title: Lee Ritenour

text: Ritenour was born on January 11, 1952 in Los Angeles, California, United States. At the age of eight he started playing guitar and four years later decided on a career in music. When he was 16 he played on his first recording session with the Mamas & the Papas. He developed a love for jazz and was influenced by guitarist Wes Montgomery. At the age of 17 he worked with Lena Horne and Tony Bennett. He studied classical guitar at the University of Southern California.


title: Lee Ritenour

text: Ritenour's solo career began with the album "First Course" (1976), a good example of the jazz-funk sound of the 1970s, followed by "Captain Fingers", "The Captain's Journey" (1978), and "Feel the Night" (1979).


title: Lee Ritenour

text: In 1979, he "was brought in to beef up" one of Pink Floyd's "The Wall"s heaviest rock numbers, "Run Like Hell". He played "uncredited rhythm guitar" on "One of My Turns".


title: Lee Ritenour

text: As the 1980s began, Ritenour began to add stronger elements of pop to his music, beginning with "Rit" (1981). "Rit" became his only release to chart in Australia, peaking at number 98. "Is It You" with vocals by Eric Tagg reached No. 15 on the "Billboard" pop chart and No. 27 on the Soul chart. The track peaked at number fifteen on Hot Adult Contemporary chart. He continued with the pop-oriented music for "Rit/2" (1982) and "Banded Together" (1984), while releasing a Direct-Disk instrumental album in 1983 called "On the Line". He also provided rhythm guitar on Tom Browne's album "Funkin' for Jamaica". He recorded "Harlequin" (1985) with Dave Grusin and vocals by Ivan Lins. His next album, "Earth Run", was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Jazz Fusion Performance. The album's title track was also Grammy nominated in the category of Best Instrumental Composition. "Portrait" (GRP, 1987) included guest performances by the Yellowjackets, Djavan, and Kenny G.


title: Lee Ritenour

text: In 1988, his Brazilian influence came to the forefront on "Festival", an album featuring his work on nylon-string guitar. He changed direction with his straight-ahead jazz album "Stolen Moments" which he recorded with saxophonist Ernie Watts, pianist Alan Broadbent, bassist John Patitucci, and drummer Harvey Mason. During the same year, he composed the theme song for the Canadian TV series "Ramona".


title: Lee Ritenour

text: In 1991 Ritenour and keyboardist Bob James formed the group Fourplay. He left the group in 1997 and was replaced by Larry Carlton. He released the career retrospective "Overtime" in 2005. "Smoke n' Mirrors" came out the next year with the debut of his thirteen-year-old son, Wesley, on drums.


title: Lee Ritenour

text: Celebrating his fifty years as a guitarist in 2010, Ritenour released "6 String Theory", a title that refers to six musical areas covered by the use of guitar.


title: Lee Ritenour

text: Lee Ritenour’s first few solo albums consisted entirely of instrumentals. Beginning with "Captain Fingers" (1977), Ritenour used vocalists on many of his songs:


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Titanic is a 1953 American drama film directed by Jean Negulesco and starring Clifton Webb and Barbara Stanwyck. It centers on an estranged couple on the ill-fated maiden voyage of the , which took place in April 1912.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: It was the first "Titanic" film for 20th Century Fox, which also released the 1997 film of the same title internationally, while Paramount Pictures handled the North American distribution.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: At the last minute, Richard Sturges (Clifton Webb), a wealthy expatriate in Europe, offers a Basque emigrant money for his steerage-class ticket (the lowest class) for the maiden voyage of the RMS "Titanic"—and succeeds. Once aboard, he seeks out his runaway wife, Julia (Barbara Stanwyck). He discovers she is trying to take their two unsuspecting children, 18-year-old Annette (Audrey Dalton) and ten-year-old Norman (Harper Carter), to her hometown of Mackinac Island, Michigan, to rear them as down-to-earth Americans rather than rootless elitists like Richard himself.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: As the ship is prepared for departure, the company representative suggests to captain Edward J. Smith (Brian Aherne) that a record-setting speedy passage would be welcomed.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Other passengers include Maude Young (based on real-life Titanic survivor Margaret "Molly" Brown), a wealthy woman of a working-class origin (Thelma Ritter); social-climbing Earl Meeker (Allyn Joslyn); a 20-year-old Purdue University tennis player, Gifford "Giff" Rogers (Robert Wagner); and George S. Healey (Richard Basehart), a Catholic priest who has been defrocked for alcoholism.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: When Annette learns Julia's intentions, she insists on returning to Europe with Richard on the next ship as soon as they reach America. Julia concedes that Annette is old enough to make her own decisions, but she insists on keeping custody of Norman. This angers Richard, forcing Julia to reveal that Norman is not his son, but rather the result of a one-night stand after one of their many bitter arguments. Upon hearing that, he agrees to give up all claim to Norman. He joins Maude, Earl, and George Widener in the lounge to play auction bridge with them. The next morning, when Norman reminds him of a shuffleboard game they had arranged, he coldly brushes him off.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Meanwhile, Giff falls for Annette at first glance. At first she repulses his brash attempts to become better acquainted, but eventually warms to him. That night, Giff, Annette, and a group of young people sing and play the piano in the dining room, while Captain Smith watches from a corner table.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Second Officer Charles Lightoller (Edmund Purdom) expresses his concern to Captain Smith about the ship's speed when they receive two messages from other ships warning of iceberg sightings near their route. However, Smith assures him there is no danger.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: That night, the lookout spots an iceberg dead ahead. The crew tries to steer clear of danger, but the ship is gashed below the waterline and begins taking on water. When Richard finds Captain Smith, he insists on being told the truth: The ship is doomed and there are not enough lifeboats for everyone on board. He tells his family to dress warmly but properly; then they head outside.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Richard and Julia have a tearful reconciliation on the boat deck, as he places her, Annette, and Norman into a lifeboat. Unnoticed by Julia, Norman gives up his seat to an older woman and goes looking for Richard. When one of the lines becomes tangled, preventing the boat from being lowered, Giff climbs down and fixes it, only to lose his grip and fall into the water. Unconscious but alive, he is dragged onto the boat.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Meeker disguises himself as a woman to board a lifeboat, but Maude Young notices his shoes and unmasks him in front of the others. At the other end of the spectrum of courage and unselfishness, George Healey heads down into one of the boiler rooms to comfort injured crewmen.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: As the "Titanic" is in her final moments, Norman and Richard find each other. Richard tells a passing steward that Norman is his "son" and then tells Norman that he has been proud of him every day of his life. Then they join the rest of the doomed passengers and the crew in singing the hymn "Nearer, My God, to Thee". As the last boiler explodes, the "Titanic"s bow plunges, pivoting her stern high into the air while she rapidly slides into the icy water. As dawn approaches, the survivors are seen in the lifeboats, waiting for help to arrive.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Walter Reisch says Darryl F. Zanuck called him and Charles Brackett in and told them, "I have Clifton Webb under contract, and we have CinemaScope, and I now want to do something big...Don't make Clifton a clown. I want him to start a new career as a character actor. Use all the young people we have on the lot, like Audrey Dalton and Robert Wagner..."


