title: Lego Mindstorms

text: Lego Mindstorms Robot Inventor was announced in June 2020 and released later in autumn. It has four medium motors from Spike Prime, two sensors (distance sensor and color/light sensor) also from Spike Prime, a Spike Prime hub with a six-axis gyroscope, an accelerometer, and support for controllers and phone control. It also has 902+ LEGO Technic elements.


title: Lego Mindstorms

text: Mindstorms kits are also sold and used as an educational tool, originally through a partnership between Lego and the MIT Media Laboratory. The educational version of the products is called "Mindstorms for Schools" or "Mindstorms Education", and later versions come with the ROBOLAB GUI-based programming software, developed at Tufts University using the National Instruments LabVIEW as an engine.


title: Acorn TV

text: Acorn TV is an American subscription video streaming service offering television programming from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, other Commonwealth countries, Ireland, Spain, and Mexico. In other countries, it is available on a variety of devices including Amazon Fire TV, Apple TV, Android TV, Chromecast, and Roku.


title: Acorn TV

text: Acorn TV is owned by RLJ Entertainment, Inc. Acorn Media Group has distributed British television in the United States since 1994, originally selling VHS tapes before moving into DVD and Blu-ray media. Continuing the company's expansion into new formats, Acorn TV launched as a subsection of Acorn's direct-to-consumer e-commerce website in 2011. In 2013, Acorn TV was relaunched as a standalone service with expanded content offerings and monthly and annual subscription options. In 2013, the service began offering exclusive content, starting with the United States premiere of "Doc Martin", Series 6. In 2015, Acorn TV was the only niche streaming service to have a program nominated for an Emmy when "Curtain: Poirot's Last Case" was nominated for Outstanding Television Movie. As of December 31, 2016, it had 430,000 paid subscribers.


title: Acorn TV

text: On 24 November 2022, Acorn TV announced without further elaboration that it would no longer be available in South Africa by the end of 2022, and requested that subscribers cancel their memberships. Acorn TV launched in South Africa in December 2018.


title: Acorn TV

text: Acorn TV offers a combination of new and classic mysteries, dramas, comedies, and documentaries. The service licenses content from producers and distributors including ITV, Channel 4, BBC Studios, All3Media, DRG, ZDF, and Content Media.


title: Acorn TV

text: Because its parent company, RLJ Entertainment, has a 64% stake in Agatha Christie Limited, the licensing arm of the Christie estate, Acorn TV was able to offer the United States premieres of the final episodes of "Agatha Christie's Poirot" in summer 2014, BBC co-production "Partners in Crime" in September 2015, and "The Witness for the Prosecution" in 2017.


title: Acorn TV

text: RLJ Entertainment also owns all rights to "Foyle's War", allowing Acorn TV to offer the United States premiere of the final season in 2015. Subsequent original series include "Agatha Raisin", "Close to the Enemy", "The Level", "Striking Out", "Queens of Mystery", "Dead Still", and "Ms Fisher's Modern Murder Mysteries". On October 20, 2020, it was announced that the series "Dalgliesh" will premiere in 2021.


title: Acorn TV

text: Since its launch, Acorn TV has offered the United States premieres of some or all seasons of British series including "Detectorists", "Vera", "Inspector George Gently", and "Midsomer Murders". After initially focusing exclusively on programming from the United Kingdom, Acorn TV expanded its content offering to include programs from other territories, including Australia's "A Place to Call Home," "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries", "Jack Irish", and "Janet King", New Zealand's "The Brokenwood Mysteries," the Australian-New Zealand series "800 Words," Canada's "Murdoch Mysteries" and "19-2", and Ireland's "Clean Break" and "Striking Out". In 2015, the service began offering foreign-language dramas. The service also offers a selection of documentaries, including historical, travel, arts, and science titles.


title: Acorn TV

text: On August 5, 2019, the Australian mystery series "My Life Is Murder" premiered on Acorn. On September 30, 2020, it was announced that the Irish drama series "The South Westerlies" premiered on November 9, 2020. On October 27, 2020, it was announced that the miniseries "A Suitable Boy" will premiere on December 7, 2020.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: "Holiday" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her eponymous debut album, "Madonna" (1983). Sire Records released it as the album's third single on September 7, 1983. Written by Curtis Hudson and Lisa Stevens of Pure Energy, the track was offered to Madonna by her producer John "Jellybean" Benitez when she was looking for a potential hit track to include on her debut album. After accepting the song, she and Benitez worked on it and altered its composition by the addition of a piano solo performed by their friend, Fred Zarr. "Holiday" features instrumentation from guitars, electronic handclaps, a cowbell, and a synthesized string arrangement, while its lyrics speak about the universal sentiment of taking a holiday.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Receiving highly positive reviews from critics, the song became Madonna's first mainstream hit single in the United States, peaking at number 16 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number one on the Dance Club Songs chart. It also became her first top-ten single in several countries, including Australia, Belgium, West Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Madonna has performed "Holiday" on most of her tours and it is generally included as a part of the encore. Different performances of the song are included in the recorded releases of her tours. "Holiday" has been covered by several artists and appeared in multiple television shows. In 2003, "Q Magazine" ranked "Holiday" number 88 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever".


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: In 1983, 25-year-old Madonna was recording her eponymous debut album with Warner Bros. Records producer Reggie Lucas, after Sire Records green-lit it when her first single "Everybody" became a club hit. However, she did not have enough material for the album. Lucas brought two new songs to the project and John "Jellybean" Benitez, a DJ at Funhouse disco was called to remix the available tracks. In the meantime due to a conflict of interest, Madonna's collaborator on "Everybody", Stephen Bray had sold a song "Ain't No Big Deal" to an act called Barracuda on another label, rendering it unavailable for Madonna's album. It was Benitez who discovered a new song written by Curtis Hudson and Lisa Stevens of the pop group Pure Energy. The song, titled "Holiday", had been turned down by singers Phyllis Hyman and Mary Wilson, formerly of The Supremes. Hudson and Stevens were asked by Benitez if they had any song for then-unknown Madonna and since their record label Prism did not want to release "Holiday", they gave it to Benitez. Pure Energy recalled in an interview with Blogcritics:


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: We knew that the song had that magic to it. Since we weren't going to be able to record ["Holiday"] ourselves, we were really hoping it would fall into the hands of someone who was going to do it justice. Jellybean was shopping it, and I think he pitched it to Phyllis Hyman and a couple of other artists. We didn't pitch the songs that much. I was still hoping we could come around to Pure Energy recording it.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Stevens remembered that she had started playing the beginning chords of "Holiday" on a keyboard but could not progress further. Hudson, who felt that the music could lead to something constructive, urged Stevens to experiment with it for a week and ultimately came up with the hook "Holiday, Celebrate!", while going back-and-forth between them. Inspired by the opening chords and hearing depressing news on the radio, Hudson started penning down the song and within 30 minutes was able to complete it, with the whole composition and arrangement in his mind. Most of the song was written by him with Stevens suggesting few alterations like the line "It would be so nice".


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Benitez and Madonna sent the demo to their friend, Fred Zarr so he could change the arrangement and program it differently. After the vocals were added by Madonna, Benitez spent four days and tried to enhance the commercial appeal of the track before the April 1983 deadline set by Madonna's record label. Benitez had not produced any song at that time but was aware of how to reconstruct the different musical pieces in a studio. He composed the sound, assembled the musicians and hummed the tune to them for recording. He also asked Madonna to sing in a "soulful" manner on the track. Just before it was completed, Madonna and Benitez met Zarr at Sigma Sound Studios in Manhattan where the track was recorded. The singer suggested Zarr to add a piano solo towards the end of the track, as well as asked Hudson to change a part of the funk in the guitar rhythm.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Pure Energy, who were also present at the recording studio during February 1983, recalled that the rhythm track was finished in a single day because they did not want to venture further from the demo track. Minor changes were included, like substituting Hudson's LinnDrum with Zarr's Oberheim DMX. Other changes were in the vocal delivery from the soul, gospel like singing on the demo to Madonna's "poppier" belting; she still remained true to the original melody of the track. The group was not given a production credit on "Holiday" since Benitez had presented the track to Sire Records, and he had an existing relationship with Madonna. Although Hudson pressed for a credit, they ultimately let it go since they felt that the song would be their chance to get recognized as efficient songwriters.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Musically, "Holiday" is a dance-pop and post-disco song devoid of any particular structure. It begins with a chord sequence similar to Cyndi Lauper's later "Time After Time" (1984). Set in the time signature of common time with a medium tempo of 116 beats per minute, the song is composed in the key of D major and is six minutes seven seconds in length. Madonna's vocal range spans from B to C. The track follows in the chord progression of G–A–Bm in the first line, when Madonna sings "Holiday!" and changes to G–A–Fm–G in the second line, when Madonna sings "Celebrate!".


