title: Acoma Pueblo

text: Tourism is a major source of income for the tribe. In 2008, Pueblo Acoma opened the Sky City Cultural Center and Haak'u Museum at the base of the mesa, replacing the original, which was destroyed by fire in 2000. The center and museum seek to sustain and preserve Acoma culture. Films about Acoma history are shown and a café serves traditional foods. The architecture was inspired by pueblo design and indigenous architectural traditions, with wide doorways in the middle, which in traditional homes make the bringing of supplies easier. The windowpanes contain flecks of mica, a mineral which is used to create mesa windows. The complex is also fire resistant, unlike traditional pueblos, and is painted in light pinks and purples to match the landscape surrounding it. Traditional Acoma artwork is exhibited and demonstrated at the center, including ceramic chimneys crafted on the rooftop. Arts and crafts also bring income.


title: Acoma Pueblo

text: Acoma Pueblo is open to the public by guided tour from March until October, though June and July have periods of closure for cultural activities. Photography of the Pueblo and surrounding land is restricted. Tours and camera permits are purchased at the Sky City Cultural Center. While photography is allowed with permit, video recordings, drawings, and sketching are prohibited. All photography is forbidden within the church.


title: Acoma Pueblo

text: The Acoma Pueblo also has a casino and hotel - the Sky City Casino Hotel. The casino and hotel are alcohol-free and are maintained by the Acoma Business Enterprise, which oversees most Acoma businesses.


title: Acoma Pueblo

text: At Acoma, pottery remains one of the most notable artforms. Men create weavings and silver jewelry, as well.


title: Acoma Pueblo

text: Acoma pottery dates back more than 1,000 years. Dense local clay, dug up at a nearby site, is essential to Acoma pottery. The clay is dried and strengthened by the addition of pulverized pottery shards. The pieces then are shaped, painted, and fired. Geometric patterns, thunderbirds, and rainbows are traditional designs, which are applied with the spike of a yucca. A potter lightly strikes the side of the pot upon completion and holds it to his or her ear; if the pot does not ring, it will crack during firing. If this is found, the piece is destroyed and ground into shards for future use.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The third season of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants", created by Stephen Hillenburg, aired on Nickelodeon from October 5, 2001, to October 11, 2004, and consists of 20 half-hour episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The season was executive produced by series creator Hillenburg, who also acted as the showrunner. Hillenburg halted production on the show to work on the 2004 film adaptation of the series, "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie". After production on the film, Hillenburg resigned from the show as its showrunner, and appointed staff writer, Paul Tibbitt, to overtake the position. Season three was originally set to be the final season of the series, with the film acting as a series finale, but the success prevented the series from ending, leading to a fourth season.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The season received acclaim from media critics and fans. During its run, "SpongeBob SquarePants" became (and remains) the highest rated children's show on cable, with over 50 million viewers a month. The show received several recognitions, including its nomination at the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children's Program. The episodes "New Student Starfish" and "Clams" were nominated for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) category, while the entry "SpongeBob B.C. (Ugh)" was also nominated for the same category. The season was also the first time the show received a nomination at the Kids' Choice Awards and won. It won the 2003 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Cartoon, and also won the following year's Kids' Choice Award for the same category. Celebrities—including Justin Timberlake, Kelly Osbourne, Britney Spears, Bruce Willis, Noel Gallagher, Dr. Dre, and Mike Myers—have been reported to be fans of the show.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released. The "SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 3rd Season" DVD was released in Region 1 on September 27, 2005, Region 2 on December 3, 2007, and Region 4 on November 8, 2007.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The season aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom, and was produced by United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon Animation Studio. The season's executive producer was series creator Stephen Hillenburg, who also functioned as the showrunner. During production of the previous season, Nickelodeon already picked up a third season for "SpongeBob SquarePants" on September 20, 2000, due to the show's high ratings across basic cable television. It premiered more than a year later, on October 5, 2001.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: In 2002, Hillenburg and the show's staff members decided to stop making episodes to work on the 2004 film "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie", after completing production of the third season. As a result, the show went into a "self-imposed" two-year hiatus on television. During the break, Nickelodeon expanded the programming for the third season to cover the delay, however, according to Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman, "there certainly was a delay and a built-up demand." Nickelodeon announced nine "as-yet-unaired" (full) episodes would be shown. "The Sponge Who Could Fly" first aired during a two-hour "Sponge"-a-thon, while the other eight were broadcast subsequently.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: Once the production on the film was completed, Hillenburg wanted to end the series "so the show wouldn't jump the shark", but Nickelodeon wanted to produce more episodes. Hillenburg said "Well, there was concern when we did the movie [in 2004] that the show had peaked. There were concerns among executives at Nickelodeon." Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner, and appointed Paul Tibbitt, who previously served as the show's supervising producer, writer, director, and storyboard artist, to overtake the role. Hillenburg considered Tibbitt one of his favorite members of the show's crew, and "totally trusted him." Tibbitt still holds the showrunner position and also functions as an executive producer. Hillenburg no longer wrote or directly ran the show on a day-to-day basis, but reviewed each episode and delivered suggestions. He said "I figure when I'm pretty old I can still paint[...] I don't know about running shows." Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, and the rest of the crew confirmed they had completed four new episodes for broadcast on Nickelodeon in early 2005, and planned to finish about 20 total for the then-fourth season.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: Animation was handled overseas in South Korea at Rough Draft Studios. Animation directors credited with episodes in the third season included Sean Dempsey, Andrew Overtoom, Frank Weiss, and Tom Yasumi. Episodes were written by a team of writers, which consisted of Walt Dohrn, C.H. Greenblatt, Sam Henderson, Kaz, Jay Lender, Joe Liss ("The Great Snail Race" only), Mark O'Hare, Kent Osborne, Aaron Springer, Paul Tibbitt, and Merriwether Williams. The season was storyboarded by Zeus Cervas, Dohrn, Greenblatt, Henderson, Kaz, Chuck Klein, Carson Kugler, Lender, Heather Martinez, Caleb Meurer, O'Hare, Osborne, Dan Povenmire, William Reiss, Mike Roth, Springer, Tibbitt, and Wiese.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The third season featured Tom Kenny as the voice of the title character SpongeBob SquarePants and his pet snail Gary. SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star, was voiced by Bill Fagerbakke, while Rodger Bumpass played the voice of Squidward Tentacles, an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus. Other members of the cast were Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money and SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab; Mr. Lawrence as Plankton, a small green copepod and Mr. Krabs' business rival; Jill Talley as Karen, Plankton's sentient computer sidekick; Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas; Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff, SpongeBob's boating school teacher; and Lori Alan as Pearl, a teenage whale who is Mr. Krabs' daughter.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: In addition to the regular cast members, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors and musicians. Former "McHale's Navy" actors Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway returned in the episode "Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy IV", reprising their roles as Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, respectively. Borgnine and Conway reappeared in the episode "Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V", which was also guest starred by John Rhys-Davies as Man Ray, and Martin Olson as the Chief. Brian Doyle-Murray reprised his role as the Flying Dutchman for "Born Again Krabs". Radio disc jockey Rodney Bingenheimer guest starred in the episode "Krab Borg" as the DJ. In "Party Pooper Pants", American rock band the Cramps lead vocalist Lux Interior performed the voice of the lead singer of the all-bird rock band called the Bird Brains. Kevin Michael Richardson also appeared in the live action segments of the episode as King Neptune. Various other characters were voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Steve Kehela, Frank Welker, and Thomas F. Wilson.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: During its third season, "SpongeBob SquarePants" passed "Rugrats" and earned the title of being the highest rated children's show on cable, with a 6.7 rating and 2.2 million kids 2 to 11 in the second quarter of 2002, up 22% over 2001. "Forbes" called the show "a $1 billion honeypot," and said the show is "almost single-handedly responsible for making Viacom's Nickelodeon the most-watched cable channel during the day and the second most popular during prime time." It was also reported that of the 50 million viewers who watch it every month, 20 million are adults.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The season was acclaimed by media critics and fans. In 2002, the show itself was nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children's Program. Its episodes "New Student Starfish" and "Clams" were nominated for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) category, while the entry "Ugh" was also nominated for the same category. The show also won the Television Critics Association Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Youth Programming. The season was also the first time the show received a nomination at the Kids' Choice Awards and won. In 2003, the show won the 2003 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Cartoon, and also won the succeeding year's Kids' Choice Award for the same category. At the 2003 Golden Reel Awards, the show won Best Sound Editing in Television Animation and Best Sound Editing in Television Animation — Music categories for the episodes "Nasty Patty"/"Idiot Box" and "Wet Painters"/"Krusty Krab Training Video", respectively. The episodes "The Great Snail Race" and "Mid-Life Crustacean" won at the 2004 Golden Reel Awards for "Best Sound Editing in Television Animation — Music", while the episode "Mid-Life Crustacean" itself received a nomination for "Best Sound Editing in Television Animation".


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: In his review for the DVD Verdict, Bryan Pope wrote that "the show's charm lies in the vast world of nautical nonsense" and that the show is "a world of aquanaut squirrels, clarinet-playing squids, underwater campfires, retired superheroes, plankton obsessed with world domination, and the most head-scratching family units I've ever come across (a crab and a puffer fish are parents to a teenage whale, while pint-sized Plankton is married to a no-nonsense computer named Karen)." Pope pointed out that the season "remains "the" high point for the series" as it had produced "classic" episodes such as "No Weenies Allowed", "SpongeBob Meets the Strangler", and "Krusty Krab Training Video". However, Pope described "The Lost Episode" as a "misstep" that "veers too far away from Bikini Bottom and into unfunny live-action territory." Furthermore, various celebrities—including Justin Timberlake, Kelly Osbourne, Britney Spears, Bruce Willis, Noel Gallagher, rapper Dr. Dre, and Mike Myers—were reported to be fans of the show. In 2002, fans of the show formed a "new religion"—the Church of SpongeBob SquarePants. The organization has more than 700 members. Its manifesto said it wanted to push "simple things like having fun and using your imagination", and even offered study courses on the show. A Nickelodeon spokesman said "SpongeBob's appeal is extraordinary."


