title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: In the context of the game, "The Music of Grand Theft Auto V" was well received. Jim Sterling of "Destructoid" considered the game's sound design "impeccable", directing praise at the score. The staff at "Edge" wrote that the licensed music "enrich[es] Los Santos' already remarkable sense of space" and considered that the original score enhanced the atmosphere of the gameplay, retrospectively noting Carolyn Petit of "GameSpot" also thought that the score "lends missions more cinematic flavour", while Jeff Gerstmann of Giant Bomb said that the score helped enhance dramatic tension during missions. Keza MacDonald of IGN commented that the licensed music had been selected well, and agreed that the original score "builds tension" on missions. Alex Young of "Consequence of Sound" considered the score "dynamic to say the least", praising the music for its appropriation within the gameplay. He concluded that the team have "craft[ed] an entertaining blend of musical tastes that everyone can get on board with". Tshepo Mokoena of "The Guardian" deemed the soundtrack "inaccessibly trendy at points, but varied enough". The album peaked at 11 on "Billboard"s Top Soundtracks charts in the week of 12 October 2013.


title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: The Cinematographic Score — GTA 5 was released on 24 March 2014, limited to 2000 copies. The album was composed and produced by Tangerine Dream founder Edgar Froese, while his wife Bianca Acquaye provided the cover art and acted as executive producer. Froese agreed to work on the game despite his distaste for the medium, intrigued by "Grand Theft Auto V"s philosophy of "working against the establishment", describing it as "a social game".


title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: Welcome to Los Santos (also known as The Alchemist and Oh No Present Welcome to Los Santos) was included with the Microsoft Windows version of "Grand Theft Auto V", which was released on 14 April 2015. The album was put onto a fictional in-game radio station called "The Lab" to fit with the rest of the in-game music. A retail version of the album was released on 21 April through Mass Appeal Records. David Jeffries of AllMusic felt that the album "captures the excitement of flipping the radio dial in the game". Pitchfork Media's Clayton Purdom praised the album's variety of artists and genres, calling it "music blooming out of a club you are supposed to want to go into". Andrew Matson of NPR spoke positively of most of the album's tracks, though felt that some were "unconsidered, and ... never jells as a result". The album peaked at 18 and 41 on "Billboard"s Top Soundtracks and R&B Albums charts, respectively, in the week of 9 May 2015.


title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: A new radio station was added to "Grand Theft Auto Online" in its "The Contract" update in December 2021, featuring music from Dr. Dre who was also featured in-game. The songs from the radio station were released digitally as singles in February 2022, under the collective name "GTA Online: The Contract", and published by Aftermath Records and Interscope Records.


title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: Since the game's location is modelled on Southern California, the developers attempted to create an accurate representation that represented that region. Production of the soundtrack also consisted of licensing music for the radio stations, and selecting a disc jockey that matches the genre of music the station hosts. The soundtrack consists of a wide variety of radio stations that play different genres of music, including reggae, hip hop, hardcore punk, pop and country. In September 2014, it was announced that new songs would be added to some of the radio stations in the next-gen releases of the game.


title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: In developing the radio stations, the development team sought to reinforce the game's recreation of California by licensing tracks they felt appropriately echoed a "Cali feel". On the inclusion of the pop station Non-Stop-Pop FM, music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich noted "the first time you get off an airplane in L.A. and you hear the radio and the pop just seeps out... We wanted that. It really connects you to the world". He felt that music licensing for the game involved a greater discernment than in "Grand Theft Auto IV", as the music in "Grand Theft Auto V" played a greater role in building a Californian atmosphere. "It reflects the environment in which the game is set", he explained. Initially, the team planned to license over 900 tracks for the radio, but over time they refined the total number of tracks to 241.


title: Music of Grand Theft Auto V

text: The tracks are shared between 18 stations, including two talk radio stations. Some of the tracks were written specifically for the game; for example, rapper and producer Flying Lotus hosts the station FlyLo FM which includes original work he composed for the game. For each of the radio stations, over time the team would develop an understanding of where the station's music was going and then select a DJ to host the station. Each station's DJ was selected with the mindset that they would match the genre of music the station hosts; for example, in developing Los Santos Rock Radio the team licensed classic rock tracks and it was decided that Kenny Loggins was a fitting choice as the station's DJ.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: The Speaking Out movement is a social movement against emotional, physical and sexual abuse in the professional wrestling industry, where people publicize their allegations of misconduct committed by powerful and/or prominent individuals. Similar to other empowerment movements based upon breaking silence such as #MeToo, the purpose of #SpeakingOut (a hashtag that began to spread on Twitter in June 2020) is to empower wrestling-related people to tell their stories of abuse they have experienced.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 17, 2020, independent wrestler David Starr was accused of sexual assault by a former girlfriend of his, which Starr denied. After the allegation came out, several wrestling promotions stripped Starr of his titles and fired him.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: The following day, numerous people in and out of the pro wrestling industry accused several wrestlers, promoters, personalities, and journalists of sexual misconduct. The hashtag "Speaking Out" began to spread on social media when people told their stories. #SpeakingOut was a trending topic on Twitter. Soon after, one of the victims making the accusations stated that Yorkshire Police were investigating the accusations and that she and another victim had a list of 70 wrestlers with 100 incidents documented.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Many wrestlers, personalities, and journalists overwhelmingly supported those that spoke out on their experiences.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: All Elite Wrestling wrestler Jimmy Havoc was accused of emotional and verbal abuse by former partner, Rebecca Crow. On June 19, 2020, AEW announced in a statement that Havoc would be attending therapy for a number of issues and they would come to a decision about his employment at a later date. Havoc would be released by AEW on August 13.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 22, audio from a podcast went viral where Sammy Guevara joked that he wanted to rape WWE women's wrestler Sasha Banks. AEW subsequently suspended Guevara without pay, with Guevara agreeing to undergo extensive sensitivity training. It was also announced that Guevara's salary would be donated to the Women's Center of Jacksonville. Later that day, Banks stated that she and Guevara had been in contact with each other, that he had apologized to her, and that they had engaged in an "open discussion" to help him understand the severity of his comments. Guevara would complete his training and return on July 22.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 23, Darby Allin was accused of emotional, mental, and sexual abuse by Hawlee Cromwell, an independent wrestler with whom he allegedly had a relationship.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 19, Chikara removed Kobald from their roster following allegations made against him. Chikara owner Mike Quackenbush was also accused of knowingly overseeing a company that enabled abuse and neglect, which led to many wrestlers on the Chikara roster such as Hallowicked, Kimber Lee, Jacob Hammermeier, Frightmare and Green Ant resigning from the promotion. On June 24, Chikara announced they had shut down completely.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Wrestlers Joey Ryan, Michael Elgin, and Dave Crist were accused of misconduct. Impact Wrestling's parent company, Anthem Sports & Entertainment, released a statement saying they were reviewing the allegations. Ryan, who had seventeen different allegations against him, would release a statement without addressing specific allegations. It was later revealed that Ryan and Crist's contracts were terminated, while Elgin was suspended. On June 26, Impact Wrestling announced Elgin would be removed from all future programing. On July 2, Elgin released a video denying the allegations made against him. On July 18, Ryan also released a video denying almost all the allegations made against him. He filed lawsuits against some of his accusers as well as a lawsuit against Impact. On March 8, 2021, Ryan issued a statement saying he would drop several lawsuits. Two days later, he issued a second statement saying he would drop another lawsuit.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: TJP came out with allegations of being taken advantage of by older female wrestlers when he was fifteen.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 20, Major League Wrestling ring announcer Mark Adam Haggerty was accused of sending inappropriate text messages to a minor. An hour later, MLW and two other promotions announced that they would no longer be working with Haggerty.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 18, National Wrestling Alliance Vice President Dave Lagana was accused of sexual misconduct. The following day, Lagana resigned from his position.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: New Japan Pro-Wrestling star Will Ospreay was accused by a former female wrestler, Pollyanna, of having her blacklisted after she made allegations towards another wrestler, Scott Wainwright, who is a friend of Ospreay's. While Ospreay denied the accusation, International Wrestling League would release a statement that contradicted his denial. In October 2020, IWL retracted their statement.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 22, Marty Scurll was accused of taking advantage of a 16-year-old girl who was inebriated. Scurll would release two statements in which he did not deny the allegations, but claimed the encounter was consensual while both participants were intoxicated. On June 25, Ring of Honor announced that they launched an investigation concerning the allegations. On January 4, 2021, it was announced that Scurll had left ROH.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On July 6, former ROH Women's Champion Kelly Klein alleged that Jay Lethal sexually harassed women and ROH covered it up. He had been previously accused by Taeler Hendrix of sexually harassing her in 2018. Lethal released a statement denying the allegations.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Joe Coffey was accused of harassing a woman, sending unsolicited naked photos, sending voice messages, and unsolicited stalking. On June 30, he was suspended by WWE.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Jack Gallagher was accused of sexual assault. On June 19, he was released by WWE. His profile was later deleted from WWE.com. On October 4, Gallagher issued a statement concerning the circumstances that led to his release.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Jordan Devlin was accused of physical abuse by a former partner. Devlin denied the allegations. He would be suspended indefinitely by Progress Wrestling following the allegations.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Matt Riddle was accused of sexual misconduct by a female wrestler. Riddle denied the allegation through his attorney. It was later reported that WWE was aware of the allegation against Riddle when he was signed in 2018 and had investigated it at the time. On July 8, Riddle admitted to having an affair with his accuser, but reiterated his denial of the accusations against him. On September 16, Riddle dropped his petition for a restraining order against his accuser. The following day, Riddle filed a civil lawsuit against his accuser. On October 8, it was reported that Riddle's accuser filed a countersuit against Riddle, WWE, Gabe Sapolsky, and Evolve Wrestling. On March 24, 2021, a judge ruled to terminate WWE and Gabe Sapolsky as defendants in the lawsuit. Riddle's request for termination of the lawsuit was denied. On July 13, 2021, it was reported Riddle's accuser dropped her lawsuit against him.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Travis Banks was accused of emotional abuse by former student Millie McKenzie, who had a relationship with Banks while aged 17. McKenzie also stated that Banks has had similar relationships with other trainees. Banks responded to the allegations via a statement. McKenzie proceeded to tweet screenshots of a text conversation between the two where Banks, who seemed to be intoxicated by the nature of his messages, had stalked McKenzie and was harassing her in a hotel room. Banks would be released by Progress Wrestling and WWE following the allegations and his profile was also deleted from WWE.com.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Ligero was accused of indecent assault, sending inappropriate messages, and engaging in inappropriate conduct. While he denied the indecent assault allegation, he admitted that he did send inappropriate messages and engaged in inappropriate conduct. Ligero would be released by Progress Wrestling and WWE following the allegations and his profile was also deleted from WWE.com.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Velveteen Dream was accused of having inappropriate communications with minors as well as attempting to groom them. He had previously been accused of sending inappropriate photos to minors several months earlier, which at that time he denied. Following Velveteen Dream's return on the August 12, 2020 episode of "NXT", which was met with heavy criticism from fans, Triple H stated that WWE had investigated the allegations and they "didn't find anything". Following his release, Velveteen Dream issued a statement denying the allegations on May 24, 2021, and his profile was deleted from WWE.com.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: NXT UK referees Joel Allen and Chris Roberts were released by WWE on June 30 following allegations against them.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: WWE released a statement concerning Devlin and Riddle saying they took the matters seriously and were looking into it. WWE would later issue a second statement saying that they would take action upon those who were arrested or convicted.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: In March 2020, three months prior to the Speaking Out movement taking place, 3-2-1 Battle! cut ties with head booker/trainer Steve West following allegations made against him. The entire management team was forced to step down as well. An attempt to revive the promotion with a new management team was quickly abandoned.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Black Label Pro released wrestler Johnathan Wolf on June 19, following allegations of sexual assault and mental abuse. Game Changer Wrestling subsequently removed Wolf from their The Wrld on GCW Part 2 show on June 20.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Mikey Whiplash was accused of sexual harassment and physical abuse. Fierce Wrestling would cut ties with him following the allegations.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Inspire Pro Wrestling ended their relationship with wrestler Andy Dalton on June 20 following allegations that Dalton had sent inappropriate messages to a minor.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Following a string of sexual misconduct allegations made towards Singaporean wrestler Alex Cuevas, Singapore Pro Wrestling and Philippine Wrestling Revolution cut all ties with him.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 20, independent wrestler Kyle Boone tweeted about being assaulted and bullied by Kongo Kong at an independent wrestling event. Boone stated that he was forced to show his penis in front of the entire locker room and give him the money he made from the show and selling merch. Kong responded by saying when he started in the business, it was not uncommon to rib rookies. He continued his statement by saying if he had known sooner, he would have tried to hash it out like adults. He was not given any indication that something was wrong as it was all "hugs and smiles". He also stated he would only pick on people he liked and saw something in.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On June 21, Bar Wrestling was shut down following several multiple sexual assault allegations against owner Joey Ryan.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Progress Wrestling announced that the promotion underwent structural changes after several wrestlers were either suspended or fired due to the numerous allegations made against them. The promotion also announced that they would shut down until they were satisfied with the changes.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Former NWA/WCW and WWE manager Jim Cornette and his wife faced allegations from independent wrestler Phil Earley that he forced trainees to engage in sexual intercourse with her and would watch while he was in charge of Ohio Valley Wrestling. Cornette denied the allegations.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Saraya Knight retired on June 23 following allegations that she had abused both trainees and fellow colleagues.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Revolution Pro Wrestling fired trainer Andy Simmonz and one training student on June 24 following allegations against both.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Jeff Duncan (aka The Natural) was removed as one of the co-owners of Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling amid sexual harassment and bullying allegations. This resulted in most of the ECCW talent roster quitting the company and signing with newly-founded British Columbia promotion Nation Extreme Wrestling.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Over the Top Wrestling announced that the promotion underwent staff and policy changes in response to the Speaking Out movement.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Westside Xtreme Wrestling cut ties with wrestlers Julian Pace and Jay Skillet after allegations were made against them.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: Michael Brandon Stroud, professional wrestling editor for Uproxx, had his "With Spandex" vertical suspended after he was accused of sexual assault. Uproxx later announced on July 2 that Stroud was fired from the publication and "With Spandex" would be shut down, with future pro wrestling coverage to appear on Uproxx Sports.


