title: Rate equation

text: The most general description of a chemical reaction network considers a number formula_87 of distinct chemical species reacting via formula_88 reactions.


title: Rate equation

text: which denotes the flux of molecules per unit time and unit volume. Here <chem>[\vec{X}]=([X1], [X2], \ldots ,[X_\mathit{N}])</chem> is the vector of concentrations. This definition includes the elementary reactions:


title: Rate equation

text: denoting the net extent of molecules of formula_95 in reaction formula_89. The reaction rate equations can then be written in the general form


title: Rate equation

text: Particular simple solutions exist in equilibrium, formula_113, for systems composed of merely reversible reactions. In this case, the rate of the forward and backward reactions are equal, a principle called detailed balance. Detailed balance is a property of the stoichiometric matrix formula_114 alone and does not depend on the particular form of the rate functions formula_115. All other cases where detailed balance is violated are commonly studied by flux balance analysis, which has been developed to understand metabolic pathways.


title: Rate equation

text: For a general unimolecular reaction involving interconversion of formula_87 different species, whose concentrations at time formula_117 are denoted by formula_118 through formula_119, an analytic form for the time-evolution of the species can be found. Let the rate constant of conversion from species formula_120 to species formula_121 be denoted as formula_122, and construct a rate-constant matrix formula_123 whose entries are the formula_122.


title: Rate equation

text: Let formula_129 be the function that takes a vector and constructs a diagonal matrix whose on-diagonal entries are those of the vector.


title: Rate equation

text: thus providing the relation between the initial conditions of the system and its state at time formula_117.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: The 2021 Fastlane was the sixth and final Fastlane professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on March 21, 2021, from the WWE ThunderDome, hosted at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida—it was WWE's final PPV presented from Tropicana Field during the COVID-19 pandemic as the ThunderDome was relocated to the Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida due to the start of the 2021 Tampa Bay Rays season. It was the first Fastlane event held since 2019. It was also WWE's first PPV event to livestream on Peacock in the United States, and the last to be available on the standalone version of the American WWE Network before its shutdown on April 4.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Eight matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns defeated Daniel Bryan to retain the Universal Championship with Edge as the special guest enforcer. In other prominent matches, Drew McIntyre defeated Sheamus in a No Holds Barred match, Seth Rollins defeated Shinsuke Nakamura, Big E defeated Apollo Crews to retain the Intercontinental Championship, and Alexa Bliss defeated Randy Orton in an intergender match thanks to the return of "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt following a three-month storyline absence.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Fastlane is a pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event first produced by WWE in 2015. The name of the event is a reference to its position on the "Road to WrestleMania," being held in the two-month period between the Royal Rumble and WWE's flagship event; the first two Fastlane events were held in February before moving to March. The event was held annually until 2020 when Fastlane was removed from the schedule to allow WWE to hold that year's Super ShowDown PPV, but Fastlane was reinstated in 2021. The sixth event in the Fastlane chronology, it was held on March 21, 2021 and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: On January 25, 2021, WWE announced that the WWE Network would become exclusively distributed by Peacock in the United States as part of a new agreement with NBCUniversal, which airs "Monday Night Raw" and "NXT" on the USA Network. On March 18, the WWE Network became a premium channel under Peacock, with premium subscribers to the service receiving access to the WWE Network at no additional cost. As a result, Fastlane was the first pay-per-view to air on Peacock's WWE Network channel. After a brief transitional period, the standalone version of the WWE Network in the U.S. shut down on April 4, with future events only available via Peacock's WWE Network channel and traditional PPV, which in turn also made Fastlane the very last in-ring event to air on the standalone version of the American WWE Network before its shutdown. This did not affect other countries, which maintain the separate WWE Network service distributed by WWE.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that began affecting the industry in mid-March 2020, WWE had to present the majority of its programming from a behind closed doors set. Initially, Raw and SmackDown's television shows and PPVs were done at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. A limited number of Performance Center trainees and friends and family members of the wrestlers were later utilized to serve as the live audience. In late August, these programs were moved to a bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome. The select live audience was no longer utilized as the bubble allowed fans to attend the events virtually for free and be seen on the nearly 1,000 LED boards within the arena. Additionally, the ThunderDome utilized various special effects to further enhance wrestlers' entrances, and arena audio was mixed with that of the chants from the virtual fans. After being hosted at Orlando's Amway Center, the ThunderDome was relocated to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida in December.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Due to the start of the 2021 Tampa Bay Rays season, as Tropicana Field is the home venue of the Tampa Bay Rays, on March 24, 2021, WWE announced that they would relocate the ThunderDome to the Yuengling Center, located on the campus of the University of South Florida in Tampa, beginning with the April 12 episode of "Raw". Fastlane was in turn the final WWE pay-per-view produced from the ThunderDome at Tropicana Field.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: The show comprised eight matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown."