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The popularity of "SpongeBob" translated well into sales figures. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75,000 per week, which was faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time. SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan, specifically with Japanese women. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at women in the country as a method of the "SpongeBob SquarePants" brand. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan as the character's design is very different from already popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu. Nickelodeon also expanded the merchandising of the show, bringing it around $500 million revenue. It was reported that "SpongeBob"-themed goods were the best-selling character merchandise at Hot Topic store at Park City Center. T-shirts, pillows, shoelaces, pins, sunglasses, and air fresheners were sold "extremely well if they have SpongeBob's likeness on them," said Erin Aguirre, lead sales associate of Hot Topic. He added "[Customers] come in and they just jump right into it. "Did you see last week's episode?' They totally talk all about it, just that it's funny, that it's hilarious."


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: Moreover, the gay community had embraced the show, according to BBC Online. "The Wall Street Journal" also raised questions about SpongeBob and Patrick in a recent article that pointed up the show's popularity in the gay community. Tom Kenny, in response to the article, said "[I] felt the insinuation was a stretch." Kenny said "I had heard that gay viewers enjoy the show in the same way that lots of people—college students, parents and children—like the show[...] I thought it was rather silly to hang an entire article on that. I don't think it's a case of it being a gay-friendly show—It's a human-being-friendly show. They're all welcome." Hillenburg responded about the character's sexual orientation and stated that he is "[a] cheerful character [but] is not gay." He clarified that he considers the character to be "almost asexual". The show's popularity among gay men would become controversial. In 2005, a promotional video, which showed SpongeBob along with other characters from children's shows singing together to promote diversity and tolerance, was attacked by an evangelical group in the United States because they saw SpongeBob being used as an "advocate for homosexuality". James Dobson of Focus on the Family accused the makers of the video of "promoting homosexuality due to a pro-tolerance group sponsoring the video". After Dobson made the comments, Hillenburg repeated this assertion that sexual preference was never considered during the creation of the show. Tom Kenny and other production members were shocked and surprised that such an issue had arisen. Dobson later asserted that his comments were taken out of context and that his original complaints were not with SpongeBob, the video, or any of the characters in the video but with the organization that sponsored the video, "We Are Family Foundation". Dobson indicated that the "We Are Family Foundation" posted pro-homosexual material on their website, but later removed it.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The episodes are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 3)

text: The DVD boxset for season three was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada on September 27, 2005, almost a year after the season had completed broadcast on television. The DVD release features bonus materials including the pilot episode "Help Wanted" and featurettes.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" is a 1969 song written and recorded by Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer, attributed to a then-fictitious band they named "Steam". It was released under the Mercury subsidiary label Fontana and became a number one pop single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in late 1969, and remained on the charts in early 1970.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer wrote a blues shuffle version of the song in the early 1960s when they were members of a doo-wop group from Bridgeport, Connecticut, called the Glenwoods, the Citations, and the Chateaus, of which Leka was the piano player. The group disbanded when Leka talked Frashuer into going into New York City with him to write and possibly produce. In 1969, DeCarlo (using the professional name Garrett Scott) recorded four songs at Mercury Records in New York with Leka as producer. The singles impressed the company's executives, who wanted to issue all of them as A-side singles. In need of a B-side, Leka and DeCarlo resurrected an old song from their days as the Glenwoods, "Kiss Him Goodbye", with their old bandmate, Frashuer.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: With DeCarlo as lead vocalist, they recorded the song in one recording session. Instead of using a full band, Leka played keyboards and had engineer Warren Dewey splice together a drum track from one of DeCarlo's four singles and a conga drum solo by Ange DiGeronimo recorded in Leka's Bridgeport, Connecticut, studio for an entirely different session. "I said we should put a chorus to it (to make it longer)", Leka told Fred Bronson in "The Billboard Book of Number One Hits". "I started writing while I was sitting at the piano going 'na, na, na, na, na, na, na, na'... Everything was 'na na' when you didn't have a lyric." Gary added "hey hey".


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" reached number one in the United States for two weeks, on December 6 and 13, 1969; it was "Billboard"s final multi-week number 1 hit of the 1960s and also peaked at number twenty on the soul chart. In Canada, the song reached number six. By the beginning of the 21st century, sales of "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" had exceeded 6.5 million records, attaining Multi-Platinum record status.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: In February 1983, UK girl group Bananarama released the song as a single from their album "Deep Sea Skiving". This version became a top ten hit in the United Kingdom (number 5), but only a minor hit in the US (Billboard number 101) later that year.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: It peaked at number five in the UK singles chart, and number 38 in Australia on the Kent Music Report chart.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: The music video features the band playing in a school playground and then being made to move by a group of men. They then decide to join a boxing club so the video features them singing the song whilst boxing. By the end of the video they return to the playground wearing leathers and this time make the group of men move away. They then ride off into the night on motorbikes.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: In 1987, Canadian quartet the Nylons released an a cappella version of this song as a single under the shortened title "Kiss Him Goodbye". It became their biggest hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number twelve that summer, and reaching number 15 in Canada.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: In 1977, Chicago White Sox organist Nancy Faust began playing the song. It had previously been sung spontaneously by fans in the stands, possibly beginning in a series with the Minnesota Twins July 1–3, 1977, a four-game series swept by the White Sox. The fan version went "Minnesota, Minnesota, Hey Hey Good Bye". Nancy Faust began playing it on the organ later that month. It is generally directed at the losing side in an elimination contest when the outcome is all but certain or when an individual player is ejected or disqualified. It has also been sung by crowds in political rallies, to taunt political opponents or to drown out and mock disruptive counter-protesters.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: This song was one of 164 included on the list of songs which were temporarily banned from public radio airplay by Clear Channel after 9/11.


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: On January 23, 2006, Paul Martin was defeated by Stephen Harper as Prime Minister of Canada. Martin had acceded to the prime ministry following the ouster of Jean Chrétien. The next day's issue of "La Voix de l'Est", a French newspaper in Granby, Quebec, included a cartoon by Paquette showing Chrétien calling Martin and singing "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye".


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: On May 4, 2017, after the House of Representatives voted to pass the American Health Care Act which partially repealed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Democratic representatives chanted "Na na na na, hey hey, goodbye" to Republican representatives, implying that in voting for the bill, they would lose their House seats in the next election. DeCarlo was happy to hear of the song getting renewed exposure, but said he opposed Obamacare. It was not the first time the song had been sung in Congress; in 1993, after Democrats voted for then-President Bill Clinton's tax bill, House Republicans sang "Goodbye".


title: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye

text: In January 2019, GMC launched an advertising campaign for its 2019 Sierra 1500 pickup truck, focusing on GMC's new MultiPro tailgate feature. The commercial shows owners of competing pickups carrying tailgates from those trucks and singing "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" while heading to the top of a mountain.


title: Convent

text: A convent is a community of monks, nuns, religious brothers or, sisters or priests. Alternatively, "convent" means the building used by the community. The word is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglican Communion.


title: Convent

text: The term "convent" derives via Old French from Latin "conventus", perfect participle of the verb "convenio", meaning "to convene, to come together". It was first used in this sense when the eremitical life began to be combined with the cenobitical. The original reference was to the gathering of mendicants who spent much of their time travelling. Technically, a monastery is a secluded community of monastics, whereas a friary or convent is a community of mendicants (which, by contrast, might be located in a city), and a canonry is a community of canons regular. The terms abbey and priory can be applied to both monasteries and canonries; an abbey is headed by an abbot, and a priory is a lesser dependent house headed by a prior. In the Middle Ages, convents often provided to women a way to excel, as they were considered inferior to men. In convents, women were educated and were able to write books and publish works on gardening or musicology. The Abbess of a convent was often also involved in decisions of secular life and interacted with politicians and businessmen. Unlike an abbey, a convent is not placed under the responsibility of an abbot or an abbess, but of a superior or prior. In English usage since about the 19th century the term "convent" almost invariably refers to a community of women, while monastery and friary are used for communities of men. In historical usage they are often interchangeable, with "convent" especially likely to be used for a friary. When applied to religious houses in Eastern Orthodoxy and Buddhism, English refers to all houses of male religious as monasteries and of female religious convents.


