colorimeter, using a red filter to discern the concentration of starch present in the solution. It is also possible to use starch as an indicator in titrations involving iodine reduction. It is also used in amylose magnetic beads and resin to separate maltose-binding protein


title: Amylose

text: High-amylose varieties of rice, the less sticky long-grain rice, have a much lower glycemic load, which could be beneficial for diabetics.


title: Amylose

text: Researchers have identified the Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS) as the enzyme that specifically elongates amylose during starch biosynthesis in plants. The waxy locus in maize encodes for the GBSS protein. Mutants lacking the GBSS protein produce starch containing only amylopectin, such as in waxy corn. In Arabidopsis leaves, another gene, encoding the Protein Targeting to STarch (PTST) protein, is required in addition to GBSS for amylose synthesis. Mutants lacking either protein produce starch without amylose. Genetically modified potato cultivar Amflora by BASF Plant Science was developed to not produce amylose.


title: Nico Walker

text: Nicholas Walker (born April 19, 1985) is an American author and US Army veteran who served time in prison for bank robbery. His semi-autobiographical debut novel, "Cherry", was published by Alfred A. Knopf on August 14, 2018.


title: Nico Walker

text: From 2005 to 2006, Walker served as an Army medic in an Infantry unit in Iraq, going on more than 250 combat missions. After returning to civilian life, he had undiagnosed PTSD, was depressed and traumatized, and became addicted to heroin and Oxycodone. Matthew Johnson, a publisher at Tyrant Books,sent Walker books and encouraged him to write about his life while Walker was in prison. He spent nearly four years writing and rewriting. The resulting novel, "Cherry", was published by Alfred A. Knopf and is about "the horrors of war and addiction." In the semi-autobiographical novel, a young man drops out of college and enlists in the Army. He comes home in a poor state, becomes addicted to opiates, and starts robbing banks. According to Vulture.com, upon its publication the book received "near-universal praise." It debuted at number 14 on "The New York Times" bestseller list. Walker has said that he is using money from sales of the book to pay back some of the banks he robbed. The book was shortlisted for the 2019 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award. In Walker's acknowledgements in "Cherry,"he also credits Josh Polikov, Tim O'Connell, Adeline Manson, Anna Kaufman, Daniel Novack, Susan M. S. Brown for helping him write, edit, revise, and publish his semi-autobiographical novel.


title: Nico Walker

text: Within days of the book's publication, the movie rights were acquired for $1 million by Joe and Anthony Russo's studio AGBO, with the brothers planning to direct and produce, and the script to be written by Jessica Goldberg and starring Tom Holland as the character based on Walker. Walker was offered the opportunity to be an executive producer on the film, but he turned it down. The film, also called "Cherry", was released in theaters on February 26, 2021, and on Apple TV+ on March 12, 2021.


title: Nico Walker

text: To fund his opiate habit, he robbed ten banks around Cleveland in a span of four months, beginning in December 2010. He was arrested in April 2011, pleaded guilty in 2012 and was given an eleven-year sentence. His cell mate was Tony Viola, who was wrongfully accused of mortgage fraud at several banks and was sentenced to twelve and a half years in prison. In 2013, while Walker was behind bars in the Federal Correctional Institution in Ashland, Kentucky, he was profiled in BuzzFeed. This led to a correspondence with Matthew Johnson, a publisher at the independent press Tyrant Books. While incarcerated, Walker was also a GED tutor, teaching fellow inmates.


title: Nico Walker

text: Walker grew up in Atlanta, Las Vegas, and Cleveland. He dropped out of John Carroll University and enlisted in the Army at the age of 19. For his service in Iraq, Walker received seven medals and commendations. He was released from prison early, in October 2019. He lives in Oxford, Mississippi.


title: Nico Walker

text: Walker and his first wife, Kara, eloped before he deployed in 2005, and divorced a few months after he returned in 2006. Around this time, he was the lead singer and songwriter in a psychedelic garage rock band named Safari, and they released the album "Maybe Tomorrow" in 2010. In August 2020, "Interview" reported Walker had married poet Rachel Rabbit White.


