title: Clara Blandick

text: Throughout the 1950s, Blandick's health steadily began to deteriorate. Her eyesight began to fail and she was suffering from severe, painful arthritis. On April 15, 1962, she returned home from Palm Sunday services at her church. She began rearranging her room, placing her favorite photos and memorabilia in prominent places. She laid out her resume and a collection of press clippings from her lengthy career. She dressed immaculately in an elegant royal blue dressing gown, and with her hair properly styled, she took an overdose of sleeping pills. She lay down on a couch, covered herself with a gold blanket over her shoulders, and tied a plastic bag over her head. She left the following note: “I am now about to make the great adventure. I cannot endure this agonizing pain any longer. It is all over my body. Neither can I face the impending blindness. I pray the Lord my soul to take. Amen.”


title: Clara Blandick

text: Blandick's landlady, Helen Mason, discovered her body later that day. Her ashes were interred at the Great Mausoleum, Columbarium of Security at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale along with those of her sister, Marcia D. Young, and Marcia's husband, George A. Young. Blandick's ashes lie just yards from those of Charley Grapewin, her on-screen husband in "The Wizard of Oz".


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, (ПЕНТА, primarily in Russian) TEN, corpent, or penthrite (or, rarely and primarily in German, as nitropenta), is an explosive material. It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, and is structurally very similar to nitroglycerin. Penta refers to the five carbon atoms of the neopentane skeleton. PETN is a very powerful explosive material with a relative effectiveness factor of 1.66. When mixed with a plasticizer, PETN forms a plastic explosive. Along with RDX it is the main ingredient of Semtex.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: PETN is also used as a vasodilator drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as for management of angina.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate was first prepared and patented in 1894 by the explosives manufacturer Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff A.G. of Cologne, Germany. The production of PETN started in 1912, when the improved method of production was patented by the German government. PETN was used by the German Military in . It was also used in the MG FF/M autocannons and many other weapon systems of the Luftwaffe in World War II, specifically in the high explosive Mine shell.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: PETN is practically insoluble in water (0.01 g/100 ml at 50 °C), weakly soluble in common nonpolar solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons (like gasoline) or tetrachloromethane, but soluble in some other organic solvents, particularly in acetone (about 15 g/100 g of the solution at 20 °C, 55 g/100 g at 60 °C) and dimethylformamide (40 g/100 g of the solution at 40 °C, 70 g/100 g at 70 °C). PETN forms eutectic mixtures with some liquid or molten aromatic nitro compounds, "e.g." trinitrotoluene (TNT) or tetryl. Due to steric hindrance of the adjacent neopentyl-like moiety, PETN is resistant to attack by many chemical reagents; it does not hydrolyze in water at room temperature or in weaker alkaline aqueous solutions. Water at 100 °C or above causes hydrolysis to dinitrate; presence of 0.1% nitric acid accelerates the reaction.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: The chemical stability of PETN is of interest, because of the presence of PETN in aging weapons. A review has been published. Neutron radiation degrades PETN, producing carbon dioxide and some pentaerythritol dinitrate and trinitrate. Gamma radiation increases the thermal decomposition sensitivity of PETN, lowers melting point by few degrees Celsius, and causes swelling of the samples. Like other nitrate esters, the primary degradation mechanism is the loss of nitrogen dioxide; this reaction is autocatalytic. Studies were performed on thermal decomposition of PETN.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In the environment, PETN undergoes biodegradation. Some bacteria denitrate PETN to trinitrate and then dinitrate, which is then further degraded. PETN has low volatility and low solubility in water, and therefore has low bioavailability for most organisms. Its toxicity is relatively low, and its transdermal absorption also seems to be low. It poses a threat for aquatic organisms. It can be degraded to pentaerythritol by iron.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Production is by the reaction of pentaerythritol with concentrated nitric acid to form a precipitate which can be recrystallized from acetone to give processable crystals.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Variations of a method first published in US Patent 2,370,437 by Acken and Vyverberg (1945 to Du Pont) form the basis of all current commercial production.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: PETN is manufactured by numerous manufacturers as a powder, or together with nitrocellulose and plasticizer as thin plasticized sheets (e.g. Primasheet 1000 or Detasheet). PETN residues are easily detectable in hair of people handling it. The highest residue retention is on black hair; some residues remain even after washing.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: The most common use of PETN is as an explosive with high brisance. It is more difficult to detonate than primary explosives, so dropping or igniting it will typically not cause an explosion (at atmospheric pressure it is difficult to ignite and burns relatively slowly), but is more sensitive to shock and friction than other secondary explosives such as TNT or tetryl. Under certain conditions a deflagration to detonation transition can occur.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: It is rarely used alone, but primarily used in booster and bursting charges of small caliber ammunition, in upper charges of detonators in some land mines and shells, and as the explosive core of detonation cord. PETN is the least stable of the common military explosives, but can be stored without significant deterioration for longer than nitroglycerin or nitrocellulose.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: During World War II, PETN was most importantly used in exploding-bridgewire detonators for the atomic bombs. These exploding-bridgewire detonators gave more precise detonation, compared with primacord. PETN was used for these detonators because it was safer than primary explosives like lead azide: while it was sensitive, it would not detonate below a threshold amount of energy. Exploding bridgewires containing PETN remain used in current nuclear weapons. In spark detonators, PETN is used to avoid the need for primary explosives; the energy needed for a successful direct initiation of PETN by an electric spark ranges between 10–60 mJ.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: PETN is used in a number of compositions. It is a major ingredient of the Semtex plastic explosive. It is also used as a component of pentolite, a 50/50 blend with TNT. The XTX8003 extrudable explosive, used in the W68 and W76 nuclear warheads, is a mixture of 80% PETN and 20% of Sylgard 182, a silicone rubber. It is often phlegmatized by addition of 5–40% of wax, or by polymers (producing polymer-bonded explosives); in this form it is used in some cannon shells up to 30 mm caliber, though it is unsuitable for higher calibers. It is also used as a component of some gun propellants and solid rocket propellants. Nonphlegmatized PETN is stored and handled with approximately 10% water content. PETN alone cannot be cast as it explosively decomposes slightly above its melting point, but it can be mixed with other explosives to form castable mixtures.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: PETN can be initiated by a laser. A pulse with duration of 25 nanoseconds and 0.5–4.2 joules of energy from a Q-switched ruby laser can initiate detonation of a PETN surface coated with a 100 nm thick aluminium layer in less than half of a microsecond.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: PETN has been replaced in many applications by RDX, which is thermally more stable and has a longer shelf life. PETN can be used in some ram accelerator types. Replacement of the central carbon atom with silicon produces Si-PETN, which is extremely sensitive.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In 1983, 307 people were killed after a truck bomb filled with PETN was detonated at the Beirut barracks.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In 1983, the "Maison de France" house in Berlin was brought to a near-total collapse by the detonation of of PETN by terrorist Johannes Weinrich.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In 1999, Alfred Heinz Reumayr used PETN as the main charge for his fourteen improvised explosive devices that he constructed in a thwarted attempt to damage the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In 2001, al-Qaeda member Richard Reid, the "Shoe Bomber", used PETN in the sole of his shoe in his unsuccessful attempt to blow up American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami. He had intended to use the solid triacetone triperoxide (TATP) as a detonator.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In 2009, PETN was used in an attempt by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula to murder the Saudi Arabian Deputy Minister of Interior Prince Muhammad bin Nayef, by Saudi suicide bomber Abdullah Hassan al Asiri. The target survived and the bomber died in the blast. The PETN was hidden in the bomber's rectum, which security experts described as a novel technique.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: On 25 December 2009, PETN was found in the underwear of Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the "Underwear bomber", a Nigerian with links to al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. According to US law enforcement officials, he had attempted to blow up Northwest Airlines Flight 253 while approaching Detroit from Amsterdam. Abdulmutallab had tried, unsuccessfully, to detonate approximately of PETN sewn into his underwear by adding liquid from a syringe; however, only a small fire resulted.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In the al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula October 2010 cargo plane bomb plot, two PETN-filled printer cartridges were found at East Midlands Airport and in Dubai on flights bound for the US on an intelligence tip. Both packages contained sophisticated bombs concealed in computer printer cartridges filled with PETN. The bomb found in England contained of PETN, and the one found in Dubai contained of PETN. Hans Michels, professor of safety engineering at University College London, told a newspaper that of PETN—"around 50 times less than was used—would be enough to blast a hole in a metal plate twice the thickness of an aircraft's skin". In contrast, according to an experiment conducted by a BBC documentary team designed to simulate Abdulmutallab's Christmas Day bombing, using a Boeing 747 plane, even 80 grams of PETN was not sufficient to materially damage the fuselage.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: On 12 July 2017, 150 grams of PETN was found in the Assembly of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: In the wake of terrorist PETN bomb plots, an article in "Scientific American" noted PETN is difficult to detect because it does not readily vaporize into the surrounding air. The "Los Angeles Times" noted in November 2010 that PETN's low vapor pressure makes it difficult for bomb-sniffing dogs to detect.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Many technologies can be used to detect PETN, including chemical sensors, X-rays, infrared, microwaves and terahertz, some of which have been implemented in public screening applications, primarily for air travel. PETN is one of the explosive chemicals typically of interest in that area, and it belongs to a family of common nitrate-based explosive chemicals which can often be detected by the same tests.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: One detection system in use at airports involves analysis of swab samples obtained from passengers and their baggage. Whole-body imaging scanners that use radio-frequency electromagnetic waves, low-intensity X-rays, or T-rays of terahertz frequency that can detect objects hidden under clothing are not widely used because of cost, concerns about the resulting traveler delays, and privacy concerns.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Both parcels in the 2010 cargo plane bomb plot were x-rayed without the bombs being spotted. Qatar Airways said the PETN bomb "could not be detected by x-ray screening or trained sniffer dogs". The Bundeskriminalamt received copies of the Dubai x-rays, and an investigator said German staff would not have identified the bomb either. New airport security procedures followed in the U.S., largely to protect against PETN.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Like nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) and other nitrates, PETN is also used medically as a vasodilator in the treatment of heart conditions. These drugs work by releasing the signaling gas nitric oxide in the body. The heart medicine "Lentonitrat" is nearly pure PETN.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

text: Monitoring of oral usage of the drug by patients has been performed by determination of plasma levels of several of its hydrolysis products, pentaerythritol dinitrate, pentaerythritol mononitrate and pentaerythritol, in plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.