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: The four bar sequence of the progression continues throughout the song and features instrumentation from guitars flicking in the background, electronic handclaps, cowbell played by Madonna, and a synthesized string arrangement. A side-by-side repetitive progression is achieved by making use of the chorus. Towards the end of the song, a change in the arrangement happens, where a piano break is heard. Lyrically the song expresses the universal sentiment that everybody needs a holiday from their daily lives. Along with Benitez's production and Zarr's instrumentation, other personnel working on "Holiday" included Raymond Hudson on bass, Bashiri Johnson on percussion and Tina B. and Norma Jean Wright who provided background vocals.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Initially it was decided that "Lucky Star" would be released as a single; instead "Holiday" was released in the United States when the latter was picked up by radios for airplay and became a dance hit. Warner Bros. Records were not prepared for the song to take off like that and hence no music video was released for it. The original British cover art for "Holiday" did not carry Madonna's picture since Sire did not want the British people to find out that she was not a R&B artist. Instead it carried the picture of a train station and an engine. "Holiday" was later remixed in dub and groove versions for the 1987 remix album, "You Can Dance". It also appeared in her first greatest hits compilation, "The Immaculate Collection", in a remixed and shortened form.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Holiday" has been released three times as a single: in January 1984, reaching number six; reissued in August 1985, reaching number two (only being kept from number one by her own "Into the Groove" single); and re-released with new artwork in 1991 to promote "The Immaculate Collection" with a limited edition EP titled "The Holiday Collection", which contained tracks omitted from the compilation; this version reached number five. Although the song was released to promote the greatest hits collection, it did not include the shorter remix from the album, instead it included the original album version from "Madonna" (1983). The photography used for the 1991 release was by Steven Meisel and had previously been used for the February 1991 cover for "Vogue" Italia.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: The song received critical acclaim. Author Rikky Rooksby in his book "The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna" commented that "'Holiday' was as infectious as the plague. One listen and you could not get the damn hook out of your mind." He also likened the track as getting on a carousel and either enjoying the ride, or getting really bothered by the song going "on-and-on" for six minutes. Jim Farber of "Entertainment Weekly" commented that "Holiday" satisfied the musical ear of both the sides of the Atlantic. While reviewing "The Immaculate Collection" album, David Browne from "Entertainment Weekly" commented that "Holiday" was a "spunky dance-beat trifle". He also complimented the song's expert production.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Mary Cross in her biography of Madonna, described "Holiday" as "a simple song with a fresh appeal and a good mood." According to author Lucy O'Brien, who wrote in the biography "", the track was an example of Madonna's early musical endeavors being about the "power of dance". She believed that the song cemented her style of music with its "bubbling Latin undertow, crunchy bass and strings and Fred Zarr's elegant closing piano riff". O'Brien declared "Holiday" as Madonna's "most" persuasive dance song with its "tension, release, resolution and celebratory" nature enhanced by Madonna's "playful commands and exhortations". Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" described the song as airy. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic called it effervescent and one of the great songs of the "Madonna" album. While reviewing "The Immaculate Collection", he called it one of her greatest hits. Don Shewey of "Rolling Stone" commented that the simple lyrics of the song sound clever.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: "Holiday" was released on September 7, 1983, and became Madonna's first hit single in the United States and remained on the charts from Thanksgiving to Christmas 1983. It was Madonna's first song to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100, at 88 on the issue dated October 29, 1983. and reached a peak of 16 on January 28, 1984 and was on the chart for 21 weeks. The song debuted at eight on the Hot Dance Club Play chart on the issue dated November 2, 1983 and was Madonna's first number one single on the Hot Dance Club Play chart remaining at the top for five weeks. The song also made an entry in the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and peaked at 25, remaining on the chart for 20 weeks. In Canada, the song debuted at number 48 position of the "RPM" singles chart on January 21, 1984 and peaked at number 39. The song again entered the chart at number 45 in March 1984, and peaked at number 32 in April 1984. It was present on the chart for a total of 12 weeks.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Holiday" was released in 1984 whence it charted and reached a peak of six on the chart. However, a rerelease in 1985 with "Think of Me" on the B-side, saw the song enter the charts at number 32 and reached a new peak of two on the chart, being held off the number one spot by Madonna's own "Into the Groove", while being present for ten weeks. Another re-release in 1991 saw the song reach a peak of five on the chart. The song was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in August 1985, and according to the Official Charts Company, "Holiday" has sold 878,000 copies there as of August 2018. Across Europe, the song reached the top ten of Belgium, Netherlands, West Germany and Ireland while reaching the top 40 in France, Sweden and Switzerland. According to "Music & Media" magazine the song had sold around 1.5 million copies in Europe by September 1985. In Australia, "Holiday" entered the Top 50 of the Kent Music Report in April 1984 and reached number 4, spending 16 weeks on chart. The song debuted at number 37 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, making it Madonna's debut chart appearance in the country. It peaked at number seven.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: During a 2005 interview with Harry Smith of CBS News, Madonna singled out "Holiday" as a favorite amongst her top-ten charting singles, though Smith corrected that it had peaked at a much lower position. Pure Energy remembered that the success of "Holiday" also helped them financially, the royalties helping them move out of the boarding house they had been living. Hudson confirmed that the song still generated money for them, saying that "Can you live off of one hit? Yes, you can if you get the right hit. It can last you a lifetime. We've been living proof of that". However, the band were not able to replicate their songwriting success of "Holiday" with later releases, since the music business still expected them to concoct something like the track.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: Madonna has performed "Holiday" on almost all of her tours, namely The Virgin Tour, Who's That Girl, Blond Ambition, The Girlie Show, Drowned World, Re-Invention, Sticky & Sweet Tour and Rebel Heart Tour. In 1984, Madonna performed Holiday on the hit dance show "American Bandstand" with Dick Clark. Madonna then added it to the set list of her 1985 Virgin Tour. It was performed as the second song of the tour. The same year she performed the song at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia in July.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: The Who's That Girl World Tour in 1987 had Madonna performing "Holiday" as the last song of the tour. Madonna performed an energetic version of the song, signalling the celebratory and wholesome nature of the song's theme. She sang the final chorus twice, and on some dates asked the audience for a comb so that she could fix her hair and finished the performance. Two different performances are found in "" tour video filmed at Stadio Communale in Turin, Italy on September 4, 1987 and the "Who's That Girl: Live in Japan" tour video filmed at Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo, Japan on June 22, 1987.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: For the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990, Madonna said, "I wanted to throw an old song for fun, and 'Holiday' seemed to be a universal favourite. In addition to that it's one of the only old songs I've done that I can still sing and not feel I've totally outgrown it." Performing it as a part of the encore, Madonna appeared on the stage in a polka-dotted blouse with matching flounces at the bottom of white trousers and hair in a top knot with a ponytail. The costume was adopted from a "My Fair Lady" dress and was designed by Jean-Paul Gaultier. Three different performances are found in the "Blond Ambition: Japan Tour 90" VHS, the "Blond Ambition World Tour Live" VHS and the "" documentary. The performance included in the documentary was used as a music video to promote it. The performance received four nominations at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Female Video, Best Dance Video, Best Choreography in Video and Best Cinematography in Video, but did not win any of the categories.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: In The Girlie Show in 1993, the song was performed in an alternate version as the second-to-last song of the tour. It had a military theme to it. Halfway through the performance Madonna paused the song for a military drill with the dancers and the audience. The performance met with strong reaction in Puerto Rico, when Madonna rubbed the Puerto Rican national flag between her legs in between the performance. For the Drowned World Tour in 2001 Madonna wore a fur coat, velvet fedora and a customised Dolce & Gabbana T-shirt which proclaimed 'Mother' in the front and 'F*cker' in the back painted in silver. This demonstrated her ghetto-girl appearance adopted for the song's performance.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: In the Re-Invention Tour in 2004, the song was again performed as the ending song of the tour. The song was given a tribal feeling with Madonna wearing Scottish kilts during the performance. The performance started with Madonna and her dancers doing a dance routine in front of the stage, then Madonna going on the revolving tiers of the stage to sing the song as confetti fell from above. The performance was included in the "I'm Going to Tell You a Secret" live album and documentary. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic commented that the performance "feels like they could fit the Eurotrash, campy retro-disco feel of Confessions."


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: The song was added to the 2009 leg of her Sticky & Sweet Tour. It replaced the song "Heartbeat" from "Hard Candy" and was used as a tribute to singer Michael Jackson who died a week prior to the start of the second leg of the tour. As Madonna sang the song, a picture of a young Jackson appeared on stage, followed by a Jackson impersonator wearing garments in Jackson style. The music then switched to a medley of his songs, like "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", and the impersonator worked through his moves, including the moonwalk as well as the spinning and gyrating. Madonna clapped her hands, swayed from side to side and jumped up and down while images of Jackson over the years flashed on a big screen. After the performance, Madonna told the crowd, "Let's give it up for one of the greatest artists the world has ever known," and the crowd applauded.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: In 2012, Madonna performed "Holiday" on some shows of The MDNA Tour. The song was the closing number to Madonna's Rebel Heart Tour in 2015–2016; it included an excerpt from Bob James' cover of "Take Me to the Mardi Gras". She performed the song while she was wrapped with the country's flag. She exited from the stage while she was levitated by a harness and rope. The performance was included in the live album "Rebel Heart Tour" recorded in Sydney, Australia, and released in September 2017.


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: British synthpop band Heaven 17 recorded a cover for the 1999 compilation, "Virgin Voices Vol. 1: A Tribute To Madonna". In 2002, Mad'House recorded a Club cover of the song for their album "Absolutely Mad". Girl Authority covered the song in 2007 for their album, "Road Trip". In 1986, Dutch rap duo MC Miker G & DJ Sven released "Holiday Rap", a song which sampled the tune and chorus of Madonna's "Holiday". It achieved commercial success by peaking the charts in countries like France, Netherlands and Switzerland and going the top ten of Austria, Norway, Britain and Sweden. The bassline of the song was sampled by The Avalanches for their 2000 album "Since I Left You". It was used on the songs "Stay Another Season" and "Little Journey".