title: Nico Walker

text: As of January 2022, Walker is currently working on his second novel, which will have a focus centralized around incarceration.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: , often abbreviated as SMEJ or simply SME, and also known as Sony Music Japan for short (stylized as SonyMusic), is a Japanese music arm for Sony. Founded in 1968 as CBS/Sony, SMEJ is directly owned by Sony Group Corporation and is operating independently from the United States-based Sony Music Entertainment due to its strength in the Japanese music industry.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Its subsidiaries include the Japanese animation production enterprise, Aniplex, which was established in September 1995 as a joint-venture between Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan, but which in 2001 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It was prominent in the early to mid '90s producing and licensing music for animated series such as "Roujin Z" from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and Capcom's "Street Fighter" animated series.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Until March 2007, Sony Music Japan also had its own North American sublabel, Tofu Records. Releases of Sony Music Japan now appear on Columbia Records and/or Epic Records in North America.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Sony does not have the trademark rights to the Columbia name in Japan, so releases under Columbia Records from another country appears on Sony Records in Japan, but retains the usage of the "walking eye" logo. The Columbia name and trademark is controlled by Nippon Columbia, which was, in fact, the licensee for the American Columbia Records up until 1968, even though relations were officially severed as far back as World War II. Nippon Columbia also does not have direct relations with the British Columbia Graphophone Company (an EMI subsidiary), so the licensee for the British Columbia Graphophone Company was actually Toshiba Musical Industries.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: With Sony Corporation of America's buyout of Bertelsmann's stake in Sony BMG, Sony Music Entertainment Japan stepped in to acquire outstanding shares of BMG Japan from Sony BMG, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Japan.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Sony Music Entertainment Japan was officially incorporated in March 1968 as a Tokyo-based 50/50 joint venture between Sony Corporation and U.S. conglomerate CBS to distribute the latter's music releases in Japan. The company was incorporated as CBS/Sony Records and with Sony co-founder Akio Morita as president.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Norio Ohga, who himself was a musician, was part of the management team from the formation of the company and served as president and representative director since April 1970. In 1972, when CBS/Sony was generating robust profits, Ohga was named chairman and at the same time gained further responsibility and influence within Sony. He would continue to work for the music company one morning a week. In 1980, Toshio Ozawa succeeded Ohga as president.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: In January 1988, after more than a year of negotiations, Sony acquired the CBS Records Group and the 50% of CBS/Sony Group that it did not already own.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: In March 1988, four wholly owned subsidiaries were folded into CBS/Sony Group: CBS/Sony Inc., Epic/Sony Records Inc., CBS/Sony Records Inc. and Sony Video Software International.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Shugo Matsuo was named new president in January 1992, replacing Toshio Ozawa, who was appointed to the post of chairman.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Overall sales for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1991, were 83.8 billion yen with a pretax profit of 9.2 billion yen.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Shigeo Maruyama was appointed to the new post of CEO on October 1, 1997, and replaced Kunugi as president in February 1998.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Sony Music Entertainment announced the launch of its first video game publishing label, Unties, in October 2017. Unties will publish indie games for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation VR, Nintendo Switch, and PC. The name was selected by Sony as representative of helping to "unleash" the power of independent video game development and "unshackle" such developers from the traditional video game publishing process.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Unties’ first release was "Tiny Metal", a turn-based tactics video game developed by Area 35, for the Nintendo Switch, PS4, and PC. The game was first premiered at PAX West Indie Megabooth. Published "Azure Reflections", a side-scrolling bullet hell developed by Souvenir Circ., on May 15, 2018, for the PS4. Published Touhou Gensou Wanderers Reloaded, a roguelike rpg developed by Aqua Style, for the PS4, Nintendo Switch, and PC. Published "Necrosphere", a platformer developed by Cat Nigiri, for the PS4, Nintendo Switch, PC, and PSVita. Published "Midnight Sanctuary", a VR/3D Novel game developed by CAVYHOUSE, for the PS4, Nintendo Switch and PC. Published Tokyo Dark, a visual novel mystery adventure hybrid developed by Cherrymochi, for the PC. Published "Chiki-Chiki Boxy Racers," an arcade racing game developed by Pocket, for the Nintendo Switch on August 30, 2018. Scheduled to publish on "Last Standard", a 3d action game developed by I From Japan, intended for PC. Scheduled to publish "The Good Life", a daily-life rpg developed by White Owls Inc., for the PS4 and PC. Scheduled to publish "Merkava Avalanche", a 3d cavalry warfare action game developed by WinterCrownWorks, for the PC. Scheduled to publish "Olija", an action adventure game developed by Skeleton Crew Studio, for the PC. Scheduled to publish "Deemo Reborn", a music rhythm and urban fantasy game developed by Taiwanese studio Rayak, for the PS4 with PSVR support. Scheduled to publish "Giraffe and Anika", a 3d adventure game developed by Atelier Mimina, for the PS4, Nintendo Switch and PC. Scheduled to publish 3rd Eye, a 2d horror exploration game, based on the Touhou franchise, for the PS4, Nintendo Switch, and PC. Scheduled to publish Gensokyo Defenders, a tower-defense game developed by Neetpia, for the PS4 and Nintendo Switch.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: The company's leading role on the Japanese market was increasingly challenged by labels such as Avex (where SMEJ formerly owned 5 percent of shares). Net sales for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1997, were down 10% to 103 billion yen, while net income fell 41% to 7.7 billion yen. The market share at that time was less than 18%. In August 1997, Dreams Come True, until that point Sony Music Entertainment Japan's best-selling act, signed a worldwide multi-album deal with competing U.S. label Virgin Records America.


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Since then it was said that SMEJ ceded to Avex's challenge, but SMEJ bounced back and regained leadership from its indie rival until 2012. SMEJ netted 22.4 billion yen for 1H 2012 and 14.3% of the market, second behind Avex (24.95 B yen, 15.9%).