title: Convent

text: The mendicant orders appeared at the beginning of the 13th century with the growth of cities; they include in particular the Dominicans, the Franciscans, the Carmelites, and the Augustinians. While the Benedictine monks and their various variants devoted themselves to their agricultural properties, the mendicant friars settled from the start in the cities, or in the suburbs thereof, preferably in the poorer and more densely populated districts. They therefore had to adapt their buildings to these new constraints.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary who worked to make India independent from the British Raj along with his best friends and partners Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. A senior member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, he participated in several actions alongside Singh and Rajguru, and was hanged by the British government on 23 March 1931 at the age of 23.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Sukhdev Thapar was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, British Raj on 15 May 1907 to Ramlal Thapar and Ralli Devi.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: He belonged to a Punjabi Khatri family of Hindu community and he was brought up by his uncle Lala Achintram after the death of his father.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Sukhdev Thapar was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and Naujawan Bharat Sabha (NJSB), and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India. He was the chief of Punjab unit of HSRA and instrumental in taking decisions.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Sukhdev participated in numerous revolutionary activities such as a prison hunger strike in 1929; he is best known for his assaults in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–30). He is best remembered for his involvement in the assassination of Assistant Superintendent of Police, J. P. Saunders, on 17 December 1928, by Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru, undertaken in response to the violent death of the veteran leader Lala Lajpat Rai.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Sukhdev was the prime accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case of 1929, whose official title was "Crown versus Sukhdev and others." The first information report (FIR) of the case, filed by Hamilton Harding, Senior Superintendent of police, in the court of R.S. Pandit, the Special Magistrate in April 1929, mentions Sukhdev as accused number 1. It describes him as Swami alias villager, son of Ram Lal, caste Thapar Khatri. After the Central Assembly Hall bombings in New Delhi (8 April 1929), Sukhdev and his accomplices were arrested, convicted, and sentenced to death.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: On 23 March 1931, Thapar was hanged in Lahore Central Jail, along with Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. Their bodies were secretly cremated at the banks of the River Sutlej.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: The executions were widely reported in the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the Indian National Congress in Karachi. The "New York Times" reported:


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: National Martyrs Memorial is located at Hussainiwala, where Sukhdev, along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, were cremated. A Martyrs' Day (Shaheed Diwas) is observed on March 23 in their memory. Tributes and homage are paid at the memorial.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies, a constituent college of the University of Delhi, is named in memory of Sukhdev. It was established in August 1987.


title: Sukhdev Thapar

text: Amar Shaheed Sukhdev Thapar Inter-State Bus Terminal is the main bus stand of Ludhiana city, the birthplace of Sukhdev.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( — ) is the central executive government of Bangladesh. The government was constituted by the Constitution of Bangladesh and represented by the president, the prime minister and the cabinet of Bangladesh. The legislature represented by the Jatiya Sangsad, and the judiciary, represented by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a unitary state and the central government has the authority to govern over the entirety of the nation. The seat of the government is located in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The executive government is led by the prime minister, who selects all the remaining ministers. The prime minister and the other most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet. The current prime minister is Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Bangladesh Awami League, who was appointed by the president on 6 January 2009 following the general election on 29 December 2008. Bangladesh Awami League led by her, and its Grand Alliance (a total of 14 parties) won two-thirds majority in the elections. Numerically, the party controls 230 seats out of 299.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The legislature of Bangladesh is unicameral. Called the Jatiya Sangsad in Bengali, it is the parliament of Bangladesh. The Speaker presides over meetings of the Jatiya Sangsad and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. The current Jatiya Sangsad contains 350 seats, including 50 seats reserved exclusively for women and 300 seats for elected members, which are apportioned on elected party position in the parliament. The eleventh national parliamentary election was held on 30 December 2018. The current speaker is Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury, who is presiding over the eleventh Parliament. She is the first woman to have held this office.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The judicial system contains an apex Supreme Court, which is composed of the Appellate Division and the High Court Division. There are various levels of the judiciary in Bangladesh – different types of courts form a strict hierarchy of importance – District Courts, City Criminal Courts, Specialized Courts and Tribunals are all inferior to the Supreme Court. The chief justice of Bangladesh is the head of the judiciary and the Supreme Court. The present and the 22nd chief justice of Bangladesh is Syed Mahmud Hossain. He succeeded acting chief Justice Md. Abdul Wahhab Miah on 2 February 2018.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The President is the Head of State, a largely ceremonial post. The real power is held by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The president is elected by the legislature every five years and has normally limited powers that are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, mainly in controlling the transition to a new government. Bangladesh has instituted a unique system of transfer of power; at the end of the tenure of the government, power is handed over to members of a civil society for three months, who run the general elections and transfer the power to elected representatives. This system was first practiced in 1991 and adopted to the constitution in 1996.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: As head of the state, the president can grant pardon to a man sentenced to death penalty or lessen the punishment. In some cases, it also performs some legislative and judicial functions.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The prime minister is ceremonially appointed by the president, commanding the confidence of the majority of the MPs. The cabinet is composed of selected ministers.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The executive administrates the country and executes the laws, passed by the legislature. It maintains the internal law and order in the country. It also maintains relationship with foreign countries. It works for defence, liberty and sovereignty of the country.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The executive calculates the income and expenditure of the government. It also performs various public welfare services such as; education, agriculture, establishment of industry, trade & commerce, land reform, tax and revenue collection. Beside this, it also accepts and implements various development projects.


title: Government of Bangladesh

text: At the local government level, the country is divided into divisions, districts, subdistricts (Upazila), unions, and villages. The lowest level of local government representative are Local officials of union council those who are elected at the union level election. All larger administrative units are run by members of the civil service.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Keven Undergaro (born November 18, 1967) is the creator of online broadcast network AfterBuzz TV as well as being a writer and producer for film and television.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Undergaro was born into a working-class family in Medford, Massachusetts, and as a youth showed more interest in video games, comic books and movies and television than school. He was a fan of the Adam West series "Batman", and went as far as converting the family El Camino into his own personal Batmobile. He even made in-costume appearances as the Caped Crusader and scaled a 50-foot roof in college as a stunt.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Undergaro is a graduate of Saint Anselm College and majored in history. He was not ready to commit to a regular career however, and his creativity led him to aspirations to work in Hollywood. He worked as a carnival worker on east coast in the summer to finance trips to Los Angeles to work as a television writer in the winter. He worked 20 hours a day seven days a week as a 'carnie' and sometimes slept under trucks. During those Los Angeles trips he became head writer of MTV's "Singled Out".


title: Keven Undergaro

text: After working for MTV, Undergaro decided to make an independent film, which in turn left him bankrupt and homeless, not to mention out of the Hollywood game. There was a silver lining in that film failure though, as Undergaro met Maria Menounos, who was then a 19-year-old with epic dreams of her own. It was at that time that Undergaro committed to Maria's career as he strongly believed in her talents. Undergaro became more serious about life and business, and no longer partook the "college life" of partying. He meticulously researched all aspects of the entertainment industry and committed himself to developing Maria's brand as a journalist, author and digital pioneer.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Undergaro is creator of the aforementioned AfterBuzz TV, which has become the world's largest online broadcasting network. In 2015 ABTV reached one billion downloads for the second consecutive year. He has also created Black Hollywood Live, The Popcorn Talk Network, and Book Circle Online.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Undergaro co-created and works as executive producer, along with Julianne Hough and Maria Menounos, on the ABC series "#DanceBattle America".


title: Keven Undergaro

text: As for film, Undergaro wrote and directed indie comedy "Adventures of Serial Buddies", as well as served as producer on the acclaimed Netflix hit "This Isn't Funny". He notably produced documentaries "The Elders" and "Losing Lebron" as well.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: His newest project is "The Tomorrow Show with Keven Undergaro", which is described as an overnight talk show for nocturnals, dreamers and escapists, angry loners and those with Peter Pan Syndrome.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Undergaro is a frequent guest of "The Howard Stern Show" and also enjoys being a career consultant for those he sees talent in. On March 9, 2016, he got engaged to Maria on "Stern".


title: Keven Undergaro

text: Undergaro has been in a relationship with Maria Menounos since April 1998. He proposed to her on March 9, 2016, on "The Howard Stern Show". They were married on December 31, 2017, in Times Square; the ceremony was officiated by Steve Harvey and broadcast live during his New Year's Eve special on FOX.


title: Keven Undergaro

text: 9. https://us.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2017070440344/maria-menounos-reveals-brain-tumour-diagnosis/


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: Jack Frost is a 1997 American direct-to-video black comedy slasher film written and directed by Michael Cooney. It takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate and fuse with the snow on the ground. Jack is presumed dead and his body melts away. However, he comes back as a killer snowman and takes revenge on the man who finally caught him, Sheriff Sam Tiler (Christopher Allport).