title: Shavasana

text: Shavasana (; IAST: "śavāsana"), Corpse Pose, or Mritasana, is an asana in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise, often used for relaxation at the end of a session. It is the usual pose for the practice of yoga nidra meditation, and is an important pose in Restorative Yoga.


title: Shavasana

text: The name Shavasana is from Sanskrit शव "Śava", "corpse" and आसन "Āsana", "posture" or "seat". The alternative name Mritasana is from Sanskrit मृत "mṛta", "death". The earliest mention of the pose is in the 15th century "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" 1.32, which states in the context of a medieval belief system that "lying down on the ground supine, like a corpse, is called Shavasana. It eliminates tiredness and promotes calmness of the mind."


title: Shavasana

text: The name Supta Padangusthasana is from Sanskrit सुप्त पादाङ्गुष्ठासन "supta pādāṅguṣṭhāsana", from सुप्त supta, "reclined" and पादाङ्गुष्ठ pādāṅguṣṭha, "big toe". The pose is not described in medieval hatha yoga texts, but appears in the 20th century; it is pose 27 in Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga's primary series.


title: Shavasana

text: The name Pavanamuktasana () is from Sanskrit पवन "pavan", "wind" and मुक्त "mukta", "free".The pose is unknown in medieval hatha yoga, appearing in the 20th century, for example as one of the set poses in the basic sequence of Bikram Yoga.


title: Shavasana

text: Shavasana and some sitting asanas maintain the balance between relaxation and meditation (two key components of yoga) by their equal input of physical stimuli.


title: Shavasana

text: Shavasana is performed on the back with the legs spread as wide as the yoga mat and arms relaxed to both the sides of the body, and the eyes closed. The whole body is relaxed on the floor with an awareness of the chest and abdomen rising and falling with each breath. During Shavasana, all parts of the body are scanned for muscular tension of any kind. Any muscular tension the body finds is consciously released as it is found. All control of the breath, the mind, and the body is then released for the duration of the asana. Shavasana is typically practiced for 5–10 minutes at the end of an asana practice, but can be practiced for 20–30 minutes. In Sivananda yoga, it is practised not only for "Final Relaxation" at the end of a session, but before the session and between asanas.


title: Shavasana

text: The asana is released by slowly deepening the breath, flexing the fingers and toes, reaching the arms above the head, stretching the whole body, and exhaling while bringing the knees to the chest and rolling over to the side in a fetal position, drawing the head in the right arm. From here, one can push up into a seated position. Drowsiness or restlessness of the mind while in Shavasana may be counteracted by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. While in Shavasana, it is important to be in a neutral position.


title: Shavasana

text: Shavasana can be modified by bending the knees, keeping the feet hip-width apart, to allow people with low back pain to recline comfortably. The variation can also be used by practitioners who find it hard to relax when lying flat.


title: Shavasana

text: Supta Padangusthasana ("Reclining Hand to Big Toe pose") is entered from Shavasana by raising one leg and optionally grasping the big toe with the hand on the same side. A variant is to turn the leg outwards and allow it to sink towards the ground, keeping the hip and trunk level. Another variant, possible only with supple hamstrings, is to bring the raised leg forwards over the face, raising the head to touch the leg, and stretching the arm that is grasping the big toe back and up over the shoulder. If the back is stiff or the hamstrings are tight, a belt held in both hands may be looped over the foot. Alternatively, the vertical leg may be supported by a column or door frame.


title: Shavasana

text: Pavanamuktasana, also called Vatayanasana or "Wind-Relieving pose" has the hands clasped around one shin, the knee brought close to the chest. The head may be lifted, and the body may be rocked backwards and forwards with the other leg slightly lifted.


title: Shavasana

text: Shavasana is intended to rejuvenate the body, mind, and spirit. In the pose, the breath deepens, and the stress of the day is released. The yogi forgets all other thoughts and surrenders any psychological effort. While in Savasana, yogis slip into blissful neutrality and reflect on the practice. Comfort is essential in the pose; the slightest point of discomfort can be endlessly distracting. Shavasana is a good way to reduce stress and tension.


title: Shavasana

text: Modern yoga practices intended for relaxation and restoration rather than as exercise make extensive use of Shavasana. Yoga nidra ("yogic sleep") meditation is often practiced in Shavasana. Restorative Yoga, too, a style involving long holding of asanas with liberal use of props to support the body, includes multiple variations of Shavasana, with or without supports; Judith Hanson Lasater proposes five variants of Shavasana as "relaxation poses".


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Jung Il-hoon (; born October 4, 1994), simply known as Ilhoon, is a South Korean rapper, songwriter, record producer, host, actor and entertainer. He was the main rapper of the South Korean boy band BtoB. He is well known for his collaborations with artists such as Hyuna and G.NA, as well for being an assistant MC on the variety show "Weekly Idol". Ilhoon made his acting debut starring in the drama "Webtoon Hero: Tundra Show" in 2015. He was also known for popularising the gestures for "Gwiyomi Player", later confirmed he was taught it by Yujin when she was a trainee.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Jung Il-hoon was born on October 4, 1994, in Seoul, South Korea. He graduated from Hanlim Multi Art School and attended Korea College of Media Arts with acting course. He is the younger brother of singer Joo.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Jung had filled in for labelmate Yong Jun-hyung during some of G.NA's debut promotions with "I'll Back Off So You Can Live Better" on music shows, in 2010. In 2011, Jung (along with four other members of BtoB's initial lineup) made his acting debut in the JTBC sitcom, "I Live in Cheongdam Dong".


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Jung debuted as the main rapper of the boy group BtoB in 2012. The group made their official debut on Mnet's "M! Countdown" on March 21. He left the group on December 31, 2020, after being investigated by the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency for using marijuana. He was then charged for violating the Narcotics Control Act, as he had been purchasing and using marijuana over the past 4–5 years


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Since 2012, Jung has been continuously appearing on variety show "Weekly Idol" as a special MC together with Apink's Bomi. Jung had his last broadcast on "Weekly Idol" on its 206th episode. In 2012, he collaborated with 4Minute's Gayoon with the song "My Love By My Side" for the musical of the same name. He also featured in Hyuna's "Unripe Apple" which was a track from her second EP, "Melting".


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: In 2013, he was featured in 2YOON's "Harvest Moon" EP for the track "Nightmare", where he showed his impressive rapping skills. His featuring activities continued as he was later on revealed to be collaborating with G.NA for the lead single, "Oops!", of the "Beautiful Kisses" EP.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: In 2015, Jung starred in the web-drama, "Webtoon Hero: Tundra Show" as Kim Sung-min. Later that year, Cube Entertainment announced Hyuna's lead single for "A+", titled "Roll Deep" (Because I'm the Best), would feature Jung. He also participated in the making of the album. He was only able to perform with Hyuna twice as there was a conflict with other BtoB schedules, and was replaced by Cube Entertainment's trainee, Kim Hyo-jong. Later in 2015, Jung joined the line-up for "Unpretty Rapstar 2's" semi-finals episode as he performed with contestant Jiyoon for the track "This Ain't Me".


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: On May 24, 2017, it was revealed that Jung would be releasing a self-composed track on May 30, as part of BtoB's "Piece of BtoB" solo project. On May 26, it was revealed the song would be "Fancy Shoes", a song that he had had previously performed at BtoB's solo concert, "BtoB Time 2017".


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: In September 2017, it was announced Jung would be joining the cast of web-mockumentary (fashioned as a cosmetics reality program), "The Cushion", alongside label mate Yoo Seon-ho and Korean beauty YouTuber Lena. All the episodes were uploaded on Naver TV, YouTube and Oksusu from October to November 2017.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: On February 12, 2018, it was announced that Jung would be releasing his first solo album in March. The album, titled "Big Wave", was released on March 8, containing five tracks which feature fellow BtoB member Hyunsik with the song "Come Closer" and Jinho of Pentagon with the song "Always". The lead single, titled "She's Gone", is a hip hop song which describes complicated break up feelings. Jung had previously performed the song at BTOB's "2017 BTOB Time - Our Concert", from 23 to 24 December at the Ilsan Kintex Exhibition Center. He participated in writing and composing the songs. In October, he was featured on the song "Cookies" from F.T. Island's Lee Hong-gi's EP "Do n Do".