title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: In May 2017, SMEJ, through subsidiary Sony Music Marketing (now Sony Music Solutions), acquired the physical retail and distribution rights to releases of another rival, Warner Music Japan.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: Centennial is a 12-episode American television miniseries that aired on NBC from October 1978 to February 1979. The miniseries follows the history of Centennial, Colorado, from 1795 to the 1970s. It was based on the 1974 novel of the same name by James A. Michener, was produced by John Wilder.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: It was one of the longest and most ambitious television projects ever attempted at the time (c. 21 hours or 26 hours with commercials). It had a budget of US$25 million, employed four directors and five cinematographers, and featured over 100 speaking parts. "Centennial" was released on DVD on July 29, 2008.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The series begins with a short introduction, narrated in the present from the viewpoint of Paul Garrett, and a brief montage covering the natural history described in the first chapters of the book. It also includes comments by the author, James Michener, about the background and context to the drama.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The first episode begins in 1756, showing the developing arms race between tribes over horses and rifles while introducing a nine-year old Arapaho boy named Lame Beaver. By 1795, he is a leading warrior and encounters Pasquinel, a voyageur or coureur des bois. Having counted coup, he allows him to trade beaver pelts for imported trinkets. Other tribes, such as the Cheyenne, assist him though some, such as the Pawnee and other traders, are less trustworthy. In 1796, Pasquinel, wounded and robbed of two years worth of pelts, returns to St. Louis. Here he is introduced by a surgeon to Herman Bockweiss, a Bavarian silversmith, and they discuss financing. Pasquinel again heads west and frees Alexander McKeag, a Scottish trapper, from the Pawnee and gives the chief gifts to guarantee safe travel through his land. Their travels lead to encounters with river pirates, Ute braves, and back to the Arapaho, where McKeag meets Lame Beaver's daughter, Clay Basket. By 1800, back in St. Louis, Pasquinel marries Lise Bockweiss. Meanwhile, after flashbacks about his exploits, Lame Beaver discovers a gold nugget and makes it into bullets for his rifle. Later, he leads a raid against the Pawnee, killing their chief before he is slain, leading to the ransacking of his teepee and the death of his wife. Now orphaned, Clay Basket tells Pasquinel that she is meant to marry him, which he accepts despite McKeag's reservations.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The story resumes in 1816 after Pasquinel has fathered two sons by Clay Basket (Jacques in 1809 and Marcel in 1811) and a daughter, Lisette, by Lise. Pasquinel continues his search for Lame Beaver's gold while McKeag disapproves of his bigamy. Despite McKeag's concerns, Pasquinel decides to take his Indian family to a fort near St. Louis, where Jacques is wounded in a scuffle with drunken soldiers. Pasquinel returns to Lise and decides to remain as a trader in the city. Meanwhile, McKeag, Clay Basket, and the boys continue trapping, but not without incident as Kiowas, searching for guns, attack their camp. Pasquinel eventually returns to his Indian family, as tensions rise and McKeag leaves. In 1825, McKeag departs St. Louis and begins to live as a hermit while Pasquinel continues to search for Lame Beaver's gold, and finds out his wife is pregnant. Two years later, passing trappers invite McKeag to a rendezvous near Bear Lake. Here he is given the "Yellow Apron," and performs a Scottish jig. He then reunites and dances with Pasquinel, who collapses and asks McKeag to cut the arrow from his back. Pasquinel, with his sons now riding with the Sioux, then asks McKeag to rejoin him, but he refuses. In 1830 in St. Louis, McKeag runs into Lise. She knows that McKeag aches for his friend and encourages the Scotsman to "go to him". McKeag agrees and arrives just as Pasquinel finally finds Lame Beaver's gold but is killed by Pawnee warriors. McKeag then vows to care for Clay Basket and her daughter as his own.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: Levi Zendt is from a Mennonite family living in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. In 1845, however, Zendt is falsely accused of attempted rape and is shunned. He decides to leave for Oregon Country and purchases an old covered wagon. Before leaving, he goes to the local orphanage and picks up Elly Zahm, another social outcast who is shunned for being a bastard. Zahm then begins narrating their adventure via letters as the pair head west and marry. After sailing down the Ohio River, they go to St. Louis by steamboat. Here they meet an English writer and explorer, Oliver Seccombe, as well as Captain Maxwell Mercy, who is married to Lisette Pasquinel. The group join a wagon train heading along the Oregon Trail piloted by Sam Purchas, a hardened mountain man who forces Zendt to sell his beloved horses. On the Great Plains, Zendt hears about "the elephant" and the party encounter the Pasquinel brothers. After stopping at Fort John and meeting the McKeag family, who run the general store, the Zendts continue toward the Rocky Mountains. After meeting some "turnarounds", the Zendts return to the fort after Purchas tries to rape Elly. McKeag offers to partner with them in building a trading post near where Pasquinel first met Lame Beaver. Zendt agrees; however, en route Elly Zendt is killed by a rattlesnake. Devastated, Zendt heads into the mountains to live alone in the hut once occupied by McKeag.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The narrator explains how, despite the number of settlers increasing, nearly all actually traverse Indian lands peacefully and safely. In 1851, at Fort John (now known as Laramie), Mercy hears word of a proposed treaty among the Plains tribes. Mercy invites their chiefs to a peace conference which guarantees safe passage to settlers on the Oregon Trail, "for as long as the waters flow", in exchange for legal recognition of tribal land claims. Over the next decade, the treaty is undermined, however, due to prejudice, political bureaucracy, and the demands of settlers. Eventually, a new general is sent to enact a revised and weakened version of the treaty which the tribes refuse to accept. Meanwhile, Lucinda McKeag visits Zendt at the hut and begins a romantic relationship. At McKeag's trading post, Zendt proposes marriage, but only if his future wife learns to read so that she can understand the Bible. Lucinda and her mother go to live with Lise in St. Louis in order to attend school, and despite a romantic fling, she returns to the West. The couple marry, but McKeag dies while dancing with Jacques at their wedding. In 1860, Hans Brumbaugh, a Wolgadeutsche immigrant seeking his fortune, passes through the now thriving Zendt trading post, representing the gold seekers who are also drawn to the area.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: By 1861, the Civil War has broken out and the Union sends most of its troops back to fight in the war. While panning in a stream near Zendt's, Brumbaugh discovers gold but is attacked by a crazed fellow prospector and slays the man in self-defence. Discouraged, he then purchases farm land from Zendt. Meanwhile, an embittered zealot called Colonel Frank Skimmerhorn, is tasked to deal with the Indians who he believes are a cursed lost Israeli tribe. After arresting Mercy and the Zendts, Clay Basket dies when she distracts the Skimmerhorn militia so Mercy can warn her sons. Skimmerhorn then leads a preemptive attack on a band of unarmed Arapaho. A captain under Skimmerhorn's command refuses to join in the massacre and is court martialed along with Mercy. At the trial, testimony of the massacre turns the court against Skimmerhorn. However, by manipulating events, he regains his command and kills the Pasquinel brothers. In 1865, with the wars over Skimmerhorn is exiled from Colorado. In 1868, Zendt, with his old trading post ruined by the militia, erects a store in the new township just as Seccombe, now an agent of Earl Venneford of Wye, returns to the area with a plan to monopolize farmland under the Homestead Act.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: A new scramble for watered lands in the region begins, and sharpens as night riders terrorize or kill farmers for their valuable properties. Seccombe hires John Skimmerhorn, son of the disgraced colonel, to acquire longhorn cattle in Texas and to hire a team to drive them back to Colorado. For the cattle drive, the young Skimmerhorn hires a Mexican cook, who then recommends an experienced trail boss, R.J. Poteet, a no-nonsense ex-army captain. Poteet then buys 2,800 cattle, orders a cook's wagon, and recruits a mixed crew of cowboys to brand and then lead them north. Feeling obliged to help the widow of an old friend, Poteet buys 150 head of cattle from her and hires her oldest son, Jim Lloyd, as an additional hand. After paying a "crossing fee" at the ford of 5c per head, the epic cattle drive across the barren Llano Estacado begins. Apart from the lack of water, they encounter run ins with local Apache bands, and in July 1868, they are ambushed near the Arkansas River by ex-Confederate soldiers. However, the 4-month crossing is successful and the cattle populate a new ranch, named Venneford, overseen by Seccombe but managed by Skimmerhorn.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: In 1876, Colorado becomes the 38th state and the growing community around Zendt's Farm, now with a railway station, is renamed "Centennial". By the summer of 1881, with the Indians gone, the range war between the cattle ranchers led by Seccombe and farmers led by Brumbaugh boils over. A number of cowboys from the Skimmerhorn drive now live in town, including Jim Lloyd, who is in love with Zendt's daughter. Looking for extra work, some help Messmore Garrett with his newly arrived flock of sheep. Seccombe, angered by the farmers and shepherds, engages the services of a gang of outlaws, the Pettis brothers. Lloyd and Skimmerhorn, however, initially refuse to believe that Seccombe is behind the subsequent killings. Also in town are the Bucklands on a mission to check their investment at Venneford, which now covers some 6 million acres. Charlotte Buckland falls in love with Seccombe and the two marry. Eventually the outlaws are eliminated by Brumbaugh, Skimmerhorn and Lloyd. Sheriff Axel Dumire is unable to prove their guilt without witnesses and peace is restored to the area. The episode ends when Zendt, whose nephew is visiting, decides to return to Lancaster to see his family again.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: An uneasy peace between the warring factions settles in, watched over by Dumire, as the circus arrives in town, reuniting more members of Skimmerhorn's cattle drive. Seccombe becomes restless as the finances of the ranch are eventually called into question by Venneford's Bristol investors. They dispatch Finlay Perkin, a dour Scottish accountant, to perform the first ever audit of Venneford's books. Noticing irregularities, Perkin requests an actual head count of all the cattle, and soon realizes that Seccombe is selling cattle and demands his resignation. However, Seccombe's crimes are obscured when a blizzard hits the region, killing many of the ranch's remaining cattle, leading to a switch to hardier Hereford stock. Meanwhile, Zendt, after returning from Lancaster, dies in a train accident trying to stop his troubled daughter from fleeing town. The Wendell family, ostensibly itinerant actors but in reality con-artists working their way along the new railroad system, also arrive in town. Knowing their past, they are shadowed by Dumire, but helped by Reverend Holly (who they soon realize they can embezzle).