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Reisch says he came up with the Titanic idea and pitched Clifton Webb as one of the 25 multi-millionaires who died on it. He said the film would be "60 percent truth, completely documentary" drawing on real-life accounts. A part was written for Thelma Ritter. Reisch says it was Richard Breen's idea to have an alcoholic priest.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Brackett, who co-wrote and produced the film, told the press that some of the stories had to be discarded "because they are too fantastic for movie audiences to believe". At one point the film was going to be called "Nearer My God to Thee".


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: In a September 1952 news article, it was reported that Terry Moore was set to play the role of Annette Sturges, on condition that she would finish production of "Man on a Tightrope" on time.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: According to the film aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 91% "Fresh" rating, based on 10 reviews.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: "Variety" reviewed the film positively stating, "but by the time the initial 45 or 50 minutes are out of the way, the impending disaster begins to take a firm grip on the imagination and builds a compelling expectancy".


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: Pauline Kael was not impressed with the picture's special effects. She wrote: "the actual sinking looks like a nautical tragedy on the pond in Central Park".


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: It is generally considered by historians that "Titanic" contains abundant historical inaccuracies. For example, the maiden voyage was not sold out, but actually barely more than half-booked, as shown by White Star Line records of 1912. Linda Koldau writes: ""Titanic" experts rightly emphasize that the scene at Cherbourg is historical nonsense, since the "Titanic" was far from being sold out and an additional passenger would easily have been able to purchase a first-class ticket ... Yet if one accepts that historical accuracy is not the point here, since the story is not at all that of the "Titanic", it is a perfectly functioning script". Also, "Carpathia" had arrived at the scene at around 4:10 A.M., and started picking up the survivors before sunrise. The rescue took several hours. In addition, Captain Smith was not awake at the time of the ship's allision with the iceberg, as shown in the film, but was awakened immediately thereafter and summoned to the bridge. Also, the wireless from the Caronia warning Titanic of an iceberg ahead of it on the steamer track, was never shown by the wireless operator Jack Phillips to the Captain or other officers, but in the film Phillips does show it to Captain Smith and First Officer Charles Lightoller, who then wonders in the film whether that is the same iceberg north of the steamer track previously warned of in a wireless from the Baltic, which Phillips had shown to his superior officers.


title: Titanic (1953 film)

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and was nominated for the Best Art Direction. The film was also nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Isabella of Portugal (24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort and queen consort of her cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and Lady of the Netherlands from 10 March 1526 until her death in 1539, and became Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Italy in February 1530. She was the regent of Spain because of her husband's constant travels through Europe, focusing on the kingdom's policies independent of the Empire and managing the economy.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Isabella was born in Lisbon on 24 October 1503 and named after her maternal grandmother (Isabella I) as well as her maternal aunt, who had been her father's first wife. She was the second child and first daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragon. Isabella was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Luis in 1506.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Isabella was educated under the supervision of her governess Elvira de Mendoza. Her studies included mathematics, Renaissance classics, the languages of Latin, Spanish and French besides her native Portuguese, etiquette, and the Christian doctrine. Isabella and her siblings were punished by their mother, "when they deserved it, without pardoning any of them." At the age of 14, her mother died. She and her sisters inherited her properties, plus the income from Viseu and Torres Vedras.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: As the eldest daughter of Manuel "the Fortunate", Isabella was a rather attractive candidate for marriage. The ideal candidate for her husband was her first cousin Charles, son of Maria's sister, Joanna I of Castile and her husband Philip, Duke of Burgundy. Their marriage would bring a strong alliance between Spain and Portugal, in accordance with the wishes of their grandparents, Isabella I of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragón. It would also facilitate the continued exploration of the oceans without incurring clashes, as Portugal was the only naval power that could challenge Spain's supremacy in the Atlantic ocean. Plus, as Charles was sovereign of multiple kingdoms, it was necessary that Portugal, Christendom's richest kingdom, would fall under Spain's orbit and not of France, which had happened in the War of Castilian Succession. Moreover, because he had been raised in Burgundy, the Spanish nobles and subjects reportedly insisted that he should marry a princess from the Iberian peninsula.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: However, the 18-year-old Charles was in no hurry to marry and instead sent his sister Eleanor to marry Isabella's widowed father in 1518. Charles's Flemish advisors, especially William de Croÿ, later convinced him to relegate the Portuguese alliance to the background and replace it with an alliance with England. In 1521, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, who was 16 years younger than Charles and still a child. Their engagement sought to undo an alliance between England and France articulated by the ambitious Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Many in Portugal took their Infanta's rejection as an offence, but Isabella remained determined that she would marry her powerful cousin or else enter a convent. By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could wait no longer for Mary to get older because he was determined to have legitimate children. His engagement was called off, the alliance with England was abandoned, and he finally sought to marry Isabella. There were many more advantages - she was closer to him in age (she was only 3 years his junior), fluent in Spanish, and offered a dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados (or Castilian folds) which was more than enough to solve many of his financial problems brought on by the Italian War of 1521-26.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Charles wasted no time in securing a papal dispensation for first cousins and the marriage contract for an alliance with Portugal were made - Isabella would marry him and her brother, King John III of Portugal, would marry Charles' youngest sister, Catherine of Austria. Charles intended to wed and then leave his future wife as regent to govern Spain while he went to Central Europe to deal with political and religious troubles there. In January 1526, Isabella traveled to Spain. Upon her arrival, she met the Duke of Calabria, the Archbishop of Toledo and the Duke of Béjar at the Spanish-Portuguese border. They escorted her to Seville, where she was to wait for Charles for a week. At the end, their wedding took place the very next day just after midnight on 11 March in the Palace of Alcázar of Seville.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Although their marriage was a political arrangement, Isabella captivated Charles, who tarried with her longer than anticipated. They honeymooned for several months at the Alhambra in Granada, where he ordered the seeds of a Persian flower that had never been seen before in Spain. The seeds eventually grew into the red carnation, which delighted her. He then ordered thousands more to be planted in her honour, establishing the red carnation as Spain's floral emblem. Despite the mutual affection the couple shared, their marriage was not easy. His first absence lasted from 1529 to April 1533. He remained in Spain for 2 years, only to depart again in December 1536. Although he came back briefly in 1538, he left almost immediately, returning in November 1539. As agreed by the nobles, their children were raised in Spain. She supervised their education and taught them Portuguese. She wrote to her husband regularly, but often spent months without receiving letters.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: As Charles had planned, he appointed Isabella regent of Spain during his absence from the peninsula to lead his military campaigns and attend the administration of his other kingdoms between 1529-33 and 1537–39. She attended meetings of the governing councils and consulted with the ministers. As time passed, she took a more active role in the policy-making process, suggesting her own solutions rather than merely accepting recommendations. Her husband considered her deliberations "very prudent and well thought out."