title: Speaking Out movement

text: On September 24, 2020, the British Government launched a formal All-Party Parliamentary Group inquiry into the UK wrestling scene after the numerous allegations that came out of the Speaking Out movement. The inquiry will be headed by Alex Davies-Jones. Progress and Trust Wrestling announced they will be working with the APPG.


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: Alan Dean Foster (born November 18, 1946) is an American writer of fantasy and science fiction. He has written several book series, more than 20 standalone novels, and many novelizations of film scripts.


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: Foster was the ghostwriter of the original , which was credited solely to George Lucas. When asked if it was difficult for him to see Lucas get all the credit for "Star Wars", Foster said, "Not at all. It was George's story idea. I was merely expanding upon it. Not having my name on the cover didn't bother me in the least. It would be akin to a contractor demanding to have his name on a Frank Lloyd Wright house."


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: Foster also wrote the follow-up novel "Splinter of the Mind's Eye" (1978), written with the intention of being adapted as a low-budget sequel to "Star Wars" if the film was unsuccessful. However, "Star Wars" was a blockbusting success, and "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) would be developed instead. Foster's story relied heavily on abandoned concepts that appeared in Lucas's early treatments for the first film.


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: Foster returned to the franchise for the prequel-era novel "The Approaching Storm" (2002), and also wrote the novelization of the first sequel trilogy film, "The Force Awakens" (2015).


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: Foster wrote 10 books based on episodes of the , the first six books each consisting of three linked novella-length episode adaptations, and the last four being expanded adaptations of single episodes that segued into original story. In the mid-seventies, he wrote original "Star Trek" stories for the Peter Pan-label "Star Trek" audio story records. He has the story credit for "", as he wrote a treatment based in a two-page outline by Gene Roddenberry.


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: He later wrote the novelization of the 2009 film "Star Trek", his first "Star Trek" novel in over 30 years, and for "Star Trek"s sequel, "Star Trek Into Darkness".


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: In 2020, Foster, together with the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), alleged that The Walt Disney Company, which acquired rights to his "Star Wars" and "Alien" novels via their acquisitions of Lucasfilm and 20th Century Fox, had not paid him royalties for e-book sales of his books. The issue was resolved in May 2021, when Disney arranged to pay Foster and his fellow "Star Wars" novelization authors James Kahn and Donald F. Glut their royalties.


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: Novels are listed in chronological order of the story (not chronological order of publication). Foster comments, in a foreword to a re-issued edition of "Bloodhype", that it is the eleventh novel in the series, and should fall between "Running from the Deity" and "Trouble Magnet".


title: Alan Dean Foster

text: "Serenade" (2004), a novelette set immediately after "The Time of the Transference", was first published in the anthology "Masters of Fantasy" and was later reprinted in Foster's short story collection "Exceptions to Reality".


title: Tbilisi State Medical University

text: Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU) () is a leading medical university in Tbilisi, Georgia. More than 85 years have passed since Tbilisi State Medical Institute was founded on the basis of the faculty of Medicine at Tbilisi State University (TSU). In 1992 Tbilisi State Medical Institute was renamed in Medical University.


title: Tbilisi State Medical University

text: TSMU is the eight ranked (out of 55) higher-education institution in Georgia. There are almost 7500 undergraduate and 3000 postgraduate students at the University about 25% of whom come from foreign countries. Tbilisi State Medical University has undergone Institutional Evaluation Programme, performed by Association of European.


title: Tbilisi State Medical University

text: MBBS course at Tbilisi State Medical University runs for a total of 6 years including 1 year of internship. The first 2 years are dedicated to basic theoretical or academic medical education, 1 year to pre-clinical, and the last three years deal with clinical courses.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The FA Women's National League, formerly WFA National League and FA Women's Premier League (WPL), is a group of six football divisions run by the English Football Association. Founded in 1991 by the Women's Football Association, the League included England's top division from 1991 to 2010.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The League now sits at step 3 and 4 of the women's football pyramid (below the FA Women's Super League and the Women's Championship).


title: FA Women's National League

text: The League's Premier Division/National Division contained England's top women's clubs from 1991–92 until the season 2009–10. During this time, Arsenal Ladies won 12 League titles. Below the National Division was a Northern Division and Southern Division, whose teams could win promotion.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The WPL National Division became the country's level 2 division from 2010–11 to 2012–13 and ended in 2013, replaced at level 2 by FA WSL 2, later renamed the Championship. The Northern Division and Southern Division teams (continuing at level 3) have since played for promotion to this division instead.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The feeder divisions of the Combination Women's Football Leagues (1998–2014) became officially part of the WPL system in 2014 at level 4. From these four divisions (North, Midlands, South East and South West), clubs can win promotion to the level 3 National League North or National League South.