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: Despite being critically panned, the film has developed a cult following for its comical death scenes and poor special effects, and was followed by a sequel in 2000, "". "Jack Frost" marked the film debut of Shannon Elizabeth.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: On a snowy December night, a state execution transfer vehicle crosses into the quiet backwater town of Snowmonton. Inside is serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald), who eluded police for years and left a trail of thirty-eight bodies across eleven states before finally being arrested by Sam Tiler (Christopher Allport), the sheriff of Snowmonton. Jack is scheduled to be executed at midnight, but Jack kills the guard and the vehicle crashes into a genetic research truck. Jack is exposed to chemicals from inside the truck, causing him to dissolve and fuse with the snow.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: Despite news reports of Jack's demise, Sam cannot forget Jack's threats of vengeance. Old Man Harper is found murdered, and soon afterwards a local bully named Billy (Nathan Hague) is killed when he is pushed into the way of an oncoming sled, getting decapitated. According to Sam’s son, Ryan (Zack Eginton) a snowman caused Billy's death. Billy's father, Jake (Jack Lindine) is murdered when the same snowman stuffs an axe into his throat.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: Billy's mother, Sally, is later killed when the snowman strangles her with Christmas lights, shoves her face into a box of glass ornaments, and slams a light-up snowflake into the top of her head.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: FBI Agents Manners (Stephen Mendel) and Stone arrive in Snowmonton and convince the Sheriff to put the town on 24-hour curfew, sending his officers out to gather all the townspeople. Deputy Chris Pullman (Brian Leckner) is killed when the snowman runs the officer over with a police cruiser. Billy's older sister Jill (Shannon Elizabeth) and her boyfriend Tommy sneak into the sheriff's home to steal his wine and have sex, as revenge for her brother's death. The snowman kills Tommy with icicles and pretends to be bath water to lure in Jill. Jack, then, re-solidifies with Jill in the tub, trapping her arms in his shoulders, and rapes her while, repeatedly, slamming her against the wall, ultimately killing her.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: The snowman returns with the police cruiser to the station, finally confronting Sam. Agent Stone reveals himself to be a representative of the genetic research company that created the chemicals and reveals that the snowman is a mutated Jack Frost. He also reveals that the human soul exists as a chemical and that the acid was going to be used to contain DNA in case of a nuclear holocaust. They attempt to destroy Jack by blowing him up by releasing aerosol cans in the police station and firing a bullet at him, but to no avail. They then use blowdryers to drive Jack into a furnace, which evaporates the snowman. Jack condenses, killing Stone and wounding Manners. Jack traps Sam and Ryan within his car, but Sam escapes by inadvertently throwing the oatmeal Ryan made him at Jack, burning the snowman's head. Ryan put antifreeze in the oatmeal, believing it could help keep his father from getting cold.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: Sam tells his friend, Paul Davrow (F. William Parker) to fill the bed of his truck with antifreeze. Jack chases Sam through the halls of a church and finally catches him, driving an icicle into his chest and almost killing him. The truck full of antifreeze arrives just in time, however, and Jack and Sam crash through a window and into the truck's bed. Jack Frost melts in the antifreeze, and the antifreeze is poured back into the containers, and buried deep under the ground of Snowmonton. Sam's wife Anne (Eileen Seeley), realizes that the state police are on their way. When Paul asks Sam what they are going to tell them, Sam says, "we'll tell them that it's too late". However, one of the containers is shown to be bubbling, revealing Jack is still alive.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: In an interview with "Fangoria", writer Michael Cooney revealed that he also served as director for the film because "(we) couldn't afford a director". Further addressing the low budget of the film, Cooney references Campbell Soup's "Let it Snow" advertisement and notes that that commercial (which similarly features a living snowman character) had a budget "three times" that of the film. Furthermore, he stated that "Identity", another film he wrote, had a budget of $30 million, while "Jack Frost" was made for "the cost of its catering budget".


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: Portions of the film were filmed at the Fawn Lodge in Fawnskin, California, on the north west shore of Big Bear Lake.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 7% based on , with a weighted average rating of 3/10. Grave Reviews gave the film 2.5 out of 5 Graves.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: A sequel, "," was released in 2000. A third installment was planned with the tentative title of "," but hopes of the sequel being made are unlikely because of the death of Christopher Allport in 2008.""


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: It was released on VHS by A-Pix Entertainment and DVD by Simitar Entertainment in 1997. Both releases have been long out of print.


title: Jack Frost (1997 film)

text: On December 13, 2016, Vinegar Syndrome released the film for the first time on Blu-ray. It includes the film digitally remastered in a 2K presentation. Special features included an audio commentary, a video introduction by director Michael Cooney, and a video interview with actor Scott MacDonald and director of photography Dean Lent.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: The game's main mode has the player complete a turn-based role-playing game, where player movements and battle actions are based on performing certain physical activities using the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, with the motion controls within the Joy-Con sensing the player's movement, and a strain sensor in the Ring-Con detecting bending of that accessory. Other modes include general guided fitness routines and party-style games. These activities are centered around common fitness exercises, making the game part of Nintendo's "quality of life" goals in line with a similar game of theirs, "Wii Fit". The game was released worldwide on October 18, 2019, and received generally positive reviews from critics. As of June 30, 2022, the game has sold over 14.54 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling games on the system.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: Demand for the game increased drastically during 2020, largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related closures of gyms and other exercise facilities, causing shortages in many countries. This led to resellers in America selling the game for over $300, up from its retail price of $80.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: "Ring Fit Adventure" ships with the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, which have docks to hold the Switch's Joy-Con. These accessories are required to play the game, as the player's interactions with them are tracked by the motion controls built into the Joy-Con.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: The game's main mode is a role-playing game, in which the player takes the role of a young athlete that meets a sentient Ring, and they team up to take down an evil, bodybuilding dragon named Dragaux. The player moves their character across the game's overworld and into various dungeons, where they encounter monsters to fight. Moving across the game world is similar to a rail shooter; the player moves along a fixed path by running in place, jumps over obstacles by squeezing and releasing the Ring-Con, and can fire projectiles at items by squeezing the Ring-Con in the target direction. When the player encounters monsters, the game uses turn-based combat as in many role-playing games. The player attacks the enemies by performing one of about thirty different exercises, with the amount of damage they deal based on how effectively they completed the exercise. When the monsters attack, the player can defend by pressing and holding the Ring-Con into their abdomen for as long as possible during the attack. Defeating monsters earn the player-character experience points, and as they level up, they can unlock additional exercises with more potent damage. Exercises are classified by color, each color corresponding to a general part of the body the exercise is geared towards: red for arms, blue for legs, yellow for core muscles and green for yoga positions. Monsters are also marked by colors, and exercises of the same color are more effective against them, but only after that specific ability is unlocked early in the game.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: In addition to the adventure mode, the game includes a general fitness routine mode that allows one to perform the exercises, assisted by the game, but without the gamification elements. The game also has several mini-games based on certain exercises, which can be used by a single player to challenge themselves or can be used with multiple players each taking a turn to beat the others. An update in late March 2020 also added a "Rhythm Mode", which allows the user to move along to soundtrack from the game. This mode also includes some music from other Nintendo games such as "Super Mario Odyssey", "", "Splatoon 2", and "Wii Fit".


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: The game includes the option to enable only quiet exercises to avoid disturbing others nearby. For example, in quiet mode, the running-in-place in the adventure mode is replaced by performing squats.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: The game was first teased in early September 2019 with a video showing people using the Ring-Con and Leg Strap without showing the game, with a full announcement of the game a week later.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: Several journalists observed that the game fits into Nintendo's long-running "quality of life" program, to introduce more physical activity into the playing of video games, that had been started by Satoru Iwata with the introduction of the Wii console, particularly in the game "Wii Fit". Parts of the design of the Nintendo Switch had been from player feedback from "Wii Fit" looking to make the controllers smaller so they could be strapped to the body and used in more possible ways.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: "Ring Fit Adventure" was released in North America on October 18, 2019. The game, shipping with the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, costs slightly more than a typical game.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: "Ring Fit Adventure" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, with a score of 83/100. It has also been rated on IGN as 7.8/10. Many critics agree that while Ring Fit Adventure is not designed for strength training, it is effective exercise for maintaining fitness. The RPG elements of the game are very simplistic, which allows casual players to play the game with ease, but which can be disappointing for fans of RPGs who want more of a strategic challenge.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: "Ring Fit Adventure" debuted at #3 in the UK, and #1 in Japan and South Korea. In Japan, it sold 68,497 copies within its first week on sale, which placed it at number one on the all format sales chart. By December 2019, the game had shipped units worldwide.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: On June 18, 2020, it was confirmed that "Ring Fit Adventure" had sold over one million copies in Japan, where it shipped a total of 1,006,069 copies across the region.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: As of March 31, 2022, the game sold 14.09 million copies making it one of the best-selling Nintendo Switch games.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: The game was nominated for "Best Family Game" at The Game Awards 2019, for "Family Game of the Year" at the 23rd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and for "Game Beyond Entertainment" at the 16th British Academy Games Awards.


title: Ring Fit Adventure

text: Exergames such as Wii fit, Kinect, and Ring fit itself have received research in recent years due to their potential for therapeutic aid and for heath benefit. Studies have shown potential use of exergaming in lowing B.M.I and improving mobility especially in older individuals.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: The official flag of New Mexico consists of a red sun symbol of the Zia people on a field of gold (yellow). It was officially adopted in 1925 to highlight the state's Native American and Hispano roots; it combines a symbol of the Puebloan people, who have ancient roots in the state, with the colors of the flag of Spain, which established and ruled for over two and a half centuries.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: The New Mexico flag is among the most unique and recognizable in the United States, and has been noted for its simple design. It is one of four U.S. state flags not to contain the color blue (along with Alabama, California, and Maryland) and the only one among the four without the color white. The flag of New Mexico is also one of only two U.S. state flags to include distinct Native American iconography, the other being Oklahoma.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: The proportions of the symbol are fixed by New Mexico law: The four groups of rays are set at right angles, with the two inner rays one-fifth longer than the outer rays, and the diameter of the circle in the center is one-third the width of the symbol.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: During its first thirteen years as a state, New Mexico did not have an official flag. The San Diego World's Fair of 1915, which occurred three years after New Mexico's admission to the union, featured an exhibit hall where all U.S. state flags were displayed; lacking an official flag, New Mexico displayed an unofficial one designed by Ralph Emerson Twitchell, the mayor of the state capital, Santa Fe. Known as the "Twitchell flag", it consisted of a blue field with the U.S. flag in the upper left corner, the words "New Mexico" in silver lettering in the center of the flag, the number "47" in the upper right corner (in reference to New Mexico being the 47th state), and the state seal in the bottom right corner (which in some historical references is wrapped with the world "The Sunshine State"). As of 2005, the only known Twitchell flag in existence was displayed at the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: In 1920, the New Mexico chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) called for the creation of an official flag that would reflect the state's unique heritage and culture. A statewide contest was held in 1923 to solicit new designs, which was won by Dr. Harry Mera of Santa Fe; however, his wife Reba Mera had designed the flag. In 1925, Governor Arthur T. Hannett signed legislation proclaiming the Mera design the official state flag, which remains in use and unchanged to this day.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: Dr. Mera was a physician and archaeologist who was familiar with the Zia sun symbol found at Zia Pueblo on a 19th century pottery jar. The symbol has sacred meaning to the Zia people. Four is a sacred number symbolizing the Circle of Life: the four directions, the four times of day, the four stages of life, and the four seasons; the circle binds these four elements of four together. The salutation, "I salute the flag of the State of New Mexico and the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures", is commonly recited in New Mexico public schools after the United States pledge of allegiance.


title: Flag of New Mexico

text: The New Mexico flag was rated first in a 2001 survey of 72 U.S. and Canadian flags by the North American Vexillological Association.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Volkssturmgewehr ("People's Storm - Rifle") is the name of several rifle designs developed by Nazi Germany during the last months of World War II. They share the common characteristic of being greatly simplified as an attempt to cope with severe lack of resources and industrial capacity in Germany during the final period of the war. The Volkspistole was a partner program, almost identical, but for pistols instead.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The weapon's name can be translated directly either as "People's assault rifle" or ""Volkssturm" rifle." "Volkssturm", the German late war militia home defense force, means "People's Assault"; "Sturmgewehr" translates as "assault rifle".