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Isabella was a profound expert of the problems of the peninsular kingdoms, intransigently defending the good common to particular interests. At the external level, her sensible actions were decisive in the defence of the coasts of the peninsula and of North Africa, which were infested by piracy. This allowed the flow of precious metals and turned Spain into one of the chief sources of the imperial treasury. Through her regencies, she ensured that Spain remained independent of the empire's expensive military policies and thus relatively prosperous during her lifetime. However, Castile became integrated into Charles's empire and suffered from high inflation after her death. The enormous budget deficit accumulated and inflation during her husband's later reign resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of their son Philip II.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Isabella effectively defended the royal power in order to ensure the monarch's authority, as a response towards the previous rebellions against Charles for his foreign relationships. She traveled regularly in the autumn between Toledo, Valladolid, Seville, Barcelona and Majorca. To deal with important matters of the empire, the couple wrote to each other more regularly. In foreign policy, Isabella actively intervened in the negotiations of marital alliances between the French and Spanish royal families. She was very concerned that her own children wouldn't be forced to wed the much older offspring of King Francis I.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: During several years, Isabella and the court traveled from city to city, moving in part to avoid exposure to epidemics. There is speculation that she suffered from consumption, with a contemporary describing her: "The Empress is the greatest pity in the world, she is so thin that she does not resemble a person". In 1539, she became pregnant for the seventh time, but contracted another fever in the third month that caused antenatal complications and gave birth to a stillborn son. She died two weeks later on 1 May 1539 at the age of 35, without her husband present.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Charles was left so devastated that he couldn't bring himself to accompany his wife's body to the Royal Chapel of Granada, the burial place of the Catholic Monarchs. He instead instructed their son Philip to accompany his mother's body with Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía. Decomposition had so disfigured Isabella's body, however, that Gandía couldn't recognize her and was allegedly so horrified at what death had done to her beauty that he later became a Jesuit, gaining fame as San Francisco de Borja. Charles was so grief-stricken by her death that he shut himself in a monastery for 2 months, praying and mourning for her in solitude. He never recovered from her death and wore black for the rest of his life to show his mourning. He never remarried, though he had an affair long after her death that resulted in the birth of an illegitimate son, John of Austria. Charles died as a widower in 1558 while holding the same cross in his hand which she held in her hand when she died.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: In 1574, Isabella's body was transferred by her son to the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, where she was originally interred into a small vault along with her husband directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel. This was done in accordance with his last will and testament, in which he left a codicil asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which the couple would be reburied together side by side, "half-body under the altar and half under the priest's feet". They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal Crypt were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal Crypt were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson Philip IV, the couple's remains were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter Maria of Austria and Charles's sisters, Eleanor of Austria and Maria of Hungary, behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson Carlos, Prince of Asturias.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: In memory of Isabella, Charles commissioned several tributes through art and music, beginning in 1540 when he commissioned the Flemish composer Thomas Crecquillon to compose new music in honour of the Empress. Crecquillon composed his "Missa Mort m'a privé" as a memorial to her, which expresses her husband's grief and wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. Another musical tribute to her is "Carole cur defles Isabellam" that was composed in 1545 by the Franco-Flemish composer Nicolas Payen.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: In 1543, Charles commissioned his favourite painter Tiziano Vecelli to paint posthumous portraits of Isabella by using earlier ones of her as his model. Tiziano painted several portraits of her, which included his "Portrait of The Empress Isabel of Portugal" and "La Gloria". He later painted a double portrait of the imperial couple together, of which there is a copy by Peter Paul Rubens. Charles kept these portraits with him whenever he travelled and after he retired to the Monastery of Yuste in 1555.


title: Isabella of Portugal

text: Isabella had seven children with Charles, of whom 3 survived including King Philip II of Spain and Maria, another Holy Roman Empress.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Fredrik Thordendal (born 11 February 1970) is a Swedish musician, best known as the lead guitarist and backing vocalist for the extreme metal band Meshuggah, of which he is a founding member.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Along with Meshuggah's rhythm guitarist Mårten Hagström, Thordendal was rated No. 35 by "Guitar World" in the top 100 greatest heavy metal guitarists of all-time.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Thordendal began his career when he formed "Metallien", a heavily Metallica-influenced band, in his hometown Umeå in 1985. The band later changed their name to Meshuggah and released their first LP Psykisk Testbild in 1989. Beginning as a thrash metal band, Meshuggah's music gradually evolved into a more progressive sound. This sound has become influential on other bands, such as Periphery, whose core member Misha Mansoor was instrumental in coining the term "Djent" in reference to the commonly-utilised technique of playing heavily muted, extended powerchords found within Meshuggah's music. Thordendal has been widely recognized in the metal community for his work with Meshuggah.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Under the name "Fredrik Thordendal's Special Defects", Thordendal released a solo album in 1997 titled "Sol Niger Within" with Ultimate Audio Entertainment. The album was remixed and re-released by Ultimate Audio Entertainment and Relapse Records in 1999 under the title "Sol Niger Within version 3.33". The re-release contains two bonus tracks but omits several parts of the original version. SNW's newly mastered version was also released for the first time on vinyl in 2016 by Husaria Records, an American label specializing in audiophile releases; the album's original material was pressed as both lacquer cut variant (500 units) and Direct Metal Mastering variant (500 units). Thordendal also featured on several tracks for drummer Morgan Ågren's Mats/Morgan Band.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: As a guitarist, Thordendal draws attention with his clean, complex lead-playing, inspired by jazz fusion guitarist Allan Holdsworth, and complex rhythm-playing featuring prominent polymetric passages. These characteristics are augmented by his use of seven and eight-string guitars. He has a large contribution to songwriting, as well as providing backing vocals for some songs during live performances.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Fredrik has been quoted as stating that Metallica and Tool as influences on Meshuggah. Meshuggah supported Tool during their U.S. tour in the fall of 2002, where drummer Tomas Haake even guest appearing, playing "Triad" with the band.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Fredrik praises jazz fusion guitarist Wayne Krantz's work with Keith Carlock and Tim Lefebvre, stating that "these guys are the most inspiring band I've heard in a very long time". He has also stated that he listens to Massive Attack and Cult of Luna.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: In an interview with Guitar World in 2011 Fredrik states "My dad always listened to jazz, and I guess that influenced me to learn about improvisation. An improvised solo sounds so much better than a written one. For me, there's not much thinking going on at all, only a reaction to what I'm being told from the inside. And no, I have not had any formal training. When I record my leads, they are usually based on feel and totally ignorant to all laws of music theory. This, of course, is because I just play whatever comes out. There are no rules. But on certain songs, I do have to figure out what scales I need to use to follow chord changes. Since I'm not very good with all the scales, I sometimes have to write parts down and plan things ahead. I usually improvise the first part, then insert the written part and continue to improvise until the end of the solo. It's a very confusing way to do it, but I do whatever it takes to make it sound like I know what I'm doing".