title: Holiday (Madonna song)

text: The song was redone by the "Will & Grace" cast as "He's Hot" for the sitcom's soundtrack in 2004 and even includes vocal samples from Madonna herself. Almost all of the instrumental part of the song "He's Hot!" uses samples from the original song. The Canadian teen drama "", which is known for naming each episode after an 80s hit song, named a two-part episode after "Holiday". In 2006, critics noted strong similarity between "Holiday" and American singer Jessica Simpson's single "A Public Affair". Regarding the comparison, Simpson told MTV: "I think people are ready to hear something that Madonna used to do. We all need to hear that every now and again. It wasn't a sample or something I meant to do, but she did influence me and still does today." In 2008, "Holiday" appeared on the video game "Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol Encore". Kelis often performs a mashup of her own hit "Milkshake" with "Holiday" live. In 2003, a snippet of the song appeared in the film "Rugrats Go Wild", when the families went on their cruise. A covered version of the song appears in the 2010 video game Just Dance 2.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation refers to two closely related equations that reflect the binding of ligands to macromolecules, as a function of the ligand concentration. A ligand is "a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose" (ligand definition), and a macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as a protein, with a complex structure of components (macromolecule definition). Protein-ligand binding typically changes the structure of the target protein, thereby changing its function in a cell.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The distinction between the two Hill equations is whether they measure "occupancy" or "response". The Hill–Langmuir equation reflects the occupancy of macromolecules: the fraction that is saturated or bound by the ligand. This equation is formally equivalent to the Langmuir isotherm. Conversely, the Hill equation proper reflects the cellular or tissue response to the ligand: the physiological output of the system, such as muscle contraction.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill–Langmuir equation was originally formulated by Archibald Hill in 1910 to describe the sigmoidal O binding curve of haemoglobin.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The binding of a ligand to a macromolecule is often enhanced if there are already other ligands present on the same macromolecule (this is known as cooperative binding). The Hill–Langmuir equation is useful for determining the degree of cooperativity of the ligand(s) binding to the enzyme or receptor. The Hill coefficient provides a way to quantify the degree of interaction between ligand binding sites.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill–Langmuir equation is a special case of a rectangular hyperbola and is commonly expressed in the following ways.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: In pharmacology, formula_7 is often written as formula_8, where <chem>A</chem> is the ligand, equivalent to L, and <chem>R</chem> is the receptor. formula_7 can be expressed in terms of the total amount of receptor and ligand-bound receptor concentrations: formula_10. formula_3 is equal to the ratio of the dissociation rate of the ligand-receptor complex to its association rate (formula_12). Kd is the equilibrium constant for dissociation. formula_13 is defined so that formula_14, this is also known as the microscopic dissociation constant and is the ligand concentration occupying half of the binding sites. In recent literature, this constant is sometimes referred to as formula_15.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Gaddum equation is a further generalisation of the Hill-equation, incorporating the presence of a reversible competitive antagonist. The Gaddum equation is derived similarly to the Hill-equation but with 2 equilibria: both the ligand with the receptor and the antagonist with the receptor. Hence, the Gaddum equation has 2 constants: the equilibrium constants of the ligand and that of the antagonist


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Taking the reciprocal of both sides of the Hill–Langmuir equation, rearranging, and inverting again yields: formula_16. Taking the logarithm of both sides of the equation leads to an alternative formulation of the Hill-Langmuir equation:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: This last form of the Hill–Langmuir equation is advantageous because a plot of formula_18 versus formula_19 yields a linear plot, which is called a Hill plot. Because the slope of a Hill plot is equal to the Hill coefficient for the biochemical interaction, the slope is denoted by formula_20. A slope greater than one thus indicates positively cooperative binding between the receptor and the ligand, while a slope less than one indicates negatively cooperative binding.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Transformations of equations into linear forms such as this were very useful before the widespread use of computers, as they allowed researchers to determine parameters by fitting lines to data. However, these transformations affect error propagation, and this may result in undue weight to error in data points near 0 or 1. This impacts the parameters of linear regression lines fitted to the data. Furthermore, the use of computers enables more robust analysis involving nonlinear regression.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: A distinction should be made between quantification of drugs binding to receptors and drugs producing responses. There may not necessarily be a linear relationship between the two values. In contrast to this article's previous definition of the Hill-Langmuir equation, the IUPHAR defines the Hill equation in terms of the tissue response formula_21, as


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: where <chem>[A]</chem> is the drug concentration and formula_23 is the drug concentration that produces a 50% maximal response. Dissociation constants (in the previous section) relate to ligand binding, while formula_23 reflects tissue response.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: This form of the equation can reflect tissue/cell/population responses to drugs and can be used to generate dose response curves. The relationship between formula_3 and EC50 may be quite complex as a biological response will be the sum of myriad factors; a drug will have a different biological effect if more receptors are present, regardless of its affinity.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Del-Castillo Katz model is used to relate the Hill–Langmuir equation to receptor activation by including a second equilibrium of the ligand-bound receptor to an "activated" form of the ligand-bound receptor.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Statistical analysis of response as a function of stimulus may be performed by regression methods such as the probit model or logit model, or other methods such as the Spearman–Karber method. Empirical models based on nonlinear regression are usually preferred over the use of some transformation of the data that linearizes the dose-response relationship.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill coefficient, formula_5 or formula_20, may describe cooperativity (or possibly other biochemical properties, depending on the context in which the Hill–Langmuir equation is being used). When appropriate, the value of the Hill coefficient describes the cooperativity of ligand binding in the following way:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: where <chem>EC90</chem> and <chem>EC10</chem> are the input values needed to produce the 10% and 90% of the maximal response, respectively.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill-Langmuir equation is derived similarly to the Michaelis Menten equation but incorporates the Hill coefficient. Consider a protein (<chem>P</chem>), such as haemoglobin or a protein receptor, with formula_5 binding sites for ligands (<chem>L</chem>). The binding of the ligands to the protein can be represented by the chemical equilibrium expression:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: where formula_34 (forward rate, or the rate of association of the protein-ligand complex) and formula_35 (reverse rate, or the complex's rate of dissociation) are the reaction rate constants for the association of the ligands to the protein and their dissociation from the protein, respectively. From the law of mass action, which in turn may be derived from the principles of collision theory, the apparent dissociation constant formula_3, an equilibrium constant, is given by:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: At the same time, formula_2, the ratio of the concentration of occupied receptor to total receptor concentration, is given by:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: By using the expression obtained earlier for the dissociation constant, we can replace formula_40 with formula_41 to yield a simplified expression for formula_42:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Assuming that the protein receptor was initially completely free (unbound) at a concentration formula_44, then at any time, formula_45 and formula_46. Consequently, the Hill–Langmuir Equation is also commonly written as an expression for the concentration formula_47of bound protein:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: All of these formulations assume that the protein has formula_49 sites to which ligands can bind. In practice, however, the Hill Coefficient formula_50 rarely provides an accurate approximation of the number of ligand binding sites on a protein. Consequently, it has been observed that the Hill coefficient should instead be interpreted as an "interaction coefficient" describing the cooperativity among ligand binding sites.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill and Hill–Langmuir equations are used extensively in pharmacology to quantify the functional parameters of a drug and are also used in other areas of biochemistry.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill equation can be used to describe dose-response relationships, for example ion channel open-probability (P-open) vs. ligand concentration.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: The Hill–Langmuir equation can be applied in modelling the rate at which a gene product is produced when its parent gene is being regulated by transcription factors (e.g., activators and/or repressors). Doing so is appropriate when a gene is regulated by multiple binding sites for transcription factors, in which case the transcription factors may bind the DNA in a cooperative fashion.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: If the production of protein from gene is up-regulated (activated) by a transcription factor , then the rate of production of protein can be modeled as a differential equation in terms of the concentration of activated protein:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Likewise, if the production of protein from gene is down-regulated (repressed) by a transcription factor , then the rate of production of protein can be modeled as a differential equation in terms of the concentration of activated protein:


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Because of its assumption that ligand molecules bind to a receptor simultaneously, the Hill–Langmuir equation has been criticized as a physically unrealistic model. Moreover, the Hill coefficient should not be considered a reliable approximation of the number of cooperative ligand binding sites on a receptor except when the binding of the first and subsequent ligands results in extreme positive cooperativity.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Unlike more complex models, the relatively simple Hill–Langmuir equation provides little insight into underlying physiological mechanisms of protein-ligand interactions. This simplicity, however, is what makes the Hill–Langmuir equation a useful empirical model, since its use requires little "a priori" knowledge about the properties of either the protein or ligand being studied. Nevertheless, other, more complex models of cooperative binding have been proposed. For more information and examples of such models, see Cooperative binding.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: Global sensitivity measure such as Hill coefficient do not characterise the local behaviours of the s-shaped curves. Instead, these features are well captured by the response coefficient measure.


title: Hill equation (biochemistry)

text: There is a link between Hill Coefficient and Response coefficient, as follows. Altszyler et al. (2017) have shown that these ultrasensitivity measures can be linked.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: The biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. Biomass can refer to "species biomass", which is the mass of one or more species, or to "community biomass", which is the mass of all species in the community. It can include microorganisms, plants or animals. The mass can be expressed as the average mass per unit area, or as the total mass in the community.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: How biomass is measured depends on why it is being measured. Sometimes, the biomass is regarded as the natural mass of organisms "in situ", just as they are. For example, in a salmon fishery, the salmon biomass might be regarded as the total wet weight the salmon would have if they were taken out of the water. In other contexts, biomass can be measured in terms of the dried organic mass, so perhaps only 30% of the actual weight might count, the rest being water. For other purposes, only biological tissues count, and teeth, bones and shells are excluded. In some applications, biomass is measured as the mass of organically bound carbon (C) that is present.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: The total live biomass on Earth is about 550–560 billion tonnes C, and the total annual primary production of biomass is just over 100 billion tonnes C/yr. The total live biomass of bacteria may be as much as that of plants and animals or may be much less. The total number of DNA base pairs on Earth, as a possible approximation of global biodiversity, is estimated at , and weighs 50 billion tonnes. Around 2020, anthropogenic mass (human-made material) is expected to exceed all living biomass on earth.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation that shows, for a given ecosystem, the relationship between biomass or biological productivity and trophic levels.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: The bottom of the pyramid represents the primary producers (autotrophs). The primary producers take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to create energy-rich molecules such as carbohydrates. This mechanism is called primary production. The pyramid then proceeds through the various trophic levels to the apex predators at the top.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: When energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, typically only ten percent is used to build new biomass. The remaining ninety percent goes to metabolic processes or is dissipated as heat. This energy loss means that productivity pyramids are never inverted, and generally limits food chains to about six levels. However, in oceans, biomass pyramids can be wholly or partially inverted, with more biomass at higher levels.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Terrestrial biomass generally decreases markedly at each higher trophic level (plants, herbivores, carnivores). Examples of terrestrial producers are grasses, trees and shrubs. These have a much higher biomass than the animals that consume them, such as deer, zebras and insects. The level with the least biomass are the highest predators in the food chain, such as foxes and eagles.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: In a temperate grassland, grasses and other plants are the primary producers at the bottom of the pyramid. Then come the primary consumers, such as grasshoppers, voles and bison, followed by the secondary consumers, shrews, hawks and small cats. Finally the tertiary consumers, large cats and wolves. The biomass pyramid decreases markedly at each higher level.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Ocean or marine biomass, in a reversal of terrestrial biomass, can increase at higher trophic levels. In the ocean, the food chain typically starts with phytoplankton, and follows the course:


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Phytoplankton are the main primary producers at the bottom of the marine food chain. Phytoplankton use photosynthesis to convert inorganic carbon into protoplasm. They are then consumed by zooplankton that range in size from a few micrometers in diameter in the case of protistan microzooplanton to macroscopic gelatinous and crustacean zooplankton.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Zooplankton comprise the second level in the food chain, and includes small crustaceans, such as copepods and krill, and the larva of fish, squid, lobsters and crabs.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: In turn, small zooplankton are consumed by both larger predatory zooplankters, such as krill, and by forage fish, which are small, schooling, filter-feeding fish. This makes up the third level in the food chain.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: A fourth trophic level can consist of predatory fish, marine mammals and seabirds that consume forage fish. Examples are swordfish, seals and gannets.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Apex predators, such as orcas, which can consume seals, and shortfin mako sharks, which can consume swordfish, make up a fifth trophic level. Baleen whales can consume zooplankton and krill directly, leading to a food chain with only three or four trophic levels.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Marine environments can have inverted biomass pyramids. In particular, the biomass of consumers (copepods, krill, shrimp, forage fish) is larger than the biomass of primary producers. This happens because the ocean's primary producers are tiny phytoplankton which are r-strategists that grow and reproduce rapidly, so a small mass can have a fast rate of primary production. In contrast, terrestrial primary producers, such as forests, are K-strategists that grow and reproduce slowly, so a much larger mass is needed to achieve the same rate of primary production.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Among the phytoplankton at the base of the marine food web are members from a phylum of bacteria called cyanobacteria. Marine cyanobacteria include the smallest known photosynthetic organisms. The smallest of all, "Prochlorococcus", is just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across. In terms of individual numbers, Prochlorococcus is possibly the most plentiful species on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater can contain 100,000 cells or more. Worldwide, there are estimated to be several octillion (10) individuals. "Prochlorococcus" is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient poor) regions of the oceans. The bacterium accounts for an estimated 20% of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere, and forms part of the base of the ocean food chain.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: There are typically 50 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. In a much-cited study from 1998, the world bacterial biomass had been mistakenly calculated to be 350 to 550 billions of tonnes of carbon, equal to between 60% and 100% of the carbon in plants. More recent studies of seafloor microbes cast considerable doubt on that; one study in 2012 reduced the calculated microbial biomass on the seafloor from the original 303 billions of tonnes of C to just 4.1 billions of tonnes of C, reducing the global biomass of prokaryotes to 50 to 250 billions of tonnes of C. Further, if the average per-cell biomass of prokaryotes is reduced from 86 to 14 femtograms C, then the global biomass of prokaryotes was reduced to 13 to 44.5 billions of tonnes of C, equal to between 2.4% and 8.1% of the carbon in plants.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: As of 2018, there continues to be some controversy over what the global bacterial biomass is. A census published by the PNAS in May 2018 gives for bacterial biomass ~70 billions of tonnes of carbon, equal to 15% of the whole biomass. A census by the Deep Carbon Observatory project published in December 2018 gives a smaller figure of up to 23 billion tonnes of carbon.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Estimates for the global biomass of species and higher level groups are not always consistent across the literature. The total global biomass has been estimated at about 550 billion tonnes C. Most of this biomass is found on land, with only 5 to 10 billion tonnes C found in the oceans. On land, there is about 1,000 times more plant biomass ("phytomass") than animal biomass ("zoomass"). About 18% of this plant biomass is eaten by the land animals. However, in the ocean, the animal biomass is nearly 30 times larger than the plant biomass. Most ocean plant biomass is eaten by the ocean animals.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Humans compose about 100 million tonnes of the Earth's dry biomass, domesticated animals about 700 million tonnes, earthworms over 1,100 million tonnes, and annual cereal crops about 2.3 billion tonnes.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: The most successful animal species, in terms of biomass, may well be Antarctic krill, "Euphausia superba", with a fresh biomass approaching 500 million tonnes. As a group, the family of lanternfish are among the most populous vertebrates, with some estimates suggesting that they may have a total global biomass of 550–660 million tonnes, accounting for up to 65% of all deep-sea fish biomass. However, as a group, the small aquatic invertebrates called copepods may form the largest animal biomass on earth. A 2009 paper in "Science" estimates, for the first time, the total world fish biomass as somewhere between 0.8 and 2.0 billion tonnes. It has been estimated that about 1% of the global biomass is due to phytoplankton.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: According to a 2020 study published in "Nature", human-made materials, or anthropogenic mass, outweigh all living biomass on earth, with plastic alone exceeding the mass of all land and marine animals combined.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: Net primary production is the rate at which new biomass is generated, mainly due to photosynthesis. Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations. Satellites scan the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) over terrestrial habitats, and scan sea-surface chlorophyll levels over oceans. This results in 56.4 billion tonnes C/yr (53.8%), for terrestrial primary production, and 48.5 billion tonnes C/yr for oceanic primary production. Thus, the total photoautotrophic primary production for the Earth is about 104.9 billion tonnes C/yr. This translates to about 426 gC/m/yr for land production (excluding areas with permanent ice cover), and 140 gC/m/yr for the oceans.


title: Biomass (ecology)

text: However, there is a much more significant difference in standing stocks—while accounting for almost half of total annual production, oceanic autotrophs account for only about 0.2% of the total biomass. Autotrophs may have the highest global proportion of biomass, but they are closely rivaled or surpassed by microbes.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: David Clayton-Thomas (born David Henry Thomsett, 13 September 1941) is a Grammy Award-winning Canadian musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of the American band Blood, Sweat & Tears. Clayton-Thomas has been inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and in 2007 his jazz/rock composition "Spinning Wheel" was enshrined in the Canadian Songwriter's Hall of Fame. In 2010, Clayton-Thomas received his star on Canada's Walk of Fame.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: Clayton-Thomas began his music career in the early 1960s, working the clubs on Toronto's Yonge Street, where he discovered his love of singing and playing the blues. Before moving to New York City in 1967, Clayton-Thomas fronted a couple of local bands, first The Shays and then The Bossmen, one of the earliest rock bands with significant jazz influences. But the real success came only a few difficult years later when he joined Blood, Sweat & Tears.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: Clayton-Thomas was born in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, the son of Fred Thomsett, a decorated Canadian soldier of World War II. Clayton-Thomas's mother, Freda May (née Smith), played the piano and met Thomsett when she came to entertain the troops at a London hospital. After the war, the family settled in Willowdale, Toronto. From the beginning, Clayton-Thomas and his father had a troubled relationship. By the time Clayton-Thomas was fourteen, he had left home and was sleeping in parked cars and abandoned buildings and stealing food and clothing to survive. He was arrested several times for vagrancy, petty theft, and street brawls and spent his teen years bouncing in and out of various jails and reformatories, including the Burwash Industrial Farm.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: He inherited a love for music from his mother, and when an old guitar came into his possession, left behind by an outgoing inmate, he began to teach himself to play. Upon his release from detention in 1962, he gravitated to the Yonge Street "strip" in Toronto. Rhythm & blues migrating up from Detroit and Chicago was the music of choice on the strip, and Arkansas rockabilly pioneer Ronnie Hawkins recognized the formidable talent of the young 'Sonny' Thomas and took him under his wing. It wasn't long before he was fronting his own bands. The first was called David Clayton Thomas and The Fabulous Shays. By this time, he had changed his surname to put some distance between his new life and his troubled teenage years.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: In 1964 Clayton-Thomas and The Shays recorded a rendition of John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom". This led to a New York engagement for the Shays on NBC-TV's "Hullabaloo" at the invitation of its host, fellow Canadian Paul Anka. Abandoning the bars on the strip, Clayton-Thomas began performing in Yorkville Village's coffeehouses. He immersed himself in the local jazz & blues scene dominated by the likes of John Lee Hooker, Joe Williams, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Lenny Breau, Oscar Peterson, and Moe Koffman. The album "David Clayton Thomas and the Shays à Go-Go" was recorded for Roman Records in 1965, and was followed by "David Clayton Thomas Sings Like It Is!" for the same label in 1966. Clayton-Thomas made his mark more forcibly with his next band, The Bossmen, one of the first rock bands anywhere to include jazz musicians. In 1966 he wrote and performed the R&B-driven anti-war song "Brainwashed", which became a major Canadian hit, peaking at No. 11 on the national RPM chart.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: One night in 1966 after "sitting in" with blues singer John Lee Hooker in Yorkville, Clayton-Thomas left with him for New York. They played a Greenwich Village club for a couple of weeks; Hooker then left for Europe and Clayton-Thomas stayed on in New York City. He survived by playing "basket houses", where performers were given a few minutes of stage time and then passed the basket.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: Folk singer Judy Collins heard Clayton-Thomas one night at a club uptown and told her friend, drummer Bobby Colomby, about him. Bobby's band, Blood Sweat & Tears, had broken up four months after releasing its debut Columbia album, "Child Is Father to the Man". Colomby was impressed with Clayton-Thomas's vocal talent and he invited him to join the band. They took the reformed group into the Cafe Au Go-Go in the Village.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: In his 1974 autobiography, "Clive: Inside the Record Business", Clive Davis, then president of Columbia Records, described his initial impression of Clayton-Thomas singing at the Café Au Go-Go:


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: He was staggering... a powerfully built singer who exuded an enormous earthy confidence. He jumped right out at you. I went with a small group of people, and we were electrified. He seemed so genuine, so in command of the lyric... a perfect combination of fire and emotion to go with the band’s somewhat cerebral appeal. I knew he would be a strong, strong figure.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: Clayton-Thomas's first album with the band, "Blood, Sweat & Tears" (which was released in December 1968) – despite its eponymous title, it was actually the band's second album – sold ten million copies worldwide. The record topped the Billboard album chart for seven weeks and charted for 109 weeks. It won five Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Best Performance by a Male Vocalist. It featured three hit singles, "You've Made Me So Very Happy", "Spinning Wheel", and "And When I Die" (on the Hot 100, each peaked at No. 2 and lasted 13 weeks) as well as a rendition of Billie Holiday's "God Bless The Child". (Seeking to capitalize on the newfound fame of the singer, in 1969 Decca Records purchased the master tapes of the blues-oriented Roman Records material, dubbed in horns to make it sound more like Blood, Sweat & Tears, and released the album "David Clayton-Thomas!")