title: FA Women's National League

text: Before the National League, women's teams nationally had competed in the WFA Cup (Women's FA Cup) since 1970, and there were English regional leagues, but this was the first regular nationwide competition of its kind.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The Women's National League was inaugurated in the 1991–92 season by the Women's Football Association (WFA), with a monetary grant from the Sports Council. Eight teams played in the top flight in that year. From the League's foundation, it consisted of a national premier division and two lower divisions, the Northern and Southern Divisions, whose winners each season were promoted to the top flight.


title: FA Women's National League

text: From 1991–92 until 2012–13, the national premier division was above the Northern and Southern Divisions. Since 1991–92, the Northern and Southern Divisions have run on an equal basis with promotion, and this continues today. The terms "Women's Premiership" and "Ladies Premiership" were generally used for the National Division only.


title: FA Women's National League

text: After the League's third season, the FA assumed responsibility for the competition and renamed it, beginning with the 1994–95 FA Women's Premier League (FA WPL).


title: FA Women's National League

text: The Women's Premier League remained level 1 and 2 of women's football until the end of the 2009–10 season. From 2000 until 2008, the WPL champions competed in the annual FA Women's Community Shield.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The National Division's most successful clubs were Arsenal (12 titles), Croydon (3 titles), Doncaster Belles (2 titles and 7 times runners-up), Everton (1 title and 5 times runners-up), and Sunderland (3 titles at league level 2).


title: FA Women's National League

text: The Women's Premier League lost several clubs prior to the 2010–11 season and the National Division was demoted to level 2, due to the creation of the FA WSL in 2011. (The WSL was a summer league for its first six years, as opposed to the WPL's winter format.) Strangely, the lower divisions were still given the name "Premier League" for eight more seasons. The number of clubs competing in the Northern and Southern Divisions decreased from 12 to 10. The National Division decreased from 12 clubs to eight (2010–11), then increased to 10 clubs (2011–12 and 2012–13).


title: FA Women's National League

text: After the WPL National Division's three seasons at level 2, that division was scrapped after 2012–13, due to the FA's decision to add another WSL division, WSL 2, for its 2014 season, which included some clubs that moved from the WPL.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The only divisions in 2013–14 with WPL branding were the Northern and Southern Divisions at league level 3.


title: FA Women's National League

text: From the 2014–15 season, the Women's Premier League incorporated the four existing Combination Women's Football Leagues (level 4), as the Premier League's "Division One", with four groups of Division One leagues: North, Midlands, South East and South West. The FA proposed rebranding the WPL collectively as the "Women's Championship League", but instead the six divisions kept the name Women's Premier League until 2018.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The winners of the Northern and Southern Divisions have played each other since 2014–15 in a single play-off at a neutral venue, to win the Women's Premier League/National League championship and promotion into the level 2 division. This was the first instance of promotion from the WPL to the WSL when the first play-off occurred in 2015. In that year's play-off between Portsmouth and Sheffield F.C. at Stratford FC's ground, Sheffield won through a stoppage-time goal.


title: FA Women's National League

text: Below is a list of women's Premier Division/National Division champions in its history from 1991–92 until 2012–13.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The League was run by the Women's Football Association in 1991–92 and 1992–93; by the Women's Football Alliance and an FA committee in 1993–94; and the FA renamed the League in 1994–95. (The Women's FA Cup was run by the WFA from 1970–71 to 1992–93, and taken over by the FA in 1993–94.)


title: FA Women's National League

text: Following the incorporation of the Combination Women's Football Leagues into the Women's Premier League in 2014, the Women's Premier League/National League consisted of an additional four regional leagues below the Northern and Southern Divisions.


title: FA Women's National League

text: Currently there are 71 clubs in the League, with two tiers and six divisions: the Northern and Southern Premier Divisions (level 3 in the football pyramid), and the regional Division One North, Division One Midlands, Division One South East and Division One South West (all level 4).


title: FA Women's National League

text: In the 2022–23 season, 27 teams compete in the Northern and Southern Premier Divisions (14 teams in the National Division South and 13 in the National Division North) and 47 teams compete in Division One (12 teams per division except for Division One South West which has 11 following the disbanding of Southampton Saints the previous season).


title: FA Women's National League

text: The main cup competition of the National League is the FA Women's National League Cup, a knock-out competition involving all of the teams within the League's six divisions. Due to the changing structure of women's football, this competition has historically varied from a straight knock-out competition to a competition with a preliminary group stage before reaching the knock-out stage. The first Cup-winners were Arsenal in the 1991–92 WFA Women's National League Cup. The first winners of a Cup without top-flight teams were Barnet F.C. Ladies in the 2010–11 FA Women's Premier League Cup.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The FA Women's National League Plate was introduced in the 2014–15 season (as the "Women's Premier League Plate"). Under the current format, the teams that are eliminated from the opening round of the League Cup are entered into the Plate.


title: FA Women's National League

text: The league's sponsors have included AXA (until 2004), Nationwide Building Society (2004–2007) and Tesco (2007–?).


title: Lee Hyun

text: Lee Hyun (Hangul: 이현, born November 8, 1983) is a South Korean singer. He debuted in 2007 as a member of the co-ed vocal group 8Eight, which disbanded in 2014. He was also a member of the disbanded vocal duo Homme from 2010 to 2018. He is currently signed to Big Hit Music as a solo artist.


title: Lee Hyun

text: Lee joined Big Hit Entertainment as a trainee in 2005 and signed with the company in 2007. That same year, he debuted as part of the co-ed group 8Eight, alongside Baek Chan and Joo Hee. The group released three studio albums between 2007–2009 and two extended plays from 2010–2011. On December 21 2014, Big Hit announced that Baek and Joo's contracts had expired and further promotional activities for the group had been suspended. The label stated that the members remained friends and did not rule out the possibility of them reuniting in the future. During its seven years in the industry, 8Eight had become one of the top vocal groups in Korea and dominated the coffee house scene. The group's song "Let’s Not Go Crazy" was released on September 9.


title: Lee Hyun

text: On January 31, 2021, Big Hit announced that 8Eight would make a comeback in February with a new commemorative single, composed by "Hitman" Bang and Wonderkid, for "Without A Heart"s 10th anniversary. On February 6, Lee uploaded a new photo of 8Eight to his Twitter account, teasing the impending release. The song was released on February 7 and marked the group's first time singing together in six years since unofficially disbanding.


title: Lee Hyun

text: Lee released his first solo single on September 9, 2009. The first song "30분전" (""30 Minutes Ago"") was a duet with Lim Jeong-hee, the third and final song composed by Bang Shi Hyuk for the "Goodbye" trilogy after Baek Ji-young's "총 맞은 것처럼" (""Like Being Hit By a Bullet"") and 8Eight's "심장이 없어" (""Without a Heart""). The music video was released the same day as the album, and starred actress Sunwoo Sun. Lee gave the premiere performance "30 Minutes Ago" on "Music Bank" on August 11, 2009. On November 16, 2009, he participated in the original soundtrack of "천하무적 이평강" (""Invincible Lee Pyung Kang"") with the song "천하무적 이평강" (""Breath""). Lee participated in the original soundtrack of "대물" (""Daemul"") with the song "왜 나를 울려요" (""Why Make Me Cry""). In 2012, he released his first full solo album called "The Healing Echo".


title: Lee Hyun

text: In March 2021, Lee renewed his contract with Big Hit and opened a YouTube channel, in celebration of his 14 years with the company. In June, he participated in the soundtrack for season two of "Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce)" and released the song "Deep Sadness" (part five of the soundtrack), an emotional ballad about the heartbreaking feeling of losing a loved one and longing for them, on the 26th. In July, he released his first single since the renewal of his contract, "Moon in the Ocean".


title: Lee Hyun

text: In 2010, Lee became part of the collaboration duo Homme with Changmin of 2AM. They released the single "I Was Able To Eat Well" featuring Lee Chae-young. Changmin later signed an exclusive contract with Big Hit in 2015. It expired at the end of January 2018, and Big Hit announced on February 1 that Changmin had chosen to leave the company and open his own agency instead. Lee remained with the label as a soloist.


title: Lee Hyun

text: On October 8, 2012, Lee enlisted for mandatory military service. He received five weeks of basic training before serving as an active-duty soldier for 21 months. In January 2013, Lee co-starred in a military musical, "The Promise". It was co-produced by the Ministry of National Defense and the Korea Musical Theatre Association in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Korean War armistice. The musical ran from January 9–20 at the National Theater of Korea, and co-starred actors Ji Hyun-woo, Kim Mu-yeol, and Jung Tae-woo, as well as singers Leeteuk of Super Junior and Yoon Hak of Supernova.


title: Lee Hyun

text: Lee starred in the KBS variety show "Let's Go! Dream Team Season 2" from 2010–11. In 2015, he participated in the premiere season of the MBC singing competition program "The King of Mask Singer", appearing on episodes 31–32, but was eliminated in the last round by singer Gummy. Lee returned to the show in 2018, appearing on episodes 179–180 with the stage identity "EAGLE". He was the Mask King for four weeks before being eliminated by actress Jang Eun-ah on episode 188 in January 2019.


title: Lee Hyun

text: Lee appeared in several episodes of the faux-reality series "Muziekwang Company" (2021) hosted by the playlist music channel MUPLY on YouTube and the U+Idol Live app. In 2022, he participated in JTBC's "Begin Again Open Mic" and appeared on the April 10 episode.