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: He was the DJ for Idol Radio for Episodes 7-363 (absent in episodes 31, 198, 308) from September 2018 until September 2019.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: In December 2020, it had been reported that Jung was under investigation by the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency along with accomplices for purchasing and using marijuana over the prior four-to-five years, his case was handed to prosecution earlier in July. He was later charged for violating the Narcotics Control Act.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Cube Entertainment announced Jung's departure from BtoB on December 31, 2020, after being investigated for using marijuana.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: Jung submitted two statements of reflection on April 15, 2021, and attended the first trial on the morning of April 22, 2021. He admitted to all charges.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: On June 10, 2021, Jung was sentenced to two years in prison as well as an additional fine of 133 million KRW for marijuana usage. He appealed to the court later the same month on the basis of misunderstandings during the initial trial and in the November 18, 2021 hearing the prosecution lowered the fine request to 126.6 million KRW. Jung showed remorse on multiple occasions during the case, submitting more than 80 statements of reflection.


title: Jung Il-hoon

text: On its final trial on December 16, 2021, the original sentenced of two years in prison was overturned into three years on probation, 40 hours of drug treatment as well as a 126.63 million KRW fine. Jung stopped using marijuana in 2019, and had since attended psychotherapy as well as online classes to stop his addiction voluntarily. It is said that the crime not being systematically done, Jung having no previous criminal record, and him having a strong bond with his family as well as other social ties to keep him straight influenced the court's decision. Jung submitted more than one hundred statements of reflection to the court in total, with fan petitions being said to have had an influence.


title: Kynodesme

text: A kynodesmē (, English translation: "dog tie") was a cord or string or sometimes a leather strip that was worn primarily by athletes in Ancient Greece and Etruria to prevent the exposure of the glans penis in public (considered to be ill-mannered) and to restrict untethered movement of the penis during sporting competition. It was tied tightly around the "akroposthion," the most distal, tubular portion of the foreskin that extends beyond the glans. As depicted in Ancient Greek art the kynodesme was worn by some athletes, actors, poets, symposiasts and komasts. It was worn temporarily while in public and could be taken off and put back on at will. The remaining length of cord could either be attached to a waist band to pull the penis upward and expose the scrotum, or tied around the base of the penis and scrotum so that the penis appeared to curl upwards.


title: Kynodesme

text: The public exposure of the penis head was regarded by the Greeks as dishonourable and shameful, something only seen in slaves and barbarians. Modesty and decency demanded that men who showed themselves naked in a public setting, such as athletes or actors, must conceal their glans.


title: Kynodesme

text: The usage of the kynodesme might have also helped to naturally elongate the foreskin, which was seen as desirable.


title: Kynodesme

text: In Greek and Roman medical practice, the uncontrolled dispersing of semen was thought to weaken men, and was particularly thought to affect the quality of the masculine voice. In ancient Rome, this form of non-surgical infibulation might thus be used by singers as a regimen for preserving the voice.


title: Kynodesme

text: It is first alluded to in literature in the 5th century BC, in the partially preserved satyr play "Theoroi " by Aeschylus. There is earlier evidence from the images of athletes on Ancient Greek pottery. The Kynodesme was also used by the Etruscans and Romans who called it a "ligatura praeputii". The Romans however preferred to use a ring known as a fibula, rather than a band, to conceal the glans.


title: Koryaks

text: Koryaks (or Koriak, ) are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks include Tigilsk in the south and the Anadyr basin in the north.


title: Koryaks

text: The Koryaks are culturally similar to the Chukchis of extreme northeast Siberia. The Koryak language and Alutor (which is often regarded as a dialect of Koryak), are linguistically close to the Chukchi language. All of these languages are members of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family. They are more distantly related to the Itelmens on the Kamchatka Peninsula. All of these peoples and other, unrelated minorities in and around Kamchatka are known collectively as Kamchadals.


title: Koryaks

text: Neighbors of the Koryaks include the Evens to the west, the Alutor to the south (on the isthmus of Kamchatka Peninsula), the Kerek to the east, and the Chukchi to the northeast.


title: Koryaks

text: The Koryak are typically split into two groups. The coastal people are called "Nemelan" (or "Nymylan") meaning 'village dwellers', due to their living in villages. Their lifestyle is based on local fishing and marine mammal hunting. The inland Koryak, reindeer herders, are called "Chaucu" (or "Chauchuven"), meaning 'rich in reindeer'. They are more nomadic, following the herds as they graze with the seasons.


title: Koryaks

text: The name Koryak was from the exonym word 'Korak', meaning 'with the reindeer (kor)' in a nearby group Chukotko-Kamchatkan language. The earliest references to the name 'Koryak' were recorded in the writings of the Russian cossack Vladimir Atlasov, who conquered Kamchatka for the Tsar in 1695. The variant name was adopted by Russia in official state documents, hence popularizing it ever since.


title: Koryaks

text: The origin of the Koryak is unknown. Anthropologists have speculated that a land bridge connected the Eurasian and North American continent during Late Pleistocene. It is possible that migratory peoples crossed the modern-day Koryak land "en route" to North America. Scientists have suggested that people traveled back and forth between this area and Haida Gwaii before the ice age receded. They theorize that the ancestors of the Koryak had returned to Siberian Asia from North America during this time. Cultural and some linguistic similarity exist between the Nivkh and the Koryak.


title: Koryaks

text: The Koryak once occupied a much larger area of the Russian Far East. Their overlapping borders extended to the Nivkh areas in Khabarovsk Krai until the Evens arrived, and pushed them into their present region. A smallpox epidemic in 1769-1770 and warfare with Russian Cossacks reduced the Koryak population from 10-11,000 in 1700 to 4,800 in 1800.


title: Koryaks

text: Under the Soviet Union, a Koryak Autonomous Okrug was formed in 1931 and named after these people. Based on a local referendum in 2005, this was merged with Kamchatka Krai effective 1 July 2007.


title: Koryaks

text: Families usually gathered into groups of six or seven, forming bands. The nominal chief had no predominating authority, and the groups relied on consensus to make decisions, resembling common small group egalitarianism.


title: Koryaks

text: The lives of the people in the interior revolved around reindeer, their main source of food. They also used all the parts of its body to make sewing materials and clothing, tools and weapons. The meat was mostly eaten roasted and the blood, marrow, and milk were drunk or eaten raw. The liver, heart, kidneys, and tongue were considered delicacies. Salmon and other freshwater fish as well as berries and roots played a major part in the diet, as reindeer flesh did not contain some necessary vitamins and minerals, nor dietary fibre, needed to survive in the harsh tundra.


title: Koryaks

text: Today the Koryaks also buy processed food, such as bread, cereal, and canned fish. They sell some reindeer each year for money, but can build up their herds due to the large population of reindeer.


title: Koryaks

text: Clothing was made out of reindeer hides, but nowadays men and women often have replaced that with cloth. The men wore baggy pants and a hide shirt, which often had a hood attached to it, boots and traditional caps made of reindeer skin. They still use the boots and caps. The women wore the same as the men, but with a longer shirt reaching to the calves. Today women often wear a head cloth and skirt, but wear the reindeer skin robe in cold weather.


title: Koryaks

text: The Koryak lived in domed shaped tents, called "jajanga," or yaranga (from the more famous Chukchi term) similar to a tipi of the American Plains Indians, but less vertical, while some lived in yurts. The framework was covered in many reindeer skins. Few families still use the yaranga as dwellings, but some use them for trips to the tundra. The centre of the yaranga had a hearth, which has been replaced by an iron stove. Reindeer hide beds are placed to the east in the chum. They used small cupboards to store the families' food, clothing and personal items.


title: Koryaks

text: The inland Koryak rode reindeer to get around, cutting off their antlers to prevent injuries. They also fitted a team of reindeer with harnesses and attached them to sleds to transport goods and people when moving camp. Today the Koryak use snowmobiles more often than reindeer. Most inter-village transport is by air or boat, although tracked vehicles are used for travel to neighboring villages.


title: Koryaks

text: They developed snowshoes, which they used in winter (and still do) when the snow is deep. Snowshoes are made by lashing reindeer sinew and hide strips to a tennis racket-shaped birch bark or willow hoop. The sinew straps are used to attach the shoe to the foot.


title: Koryaks

text: Koryaks believe in a Supreme Being whom they call by various names: "ŋajŋənen" (Universe/World), "ineɣitelʔən" (Supervisor), "ɣət͡ɕɣoletənvəlʔən" (Master-of-the-Upper-World), "ɣət͡ɕɣolʔən" (One-on-High), etc. He is considered to reside in Heaven with his family and when he wishes to punish mankind for immoral acts, he falls asleep and thus leaves man vulnerable to unsuccessful hunting and other ills. Koryak mythology centers on the supernatural shaman "Quikil" (Big-Raven), who was created by the Supreme Being as the first man and protector of the Koryak. Big Raven myths are also found in Southeast Alaska in the Tlingit culture, and among the Haida, Tsimshian, and other natives of the Pacific Northwest Coast Amerindians.