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: With Clayton-Thomas fronting the band, Blood, Sweat & Tears continued with a string of hit albums, including "Blood, Sweat & Tears 3" which featured Carole King's "Hi-De-Ho" and Clayton-Thomas's "Lucretia MacEvil", and "Blood, Sweat & Tears 4", which yielded another Clayton-Thomas-penned hit single, "Go Down Gamblin'" and "Lisa Listen to Me". "Blood Sweat & Tears' Greatest Hits" album has to date reportedly chalked up over seven million copies in worldwide sales.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: Blood, Sweat & Tears headlined at major venues around the world: the Royal Albert Hall, the Metropolitan Opera House, the Hollywood Bowl, Madison Square Garden, and Caesar's Palace, as well as the Newport Jazz Festival and Woodstock. It was the first contemporary band to break through the Iron Curtain with its historic United States Department of State-sponsored tour of Eastern Europe in May and June 1970). In the early years Clayton-Thomas lived on the road, travelling all over Europe, Australia, Asia, South America, the US, and Canada with Blood, Sweat & Tears.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: The constant touring began to take its toll. Clayton-Thomas left the band in 1972, exhausted by life on the road. By the mid '70s, the founding members began to drift away to start families and pursue their own musical ambitions.


title: David Clayton-Thomas

text: In 1972 Thomas released his first Columbia solo album after Blood, Sweat & Tears, simply titled "David Clayton Thomas". In 1973 the second solo album "Tequila Sunrise" was issued by Columbia. In 1974 he issued the "Harmony Junction" album on RCA. In 1975 Thomas returned to front Blood Sweat & Tears again on the Columbia albums "New City" and, in 1976, "More Than Ever". In 1977 they released "Brand New Day" on the ABC label. In 1978 Thomas issued another solo album on ABC, titled simply "Clayton". In 1980 Blood, Sweat & Tears issued the MCA album "Nuclear Blues", which also included Thomas. Later in the decade Columbia issued the double live Blood, Sweat & Tears album "Live And Improvised" again with Thomas. In 2004, Clayton-Thomas left New York for Toronto and launched an All-Star 10-piece band. Since then, he has toured and recorded almost a dozen albums under his own name.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: Guru Har Krishan (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ, pronunciation: ; 7 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the ten Sikh Gurus. At the age of five, he became the youngest Guru in Sikhism on 7 October 1661, succeeding his father, Guru Har Rai. He contracted smallpox in 1664 and died before reaching his eighth birthday. It is said that he died because he contracted smallpox while successfully curing his followers.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: He is also known as Bal Guru (Child Guru), and sometimes spelled in Sikh literature as Hari Krishan Sahib. He is remembered in the Sikh tradition for saying "Baba Bakale" before he died, which Sikhs interpreted to identify his granduncle Guru Tegh Bahadur as the next successor. Guru Har Krishan had the shortest reign as Guru, lasting only two years, five months and 24 days.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: Har Krishan was born in Kiratpur (Shivalik Hills) in northwest Indian subcontinent to Krishen Devi (Mata Sulakhni) and Guru Har Rai. His father, Guru Har Rai supported the moderate Sufi influenced Dara Shikoh instead of conservative Sunni influenced Aurangzeb as the two brothers entered into a war of succession to the Mughal Empire throne. After Aurangzeb won the succession war in 1658, he summoned Guru Har Rai in 1660 to explain his support for the executed Dara Shikoh. Guru Har Rai sent his elder son Baba Ram Rai to represent him. Aurangzeb kept the 13 year old Ram Rai as hostage, questioned Ram Rai about a verse in the Adi Granth – the holy text of Sikhs. Aurangzeb claimed that it disparaged the Muslims. Ram Rai changed the verse to appease Aurangzeb instead of standing by the Sikh scripture, an act for which Guru Har Rai excommunicated his elder son, and nominated the younger Har Krishan to succeed as the next Guru of Sikhism.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: Aurangzeb meanwhile rewarded Ram Rai, patronizing him with land grants in Dehra Dun region of the Himalayas. A few years after Guru Har Krishan assumed the role of Sikh leader, Aurangzeb summoned the young Guru to his court, with an apparent plan to replace him with his elder brother Ram Rai as the Sikh Guru. However, Har Krishan contracted smallpox when he arrived in Delhi and his meeting with Aurangzeb was cancelled. On his deathbed, Har Krishan said, "Baba Bakale", and died in 1664. The Sikh religious organization interpreted those words to mean that the next Guru is to be found in Bakale village, which they identified as Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhism.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: Authentic literature with more details about Guru Har Krishan's life and times are scarce and not well recorded. Some of biographies about Guru Har Krishan, particularly about who his mother was, were written in the 18th century such as by Kesar Singh Chhibber, as well as in the 19th century, and these are highly inconsistent.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: Sikh Gurus have been known to impart lessons in humility during their lifetimes. One such famous incident as noted by Macauliffe in "Sikh Religion - Vol 4" is from the life of Guru Har Krishan. Once on the way to Delhi from Punjab, Guru Har Krishan was staying at Panjokhara, near present day Ambala. Gurudwara Panjokhra Sahib is situated at this place now. A very learned pandit by the name of Lal Chand, noting that the guru's name was similar to that of Lord Krishna, came visiting with the intent to test him on the knowledge of Bhagavad Gita by asking the meaning of a few "shalokas". The guru, with the intention to cure him of his pride, said that Lal Chand did not need the guru for this task and that anyone could do that. On hearing this, Lal Chand brought a mute and ignorant water carrier named Chhajju. The guru placed his stick on Chhajju's head. Macauliffe writes "The Brahman and the water carrier accordingly began to discuss, and the water carrier gave such learned replies, that the Brahman stood in astonished silence before the Guru." He accordingly begged Har Krishan's pardon for his mistake and became the Guru's disciple.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: One of the most famous Gurdwara of Sikhs in North India, Gurdwara Bangla Sahib was at that time the residence ("bangla" is an Indic term for bungalow) of Raja Jai Singh of Delhi. Raja Jai Singh humbly requested the Guru to come to Delhi, so that he and the Guru’s Sikhs may behold him.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: Because of the Guru’s young age, the Raja’s wife too wanted to test his spiritual powers. Disguising herself as a maid, she sat amongst the lady attendants. However, the Guru instantly identified her and sat on her lap, proclaiming, “This is the Rani”, thereby convincing her of his spiritual powers.


title: Guru Har Krishan

text: It was during his stay here that a deadly disease of smallpox and cholera had spread in the city of Delhi. When people learned of Guru Har Krishan's presence there, they went to him for shelter and protection. Guru Har Krishan asked them to bathe in the well in the Bungalow to cure themselves. Anyone who took a bath there recovered.


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: Gena Lee Nolin is an American actress and model. She is best known for her television appearances on "The Price Is Right" and "Baywatch" in the 1990s. During the early 2000s she played the lead role in "Sheena".


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: In 1994, she became one of Barker's Beauties on the game show "The Price Is Right". Soon afterward Nolin appeared in the soap opera "The Young and the Restless" as a model named Sandy.


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: In 1995, Nolin starred as Neely Capshaw in the television series "Baywatch". Later in the year Nolin began modelling for the first time since her pregnancy for "Maxim". In 1998, Nolin quit "Baywatch" and starred in her own TV show, "Sheena", from 2000 to 2002. In 2001, Nolin posed nude for the Christmas edition of "Playboy" after turning the magazine down several times.


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: She was in a music video with Billy Currington called "I Got a Feelin'"; it received a CMT Flame Worthy Award nomination for Best Celebrity Cameo.


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: She has appeared in men's magazines such as "Maxim", "Stuff", "Playboy", and "FHM". In 2001, she was listed as one of "FHM" sexiest women in the world.