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: As a last-ditch measure in the nearly lost war, on 18 October 1944 the "Deutscher Volkssturm" was mobilized – a German national militia. To arm them under conditions of depleted manpower and limited available production capacities the "Primitiv-Waffen-Programm" ("primitive weapons program") was initiated. It called for weapons that were as easy as possible to produce. Walther designed the "Volkssturmgewehr VG 1" rifle, Spreewerk Berlin the VG 2, Rheinmetall the VG 3, Mauser the VG 4 and Steyr the VG 5 (a.k.a. VK 98). Best known is the "Volkssturmgewehr" by Gustloff which was a gas-delayed blowback semi-automatic rifle.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Walther Volkssturmgewehr VG 1 is a manually operated bolt-action rifle. It uses a simple rotating bolt, with locking provided by the two frontal lugs; the crude bolt handle engages a cut in the cast steel receiver to provide additional safety. The feed is from detachable 10-round box magazines, originally developed for the Gewehr 43 rifle. The manual safety is also very crude, and consist of a stamped steel lever pinned to the trigger guard just behind the trigger. When engaged, the safety lever blocks trigger movement. To disengage the safety the user must turn it sideways with a finger. The stock is crudely made from wood, and non-adjustable iron sights are provided for close-range shooting only. It was meant to be produced by Zbrojovka Brno in the current-day Czech Republic.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Spreewerk Berlin Volkssturmgewehr VG 2 is also a manually operated bolt-action rifle with a similar rotating bolt and crude manual safety. Locking is provided by two frontal lugs which lock into the steel insert pinned inside the stamped steel receiver. The VG 2 rifle is fed from detachable box magazines, originally developed for Gewehr 43. The stock is crudely made from wood and consists of two separate parts: shoulder stock with semi-pistol grip and fore-end. Wood parts are permanently pinned to the receiver. Non-adjustable iron sights are provided for close-range shooting only, and zeroed for .


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Steyr Volkssturmgewehr VG 5 rifle (or more correctly, the Volkssturmkarabiner VK 98) was slightly less basic. It used the Mauser Gewehr 98 type bolt action with rotary bolt, some of the early guns actually had serialised K98 bolts and/or receivers probably sourced from parts storages or rejected from main production for some reasons. Later guns had more parts produced specifically for VG5, these were standard K98 parts, but of very low quality, they were obviously distinguishable by virtually lacking any finish. The barrels were actually all K98 standard barrels. It had an internal magazine, just like K98, though with simpler unremovable bottom plate, very basic unadjustable fixed sights and very simple short stock, making it indeed a simplified and low quality sporter stocked K98.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: These rifle prototypes were developed as part of the Volkssturm-Mehrladegewehr ("People's Assault Repeating Rifle") program.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr was designed by Karl Barnitzke of the Gustloff-Werke for the "Primitiv-Waffen-Programm" ("primitive weapons program") in 1944 and was intended to be used by the "Volkssturm". Production of the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr occurred from January 1945 till the end of the war; roughly 10,000 were made.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: This gun was initially called MP 507. The MP 508 was fairly similar except it had a semi-pistol grip stock.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The weapon employed the same 7.92×33mm Kurz intermediate cartridge as the earlier StG 44 assault rifle and also used the same detachable 30-round box magazine.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr uses a gas-delayed blowback action based on the Barnitzke system, whereby gas bled from the barrel near the chamber creates resistance to the rearward impulse of the operating parts, which ceases when the projectile leaves the muzzle, allowing the operating parts to be forced rearward by the residual pressure of the cartridge case. This principle has been used most successfully in the Heckler & Koch P7 pistol.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr is constructed rather like many semi-automatic pistols, it has a casing and spring around the barrel; the whole casing recoils backward. The breech block, with firing pin and extractor, is pinned to the back end of the barrel casing. The rear end of the gun does not recoil and has the hammer, sear and trigger built into it. Gas coming from four vents, near the end of the barrel, holds the bolt closed till the gas pressure drops to a safe level.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Grossfuss Sturmgewehr used the same principle of gas-delayed blowback operation, but it was somewhat more efficient in the use of gas; its bolt weighed 0.8-0.9 kg compared to 1.4 kg in the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr was assembled out of 39 metallic parts, not counting rivets and screws. Of these specific parts, 12 required milling, 21 could be produced by stamping alone, and 6 were springs.


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: Testing of a captured Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr at a Soviet GAU shooting range showed that it was rather inaccurate, with 50% of the shots at 100 m landing in a circle with 10.2 cm (~4") radius and with 100% of the shots at the same distance landing in a circle with a 19.8 cm (7.8") radius. At 300 m these the corresponding radii were respectively 25 (9.8") and 50.3 cm (19.8").


title: Volkssturmgewehr

text: The 100 meter fixed sights of the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr made aiming difficult at longer ranges, with the bullet dropping around 84 cm (33 inches) below line of sight at 300 meters, forcing the shooter to aim higher on the target. For reference, a kneeling soldier presents a target approximately 96 cm (38 inches) in height, or 48 cm (19 inches) when prone.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: Benjamin Franklin "Frank" McGrath (February 2, 1903 – May 13, 1967) was an American television and film actor and stunt performer who played the comical, optimistic cook with the white beard, Charlie B. Wooster, on the western series "Wagon Train" for five seasons on NBC and then three seasons on ABC. McGrath appeared in all 272 episodes in the eight seasons of the series, which had ended its run only two years before his death. McGrath's Wooster character hence provided the meals and companionship for both fictional trail masters, Ward Bond as Seth Adams and John McIntire as Christopher "Chris" Hale.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: His first role, uncredited, was in the 1932 film, "The Rainbow Trail", a study of Mormon polygamy based on a 1915 Zane Grey novel of the same name. In 1948 and 1949, McGrath was the US Army Bugler in two of the greatest westerns ever made, "Fort Apache" and "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon". In "Fort Apache", McGrath appeared in fifty one scenes with both main characters John Wayne and Henry Fonda. In "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon", McGrath appeared in one hundred and twelve scenes (112). Only John Wayne himself surpassed McGrath in scenes in this movie. McGrath worked closely with John Wayne and was in many screen shots in both of these films, which were directed by John Ford. Even at the age of fifty-three, the durable stunt performer McGrath completed three separate horse fall and drag scenes for the 1956 John Wayne picture "The Searchers" not long after McGrath had barely recovered from having broken his back.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: A year before "Wagon Train" began, McGrath appeared briefly as ranch foreman John Pike in a 1956 episode "Quicksand" of the first hour-long television Western series, ABC's "Cheyenne", starring Clint Walker. In 1957, McGrath had an uncredited role as a stagecoach driver in the Henry Fonda film, "The Tin Star". In 1958, he portrayed the character Jake Rivers in the episode "The Most Dangerous Man Alive" on NBC's "Tales of Wells Fargo," starring Dale Robertson.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: After "Wagon Train", McGrath appeared in 1965 and 1966 as Uncle Lucius in nine episodes of ABC's situation comedy "Tammy", with Debbie Watson in the title role and Denver Pyle as the grandfather. Thereafter, McGrath was a guest star on two network westerns, as stagecoach driver Neddie Henshaw on the 1966 episode "Linda" of NBC's "The Virginian" and as Buster in the 03/13/1967 episode "Plunder", of ABC's "The Big Valley". Shortly before his death, McGrath played a bartender in the picture "The War Wagon", the character Ned Martin in "Gunfight in Abilene", and Ballard Weeks in Glenn Ford's, "The Last Challenge". All three films were released in 1967.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: For a number of years he was a stand-in and stunt double for Academy Award winning actor Warner Baxter. He so greatly resembled Baxter that they could have passed for brothers according to Los Angeles Times reporter John Scott writing in 1935. The two men formed a friendship outside of the studios and McGrath worked in several capacities for him.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: Still photos exist today from 20th Century Fox film "Slave Ship" (1937) showing identically dressed Baxter and his stand-in, McGrath, looking very much like brothers. In late 1938, McGrath gave an extensive interview carried by the Associated Press. He said they had met in 1928. Baxter was taken by their resemblance to each other and had him used as a stand-in. If closer in age they could have passed for twin brothers. By 1935, that professional relationship was written into Baxter's contracts. In 1938, McGrath was being paid $150 per week ($2,762.32 in 2019) part by Baxter and part by his studio to be a stand-in, stunt double, and personal trainer. Stand-ins at that time usually were paid $35 per week. They did much together to maintain Baxter's fitness to include swimming, tennis, boxing, and occasional body guard. A personal friendship grew from that. They hunted several times a year in addition to fishing trips. It was on a hunting trip to a remote part of Colorado in 1934 when McGrath saved Baxter's life. Baxter had broken his leg and McGrath carried him for four days on his back out of the wilderness and to a hospital. It was that event that cemented the personal friendship. When asked what they would talk about, McGrath said anything but pictures.