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: At Elimination Chamber, Daniel Bryan won SmackDown's Elimination Chamber match, which earned him an immediate Universal Championship match against Roman Reigns, who quickly defeated Bryan to retain the title. Following the match, men's Royal Rumble winner Edge appeared and performed a Spear on Reigns, indicating his choice to challenge Reigns for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 37. On the following "SmackDown", Reigns, accompanied by his special counsel Paul Heyman and cousin Jey Uso, claimed that Edge ruined his win over Bryan, who interrupted. Bryan mocked Reigns for defending his championship against him right after he had won the Elimination Chamber match, and was confused as to why Reigns wanted to defend the title in the second match of the event instead of in the main event. Bryan then challenged Reigns to another championship match at Fastlane. Jey interjected and stated that Bryan lost and would have to earn another opportunity like everyone else and then challenged Bryan to a match. Backstage, Edge confronted WWE official Adam Pearce and took issue that Bryan may receive a title shot before him, even though he had won the Royal Rumble match that Bryan also competed in. Pearce decided that Bryan would only get a Universal Championship match at Fastlane if he could defeat Jey in their match that night. In the main event, however, Bryan and Jey's match ended in a double countout. A rematch the following week was contested in a steel cage match where if Bryan won, he would receive the title match, but if Jey won, Bryan would have to acknowledge Reigns as the Tribal Chief and Head of the Table; Bryan defeated Jey to earn the Universal Championship match against Reigns at Fastlane. After the official contract signing for the match on the March 12 episode, a match between Edge and Jey was scheduled for the following week to determine who would be the special guest enforcer during the championship match, which was won by Edge.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: After failing to defeat Big E for the Intercontinental Championship in January, Apollo Crews turned heel and began to embrace his royal Nigerian roots, including speaking with a Nigerian accent. On the February 19 episode of "SmackDown", after Crews' loss against Shinsuke Nakamura where Big E was on commentary, Crews attacked Nakamura after the match. Big E aided Nakamura, however, Crews attacked Big E with the steel steps, taking him out of action for a couple of weeks. Big E returned on the March 12 episode and called out Crews, who did not answer. Big E then issued an open challenge for the Intercontinental Championship where he retained the title against Sami Zayn. After the match, Crews blindsided Big E and attacked him with the steel steps once again. Big E was subsequently scheduled to defend the Intercontinental Championship against Crews at Fastlane.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: On the February 1 episode of "Raw", Sheamus turned on his friend Drew McIntyre, declaring that he was not his friend anymore and wanted the WWE Championship. Later that same night, McIntyre accepted Sheamus' challenge for a one-on-one match. McIntyre was then scheduled to defend the title in Raw's Elimination Chamber match at Elimination Chamber in which Sheamus was also a participant; McIntyre retained the championship but then lost it to The Miz, who cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after McIntyre was attacked by Bobby Lashley. McIntyre returned on the March 1 episode of "Raw", where he finally faced Sheamus in their promised one-on-one match that McIntyre won. A rematch the following week was contested as a No Disqualification match; however, it ended by referee stoppage. Another match between the two was scheduled for Fastlane as a No Holds Barred match.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: At in December 2020, Randy Orton defeated "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt in a Firefly Inferno match. After the match, Orton doused The Fiend's lifeless body in gasoline and set him on fire. Following this incident, Alexa Bliss, who had aligned with The Fiend months earlier, began to haunt Orton on a weekly basis, including causing him to lose multiple matches. On the March 15 episode of "Raw", Bliss challenged Orton to an intergender match at Fastlane, and Orton accepted in the hopes of ridding Bliss from his life.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Incensed at being left out of Raw's Elimination Chamber match, Braun Strowman took issue with WWE officials Shane McMahon and Adam Pearce. In an attempt to rectify things, Shane scheduled Strowman to team with Pearce to face The Hurt Business (Cedric Alexander and Shelton Benjamin) for the Raw Tag Team Championship. Strowman had the match won, however, after performing a Running Powerslam on Benjamin, Shane signaled to Pearce to tag in for the pin only for Benjamin to perform a roll up on Pearce to retain the title, which enraged Strowman further. Shane then began to insult Strowman's intelligence. Strowman then challenged Shane to a match on the March 15 episode of "Raw". The match, however, never officially started and the two instead brawled with Shane calling Strowman stupid. This led to a match being scheduled between the two at Fastlane.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: At Elimination Chamber, Riddle won the United States Championship. On the March 1 episode of "Raw", Retribution's Mustafa Ali defeated Riddle in a non-title match. Ali then received a United States Championship match against Riddle on the March 15 episode where Riddle retained. Following the show, Ali posted a video on Twitter challenging Riddle to another title match, which was scheduled for the Fastlane Kickoff pre-show.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: During the Fastlane Kickoff pre-show, Riddle defended the United States Championship against Mustafa Ali (accompanied by his Retribution stablemates T-Bar, Mace, Slapjack, and Reckoning). In the end, Riddle performed a Bro-Derek on Ali from the top rope to retain the title. Following the match, Ali yelled at Reckoning and Slapjack, causing them to walk out on him, after which, Mace and T-Bar attacked Ali with a double Chokeslam.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler (accompanied by Reginald) defending the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship against SmackDown Women's Champion Sasha Banks and Bianca Belair. In the climax, as Banks applied the Bank Statement on Baszler, Belair attacked Jax to prevent Jax from breaking the submission, however, Jax shoved Belair onto Banks, voiding the submission. As Banks was arguing with Belair, Baszler took advantage and performed a roll-up on a distracted Banks to retain the title. Following the match, Banks blamed Belair for their loss and slapped Belair before departing backstage.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Following the match, the commentators spoke about the scheduled match between Shane McMahon and Braun Strowman, after which, footage was shown from earlier in the day that Shane injured his leg during his training. After the footage, Shane came out of the trainer's room wielding a crutch and with his knee wrapped up. Elias and Jaxson Ryker then approached Shane about doing a concert at WrestleMania. Shane then stated that he has an idea.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Next, Big E defended the Intercontinental Championship against Apollo Crews. Big E reversed a pin attempt by Crews into his own pin attempt to retain the title. Following the match, Crews attacked Big E.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Backstage for an Old Spice advertisement, Akira Tozawa was in search of 24/7 Champion R-Truth, who was hiding in the Old Spice display. Old Spice representative Joseph Average (portrayed by NXT and WWE Performance Center trainee Erik Bugez) then accidentally pinned R-Truth to win the championship after the shelf of deodorants fell over. R-Truth then performed a rollup on Average to win back the title for his record 51st 24/7 Championship.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: After that, Shane McMahon came out to the ring and introduced Elias (accompanied by Jaxson Ryker). Shane allowed Elias to preview his WrestleMania concert, however, after Elias began playing his guitar, Shane cut him off and announced that Elias would be taking his place in his scheduled match against Braun Strowman, who then made his entrance. Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Elias to win the match.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: In the following match, Seth Rollins faced Shinsuke Nakamura. In the climax, Rollins performed a Black Magic Kick and a Curb Stomp on Nakamura to win the match.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: After this, Drew McIntyre faced Sheamus in a No Holds Barred match. McIntyre performed a Future Shock DDT on Sheamus onto a television monitor, before performing the Claymore Kick to win the match.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: In the penultimate match, Randy Orton faced Alexa Bliss in an intergender match. Before the match started, Orton began to spit up a black liquid. During the match, Bliss used supernatural powers, such as causing a lighting rig to fall which nearly landed on Orton and shooting a fireball at Orton. In the end, "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt—who had not been seen since Orton set him on fire at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in December 2020—tore through the ring canvas, appearing very grotesque with charred skin. Bliss, who was perched atop the turnbuckle, pushed Orton into The Fiend, who then attacked Orton with a Sister Abigail, allowing Bliss to pin Orton to win the match.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: In the main event, Roman Reigns (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defended the Universal Championship against Daniel Bryan with Edge as the special guest enforcer. In the climax, Bryan accidentally incapacitated the referee, after which, Reigns performed a Spear on Bryan, which prompted Edge to take over as the official. While Bryan applied the Yes! Lock on Reigns, Jey Uso entered the ring and performed a Super Kick on Edge and Bryan, after which, Jey retrieved a steel chair. As Jey attempted to attack Bryan, Bryan countered and attacked Jey with the chair. Bryan tried to attack Reigns with the chair, however, Reigns ducked and Bryan accidentally struck Edge. As Bryan then applied the Yes! Lock on Reigns once again, Reigns visibly tapped out, however, there was no referee to notice and in response, an enraged Edge attacked both Bryan and Reigns with the steel chair before departing backstage. A second referee came down and Reigns pinned Bryan to retain the title.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: On the following night's episode of "Raw", Randy Orton attempted to summon "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt after what had transpired at Fastlane. Alexa Bliss appeared on the stage holding a jack-in-a-box signaling the return of The Fiend, after which, the lights went out. When they returned, The Fiend was standing in the ring. Orton performed an RKO on The Fiend, after which, Bliss walked to the ring to taunt Orton. The Fiend then rose to his feet and attacked Orton with a Sister Abigail. Bliss then pointed to the WrestleMania sign and a match between The Fiend and Orton was scheduled for WrestleMania 37.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: Also on "Raw", Shane McMahon, along with Elias and Jaxson Ryker, continued to taunt Braun Strowman, who came out and defeated Elias in a rematch. Shane then attacked Strowman with his crutch, revealing that Shane had feigned his injury. Shane then retreated and Strowman challenged Shane to a match at WrestleMania 37 and Shane accepted.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: On the March 26 episode of "SmackDown", Adam Pearce announced that Roman Reigns would defend the Universal Championship against both Edge and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match at WrestleMania 37. On the April 2 edition of "SmackDown", Bryan defeated Jey Uso in a street fight after applying the "Yes Lock". Afterwards, he repeatedly slammed Edge into the ring post before hitting Reigns with a "Running Knee". He then applied the "Yes Lock" before standing tall in the end. On the April 9 edition of "SmackDown", Reigns, Edge, and Bryan gave their final WrestleMania messages, while Jey Uso won the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal.


title: Fastlane (2021)

text: In October 2021, WWE revealed their PPV calendar for 2022, and Fastlane was not included. While there had been a to be announced event for February, on January 17, 2022, this event was revealed as Elimination Chamber. Fastlane was in turn discontinued without a formal announcement.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval is a sports ground in Adelaide, South Australia, located in the parklands between the city centre and North Adelaide. The venue is predominantly used for cricket and Australian rules football, but has also played host to rugby league, rugby union, soccer, tennis among other sports as well as regularly being used to hold concerts. Austadiums.com described Adelaide Oval as being "one of the most picturesque Test cricket grounds in Australia, if not the world." After the completion of the ground's most recent redevelopment in 2014, sports journalist Gerard Whateley described the venue as being "the most perfect piece of modern architecture because it's a thoroughly contemporary stadium with all the character that it's had in the past."


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval has been headquarters to the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA) since 1871 and South Australian National Football League (SANFL) since 2014. The stadium is managed by the Adelaide Oval Stadium Management Authority (AOSMA). Its record crowd for cricket was 55,317 for the Second Ashes Test on 2 December 2017 and its record crowd for an Australian rules football match was 62,543 at the 1965 SANFL Grand Final between and Sturt. Adelaide Oval has also hosted the AFLW Grand Final since 2019.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: During 1888 a switchback rollercoaster was constructed and was adjacent to Adelaide Oval where the present Riverbank Stand resides.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 1990 the Sir Donald Bradman Stand was built to replace the John Creswell stand and provided up to date facilities for spectators.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 1997 lights were constructed at the ground allowing sport to be held at night. This was the subject of a lengthy dispute with the Adelaide City Council relating to the parklands area. The first towers erected were designed to retract into the ground; however one collapsed and they were replaced with permanent towers.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 2003 two grandstands, named the "Chappell Stands", after the South Australian cricketing brothers Ian Chappell, Greg Chappell and Trevor Chappell were completed.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Temporary stands were constructed for the 2006 Ashes Series to cope with demand. In August 2008 the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA) announced that it had approved plans to redevelop the ground, involving expanding its capacity to 40,000. Development plans showed a reconfiguration of the playing surface and a remodelled western stand. The redevelopment would make the ground a viable option for hosting Australian Football League games as well as international soccer and rugby. The state and federal Governments each pledged $25m to the project, leaving the SACA to raise at least $45m. The SACA planned for the new stand to be ready in time for the 2010–11 Ashes series. The South Australian government announced it would commit funding to redevelop Adelaide Oval into a multi-purpose sports facility that would bring AFL football to central Adelaide. Announcing an agreement negotiated with SACA, SANFL and the AFL, the Rann Labor government committed $450 million to the project.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The three original western stands were demolished ("George Giffen stand" (1882), "Sir Edwin Smith stand" (1922), "Mostyn Evan stand" (1920s)) were torn down in June 2009 and a single Western stand was developed in its place ahead of the 2010–11 Ashes series. The Adelaide Oval Stadium Management Authority (AOSMA), a joint venture of SACA and the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), was registered as a company on 23 December 2009 following the re-announcement of the plan. The AOSMA has eight directors, four associated with SACA (Ian McLachlan-Chair, John Harnden, Creagh O’Connor & John Bannon) and four with SANFL (Leigh Whicker-CEO, Rod Payze, Philip Gallagher & Jamie Coppins).