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The Wendells' favorite con is called the "badger game", which they use on the naive Holly to secure the title to his second house and to blackmail cash. Meanwhile, Seccombe finally accepts defeat and turns over ranch operations to Skimmerhorn who then deputizes Lloyd. Given the prospect of losing all he has worked for, he commits suicide instead. Charlotte Seccombe, now widowed, travels to London briefly but returns to Venneford after inheriting a majority interest in the ranch from her uncle, Lord Venneford, and begins a romance with Lloyd. In the meantime, Dumire grows increasingly suspicious of the Wendells, while their son, Philip, enjoys hanging around the jailhouse. The Wendells try the ruse again on a world wise businessman, Soren Sorenson. He recognizes their trick, and threatens to expose them, but is killed by Maude Wendell. Philip then hides the body in a cave along the riverbank near their house. While looking through his belongings, they find $5,500 that Sorenson was going to use to finance a land purchase, and realize that they cannot spend it immediately as it will expose their guilt.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The new century arrives and Brumbaugh owns a sugar beet processing factory with the byproduct being sold as cattle feed. Dumire remains suspicious of the Wendells and their unexplained finances. Philip, now a telegram delivery boy, admires the diligent and frank sheriff but their relationship is strained over his lack of honesty. One day, the sheriff is fatally wounded by remnants of the Pettis gang from the range war, and Philip begins to tell the truth just as Dumire dies. With the sheriff out of the picture, the Wendells are now free from legal investigation. Mervin Wendell meets a Union Pacific land agent and decides to set up a real estate office. Meanwhile, troubles in the mines in Santa Ynez, Chihuahua, lead to the death of Nacho Gomez, the Mexican cook, and the arrival of Tranquilino Marquez to work for Brumbaugh. Lloyd's engagement falls apart when Clemma Zendt, now divorced, finally returns and begins reciprocating his affections. Seccombe resolves to fight for her fiance and blackmails Zendt into leaving town again. Lloyd and Seccombe then reconcile and wed and Skimmerhorn leaves to work on a ranch with Poteet.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: By 1911, Mervin Wendell has grown rich selling marginal land to naive settlers for dryland farming, lending on the land at extortion rates then foreclosing and reselling the land at a profit. Among those are young Iowans Earl and Alice Grebe. Despite warnings at the station from Brumbaugh and Lloyd, the Grebes and others settle on the drylands and take out a mortgage with Wendell. The gamble eventually sours as unsuitable farming practices, a drop in wheat prices after World War I, and the Dust Bowl years of the 1920s and 1930s set in. In 1933, the Grebes fall behind in their taxes and mortgage and Philip Wendell threatens foreclosure. Incessant winds and dust storms kill the Grebe's son while also causing Alice Grebe to slowly go insane, leading to the death of her family. Throughout this time, Charlotte Lloyd uses her wealth and influence to support the community, including protecting Hispanic workers and their families from discrimination. Beeley Garrett, who had married the Lloyd's daughter some time earlier, takes over full management of the ranch when Jim Lloyd dies.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The final episode, a summary of the series mainly in flashback, moves the story to the present. In 1978, Professor Lewis Vernor arrives in town to do research on the history of Centennial and is met by writer Sidney Enderman. By then, the two leading citizens in town are Morgan Wendell and Paul Garrett (the narrator and a direct descendant of many of the characters in the series). Both men are in their 50s: Garrett, the current owner of Venneford, is interested in preserving the natural beauty of Colorado; Wendell, the heir to the family real estate business, however, has a propensity for self-interest. While exploring the town, Vernor meets Wendell at an excavation for a new bridge. Wendell, recognizing the scene from his father's tales, then removes skeletal evidence of the Sorensen murder, witnessed by Vernor from afar. After Wendell leaves, Vernor returns to the excavation site and drops down into the now exposed cave. After a brief search, Vernor discovers a single bone, which Sidney takes to have analyzed. Wendell is also a candidate for the new statewide office of Commissioner of Resources, which he plans to use to greatly expand industry in the state regardless of environmental impact. While reciting the history of Centennial to Vernor, Garrett feels persuaded to run against Wendell. After a trial over illegal eagle, bear, and turkey hunting, Wendell encourages Garrett's reputation to be smeared by people opposed to his conservationist views and relationships with Hispanics, specifically his romance with the sister of the local cantina owner. Garrett and Vernor then discuss the various historical and contemporary issues surrounding the people in and around Centennial, including "this nation's unique moral headache" - contemporary Indian social issues. In a TV debate, the candidates square off, and argue the merits of development and conservation and of balancing resources. Analysis of the bone that Vernor found confirms it as human, forcing Vernor and Sidney to realize that the rumors of how the Wendells gained their family fortune as true. The series ends with the election results showing a return swing in Garrett's favor, before fading to a montage of the people and places of the series.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: Principal filming occurred in 1978. There were numerous filming locations in several parts of the United States. Colorado filming locations included Greeley, the Pawnee National Grasslands, Denver, Central City, Orchard, Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site and the Rocky Mountain National Park. Several of the mountain men era scenes were filmed in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. The scenes representing St. Louis in the late 18th and early 19th century were filmed in Augusta, Kentucky. The White Hall State Historic Site in Richmond, Kentucky served as the Bockweiss mansion. Scenes representing the Zendt farm and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, were filmed in and around Coshocton, Ohio.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The ranch house and surrounding buildings used for the Venneford Ranch house was the Highlands Ranch Mansion "(pictured)" in Highlands Ranch, which is located near the real town of Centennial, Colorado. Years later the surrounding property was developed for housing; one of the streets in the development was named Venneford Ranch Road (by the Mission Viejo Company).