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: His last role was as Mr. Remington in the Don Knotts comedy-western, "The Shakiest Gun in the West", released in 1968, the year after McGrath's death. His former "Wagon Train" costar Terry Wilson also appears with McGrath in "The War Wagon" and "The Shakiest Gun in the West".


title: Frank McGrath (actor)

text: McGrath married Libby Quay Buschlen (1902–1978), a native of Arthur Ontario, Canada. He died May 13, 1967, aged 64, of a heart attack in Beverly Hills. He was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The term brown-water navy or riverine navy refers in its broadest sense to any naval force capable of military operations in littoral zone waters. The term originated in the United States Navy during the American Civil War, when it referred to Union forces patrolling the muddy Mississippi River, and has since been used to describe the small gunboats and patrol boats commonly used in rivers, along with the larger "mother ships" that supported them. These mother ships include converted World War II-era Landing Crafts and Tank Landing Ships, among other vessels.


title: Brown-water navy

text: Brown-water navies are contrasted with seaworthy blue-water navies, which can independently conduct operations in open ocean. Green-water navies, which can operate in brackish estuaries and littoral coasts, are the bridge between brown-water navies and blue-water navies.


title: Brown-water navy

text: After losing its blue-water fleet in the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, the kingdom of Denmark-Norway quickly built a brown-water navy. The partial successes of the resulting Gunboat War were undone by land invasion.


title: Brown-water navy

text: During the Mexican-American War Commodore Matthew C. Perry decided to invade the Mexican towns along the Gulf Coast near Tabasco. In October 1846 Perry was in command of USS "Mississippi", USS "Vixen", USRC "McLane", USS "Reefer", USS "Bonito", USS "Nonata" and USRC "Forward" with a 253 man landing force. After capturing the port of Frontera on the Tabasco River, the ships under Perry's command crossed the bar at the mouth of the river and traveled up river to the town of Tabasco. After several days of bombardment of Tabasco, Perry's ships captured several Mexican ships on the river and brought them back to Frontera. Some were commissioned into U.S. Navy service and others were burned.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The city of Tampico was poorly defended and offered a base for operations for the conquest of the state of Tamaulipas. For these reasons Tampico became the next target for seizure by American naval forces. Commodore David Conner directed that it be attacked in late October 1846 and those plans were captured by General Antonio López de Santa Anna. Santa Anna directed that Tampico be almost abandoned and his forces be moved up river to Pánuco. This move was completed by 28 October. The bar at the mouth of the Pánuco River was only eight feet and hindered the movement of American ships up the river. The wife of the former American consul at Tampico sent word to Conner that the river was rising and that the town had been abandoned. Conner's forces crossed the bar on 14 November and began shelling the town. Almost immediately the remaining garrison at Tampico surrendered and Conner learned that the troops stationed there had retreated to Pánuco 25 miles upstream from Tampico. After Conner's ships moved to Pánuco and several days of naval bombardment, the Mexican forces at Pánuco surrendered. The American Army quickly occupied Tampico and used it for a staging point for a planned attack on Veracruz.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The U.S. Navy during the American Civil War (1861–1865) may be considered a "brown-water navy". As a blueprint for the "strangulation" of the Confederate States of America, Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan called for a two-pronged approach by first blocking the South's harbors and then pushing along the Mississippi River, effectively cutting the Confederate territory in two while also robbing the South of its main artery of transport. The U.S. Navy was assigned the blockade of the seaports, while a new force of gunboats and river ironclads, together with regular army units, would take, or at least lay siege to, the Confederate forts and cities along the Mississippi. In the early days of the war, U.S. Army built and crewed these boats, with the naval officers commanding them being the only direct connection to the U.S. Navy. By the autumn of 1862, the boats and their mission were transferred to the Department of the Navy. Because of the river's murky brown water, the ships that participated in these Mississippi campaigns were quickly referred to as the "brown-water navy", as opposed to the regular U.S. Navy (which was henceforth referred to as the "deep-water" or "blue-water" navy).


title: Brown-water navy

text: After the end of the American civil war the next major military conflict in the world was the Paraguayan War (1864–1870). In this the Brazilian brown-water navy, which comprised large ironclads as well as river monitors, had a crucial role.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The natural water highway to the Republic of Paraguay was the River Paraguay but this route was blocked by the formidable Fortress of Humaitá. It comprised a line of artillery batteries overlooking a sharp concave bend in the river, at a point where the channel was only wide. A chain boom could be raised to block the navigation. The fortress was exceedingly hard to take from the landward side for it was protected by impassible swamp, marsh or lagoons and, where not, by of trenches with a garrison of 18,000 men. The river was shallow, uncharted and capable of trapping large vessels if the water level should fall. In that environment the greatest threat to shipping was "torpedoes" (nineteenth-century floating naval mines).


title: Brown-water navy

text: Six vessels of the Brazilian ironclad squadron eventually succeeded in dashing past Humaitá in an incident known as the Passage of Humaitá, an event considered as nearly impossible. Although it could not operate far beyond its military forward base, nevertheless, Brazilian domination of the river meant that Paraguay could no longer resupply the fortress, and eventually it was starved out and captured by the land forces in the Siege of Humaitá.


title: Brown-water navy

text: Even after Humaitá was captured − which took more than two years – the Paraguayans improvised further strongpoints along the river, further delaying the Allies (the Empire of Brazil, the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Uruguay).


title: Brown-water navy

text: Save for an occasional river patrol boat, the United States' river ironclad navy was all but abolished at the end of the American Civil War. Yet the concept of a river defense force lived on in countries and regions where rivers enabled the U.S. to project its military presence, allowing it to protect its foreign interests abroad. U.S. river boats (gunboats) of the Asiatic Fleet operated in portions of Chinese rivers, sometimes referred to as the "Asiatic Navy" or "China Navy", during the turbulent 1920s, patrolling for insurgents and river pirates. Two of the most notable China gunboats were , which was sunk in 1937 by Japanese military aircraft prior to World War II, and , which was captured by the Japanese in December 1941. The U.S. Navy of that era used the term for protecting U.S. foreign policy and its citizens abroad "gunboat diplomacy". The U.S. Navy, China gunboat, , was sunk by the Japanese in March 1942.


title: Brown-water navy

text: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Manchukuo Imperial Navy served principally to patrol the Sungari, Amur, and Ussuri rivers, support Army operations against Chinese resistance forces, and guard Manchukuo's riverine borders with the Soviet Union. In 1939 the Navy's forces came under the control of the Manchukuo Imperial Army as the River Defence Fleet.


title: Brown-water navy

text: During the First Indochina War, the French Navy created the Dinassaut (naval assault divisions), in 1947, to operate in the waters of the Mekong and Red rivers, conducting search and destroy missions, against communist guerillas and river pirates. They succeeded the river flotillas created in 1945, by the request of General Leclerc. The Dinassaut served until the end of the conflict in 1955, and its concept would be latter adopted by the United States Navy in the Vietnam War.


title: Brown-water navy

text: Ten Dinassauts were created, with five based in Cochinchina and the others in Tonkin. Each one was made of about ten vessels and one Commandos Marine unit. The types of vessels operated by a Dinassaut included LCI, LCT, LCM, LCVP, LCS, LCA, LSSL and fire support vessels.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The role of the Dinassaut was to transport, land and support the infantry, to patrol the watercourses and to assure the supply of the isolated posts.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The sailors that served in the Dinassaut were referred as the "Navy in Khaki", in comparison with the sailors that served in the ocean that were referred as the "Navy in White".


title: Brown-water navy

text: In Portuguese service, the brown-water navy has been often referred as the "Naval Dust" (), for its use of a large number of small vessels, in comparison with the conventional blue-water navy that uses a smaller number of larger vessels. In several historical periods, the Portuguese Navy had to develop riverine forces to operate in then-Portuguese colonies in Asia, South America and Africa.


title: Brown-water navy

text: During the Portuguese Colonial War, from 1961–1974, the Portuguese Navy created a brown-water navy to operate in the rivers and lakes of Angola, Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique, against the separatist, communist guerrillas, as well as river pirates. For the organization of their riverine forces, the Portuguese were inspired by the French experience in Indochina with the Dinassaut and by their own historical experience in the operation of river flotillas in support of the Portuguese colonial pacification campaigns in Africa during the late 19th and early 20th


title: Brown-water navy

text: Under the local commands of the Navy, the Portuguese created river boat flotillas ("esquadrilhas de lanchas") in the Zaire River in Angola, in the Lake Nyasa in Mozambique and in the river system of the Portuguese Guinea. Smaller riverine forces were also created in the Cabinda Province of Angola, in Eastern Angola (to operate in the Cuito, Zambezi, Cuando, Lungué Bungo and Cuanza rivers) and in Tete to operate in the Mozambican section of the Zambezi river. These forces were responsible for reconnaissance, surveillance, the interdiction of the rivers and lakes to the enemy, and to avoid their use for the infiltration and supply of guerrillas in the interior of Portuguese territory. Additionally, the riverine forces were also tasked with the mobile fire support to the land forces, the movement of troops, the supply of the Portuguese garrisons and the support of the civilian population in the riverine areas.