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 2010 the new Western stand was completed incorporating 14,000 individual seats and features improved shading conditions and amenities for SACA members. In the lead up to the 2010 state election, the opposition SA Liberals announced that, if elected, it would build with a new stadium with a roof, located at Riverside West at the site of the state government's new hospital location. The incumbent SA Labor government subsequently announced it would fund a $450 million upgrade and redevelopment of the whole of Adelaide Oval, rather than just the Western Grand Stand. Labor narrowly won re-election in 2010, resulting in its Adelaide Oval upgrade policy going ahead though eventually for a steeper $535 million, of which this deal included the State Government clearing the SACA's $85 million debt.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: However, in early-mid-2010, prior to the election, it became clear that $450m would be inadequate. Following the 2010 state election, the Rann Labor government capped the State Government's commitment, stating: "It's $450 million – and not a penny more", and set a deadline for the parties to agree. In May, Treasurer Kevin Foley announced that "the Government's final offer to the SANFL and SACA for the redevelopment" was $535 million, and the deadline was extended to August 2010. Simultaneously, the SACA and the SANFL were in the process of negotiating an agreement that would enable Australian Rules Football (AFL) to use Adelaide Oval during the AFL season as their home ground. In August 2010, SANFL and SACA representatives signed letters of intent committing to the project, including the capped $535 million offer from the state government.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The redevelopment included a $40 million pedestrian bridge across the River Torrens to link the Adelaide railway station precinct with the Adelaide Oval precinct, which was partially completed for the Ashes cricket series in December 2013 and fully completed ahead of the 2014 AFL season.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In early 2011, the AFL, SANFL, SACA, the SA Government and the Australian Government reached an agreement to upgrade Adelaide Oval. The SACA and the SANFL proposed, if SACA members vote yes on the upgrade in early May, that the whole Stadium will undergo redevelopment, except for the Northern Mound, the Moreton Bay Fig trees and the scoreboard, which will stay as it is because of it being under heritage listing. A three-quarters majority of SACA members were required to vote in favour of the proposed upgrade for it to ahead, with a successful vote resulting in the SANFL and AFL having control over the stadium for 7 months of the year and SACA having control for 5 months of the year.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: SACA members had the choice of voting online on 28 April 2011 or attending in person an Extraordinary Meeting at the Adelaide Showgrounds on 2 May 2011. At 6 pm, 28 April 2011, It was announced that 60% of SACA members that voted online voted yes, 15% short of the majority vote needed for the upgrade to go ahead. At 10.15 pm, on 2 May 2011, at the Adelaide Showgrounds, the final result was announced. 80.37% of total votes cast were in favour of Adelaide Oval being redeveloped, resulting in the upgrade and stadium reconfiguration being approved. In 2012 the two grandstands, named the "Chappell Stands", after the South Australian cricketing brothers Ian Chappell, Greg Chappell and Trevor Chappell along with the Sir Donald Bradman stand were demolished.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The upgrade commenced in April 2012. By 2014 the new Eastern Stand was fully completed with a total capacity of 19,000, bringing the overall seating capacity of the stadium to 50,083 in time for the 2014 AFL season.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: All stands of the Oval were redeveloped and upgraded while the already rebuilt Western grandstand (SACA and SANFL members only stand) had modifications to improve sightlines for some seats and the addition of a new media center and AFL standard interchange benches, the Northern Mound had its seating capacity increased, and the Historic Scoreboard and the Moreton Bay fig trees remained untouched. The Northern Mound, the Moreton Bay fig trees and the Scoreboard are all heritage listed and will likely never be demolished unless damaged beyond repair. This is the only manual scoreboard still operating in major Australasian cricket venues. Due to the 10-letter limit, some names had to be truncated, or be replaced by nicknames. Following a vote by SACA members in favour of the redevelopment of the oval, the South Australian government increased its funding commitment to $535 million.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The oval dimensions were originally 190m x 125m, both unusually long and unusually narrow for an Australian cricket/football ground. The arrangement was highly favourable for batsmen who played square of the wicket, and heavily penalised bowlers who delivered the ball short or wide so that the batsman could play cut, hook or pull shots. Before the far ends in front of and behind the wicket were roped off, making the playing area shorter, it was not uncommon for batsmen to hit an all-run four or even occasionally a five.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The Adelaide Oval pitch runs North-South. Historically, Adelaide Oval's integral pitch was generally very good for batting, and offering little assistance to bowlers until the last day of a match. Since the redevelopment in 2013, a drop-in pitch has been used at the venue.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: With the 2011–2014 redevelopment completed, the oval dimensions changed to 183m x 134m, making it more suitable for Australian Rules Football, for which the playing field dimensions will be 167m x 124m.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: "The Hill" was created in 1898 with earth from the banks of the River Torrens. The Hill for almost all sporting events at the ground is general admission and is often home to the most vocal supporters during cricket matches. The ease of people congregating on "The Hill" and the proximity to the Adelaide Oval Scoreboard bar is often cited as the reason why the most enthusiastic cricket supporters and barrackers choose "The Hill" to watch matches.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The current scoreboard located on The Hill was first used in 1911 and still shows its original Edwardian architecture. The scoreboard is listed on the City of Adelaide Heritage Register, helping to maintain the charm of the ground. There is a bar located under the scoreboard.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The members' stands were the first section of the ground completed in the most recent redevelopment of Adelaide Oval. They retain significant portions of the original members' stand such as the brick archways and long room. The three segments are named after South Australian Cricket identities; from North to South named Sir Edwin Smith Stand, Sir Donald Bradman Pavilion and the Chappell Stand.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The Riverbank stand is the southern stand of Adelaide Oval, gaining its name from the River Torrens which is behind it.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The Eastern Stands hold 19,000 spectators. The five segments are named after South Australian Australian rules football identities; from North to South named Gavin Wanganeen Stand, Jack Oatey Stand, Max Basheer Stand, Fos Williams Stand, and Mark Ricciuto Stand.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval hosts some of the many exciting events in the cricketing calendar – including the annual Australia Day One Day International on 26 January (replacing a traditional Australia Day test) and every 4 years, one of the 5 Ashes test matches against England. The tests are now normally held in early December and is a clash between Australia and the international touring team of that particular season. Adelaide Oval was the host of the first ever day/night Test match, when Australia played New Zealand on 27 November 2015.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 2011, Adelaide Oval held its first Twenty20 International between Australia and England, a match which England won by 1 wicket. The ground was announced as one of the venues for the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, and will host one of the semi-finals.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval is the home ground for the first-class South Australian state cricket team, The West End Southern Redbacks and Twenty20 cricket team, the Adelaide Strikers. The Strikers compete in the Big Bash League. The Southern Redbacks compete in the Sheffield Shield and JLT One Day Cup


title: Adelaide Oval

text: From 1877 until the 1973 SANFL Grand Final, Adelaide Oval was the marquee ground for South Australian National Football League matches. After a dispute between cricket and SANFL administrators, Australian rules football in South Australia was moved to Football Park in the western suburbs of Adelaide until its permanent return to the ground in 2014. Adelaide Oval hosted the 1889 SAFA Grand Final, the first grand final in any Australian rules football competition after Port Adelaide and Norwood finished the 1889 SAFA season with the same win–loss–draw record. The record crowd for an Australian rules football match at Adelaide Oval was set at the 1965 SANFL Grand Final between Sturt and Port Adelaide when 62,543 saw the latter win by three points. After 1973 Australian rules football matches were sporadically held at the ground apart from South Adelaide games as that club continued to use the ground for their home matches after 1973. After the advent of the Australian Football League in 1990 only one AFL match was held at the ground before it was permanently adopted again by the code, with Port Adelaide hosting Melbourne during the last minor round match of the 2011 AFL season. As of 2014, all SANFL Finals Series matches are played at the ground including the SANFL Grand Final. Regular Australian Football League matches at the venue also began in 2014.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: The first senior league Australian rules football match was played on Adelaide Oval in 1877 between the original Adelaide club and the Bankers club. The records below cover senior Australian rules football at Adelaide Oval. These records include the South Australian league football (known as the South Australian Football Association and South Australian Football League and the South Australian National Football League) from 1877 when the first premiership matches were held at the ground till the end of the 1990 SANFL season, the last year that the competition was the highest level of Australian rules football in South Australia. In 1991 the newly created Adelaide Crows entered the Australian Football League subsequently playing the highest level of football in the state. Port Adelaide would join the Australian Football League in 1997.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 1991, the NSWRL came to Adelaide Oval when the St. George Dragons played the Balmain Tigers on a cold and wet Friday night under temporary lights in the first of five games that the Dragons would play at the oval over the next five years. That game, with the Dragons winning 16–2, set a rugby league record crowd for the ground when 28,884 people attended, and was in fact the highest minor round attendance for the 1991 NSWRL season (beaten only by four of the six Finals series games including the Grand Final). In 1997 Adelaide got its own side in the much vaunted (but short lived) Super League competition with the Adelaide Rams. Their first home game attracted their record crowd when 27,435 saw the Rams defeat SL's other new team, the Hunter Mariners 10–8. However, after disputes over money (and dwindling crowds due to poor on-field results) they left the ground in 1998 and moved to Hindmarsh Stadium. In the 2010 and 2011 National Rugby League seasons, Sydney club the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs played home games at the Oval against the Melbourne Storm. The Bulldogs had intended to make Adelaide Oval their second "home" (the club plays its home games at Sydney's Olympic Stadium), but the plan was abandoned after 2010. On 20 November 2016, it was announced that the Sydney Roosters will take on the Melbourne Storm in the 2017 NRL season meaning that top level Rugby league returned to Adelaide for the first time since 2011. The Roosters won the game, played on 24 June in Round 16 of the season, 25–24 in golden point extra time in front of a crowd of 21,492 fans.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide United FC have played a number of A-League home games against Sydney FC and Melbourne Victory FC. Adelaide Oval was the site of an international friendly match between the Socceroos and New Zealand on 5 June 2011. On 25 July 2014, Adelaide United played its first game at the fully re-developed Adelaide Oval when it played host to Spanish La Liga side Málaga CF. In front of 23,254 fans and a television audience in Spain, Málaga defeated the Reds 5–1.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: From the first cycling race held at Adelaide Oval in 1882 until the last in 1910 when the administration of Adelaide Oval placed a fence on the inside of the track, Adelaide Oval regularly hosted cycling races that attracted tens of thousands of spectators. During the 1903 Walne Stakes at Adelaide Oval famous professional American cyclist Major Taylor won the event.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval hosted two games of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. On 25 October, The Wallabies played their first international game in Adelaide when they defeated Namibia 142–0 in front of 28,196 fans. The next day Ireland defeated Argentina 16–15 in front of 30,203 fans.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: On 3 July 2004, The Wallabies hosted the Pacific Islanders at Adelaide Oval, winning 29–14 before a crowd of 19,266.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval did not host another rugby union match until 27 August, 2022, when Australia defeated South Africa 25-17 in a Rugby Championship test match in front of a crowd of 36,336.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: From 2007 until 2010, Adelaide Oval hosted the Australia Sevens event in the IRB Sevens World Series.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 1888, American Baseball administrator Albert Spalding brought the Chicago team and an additional composite team called the All-Americans to Australia and would play a series of three exhibition matches at Adelaide Oval. Chicago would win the Adelaide series 2–1. Following on from this exhibition of the match in Australia, over the next few years intercolonial matches were commonly played against other states on the ground.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: During World War II an American football match was held by American soldiers stationed in Adelaide on Independence Day. At least 25,000 spectators attended the match that was staged between teams referred to as the "Packers" and "Bears" with the latter winning the match.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Aside from the main sports of cricket and Australian rules football, 14 sports have been played at one time or another at the oval: Highland games, lacrosse, quoits, and Motorcycle racing.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: As part of the 1927 Royal Tour, the Duke and Duchess of York had a motorcade through Adelaide Oval with many people present for the event.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: In 1885 an Indigenous corroboree was held at the ground attracting 20,000 spectators to one of the nights. Religious gatherings have previously been held at the ground. Adelaide Oval also provides an array of functions throughout the year.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Adelaide Christmas Pageant was held at Adelaide Oval to a permitted audience of 25,000 in 2020, and 16,000 in 2021. Tickets were drawn from a raffle, and the pageant was held in the evening. The 2022 pageant is expected to return to the streets, although Adelaide Oval has been reserved in the event of another variant.