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: On 27 November 1978, the actor Richard Kelton died of accidental carbon monoxide asphyxiation due to a faulty heater in his trailer while filming the miniseries, in which he was to have co-starred. Universal Studios, which produced Centennial, was fined $720 for the failure to provide a proper ventilation system for the trailer to which Kelton had retreated to rehearse his lines.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: Although Michener began his novel in prehistory, the series itself begins with elements from Chapter 4 of his book, "The Many Coups of Lame Beaver." The Wendells use the badger game to blackmail the town pastor out of his house in the miniseries, but in the book they get the house from a local businessman. The novel devotes an entire section to Kurt Brumbaugh's development of Central Beet company; the miniseries, however, makes only passing reference to it.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: In the miniseries, Morgan Wendell tries to cover up his family's shady history, but in the book he speaks openly about the murder and his father's admiration of the sheriff to the author- who in turn agrees to publish the facts of the killing "after" the election. Paul Garrett is in his 50s and is Lloyd's grandson in the miniseries, but he is in his early 40s in the novel and is their great-grandson. The miniseries skips a generation for the sake of simplicity. This skipped generation would have revealed that Garrett is also a descendant of Maxwell and Lisette Mercy, Levi and Lucinda Zendt, and John Skimmerhorn.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: There is no election pitting Garrett against Wendell in the novel. Wendell is elected Commissioner of Resources, and Garrett reluctantly accepts his offer to be his principal deputy. The novel also portrays Wendell as a more reasonable and balanced man than what is depicted in the miniseries. It is he, not Garrett, who makes the reference to Warren G. Harding as the anti-standard by which all politicians should be judged.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The Pasquinel character bears similarities to Jacques La Ramee, a French-Canadian, coureur de bois, fur trapper who explored the region, of the North Platte River, in southern Wyoming, in the early 19th century. The "Pasquinel brothers", the sons of Pasquinel and Clay Basket, are loosely-based on the four half-breed sons of trader William Bent, of Old Bent's Fort, near present-day La Junta, Colorado. During "The Yellow Apron", Pasquinel tells his son Jake that he was named after his good friend and early trapping partner, "Jacques La Ramee".