title: Brown-water navy

text: For these riverine forces, the Portuguese Navy conceived five types of vessels: the LFG (large river patrol boats of 200–300 t), the LFP (small river patrol boats of 18–40 t), the LDG (large landing craft of 480–550 t), the LDM (medium landing craft of 50 t) and the LDP (small landing craft of 12 t). The LFGs were armed with 40 mm guns and the LDPs with 20 mm guns, with several units of both types being also armed with rocket launchers. The LDG, LDM and LDP types were based, respectively, in the LCT, LCM and LCVP/LCA designs, but were modified in order to have a greater mission endurance and to be used for patrolling, fire support and as a mobile base for the Marines. This modifications included the protection of sensitive parts with armor, the installation of 40 mm (LDGs) or 20 mm (LDMs and LDPs) guns and the improvement of the crew accommodations, partially at the expense of the cargo deck.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The river boat flotillas were complemented by assault units of Special Marines ("fuzileiros especiais") and security units of Marines ("fuzileiros"). The Portuguese Marines operated based in the patrol boats and landing craft and also using their own rubber boats.


title: Brown-water navy

text: On December 18, 1965, for the first time since the American Civil War, the United States Navy formalized its new, brown-water navy in Vietnam. Initially, the brown-water navy patrolled the inland waterways of the Mekong River, primarily with South Vietnamese river craft (RAG—River Assault Groups) boats, which were mostly inherited from the French Navy during the previous war and in turn, had been received from the U.S., as military aid, in the French fight against the Viet Minh, the Communist-led Vietnamese alliance. As the new fiberglass Patrol Boat, River using water jet propulsion, became available, it became the main interdiction vessel for patrolling the Vietnamese Mekong River country.


title: Brown-water navy

text: For coastal duty the South Vietnamese Navy used larger seaworthy craft. These were replaced by newer U.S. Navy Swift Boats (PCF—Patrol Craft Fast, aluminum 50 footers) and United States Coast Guard Point-class cutters. By the late 1960s, the Swift Boat would commence operations alongside the PBRs in the inland waters, as well as maintaining operations along the coast line. Navy and Coast Guard ships assumed coastal duties. The Swift boats were operated by small crews, but became a staple asset in riverine operations; they patrolled waterways, performed special operations, gunfire support and insertion of troops into enemy territory.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The brown-water Mobile Riverine Force was a joint venture between the Navy and the Army, modeled after the earlier French Riverine and coastal patrols in the First Indochina War (1946–1954). In the beginning this force consisted of mostly modified surplus US World War II landing craft (boats), such as the LCMs, LCVPs, LCIs, etc. The only entirely new riverine boat from the French Indochina War had been the French designed STCN (an all-steel "V" hulled boat, approximately 40 feet in length, whose design had been influenced by the US LCVP). This particular craft influenced the design of the US Navy's only original riverine boat built for the Vietnam War—the 50-foot all-steel hull, aluminum superstructured Assault Support Patrol Boat (ASPB) or "Alpha Boat". The ASPB was built by the Gunderson Company, in Oregon, USA, and was of reinforced construction, in order to survive exploding mines. As a consequence, the ASPB earned a reputation as the "minesweeper" of the riverine forces.


title: Brown-water navy

text: Along with the aforementioned PBRs, other riverine craft included PCFs, ASPBs, and monitors (modified LCMs). Together these craft formed a Mobile Riverine Force, that utilized various supporting facilities, such as the Yard Repair Berthing and Messings, advance bases, LSTs, helicopter and seawolf units.


title: Brown-water navy

text: The brown-water navy (in conjunction with other efforts, such as Operation Market Time and Operation Game Warden) was largely successful in its efforts to stop North Vietnam using the South Vietnamese coast and rivers to resupply its military and the Viet Cong. The flow of weapons and ammunition came to a virtual standstill during Operation Market Time, from 1965 and 1970.


title: Brown-water navy

text: Brown-water river assault units were formalized in January 1967 with the 2nd Brigade, 9th Infantry Division arriving under the command of Major General William Fulton. Later that same year, in combination with US Navy Task Force 117 they formed the Mobile Riverine Force. In 1970, for the last time since the Civil War, the Navy stood down the last of its brown-water navy units, as they were turned over to the South Vietnamese and Cambodian governments under the Vietnamization policy.


title: INS Arihant

text: INS "Arihant" (SSBN 80) (Sanskrit: "Vanquisher of Enemies"), designated S2 Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine, is the lead ship of India's of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines. The 6,000 tonne vessel was built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project at the Ship Building Centre in the port city of Visakhapatnam.


title: INS Arihant

text: Arihant was launched on 26 July 2009, the anniversary of "Vijay Diwas" (Kargil War Victory Day) by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. After fitting out and extensive sea trials, on 23 February 2016, she was confirmed as ready for operations, commissioned in August 2016, and deployed operationally in 2018.


title: INS Arihant

text: INS "Arihant" is the first of the planned five in the class of submarines designed and constructed as a part of the Indian Navy's secretive Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project. The ATV project was set up in 1984, under Vice Admiral Mihir K. Roy as the first Director General. The submarines are reported to be based on the . Their crew were to have the opportunity to train on INS "Chakra", an "Akula"-class submarine, which the Indian Navy leased from Russia. "Arihant" is intended to be more of "a technology demonstrator" than a fully operational SSBN according to Admiral Nirmal Verma.


title: INS Arihant

text: The vessel is powered by an 83 MW pressurised light-water reactor with enriched uranium fuel. A land-based prototype of the reactor was first built at Kalpakkam and made operational in September 2006. Successful operation for three years yielded the data that enabled the production version for "Arihant". It was reported that an 80 MW nuclear reactor was integrated into the hull of the ATV in January 2008.


title: INS Arihant

text: The hull for the vessel was built by L&T's Hazira shipbuilding facility. Tata Power Strategic Engineering Division (SED) built the control systems for the submarine. The systems for the steam turbine integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries. Consultancy was provided by Russia. Russia was also reported to have provided assistance to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) scientists in miniaturising the reactor to fit into the hull of the nuclear submarine


title: INS Arihant

text: "Arihant" has four vertical launch tubes, which can carry 12 (three per launch tube) smaller K-15 missiles or four larger K-4 missiles. The K-4 has a longer range of , and had commenced trials in 2014.


title: INS Arihant

text: A nuclear scientist familiar with the project, on the condition of anonymity, echoed this report in response to media reports that India had successfully launched a completed nuclear submarine. It was also expected that building the reactor, integration of systems, and sea trials would take three to five years.


title: INS Arihant

text: Admiral Verma told reporters on 7 August 2012 that sea trials of "Arihant" were commencing in coming months, and she was steadily progressing towards operationalisation. On 27 January 2013, Sagarika, the primary armament of "Arihant", completed its final developmental test and was later integrated with the submarine. On 10 August 2013, the nuclear reactor of the submarine went critical this after several months of system checks using shore-based high-pressure steam. The reactor's power was raised in increments of 5 to 10% until it reached full power.


title: INS Arihant

text: INS "Arihant" was introduced to the public on 26 July 2009 at a symbolic launch ceremony by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's wife Gursharan Kaur. The launch coincided with the 10th anniversary of the conclusion of the Kargil War. The vessel was floated by flooding the dry dock. Gursharan Kaur cracked a coconut on the hull to mark the launch of the submarine, a naval tradition, at the secret naval base in Visakhapatnam. Photography was prohibited and photos showing the complete vessel were not available. In his address to the crowd, Prime Minister Singh billed the submarine as an outcome of a public-private partnership. He also thanked Russia in his address. The launch of "Arihant" strengthened India's endeavour to build a credible nuclear triad – the capability to fire nuclear weapons from air, land and sea.


title: INS Arihant

text: On 13 December 2014, "Arihant" sailed north along the Bay of Bengal coast for its extensive sea trials. The sea trials included the firing of the indigenous submarine-launched Sagarika ballistic missile.


title: INS Arihant

text: On 25 November 2015, an unarmed "Sagarika" missile was successfully test-fired from "Arihant." The submarine then underwent further extensive sea trials, which were completed by early February 2016. Though it had initially been expected "Arihant" would be commissioned in time to participate in the International Fleet Review 2016, her participation was subsequently ruled out due to security concerns. On 23 February, "Arihant" was officially confirmed as ready for operations.


title: INS Arihant

text: In August 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi commissioned INS "Arihant" into the Indian Navy. Commissioning and arming "Arihant" completed India's nuclear triad.


title: INS Arihant

text: In January 2018 it was reported that an aft hatch on the submarine was left open by mistake while the "Arihant" was docked in 2017, leading to saltwater flooding the propulsion area, rendering the submarine inoperative for ten months while corroding pipes were replaced.


title: INS Arihant

text: It was announced on 5 November 2018 that INS "Arihant" had completed its first 20-day long deterrent patrol the previous day. PM Narendra Modi congratulated the crew of "Arihant" after the patrol.


title: INS Arihant

text: To prove crew competency and validate the SSBN programme, INS "Arihant" on 14 October 2022 successfully launched an SLBM with a predetermined range and hit the target area in the Bay of Bengal with high accuracy. As per a defence source quoted by The Hindu, the missile launched was not the K-4 SLBM but the older K-15 SLBM. At present INS "Arihant" is armed with K-15 Sagarika SLBM, which possess a range of 750 km.


title: Katori Hall

text: Katori Hall (born May 10, 1981) is an American playwright, screenwriter, producer, actress, and director from Memphis, Tennessee. Hall's best known works include the hit television series "P-Valley", the Tony-nominated "Tina: The Tina Turner Musical", and plays such as "Hurt Village", "Our Lady of Kibeho", "Children of Killers", "The Mountaintop", and "The Hot Wing King", for which she won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall's parents moved the family from Raleigh, North Carolina, to a predominantly white neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee, when she was five years old. She graduated from Craigmont High School as the first Black valedictorian in the school's history, and received her bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 2003 with a major in African-American Studies and Creative Writing. As a student, she was a resident of John Jay Hall. Hall was initially a student in the theater department, where she took classes with fellow student Kelly McCreary. Eventually she switched majors because she felt the faculty and students were inhospitable to her perspective and writing. She was awarded top departmental honors from the university's Institute for Research in African-American Studies.


title: Katori Hall

text: In 2005 she graduated from the American Repertory Theater's Institute for Advanced Theater Training at Harvard University with a Master of Fine Arts in Acting. During this time she revised the script for "Hoodoo Love", the first full-length play she wrote. In 2006, it was selected by Lynn Nottage for the Cherry Lane Theatre Mentor Project. It premiered off-Broadway at Cherry Lane Theatre and received positive critical reception.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall graduated from the Juilliard School's Lila Acheson Wallace playwriting program in 2009. In the program she workshopped the script for "The Mountaintop".