title: Wings discography

text: The discography of the English rock band Paul McCartney and Wings, also known simply as Wings, consisted of seven studio albums, one live album, two compilation albums, 29 singles and 19 music videos. Founded in 1971 by former Beatle Paul McCartney, his wife Linda McCartney, Denny Laine and Denny Seiwell after the release of the McCartneys' album "Ram", the band made their debut with "Wild Life", released in December that year. The album garnered minimal commercial success and received generally poor reviews. In 1972, the band added Henry McCullough to the lineup and released several non-album singles, including "Give Ireland Back to the Irish", "Mary Had a Little Lamb", and "Hi, Hi, Hi", before releasing their second album, "Red Rose Speedway", in 1973. While receiving mixed reviews, the album and its lead single, "My Love" were huge commercial successes, both reaching number one in the US charts. Wings' continued their commercial success with the title track to the James Bond film "Live and Let Die". At the beginning of the recording sessions for their next album, McCullough and Seiwell left the band prompting the McCartneys and Laine to record their next album as a trio. Backed by the successful singles, "Jet" and the title track, the album, "Band on the Run", became Wings' most successful album, reaching number one in both the US and the UK. The album also garnered highly positive reviews from critics and significantly restored McCartney's tarnished post-Beatles reputation.


title: Wings discography

text: Following "Band on the Run", Scottish musician Jimmy McCulloch and English drummer Geoff Britton joined the band and recorded their next single, "Junior's Farm". During the sessions for their follow-up album, Britton left the band and was replaced by American musician Joe English.


title: Wings discography

text: Backed by the number one single "Listen to What the Man Said", the album, "Venus and Mars", wasn't as well-received as "Band on the Run", but was nevertheless a commercial success, reaching number one. After "Venus and Mars", the band embarked on a highly successful world tour in 1975. Their fifth album, "Wings at the Speed of Sound", was recorded and released in between legs of the tour. The album saw the first time a Wings' album featured every member on lead vocals at least once. While the album received lukewarm reviews, it was a commercial success, supported by the number one singles, "Silly Love Songs" and "Let 'Em In". The live album "Wings over America" was released after the tour's end and was a huge commercial success, becoming the band's fifth number one album.


title: Wings discography

text: In late 1977, Wings' released "Mull of Kintyre" as a double A-side with "Girls' School". The single reached number one in the UK and remains one of the best selling UK singles of all time. After "Mull of Kintyre", the band released their next studio album, "London Town", in 1978. Preceded by the successful hit, "With a Little Luck", the album was another commercial success for the group, and received positive reviews from critics. Despite strong album sales, the post-album singles, "I've Had Enough" and "London Town", were not as successful. After the album's release, McCulloch and English both left the group. The band followed "London Town" with the successful single "Goodnight Tonight" in 1979. The band's next album, "Back to the Egg", saw the addition of Laurence Juber and Steve Holley to the lineup. Released in 1979, "Back to the Egg" was a major failure, received very negative reviews from critics and failed to produce any hits. After the band toured the UK, McCartney was arrested in Japan for possession of marijuana, cancelling a planned tour in 1980. After McCartney released his second solo album, "McCartney II", Wings officially disbanded in 1981.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Adam Air Flight 574 (KI574 or DHI574) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Adam Air between the Indonesian cities of Surabaya and Manado that crashed into the Makassar Strait near Polewali in Sulawesi on 1 January 2007. All 102 people on board died, making it the deadliest aviation accident involving a Boeing 737-400. A national investigation was launched into the disaster. The final report, released on 25 March 2008, concluded that the pilots lost control of the aircraft after they became preoccupied with troubleshooting the inertial navigation system and inadvertently disconnected the autopilot. Despite a series of safety incidents, which contributed to the shut down of Adam Air in June 2008, this was the only incident resulting in fatalities during the airline's 5-year existence.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The crash is one of several transportation accidents, including the subsequent non-fatal crash of Flight 172, which resulted in the United States downgrading its safety rating of Indonesian aviation and led to large-scale transportation safety reforms in Indonesia. All Indonesian airlines were banned from flying into the European Union for several years after the crash. Adam Air was banned from flying by the Indonesian government in June 2008, and declared bankruptcy.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-4Q8 with serial number 24070, registration PK-KKW, which was manufactured in 1989. Prior to service with Adam Air, owned by ILFC the aircraft had been leased to seven airlines: Dan-Air, British Airways, GB Airways, Transaero, WFBN, Air One and Jat Airways. The plane was equipped with 2 CFM56-3C1 engines, had around 50,000 hours flying, and was last evaluated and declared airworthy by the Indonesian transport ministry on 25 December 2005. It was due to be checked again in late January 2007. The Surabaya airport duty manager said that there were no technical problems with the aircraft prior to departure.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The pilot-in-command was 47-year-old Captain Refri Agustian Widodo from Sidoarjo, Indonesia, who joined Adam Air in 2006. The first officer was 36-year-old Yoga Susanto from Magelang, an employee of Adam Air who also joined the company in 2006. Captain Widodo was a seasoned veteran, having logged more than 13,300 hours of flying time. As pilot-in-command of Boeing 737 aircraft, he had more than 3,800 hours of experience. First Officer Susanto had 4,200 total flying hours and he had almost 1,000 hours logged as a Boeing 737 first officer.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 1 January 2007, at around 13:00 local time (06:00 UTC), the plane departed from Juanda Airport, Surabaya, with 96 passengers (85 adults, 7 children and 4 infants), a 56 percent load factor, and 6 crew on board. The passenger list was composed mainly of Indonesian nationals and majority of passengers were returning to Manado after New Year's Day; the foreigners were an American family of three and a German passenger. The two-hour flight, scheduled to arrive at Sam Ratulangi Airport, Manado, at 16:00 local time, was as expected until the plane vanished from air traffic control radar screens at Makassar, South Sulawesi, with the final contact at around 15:00 local time. The last known beacon position was detected by a Singaporean satellite. The altitude of the plane was shown as on the radar screen.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Weather in the region was stormy; the Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics noted that the cloud thickness was up to in height and wind speed at an average of in the area. Although the Juanda Airport operator, PT Angkasa Pura I, had given warnings to the pilot concerning the weather condition, the plane had departed as scheduled. The plane ran into crosswinds of more than over the Makassar Strait, west of Sulawesi, where it changed course eastward toward land before losing contact.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: 3,600 army and police personnel were mobilised in the search for the missing aircraft. One Boeing 737-200 Surveiller (a military surveillance plane), two infrared-equipped Fokker-50 aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force, a Navy Nomad plane and six helicopters were dispatched to aid searching for the missing plane from the air. The Indonesian sonar-equipped ship "Pulau Rengat", capable of detecting underwater metallic objects later joined the team, equipped with a mini remote-controlled submarine. It searched the sea for five days between 3 and 8 January, without success.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Naval ships combed the Makassar Strait while military personnel went through jungles and mountains of Sulawesi. In the face of heavy rain and strong winds in the area, the search efforts, coordinated from Makassar city, were focused in the area between the coastal town of Majene and the mountainous region of Toraja. The search in the two areas was due to twin signals, each carrying different emergency locator transmitter frequencies, received by the Singaporean satellite and an Indonesian military air base. The two separate locations produced on radar screens were a spot on the sea in Majene and on land in Rantepao, Tana Toraja. Searches were then expanded throughout the Island of Sulawesi; some were triggered by unknown distress signals received by a commercial Lion Air flight and an airport. A police officer at the Barru district police operational centre said that all the districts with stretches of coastline along the Makasser Strait had teams searching for the plane.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The head of the National Search and Rescue Agency told the Associated Press that he believed the aircraft was probably lost at sea. From 5 January 2007, the main focus of the search was relocated to areas south of Manado, after Manado's Sam Ratulangi Airport reported detecting a signal from the plane a day before. The rugged terrain coupled with thick and low hanging clouds continued to hamper the search efforts, however, and three relatives of missing passengers who overflew part of the area on a military reconnaissance plane admitted that the chances of finding the plane were slim. Officials said that it was unlikely any bodies had survived in one piece. On 14 January, at Indonesia's request, Singapore lent four towed underwater locator beacon detectors, sometimes called Towed Pinger Locators, and six consultants in their use to aid in the search. One week later, one of these Towed Pinger Locators, operated from the "USNS Mary Sears" successfully located the black boxes. On 24 January, the British ship MN "Endeavour" joined the search for wreckage. The ship is operated by local mining firm PT Gema Tera Mustikawati and is usually used by oil and gas drilling companies to map the seabed. By then, the Indonesian government had spent an average of Rp 1 billion (about US$110,000) a day on the search.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 10 February, search operations were officially halted by the Search and Rescue Agency, according to Transportation Minister Hatta Rajasa, finalising the legal status of both the plane and its passengers and crew. This announcement allowed the families of the victims to start the insurance claims process.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On Monday, 8 January, three large metal objects, suspected to be wreckage, were detected by the Indonesian ship KRI "Fatahillah"'s sonar. First Admiral Gatot Subyanto of the Indonesian Navy indicated three locations, between apart, off Mamuju city on Sulawesi's western coast. Due to limitations of the navy's sonar equipment, it was not clear what the metal was, and Indonesia had no other equipment of its own. A United States Navy oceanographic survey ship, "Mary Sears", arrived in the area on 9 January with better equipment to help identify the objects, and on the same date a Canadian jet with five separate air crews, working in shifts, was sent to aid with aerial mapping of the suspected location. The Indonesian Marine and Fishery Department has since suggested that the metal objects could instead have been instruments deployed to study the underwater sea current. A total of twelve Indonesian Navy ships were deployed in the area, including the KRI "Ajak", KRI "Leuser" and KRI "Nala". Extra underwater equipment, including a metal detector and an undersea camera, was sent from the United States, and arrived aboard the USNS "Mary Sears" on 17 January. The flight recorders were subsequently located elsewhere, in the waters in an area known as Majene, and a wide, sweeping search of the area revealed high amounts of scattered debris there, too. This debris was analysed to confirm it belonged to the 737.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The aircraft's right horizontal stabiliser was found by a fisherman, south of Pare Pare, about off the beach on 11 January, although it was not originally handed in, as its discoverer thought it to be a piece of plywood, only later realising it was a piece of the tail. This was confirmed by the part number on the stabiliser, 65C25746-76, which matched that of components on the missing 737. The fisherman received a reward of 50 million rupiah (equivalent to about $5,500) for his discovery. Later, other parts of the aircraft, including passenger seats, life jackets, a food tray, part of an aircraft tire, eight pieces of aluminium and fibre, an ID card, a flare and a headrest were also recovered from the area. By 13 January, a piece of a wing was also recovered. It is unclear whether the long section was a section of the right wing or the left wing, although it was examined in an attempt to discover this. The total count of recovered objects associated with aircraft, as of 29 January, was 206, of which 194 were definitely from the 737. Pieces of clothing thought to belong to passengers were also recovered, and on 15 January, pieces of human hair and what is thought to be human scalp were recovered from a headrest that had been pulled from the sea. They were DNA tested to attempt to identify them; the results of this test are, however, unknown.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 21 January 2007, the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR), popularly known as black boxes, were located 42 nautical miles off the coast of West Sulawesi by the US vessel "Mary Sears". The flight data recorder was located at at a depth of , while the cockpit voice recorder was located at at a depth of , approximately apart. The Indonesian vessel "Fatahillah" travelled to the location. The "Mary Sears" used its side scan sonar (SSS) unit to map an area of approximately 10.3 km (3 sq nmi) around the recorders in high resolution, an operation that required 18 passes across the area at approximately , taking six hours per pass including lining up for the next pass. It discovered a large amount of wreckage in the area, which was considered to be all that remained of the aircraft. A senior Indonesian marine official said on 24 January that he did not believe that the equipment required to retrieve the boxes from that depth was available in any Asian country. The black boxes had a battery life of just 30 days, and would subsequently be unable to emit locator signals.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 3 February, Indonesian naval vessel KRI "Tanjung Dalpele" took affected families out to the crash site where a memorial service was held, which included throwing flowers into the sea.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 26 January 2007, a dispute arose between Adam Air and the Indonesian government regarding the retrieval of the black boxes. Due to the depth involved, recovery required an underwater remotely operated vehicle, but Indonesia did not have such equipment. Vice-president of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla went so far as to question the need to retrieve the black boxes at all, although experts said in response that the accident was of international significance as it could indicate a fault with the aircraft. Adam Air said that in its opinion, the black boxes should be recovered, describing the accident as being relevant on both national and international levels, but refused to pay, saying that was the responsibility of the government. Indonesia did request technical assistance from the United States, Japan and France. Jim Hall, a former chairman of the US National Transportation Safety Board, said that it was essential the boxes be recovered quickly, as at that point their 30-day battery life was about to expire, which subsequently did happen. He cited problems such as poor visibility and strong currents making it difficult to recover the devices without the signal.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 31 January, it was reported that the US had to withdraw the vessel "Mary Sears" from the searches, the US military saying that the vessel had other duties. Further funding and help from the US would have to be approved by the United States Congress. At the same time, external companies were suggested as possible retrievers of the black boxes. Indonesia continued to seek help from other countries, such as France and Japan. Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee head Setio Rahardjo maintained that Adam Air should be charged with the retrieval costs.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: It was originally confirmed that Indonesia would not pay for the salvage operation, and neither could they force Adam Air to do so. Nonetheless, Adam Air signed a contract with Phoenix International for the recovery operation. On 23 August, the "Eas" arrived in Sulawesi's Makassar port to begin salvage operations, which began with several days survey. The vessel was carrying a mini-submarine that could dive up to , and was equipped with sonar and deep sea cameras.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: A Phoenix International underwater robot scouring the sea off Majene for on Sulawesi finally retrieved the flight data recorder on 27 August and cockpit voice recorder on 28 August. The two devices were found at a depth of around and were apart. They had been moved from their original locations by powerful underwater currents. The black boxes were sent to Washington, D.C. for analysis. The final cost of the salvage operation to retrieve the black boxes was US$3 million, of which two million was contributed by the Indonesian government, with Adam Air paying the rest. Efforts continued with the hope of recovering various large pieces of wreckage from the seabed.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ordered a full investigation to discover the cause of the aircraft's disappearance, including the cause of any accident it may have had, before the main debris field had even been found. The investigation also looked at the airworthiness of the plane and standard procedure on aircraft operations. A team from the United States with representatives from the National Transportation Safety Board, the Federal Aviation Administration, Boeing and General Electric were sent to Indonesia to assist the Indonesian National Committee for Transportation in the investigation. A wider investigation into Indonesia's transport system as a whole was planned. Eyewitnesses reported seeing a low-flying, unstable aircraft in the area from which the wreckage has been recovered but lost sight of it after hearing a loud bang. The chief of the Indonesian Aircraft Technicians Association, Wahyu Supriantono, said that the plane was unlikely to have suffered an in-flight break up or explosion, as the debris field would have been larger, and as a result, wreckage would have been discovered earlier. The flight recorders were recovered in August 2007, without which it would not have been possible to discover the cause of the accident. The National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC, or KNKT as per its Indonesian name) described the near eight-month wait for the recovery of the flight recorders as "unacceptable".