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Fredrik utilizes a unique device for his leads, referred to as the MIDI breath controller. He states "I was mainly interested in using it as a dynamics controller. I wanted to start a note at a lower volume and then bring it up, like a saxophonist does. But I've since found that is more or less impossible with a guitar. Since the controller didn't produce the sound I was after, I had to find other ways of using it. It turned out that the only thing that sounded cool was when I blew every single note with it, which generated this weird staccato sound. The first breath controller we made—the one I used on "Future Breed Machine" and "Sublevels" from Destroy Erase Improve—could only control the volume. So Johan Haake and I tried all kinds of things to get closer to what I originally wanted, like adding control over frequencies and distortion. I am really pleased with how the "Missing Time" solo turned out from Sol Niger Within Version 3.33 [the remix CD of the debut album from his side project Fredrik Thordendal's Special Defects]. But I never thought we got close enough, so I sort of gave up on it. A couple of years ago it was for sale to the public, but not any more".


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: In 2010, Fredrik recorded some drum tracks with Morgan Ågren [of Swedish prog-rock band Kaipa] and [Soilwork's] Dirk Verbeuren.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Several of Fredrik's demos have been released on the internet as MP3s or as videos on YouTube. One composition entitled "Demo 33" can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYkSb7wtj0E. "Demo 33" was used to demonstrate Fredrik's MIDI breath controller, which is used on several Meshuggah songs, one being Future Breed Machine. More information regarding the controller can be found at http://www8.tfe.umu.se/personliga/jh/index.html (along with the original "Demo 33" MP3 and other demos of the device). The site was created by Johan Haake, brother of Meshuggah drummer Tomas Haake, and the creator of the original MIDI breath controller for Fredrik. Another demo idea, called "Secrets of the Unknown" can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMUXa6Q7B6I.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: With regards to a second Special Defects album Fredrik states "It's actually been messing with my head for years now. I haven't really found the time to get the project going. This is a project that I will work on for a longer time, with no rush whatsoever, to make it the best I possibly can. I'm looking forward to making it because I think it will sound so different from anything I've ever heard before".


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Thordendal is also a producer of some note, having produced all of Meshuggah's recent material and also releases for various other bands, Switzerland's Fragment among them.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Thordendal has featured in numerous side-projects, such as XXX Atomic Toejam with Petter Marklund. The project had released a 7" two-track single "Celebration" under the name Sepülchre Inc., then took the moniker XXX Atomic Toejam and issued an MCD entitled "A Gathering of the Tribes for the First / Last Human Be-In" on Cold Meat Industry and also featured a track on the "Karmanik Collection" compilation. A full-length album was long announced, but never surfaced. Thordendal also played bass for Petter Marklund's solo project Memorandum and together with Marklund remixed tracks on the 1995 compilation album "Ars Moriendi".


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Thordendal features in the Darkane track "Psychic Pain" from the album Insanity, performing lead guitar. Thordendal also contributed to the song "Asphyxiate" which can be found on Scarve's album Irradiant. He played a guitar solo on the title track of the Devin Townsend Project album Deconstruction.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Fredrik Thordendal cut off the tip of his left middle finger at work. The fingertip was sewn back on, and after a fair degree of re-learning and practicing, he regained full proficiency on guitar within a year or so. He also made a contribution towards the soundtrack to the video games "", released 2014 and "", released 2017.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: Thordendal's current main guitars are Ibanez Custom 8-String M8M which feature RG-shaped or Iceman-shaped alder bodies with 5-piece maple/Bubinga neck-thru necks (29.4" {746.76 mm}), rosewood fingerboards (no inlays), fixed bridge (actually an Ibanez FX-Edge fixed tremolo), one volume, one tone, and one Lundgren Model 8 pickup. The fixed bridge on one of his 8 strings has since been replaced with a Kahler tremolo system. Thordendal also owns a 7-string acoustic guitar, also made by Ibanez. For some time he also used Nevborn guitars. This company made Meshuggah their first 8 string guitars: however these guitars suffered from intonation problems, causing Thordendal to abandon the company and switch to exclusively using Ibanez guitars. On the current North American tour promoting Koloss, he has been using a custom Firebird, Iceman and Explorer type body 8 string, the Stoneman. The Stoneman features a 27" scale length, which Thordendal prefers, as mentioned by his tech in an interview with Premier Guitar. This guitar is in production by the name Ibanez FTM33.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: For early Meshuggah releases, Fredrik tuned his 7 strings in B♭ tuning (a half step below standard tuning on a 7-string guitar). He followed suit when he started using 8 string guitars, tuning them down to F tuning (F, B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭,G♭, B♭, E♭). It was explained in an interview that they tuned their guitars this way because in the early days of Meshuggah, before Jens Kidman adopted his signature vocal style, it was easier for him to sing in the key of E♭ or B♭. Occasionally Thordendal deviates from his "standard" tuning: on the songs "Glints Collide", "Organic Shadows", "Perpetual Black Second", "The Hurt That Finds You First" and "Stengah" he tunes the low F string of his 8 string guitar a half step lower to E, he also tunes it to E♭ on "Nebulous" and "Shed" and even to D on "Obsidian". On "Spasm" he tunes it even lower from that, down to B♭ (B♭, B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, B♭, E♭), making the 8th string an octave below the 7th, while "Mind's Mirrors" utilizes the 8th string tuned down to E0.


title: Fredrik Thordendal

text: DR Strings, Tite-Fit, LH-9 "Lite & Heavy" set: [.009 – .011 – .016 – .026 – .036 – .046], .052, .070 ("stock gauges on the Ibanez M8M signature guitar")


title: Mark Dayton

text: Mark Brandt Dayton (born January 26, 1947) is an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Minnesota from 2011 to 2019. He was a United States Senator for Minnesota from 2001 to 2007, and the Minnesota State Auditor from 1991 to 1995. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), which affiliates with the national Democratic Party.