title: Koryaks

text: Koryak lands are mountains and volcanic, covered in mostly Arctic tundra. Coniferous trees lie near the southern regions along the coast of the Shelekhova Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk. The northern regions inland are much colder, where only various shrubs grow, but these are enough to sustain reindeer migration. The mean temperature in winter is while the short summers are . The area they covered before Russian colonization was 301,500 km² (116,410 mi²), roughly corresponding to the Koryak Okrug, of which the administrative centre is Palana. Today the Koryak are the largest minority group with 8,743 people. The krai's population is now majority ethnic Russian, descendants of the Cossack colonizers.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram is a town and municipality in Cuddalore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, on the banks of the Vellar River where it meets the Bay of Bengal. It is the headquarters of the Chidambaram taluk. The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Pallavas until ninth century, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Thanjavur Nayakas, Marathas and the British. The town is known for the Thillai Nataraja Temple and Thillai Kali Temple, and the annual chariot festival held in the months of December–January (In the Tamil month of Marghazhi known as "Margazhi Urchavam") and June to July (In the Tamil month of Aani known as "Aani Thirumanjanam"). One of the Divya Desams Divya Sri Govindaraja Perumal Temple (Thiruchitrakoodam) is a part of Thillai Nataraja Temple complex. Thiruvetkalam Shiva Temple, Vadakiruppu, Thirunelvayil Shiva Temple, Sivapuri and Tirukkazhippalai Palvannanathar Temple are the other three ancient Shiva temples in the region.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram covers an area of and had a population of 62,153 as of 2011. It is administered by a Selective grade municipality. Tertiary sector involving tourism is the major occupation. Roadways are the major means of transportation with a total of of district roads including one national highway passing through the town. As of 2011, there were eleven government schools: six primary schools, three middle schools and two higher secondary schools in Chidambaram. Annamalai University, established in 1929 in Chidambaram, is one of the oldest and most prominent universities in the state.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The traditional name of the temple complex, Chidambaram Thillai Nataraja-koothan Kovil. The mangrove forests of Thillai trees ("Excoecaria agallocha") were abundant in the town once. The temple and the town were once in the midst of Thillai trees. The Thillai trees of the nearby Pichavaram wetlands, the second largest mangrove forest in the world, extends to the temple area. The shrine is venerated as "Thillai ambalam" literally meaning the open stage of Thillai. The name of the town of this shrine, "Chidambaram" comes from the Tamil word "Chitrambalam" (also spelled "Chithambalam") meaning "wisdom atmosphere". The roots are "citta" or "chitthu" means consciousness or wisdom while and "ambalam" means "atmosphere". This composite word comes from its association with Nataraja (Shiva), the cosmic dancer and the cultural atmosphere for arts.


title: Chidambaram

text: According to Hindu legend, in the Thillai forests resided a group of sages who believed in the supremacy of magic — that the gods could be controlled by rituals and "mantras". Shiva, hearing this, assumed the form of Bhikshatana, a simple mendicant seeking alms, and went walking in Thillai. He was followed by his consort, Vishnu as Mohini. The sages and their wives were enchanted by the beauty of the pair. On seeing their womenfolk enchanted, the angry sages performed a ritual to create serpents ("nāga"). Shiva lifted the serpents and donned them as ornaments on his matted locks, neck and waist. Further enraged, the sages invoked a fierce tiger, whose skin was used by Shiva as a shawl around his waist. Then followed a fierce elephant, which was ripped to death and devoured by Shiva (an episode depicted in the Gajasurasamhara). The sages gathered all their spiritual strength and invoked the powerful demon Muyalakan — a symbol of complete arrogance and ignorance. Shiva smiled gently, stepped on the demon's back to immobilise him, and performed the "Ánanda Thandavam" (the dance of eternal bliss), thus disclosing his true form. The sages surrendered, realizing that rituals cannot control the gods.


title: Chidambaram

text: There is reference to the temple or the town in Sangam literature of the first to fifth centuries and the earliest mention is found in Tamil literature. The temple and the deity were immortalized in Tamil poetry in the works of "Thevaram" by three poet-saints belonging to the seventh century - Thirugnana Sambanthar, Thirunavukkarasar and Sundaramoorthy Nayanar. Thirugnana Sambanthar has composed two songs in praise of the temple, Thirunavukkarasar aka Appar eight songs in praise of Nataraja and Sundarar one song in praise of Nataraja. Sundarar commences his "Thiruthondar Thogai" (the sacred list of Lord Shiva's 63 devotees) paying his respects to the priests of the Thillai temple - "To the devotees of the priests at Thillai, I am a devotee". The works of the first three saints, the "Thirumurai" were stored in palm leaf manuscripts in the temple and were recovered by the Chola King Rajaraja Chola under the guidance of Nambiandarnambi. Manikkavasagar, the tenth century "saivite" poet has written two works, the first called "Thiruvasakam" (The sacred utterances) which largely has been sung in Chidambaram and the "Thiruchitrambalakkovaiyar" (aka "Thirukovaiyar"), which has been sung entirely in the temple. Manikkavasagar is said to have attained spiritual bliss at Chidambaram. The Chidambaram Mahatmiyam composed during the 12th century provides the subsequent evolution and Sanskritization of cults.


title: Chidambaram

text: There are several inscriptions available in the temple and referring to the Chidambaram temple in neighbouring areas. Most inscriptions available pertain to the periods of Cholas - Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014 CE), Rajendra Chola I (1012-1044 CE), Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 CE), Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 CE), Rajadhiraja Chola II (1163 -1178 CE), Kulothunga Chola III (1178-1218 CE) and Rajaraja Chola III (1216-1256 CE). Pandya inscriptions date from Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerapandiyan, Jataavarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Sundarapaandiyan (1251-1268 CE) and Maaravarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerakeralanaagiya Kulashekara Pandiyan (1268-1308 CE). Pallava inscriptions are available for king Avani Aala Pirandhaan Ko-perum-Singha (1216-1242 CE). Vijayanagara Kings mentioned in inscriptions are Veeraprathapa Kiruttina Theva Mahaaraayar (1509-1529 CE), Veeraprathaapa Venkata Deva Mahaaraayar, Sri Ranga Theva Mahaaraayar, Atchyutha Deva Mahaaraayar (1529-1542 CE) and Veera Bhooopathiraayar. One of the inscriptions from the descendant of Cheramaan Perumal Nayanar, Ramavarma Maharaja has been found.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram is located at . The town is located in Cuddalore district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, from Chennai. Chidambaram is located close to the shores of Bay of Bengal. The topography is almost plain with forests around the town, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are alluvial and red that are conducive for crops like paddy, pulses and chili peppers. The temperature ranges from a maximum of to a minimum of . Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Chidambaram receives an average of annually, which is lesser than the state average of . The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December. The average number of rainy days ranges from 35 to 40 every year.


title: Chidambaram

text: According to 2011 census, Chidambaram had a population of 62,153 with a sex-ratio of 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 5,869 were under the age of six, constituting 2,990 males and 2,879 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 6.81% and .09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 83.24%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 15,166 households. There were a total of 22,194 workers, comprising 241 cultivators, 180 main agricultural labourers, 489 in household industries, 16,110 other workers, 5,174 marginal workers, 83 marginal cultivators, 213 marginal agricultural labourers, 401 marginal workers in household industries and 4,477 other marginal workers.


title: Chidambaram

text: As of 2001, the town coverered an area of . Out of the total area, 88 per cent of the land constituting is marked developed and the remaining area is used for agriculture and remains under water. Residential areas make up 55 per cent () of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 5 per cent () and 1 per cent () respectively. As of 2008, there 31 notified slums having 3,954 houses in Chidambaram and a total of 17,102 people constituting 30 per cent of the total population lived in them. The municipality maintains the water supply and garbage collection of all these slums. As of 2001, nearly 5,000 people constituting 10 per cent of the population were below the poverty line.


title: Chidambaram

text: As per the religious census of 2011, Chidambaram had 89.73% Hindus, 8.22% Muslims, 1.18% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.43% Jains, 0.39% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.


title: Chidambaram

text: The temple complex is spread over an area of in the heart of the city. The main complex is dedicated to Shiva Nataraja and the complex contains shrines to deities such as Shivakami Amman, Ganesh, Murugan and Vishnu in the form Govindaraja Perumal. The temple's earliest structures were designed and erected by ancient craftsmen called Perunthakkan. The golden tiled roof for the "Chitrambalam" (the vimanam) was laid by the Chola King Parantaka I(907-950 CE) following which he was given the title "Thillaiyambalathhukku porkoorai veiyntha thevan", meaning the one who constructed the golden roof. Kings Rajaraja Chola I (reign 985-1014 A.D.) and Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 A.D.) made significant donations to the temple. Gold and riches to the temple were donated by Rajaraja Chola's daughter Kundavai II while Chola king Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 A.D.) made donations for the conduct of the daily rituals. Donations of gold and jewels have been made by various kings, rulers and patrons to the temple from 9th to 16th century - including the Maharaja of Pudukottai, Sethupathy (the emerald jewel still adorns the deity). Naralokaviran, the General of the king Kulothunga Chola I was responsible for building a shrine for child saint Thirugnana Sambanthar and installed a metal image inside it. He constructed a hall for the recitation of "Thevaram" hymns and engraved the hymns in copper plates.


title: Chidambaram

text: Tourism forms the economic base of Chidambaram. There are household industries like weaving is present within town limits, otherwise, there are no major industries in the town. As of 2001, the worker population constituted 18,249 people amounting to 31.6 per cent of the total population. Out of the total workforce, 16.059 constituting 88 per cent people were employed in the tertiary sector, 1,277 people constituting 7 per cent were involved in the secondary sector and 912 people constituting 5 per cent were involved in primary sector activities. The primary sector consists of local and regional marketing, with paddy being the primary traded product, followed by cereals, black gram, pulses, sugarcane and gingelly. The secondary sector activities consist of household activities and cane furniture manufacturing. The tertiary sector activities are the tourism-related activities centred on the Thillai Natarajar temple. The town has a floating population of around 100,000 every year being mainly religious tourists. Annamalai University, located in the outskirts of the town is also another major industrial driver. The town is a centre for trading for the surrounding villages, housing provisional stores, food grain stores, vegetable shops, hotels, markets and fertilizer shops.


title: Chidambaram

text: As of 2011, there were eleven government schools: six primary schools, three middle schools and two higher secondary schools in Chidambram. There were nine other private schools within the town. Chidambaram is home to the Annamalai University. Annamalai University is a public university located in Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Rajah Muthiah Dental College, Muthiah Polytechnic College, Government Arts College, Ragavendra Arts and science college, C.S. Jain College of Pharmacy and Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Institute of Maritime and Science Engineering College(pkimsec) are some of the prominent colleges in the town.


title: Chidambaram

text: Electricity supply to Chidambaram is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Cuddalore Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters. Water supply is provided by the Chidambaram Municipality from the two mini power pumps, borewells and Deep borwell located in various parts of the town. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.