title: Adelaide Oval

text: Adelaide Oval has regularly been host to large outdoor concerts. Due to its high profile, proximity to the CBD and Adelaide Railway station and lack of competition for facilities of its scale in Adelaide it has often been the choice of international musicians looking to host large concerts.


title: Alessandra Rosaldo

text: Alessandra Rosaldo (born Alejandra Sánchez Barrero; September 11, 1971) is a Mexican actress, singer and dancer. In 2006, she was the winner of the first prize in Televisa Network's, later broadcast in Univision "Bailando por un Sueño".


title: Alessandra Rosaldo

text: As an actress, she has played main and supporting roles in Mexican TV’s soap operas. She has sold over 4 million records in the Spanish-speaking world as the lead singer of her own pop music band Sentidos Opuestos as well in her solo singer career, for which she received the Lo Nuestro Award for Rock New Artist of the Year at the 16th Lo Nuestro Awards.


title: Alessandra Rosaldo

text: Born Alejandra Sánchez Barrero to Gabriela Barrero and Jaime Sánchez Rosado, she was the first of three sisters, the others being Valeria and Mariana. She studied at the Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt, where she learned fluent German and English, and later went on to finish her high school studies at the American School Foundation, also in Mexico City. Being the daughter of a successful pop music producer she came in contact with Studio musicians and singers since her childhood and at age 12 she began to work with her father as a studio backup Singer. In 2008, she became host of a game show on the Telefutura television network called "Dame la Pista". She is married to actor and comedian Eugenio Derbez. She has one daughter with Eugenio Derbez, called Aitana Derbez, who was born in August 2014.


title: Alessandra Rosaldo

text: 1999-2000 - Actress in a leading role as Brenda Sakal in the TV production of DKDA, a soap opera produced by Luis de Llano for Televisa, Mexico.


title: Alessandra Rosaldo

text: 2001 - Guest appearance as La Flower in the TV production of Aventuras en el Tiempo (Adventures through Time), a soap opera produced by Rosi Ocampo for Televisa.


title: Alessandra Rosaldo

text: 2002 - Actress in a supporting role as Karla Cancino in the TV production of "Salomé", a soap opera produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: And God Created Woman () is a 1956 French romantic drama film directed by Roger Vadim in his directorial debut and starring Brigitte Bardot. Though not her first film, it is widely recognized as the vehicle that launched Bardot into the public spotlight and immediately created her "sex kitten" persona, making her an overnight sensation.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: When the film was released in the United States by Kingsley-International Pictures in 1957, it pushed the boundaries of the representation of sexuality in American cinema, and most available prints of the film were heavily edited to conform with the Hays Code censorial standards.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: An English-language remake also titled "And God Created Woman" was directed by Vadim and released in 1988.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: The action is set in St Tropez. Juliette is an 18-year-old orphan in Saint-Tropez, France, with a high level of sexual energy. She makes no effort to restrain her natural sensuality – lying nude in her yard, habitually kicking her shoes off and stalking about barefoot, and disregarding many societal conventions and the opinions of others. This behavior causes a stir and attracts the attention of most of the men around her.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Her first suitor is the much older and wealthy Eric Carradine. He wants to build a new casino in St Tropez, but his plans are blocked by a small shipyard on the stretch of land which he needs for the development; the shipyard is owned by the Tardieu family.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Antoine, the eldest of the three Tardieu brothers, returns home for the weekend to hear Carradine's proposal and Juliette is waiting for him to take her away with him. His intentions are short-term, and he spurns her by leaving St Tropez without her.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Tiring of her outrageous behavior, Juliette's guardians threaten to send her back to the orphanage, which will confine her until she is 21. To keep her in town, Carradine pleads unsuccessfully with Antoine to marry her. His infatuated and naive younger brother Michel sees his opportunity and proposes marriage to Juliette. Despite her love for Antoine, she accepts.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: When Antoine is contracted to return home and work for Carradine, Juliette's behavior becomes increasingly disrespectful of her husband. In a huff, she takes one of the family's boats. When it develops engine trouble, she has to be saved by Antoine. Washed up together on a wild beach, she seduces him.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Juliette begins acting bizarrely. She takes to her bed, claiming to have a fever. She tells Christian, the youngest Tardieu brother, that she had sex with Antoine on the beach. Madame Tardieu, mother of the three boys, hears about it, tells Michel that he has to kick Juliette promptly. Michel goes to their room to talk with Juliette, but she has gone off to the Bar des Amis to drink and dance.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Michel tries to go looking for her, but Antoine locks him inside, telling him to forget her. Michel fights his brother for the key and heads out after Juliette.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Eric has been alerted that Juliette is making a spectacle of herself and comes to the bar to collect her. Juliette refuses to leave with him. Michel arrives but Juliette refuses to talk with him and continues an improvised and sexually suggestive dancing. When she ignores Michel's order to stop, Michel shoots at her. Eric steps in and is slightly wounded. Antoine offers to drive Eric to a doctor and they leave. Michel angrily slaps Juliette four times. She only smiles at him with satisfaction that she has provoked him to this behavior. En route to the doctor, Eric tells Antoine that he is going to reassign him to work elsewhere to put some distance between him and Michel and Juliette. He says: "That girl was made to destroy men". In the final scene, Michel and Juliette walk home together, hand in hand.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: By the mid-1950s Roger Vadim was an established screenwriter and had written several movies starring his then wife Brigitte Bardot. Producer Raoul Levy wanted Vadim to write and direct a film starring Bardot, and suggested he adapt the book "The Little Genius" by Maurice Garçon. Vadim disliked the book and came up with a new story, one based on a trial of a woman who had been the mistress of three different brothers, and who killed one of them. Vadim was particularly taken with the attitude of the woman towards her lovers, the jury and the police. Levy liked Vadim's idea and obtained finance.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Levy succeeded in raising finance from Columbia, who would provide color and CinemaScope provided Curt Jurgens was given a role. The parts of the brothers had already been cast so Vadim rewrote the script in two days to expand the part of an arms dealer so it could be offered to Jurgens.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: The film was a big hit in France, one of the ten most popular films at the British box-office in its year of release and the biggest foreign-language film ever in the United States at the time. The film was extremely popular in Kansas City, where it played for a year at the Kimo Theatre grossing over $100,000, a record for Kansas City at the time. In Europe，this movie have smashed attendance records from Norway to the Middle East. It earned over $8 million, more than France's biggest export — "the Renault Dauphine".


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: In the United States the film was released by Kingsley-International, a subsidiary of Columbia Pictures as Columbia was forbidden to release a film with nudity and adult themes. The Catholic Legion of Decency gave it a "C" for "Condemned" rating. A Columbia spokesman stated that the film would have received twice as many bookings with a less restrictive "B" rating, but would only have done half the business.


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: When the film was released in the United States, Bosley Crowther, the film critic for "The New York Times", found Brigitte Bardot attractive but the film lacking and was not able to recommend it. He wrote: "Bardot moves herself in a fashion that fully accentuates her charms. She is undeniably a creation of superlative craftsmanship. But that's the extent of the transcendence, for there is nothing sublime about the script of this completely single-minded little picture. ...We can't recommend this little item as a sample of the best in Gallic films. It is clumsily put together and rather bizarrely played. There is nothing more than sultry fervor in the performance of Mlle. Bardot, and Christian Marquand and Jean-Louis Trintignant are mainly heavy-breathers as her men".