title: Mark Dayton

text: A native of Minnesota, Dayton is the great-grandson of businessman George Dayton, the founder of Dayton's, a department store that later became the Target Corporation. He embarked on a career in teaching and social work in New York City and Boston after graduating from Yale University in 1969. During the 1970s, he served as a legislative aide to U.S. Senator Walter Mondale and Minnesota Governor Rudy Perpich. In 1978, Dayton was appointed the Minnesota Economic Development Commissioner and married Alida Rockefeller Messinger, a member of the Rockefeller family.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton ran for the U.S. Senate in 1982 against Republican Party incumbent David Durenberger. He defeated former U.S. senator Eugene McCarthy in the Democratic primary, and the general election became one of the most expensive in state history. Dayton campaigned as a populist in opposition to Reaganomics and famously promised "to close tax loopholes for the rich and the corporations and if you think that includes the Daytons, you're right". Durenberger won the election, and Dayton returned to the Perpich administration until his election as Minnesota State Auditor in 1990.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In 1998, Dayton ran for governor, losing the Democratic nomination to Hubert Humphrey III. In 2000, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating Republican incumbent Rod Grams. As senator, Dayton voted against the authorization for Iraq War, and became the first senator to introduce legislation creating a cabinet-level United States Department of Peace. In 2006, he chose not to seek reelection, citing his disillusionment with Washington, D.C. and fundraising.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In 2010, Dayton defeated Republican Tom Emmer to become governor of Minnesota despite national success for the Republican Party, including in the Minnesota legislature. He won a second term in 2014 over Republican opponent Jeff Johnson and opted not to run for a third term in 2018. His major legislative initiatives during his governorship include the legalization of same-sex marriage and the construction of U.S. Bank Stadium.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton was born on January 26, 1947, in Minneapolis and is the eldest of Gwendolen May (Brandt) and Bruce Bliss Dayton's four children. He is a great-grandson of businessman George Dayton, the founder of the Dayton's department store chain. His father, Bruce Dayton, served as the chairman and CEO of Dayton Hudson Corporation, the company that later became the Target Corporation. Bruce Dayton also founded the B. Dalton bookstore chain in 1966.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Mark Dayton was raised in Long Lake, Minnesota and graduated from the Blake School in Minneapolis, where he was an all-state ice-hockey goaltender as a senior.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton attended Yale University, where he played varsity hockey until an accident on the ice. During his time at Yale, he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (alongside future President George W. Bush) and received his B.A. in psychology in 1969. After college, Dayton worked as teacher in the Lower East Side of New York City from 1969 to 1971, and then as the chief financial officer of a social service agency in Boston from 1971 to 1975.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton first became politically active in the 1960s. He protested the Vietnam War in April 1970 at one of Minnesota's major antiwar protests against Honeywell, where he was maced by police. Dayton's father served on the Honeywell board of directors and the two had a strained relationship after the incident.


title: Mark Dayton

text: From 1975 to 1976 he was a legislative aide to Senator Walter Mondale, until Mondale's election as Vice President of the United States. From 1977 to 1978, Dayton served as an aide to Minnesota Governor Rudy Perpich. In 1978, Perpich appointed Dayton to head the Department of Economic Development and then the Department of Energy and Economic Development.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In 1998, Dayton ran an unsuccessful campaign for governor, losing the Democratic nomination to Hubert Humphrey III. In 2000, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating Republican incumbent Rod Grams. As senator, Dayton voted against the authorization for Iraq War, and was the first senator to introduce legislation creating a cabinet-level United States Department of Peace. In 2006, he chose not to seek reelection, citing his disillusionment with Washington, D.C. and fundraising.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton first ran for the United States Senate in 1982 but lost to Republican incumbent David Durenberger. He defeated former U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy in the Democratic primary, and the general election became one of the most expensive in state history. Dayton campaigned as a populist in opposition to Reaganomics and famously promised "to close tax loopholes for the rich and the corporations and if you think that includes the Daytons, you're right".


title: Mark Dayton

text: He was elected to the Senate in 2000, defeating Republican incumbent Rod Grams. Dayton self-financed his 2000 campaign with $12 million.


title: Mark Dayton

text: While in the Senate, Dayton donated his salary to fund bus trips for seniors to buy cheaper prescription drugs in Canada. He generally voted with his fellow Democrats.


title: Mark Dayton

text: On February 9, 2005, he announced that he would not run for reelection, saying, "Everything I've worked for, and everything I believe in, depends upon this Senate seat remaining in the Democratic caucus in 2007. I do not believe that I am the best candidate to lead the DFL Party to victory next year." He also cited his dislike of fundraising and political campaigns. Dayton was succeeded in the Senate by Amy Klobuchar, another DFLer.


title: Mark Dayton

text: On September 22, 2005, the 44th anniversary of the day President John F. Kennedy signed the Peace Corps into law, Dayton became the first U.S. Senator to introduce legislation creating a cabinet-level Department of Peace. At the same time, similar legislation was introduced in the House by Congressman Dennis Kucinich.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In April 2006, "Time" magazine rated Dayton one of America's "Five Worst Senators", calling him "The Blunderer" for such "erratic behavior" as his temporary closure of his office in 2004 because of an unspecified terrorist threat, his complaints about "limited power in a chamber where authority derives from seniority," and his comment in February 2005 that the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota was "worth a hell of a lot more than the whole state of South Dakota", a remark he later apologized for. News reports of a Dayton question-and-answer session quoted him giving himself an F grade for his time in the Senate. Largely based on his Washington behavior, "The New Republic" dubbed Dayton's subsequent run for state-level elected office "Eeyore For Governor."


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton won the 2010 gubernatorial Democratic primary by 1,500 votes, in what was called a "remarkable political comeback".


title: Mark Dayton

text: In September 2006, Dayton requested a review of the Rogers, Minnesota tornado to determine whether the National Weather Service had acted properly and the deaths of victims were unavoidable.


title: Mark Dayton

text: The 2003 lawsuit "Office of Senator Mark Dayton v. Brad Hanson" involved an accusation of wrongful termination by Brad Hanson, who worked as State Office Manager for Dayton, and who was fired shortly after taking medical leave for a heart problem. Hanson sued under the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995, claiming that Dayton had discriminated against him because of a perceived disability. Dayton argued that he was immunized from suit by the speech or debate clause of the United States Constitution. Dayton claimed that Hanson's duties were directly related to Dayton's legislative functions, and that the decision to fire him could not be challenged. The District Court denied the motion, and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States, where oral arguments were heard on April 24, 2007. The Supreme Court ruled 8–0 that it lacked jurisdiction to hear the appeal and dismissed the case, declining to grant certiorari. Dayton reached a settlement with Hanson in 2009, shortly after Dayton became a candidate for governor.