title: Chidambaram

text: As per the municipal data for 2011, about 31 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Chidambaram every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Chidambaram municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001. There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipality maintained a total of of storm water drains in 2011. As of 2011, there was one government hospital namely Kamaraj Government Hospital, one municipal maternity home and 17 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens. As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 1,856 street lamps: 339 sodium lamps, 1,500 tube lights and 17 high mast beam lamps. The municipality operates four markets, namely the Daily Market West Car street, Gnanaprakasam market, North Main road fish market and Omakulam fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.


title: Chidambaram

text: The festivals in Chidambaram are centred on the festivals of the temple. The Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai festival celebrated in December–January indicates the first puja, the fourteenth day after the new moon (Chaturdashi) of the month of Masi (February–March) indicates the second pooja, the Chittirai Thiruvonam (in April–May), indicates the third pooja or uchikalam, the Uthiram of Aani (June–July) also called the Aani Thirumanjanam indicates the evening or the fourth puja, the chaturdasi of Aavani (August–September) indicates the fifth puja and the chaturdasi of the month of Puratasi (October–November) indicates the sixth pooja or Arthajama. Of these, the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December–January) and the Aani Thirumanjanam (in June–July) are the most important festivals. During these festivals, the festive deity is brought outside the sanctum sanctorum in a procession that includes a temple car procession followed by a long anointing ceremony. Several hundreds of thousands of people flock the temple to see the anointing ceremony and the ritualistic dance of Shiva when he is taken back to the sanctum sanctorum. Shiva, in his incarnation of Nataraja, is believed to have born on full moon day in the constellation of "Ardra", the sixth lunar mansion. Lord Shiva is bathed only 6 times a year, and on the previous night of "Ardra", the bath rituals are performed on a grand scale. Pots full of milk, pomegranate juices, coconut water, ghee, oil, sandal paste, curds, holy ashes, and other liquids and solids, considered as a sacred offering to the deity are used for the sacred ablution.


title: Chidambaram

text: Natyanjali is a prominent festival celebrated during February every year when bharatanatyam dancers from all over the country converge to present dance offering to Nataraja.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram is administered by a selective-grade municipality formed as third-grade municipality in 1873, upgraded to a second-grade in 1949, first-grade in 1974 and a selection-grade in 1998. The municipality covers an area of and also the taluk headquarters. The Chidambaram municipality has 33 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members, one each from the 33 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram comes under the Chidambaram assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat four times (in 1980, 1984, 2006 and 2016 elections), three times by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1977, 1989 and 2001 elections) and once each by Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M), 2011 election), Indian National Congress (INC, 1991 elections) and Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC, 1996). The current MLA of the constituency is K. A. Pandiyan (AIADMK).


title: Chidambaram

text: Law and order in the town is maintained by the Chidambaram sub division of the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There is one police station in the town located in West Car street.


title: Chidambaram

text: The Chidambaram municipality maintains of road. The town has concrete roads and bituminous road. A total of of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and by the National Highways Department. It is located at a distance of from Chennai, from Madurai, from Rameswaram, from Bengaluru. The national highway NH- 32 (the Chennai- Villupuram-Puducherry-Cuddalore-Chidambaram-Nagapattinam- Thoothukudi Highway) passes through Chidambaram and NH81 connects Chidambaram with Coimbatore through Kattumannarkoil, Tiruchirapalli and Karur. The Cuddalore road, Pitchavaram Road, Sirkazhi Road, Kattumanarkoil road and Old Bhuvanagiri road are the five main district roads connecting Chidambaram to other cities of Tamil Nadu.


title: Chidambaram

text: Minibus service operated by private companies cater to the local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in the heart of the town and has 46 bus bays. The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates daily services connecting various cities such as Bengaluru, Madurai, Palani, Salem, Tindivanam, Kallakkurichi, Tiruvannamalai, Velankanni, Rameswaram, Tiruppur, Trichy, Perambalur, Karaikudi, Sivagangai, Paramakudi, Sayalkudi, Mudukulathoor, Panruti, Vriddhachalam, Erode, Mettur, Chennai, Puducherry, Viluppuram, Tirupathur and Neyveli with Chidambaram. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the town to important cities like Chennai, Coimbatore, Trichy, Salem, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Nagercoil. Three wheelers, called autos, are also a common public transport system.


title: Chidambaram

text: Chidambaram railway station is located in the rail line from Mayiladuthurai to Viluppuram. There are daily express trains to Chennai, Rameswaram, Tirupathi, Cuddalore and Manamadurai. There are passenger trains to Mayiladuthurai, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Nagore and Bengaluru .


title: Manav Gohil

text: Manav Gohil (born 9 November 1974) is an Indian television actor. He has been active in the Hindi film industry for more than a decade and is best known for his roles in Hindi television shows, including the soap opera "Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii", the dance reality show "Nach Baliye 2", the crime drama "C.I.D.", the drama "Shaadi Mubarak", and "Tenali Rama".


title: Manav Gohil

text: After graduation Manav Gohil decided to join the entertainment industry. He has acted in many popular shows such as "Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii", "Kasautii Zindagii Kay", "Kkusum", "Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo" and "The Buddy Project". He also co-hosted the TV show "Fame Gurukul" with Mandira Bedi.


title: Manav Gohil

text: Besides working in television series, Gohil had a lead role in the Gujrati film "Saptapadii", which also starred Swaroop Sampat.


title: Manav Gohil

text: Gohil also acted in plays including "Kennedy Bridge" by Khalid Mohammed and "Lady from the Ocean" by Illa Arun. He has made endorsements for brands including Honda Amaze, Volkswagen, ICICI and Mahindra etc.


title: Manav Gohil

text: Gohil has played Yamraja in "Yam Hain Hum" on SAB TV, King Krishnadevaraya in "Tenali Rama" on SAB TV and Hanumant Singh in "Kesari Nandan" on Colors TV.


title: Manav Gohil

text: In August 2020, Gohil started to play the male lead role of Keertan Tibrewal, a.k.a. K.T., in Star Plus's television series "Shaadi Mubarak".


title: Manav Gohil

text: He was born in Surendranagar in Gujarat, and moved to Vadodara for his education. He completed Bachelor in Commerce and then MBA from Vadodara. He is married to TV actress Shweta Kawatra. They participated in the dance competition show Nach Baliye 2 where Manav was awarded best dancer by Saroj Khan. The couple became parents to a daughter on 11 May 2012. The couple follows Nichiren Buddhism.


title: Richard Farley

text: Richard Wade Farley (born July 25, 1948) is an American convicted mass murderer. A former employee of ESL Incorporated in Sunnyvale, California, he stalked his co-worker Laura Black for four years beginning in 1984. Black obtained a temporary restraining order against him on February 2, 1988, with a court date set for February 17, 1988 to make the order permanent.


title: Richard Farley

text: On February 16, 1988, Richard Farley shot and killed seven people at ESL and wounded four others, including Laura Black. He was convicted of seven counts of first degree murder, and is currently on death row at San Quentin.


title: Richard Farley

text: Richard Farley was born July 25, 1948 in Texas. He was the oldest of six children. His father was in the military, therefore the family frequently relocated, and eventually settled in California. He graduated from high school in 1966 and attended Santa Rosa Junior College. Farley then joined the United States Navy in 1967 where he stayed for ten years. After his discharge in 1977, Farley began working as a software technician at ESL Inc., a defense contractor in Sunnyvale, California.


title: Richard Farley

text: In April 1984, 35-year-old Richard Farley met 22-year-old Laura Black, who also worked at ESL Inc. Farley described himself as immediately smitten and later said that he instantly "fell in love" with Black. Farley began leaving gifts, including letters and homemade baked goods, on Laura Black's desk and asked her out numerous times. Black repeatedly refused the invitations and later said in an interview that she "...tried really to ignore him but to be cordial". Despite her refusals, Farley persisted; he began calling her desk every few hours as well as showing up at Black's aerobics class. By providing false information to the ESL HR department through pretexting, Farley was able to obtain Black's home address and home phone number. Farley was also known to have befriended the custodial department in an attempt to copy keys to Black's desk so he could rifle through her files to gain an insight into her life. He was also known to have pried through confidential personnel files of Black through false pretenses.


title: Richard Farley

text: During this time, Farley was sending one or two letters to Black a week. Though there were periods of time during which the letters would cease, in total Farley sent about two hundred letters over a period of four years, with the final letter sent from his prison cell after his rampage at ESL. Black moved four times during those four years, but Farley was able to obtain her address every time. Farley doctored photos of him and Black being together and mailed them to her.


title: Richard Farley

text: In fall of 1985, Black asked the Human Resources Department at ESL for help. ESL ordered Farley to attend psychological counseling sessions, and despite attending these sessions, his harassment of Black continued. By spring of 1986, Farley was threatening fellow ESL employees. Because of his poor performance, his employment with ESL was terminated in May 1986. He had been working for ESL for nine years and spent several months stalking Black full-time, then found work at a rival company, Covalent Systems Corporation in Sunnyvale.


title: Richard Farley

text: Black filed for a temporary restraining order against Farley on February 2, 1988 and it was granted by a family court judge. A court date was set for February 17, 1988 to see if the restraining order should be made permanent.


title: Richard Farley

text: Farley bought a shotgun and various other weapons and equipment. The restraining order did not prevent him from buying weapons during that time. He also owned a variety of other weapons which were not present during the shooting at ESL, including a Mossberg shotgun barrel and a Ruger .22 LR carbine and over 3,000 rounds of ammunition. On February 9, 1988, he left a package with Black's attorney, claiming to have evidence that he and Black had a longstanding relationship. The package included items such as photographs purportedly showing Black and Farley on dates, a garage door opener to Black's house, and hotel and credit card receipts. Farley claimed that Black kept a stash of cocaine that they shared once. Black's attorney dismissed the package as utter fabrications.