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The character of Indian hater and religious fanatic Colonel Frank Skimmerhorn appears to be loosely based on John Chivington, a disgraced ex-Methodist minister who led the infamous Sand Creek massacre in Kiowa County, Colorado in 1864. The miniseries however seems to imply that the Skimmerhorn character is a Mormon since he refers to the Arapaho as "Lamanites", a term found in Mormon theology to refer to Indians, but not in Protestant or Roman Catholic doctrine. Captain John McIntosh's (Major Mercy in the novel) role in the incident and subsequent trial appears to be loosely based on Silas Soule.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: The range war depicted in the series is similar in many respects to the 1892 Johnson County War in Wyoming. The scene where Nate Person, Bufe Coker, and Fat Laura are murdered by hired killers, the Pettis brothers, bears similarity to the lynching of Ellen "Cattle Kate" Watson with the Oliver Seccombe character taking a role similar to that of Albert John Bothwell. The character of Hans "Potato" Brumbaugh appears to be loosely based on the Colorado historical figure Rufus "Potato" Clark, a failed gold prospector who turned to agriculture and became a pioneer in irrigation. Like the character in Centennial, Clark grew wealthy by growing potatoes near Littleton, eventually switching to sugar beets and controlling more than .


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: Despite the name and location, the city of Centennial, Colorado was founded in 2001 and is "not" based on the novel, but rather was independently inspired by Colorado's 1876 statehood.


title: Centennial (miniseries)

text: Nominated for several awards, including a Best Actor Golden Globe for Chamberlain and Best Television Series Golden Globe Drama in 1979.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Au Hasard Balthazar (; meaning "Balthazar, at Random"), also known as "Balthazar", is a 1966 French drama film directed by Robert Bresson. Believed to be inspired by a passage from Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1868–69 novel "The Idiot", the film follows a donkey as he is given to various owners, most of whom treat him callously.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Noted for Bresson's ascetic directorial style and regarded as a work of profound emotional effect, it is frequently listed as one of the greatest films of all time.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: In the French countryside near the Pyrenees, a baby donkey is adopted by young children - Jacques and his sisters, who live on a farm. They baptize the donkey (and christen it Balthazar) along with Marie, Jacques' childhood sweetheart, whose father is the teacher at the small school next door. When one of Jacques' sisters dies, his family vacates the farm, and Marie's family take it over in a loose arrangement. The donkey is given away to local farmhands who work it very hard. Years pass until Balthazar is involved in an accident and runs off, finding its way back to Marie, who is now a teenager. Marie's father gets involved in legal wrangles over the farm with Jacques’s father, and the donkey is given away to a local bakery for delivery work.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Gérard, leader of a young criminal gang, is the delivery boy at the bakery. He is jealous of Balthazar because Marie loves him, and takes charge of the donkey, treating it cruelly. Marie, driving a 2CV one day, sees the donkey at the roadside and stops to greet it. Gérard, who'd been sleeping nearby, gets into her car and refuses to leave when demanded. It is implied that Gérard sexually assaults her after she gives up on attempting to flee, and afterwards she drives home. Marie enters into an abusive relationship with the violent Gérard, leaving her parents. Gérard is summoned to the local police station and questioned about a murder along with Arnold, an alcoholic who is also a suspect. Neither is arrested. Gérard and his gang assault Arnold, calling him a murderer and a stool-pigeon. Balthazar becomes ill and is nearly euthanized, but Arnold interrupts and takes the donkey off their hands.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Balthazar recovers and Arnold uses the donkey and another to guide tourists around the Pyrenees. When the season ends, Balthazar escapes and joins a circus. But when the donkey sees Arnold in the audience it goes berserk, and Arnold retrieves it. Arnold's uncle dies and he inherits a fortune. He throws a wild party at a bar, at which Marie and her mother talk and she is asked to come home, which Marie refuses. Gérard puts Arnold on Balthazar's back to ride home. However, he is so drunk he falls off, hits his head on the ground and dies. The police send Balthazar to market. An avaricious local miller buys the donkey, using (and abusing) it for pumping water and milling. One rainy night, Marie, soaking wet, knocks on the miller's door asking for shelter - she has run away from Gérard. The miller says he'll be her companion and help her to escape, as she confided in him that she wished to "run away" - but the next morning sees her parents and offers them the donkey, the implication being that Marie will follow. Marie goes back to her parents. Jacques visits, wanting to marry her, and when Marie tells him about the abuse she has suffered he does not change his mind. Jacques also says that his father does not want the money the court ordered Marie's father to pay him. Marie is conflicted and is not sure if she is angry with Jacques or if she wants to be with him. She says she wants to "have it out" with Gérard and goes to visit a barn where they used to meet. Gérard is there with his gang, and they strip her, beat her, then lock her in.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Marie's father and Jacques find her and break a window to get in. They take her home, pulled in a cart by Balthazar. Later Jacques wants to see Marie, but her mother comes downstairs and says, "She's gone and will never come back." Marie's father dies shortly after, when visited by a priest. While Marie's mother is grieving, Gérard turns up with his gang and asks if they can borrow Balthazar. Marie's mother refuses, as Balthazar is to carry the ashes of Marie's father in his funeral procession. In the dark of night Gérard abducts Balthazar to carry contraband over the Spanish border.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: When Gérard and his accomplice are supposed to meet their contact, they are instead shot at by customs guards and they flee, leaving Balthazar to his fate. In the morning, we see Balthazar has a gunshot wound. A shepherd and his flock come. The sheep gather around Balthazar, their bells jangling. He lies down and dies.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: After making several prison-themed films using his theory of "pure cinematography", Bresson stated that he wanted to move onto a different style of filmmaking. The story was inspired by Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "The Idiot" and each episode in Balthazar's life represents one of the seven deadly sins. Bresson later stated that the film was "made up of many lines that intersect one another" and that Balthazar was meant to be a symbol of Christian faith. Bresson produced the film with help from the Swedish Film Institute.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: According to Wiazemsky's 2007 novel "Jeune Fille", she and Bresson developed a close relationship during the shooting of the film, although it was not consummated. On location they stayed in adjoining rooms and Wiazemsky said that "at first, he would content himself by holding my arm, or stroking my cheek. But then came the disagreeable moment when he would try to kiss me ... I would push him away and he wouldn't insist, but he looked so unhappy that I always felt guilty." Later Wiazemsky made love with a member of the film's crew, which she says gave her the courage to reject Bresson as a lover. Bresson was known to cast nonprofessional actors and use their inexperience to create a specific type of realism in his films. Wiazemsky states: "It was not his intention to teach me how to be an actress. Almost against the grain, I felt the emotion the role provoked in me, and later, in other films, I learned how to use that emotion."