title: Mark Dayton

text: On January 16, 2009, Dayton announced his candidacy for Governor of Minnesota. In a crowded Democratic field of challengers, Dayton chose to bypass the state caucuses and convention in favor of the primary election. He stated he made that decision because the primary election is a more democratic method of choosing a candidate. He relied on personal funds for his campaign. On May 24, 2010, he announced State Senator Yvonne Prettner Solon of Duluth as his running mate for lieutenant governor. On August 10, 2010, Dayton defeated the DFL-endorsed Margaret Anderson Kelliher in a close primary election, 41.33% to 39.75%; Dayton was later endorsed by the Minnesota DFL to earn his party's nomination for governor.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In the general election on November 2, 2010, Dayton led his Republican opponent, Tom Emmer, at the close of balloting by just under 9,000 votes. The margin of victory was small enough to trigger an automatic recount under state law. Analysts generally thought it unlikely that Dayton's lead would be overturned. During the hand recount of ballots, Emmer failed to find enough questionable ballots to overturn Dayton's lead. Emmer conceded the election on December 8, 2010.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Minnesota Independence Party candidate Tom Horner received 11.9% of the vote, and it has been suggested that Horner cost Emmer the election by splitting the vote.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton took the oath of office to become Governor of Minnesota on January 3, 2011. Taking office a few weeks before his 64th birthday, Dayton was the oldest person ever inaugurated as governor in Minnesota history. Former Vice President and Senator Walter Mondale served as Master of Ceremony at the inauguration. The first DFLer to serve as governor in 20 years, Dayton succeeded Republican Governor Tim Pawlenty. On January 5, Governor Dayton signed two Executive Orders allowing the Minnesota Departments of Commerce and Health to apply for federal health-care grants, and provide $1.2 billion in federal funds toward an Early Option for a statewide Medicaid Opt-In program. These Executive Orders reversed the previous administration's ban on federal funding for the state's health-care system. In March 2011, Dayton signed a law increasing penalties on those who injure or kill police dogs.


title: Mark Dayton

text: On July 1, 2011, the Minnesota government went into a shutdown as a result of an impasse during budget negotiations between Dayton and the Republican-led legislature. On July 20, 2011, Dayton and the legislature reached an agreement, ending the 20-day shutdown.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton led an effort to have a new stadium constructed for the Minnesota Vikings. In May 2011, after efforts to have the stadium financed by Hennepin County failed, Ramsey County officials announced they had reached an agreement with the Minnesota Vikings to be the team's local partner for a new stadium, subject to approval by the Minnesota Legislature and to approval of a sales tax by the Ramsey County Board. Dayton was reluctant to go along with the team's Arden Hills proposal because it would cost a total $1.1 billion, including an additional $131 million for road improvements, and later tried to make a push to have the stadium built on the site of the farmers' market near Linden Avenue in downtown Minneapolis. On March 1, 2012, plans to build the stadium in either Arden Hills or the Linden Avenue site were abandoned after an agreement was announced by Dayton for a new stadium to be built on the site of the Metrodome, pending approval by the state legislature and the Minneapolis city council. In May 2012, the proposal to build the stadium on the Metrodome site was passed by the Minnesota Legislature and soon afterwards signed into law by Dayton; On May 25, the proposal was officially finalized after receiving the approval of the Minneapolis City Council.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In 2012, Dayton commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Dakota War of 1862 with a call for reconciliation, and repudiation of former governor Alexander Ramsey's position. Flags were flown at half mast for a "Day of Remembrance and Reconciliation in Minnesota."


title: Mark Dayton

text: In the legislative session that ended in May 2013, Dayton pushed for and won a $2.1 billion tax increase, mostly on the wealthy and cigarettes. He also signed a bill legalizing gay marriage in Minnesota, created free, statewide, all-day kindergarten and financed expansions of the Mayo Clinic, 3M and Mall of America. In the spring 2014 session, Dayton came under fire from supporters and foes alike for opposing the legalization of medical marijuana, which polls showed 65% of Minnesotans support. One supporter, the mother of a child with severe epilepsy, alleged Dayton told her in a meeting that he would not legalize the drug but she could buy the drug illegally instead. Dayton denied saying that. On April 2, Marijuana Policy Project began airing an ad across the state attacking Dayton's opposition to medical marijuana legalization, featuring a St. Paul mother and her child whose severe seizures could be cured by medical marijuana.


title: Mark Dayton

text: On December 6, 2017, Politico reported that Dayton was expected to appoint Lieutenant Governor Tina Smith to Al Franken's Senate seat if Franken decided to resign amid multiple sexual misconduct allegations against him. Franken resigned on January 2, 2018, and Dayton then appointed Smith to the U.S. Senate seat.


title: Mark Dayton

text: As of 2010, Dayton received 100% ratings from the AFL–CIO, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, and the liberal group Americans for Democratic Action. Dayton received a 79% rating from the League of Conservation Voters for his support of green energy as of 2010. In 2005, Dayton scored a 9% rating from the Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton supports health-care coverage for all Americans, with increased state and federal spending on health care. Dayton supports a progressive tax to decrease state and federal deficits. To help create jobs, he proposed a state stimulus package as part of his gubernatorial platform. Dayton supports increased funding for K–12 schools, with increased teachers' salaries and decreased class size.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In July 2000, Dayton answered an election questionnaire saying he would expand Medicare prescription-drug coverage. He favors keeping Social Security intact, and opposes privatization of Social Security. He received a 90% rating by the Alliance for Retired Americans.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Until 2013, Dayton opposed the legalization of medical cannabis and drug policy reform, adopting the same position as his Republican predecessor Tim Pawlenty. The Marijuana Policy Project called Dayton "no more favorable" to drug policy reform than the last Republican governor. When Dayton posed a $2 million study on medical marijuana with the Mayo Clinic instead of signing a bill to legalize medical marijuana, advocates "bashed" Dayton for not allowing suffering patients to have access to the drug. City Pages reported that the Governor could lose the vote of the many supporters of medical marijuana, 65% of Minnesotans, to the 3/5 of Republican candidates for governor in 2014 who "strike a more liberal tone on marijuana reform" than the Democratic incumbent.


title: Mark Dayton

text: With Senator Joe Lieberman and Representative Barney Frank, Dayton introduced legislation to the Governmental Affairs Committee to extend domestic partners of federal employees all benefits available and obligations imposed upon a spouse of an employee. Dayton voted against a constitutional ban of same-sex marriage in June 2006, and supported civil marriage equality in his gubernatorial platform. On May 14, 2013, Governor Dayton signed into law a bill passed by the Minnesota House and Senate to legalize same-sex marriage in the state.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In October 2002, Dayton voted against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq. He followed up three years later by introducing Senate Bill 1756 to create a cabinet-level Department of Peace a week after Dennis Kucinich introduced a similar bill in the House. The bill never emerged from the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton was born into one of Minnesota's most famous families. His father built the family business into a retail empire.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton found his political calling while studying pre-med at Yale University, after his political hero, Robert F. Kennedy, was assassinated. Dayton soon began his career in public service. In the 1970s, his political activism earned him a spot as the only Minnesotan on Nixon’s "enemies list", a fact he cited in future campaign speeches. In a 1982 race, Dayton called his wealth his "original sin" and promised to close tax loopholes for corporations and the rich.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Dayton has been married three times. In 1978, he married Alida Ferry Rockefeller, at the Rockefeller home in Tarrytown, New York. Alida is the youngest sister of U.S. Senator John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV. Together they had two sons, Eric and Andrew. They divorced in 1986.