title: Richard Farley

text: On the day before the court date, February 16, 1988, Farley drove his motorhome to the ESL parking lot in Sunnyvale, California. He later claimed he waited for Black to leave work so he could convince her to rescind the restraining order. If she refused, he would kill himself. At about 3:00 p.m., Farley loaded up his guns, a 12-gauge Benelli Riot semi-automatic shotgun, a Ruger M-77 .22-250 rifle with a scope, a Mossberg 12-gauge pump-action shotgun, a Sentinel .22 WMR revolver, a Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolver, a Browning BDA .380 ACP pistol, and a Smith & Wesson 9mm pistol. He had a foot-long Buck knife and smoke bomb and wore a bulletproof vest, earplugs, and a leather glove.


title: Richard Farley

text: Carrying over 1,000 rounds of ammunition with him, he approached the building while shooting toward bystanders. He entered a side door by shooting through the glass, and shot at employees he encountered while heading toward Black's office on the second floor. Several employees were killed by his shots as he made his way through the building. Arriving at Black's office, he opened her door which she slammed in his face. He fired a shotgun round through the door, hitting her in the left shoulder and collapsing a lung. The injury sent her unconscious to the floor while Farley moved on.


title: Richard Farley

text: Farley then held a police SWAT team at bay for five hours by moving from room to room so the SWAT snipers could not target him. Meanwhile, Black regained consciousness and managed to prevent her wound from bleeding further while she and other survivors hid from Farley. Black and other survivors eventually escaped, and Farley surrendered to police after requesting a sandwich and a soft drink. Seven people were killed by Farley with four more wounded, including Black. Ninety-eight rounds were fired.


title: Richard Farley

text: The next day, court commissioner Lois Kittle made the restraining order against Farley permanent and commented, "Pieces of paper do not stop bullets."


title: Richard Farley

text: Black survived, but was hospitalized for nineteen days. She continued to work for the same company. Farley wrote to her again from his prison cell, claiming that she had finally won.


title: Richard Farley

text: During trial, Farley admitted to the killings, but pled not guilty, claiming that he never planned to kill but only wished to get Black's attention or commit suicide in front of her for rejecting him. His attorney claimed that Farley was never a violent man and only had his judgement temporarily clouded by his obsession with Black, and that he would likely never kill again. Prior to the shooting, Farley did not have a criminal record.


title: Richard Farley

text: The prosecution documented every step of the stalking, produced all the letters he sent, and documented his shotgun and ammunition purchases a week before his rampage at ESL, as well as his other weapons. All this amounted to extensive planning, which was evidence of premeditation.


title: Richard Farley

text: On October 21, 1991, Farley was found guilty of all seven counts of first degree murder. On January 17, 1992, Superior Court Judge Joseph Biafore Jr. sentenced Farley to death. Because of California law, there were several automatic appeals. On January 22, 1992, Farley was admitted to San Quentin State Prison. On July 2, 2009, the California Supreme Court upheld Farley's death sentence ("People" v "Richard Farley" (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1053). , Farley is still on death row at San Quentin State Prison, as CDCR Number H23501.


title: Richard Farley

text: This massacre helped prompt the State of California's 1990 passage of the first anti-stalking laws in the U.S.


title: Richard Farley

text: A movie, "I Can Make You Love Me" (also known as "Stalking Laura" in the United Kingdom) was made in 1993. Brooke Shields played Black and Richard Thomas played Farley.


title: Richard Farley

text: The shooting incident is also the subject of a chapter of the book "" by Bill Lee, as well as a chapter in "Obsession" by John Douglas and Mark Olshaker.


title: Richard Farley

text: The shooting is also the subject of a chapter of the book "The Gift of Fear: Survival Signals That Protect Us From Violence" by Gavin de Becker.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Morro Bay ("Morro", Spanish for "Hill") is a seaside city in San Luis Obispo County, California. Located on the Central Coast of California, the city population was 10,757 as of the 2020 census, up from 10,234 at the 2010 census. The town overlooks Morro Bay, a natural embayment with an all-weather small craft commercial and recreational harbor.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The prehistory of Morro Bay relates to Chumash settlement, particularly near the mouth of Morro Creek. At least as early as the Millingstone Horizon thousands of years before present, there was an extensive settlement along the banks and terraces above Morro Creek. A tribal site on present-day Morro Bay was named "tsɨtqawɨ", Obispeño for "Place of the Dogs".


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolá expedition, came down Los Osos Valley and camped near today's Morro Bay on September 8, 1769. Franciscan missionary and expedition member Juan Crespí noted in his diary that "we saw a great rock in the form of a round morro".


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The first recorded Filipinos to visit America arrived at Morro Bay on October 18, 1587, from the Spanish galleon "Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza"; one of whom was killed by local Native Americans while scouting ahead.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: While governed by Mexico, large land grants split the surrounding area into cattle and dairy ranchos. These ranchos needed shipping to bring in dry goods and to carry their crops, animals, and other farm products to cities.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The town of Morro Bay was founded by Franklin Riley in 1870 as a port for the export of dairy and ranch products. He was instrumental in the building of a wharf which has now become the Embarcadero. During the 1870s, schooners could often be seen at the Embarcadero picking up wool, potatoes, barley, and dairy products.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: A subspecies of butterfly, the "Morro Bay Blue" or " Morro Blue" ("Icaricia icarioides moroensis") was first found at Morro beach, by the entomologist Robert F. Sternitzky, in June 1929.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: During World War II, there was a U.S. Navy base, Amphibious Training Base Morro Bay on the north side of Morro Rock where sailors were trained to operate LCVPs. The breakwater on the southwest side of the Rock was built in 1944–45 to protect the LCVPs entering and leaving the harbor. Soldiers from Camp San Luis Obispo would come to Morro Bay and practice loading into the LCVPs. Many of those men were at Normandy on D-Day.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: In the 1940s, Morro Bay developed an abalone fishing industry; it peaked in 1957, and stocks of abalone have declined significantly due to overfishing. Halibut, sole, rockfish, albacore, and many other species are still caught by both commercial and sport vessels. In addition, oysters are aquacultured in the shallow back bay.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The Pacific Gas and Electric Company built the Morro Bay Power Plant in the early 1950s which created jobs and increased the tax base. The city incorporated in 1964.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Morro Bay is the name of the large estuary that is situated along the northern shores of the bay itself. The larger bay on which the local area lies is Estero Bay, which also encompasses the communities of Cayucos and Los Osos. The city of Morro Bay is northwest of San Luis Obispo and is located on Highway 1. Los Osos Creek discharges into Morro Bay.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (48.63%) is water.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Morro Rock is a high volcanic plug located at the entrance to the harbor. The descriptive term "morro" is common to the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian languages, and the word is part of many place names where there is a distinctive and prominent hill-shaped rock formation. Originally, it was surrounded by water, but the northern channel was filled in to make the harbor. It was quarried from 1889 to 1969, and in 1968, it was designated a Historical Landmark.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The area around the base of Morro Rock is open to visitors, with parking lots and paths. Climbing the rock is prohibited due to risk of injury, and because it is a peregrine falcon reserve.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Morro Rock is one in a series of similar plugs that stretch in a line inland called the Nine Sisters.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Morro Bay is a natural embayment with an artificial harbor constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It is the only all-weather small craft commercial and recreational harbor between Santa Barbara and Monterey. Morro Rock was originally surrounded by water, but the Army built a large artificial breakwater and road across the north end of the harbor, linking Morro Rock and the mainland. Some of the rock used for this and for the artificial breakwaters was quarried from Morro Rock itself. Other rock was imported by barge from Catalina Island. The bay extends inland and parallels the shore for a distance of about south of its entrance at Morro Rock. Morro Bay is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Morro Bay experiences a mild warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csb") characteristic of coastal California featuring dry, warm summers and wet, mild winters. The city is located next to the Pacific Ocean, which helps moderate temperatures and create an overall pleasant mild year-round climate, resulting in warmer winters and cooler summers compared with places farther inland, such as Atascadero. Summers in Morro Bay are cool for a city located on the 35th parallel north latitude, with July averaging around . Winters are mild, with January averaging at with around 8 days of measurable precipitation.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Morro Bay had a population of 10,234. The population density was . The racial makeup of Morro Bay was 8,909 (87.1%) White, 44 (0.4%) African American, 92 (0.9%) Native American, 258 (2.5%) Asian, 9 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 613 (6.0%) from other races, and 309 (3.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,526 persons (14.9%).