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 25 March 2008, the inquiry ruled that pilot error and a faulty navigation device were to blame. While cruising at , the pilots became preoccupied with troubleshooting the aircraft's two inertial reference systems (IRS), part of the navigation system. As they were correcting the problem, they accidentally disengaged the autopilot and failed to correct for a slow right roll even after a "bank angle" alarm sounded. By the time the pilots noticed the situation, the bank angle had reached 100° with almost 60° nose down attitude. Contrary to the correct recovery procedure, the pilots did not level the wings before trying to regain pitch control. The aircraft reached at the end of the recording, in excess of the aircraft's maximum operating speed (). The descent rate varied during the fatal dive, with a maximum recorded value of 53,760 feet per minute, roughly (). The tailplane suffered a structural failure 20 seconds prior to the end of the recording, at which time the investigators concluded the aircraft was in a "critically unrecoverable state". Both flight recorders ceased to function when the 737 broke up in mid-air at above sea level.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Investigators quickly became concerned about apparent poor maintenance and believed it might have been an important factor in the accident.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Adam Air's safety record, like that of a number of other Indonesian airlines at the time, has been heavily criticized. Adam Air has reportedly bullied pilots to fly planes they knew were unsafe. Pilots have reported repeated and deliberate breaches of international safety regulations, and aircraft being flown in non-airworthy states (including one aircraft flying with a damaged door handle and another with a damaged window) for months. Other incidents include pilots being ordered to fly aircraft even after exceeding the take-off limit of five times per pilot per day, using spare parts from other planes to keep planes in the air, and ignoring requests not to take off due to unsafe aircraft. According to the Associated Press, one ex-Adam Air pilot stated that "every time you flew, you had to fight with the ground staff and the management about all the regulations you had to violate." Pilots also claimed that if they confronted their seniors, they were grounded or docked pay.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Founder Adam Adhitya Suherman had personally denied the accusations, stating that maintenance had made up "40 percent of our total operational costs".


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Investigators discovered that the aircraft was the subject of a large number of maintenance discrepancies filed by pilots (called "write-ups" in the aviation industry). The highest number of complaints concerned the captain's side vertical speed indicator, which informs the air crew of the in feet per minute (1ft/min = 0.00508m/s), metres per second, or knots (1kn ≈ 0.514m/s), depending on country and type of at which the aircraft is ascending or descending. In all, 48 complaints were made regarding the instrument in the three months before the crash. The aircraft's inertial navigation system, which informs pilots of their position, orientation, and velocity, was complained about a total of thirty times. The "International Herald Tribune" reported that this may be of particular significance. The third most-complained about instrument was a fuel differential light, which received fifteen write-ups. Numerous complaints were also received about inoperative cockpit instrument lights, as well as multiple other malfunctions. Several complaints were made that the flaps, which modify drag and lift during take-off and landing, were jamming at twenty-five degrees upon landing, and there were two complaints that the weather radar was faulty.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Adam Air was sued by Indonesian consumer and labour groups over the accident, for a total of one trillion rupiahs (US$100 million), to be paid to the families of the victims. According to a lawyer for the families, speaking in a press conference along with the secretary for the Adam Air KI-574 Passengers' Families Association (formed in the aftermath of the disaster), 30 of the victims' families intend to sue Boeing instead of Adam Air over the accident. This does not necessarily mean that all of the others will sue Adam Air, however, as they may not necessarily exercise their right to sue at all. Representatives of the families have explained that they believe the plane was brought down by a faulty rudder control valve, similar to the accidents involving United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427, which went down in the early 1990s, although there is no evidence that proves this. They have explained that, as a result, they are suing Boeing and Parker Hannifin, the valve's manufacturer, although airlines using the 737-300, -400, and -500 have been warned about problems with the rudder control valves.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Vice-president Jusuf Kalla described the disappearance as an "international issue." A few days after the disappearance, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono set up the National Team for Transportation Safety and Security, partially as a response to the high number of recent transportation accidents in Indonesia, and partially as a direct response to the event. The team was tasked to evaluate thoroughly the transport safety procedures and review the existing regulations on transportation. It was not, however, to investigate accidents; the entity deemed responsible for this was the Komisi Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi (KNKT), or in English the National Transportation Safety Commission (NTSC), which is part of Departemen Perhubungan (Ministry of Transportation).