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: Nolin released her first book with Simon & Schuster titled "Beautiful Inside and Out, Conquering Thyroid Disease with a Healthy, Happy, "Thyroid Sexy" Life", in October 2013


title: Gena Lee Nolin

text: She married Greg Fahlman on November 27, 1993. They have a son, Spencer Michael. In 2001, Nolin divorced Fahlman and married former NHL hockey player Cale Hulse in 2004. Nolin and Hulse have two children: son Hudson Lee Hulse and daughter Stella Monroe Hulse. Gena also blogs for Celebrity Baby Scoop. Her book, "Beautiful Inside & Out – Conquering thyroid disease with a Healthy, Happy, "Thyroid Sexy' Life" hit the charts landing her book at No. 1 on Amazon and Barnes & Noble Top 5 Health Books.


title: Zombie Detective

text: Zombie Detective () is a South Korean fantasy television series starring Choi Jin-hyuk and Park Ju-hyun. The series is produced by KBS Drama Production and RaemongRaein and aired on KBS2 from September 21 to October 27, 2020. It tells the story of a zombie and a writer who team up to solve crimes.


title: Zombie Detective

text: Kang Min-ho (Choi Jin-hyuk) wakes up and discovers that he is a zombie with no memories of his past. He trains himself to walk and talk like a human, covers up his scars with makeup, and assumes the identity of private detective Kim Moo-young while trying to solve the mystery of his past. Gong Sun-ji (Park Ju-hyun) is a former investigative journalist who gets hired as a part-time assistant at Moo-young’s agency. She discovers Moo-young's zombie secret, and the two team up to solve crimes and discover the mystery behind the existence of zombies.


title: Zombie Detective

text: KBS released the photos from the first script reading on July 22, 2020. KBS released the main poster of the series featuring all the casts.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: The Habit Burger Grill is an American fast casual restaurant chain that specializes in charbroiled hamburgers. The company also sells other typical fast-casual fare. Its headquarters are in Irvine, California.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: In March 2020, Yum! Brands, the parent company of KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and Wingstreet, acquired The Habit Burger Grill.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: The Habit Burger Grill was founded on November 15, 1969, in Santa Barbara County, California as a family-owned business.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: In 1980, Brent and Bruce Reichard purchased the original location in Goleta. A second location opened in Ventura in 1996 and they gradually grew the chain to twenty-four units in Southern California.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: In 2007, KarpReilly, a private equity firm, acquired a majority ownership in the company and began to rapidly expand the chain, including franchising. Not included in the sale were the eight locations in Santa Barbara County, California, which remained under the ownership of the Reichard brothers.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: In 2014, Habit had 109 locations either open for business or under construction, including an expansion into Seattle. At that time, the company was one of the fastest-growing fast food chains in the United States, with a 40% sales increase from 2012 to 2013. In November 2014, the company raised $83.7 million in an initial public offering. The share price immediately doubled. By 2016, growth had slowed significantly, in line with the burger business.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: In March 2020, Yum! Brands, the parent company of Taco Bell and KFC, acquired Habit. The brothers decided to retire and sell their remaining restaurants to Yum! Brands in 2020. The operations shifted in March 2022.


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: As of September 2021, Habit Burger Grill currently has over 300 locations, mostly in California, as follows:


title: The Habit Burger Grill

text: In mid-2014, The Habit's "Charburger" was named the best burger in America by Consumer Reports, a nonprofit organization dedicated to unbiased product testing, scoring an 8.1 out of 10 among 53,745 participants.


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: Shawn Nichols Weatherly is an American actress and beauty queen who won the titles of Miss USA and Miss Universe in 1980. She went on to star as Cadet Karen Adams in the film "" (1986), and as Jill Riley in the first season of the TV series "Baywatch" (1989–90).


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: The youngest of three children, Weatherly was born in San Antonio, Texas, to her mother Joanne, a former Christian Dior model; and her father, a member of the US Air Force stationed in San Antonio. When Weatherly was 9, her family moved to Sumter, South Carolina, where she spent the remainder of her childhood years. She is a 1977 graduate of Sumter High School.


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: Weatherly attended Clemson University as a nursing major. She was also a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority.


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: The Miss USA 1980 pageant was televised live from Biloxi, Mississippi. Weatherly won the preliminary competition by a clear margin, and went on to win all three rounds of the final competition (interview, evening gown, and swimsuit). She was the only woman to score above 9.0 in the preliminary rounds and in the swimsuit and evening gown competitions. Weatherly was the second contestant from South Carolina to win the title.


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: In July 1980, Weatherly competed in the Miss Universe pageant held in Seoul, South Korea, where again she won all rounds of competition. Her closest rivals were Miss Scotland Linda Gallagher, who was first runner-up, and Denyse Nottle of New Zealand (who placed second in the interview and swimsuit competitions), who was second runner-up.


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: Weatherly was the fifth Miss Universe from the United States. Miriam Stevenson, the only other Miss USA from South Carolina, had won the title in 1954, making South Carolina one of the most successful states in the national pageant circuit. At the end of her reign, she crowned Irene Saez of Venezuela as her successor. After Weatherly, no Miss USA became Miss Universe until Chelsi Smith in 1995.


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: Weatherly is best known for her work as Jill Riley on the television show "Baywatch" and for the early reality show "Oceanquest," which had her swimming with sharks. She played a small part on a "Dukes of Hazzard" episode, "Coy vs. Vance," and appeared in other shows such as "The A-Team", "T. J. Hooker" and "Happy Days". She also had a main role in the 1986 comedy film "". In 2014, she was in the horror comedy film, "Love in the Time of Monsters".


title: Shawn Weatherly

text: In 1994 she married Chip Harris, president of a biotech research company, and they have two children together. Previously she had relationships with Lee Majors and Dwight Clark.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Diddy Kong Racing is a 1997 racing video game developed and published by Rare for the Nintendo 64. The game is set on Timber's Island and revolves around Diddy Kong and his friends' attempt to defeat the intergalactic antagonist, a wizarding pig named Wizpig, through winning a series of races. The player can take control of any of the featured characters throughout the game. "Diddy Kong Racing" features five worlds with four racetracks each, and the ability to drive a car, hovercraft, or pilot an aeroplane.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Development began after the release of "Killer Instinct 2", and was intended to be a real-time strategy game known as "Wild Cartoon Kingdom" in its early stages. As time progressed, the focus of development shifted from a Walt Disney World-influenced racing game to a unique title named "Pro-Am 64", in which Nintendo had no involvement. Due to the delays of "Banjo-Kazooie", Rare felt that they needed a stronger intellectual property to attract a wider audience for a game scheduled to release before Christmas 1997, thus making the decision to base a game on the character of Diddy Kong.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: "Diddy Kong Racing" received critical acclaim upon release. The graphics, audio and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game, with minor criticism directed at the game's repetition. The game has sold 4.8 million copies since release and stands as the Nintendo 64's eighth best-selling game. A sequel named "Donkey Kong Racing" was in development for the GameCube, but was abandoned in August 2002, one month before Microsoft purchased Rare for £375 million. An enhanced remake for the Nintendo DS titled "Diddy Kong Racing DS" was released worldwide in early 2007.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: In "Diddy Kong Racing", players can choose one of ten characters, who have access to three different vehicles: car, hovercraft and aeroplane. The car is an all-round vehicle, but it is the slowest on surfaces such as sand and water. The hovercraft is designed for both sand and water areas, but lacks in acceleration and manoeuvrability. The aeroplane is designed to access aerial areas; it is good at acceleration and manoeuvring, but it has the slowest speed. Each racetrack has a set of boosters known as "zippers" that temporarily boost the player's speed, as well as featuring regenerating balloons of various colours that provide power-ups. There are five different types of balloons: red, blue, green, yellow, and rainbow. Red balloons grant missiles to attack racers ahead, blue balloons grant a speed boost, yellow balloons grant shields to protect the player from attacks, green balloons grant deployable traps to delay other racers, and rainbow balloons grant a magnet ability that brings the player closer to the nearest racer. If multiple balloons of the same colour are picked up, the power-up will be upgraded to a more powerful version. A total of two upgrades are available for each balloon. Additionally, racetracks contain non-regenerating bananas that add to speed when they are picked up. A maximum of ten bananas will improve the speed, but can also be obtained to prevent other players from gaining speed. If a racer gets hit, two bananas will be deducted.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: In "Adventure Mode", players control the racer of their choice to progress through the story. Players begin on Timber's Island, which consists of five interconnected worlds; Dino Domain, Snowflake Mountain, Sherbet Island, Dragon Forest, and Future Fun Land. The worlds are opened up by collecting balloons, except for Future Fun Land, which is a hidden world reached by accomplishing several secret objectives. Each world contains four race tracks, an unlockable battle stage and a race against a boss character. If the player defeats Wizpig in Future Fun Land, obtains all amulet pieces and collect all of the gold medals, the player will be able to play in a mode called "Adventure 2". In this mode, all of the balloons change colour to platinum and the tracks are inverted from left to right. The game also features four battle modes which consist of two deathmatch maps, a capture-the-flag-style battle and a mode which involves opponents capturing eggs. The battle modes are not initially selectable, and must be unlocked by collecting keys hidden in each of the worlds.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Timber the Tiger's parents go on holiday and leave their son in charge of the island they live on, prompting him and his friends to organise a race. Their enjoyment is interrupted when a sinister intergalactic pig-wizard named Wizpig arrives at Timber's Island and attempts to take it over after having conquered his own planet. He turns the island's four guardians (Tricky the Triceratops, Bluey the Walrus, Bubbler the Octopus and Smokey the Dragon) into his henchmen. The only solution available to the island's inhabitants is to defeat Wizpig in an elaborate series of races that involve cars, hovercraft, and aeroplanes. Drumstick the Rooster, the best racer on the island, fails this challenge and is transformed into a frog by Wizpig's magic.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Timber hires a team of eight racers: Diddy Kong, the first recruit; Conker the Squirrel and Banjo the Bear, recruited by Diddy; Krunch the Kremling, Diddy's enemy who follows after him; Tiptup the Turtle, T.T. the Stopwatch, Pipsy the Mouse, and Bumper the Badger, all inhabitants of Timber's island. Aided by Taj, an Indian elephant-like genie residing on the island, they eventually complete all of Wizpig's challenges and confront Wizpig himself to a race and defeat him. Shortly afterwards, Drumstick is turned back into a rooster, and Wizpig leaves for his home planet, Future Fun Land. Fearing that Wizpig would again attempt to invade Timber's Island, the islanders travel to Future Fun Land for a second challenge. When Wizpig loses the second race, the rocket he rides on malfunctions and launches him to the moon. However, an additional cutscene reveals Wizpig's spaceship flying through the sky, unscathed.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Development of the game began after the release of "Killer Instinct 2", in which a team was split into making "Killer Instinct Gold" for the Nintendo 64 and a new racing game for that console. At its first stage of development, "Diddy Kong Racing" was conceived as a real-time strategy game with a caveman/time-travel theme worked on by a team of four Rare members; Chris Stamper, Lee Musgrave, Rob Harrison and Lee Schuneman. During later stages of development, the game became influenced by Walt Disney World and soon evolved into an adventure game called "Wild Cartoon Kingdom", with which Nintendo had no involvement. In June 1997, the game was altered to "Pro-Am 64", an unrelated follow-up to the NES racing game "R.C. Pro-Am". According to Schuneman, the "Pro Am 64" project featured three-wheeled trikes in contrast to radio-controlled cars.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: With "Banjo-Kazooie" being delayed until the summer of 1998, the team was adamant for a release of an AAA video game in time for 1997's Christmas season. Rare felt that "Pro Am 64" did not have a strong enough intellectual property to capture the attention of consumers, and thus changed the licence to feature Diddy Kong. According to Musgrave, the decision to choose Diddy Kong rather than Donkey Kong was based on their own choice, a decision which Nintendo "enjoyed". Once the intellectual property was changed, the team were left to adapt the visual aesthetics of the game and packaging before it could be released. Musgrave recalled that the ultimate goal of the game was to make it "run as fast" as "Mario Kart 64", which proved difficult during development as the latter game utilised 2D character sprites whereas "Diddy Kong Racing" used fully 3D models. Musgrave later attributed the success of the overall project due to the "small team" of 14 people who worked on it. In an October 2012 interview, Musgrave said that Timber the Tiger would have been the main character of "Pro Am 64" had the intellectual property for "Diddy Kong Racing" not been conceived. Two of the characters who featured in "Diddy Kong Racing", Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, starred in games ("Banjo-Kazooie" and "Conker's Bad Fur Day", respectively) which were unveiled to the public before "Diddy Kong Racing", at the June 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), but ultimately not released until after "Diddy Kong Racing". Rare stated that they chose not to exhibit "Diddy Kong Racing" at E3 because of the proprietary animation technology used in the game.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: The music for the game was composed by David Wise. The soundtrack was first released in Japan on 1 April 1998, with 42 tracks, while a version of the album was released in Europe with the same number of tracks. For its United States release only 16 tracks were featured. The disc itself was specially shaped in the form of Diddy Kong's head, which was unplayable in certain CD players.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Due to most of the Nintendo 64's planned 1997 Christmas season line-up being delayed until 1998, "Diddy Kong Racing" became the main Nintendo 64 release for the holiday shopping season, and a majority of Nintendo's $200 million advertising budget for the entire year was allocated to promoting the game. The game had a $20 million marketing budget in North America. "Diddy Kong Racing" also held the distinction of being the only game in the North American Christmas season line-up for which development was contracted by Nintendo; the other two first-party Nintendo 64 games in the line-up, "Bomberman 64" and "Mischief Makers", were both licensed from Japanese third-party publishers.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: The game received critical acclaim upon release. The Nintendo 64 version holds an aggregate score of 89% at GameRankings based on 20 reviews and 88 at Metacritic based on 15 reviews, whereas the Nintendo DS remake received a score of 67% at GameRankings based on 42 reviews and a score of 63 at Metacritic, based on 39 reviews. "Diddy Kong Racing" sold approximately 4.5 million copies worldwide; which included 3.78 million copies sold in the United States and PAL regions, and 653,928 copies in Japan. At the 1999 Milia festival in Cannes, it took home a "Gold" prize for revenues above €15 million in the European Union during the previous year. It stands as the Nintendo 64's eighth best-selling game, and broke one million units sold in the United States within three weeks of its release.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: The graphics and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game. Some critics noted how it minimised pop-up without resorting to the use of distance fog. Jeff Gerstmann of "GameSpot" disputed this, saying that the game has both pop-up and distance fog in amounts comparable to the average Nintendo 64 game. He nonetheless stated that the game was a "pleasure to look at" and praised the detail of the tracks. Doug Perry of "IGN" heralded the visuals as the most "spectacular of its kind", and praised Rare's ability to master dynamic animation through enabling polygons to span larger surfaces without loss of framerate. Furthermore, Perry stated that the game's technical achievements were enough to leave "even the most critical Japanese gamer [to] look upon with smiling eyes".