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Film critic Dennis Schwartz wrote: "The breezy erotic drama was laced with some thinly textured sad moments that hardly resonated as serious drama. But as slight as the story was it was always lively and easy to take on the eyes, adding up to hardly anything more than a bunch of snapshots of Bardot posturing as a sex kitten in various stages of undress. The public loved it and it became a big box-office smash, and paved the way for a spate of sexy films to follow. What was more disturbing than its dullish dialogue and flaunting of Bardot as a sex object, was that underneath its call for liberation was a reactionary and sexist view of sex".


title: And God Created Woman (1956 film)

text: Approximately five years after the film's release, in 1961, Popular Library published a series of three screenplay novelizations based on mainstream foreign films known for pushing sexual boundaries in cinema, and this film was among them. The by line is that of "new bestselling French author Simone Colette", but no such author ever existed. Rather it's a pseudonym for American authorship, devised to tie the trio of novelizations together. Whether it served as a single author pseudonym or a "house name" for several writers is unknown. The copyright is assigned to the publisher and screenwriters Vadim & Lévy are nowhere mentioned.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: Inner Circle, also known as The Inner Circle Band or The Bad Boys of Reggae, are a Jamaican reggae band formed in Kingston in 1968. The band first backed The Chosen Few in the early 1970s before joining with successful solo artist Jacob Miller and releasing a string of records. This era of the band ended with Miller's death in a car crash in 1980.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: The group reformed in 1986. During this period, they released several international hit singles, including "Sweat (A La La La La Long)" and "Bad Boys," the theme from the American television show "Cops". The group continued to record and tour thereafter.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: Brothers Ian and Roger Lewis have remained the group's consistent members, playing bass and guitar, respectively. Other long-term members include keyboardist Bernard "Touter" Harvey, a member since 1973, and drummer Lancelot Hall, who joined during their 1986 reformation. The band's lineup is completed by singer Trevor "Skatta" Bonnick and lead guitarist Andre Philips.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: Inner Circle was formed in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1968, by the brothers Ian Lewis and Roger Lewis with then 12-year-old Stephen "Cat" Coore and Michael Cooper. They appeared on record in 1970, backing The Chosen Few on the Derrick Harriott-produced single "Why Can't I Touch You", with the Inner Circle Band credited with the instrumental version on the B-side. This was one of several singles on which they backed the Chosen Few. In 1970 the band was expanded when they were joined by drummer William Stewart, percussionist Irvin "Carrot" Jarrett, and singer William "Bunny Rugs" Clarke. The band played on Eric Donaldson's hit single "Cherry Oh Baby" and recorded their own version as "Red Cherry".


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: Jarrett left the band in 1972, with singer Clarke leaving the following year when he moved to New York. Clarke's replacement was Milton "Prilly" Hamilton, but this line-up was short-lived as the band split in two with Coore, Cooper, and Hamilton leaving to form Third World in 1973. Coore and Cooper were then students of the University of the West Indies, studying for various degrees and were soon joined in Third World by fellow Inner Circle departees Clarke and Jarrett. Meanwhile, Inner Circle re-tooled the lineup by recruiting keyboard players Charles Farquharson and Bernard Harvey (aka "Touter"), as well as drummer Calvin McKenzie as a replacement for Stewart (who would also go on to play with Third World). The band played the hotel and club circuit in Kingston, playing a mixture of reggae, pop and soul hits, and released their first album, "Dread Reggae Hits", in 1973 on Ian Lewis's Top Ranking label.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: After recording with singer Funky Brown, they recruited Jacob Miller as a permanent vocalist (although he continued to record as a solo artist), and had a hit single with a version of The Stylistics' "You Make Me Feel Brand New". Some of Miller's work with the band was credited to Miller alone, including the "Tenement Yard" single. The band was signed by Capitol Records, who issued the albums "Reggae Thing" (1976) and "Ready for the World" (1977). They toured the United States with American guitarist, Ed Elizalde. In 1978 they moved on to Island Records who released the "Everything Is Great" album in 1978, which included the UK hit singles "Everything Is Great" and "Stop Breaking My Heart", and "New Age Music" the following year. The band was joined by New York session guitarist Joe Ortiz, dubbed 'Gitzy' by the band; who added the first touches of hard rock, jazz, and blues to the group and to Reggae in general. Ortiz recorded at Compass Point Studios for the "Everything Is Great" album on Island Records, and later joined the group for their European tour in 1978–1980. He was also the lead guitarist on the title track 'New Age Music' on the album of the same name. Lester Adderley joined the group for the "New Age Music" album on guitar. Also released in the late 1970s were two dub albums based on Miller's solo albums "Killer Miller" and "Wanted" but credited to Inner Circle. The band gained further exposure via their performance in the film "Rockers", playing a hotel house band. At his peak in the 1970s, only Bob Marley was more popular in Jamaica than Miller, and as a live act, nobody equalled their popularity.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: Miller's death in a car crash on 23 March 1980 led the band to split up, with the Lewis Brothers and Touter Harvey moving to Miami, where they opened a studio in a warehouse, later opening their own Circle House recording studio, and the band has been based in Miami since then. After Miller's death in 1980, the band had one more American tour, inviting Norman Grant from the Twinkle Brothers for vocals.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: In 1981, with Bay Area lead guitarist, Mark Castro, they recorded the album "Something So Good". Due to the loss of Jacob Miller, the members asked Mark Castro to help them find a new vocalist. Mark brought Rick Hunt to the band. "Something So Good" includes the memorable signature lead guitar solos that only Mark Castro can produce, especially When a Man Loves a Woman and World 2000."Something So Good" was released in 1982. They reformed in 1986 with the Lewis Brothers and Harvey joined by singer Calton Coffie and drummer Lancelot Hall, and this line-up released the "Black Roses" album (released in 1986 on RAS Records). The band's next album, "One Way" in 1987, included one of their biggest hits, "Bad Boys", which was re-recorded for their 1989 album "Identified" and became the theme music for the Fox TV series "Cops" that year. California guitarist Dave Gonzales, by Mark Castro's recommendation, joined the band for a tour in 1989. "Bad Boys" was reissued as a single in 1990 and charted in several countries in Europe, but it was its 1993 re-release in the United States that achieved the greatest success. The 1992 album "Bad to the Bone" was picked up by Atlantic Records and reissued as "Bad Boys" in 1993 to capitalize on the success of the single. It sold more than half a million copies in the United States and more than four million worldwide. The band received a Grammy Award in 1993 for 'Best Reggae Album by Duo or Group' for "Bad Boys" and the album also spawned the international hit single "Sweat (A La La La La Long)", which was a #3 hit in the UK Singles Chart and topped the chart in 10 countries, selling over a million copies in Europe, while "Bad Boys" peaked at #52. It was their second (and last) American hit, reaching #16 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Bad Boys" was used in the 1995 film of the same name starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence and its sequels "Bad Boys II" and "Bad Boys for Life", and a ringtone based on the song was on the "Billboard" Hot Ringtones Chart for over 110 weeks. They received a second Grammy nomination in 1994 for the album "Reggae Dancer", which included a cover of Joe South's "Games People Play" which was released as a single.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: Coffie left in the mid-1990s to pursue a solo career, and they were joined in 1994 by Kris Bentley who made his album debut on "Da Bomb" (1997), released on the band's own Soundbwoy Entertainment label. In 1999 they released the album "Jamaika Me Crazy" on their own Eureka label. The 2000 album "Big Tings" featured guest appearances from Mr Vegas, Beenie Man, Luciano, Anthony B, and Glen Washington. In 2008, Jr. Jazz took over as lead vocalist.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: As well as running the Circle Sound studio, the band members also run the Circle Sound production company.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: The band's 2009 album "State of Da World" featured contributions from an array of reggae stars including Luciano, Damian Marley, Stephen Marley, Junior Reid, Mutabaruka, Bushman, David Hinds of Steel Pulse, and members of Slightly Stoopid.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: In 2012, the band launched the 'Saving The Reggae Music' campaign with the aim of promoting traditional reggae music over the increasingly US-influenced music coming out of Jamaica.


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: The band's 2012 album "Dubets" featured collaborations with Peetah Morgan, Ken Boothe, Marcia Griffiths, Glen Washington, Ali Campbell of UB40, Gramps Morgan, A.J. Brown, and Marty Dread. The group went on to record with several younger singers and deejays, including Damian Marley, I-Octane, Khago, and Chronixx, with whom they recorded an updated version of "Tenement Yard".


title: Inner Circle (band)