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Adam Air has been accused by multiple organisations of poor maintenance, and of ordering pilots to fly in all weather and regardless of aircraft conditions. Adam Adhitya Suherman, founder of the family-run airline, has personally denied these accusations, and has said that maintenance consumes "up to 40 percent of our total operational costs".


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Adam Air has compensated the families of deceased passengers Rp 500 million (equivalent to about US$55,000 or €42,000) per passenger. It also compensated families of the flight crew.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: There have been calls from relatives of the dead for Adam Air to build a memorial to the victims in Makassar, South Sulawesi. Adam Air said that if an agreement could be reached, then they would fulfill the request.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: Shortly after the crash, Adam Air changed the number of the regular Surabaya–Manado flight from Flight 574 to Flight 582. This accident also weakened Adam Air's image, which at the time was already negative among the public because of their frequent breakdowns and delays. The crash also exacerbated financial difficulties at the airline, which ceased operations a few years later.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The Indonesian government announced plans immediately after the accident to ban jets over ten years old for any commercial purpose. Previously the age limit was 35 years or 70,000 landings. Although this was in response to a large number of aircraft accidents, it was mainly in response to this accident and the Flight 172 incident. Indonesia also announced that the Transportation Ministry would be reshuffled in response to this accident, Flight 172 and the loss of the ferries MV "Senopati Nusantara" and "Levina 1". Among those replaced were the directors of air and sea transports and the chairman of the National Committee for Transportation Safety. Indonesia also introduced a new system of ranking airlines according to their safety record, with a level one ranking meaning the airline has no serious issues, a level two ranking meaning the airline must fix problems, and a level three ranking meaning that the airline may be forced to shut down.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: In March 2007, the Indonesian government announced that Adam Air was one of fifteen airlines that would have their licences revoked within three months unless they could improve their safety standards. The other airlines included Batavia Air, Jatayu Airlines, Kartika Airlines, Manunggal Air Services, Transwisata Prima Aviation and Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines. These airlines were all targeted as a direct result of the crash, as they were in the third level of the ranking system introduced as a result. All Indonesian airlines, including state-owned Garuda Indonesia, were told they would need to make some improvements, with none of them receiving a level one ranking.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: It was reported on 28 June 2007, that Adam Air would escape closure and had been upgraded one rank in safety rating, to the middle tier. The airlines that lost their licences were Jatayu Gelang Sejahtera, Aviasi Upataraksa, Alfa Trans Dirgantara, and Prodexim. Additionally, Germania Trisila Air, Atlas Delta Setia, Survey Udara Penas, Kura-Kura Aviation and Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter were grounded pending improvements and facing potential licence revocation.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 16 April 2007, the American Federal Aviation Administration responded to the results of the new airline survey by downgrading Indonesia's air safety oversight category from a 1 to a 2 because of "serious concerns" over safety. This means it views Indonesia's civil aviation authority as failing to oversee air carriers in accordance with minimum international standards. As a direct result, the US Embassy in Jakarta issued a warning to all American citizens flying in or out of Indonesia to avoid using Indonesian airlines, and instead use international carriers with better safety reputations. This was followed on 28 June 2007 by the addition of all Indonesia's airlines, none of which flew to Europe at the time, to the List of air carriers banned in the EU; the ban was lifted for flag carrier Garuda Indonesia and three smaller airlines in 2009, and by 2018 all Indonesian airlines were once again permitted to fly to the EU. Budhi Mulyawan Suyitno, Director-general of civil aviation at the Indonesian transport ministry, responded by saying that he felt Indonesia had made the improvements required by the EU. A blanket ban on all Indonesian airlines flying to the United States was imposed in 2007, and lifted in 2018.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 18 March 2008, shortly after a further accident in Batam, the airline's Air Operator's Certificate was suspended by the Indonesian government. Three months later, the air certificate was revoked, and the airline ceased operations and filed for bankruptcy.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: On 21 February 2007, just 51 days after the loss of Flight 574, Flight 172, an Adam Air Boeing 737-300 aircraft (registration PK-KKV) flying from Jakarta to Surabaya had a hard landing at Juanda International Airport. The incident caused the fuselage of the plane to crack and bend in the middle, with the tail of the plane drooping towards the ground. There were no reports of serious injuries from the incident. As a result, six Adam Air 737s were grounded awaiting safety checks. Adam Air described this as "harsh punishment" for an accident it blamed on poor weather conditions, but Vice-president Kalla had said that all Boeing 737-300s should be checked.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: In early August 2008, a five-minute-38-second digital recording allegedly retrieved from the plane's cockpit voice recorder was widely circulated on the Internet and transcribed by the media. The recording, which had been publicly distributed through chain e-mails, begins with what is believed by some to be a conversation between pilot Refi Agustian Widodo and co-pilot Yoga Susanto before the crash. Approximately two minutes before the end of the recording, the autopilot disconnect horn can be heard to sound, followed approximately a minute later by "bank angle" warnings from the GPWS and the altitude alerter. Immediately thereafter, as the aircraft begins its final dive, the shotgun-like sounds of engine compressor surges and the overspeed "clacker" can be heard, along with two background voices screaming in terror and shouting out the Takbir. Towards the end of the recording, there is a dramatic increase in windshield noise as well as two loud bangs, the second greater than the first, consistent with structural failure of the aircraft. This is followed 20 seconds later by abrupt silence. It is likely that, when the pilots regained visual ground contact, they quickly pulled up, overloading the horizontal stabiliser downwards and a main wing spar upwards. This recording was dismissed by officials who said that it was not authentic and was not the original recording.


title: Adam Air Flight 574

text: The crash was featured in Season 7 of the documentary series "Mayday", on the episode "Flight 574: Lost".


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: T2-3D: Battle Across Time (also known as Terminator 2: 3D and stylized as T2 3-D) is an attraction at Universal Studios Japan, with former locations at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando. The version of the show at Universal Studios Hollywood had its final performance on December 31, 2012; the show then closed January 1, 2013. The version at Universal Orlando had its final performance on October 8, 2017; the show then closed October 9.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The attraction is a mini-sequel to "" and reunites director James Cameron and the main cast from the movie, including Arnold Schwarzenegger as The Terminator, Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor, Edward Furlong as John Connor, and Robert Patrick as the T-1000. The show was presented in two parts; a pre-show where a Cyberdyne Systems company hostess shows guests a brief video presentation about the company's innovations, and the main show, where live performers interact with a 3D film.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The attraction was originally developed for Universal Studios Florida, with producers pushing for a second installation in Universal Studios Hollywood during development. The original attraction cost a total of $60 million. With a total run time of 12 minutes, the film alone cost $24 million, making it one of the most expensive films per minute in the world.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: On May 30, 1995, Universal Orlando announced that they would be receiving Terminator 2: 3-D: Battle Across Time. The attraction opened in the Hollywood area of Universal Orlando on April 27, 1996, to very positive reviews. Additional venues were later announced for Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Japan.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: Construction for the Hollywood venue forced the closure of Fievel's Playland and "An American Tail" Theatre, which were built atop a parking structure. The attraction opened on the Upper Lot of Universal Studios Hollywood on May 6, 1999. In the year of the attraction's opening, attendance at Universal Studios Hollywood remained steady at 5.1 million; however, other parks in the region saw declines in revenue, such as Disneyland which experienced a 5% drop. "The Terminator" stage was subsequently used for the annual Halloween Horror Nights event, with "The Rocky Horror Picture Show: A Tribute" being shown in 2009.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: At Universal Studios Japan, the attraction was added as one of the debut attractions in the New York section of the park. It opened to the public on March 31, 2001. California-based firm Technifex provided special effects and show equipment for the attraction.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: In late 2012, Universal Studios Hollywood announced that their version would close on December 31, 2012. It was later announced Despicable Me Minion Mayhem would replace the attraction. The version at Universal Orlando had its final performance on October 8, 2017. Two years later, Universal Orlando announced that a new Jason Bourne-themed show named "The Bourne Stuntacular" would replace that park's version of the "Terminator" show. This attraction premiered on June 30, 2020.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The queue features dozens of television monitors that show a series of video segments (which are being presented on the "Cyberdyne Interactive Network," or C.I.N.). The queue media sets the scene in the lobby of Cyberdyne and the company propaganda is playing all around the audience. The segments are about the latest innovations and products of Cyberdyne Systems. The video also includes several special musical segments, including two songs from the film; "Bad to the Bone" and "Guitars, Cadillacs", as well as a "live" video feed from Costa Rica of a performance of the song La Bamba. Mixed into the video cycle are live images of the waiting audience (in the manner of a closed-circuit security system) and two brief comical sketches of "guests" running afoul of Cyberdyne security – either being electrocuted by a security device or being arrested by security staff.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: Just before entering the pre-show auditorium, guests pass an unmanned kiosk where they pick up a pair of "safety visors" (3D glasses) for use during the main show.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The pre-show is hosted in the "Miles Bennett Dyson Memorial Auditorium" by Kimberley Duncan, Cyberdyne's Director of Community Relations and Media Control. Here, the audience stands and views a promotional video about Cyberdyne's numerous technological contributions before the video feed is temporarily hijacked by John (Edward Furlong) and Sarah Connor (Linda Hamilton), warning the audience about Skynet and the future war against the machines and telling them to get out of the building before they are cut off. As the video continues, Duncan can be seen talking on a phone, telling someone on the other line to find the Connors. Once the video ends, Duncan tells the audience to ignore the Connors' warnings and proceed forward. The video was produced and directed by Landmark Entertainment's Gary Goddard and Adam Bezark. A segment on future technology in sports featured a young Shaquille O'Neal.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The promotional video in the pre-show was updated in 2015 as some of the original pre-show featured "future" technologies that were now in existence; new CGI and narration now accompanied the remastered original footage alongside some newly-shot scenes.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: Guests are ushered from the pre-show auditorium into a large theater that seats 700 where they are to see a demonstration of Cyberdyne's newest creation, the "Cyberdyne Series 70 Autonomous Infantry Unit" (T-70 Terminators). Once guests are seated, they are told to put on their "safety visors" to watch a demonstration of the T-70 Terminators in action, presented by Duncan. After this brief demonstration, John and Sarah arrive and disrupt the proceedings. After disabling the security alarms, they force Duncan to shut down the T-70s. However, they are confronted by a T-1000 Terminator (Robert Patrick) from the future whom they engage with automatic-weapons. Duncan is killed by the T-1000 while attempting to stop him, mistaking him for a police officer. A T-800 Terminator (Arnold Schwarzenegger) bursts through the movie screen through a "time portal" on his signature Harley-Davidson motorcycle – via actual actor/stunt double riding into auditorium – to rescue John. He takes John back through the portal and into the future war between humans and machines while Sarah stays behind in the present, with the T-1000 in pursuit. After defeating him, John and the T-800 make their way across the war-ravaged landscape as they head towards Skynet. Along the way, they are chased by a flying Hunter-Killer, four Mini-Hunters, and a Terminator endoskeleton.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The duo successfully penetrate the Skynet facility and descend with the audience into Skynet's Central Core, where they battle the "T-1000000", a giant liquid-metal spider-like construct similar to a very large T-1000. The T-800 sends John to a nearby time machine that will take him back to the present while he stays behind to blow up Skynet and the T-1000000. The show ends with the ground-shaking destruction of Skynet, leaving Sarah and John alone in the present time once again. During the destruction of the T-1000000, water is sprayed from the ceiling onto the riders and then during the explosion, smoke is blown into the audience; the seats of the auditorium also lurch with a sudden drop, giving guests a final scare and ending the attraction with Sarah narrating that she feels that she owes her life to the Terminator for saving John's life. During this narration, the face of a Terminator endoskeleton fills the screen, morphing into Schwarzenegger's face before the film fades to black, during which John and Sarah mysteriously disappear.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The ground breaking sound design for the theater set new standards and created new technologies in the design and delivery of fully immersive 3D sound. The main show sound system is a 24 channel matrix surround system driven by a Peavey Media Matrix, an Akai DD1000 digital 24 Track, 156 speakers, 24 custom engineered subwoofers that shook the building. James Cameron was quoted as saying, "Sound is 50% of the experience. T23D is the greatest sounding show in the world".