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall gained mainstream prominence after her play "The Mountaintop", about Martin Luther King Jr.'s last night before his assassination, premiered in London in 2009 to critical acclaim. Hall took the play to London after she was unable to secure a venue in the United States. The play was staged at Theatre503, where it sold out, and then transferred to the Trafalgar Studios in the West End. The production was directed by James Dacre and featured British actors David Harewood and Lorraine Burroughs. Nicola Christie of "The Independent" called "The Mountaintop" "breathtaking". Theater critic Charles Spencer in the "Daily Telegraph" gave the production five stars and hailed it a "triumph". "The Mountaintop" won the 2010 Olivier Award for Best New Play, making Hall the first Black woman to achieve this accolade.


title: Katori Hall

text: In September 2011, "The Mountaintop" opened on Broadway starring Samuel L. Jackson as Martin Luther King Jr. and Angela Bassett as a mysterious maid. It attracted both praise and controversy for the language and depiction of King. In January 2011 during the extension of the show, lead producers Jean Doumanian and Sonia Friedman announced that "The Mountaintop" had recouped its entire capitalization of $3.1 million.


title: Katori Hall

text: In October 2011, Hall, along with Annie Baker, Will Eno, Kenneth Lonergan and Regina Taylor, was among the playwrights chosen for the Pershing Square Signature Theatre's Residency Five initiative in New York, which guarantees each writer three full world-premiere productions over a five-year residency.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall's play "Hurt Village", a drama about life and change in a Memphis housing project, premiered in 2012 off-Broadway at Signature Theatre Company as part of the theatre's inaugural season. The play, which won the 2011 Susan Smith Blackburn Award, was presented with support from the 2011 Edgerton Foundation New American Play Award from TCG. The play starred Tony Award winner Tonya Pinkins, as well as Marsha Stephanie Blake, Ron Cephas Jones, Saycon Sengbloh, Lloyd Watts, Charlie Hudson III, Nicholas Christopher, Corey Hawkins and Joaquina Kalukango. In 2014 it was announced that Hall will make her feature film directorial debut with an adaptation of "Hurt Village". "Hoodoo Love" premiered at Cherry Lane Theatre in 2013.


title: Katori Hall

text: In November 2014, "Our Lady of Kibeho", the second play of Hall's residency at the Pershing Square Signature Theatre, had its world premiere in The Irene Diamond Stage at The Pershing Square Signature Center, directed by Michael Greif. In "Our Lady of Kibeho", Hall tells the story of a real-life incident of 1981, when a group of Rwandan schoolgirls claimed to see a vision of the Virgin Mary.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall's play "Pussy Valley" was staged at Mixed Blood Theatre in 2015. The play's first reading, about the goings-on of a strip club in Mississippi, took place in 2009.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall wrote the book for the musical "Tina: The Tina Turner Musical" alongside Frank Ketelaar and Kees Prins. "Tina" is a jukebox musical featuring the music of Tina Turner and depicting her life. It opened on Broadway in November 2019. Hall received a nomination for the 2020 Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical for the show.


title: Katori Hall

text: Other plays by Hall include "Remembrance", "Children of Killers", "WHADDABLOODCLOT!!!, Pussy Valley", and "The Hot Wing King" many which are set in Memphis. Her work has been noted for "an earthiness, a humour, a female vision and a luxuriant language that feels distinctly her own." Hall was awarded the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for "The Hot Wing King", which ran Off-Broadway at the Signature Theatre in February 2020 until its run was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall developed her play "Pussy Valley" into the television drama series on Starz, renamed "P-Valley", which premiered in 2020. It has received critical acclaim, and was renewed for a second season two weeks after its premiere. She serves as the series creator, showrunner, and executive producer. In 2020 she signed an overall deal with Lionsgate Television.


title: Katori Hall

text: Her awards include a Laurence Olivier Award Susan Smith Blackburn Award, Lark Play Development Center Playwrights of New York (PONY) Fellowship, Kate Neal Kinley Fellowship, two Lecompte du Nouy Prizes from Lincoln Center, Fellowship of Southern Writers Bryan Family Award in Drama, Fellowship, and the Lorraine Hansberry Playwriting Award.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall was shortlisted for the London Evening Standard Most Promising Playwright Award and received the Otis Guernsey New Voices Playwriting Award from the William Inge Theatre Festival. She is a member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers.


title: Katori Hall

text: Hall has been a book reviewer, journalist, and essayist for publications such as "The Boston Globe", "Essence", "Newsweek" and "The New York Times". She has been a Kennedy Center Playwriting Fellow at the O’Neill.


title: Islamic socialism

text: Islamic socialism is a political philosophy that incorporates Islamic principles into socialism. As a term, it was coined by various Muslim leaders to describe a more spiritual form of socialism. Islamic socialists believe that the teachings of the Quran and Muhammad—especially the zakat—are not only compatible with principles of socialism, but also very supportive of them. They draw inspiration from the early Medinan welfare state established by Muhammad. Muslim socialists found their roots in anti-imperialism. This can especially be seen in the writings of Salama Moussa, who wrote extensively both about socialism, and about Egyptian nationalism against British rule.


title: Islamic socialism

text: Muslim socialist leaders believe in the derivation of legitimacy from the public, and wish to implement a government based on social welfare and the concept of zakat. In practice, this has been seen through guaranteed incomes, pensions, and welfare. These practical applications of the idea of Islamic socialism have a history going back to Muhammad and the first few Caliphates, to modern political parties founded in the 1970s.


title: Islamic socialism

text: Islamic socialists often use the Quran to defend their positions. A Turkish Islamic socialist organisation, Anti-Capitalist Muslims, openly challenged right-wing Muslims to read the Quran and "try to disprove the fact that it is leftist".


title: Islamic socialism

text: Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, a companion of Muhammad, is credited by some scholars, like Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism. He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during Uthman's caliphate and urged the equitable redistribution of wealth. The first Muslim Caliph Abu Bakr introduced a guaranteed minimum standard of income, granting each man, woman and child ten dirhams annually—this was later increased to twenty dirhams.


title: Islamic socialism

text: According to Sami A. Hanna and Hanif Ramay, one of the first expressions of Islamic socialism was the Wäisi movement in Tatarstan, Russia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement opposed the rule of the Russian Empire and was supported by Muslim farmers, peasants and "petite bourgeoisie". It suffered repression by the Russian authorities and went underground in the early 20th century, when it started cooperating with communists, socialists and social democrats in anti-government activity, and started identifying itself as an Islamic socialist movement in the wake of the 1905 Russian Revolution. The movement aligned with the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution of 1917, during which the movement also established the first experimental Islamic commune. The Muslim Socialist Committee of Kazan was also active at this time. After the death of Lenin in 1924, the Wäisi movement asserted its independence from the Communist Party, however it was suppressed during the Great Purge in the 1930s.


title: Islamic socialism

text: Soviet decision makers recognized that revolutionary activity along the Soviet Union's southern border would draw the attention of capitalist powers and invite them to intervene. It was this understanding which prompted the Russian representation at the Baku Congress in September 1920 to reject the arguments of the national communists as impractical and counterproductive to the revolution in general, without elaborating their fear that the safety of Russia lay in the balance. It was this understanding, coupled with the Russian Bolsheviks' displeasure at seeing another revolutionary center proposed in their own domain revolutionary, that galvanized them into action against the national communists.


title: Islamic socialism

text: The Iranian intellectual Muhammed Nakhshab is credited with the first synthesis between Shi'ism and European socialism. Nakhshab's movement was based on the tenet that Islam and socialism were not incompatible since both sought to accomplish social equality and justice. His theories had been expressed in his B.A. thesis on the laws of ethics. In 1943, Nakhshab founded the Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists, one of six original member organizations of the National Front. The organization was founded through the merger of two groupings, Nakhshab's circle of high school students at Dar al-Fanoun and Jalaleddin Ashtiyani's circle of about 25 students at the Faculty of Engineering at Tehran University. The organization was initially known as League of Patriotic Muslims. It combined religious sentiments, nationalism and socialist thoughts. After the 1953 coup against the National Front-led government of Mohammad Mosaddegh, Islamic socialism in Iran took a more radical turn, with the Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, using Marxist ideas under the influence of Ali Shariati and engaging in armed struggle against the government of the Shah of Iran, culminating in its participation in the Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Shah in 1979. However the movement fell foul of the Islamic Republic established after the Revolution.


title: Islamic socialism

text: In South Asia, the Deobandi scholar and Indian independence activist Ubaidullah Sindhi travelled to Russia via Afghanistan in the 1910s. He remained in post-revolution Russia until 1923, where he studied socialism and engaged in discussions with communist revolutionaries. From Russia he moved on to Turkey, where he developed his ideas on Islamic socialism, drawing parallels between Islam and communism in their emphasis on the fair distribution of wealth.