text: In 2019 it was announced that Ian and Roger Lewis, and Jacob Miller would receive the Order of Distinction from the Jamaican government.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha (), also known as Khuda Haafiz 2, is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by Faruk Kabir. A sequel to the 2020 film "Khuda Haafiz", it stars Vidyut Jammwal and Shivaleeka Oberoi.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: The film was released theatrically on 8 July 2022. It began streaming online on ZEE5 on 2 September 2022.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: After busting down the flesh traders in Noman and saving his wife Nargis, Sameer returns to India with Nargis, who battles depression and PTSD after the Noman incident. The story picks up one year later, where the couple try to find their new normal but are seen to be struggling, despite therapy and medicines. Sameer's best friend Deepak loses his brother and sister-in-law to a car accident and they are survived by their 5-year old daughter, Nandini. However, due to his sales job, Deepak decides to put Nandini in an adoption home as he would not be able to care for her.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Sameer suggests that he and Nargis take Nandini in for a week before Deepak decides anything, as he hoped that Nargis would bond with the sweet little girl and finally be able to come out of her depression. Nargis is unhappy with the new addition at first, but with the help of her therapist, takes the first step towards Nandini soon after. An accident with a dog bite causes Nargis to react and put herself into harm's way in order to save Nandini. She soon starts to form a bond with the little girl and some time later, the couple officially adopt Nandini.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: However, their happiness is short-lived as Basheshwar "Bacchu" Thakur, grandson of a powerful lady, Sheela Thakur forces his crush and Nandini's friend, Seema, to accept his feelings for her but she rejects him. Angered, Bacchu, along with his two friends, Shailendra and Abhinav, kidnaps Seema and Nandini, who tried to help the elder girl. On the other side, helped with an eye-witness of the kidnapping - an ice-cream vendor, Sameer, Nandini, and Seema's family reach out to the police for help who do not even write down their FIR as Sheela is too powerful in the region. After an entire day of searching, with the help of the ice-cream vendor, Sameer finally reaches the area where Bacchu and his friends had lit the kidnapping van on fire. Searching nearby in the fields reveals the two girls - brutally injured. They're rushed to the hospital and everyone realize that both have been raped. Nandini is unable to survive her injuries and this shatters Sameer and Nargis. The latter is too angry and leaves Sameer after telling him to only show her his face when their daughter's rapists are brutally hurt and hanging from a noose too.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Sameer thrashes Inspector Tyagi for not helping to find Nandini, where he is sentenced to prison for 60 days. At the prison, Talha Ansari's informer informs him that Rashid Qasai send Jaiswal and his goons to kill Sameer. At night, Talha provides weapons for Sameer and reveals about Jaiswal's plans to kill him. In the morning, Sameer kills Jaiswal and his goons with the help of Talha. In the hospital, Seema gains consciousness and reveals about Bachchu and his friends for abusing Seema and Nandini. She reveals about this to Ravi Kumar in a news channel. Sheela Thakur warns Nargis to stay away from Bachchu for Sameer after trying to scare her by repeating Nargis' own scary experiences. However, Nargis despite her fears remains cool and collected in front of Sheela and tells her that multiple men raped her several times a day for weeks, but they weren't able to break her. And as for Sameer, even if something does happen to him in his quest for vengeance, then she was still alive. Talha asks for help from his uncle to release Sameer. When his Khalu asks Talha why he wanted to help Sameer, the latter man explains how Sameer was like a wounded lion and such men became Bosses going forward. Khalu tells Sameer that Rashid knows where they hides Bachchu two's friends. Sameer joins hands with Khalu and Saaharsh to eliminate Rashid and his men in the alleyway and they find Bachchu's friends Shailendra and Abhinav.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Shailendra is scared and immediately reveals everything requesting amnesty. He tells the gang how Bachchu and Shardul raped Seema repeatedly, while Abhinav was the criminal who abused the little Nandini. The boys then took the girls into that very field and hunted them around, hitting them repeatedly with a cricket bat until they collapsed. He also revealed how the murder was actually Sheela's plan, how she ordered the Butcher to hide everyone, how she sent Bachchu abroad with his father, and that he has proofs of everything. When Sameer and Junaid, Seema's brother, hear about the crimes against the girls they start crying. Sameer then takes a nunchuk from Khalu and brutally thrashes Abhinav with it until he collapses, probably dead. The police and media find Abhinav's naked body hanging from a tree in the morning. SSP Avinash Thakur - hired for the case due to its notoriety, Sheela's power over the local police, and the media attention takes Shailendra into custody and gives Sameer all information about Bachchu. He explains that Bachchu and his father are in Egypt and India doesn't have an extradition treaty in place. While a request has been raised with the Foreign Ministry, everything would take months due to bureaucracy. However, he pointed out that there were no such restrictions on Sameer and Junaid.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Sameer and Junaid board to Egypt and locate Kamlesh and Bachchu's location with the help of Hasnain, an arms dealer in a local market. The three attack and eliminate Kamlesh's henchmen's and chase them in a desert road of Pyramid which leads to the car chase. After crashing Bachchu's car, Sameer drags Bachchu out of the burning car and starts thrashing him brutally. When his father tries to intervene, Junaid starts fighting with Bachchu and Sameer puts Kamlesh down. He then follows Bachchu, running after him and kills him. At the same time, Junaid shoots Kamlesh.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: In India, Sheela Thakur mourns the death of Bachchu, while her henchmen try to keep the police out of the mansion and stop her arrest. She then grabs a hold of the woman she kept captive in her home and sexually abused who finally gathers her courage and stabs Sheela to death with her hairpin.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Sameer wakes up at home and Nargis is revealed to be pregnant, much to Sameer's surprise. Everyone from outside the house praises Sameer where he becomes Leader. Just then, he sees Nandini in the crowd and they both wave at each other. The movie ends with Sameer waving at the crowd.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: The music of the film is composed by Mithoon, Vishal Mishra and Shabbir Ahmed while the lyrics written by Manoj Muntashir, Mithoon, Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore, Faruk Kabir,


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: The film was initially scheduled to release on 17 June 2022 but was postponed. On 7 June 2022 it was announced that the film was theatrically released on 8 July 2022.


title: Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha

text: Dhaval Roy of "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Khuda Haafiz 2 is worth a watch for the heavy-duty action and the story that's high on emotion. The plot remains formulaic but the drama will keep you going". Zinia Bandyopadhyay of "News 18" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "If you have loved Khuda Haafiz and want to see Vidyut the actor, this film is for you. Quickly go for a recap before you watch Chapter II, and be prepared to be shaken after you see the film". Grace Cyril of "India Today" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Khuda Haafiz — literally means May God be your Guardian — does not have the most innovative script but it will still touch your heart".


title: Air Gear

text: "Air Gear" was adapted into a twenty-five episode anime television series by Toei Animation, which aired on TV Tokyo from April to September 2006. A 3-episode original video animation (OVA), titled "Air Gear: Break on the Sky", produced by Satelight, was released from November 2010 to June 2011.


title: Air Gear

text: "Air Gear" had over 18 million copies in circulation as of August 2020. It won the 31st Kodansha Manga Award for the "shōnen" category in 2006.


title: Air Gear

text: A new fad by the name of "Air Treks" (a futuristic evolution of aggressive skating) has swept the nation's youth and all over gangs are being formed that compete in various events using their A-Ts. Ikki is a middle-school boy who is the toughest street-fighting punk on the east side of town and part of the gang "The East-Side Gunz". He lives with four adopted gorgeous sisters who took him in when he was a kid. But what Ikki doesn't know is that the girls are part of one of the most infamous A-T gangs, "Sleeping Forest". It does not take long before Ikki finds out about the world of Air Treks and is propelled into a fate he had not foreseen, learning about his past and making a number of storm riding allies on the way.


title: Air Gear

text: Written and illustrated by Oh! Great, "Air Gear" was serialized in Kodansha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" from November 6, 2002, to May 23, 2012. Kodansha collected its 357 individual chapters into thirty-seven "tankōbon" volumes, published under its Shōnen Magazine Comics imprint, from May 14, 2003, to July 17, 2012. A one-shot chapter was published in the magazine on December 22, 2015.


title: Air Gear

text: The manga was licensed for release in North America by Del Rey Manga and the first volume was released on July 25, 2006. Kodansha USA published the series under the Kodansha Comics imprint after Del Rey's shut down.


title: Air Gear

text: An anime adaptation covering 12 volumes of the manga was produced by Toei Animation, Marvelous and Avex Entertainment and directed by Hajime Kamegaki, with Chiaki J. Konaka handling series composition and writing episode scripts, Masayuki Satō designing the characters and skankfunk, Wall5 Project and Masaki Sakamoto composing the music. ADV Films announced over the October 20, 2006 weekend at Oni-Con that they had licensed the anime for release in the United States; the anime in its entirety reportedly cost $780,000. Though few of the actual artists and inside creators of Air Gear were actually there. The few that were there included Loa Mitsoyagi (Ikki), Ian Miller (Agito), Jason Remmings (Kazuma), and the ADV representing team. The first volume was released on February 6, 2007. ADV released the uncensored Japanese home video version, rather than the broadcast version. On January 3, 2007, IGN released a special sneak peek of Episode 1 of the English dub. In 2008, "Air Gear" became one of over 30 ADV titles transferred to Funimation. In Australia and New Zealand, the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment.


title: Air Gear

text: Avex released one single and two albums covering all the songs and themes used for the anime adaptation. The opening theme single "Chain" performed by Back-on was released on June 7, 2006 and peak ranked 139th on Oricon singles chart. The two albums "Air Gear original soundtrack: What a Groovy Tricks!!" and "Air Gear original soundtrack 2: Who wants more Groovy Trick!!??" were released on August 23, 2006 and February 28, 2007, respectively.


title: Air Gear

text: In the 33rd issue of "Weekly Shōnen Magazine", it was announced that a new "Air Gear" original video animation will be released alongside the limited edition of Volume 30 of the manga. Animation studio Satelight animated the OVA instead of Toei with Shinji Ishihira as director, Atsushi Maekawa as script writer, Osamu Horiuchi as character designer and Stanislas Brunet as mechanical design. Nobuhiko Okamoto plays Ikki, Haruka Tomatsu plays Ringo, and Yukari Fukui plays Kururu.


title: Air Gear

text: The first OVA was released on November 17, 2010 and adapted the confrontation between Ikki and Ringo from volume 16 of the manga. The second OVA was released on March 17 and the final third OVA was released on June 17, 2011. The latter two OVAs adapt the legendary battle between Kogarasumaru and Sleeping Forest from volumes 24 and 25 of the manga.


title: Air Gear

text: "Air Gear" was adapted into a musical called Musical Air Gear, which made its debut on January 7, 2007 and ran until January 21, 2007. The musical is loosely adapted from the manga and all female roles are eliminated from the plot. The cast featured Kenta Kamakari, KENN, and Kenjiro Tsuda reprising their roles from the anime respectively as Ikki, Kazu, and Spitfire with Masaki Kaji (who had also starred with Kenta and KENN in the Prince of Tennis musicals), Run&Gun, etc. as their co-stars. In the musical, team Kogarasumaru opposes team Bacchus, whose names all come from works of Shakespeare. (Romeo, Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth and Puck).