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The initial planning for "T2 3-D: Battle Across Time" began in the early 1990s. Jay Stein, Universal Parks & Resorts' Chairman and CEO at the time, asked Gary Goddard and his team at Landmark Entertainment to develop a stunt show based around the Terminator franchise. Goodard sought permission from MCA Planning and Development (later Universal Creative) to morph this concept into a theater-based presentation featuring a 3-D film, live action and pyrotechnics. After a year-and-a-half of development, MCA Planning and Development and Landmark Entertainment approached James Cameron's Lightstorm Entertainment for ultimate approval. Although Cameron was originally against the idea of Universal taking his Terminator franchise and converting it into a ride, he found the storyboards and the whole concept to be "great", so the project was green-lit.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: A full-scale mock-up duplicating the dimensions of the planned Florida venue was created in an airplane hangar at the Van Nuys Airport in the San Fernando Valley. The set consists of a stage surrounded by a triptych of adjoined silver screens. Each of these three screens measured . A total of six Iwerks projectors were used to run the 3-D, 70mm film simultaneously at 30 frames per second. Several elements of "T2 3-D: Battle Across Time" have been patented by Universal, including the seat drop effect, the blending of live action and film, the trio of projection screens, and the simulated assault weapons.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The film was shot at the abandoned Eagle Mountain iron ore mine, just north of Desert Center in California. The cast and crew from the first two Terminator films returned for the shoot, including Arnold Schwarzenegger as The Terminator, Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor, Robert Patrick as T-1000, and Edward Furlong as John Connor. To achieve the 3-D effect on a 70mm projected film, a two-camera rig weighing was used.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: As a sequel to , "T2 3-D: Battle Across Time" introduced two new Terminator characters. The first is Cyberdyne's latest invention, the T-1000000. It is a large spider-like version of the T-1000 that defends Skynet's CPU from attack. Like the T-1000, it is made of mimetic polyalloy, allowing it to form its legs into stabbing weapons. The only known T-1000000 was destroyed when Skynet's core was destroyed.


title: T2-3D: Battle Across Time

text: The demonstration featured as the premise for the film involves several large practical effects robots called T-70s, designed as mechanical soldiers, with large miniguns on their arms. They are the earliest Terminator models shown to have a humanoid form with arms and legs, and are a direct predecessor to Schwarzenegger's T-800. The T-70s stand tall and line the walls of the arena.


title: Vetements

text: VETEMENTS (from "vêtements" []; French for "clothing") started in 2014 as a luxury fashion brand and "design collective" founded by Georgian fashion designers Demna Gvasalia and Guram Gvasalia. The brand became popular in just three short seasons.


title: Vetements

text: The second collection Vetements' first show, was for the SS15 season, and was presented at Espace Pierre Cardin in Paris, France.


title: Vetements

text: The third collection, AW15-16 was shown again during Paris Fashion Week, was shown at Le Dépot, a sex club in Paris. The SS16 show took place on October 1, 2015, at Le Président Restaurant in the Belleville neighborhood in Paris, France.


title: Vetements

text: For the SS17 season, Vetements were invited to show on the first evening of Paris Haute Couture Fashion Week, during store hours at the famous French department store, Galeries Lafayette underneath its famous cupola. Vetements worked with 17 different heritage brands including Brioni and Juicy Couture to present a runway full of varying collaborations each representing the mastery of their individual markets.


title: Vetements

text: The AW17-18 show took place at Centre Georges Pompidou, the largest museum for modern art in Europe on January 24, 2017.


title: Vetements

text: The SS18 collection was launched with a "NO SHOW" event, consisting of a concert and exhibit of photographs taken by Demna Gvasalia of the new collection as shoot around Zurich, Switzerland, where they had recently moved its headquarters.


title: Vetements

text: For their AW18-19 collection, Vetements returned to the runway, this time off the official calendar, showing outside of Paris in the antique markets of Marché Paul Bert Serpette in Saint-Ouen, France.


title: Vetements

text: The brand's SS19 collection, its tenth collection, reflected deeply on the Gvasalia's upbringing in and eventual departure from war-torn Georgia. It took place in Paris on July 1, 2018, underneath the Boulevard Périphérique. Many street cast models were flown in from Georgia for the show.


title: Manzai

text: In recent times, has often been associated with the Osaka region, and comedians often speak in the Kansai dialect during their acts.


title: Manzai

text: In 1933, Yoshimoto Kogyo, a large entertainment conglomerate based in Osaka, introduced Osaka-style to Tokyo audiences, and coined the term "" (one of several ways of writing the word in Japanese; see below). In 2015, Matayoshi Naoki's manzai novel, , won the Akutagawa Prize. A mini-series adaptation was released on Netflix in 2016.


title: Manzai

text: Originally based around a festival to welcome the New Year, traces its origins back to the Heian period. The two performers came with messages from the gods and this was worked into a standup routine, with one performer showing some sort of opposition to the word of the other. This pattern still exists in the roles of the and the .


title: Manzai

text: Continuing into the Edo period, the style focused increasingly on the humor aspects of stand-up, and various regions of Japan developed their own unique styles of , such as , , and . With the arrival of the Meiji period, began to implement changes that would see it surpass in popularity the styles of the former period, although at the time was still considered the more popular form of entertainment.


title: Manzai

text: With the end of the Taishō period, Yoshimoto Kōgyō—which itself was founded at the beginning of the era, in 1912—introduced a new style of lacking much of the celebration that had accompanied it in the past. This new style proved successful and spread all over Japan, including Tokyo. Riding on the waves of new communication technology, quickly spread through the mediums of stage, radio, and eventually, television, and video games.


title: Manzai

text: The kanji for have been written in various ways throughout the ages. It was originally written as , using rather than the alternative form of the character, , and the simpler form for (which also can be used to write a word meaning "talent, ability"). The arrival of brought another character change, this time changing the first character to .


title: Manzai

text: Similar in execution to the concepts of "funny man" and "straight man" in double act comedy (e.g. Abbott and Costello), these roles are a very important characteristic of . comes from the verb which carries the meaning of "senility" or "air headed-ness" and is reflected in the 's tendency for misinterpretation and forgetfulness. The word refers to the role the second comedian plays in "butting in" and correcting the 's errors. In performances it is common for the to berate the and hit them on the head with a swift smack; one traditional prop often used for this purpose is a pleated paper fan called a . Another traditional prop is a small drum, usually carried (and used) by the . A Japanese bamboo and paper umbrella is another common prop. These props are usually used only during non-serious routines as traditional requires there to be no props in terms of routine and in competitions. The use of props would put the comedy act closer to a "conte" rather than "manzai".