title: Mark Dayton

text: Despite his wealth, Dayton lives modestly. He is a recovering alcoholic and has been treated for mild depression. He revealed this information on his own initiative, saying he felt "people have the right to know."


title: Mark Dayton

text: In December 2012, Dayton underwent vertebral fusion surgery at the Mayo Clinic to treat his spinal stenosis. On June 25, 2013, he had to cancel an appearance due to a muscle tear. In January 2016, Dayton fainted while speaking at a campaign event in Woodbury, Minnesota. He was hospitalized overnight. A year later, he collapsed while giving the State of the State address to the Minnesota legislature. After a check by emergency medical services, he was reported to be in fine condition and was sent home that evening. The next day he announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer a week earlier.


title: Mark Dayton

text: On October 8, 2019, the University of Minnesota's Center for Integrative Leadership announced that Dayton had joined the center as an Executive Leadership Fellow for the 2019–2020 academic year.


title: Mark Dayton

text: In December 2020, Dayton married former congressional intern and campaign staffer Ana Orke. He first met her at a 2005 political fundraiser when he was in the U.S. Senate.


title: Direct sum

text: The direct sum is an operation between structures in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is defined differently, but analogously, for different kinds of structures. To see how the direct sum is used in abstract algebra, consider a more elementary kind of structure, the abelian group. The direct sum of two abelian groups formula_1 and formula_2 is another abelian group formula_3 consisting of the ordered pairs formula_4 where formula_5 and formula_6. To add ordered pairs, we define the sum formula_7 to be formula_8; in other words addition is defined coordinate-wise. For example, the direct sum formula_9, where formula_10 is real coordinate space, is the Cartesian plane, formula_11. A similar process can be used to form the direct sum of two vector spaces or two modules.


title: Direct sum

text: We can also form direct sums with any finite number of summands, for example formula_12, provided formula_13 and formula_14 are the same kinds of algebraic structures (e.g., all abelian groups, or all vector spaces). This relies on the fact that the direct sum is associative up to isomorphism. That is, formula_15 for any algebraic structures formula_1, formula_2, and formula_14 of the same kind. The direct sum is also commutative up to isomorphism, i.e. formula_19 for any algebraic structures formula_1 and formula_2 of the same kind.


title: Direct sum

text: The direct sum of finitely many abelian groups, vector spaces, or modules is canonically isomorphic to the corresponding direct product. This is false, however, for some algebraic objects, like nonabelian groups.


title: Direct sum

text: In the case where infinitely many objects are combined, the direct sum and direct product are not isomorphic, even for abelian groups, vector spaces, or modules. As an example, consider the direct sum and direct product of (countably) infinitely many copies of the integers. An element in the direct product is an infinite sequence, such as (1,2,3...) but in the direct sum, there is a requirement that all but finitely many coordinates be zero, so the sequence (1,2,3...) would be an element of the direct product but not of the direct sum, while (1,2,0,0,0...) would be an element of both. Often, if a + sign is used, all but finitely many coordinates must be zero, while if some form of multiplication is used, all but finitely many coordinates must be 1. In more technical language, if the summands are formula_22, the direct sum formula_23 is defined to be the set of tuples formula_24 with formula_25 such that formula_26 for all but finitely many "i". The direct sum formula_27 is contained in the direct product formula_28, but is strictly smaller when the index set formula_29 is infinite, because an element of the direct product can have infinitely many nonzero coordinates.


title: Direct sum

text: The "xy"-plane, a two-dimensional vector space, can be thought of as the direct sum of two one-dimensional vector spaces, namely the "x" and "y" axes. In this direct sum, the "x" and "y" axes intersect only at the origin (the zero vector). Addition is defined coordinate-wise, that is formula_30, which is the same as vector addition.


title: Direct sum

text: Given two structures formula_1 and formula_2, their direct sum is written as formula_3. Given an indexed family of structures formula_34, indexed with formula_35, the direct sum may be written formula_36. Each "A" is called a direct summand of "A". If the index set is finite, the direct sum is the same as the direct product. In the case of groups, if the group operation is written as formula_37 the phrase "direct sum" is used, while if the group operation is written formula_38 the phrase "direct product" is used. When the index set is infinite, the direct sum is not the same as the direct product since the direct sum has the extra requirement that all but finitely many coordinates must be zero.


title: Direct sum

text: A distinction is made between internal and external direct sums, though the two are isomorphic. If the summands are defined first, and then the direct sum is defined in terms of the summands, we have an external direct sum. For example, if we define the real numbers formula_39 and then define formula_40 the direct sum is said to be external.


title: Direct sum

text: If, on the other hand, we first define some algebraic structure formula_41 and then write formula_41 as a direct sum of two substructures formula_43 and formula_44, then the direct sum is said to be internal. In this case, each element of formula_41 is expressible uniquely as an algebraic combination of an element of formula_43 and an element of formula_44. For an example of an internal direct sum, consider formula_48 (the integers modulo six), whose elements are formula_49. This is expressible as an internal direct sum formula_50.


title: Direct sum

text: The direct sum of abelian groups is a prototypical example of a direct sum. Given two such groups formula_51 and formula_52 their direct sum formula_53 is the same as their direct product. That is, the underlying set is the Cartesian product formula_54 and the group operation formula_55 is defined component-wise:


title: Direct sum

text: is the subgroup of the direct product that consists of the elements formula_60 that have finite support, where by definition, formula_61 is said to have if formula_62 is the identity element of formula_34 for all but finitely many formula_64


title: Direct sum

text: The direct sum of an infinite family formula_65 of non-trivial groups is a proper subgroup of the product group formula_66


title: Direct sum

text: The most familiar examples of this construction occur when considering vector spaces, which are modules over a field. The construction may also be extended to Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces.


title: Direct sum

text: An additive category is an abstraction of the properties of the category of modules. In such a category, finite products and coproducts agree and the direct sum is either of them, cf. biproduct.


title: Direct sum

text: In category theory the is often, but not always, the coproduct in the category of the mathematical objects in question. For example, in the category of abelian groups, direct sum is a coproduct. This is also true in the category of modules.