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The Census reported that 10,073 people (98.4% of the population) lived in households, 36 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 125 (1.2%) were institutionalized.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: There were 4,844 households, out of which 919 (19.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,972 (40.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 405 (8.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 217 (4.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 330 (6.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 35 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,808 households (37.3%) were made up of individuals, and 783 (16.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 2,594 families (53.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.70.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The population was spread out, with 1,530 people (15.0%) under the age of 18, 815 people (8.0%) aged 18 to 24, 2,264 people (22.1%) aged 25 to 44, 3,200 people (31.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,425 people (23.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: There were 6,320 housing units at an average density of , of which 2,583 (53.3%) were owner-occupied, and 2,261 (46.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.3%. 5,218 people (51.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,855 people (47.4%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: As of the 2000 census, there were 10,350 people, 4,986 households, and 2,612 families residing in Morro Bay. The population density was . There were 6,251 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.44% White, 0.68% African American, 0.95% Native American, 1.81% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 4.10% from other races, and 2.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.43% of the population.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: There were 4,986 households, out of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.5% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.6% were non-families. Of all households 38.0% were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.65.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 15.1% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $34,379, and the median income for a family was $43,508. Males had a median income of $31,073 versus $25,576 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,687. About 8.1% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: Tourism is the city's largest industry, coexisting with the town's commercial fishery. A number of tourist attractions are found along the shoreline and the streets closest to it, especially the Embarcadero, including restaurants, shops and parks.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The most popular beach is on the north side of Morro Rock, north of the harbor. There are also excellent beaches north and south of the town which are owned by the State of California.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The power plant has played a large role in Morro Bay, and in providing electricity to the Central Coast and the Central Valley of California (primarily Fresno and Bakersfield). The plant was built in the 1950s. The plant was staffed with 44 employees. A portion of the city's budget came from taxes on the natural gas the plant burned. Previously owned by Pacific Gas and Electric Co.(PG&E), Duke Energy, and LSPower (PG&E), Dynegy had hoped to modernize it with a new combined cycle plant. The plant was operating at relatively low capacity factors (approximately 5%) under contract with PG&E, due primarily to economics.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: The modernization proposal was rejected, and the plant closed in February 2014. Continued operation would have required expensive upgrades by 2015. The 650-megawatt plant operated around the clock during the energy crisis of 2000, but the plant had been operating at just one-sixth of that capacity in the recent years preceding its closure.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: In 2018, a joint venture of German energy company EnBW and Seattle-based Trident Winds announced its plan to obtain the power plant's grid connection to connect a 650 MW floating offshore wind park comprising up to 100 floating wind turbines and a floating substation situated some off the coast.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: In 2021, the city council of Morro Bay voted 4-1 to take down the power plant's smoke stacks by 2028. The city estimated that maintaining the smoke stacks would cost around a million dollars per year. Vistra Corp agreed to tear down the stacks and plans to build a lithium-ion battery installation.


title: Morro Bay, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Morro Bay is in California's 24th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D +4 and is represented by .


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Lover" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, taken from her seventh studio album of the same name (2019). Aiming to create a timeless love song, Swift wrote the track about an intimate and committed relationship. The way that newlywed couples customize their marriage vows inspired the bridge, which draws on the bridal rhyme "Something old". Produced alongside Jack Antonoff, the song combines country and indie folk over a waltz tempo. It has an acoustic-guitar-driven, retro-influenced balladic production consisting of snare drums, piano, pizzicato strings, and vocals saturated in reverberation.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Republic Records released "Lover" for digital download and streaming on August 16, 2019; the song became the album's third radio single the next month. Swift and Drew Kirsch directed the music video, which was released on August 22 and follows a couple living inside a dollhouse in a snow globe. Three alternate versions of "Lover" were released—a duet remix featuring Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, an orchestral remix based on Swift's performance at the 2019 American Music Awards subtitled "First Dance Remix", and a live version recorded at Swift's 2019 City of Lover concert.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Music critics lauded "Lover" for what they thought were emotionally engaging lyrics and a romantic production; many appreciated the production reminiscent of Swift's early albums. Publications including "Billboard", "Complex", and "Pitchfork" featured the song on their 2019 year-end lists. It was Swift's first solo-written track nominated for Song of the Year at the 2020 Grammy Awards, and its video received two MTV Video Music Award nominations. The single peaked within the top 10 in Australia, Canada, the United States, Ireland, Lebanon, New Zealand, and Singapore, and received multi-platinum certifications in the first three countries.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift described her seventh studio album, "Lover", as a "love letter to love" that conveys an emotional spectrum "through a romantic gaze". The album took under three months to record; recording ended in February 2019. Released on August 23, 2019, through Republic Records, "Lover" musically draws on 1980s-inspired pop rock and synth-pop. Its songs explore many aspects of Swift's personality and altogether convey her emotional liberation to embrace future possibilities, renouncing the media gossip and celebrity-inspired themes on her previous album, "Reputation" (2018). Musician Jack Antonoff, who had worked with Swift on her two previous studio albums ("1989" and "Reputation"), co-produced 11 tracks for "Lover".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The title track, "Lover", is one of the three songs (alongside "Cornelia Street" and "Daylight") on the album that Swift wrote by herself. She wrote "Lover" late one night on piano at her home in Nashville, Tennessee. Though she quickly finished the refrain and the first verse, it took her longer to write the bridge, which she wanted to be a "fairy-tale lullaby fable expanding upon a song that has been not as detailed until that point", feeling that the verses were not up to her expectation. To that end, she was inspired by how newly-wed couples customize their marriage vows, and described the bridge as very personal and intimate. Swift said that "Lover" was the first "pure" love song she wrote, which she felt very proud of.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: After finishing the lyrics, she sent a voice memo of the song to Antonoff; the two went to Electric Lady Studio in New York City together with recording engineer Laura Sisk the next day to record the song. Recording took six hours to complete. Because Swift wanted "Lover" to be a timeless love song, she envisioned as if it could have been played "at a wedding reception in 1980 or 1970 or now". She and Antonoff therefore used instruments that were all invented by the 1970s or earlier. They replaced the original piano with guitar, composed the bridge, and incorporated what Antonoff called a "Paul McCartney-inspired bass line". Other instruments Antonoff played were live drums, a bass guitar, an upright piano, and the Mellotron. According to the album's liner notes, Swift and Antonoff are credited as producers. Sisk and Antonoff, assisted by John Rooney, recorded the song. Serban Ghenea, assisted by John Hanes, mixed the track at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Lover" is built upon a slow waltz tempo and a retro-styled musical motif. Swift said while recording, she imagined the production to sound like "just the last two people on a dance floor at 3 a.m. swaying". The track is driven by acoustic instruments, primarily guitars and percussion. The production incorporates piano, reverbed drums and vocals, and Mellotron-simulated, pizzicato strings. The rhythm is punctuated by booming snare drums and a bass line described by "Vanity Fair" Erin Vanderhoff as "sonorous, swung". Many critics compared the production to the music of alternative rock band Mazzy Star, specifically their 1993 single "Fade into You".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" described the track as a tender, 1960s-styled acoustic ballad that shows Swift experimenting with rhythm and meter. Many music critics, including Alice Vincent of "The Daily Telegraph", Louise Bruton of "The Irish Times", and Annie Zaleski of "The A.V. Club", characterized "Lover" as a country song, with Zaleski describing it as a country torch song and an indie folk production. Vincent and "NME" Karen Gwee considered the guitar-based melody of "Lover" a throwback to Swift's early country-music albums, with the former commenting that it is a "mature companion" to "Fearless" (2008) and "Speak Now" (2010). Nate Jones of "Vulture", Nick Levine of "NME", and Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" described the song as alternative country.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz disagreed: "'Lover' is not a country song, but it certainly nods to the bare songwriting that marked much of Swift's early career." In "The Atlantic", Spencer Kornhaber said that the track could have been a country-music song had the production trimmed down the reverb. Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" called the song "dream-folk", and "The Ringer" Lindsay Zoladz wrote that the single "doesn't sound like anything else currently popular" on either of country or pop radio formats.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The lyrics to "Lover" are about a couple's committed and intimate relationship. In the verses, the narrator describes scenes of their domestic life, such as leaving the Christmas lights on past the holiday season and having their friends sleeping over on the living-room floor. Swift initially wrote the opening line as, "We could leave the Christmas lights up 'til April," but changed it to "up 'til January" on the final version. She explained that the change was meant to portray simple and universal experiences of couples who live together, "It's not about that being a crazy thing. It's about how mundane it is." At one point, the narrator asks if she has known her love "20 seconds or 20 years". She asks to commit to her partner in the refrain, "Can I go where you go?/ Can we always be this close?"


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The marriage-vow-inspired bridge is a declaration of their romance, "Ladies and gentlemen will you please stand/ With every guitar string scar in my hand/ I take this magnetic force of a man to be my lover." Swift said the cited lyrics were special to her, because it made her reflect on her past songwriting about failed relationships and heartbreak. The narrator promises to stay with her lover, "You'll save all your dirtiest jokes for me/ And at every table, I'll save you a seat." Some media publications noticed the lyric, "My heart's been borrowed and yours has been blue," drawing on the bridal rhyme "Something old", which describes the bridal costume on her wedding day, "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue."