title: Manzai

text: The tradition of and is often used in other Japanese comedy, although it may not be as obviously portrayed as it usually is in .


title: Street Dance Girls Fighter

text: Street Dance Girls Fighter () is a spin-off of South Korean dance survival program "Street Woman Fighter" that premiered on Mnet on November 30, 2021 and is scheduled to air every Tuesday at 10:20 PM KST. Female dance crews composed of high school-aged girls compete to become the top teenage dance crew. The winning crew receives a 10,000,000 ₩ scholarship, an opportunity to serve as an advertising model for financial services for teens, and the Street Dance Girls Fighter Trophy.


title: Street Dance Girls Fighter

text: and the teenage dance crews are led by Crew Masters consisting of the participating dance crews and contestants from Street Woman Fighter.


title: Street Dance Girls Fighter

text: As only two crews selected HolyBang as their mentors, the team is pre-set and does not have to advance to a selection battle.


title: Street Dance Girls Fighter

text: As the 4 lowest master's crew team, CocaNButter, WAYB, WANT, and LACHICA were chosen as candidates for elimination battle.


title: Street Dance Girls Fighter

text: Each crew will create a performance and recorded their Key moves on TikTok as a Dance Challenge, the more people do the Challenge, the more Score they earned.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: The presence of psychopathy in the workplace—although psychopaths typically represent a relatively small fraction of workplace staff—can do enormous damage when in senior management roles. Psychopaths are usually most common at higher levels of corporate organizations, and their actions often cause a ripple effect throughout an organization, setting the tone for an entire corporate culture. Examples of detrimental effects are increased bullying, conflict, stress, staff turnover and absenteeism; reduction in productivity and in social responsibility. Ethical standards of entire organisations can be badly damaged if a corporate psychopath is in charge. A 2017 UK study found that companies with leaders who show "psychopathic characteristics" destroy shareholder value, tending to have poor future returns on equity.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Academics refer to psychopaths in the workplace individually variously as workplace psychopaths, executive psychopaths, corporate psychopaths, business psychopaths, successful psychopaths, office psychopaths, white-collar psychopaths, industrial psychopaths, organizational psychopaths or occupational psychopaths. Criminal psychologist Robert D. Hare coined the term "snakes in suits" as a synonym for workplace psychopaths.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Oliver James identifies psychopathy as one of the dark triadic personality traits in the workplace, the others being narcissism and Machiavellianism.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Workplace psychopaths are often charming to staff above their level in the workplace hierarchy but abusive to staff below their level. They maintain multiple personas throughout the office, presenting each colleague with a different version of themselves.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Hare considers newspaper tycoon Robert Maxwell to have been a strong candidate as a corporate psychopath.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Hare reports that about 1 percent of the general population meets the clinical criteria for psychopathy. Hare further claims that the prevalence of psychopaths is higher in the business world than in the general population. Figures of around 3–4% have been cited for more senior positions in business. A 2011 study of Australian white-collar managers found that 5.76 percent could be classed as psychopathic and another 10.42 percent dysfunctional with psychopathic characteristics.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Organizational psychopaths crave a god-like feeling of power and control over other people. They prefer to work at the very highest levels of their organizations, allowing them to control the greatest number of people. Psychopaths who are political leaders, managers, and CEOs fall into this category.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Organizational psychopaths generally appear to be intelligent, sincere, powerful, charming, witty, and entertaining communicators. They quickly assess what people want to hear and then create stories that fit those expectations. They will con people into doing their work for them, take credit for other people's work and even assign their work to junior staff members. They have low patience when dealing with others, display shallow emotions, are unpredictable, undependable and fail to take responsibility if something goes wrong that is their fault.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: According to a study from the University of Notre Dame published in the "Journal of Business Ethics," psychopaths have a natural advantage in workplaces overrun by abusive supervision, and are more likely to thrive under abusive bosses, being more resistant to stress, including interpersonal abuse, and having less of a need for positive relationships than others.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Workplace psychopaths may show a high number of the following behavior patterns. The individual behaviors are not exclusive to the workplace psychopath, though the higher the number of patterns exhibited, the more likely they conform to the psychopath profile:


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: The authors of the book "" describe a five-phase model of how a typical workplace psychopath tries to climb and maintains power:


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Leading commentators on psychopathy have said that companies inadvertently attract employees who are psychopaths because of the wording of their job advertisements and their desire to engage people who are prepared to do whatever it takes to be successful in business. However, in one case at least, an advert explicitly asked for a sales executive with psychopathic tendencies. The advert title read "Psychopathic New Business Media Sales Executive Superstar! £50k - £110k".


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Corporate psychopaths are readily recruited into organizations because they make a distinctly positive impression at interviews. They appear to be alert, friendly and easy to get along with and talk to. They look like they are of good ability, emotionally well adjusted and reasonable, and these traits make them attractive to those in charge of hiring staff within organizations. Unlike narcissists, psychopaths are better able to create long-lasting favorable first impressions, though people may still eventually see through their facades. Psychopaths’ undesirable personality traits may be easily misperceived by even skilled interviewers. Skilled interviewers can easily discern psychopathic qualities by including extremely skeptical high performing loyal employees throughout the entire interview of each interview while maintaining emotional balance. For instance, skilled interviewers can understand that sometimes irresponsibility may be misconstrued by employers as risk-taking or entrepreneurial spirit and are encouraged to deeply query and understand if being employed is specific to building responsibility and a career or its the other. Their thrill-seeking tendencies may be conveyed as high energy and enthusiasm for the job or work and skilled interviewers must strive to unravel the misconstrued to know and understand specific to the interviewees intentions. Their superficial charm may be misinterpreted by interviewers as charisma and yet obvious to skeptics and high performers. It is worth noting that psychopaths are not only accomplished liars, they are also more likely to lie in interviews. For instance, psychopaths may create fictitious work experiences or resumes and skeptical high performers can easily discern such fiction. They may also fabricate credentials such as diplomas, certifications, or awards and due diligence and skeptics and high performers easily discern such fabrications. Thus, in addition to seeming competent and likable in interviews, psychopaths are also more likely to outright make-up information during interviews than non-psychopaths and thus the necessity of including extremely skeptical high performing loyal employees throughout the entire interview and review of each interview.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Corporate psychopaths within organizations may be singled out for rapid promotion because of their polish, charm, and cool decisiveness and yet can also be singled out for rapid firing and removal. They are also helped by their manipulative and bullying skills. They create confusion around them (divide and rule etc.) using instrumental bullying to promote their own agenda.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Psychopaths are able to maintain calm when others are reacting to normal stress and dangerous situations. Psychopaths are well versed in impression management and ingratiation, both skills that can be used to impress people in positions of power and are also obvious indications of psychopathic traits easily discerned.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Boddy identifies the following bad consequences of workplace psychopathy (with additional cites in some cases):


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Boddy suggests that because of abusive supervision by corporate psychopaths, large amounts of anti-company feeling will be generated among the employees of the organisations that corporate psychopaths work in. This should result in high levels of counterproductive behaviour as employees give vent to their anger with the corporation, which they perceive to be acting through its corporate psychopathic managers in a way that is eminently unfair to them.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: According to a 2017 UK study, a high ranking corporate psychopath could trigger lower ranked staff to become workplace bullies as a manifestation of counterproductive work behavior.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Boddy makes the case that corporate psychopaths were instrumental in causing the 2007–08 global financial crisis. He claims that the same corporate psychopaths who probably caused the crisis by greed and avarice are now advising government on how to get out of the crisis.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Psychologist Oliver James has described the credit crunch as a “mass outbreak of corporate psychopathy which resulted in something that very nearly crashed the whole world economy.”


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: For example, during this financial crisis, the behaviour of some key people at the top of the world's largest banks came under scrutiny. At the time of its collapse in 2008 the Royal Bank of Scotland was the world's fifth largest bank by market capitalisation. CEO Fred "the Shred" Goodwin was known for taking excessive risks and showing little concern for his mismanagement, which led to the bank's collapse. Goodwin's demeanour toward colleagues was unpredictable and he is said to have lived a luxury lifestyle while fostering a culture of fear.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Renowned psychotherapist Professor Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries singled out Goodwin and former Barclays CEO Bob Diamond as exhibiting psychopathic behaviours in his working paper on the SOB, "seductive operational bully - or psychopath lite"


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: From an organizational perspective, organizations can insulate themselves from the organizational psychopath by taking the following steps when recruiting:


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: There have been anecdotal reports that at least one UK bank was using a psychopathy measure to actively recruit psychopaths.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: Narcissism, lack of self-regulation, lack of remorse, and lack of conscience have been identified as traits displayed by bullies. These traits are shared with psychopaths, indicating that there is some theoretical cross-over between bullies and psychopaths. Bullying is used by corporate psychopaths as a tactic to humiliate subordinates. Bullying is also used as a tactic to scare, confuse and disorient those who may be a threat to the activities of the corporate psychopath. Using meta data analysis on hundreds of UK research papers, Boddy concluded that 36% of bullying incidents were caused by the presence of corporate psychopaths. According to Boddy, there are two types of bullying:


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: A corporate psychopath uses instrumental bullying to further his goals of promotion and power as the result of causing confusion and divide and rule.


title: Psychopathy in the workplace

text: People with high scores on a psychopathy rating scale are more likely to engage in bullying, crime, and drug use than other people. Hare and Babiak noted that about 29 per cent of corporate psychopaths are also bullies. Other research has also shown that people with high scores on a psychopathy rating scale were more likely to engage in bullying, again indicating that psychopaths tend to be bullies in the workplace.