title: Air Gear

text: Due to the success and popularity of the musical's first run, the musical had a rerun in May, 2007 titled, with the entire cast, except for Kenta Kamakari due to illness, reprising their roles. Ryuji Kamiyama (originally Romeo) replaced Kamakari, subsequently Kosuke Yonehara (originally Hamlet) took over the role of Romeo and a new actor was brought in to play Hamlet.


title: Air Gear

text: In April, 2010 there was a third run of the musical, It was titled "'Musical Air Gear vs. Bacchus Top Gear Remix.' "Many cast members reprise their roles, Kenta Kamakari returning as Ikki. Remarkably, Agito's actor was replaced by a younger actor and the original actor now played the part of Juliet. The role of Spitfire was replaced by Aeon Clock.


title: Air Gear

text: As of August 2020, "Air Gear" had over 18 million copies in circulation. It won the 2006 Kodansha Manga Award in the "shōnen" category.


title: Air Gear

text: Both the manga and anime have gained a lot of popularity, both in the east and the west and now has quite a large fan base. BlogCritics said "It mixes this action and comedy quite well with a storyline that doesn't fail to leave a reader wanting more." The anime has often been criticized for not remaining true to the manga, story and skipping parts, but is praised for its soundtrack. The English dub has received positive reviews since its release. AnimeOnDVD said "The concept of the show is one that is pure anime though and something that visually can be done very well". The anime's ending was cited as underwhelming despite its mostly positive reviews.


title: Texas Legends

text: The Texas Legends are an American professional basketball team in the NBA G League based in Frisco, Texas, and are affiliated with the Dallas Mavericks. The Legends play their home games at the Comerica Center. The team began as the Colorado 14ers in 2006, before relocating to Frisco in 2009 and becoming the Texas Legends for the 2010–11 season.


title: Texas Legends

text: In 2006, Colorado businessmen Tim Wiens and John Frew, who were building the Broomfield Event Center at the Arista development in Broomfield, Colorado, acquired a new minor league basketball team to attract fans in the northwest Denver-Boulder region. In February, they formed two teams, the minor league hockey team Rocky Mountain Rage, and the Colorado 14ers, originally a Continental Basketball Association club. In April, the 14ers entered the NBA Development League and began their first season. The team was named after Colorado's 14,000-foot mountain peaks.


title: Texas Legends

text: Joe Wolf, who played with the Denver Nuggets in the 1990s, was the 14ers' first coach, and put together the roster. The team won 28–22 in its first season, and broke various records for Colorado minor league basketball, from scoring to attendance. The team's leaders included Von Wafer and Louis Amundson, who joined the NBA by the end of the season. Despite losing streaks and roster reorganizations, the team qualified for the playoffs. The 14ers won the Western Division before losing the championship in overtime to the Dakota Wizards.


title: Texas Legends

text: The 14ers' second season began with an almost new roster, with only Elton Brown and Eric Osmundson staying. New players included Kaniel Dickens, a top player on the team. Eddie Gill was selected in the draft, joined the NBA before the first game, and returned to the team later. Kevin Hill, the only Canadian, was drafted. Five others joined the NBA, including the simultaneous call-ups of Dickens and Billy Thomas on February 22, 2008, by the Cleveland Cavaliers. Despite turnover, the 14ers played well, finishing with one more win than the prior season. The 14ers' six consecutive wins at the end of the season put them in the playoffs as a wild card, but they lost in the first round to the Los Angeles D-Fenders.


title: Texas Legends

text: The 14ers' third season had the most consecutive seasons played by any minor league basketball franchise in Colorado. The season began with financial issues for the owners and a new coach, Robert MacKinnon. Joe Wolf had moved to the NBA. The new roster included Eddie Gill, Billy Thomas, and Jamar Brown, who had played for the Colorado Crossover. New players, Dominique Coleman and Josh Davis, played well, as did Sonny Weems, assigned from the Denver Nuggets three times to play during the regular season and playoffs. Early in the season, the 14ers led the D-League in wins and set the D-League record for points in a single game with a 147–119 win over the Rio Grande Valley Vipers on March 10. The 14ers later broke that record with a 155–127 win over the Albuquerque Thunderbirds on April 8. Finishing with a record of 34 wins, the 14ers played at home for the playoffs, and defeated the Erie BayHawks, Austin Toros, and Utah Flash to become the D-League champions.


title: Texas Legends

text: On June 18, 2009, a Dallas Mavericks executive, Donnie Nelson, purchased the 14ers, and moved the team to Frisco, Texas. They played in 2010–11 with a new nickname, color, and logo. On November 5, 2009, women's basketball pioneer Nancy Lieberman became the Legends' head coach, the first woman to lead a men's professional basketball team. The team played in the 2010–11 season out of the Comerica Center. The Legends hired other notable basketball professionals for their front office, including 1986 Slam Dunk Champion Spud Webb as president of basketball operations and 1995 NBA Coach of the Year Del Harris as general manager.


title: Texas Legends

text: Televised games introduced the Legends to fans of the 16-team league. They were on national TV during Versus three times, and appeared twice on Fox Sports Southwest. The game against the Rio Grande Valley Vipers on Versus was their first TV appearance. After dropping the opener, the Legends had their first win on November 26 against the Idaho Stampede, scoring 108–100. The Legends' first game in Frisco was on November 30. The Legends scored a league record of 84 points in the first half, and a 135–112 win over the Austin Toros. They began the season with a 5–1 record, the best six-game start for an expansion team in the league's history. They finished the regular season with a 24–26 record, and went to the playoffs. They were the third expansion team to play in the postseason, but were eliminated in the first round by the Tulsa 66ers.


title: Texas Legends

text: After Nancy Lieberman, Del Harris was the head coach, starting October 4, 2011. He coached the Legends for one season, had a 24–26 record for the second consecutive year, but did not make the playoffs. Between 2012 and 2015, the Legends' head coach was former NBA player Eduardo Nájera. The team did not make the playoffs while he was head coach. On July 8, 2015, the Legends hired Nick Van Exel as the head coach. After one season, in June 2016, Exel left to be an assistant coach for the Memphis Grizzlies. He was replaced by Bob MacKinnon Jr., who had previously been the head coach when the 14ers won a D-League championship in Colorado.


title: Texas Legends

text: The team is owned by Texas D-League Management, LLC, which is principally owned by Donnie Nelson, former general manager and President of Basketball Operations for the Dallas Mavericks and son of former NBA head coach Don Nelson. The ownership group also includes Evan Wyly, Barry Aycock and Eduardo Nájera.


title: Photography and the law

text: The intellectual property rights on photographs are protected in different jurisdictions by the laws governing copyright and moral rights. In some cases photography may be restricted by civil or criminal law. Publishing certain photographs can be restricted by privacy or other laws. Photography can be generally restricted in the interests of public morality and the protection of children.


title: Photography and the law

text: Reactions to photography differ between societies, and even where there are no official restrictions there may be objections to photographing people or places. Reactions may range from complaints to violence for photography which is not illegal.


title: Photography and the law

text: Australia's laws in relation to this matter are similar to that of the United States. In Australia you can generally photograph anything or anyone in a public place without permission assuming that it isn't being used in an otherwise illegal way such as defamation and does not contain copyrighted material. Furthermore photographing in a place where people would reasonably expect to be afforded privacy such as in a public restroom may also be illegal.


title: Photography and the law

text: While one can generally photograph private property and the people within it if the photographer is not within the bounds of the private property and cannot be asked to stop or delete the images, the owner can restrict recording whilst the photographer is on the private property. Failure to comply with orders to stop recording on the private property is not a criminal offence although it may be against the terms or policy of entrance and the photographer may be asked to leave; if they refuse to leave, they may be liable for trespassing.


title: Photography and the law

text: The photographer generally has full rights of the images meaning they can also publish it to something like social media without permission from the people in the image. Although there are exceptions in the following scenarios.


title: Photography and the law

text: A photographer can generally also not be forced to show or delete the images unless the photographic practices were at breach of the law.


title: Photography and the law

text: If you are seeking to photograph for commercial purposes you may be required to gain permission from anyone who was involved in the film or photograph. Commercial purposes usually means that you are photographing for financial gain or to promote goods or services.


title: Photography and the law

text: In the United Kingdom there are no laws forbidding photography of private property from a public place. Photography is not restricted on land if the landowner has given permission to be on the land or the photographer has legal right to access, for example Byways Open to All Traffic or a public right of way or an area of open access land. The Metropolitan Police state in their own advice "Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel". The IAC, Film and Video Institute recommends that one follows instruction given by police as there may be a reason/reasons for not filming, ignorance of said law(s) notwithstanding. An exception is an area that has prohibitions detailed within anti terrorism legislation. Civil proceeding can be taken if a person is filmed without consent, and privacy laws exist to protect a person where they can expect privacy. Two public locations in the UK, Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square, have a specific provision against photography for commercial purposes without the written permission of the Mayor or the Squares' Management Team and paying a fee, and permission is needed to photograph or film for commercial purposes in the Royal Parks or on any National Trust land.


title: Photography and the law

text: Persistent and aggressive photography of a single individual may come under the legal definition of harassment.


title: Photography and the law

text: It is contempt of court to take a photograph in any court of law of any person, being a judge of the court or a juror or a witness in or a party to any proceedings before the court, whether civil or criminal, or to publish such a photograph. This includes photographs taken in a court building or the precincts of the court.