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Ghislain Cloquet was the cinematographer for "Au Hasard Balthazar"; it was the first of three films Cloquet shot for Bresson. Bresson's long collaboration with Léonce-Henri Burel had ended with Bresson's previous film, "The Trial of Joan of Arc". As described by Daryl Chin, Bresson and Cloquet "would evolve a cinematic style of subtle, sun-dappled radiance; without extending the photography into extremes of chiaroscuro contrast, Cloquet would heighten the lighting so that even the greys would glisten."


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: The film's editor was Raymond Lamy, a veteran of French cinema whose first editing credit was in 1931. From 1956 through 1971, Lamy edited all of Bresson's films excepting "The Trial of Joan of Arc" (1962).


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: When "Au Hasard Balthazar" first played in New York at the 1966 Film Festival, "it received mostly unfavorable notices". Reviews in Europe, however, were glowing. The noted filmmaker and "Cahiers du Cinéma" critic Jean-Luc Godard said, "Everyone who sees this film will be absolutely astonished [...] because this film is really the world in an hour and a half." Godard married Anne Wiazemsky, who played Marie in the film, in 1967. Film critic Tom Milne called it "perhaps [Bresson's] greatest film to date, certainly his most complex."


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: The theatrical release in the United States came four years later. In 1970, Roger Greenspun of "The New York Times" lauded the film's final scene as "surely one of the most affecting passages in the history of film." Andrew Sarris, one of cinema's most influential critics, wrote in his 1970 review: "No film I have ever seen has come so close to convulsing my entire being ... It stands by itself as one of the loftiest pinnacles of artistically realized emotional experience." "The New Yorker" film critic Pauline Kael, however, wrote that although some consider the work a masterpiece, "others may find it painstakingly tedious and offensively holy". Ingmar Bergman also said of the movie, "this "Balthazar", I didn't understand a word of it, it was so completely boring... A donkey, to me, is completely uninteresting, but a human being is always interesting."


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: The film's religious imagery, spiritual allegories and naturalistic, minimalist aesthetic style have since been widely praised by film reviewers. In 2005, James Quandt referred to it as a "brief, elliptical tale about the life and death of a donkey" that has "exquisite renderings of pain and abasement" and "compendiums of cruelty" that tell a powerful spiritual message. In 2003, J. Hoberman stated, "Robert Bresson's heart-breaking and magnificent "Au Hasard Balthazar" (1966) — the story of a donkey's life and death in rural France — is the supreme masterpiece by one of the greatest of 20th-century filmmakers." Manohla Dargis views "Au Hasard Balthazar" as "one of the greatest films in history", writing that it "stirs the heart and soul as much as the mind." Roger Ebert argued, "The genius of Bresson's approach is that he never gives us a single moment that could be described as one of Balthazar's 'reaction shots.' Other movie animals may roll their eyes or stomp their hooves, but Balthazar simply walks or waits, regarding everything with the clarity of a donkey who knows it is a beast of burden, and that its life consists of either bearing or not bearing [...] This is the cinema of empathy."