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Although Crispin Boyer opened his review of the game for "Electronic Gaming Monthly" (EGM) with the warning "Don't dismiss this out-of-the-blue racer as a "Mario Kart 64" clone", most reviews compared the two games. Gerstmann suspected Nintendo of rushing "Diddy Kong Racing" to market in order to fill a quarter left vacant by delays of other Nintendo games, and argued it was much too soon after "Mario Kart 64"s debut to release such a similar game. Other critics, including Boyer's "EGM" co-reviewers, focused on "Diddy Kong Racing"s perceived superiority to "Mario Kart 64". Dan Hsu of "EGM" said it "beats "Mario Kart 64" in every department", particularly mentioning the superior balance and level designs. "Edge" praised the adventure and progression aspect of the game, stating that the game's single-player mode is "everything "Mario Kart 64" should have been".


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: The character designs met with a variety of opinions. "EGM"s Shawn Smith praised the characters as "hilarious". "Next Generation", by contrast, said the character designs are "pathetic and obvious, molded from the same cookie cutter as Banjo-Kazooie and Conker", noting the formulaic use of anthropomorphic animal characters and the simplistic application of each animal's characteristics to gameplay. Perry felt that the vocals of characters in the game were "heartwarming" and "comical", while also stating that some of the characters are too cute that will annoy older gamers.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Overall assessments of the game were mostly positive. "GamePro" gave it a 4.5 out of 5 for sound and a perfect 5.0 in control, graphics, and fun factor, calling it a fun Nintendo 64 racer that combines elements of "Mario Kart 64", "Wave Race 64", and "Pilotwings 64" into one spectacular game. "EGM" named it "Game of the Month", with its four reviewers lauding the challenging gameplay and numerous objectives to tackle. Gerstmann instead counted the latter as the game's greatest weakness, arguing that having to repeatedly play through the same courses with slightly different objectives makes the game excessively repetitive. He concluded that the game is far better than "Mario Kart 64". "Next Generation" fell more in line with the majority, remarking that the combination of racing and adventure elements works well.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: In a retrospective review, Andrew Donaldson of "Nintendo Life" stated that the game was visually "incredibly vibrant" and "captivating" for a game of the early Nintendo 64 era. Scott McCall of "AllGame" acknowledged its only shortcoming was its "excessive" amount of clipping, although he admitted it was not "unbearable". He praised the wide range of audio in the game, including its voice acting and soundtrack; he heralded the music as "interesting" and "fitting" to its race tracks, also considering it superior to that of "Mario Kart 64". Donaldson criticised game's presentation as too "cutesy", especially in terms of the characters' voices, but he praised the "upbeat" and "catchy" soundtrack, saying that each track had its own unique tune to suit the distinct environment. In 2009, "Official Nintendo Magazine" ranked the game 79th on a list of the greatest Nintendo games of all time.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: "EGM" named "Diddy Kong Racing" "Racing Game of the Year" at its 1997 Editors' Choice Awards. "Diddy Kong Racing" won the Console Racing Game of the Year at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences in 1998, beating "Mario Kart 64", "Moto Racer" and "NASCAR 98".


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: After the release of "Diddy Kong Racing", Rare began development on a sequel named "Donkey Kong Racing" for the GameCube, which featured Donkey Kong as the titular character. A pre-rendered CG video of the game was shown at E3 2001, which displayed a parody of the speederbike scene from "Return of the Jedi". According to Lee Musgrave, the game featured a unique mechanic which involved riding on animals rather than driving vehicles. The player could switch between different types of animals mid-race; larger animals could destroy obstacles, whereas smaller ones allowed more manoeuvrability. Development of "Donkey Kong Racing" was cancelled when Nintendo turned down the opportunity to purchase its remaining 51 per cent stake in Rare, and the developer was bought out by Microsoft for £375 million in 2002.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: After the buyout, Rare took what had been done with "Donkey Kong Racing" and created a prototype for the Xbox which expanded into an adventure game similar to the original setup of "Diddy Kong Racing". Musgrave stated that the concept was essentially "built from scratch" and featured a limited multiplayer version at one point. The concept was in development over 18 months and evolved from being an animal-orientated racing game to an open-world game with Tamagotchi-style features, in which nurturing animals was a "key mechanic". By this point, "Donkey Kong Racing" had evolved into "Sabreman Stampede", part of Rare's "Sabreman" series. "Sabreman Stampede" was set for release on the Xbox 360, but was cancelled due to a lack of focus and Rare's unfamiliarity with the hardware.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: Aside from "Donkey Kong Racing", two other sequels to "Diddy Kong Racing" were in development. One, named "Diddy Kong Pilot", with planes as the only vehicle, was planned for a release on the Game Boy Advance. Originally announced alongside "Donkey Kong Racing" at E3 2001, the game became "Banjo-Pilot" after Nintendo sold their share of Rare to Microsoft. At the time of its announcement, the game featured the ability to play using a tilt function as well as a D-pad, and contained at least five tracks. The other, titled "Diddy Kong Racing Adventure", was a rejected pitch made by Climax Studios for the Nintendo GameCube around 2004. The project was never announced to the public in any capacity, and only became known after a video game archivist acquired the prototype and published a video about it in November 2016.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: As Timber was bypassed as the main character in "Diddy Kong Racing", Rare's next game was planned to keep Timber as the main character, according to Kev Bayliss. This game was originally planned as "Dinosaur Planet" for the Nintendo 64, with Timber as a time traveller to a prehistoric period and gameplay similar to "", but over time, they found it better to replace Timber with wholly new characters. This game became "Star Fox Adventures" for the GameCube at the suggestion of Nintendo.