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Critics related the song's theme to Swift's past songs, with many drawing similarities between the narratives of "Lover" and "New Year's Day", a song taken from "Reputation" (2017). Jane Song from "Paste" noted the intertwined storylines between the two songs, dubbing "Lover" a sequel: "They're cleaning up bottles as they laugh at their friends passed out in the living room." Reviewers commented the narrator on "Lover" finally lives up her happily-ever-after dream that Swift's past songs strived for. Vincent opined that the "guitar string scars" imagery is an allusion to Swift's albums "Red" (2012) and "1989" (2014), on which she moved from country to pop. Meanwhile, Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" deemed "Lover" a sequel to "Last Kiss", a song off "Speak Now" (2010), "but with a decade's worth more soul going into it". In "Vulture", Craig Jenkins noticed its intimate and introspective sentiments after the two preceding singles for the album—"Me!" and "You Need to Calm Down"—which have lyrics concerning the outer world and empowering oneself. Jenkins surmised that after the negative press surrounding "Reputation", "Lover" reflected Swift's desire to "want nothing more than a quiet place to retreat to when the rigors of life in public get her down".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Swift previewed "Lover" and part of the lyrics in a "Vogue" cover interview published on August 8, 2019. Three days later, she announced its release date at the 2019 Teen Choice Awards. Republic Records released "Lover" for digital download and streaming on August 16, 2019. The same day, a lyric video was released onto YouTube; it shows the song's lyrics projected onto a white bedsheet, on which home videos play in the background. On September 5, 2019, "Billboard" reported that "Lover" was the third radio single from the album, released to US pop and adult contemporary formats.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Republic Records released three alternate versions of "Lover". The first, a duet remix featuring Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, was released on November 13, 2019. Mendes contributed verses written by himself. Media publications praised Mendes's verses and falsetto vocals, but complained that they occasionally became cloying. The second, a remix subtitled "First Dance Remix", whose title refers to a newly-wed couple's opening dance at a wedding, was released on November 26, 2019. Featuring an orchestral arrangement used in Swift's performance at the 2019 American Music Awards, it received positive reviews for its ballroom atmosphere. The third, a live version subtitled "Live at Paris", recorded at Swift's City of Lover concert, was released on May 17, 2020.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The music video for "Lover", directed by Swift and Drew Kirsch, premiered on YouTube on August 22, 2019, hours before the album's release. Christian Owens, a dancer on Swift's 1989 and Reputation tours, stars as the male lead. The video was filmed in a set in Hollywood. According to Swift, its concept was inspired by the lyric "You two are dancing in a snow globe round and round" from the song "You Are in Love", a song about two best friends in love, taken from Swift's album "1989".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The video begins with a child receiving a snow globe as a gift on Christmas day, before focusing on the dollhouse inside the snow globe. Swift and Owens portray a couple who live in the house, which has seven distinctly-colored rooms. Each features scenes of the couple's domestic life through the ups and downs of their love. For instance, the green room shows Swift's character playing drums, the yellow room features the couple playing board games, the blue room has a giant fishbowl in which the couple swim, and an attic is where they reminisce by watching home videos. At the end, the child who receives the snow globe is revealed to be the couple's daughter. The video includes easter eggs to many of Swift's other songs. Media outlets welcomed the video's romantic and dreamy atmosphere; "Teen Vogue" Mary Elizabeth Andriotis compared the cinematography to the films of director Wes Anderson.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Lover" received positive reviews from music critics, compared to the lukewarm reception of the upbeat singles Swift had released before. They praised what they described as intimate lyrics and a romantic production. Jay Willis of "GQ", in a review of the album "Lover", dubbed the song "the best love story" that Swift had ever produced. Many critics commended "Lover" as a testament to Swift's talents as a singer-songwriter, with Abby Aguirre of "Vogue" describing the song as a "romantic, haunting [...] singer-songwritery nugget". "Slate" critic Carl Wilson found the songwriting "replete with the little twists of phrase and zoomed-in details that make the best Swift songs so Swifty". "The Independent" Alexandra Pollard called it a reminder of Swift's ability to "distil infatuation into something specific and universal".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The production was another point of praise. Zoladz said that "Lover", which she deemed the best single off the album, did not have commercial potential because it sounded like an outlier on radio, but for a good reason: "It's destined for more sacred spaces, like headphones, lonely car rides home after dropping someone off at an airport, and first dances at weddings." Bruton and Vincent described the romantic, "sepia-toned haze" as a welcoming artistic direction for Swift after the "messy clapbacks and vengeful undertones" directed at her media image on "Reputation". NPR's Katie Alice Greer and "The Boston Globe" Nora Princiotti lauded the bridge, with the former adding that the snare drums were her favorite sound on the album. Wilson lauded the "musical self-assuredness" that makes "Lover" a compelling track, and "Toronto Star" critic Ben Rayner opined that the stripped-down production, compared to other upbeat album tracks, highlights Swift's vocals and makes it a standout.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Critics have featured "Lover" highly on rankings of all songs in Swift's discography, including "Vulture" Nate Jones (2021), who ranked it 13th out of 179 songs; "NME" Hannah Mylrea (2020), 12th out of 161, and "Paste" Jane Song (2020), 6th out of 158. O'Connor ranked it 10th out of select 100 album tracks by Swift, lauding it as an experimental work "impressively bold this far into her career". Sheffield ranked "Lover" seventh in his 2021 ranking of Swift's 206-song catalog, praising her vocals as "the sensation at the top of the roller coaster when you realize you're zooming all the way down", and the use of the word "lover": "She reclaims the cringiest noun in the language and makes it credible for the first time since Prince sang, 'I Wanna Be Your Lover'."


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Lover" featured on many publications' lists of the best songs of 2019. "Cosmopolitan" included it in the top 10, "Elle" placed it second among the "19 best love songs", and "Idolator" ranked it 63rd among the "75 best pop songs" of 2019. The track featured on unranked lists by "Marie Claire" and "The Philadelphia Inquirer". Other publications that prominently ranked "Lover" in their year-end lists included "Billboard" (21st), "Complex" (35th), and "Pitchfork" (87th). In individual critics' lists, the song topped the list by David Farr from the "Sarasota Herald-Tribune" and made it to the top 10 (unranked) by Wilson. "Insider" included "Lover" at number 104 in their list of the 113 best songs of the 2010s decade.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: In the United States, "Lover" debuted atop the Hot Digital Songs chart with 35,000 digital copies sold first-week, giving Swift her 18th chart topper and extending her record as the artist with the most Hot Digital Songs number-one songs. On the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated August 31, 2019, it debuted at number 19. After its music video was released, the song rose to number 10 on the next charting week, becoming "Lover" third top-10 single and Swift's 25th top-10 chart entry. It spent a total of 22 weeks on the Hot 100. On "Billboard" airplay charts, the single peaked at numbers six on Adult Top 40, 10 on Adult Contemporary, and 16 on Mainstream Top 40. The Recording Industry Association of America, in October 2020, certified "Lover" double platinum for surpassing two million units based on sales and streaming.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: "Lover" peaked within the top 20 on singles charts of other English-speaking countries, reaching number three in both Australia and New Zealand, number seven in Canada, number nine in Ireland, number 12 in Scotland, and number 14 in the United Kingdom. The single was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, and triple platinum by Music Canada. In other countries, "Lover" reached number 14 on Poland's airplay chart and was certified platinum by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry; it also reached the top five in Lebanon and Singapore, and top 20 in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and was certified platinum by the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa in Portugal.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020, "Lover" was nominated for Song of the Year, becoming Swift's fourth nomination in the category after "You Belong with Me" (2010), "Shake It Off" (2015), and "Blank Space" (2016), and her first solo-written nomination. It lost to "Bad Guy", written by Billie Eilish and Finneas O'Connell; according to the "Los Angeles Times", the Grammy loss prompted speculation on whether it was affected by Swift's ongoing dispute with talent manager Scooter Braun and her former label Big Machine, over the acquisition of the master recordings to her past albums. At the 2020 Nashville Songwriter Awards, organized by the Nashville Songwriters Association International, "Lover" was listed among "10 Songs I Wish I'd Written".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: The single was one of the "10 International Gold Songs" awarded at Hong Kong's RTHK International Pop Poll Awards, and the Shawn Mendes remix was nominated for Best Remix at the iHeartRadio Music Awards. In 2021, Broadcast Music, Inc. during the BMI Pop Awards honored "Lover" as one of the 50 most-performed songs throughout the year, based on airplay and streaming performance. The music video won Best Production Design in a Video at the MVPA Awards, and received nominations for Favorite International Video at the Philippines' Myx Music Awards and Best Music Video and Best Cinematography at Poland's Camerimage film festival. At the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, "Lover" was nominated for Best Pop Video and Best Art Direction. Kurt Gefke, the video's production designer, received a nomination in the "Short Format" category at the ADG Excellence in Production Design Awards.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Swift performed "Lover" live on many occasions during promotion of the album in 2019. She first reprised it as part of a medley with "You Need to Calm Down" at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards, on August 26; she played the song a pink guitar and was surrounded with blue lights and a hovering moon. She sang "Lover" as part of a mini-concert held at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge, which premiered on September 2. On September 9, she included it in the set list to her one-off City of Lover concert in Paris. In October, she performed the song on "Saturday Night Live", where she sang a stripped-down, piano-led version, at a Tiny Desk Concert for NPR Music, and at the We Can Survive charity concert in Los Angeles. On November 10, Swift sang the track on the piano at the Alibaba Singles' Day Gala in Shanghai.


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: At the 2019 American Music Awards on November 24, where Swift was honored as Artist of the Decade, she performed a medley of select singles, which included "Lover" with an orchestral arrangement. During the song, Swift played and sang on a piano, donning a pink cape with gold detailing, as Misty Copeland and Craig Hall performed a ballet. "Variety" Chris Willman selected Swift's medley as the night's most memorable highlight, opining that the lush, string-laden orchestral atmosphere and the ballet performance elevated the show to a high point. The orchestral arrangement was incorporated into the original track, released as the "First Dance Remix". In December, she performed the song at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball 2019 in London and at iHeartRadio Z100's Jingle Ball in New York City. On December 14, Swift performed the song at the finale of BBC One's "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Lover (Taylor Swift song)

text: Country musician Keith Urban covered "Lover" at his Washington State Fair concert on August 31, 2019. He had showed gratitude for "Lover", which he described as "so exquisitely written [...] gorgeously crafted" that made him appreciate the "art of making music", on social media, and after the performance said he wish he had composed the song himself. Urban's cover was nominated for Best Cover Song at the 2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards. On March 4, 2020, Irish singer Niall Horan and American singer Fletcher released a cover version of the song, titled "Lover – Recorded at Air Studios, London", exclusively on Spotify. Critics described the cover as a power ballad combining rock styles such as pop rock and arena rock, with electric guitars, keyboard chords, and loud drums. On his decision to cover "Lover", Horan lauded it as a "classic" and expressed admiration for Swift's music.