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky similarly commented, "Bresson never attempts to humanize Balthazar. [...] What Balthazar experiences of human nature is both pure and limited: the embrace of a lonely young woman, the unprovoked attack of an angry young man, and the work of the farms whose owners worry over money. He is only a donkey, and therefore something much more." Ebert also credits Bresson's ascetic approach to actors for much of the work's emotional power, writing, "The actors portray lives without informing us how to feel about them; forced to decide for ourselves how to feel, forced to empathize, we often have stronger feelings than if the actors were feeling them for us."


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: As of December 2022, on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rare 100% "Certified Fresh" approval rating based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The critics consensus reads, ""Au Hasard Balthazar" uses one animal's lifelong journey to trace a soberly compelling -- and ultimately heartbreaking -- outline of the human experience." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a "Metacritic Must-See" designation alongside a score of 98 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: The film premièred at the 1966 Venice Film Festival where it won the OCIC (International Catholic Organization for Cinema) Award, the San Giorgio Prize, and the New Cinema Award.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: "Au Hasard Balthazar" is the inspiration for 1977 Tamil-language film "Agraharathil Kazhutai" directed by Indian director John Abraham. The film was critically acclaimed upon its release and in 2013 and it was listed in IBN Live's 100 Greatest Indian movies of all time. In 1978, "Agraharathil Kazhutai" won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 25th National Film Awards.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: Other films inspired by "Au Hasard Balthazar" include Todd Solondz's "Wiener-Dog" (2016) and Jerzy Skolimowski's "EO" (2022).


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: "Au Hasard Balthazar" was ranked sixteenth on the 2012 critics' poll of "the greatest films of all time" conducted by the film magazine "Sight & Sound". It was also 21st in the directors' poll, receiving 18 votes from filmmakers including Nuri Bilge Ceylan and Béla Tarr. It was also the first-place choice of Michael Haneke in the 2002 poll. The German filmmaker Werner Herzog praised the film and called it "incredible". The American filmmaker Wes Anderson listed the film as one of his favorite films in the Criterion Collection library. The American filmmaker Richard Linklater listed the film in his top 10 film list from the Criterion Collection. In 2018 the film ranked 52nd on the BBC's list of the 100 greatest foreign-language films, as voted on by 209 film critics from 43 countries.


title: Au Hasard Balthazar

text: In 2008, the film was released to the Criterion Collection as a region 1 DVD with English subtitles. In 2013 a region 2 DVD was released by Artificial Eye, again with English subtitles.


title: Compassion International

text: Compassion International is an American child sponsorship and Christian humanitarian aid organization headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado, that aims to positively influence the long-term development of children globally who live in poverty.


title: Compassion International

text: As of 2019, the organization coordinated donations from at least ten participating countries, operated childhood programs in 25 impoverished nations (including Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Haiti, and Kenya), and involved more than two million participants, from infants through young adults, in its programs.


title: Compassion International

text: Preliminary independent, secular research in the "Journal of Political Economy" studied the organization, concluding that it had large and statistically significant impacts on participants' years of school completion, the probability of later employment, and the quality of that employment, in part as a consequence of improved self-esteem and expectations in participating children.


title: Compassion International

text: The Everett Swanson Evangelistic Association was founded in 1952 by the Rev. Everett Swanson to help children orphaned by war in South Korea. Swanson had traveled there to preach the gospel to the US Army troops, but during his visit he was deeply moved by the plight of the scores of abandoned children he saw. In 1953, he began to raise funds, and the next year he developed sponsorship programs to help support orphans for a few dollars a month. The name of the association changed to Compassion, Inc., in 1963, inspired by Jesus' words "I have compassion on the multitude. I will not send them away hungry" (Matthew 15.32).


title: Compassion International

text: As of November 2019, the board chair of the organization was Judy Golz, and the president and CEO was Santiago Mellado.


title: Compassion International

text: Compassion helps those in impoverished areas, using a holistic approach to child development. This approach goes well beyond simply providing food and medical aid, involving education and training to prepare the individuals for contributing back to their communities.


title: Compassion International

text: Children in the child sponsorship program are provided food and clean water, medical care, education, life-skills training, and spiritual guidance through a direct sponsorship. Sponsored children are selected by the sponsors from lists provided by the ministry, and two-way communication is encouraged between the sponsored child and the sponsor. the cost to sponsor a child through Compassion was US$38 per month, and globally there were over two million babies, children, and young adults in its programs.


title: Compassion International

text: Sponsors are able to visit their sponsored children through trips planned by Compassion International. Compassion's goal is to provide a trip to each country every other year. Compassion coordinates every aspect of the trip, including travel, meals, tips and gratuities, fees related to the travel, and sightseeing fares.


title: Compassion International

text: Today, Compassion International supports more than 2 million children through 12 international partner countries who provide the funds, resources, and program development assistance that enable Compassion's programs to be implemented around the world.


title: Compassion International

text: Compassion Australia is a Christian holistic child development and child advocacy organisation that works in partnership with local churches to foster the spiritual, economic, social, physical, and emotional development of children living in extreme poverty in over 25 countries. Compassion Australia is based in Warabrook, NSW, and has regional offices in Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide, Sydney, and Melbourne. The organisation now has over 150 committed team members and many more volunteers who offer their time, energy, and skills towards the organisational vision of seeing the transformation of lives, communities, and nations through "releasing children from poverty in Jesus' name". Compassion Australia is a global partner of Compassion International, whose headquarters are located in Colorado Springs, United States.