title: Photography and the law

text: Taking a photograph in a court can be seen as a serious offence, leading to a prison sentence. The prohibition on taking photographs in the precincts is vague. It was designed to prevent the undermining of the dignity of the court, through the exploitation of images in low brow "picture papers".


title: Photography and the law

text: Photography of certain subject matter is restricted in the United Kingdom. In particular, the Protection of Children Act 1978 restricts making or possessing pornography of children under 18, or what looks like pornography of under-18s. There is no law prohibiting photographing children in public spaces.


title: Photography and the law

text: It is an offence under the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 to publish or communicate a photograph of a constable (not including PCSOs), a member of the armed forces, or a member of the security services, which is of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism. There is a defence of acting with a reasonable excuse; however, the burden of proof is on the defence, under section 58A of the Terrorism Act 2000. A PCSO in 2009 cited Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to prevent a member of the public photographing him. Section 44 actually concerns stop and search powers. However, in January 2010 the stop-and-search powers granted under Section 44 were ruled illegal by the European Court of Human Rights.


title: Photography and the law

text: While the Act does not prohibit photography, critics have alleged that powers granted to police under Section 44 have been misused to prevent lawful public photography. Notable instances have included the investigation of a schoolboy, a Member of Parliament and a BBC photographer. The scope of these powers has since been reduced, and guidance around them issued to discourage their use in relation to photography, following litigation in the European Court of Human Rights.


title: Photography and the law

text: Following a prolonged campaign, including a series of demonstrations by photographers dealt with by police officers and PCSOs, the Metropolitan Police was forced to issue updated legal advice which confirms that "Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel" and that "The power to stop and search someone under Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 no longer exists."


title: Photography and the law

text: It is an offence under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to take a photograph of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism, or possessing such a photograph. There is an identical defence of reasonable excuse. This offence (and possibly, but not necessarily the offence) covers only a photograph as described in of the Terrorism Act 2006. As such, it must be of a kind likely to provide practical assistance to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism. Whether the photograph in question is such is a matter for a jury, which is not required to look at the surrounding circumstances. The photograph must contain information of such a nature as to raise a reasonable suspicion that it was intended to be used to assist in the preparation or commission of an act of terrorism. It must call for an explanation. A photograph which is innocuous on its face will not fall foul of the provision if the prosecution adduces evidence that it was intended to be used for the purpose of committing or preparing a terrorist act. The defence may prove a reasonable excuse simply by showing that the photograph is possessed for a purpose other than to assist in the commission or preparation of an act of terrorism, even if the purpose of possession is otherwise unlawful.


title: Photography and the law

text: Copyright can subsist in an original photograph, i.e. a recording of light or other radiation on any medium on which an image is produced or from which an image by any means be produced, and which is not part of a film. Whilst photographs are classified as artistic works, the subsistence of copyright does not depend on artistic merit. The owner of the copyright in the photograph is the photographer – the person who creates it, by default. However, where a photograph is taken by an employee in the course of employment, the first owner of the copyright is the employer, unless there is an agreement to the contrary.


title: Photography and the law

text: Copyright which subsists in a photograph protects not merely the photographer from direct copying of his/her work, but also from indirect copying to reproduce his/her work, where a substantial part of his/her work has been copied.


title: Photography and the law

text: Copyright in a photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the year in which the photographer dies. A consequence of this lengthy period of existence of the copyright is that many family photographs which have no market value, but significant emotional value, remain subject to copyright, even when the original photographer cannot be traced (a problem known as copyright orphan), has given up photography, or died. In the absence of a licence, it will be an infringement of copyright in the photographs to copy them. When someone dies the rights will have transferred to someone else, perhaps through testamentary deposition (a will) or by inheritance. If there was no will, or if the photographer has not specified where the rights in the material should go, then the normal rules of inheritance will apply (although these rules are not specific to copyright and legal advice should be sought). Scanning old family photographs, without permission, to a digital file for personal use is prima facie an infringement of copyright.


title: Photography and the law

text: Certain photographs may not be protected by copyright. Section 171(3) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives courts jurisdiction to refrain from enforcing the copyright which subsists in works on the grounds of public interest. For example, patent diagrams are held to be in the public domain, and are thus not subject to copyright.


title: Photography and the law

text: Infringement of the copyright which subsists in a photograph can be performed through copying the photograph. This is because the owner of the copyright in the photograph has the exclusive right to copy the photograph. For there to be infringement of the copyright in a photograph, there must be copying of a substantial part of the photograph.


title: Photography and the law

text: A photograph can also be a mechanism of infringement of the copyright which subsists in another work. For example, a photograph which copies a substantial part of an artistic work, such as a sculpture, painting or another photograph (without permission) would infringe the copyright which subsists in those works.


title: Photography and the law

text: However, the subject matter of a photograph is not necessarily subject to an independent copyright. For example, in the Creation Records case, a photographer, attempting to create a photograph for an album cover, set up an elaborate and artificial scene. A photographer from a newspaper covertly photographed the scene and published it in the newspaper. The court held that the newspaper photographer did not infringe the official photographer's copyright. Copyright did not subsist in the scene itself – it was too temporary to be a collage, and could not be categorised as any other form of artistic work.


title: Photography and the law

text: Richard Arnold has criticized the protection of photographs in this manner on two grounds. Firstly, it is argued that photographs should not be protected as artistic works, but should instead be protected in a manner similar to that of sound recordings and films. In other words, copyright should not protect the subject matter of a photograph as a matter of course as a consequence of a photograph being taken. It is argued that protection of photographs as artistic works is anomalous, in that photography is ultimately a medium of reproduction, rather than creation. As such, it is more similar to a film, or sound, recording than a painting or sculpture. Some photographers share this view. For example, Michael Reichmann described photography as an art of disclosure, as opposed to an art of inclusion. Secondly, it is argued that the protection of photographs as artistic works leads to bizarre results. Subject matter is protected irrespective of the artistic merit of a photograph. The subject matter of a photograph is protected even when it is not deserving of protection. For copyright to subsist in photographs as artistic works, the photographs must be original, since the English test for originality is based on skill, labour and judgment. That said, it is possible that the threshold of originality is very low. Essentially, by this, Arnold is arguing that whilst the subject matter of some photographs may deserve protection, it is inappropriate for the law to presume that the subject matter of all photographs is deserving of protection.


title: Photography and the law

text: It is possible to say with a high degree of confidence that photographs of three-dimensional objects, including artistic works, will be treated by a court as themselves original artistic works, and as such, will be subject to copyright. It is likely that a photograph (including a scan – digital scanning counts as photography for the purposes of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988) of a two dimensional artistic work, such as another photograph or a painting will also be subject to copyright if a significant amount of skill, labour and judgment went into its creation.


title: Photography and the law

text: A right to privacy came into existence in UK law as a consequence of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998. This can result in restrictions on the publication of photography.


title: Photography and the law

text: Whether this right is caused by horizontal effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 or is judicially created is a matter of some controversy. The right to privacy is protected by Article 8 of the convention. In the context of photography, it stands at odds to the Article 10 right of freedom of expression. As such, courts will consider the public interest in balancing the rights through the legal test of proportionality.


title: Photography and the law

text: A very limited statutory right to privacy exists in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This right is held, for example, by someone who hires a photographer to photograph their wedding. The commissioner, irrespective of any copyright which he does or does not hold in the photograph, of a photograph which was commissioned for private and domestic purposes, where copyright subsists in the photograph, has the right not to have copies of the work issued to the public, the work exhibited in public or the work communicated to the public. However, this right will not be infringed if the rightholder gives permission. It will not be infringed if the photograph is incidentally included in an artistic work, film, or broadcast.


title: Photography and the law

text: Local, state, and national laws govern still and motion photography. Laws vary between jurisdictions, and what is not illegal in one place may be illegal in another. Typical laws in the United States are as follows:


title: Photography and the law

text: Federal legislation governs the questions of copyright and criminal offences with respect to photography. Otherwise, the common law (in Quebec, the "Civil Code of Quebec"), generally determines when photography can take place.


title: Photography and the law

text: In some public property owned by government, such as law courts, government buildings, libraries, civic centres and some of the museums in Hong Kong, photography is not allowed without permission from the government. It is illegal to equip or take photographs and recording in a place of public entertainment, such as cinemas and indoor theaters.


title: Photography and the law

text: In private property, photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property.


title: Photography and the law

text: Photography on private property that is generally open to the public (e.g., a shopping mall) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs. Even if no such signs are posted, the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing, and if the person refuses to do so, the owner or agent can ask the person to leave; in some jurisdictions, a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass, and many jurisdictions recognize the common-law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery, assault, or both.


title: Photography and the law

text: In Hungary, from 15 March 2014 when the long-awaited Civil Code was published, the law re-stated what had been normal practice, namely, that a person had the right to refuse being photographed. However, implied consent exists: it is not illegal to photograph a person who does not actively object.


title: Photography and the law

text: Calling oneself a photographer, in line with most other trades in Iceland, requires the person to hold a Journeyman's or Master's Certificates in the industry. Exceptions can be made in low population areas, or for people coming from within the EEA.


title: Photography and the law

text: In Macau, a photographer must not take or publish any photographs of a person against his/her will without legal justification, even in a public place. Besides, everyone has a right to Personality Rights. People are not to be photographed, photographs of them displayed or reproduced without their prior consent. Criminal penalties include imprisonment. Additionally, photography of police officers in Macau is illegal.


title: Photography and the law

text: Mexican law is similar to the law in the United States. Authorities may intimidate or prevent any holder of a camera if they come into close perimeters of Government buildings.