title: Diddy Kong Racing

text: "Diddy Kong Racing DS" is a Nintendo DS remake of "Diddy Kong Racing". Developed by Rare and published by Nintendo, it was released in February 2007 in North America, and April in Europe and Australia. This version received enhanced visuals and framerate in addition to touchscreen functions and Rumble Pak support for force feedback. Four new racetracks were included in the remake, several modifications to the soundtrack, along with new playable characters Taj and Wizpig, while Banjo and Conker were replaced by Tiny Kong and Dixie Kong. The DS version also features new modes which allow the player to create their own racetracks, customise their characters through recording voices and an online multiplayer function. The racetrack creation mode replaced the original game's "battle modes". The game was met with mixed reviews upon release, with critics asserting that the new additions were "gimmicky" and the touchscreen controls felt "horribly sensitive".


title: Show Champion

text: Show Champion (Korean: 쇼 챔피언) is a South Korean music television program broadcast live by MBC M every Wednesday at Bitmaru Broadcasting Center in Ilsan.


title: Show Champion

text: In 2013, the show switched from a pre-recorded format to a live show format. New changes to the show started with the episode on January 30, 2013. Since 2015 it also has a Triple Crown system used in "Inkigayo" and "The Show", where the song is not eligible for top 3 anymore after winning three times.


title: Show Champion

text: Starting from July 14, 2021, "Show Champion" revealed the scores like every other show on their website, instead of just announcing winners. The tracking time is also revealed to be from Monday to Sunday.


title: Show Champion

text: Every song, as long as they are in the week's pre-vote list and have not yet had a triple-crown, is eligible for this chart. Though "Show Champion" is a cable music show, there's no requirement for artists to attend or promote. The time limit in the pre-vote list is unknown.


title: Show Champion

text: "(Starting from September 4, 2012, the ranking system was abolished but was revived later on January 30, 2013)"


title: Show Champion

text: In 2015, Show Champion introduced the triple crown system which refers to when a song achieves three wins (consecutive or non-consecutive) on the show. It is then ineligible to win again and removed from the chart.


title: Show Champion

text: These are special end-of-the-year broadcast awards. Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: Trapped is a 2002 crime thriller film directed by Luis Mandoki and starring Charlize Theron, Courtney Love, Stuart Townsend, Kevin Bacon, Dakota Fanning and Pruitt Taylor Vince. Based on Greg Iles' bestselling novel "24 Hours", it follows a wealthy Portland, Oregon, couple whose daughter is kidnapped by a mysterious man and his wife who demand a ransom for unclear reasons.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: Filmed in British Columbia in the spring of 2001, "Trapped" was released theatrically by Columbia Pictures on September 20, 2002. It received largely unfavorable reviews from critics, and was a box-office bomb, earning $13.4 million against its $30 million budget.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: Dr. Will Jennings, a research physician, has landed his major career break by patenting a new anesthetic drug. After speaking at a conference regarding the patent in a Seattle hotel, he is met by a strange woman, Cheryl, who introduces herself as an admirer of his work. Cheryl attempts to seduce Will in the hallway, before holding him at gunpoint and forcing him into his hotel room. She demands a ransom for his young daughter, Abby. Meanwhile, Cheryl's husband, Joe, has broken into Will's luxurious Portland, Oregon home, and confronts Will's wife, Karen, who has returned after picking Abby up from school. Joe sends Abby away with his cousin, Marvin, while Karen attempts to fight the attack, but is ultimately thwarted when Joe holds her hostage at gunpoint.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: Marvin drives Abby to a remote cabin in the woods, but soon discovers that Abby suffers from asthma and is dependent on an inhaler. Abby begins to have an asthma attack, which causes Marvin to panic and phone Joe. Joe agrees to drive Karen to the cabin to administer the inhaler, blindfolding her for the car ride. An emotional Karen stops Abby's attack with the medication, but is quickly forced back into the car by Joe. Joe brings Karen back to her home, where she attempts to fight him, but he subdues her. When her neighbor, Joan, stops by unannounced, Karen is forced to pretend that she has been caught having an affair with Joe. After Joan leaves, Karen manages to slash Joe with a concealed scalpel and locks herself in the bathroom where she receives a phone call from Abby, who has snuck out of the cabin with Marvin's cell phone. The call is short-lived, however, as Marvin recaptures Abby, and Joe forces his way into the bathroom. With Karen under his control again, Joe makes her suture his wound.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: At the hotel, Will manages to inject Cheryl with succinylcholine, paralyzing her and bringing her near the edge of death before he administers an antidote. Fearing for her life, Cheryl also loses her nerve, and admits to Will that she and Joe constructed the plot as revenge for their daughter, Katie, who died during a recent brain operation; Will assisted on Katie's surgery. When Will explains that he was wrongly implicated by the head surgeon in the negligence that caused Katie's death, Cheryl begins to sympathize with him, and agrees to botch the plan.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: In the morning, Cheryl accompanies Will to a bank to retrieve the ransom money while they are monitored by police. Joe and Cheryl have a heated argument on the phone, in which it is revealed that Joe intended to keep Abby after receiving the ransom and raise her as his own daughter. Will and Cheryl board a seaplane to fly toward Portland, where Joe and Karen are embarking on a freeway toward them to exchange the money; traveling behind them are Marvin and Abby in a separate SUV. Karen attacks Joe in the car, forcing them off the freeway. As Will and Cheryl fly over the freeway, they spot Joe's car, and land the seaplane on the road, causing a multi-car pileup. Marvin loses control of the SUV in the melee and crashes.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: While Joe chastises Cheryl, Marvin orders Abby out of the car, and urges her to find her parents. Abby is briefly captured by Cheryl, but released when a physical fight ensues between Will and Joe, which ultimately ends with Karen shooting Joe to death. Police and agents of the FBI descend on the scene as Abby suffers another asthma attack, but Karen is able to treat her with the inhaler. Cheryl is captured by police as Karen, Will, and Abby embrace.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: Principal photography of "Trapped", originally titled "24 Hours", began in Vancouver, British Columbia on March 19, 2001, and concluded on June 13 of that year. The film's climactic freeway sequence was shot on Highway 19 near the Courtenay/Cumberland interchange at Buckley Bay, between May 22 and June 5.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: "Trapped" was released theatrically in the United States on September 20, 2002, opening in 2,227 theaters. During its opening weekend, the film earned $3,210,765. It remained in theatrical release for 103 days domestically, ultimately grossing $7,073,251 in the United States. It earned a further $6,341,165 in international markets, making for a worldwide gross of $13,414,416.


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: On the film-critic aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Trapped" earned 17% positive reviews based on 58 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "With its plot about child kidnapping and endangerment, "Trapped" is an exploitative thriller, more queasy than suspenseful."


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" called the film "a negligible work of manipulation, an exploitation piece doing its usual worst to guilt-trip parents." She felt "The most frightening sight, though, is that of Theron and Bacon, good actors trapped in the muck of making a living." Robert K. Elder of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote: "Excellent abduction films such as "Breakdown" and the original "The Vanishing" maintain a sense of danger and claustrophobia by keeping the conflicts mostly internal, turning up the temperature under a fluctuating tone of emotional duress. "Trapped" splashes its drama all over the screen, subjecting its audience and characters to action that feels not only manufactured, but also so false you can see the filmmakers' puppet strings." One of the few critics who gave a favorable review was Megan Turner of the "New York Post" who described the film as "a tightly drawn, propulsive thriller with some pleasingly unexpected kinks in the tale and a couple of believable performances from Charlize Theron and Kevin Bacon in the leads."


title: Trapped (2002 film)

text: "Trapped" was released on DVD by Columbia/TriStar Home Video on December 24, 2002. It was subsequently issued on Blu-ray by Mill Creek Entertainment as a double feature with "In the Cut". Mill Creek finally released the standalone Blu-ray on April 7, 2020.


title: Tim Hasselbeck

text: Timothy Thomas Hasselbeck (born April 6, 1978) is an American sports journalist and former American football quarterback who currently works as an analyst for ESPN. He played eight seasons in the NFL with the New York Giants, Washington Redskins, Philadelphia Eagles, Buffalo Bills, Baltimore Ravens, and Arizona Cardinals as well as the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe. He played college football at Boston College. He is the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Matt Hasselbeck.


title: Tim Hasselbeck

text: Tim Hasselbeck was born and raised in Norfolk, Massachusetts, to Mary Beth "Betsy" (Rueve) and Don Hasselbeck, a former New England Patriots tight end. He attended and played high school football at Xaverian Brothers High School in Westwood, Massachusetts. In three high school seasons, he threw for over 4,700 yards and 50 touchdowns. As a senior, Hasselbeck threw for 1,970 yards and 21 touchdowns, and ran for five touchdowns. After the season, he was named Player of the Year by both the "Boston Globe" and "Boston Herald", Gatorade New England Player of the Year, and earned All-America honors from "USA Today". Hasselbeck also played on Xaverian's basketball team. He was a New England Patriot's ball boy while growing up in the area.


title: Tim Hasselbeck

text: On July 6, 2002, he married television personality Elisabeth Filarski, whom he met in college. She was a "Survivor" contestant in 2001 and was a co-host on the ABC talk show "The View" from 2003 to July 2013. In September 2013, she joined Fox News, replacing Gretchen Carlson on the talk show "Fox and Friends". The couple has one daughter, Grace Elisabeth (born April 2005), and two sons, Taylor Thomas (born November 2007) and Isaiah Timothy (born August 2009).


title: Tim Hasselbeck

text: Hasselbeck attended Boston College and played for the Eagles football team from 1996 through 2000. During this time, his older brother, Matt, was their starting quarterback (a position Tim would later hold). When he left Boston College, Tim was sixth in career passing with 3,980 yards, fifth in passing touchdowns with 29, sixth in total offense with 4,233 yards, seventh in passing completion percentage with 55.5 percent, seventh in pass completions (278), seventh in pass attempts (501), and seventh in career plays (636).


title: Tim Hasselbeck

text: Hasselbeck was redshirted his first season and only took four snaps at quarterback as a redshirt freshman in 1997. However, he did play on all of the special teams units and registered two tackles. As a redshirt sophomore in 1998, Hasselbeck appeared in six games while spending most of the season as the backup to Scott Mutryn and completed nine of 12 passes for 140 yards and two touchdowns.