title: Direct sum

text: However, the direct sum formula_67 (defined identically to the direct sum of abelian groups) is a coproduct of the groups formula_68 and formula_69 in the category of groups. So for this category, a categorical direct sum is often simply called a coproduct to avoid any possible confusion.


title: Direct sum

text: The direct sum of group representations generalizes the direct sum of the underlying modules, adding a group action to it. Specifically, given a group formula_70 and two representations formula_43 and formula_44 of formula_70 (or, more generally, two formula_70-modules), the direct sum of the representations is formula_75 with the action of formula_76 given component-wise, that is,


title: Direct sum

text: Given two representations formula_78 and formula_79 the vector space of the direct sum is formula_75 and the homomorphism formula_81 is given by formula_82 where formula_83 is the natural map obtained by coordinate-wise action as above.


title: Direct sum

text: Furthermore, if formula_84 are finite dimensional, then, given a basis of formula_84, formula_86 and formula_87 are matrix-valued. In this case, formula_81 is given as


title: Direct sum

text: Moreover, if we treat formula_43 and formula_44 as modules over the group ring formula_92, where formula_93 is the field, then the direct sum of the representations formula_43 and formula_44 is equal to their direct sum as formula_92 modules.


title: Direct sum

text: Some authors will speak of the direct sum formula_97 of two rings when they mean the direct product formula_98, but this should be avoided since formula_98 does not receive natural ring homomorphisms from formula_100 and formula_41: in particular, the map formula_102 sending formula_103 to formula_104 is not a ring homomorphism since it fails to send 1 to formula_105 (assuming that formula_106 in formula_41). Thus formula_98 is not a coproduct in the category of rings, and should not be written as a direct sum. (The coproduct in the category of commutative rings is the tensor product of rings. In the category of rings, the coproduct is given by a construction similar to the free product of groups.)


title: Direct sum

text: Use of direct sum terminology and notation is especially problematic when dealing with infinite families of rings: If formula_109 is an infinite collection of nontrivial rings, then the direct sum of the underlying additive groups can be equipped with termwise multiplication, but this produces a rng, that is, a ring without a multiplicative identity.


title: Direct sum

text: For any arbitrary matrices formula_110 and formula_111, the direct sum formula_112 is defined as the block diagonal matrix of formula_110 and formula_111 if both are square matrices (and to an analogous block matrix, if not).


title: Direct sum

text: A topological vector space (TVS) formula_116 such as a Banach space, is said to be a of two vector subspaces formula_117 and formula_118 if the addition map


title: Direct sum

text: is an isomorphism of topological vector spaces (meaning that this linear map is a bijective homeomorphism), in which case formula_117 and formula_118 are said to be in formula_122


title: Direct sum

text: This is true if and only if when considered as additive topological groups (so scalar multiplication is ignored), formula_123 is the topological direct sum of the topological subgroups formula_117 and formula_125


title: Direct sum

text: If this is the case and if formula_123 is Hausdorff then formula_117 and formula_118 are necessarily closed subspaces of formula_122


title: Direct sum

text: If formula_117 is a vector subspace of a real or complex vector space formula_123 then there always exists another vector subspace formula_118 of formula_116 called an such that formula_123 is the of formula_117 and formula_118 (which happens if and only if the addition map formula_137 is a vector space isomorphism).


title: Direct sum

text: In contrast to algebraic direct sums, the existence of such a complement is no longer guaranteed for topological direct sums.


title: Direct sum

text: A vector subspace formula_117 of formula_123 is said to be a () if there exists some vector subspace formula_118 of formula_123 such that formula_123 is the topological direct sum of formula_117 and formula_125


title: Direct sum

text: For example, every vector subspace of a Hausdorff TVS that is not a closed subset is necessarily uncomplemented.


title: Direct sum

text: But every Banach space that is not a Hilbert space necessarily possess some uncomplemented closed vector subspace.


title: Direct sum

text: The direct sum formula_27 comes equipped with a "projection" homomorphism formula_146 for each "j" in "I" and a "coprojection" formula_147 for each "j" in "I". Given another algebraic structure formula_2 (with the same additional structure) and homomorphisms formula_149 for every "j" in "I", there is a unique homomorphism formula_150, called the sum of the "g", such that formula_151 for all "j". Thus the direct sum is the coproduct in the appropriate category.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Meenakshi Lekhi (born 30 April 1967) is an Indian politician and the current Minister of State for External Affairs and Culture of India from 7 July 2021. She is a Member of Parliament from New Delhi Parliamentary constituency in the 16th and 17th Lok Sabha from the Bharatiya Janata Party. She is also a lawyer in the Supreme Court of India.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: She won the high-profile New Delhi parliamentary constituency as a BJP candidate in the 2014 elections and was re-elected in 2019. In July 2016, she was appointed as chairperson of the Committee on Privileges of the Lok Sabha in Parliament. On 26 July 2019, Lok Sabha speaker Om Birla appointed Lekhi as a chairperson of parliamentary committee on Public Undertakings and is continuing since then in that position.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Besides writing articles in journals, periodicals and newspapers on socio-political issues, she participates in various television shows on matters on national and international importance. Lekhi writes 'Forthwrite', a fortnightly column in "The Week" magazine. With her equal command over English and Hindi, she comes as a good debater in the parliament where she has participated in numerous debates on matters of national importance in the Lok Sabha, such as debates on "intolerance" in India and the Triple Talaq Bill. She has also distinguished herself as an active participant in the various parliamentary processes and was awarded with the "Best Debut Women Parliamentarian" award by Lokmat in 2017.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Meenakshi Lekhi did her bachelor's degree (B.Sc.) from Hindu College, Delhi, Further, Lekhi joined the Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi from where she pursued her law degree (LLB) from 1987-1990.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: After completing her law degree, she enrolled with the Delhi Bar Council in 1990, and started practising at the Supreme Court of India, Delhi High Court, and several other courts, tribunals and forums in different parts of the country.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: She has practised in various courts, including several tribunals, Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court. She has also practised in a range of forums across India and handled a range of issues pertaining to women in the courts, such as domestic violence, family law disputes and most importantly the issue of permanent commission of the lady officers in the armed forces. Besides, she has been a social activist and has been associated with several institutions, including the National Commission for Women, Sakshi, NIPCD and several other organisations which are known for being protectors of the rights of women and children in the country.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Lekhi has been a part of the Drafting Committees for Bills like "Women's Reservation Bill" and "Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Bill". The latter was passed by the Parliament.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Lekhi represented the media in court to get the ban on media coverage of case proceedings revoked. She was successful in this effort. She took up the case of the permanent commissioning of women in the Indian armed forces in the Supreme Court. Lekhi was also the lawyer of the victim in the Shanti Mukund Hospital rape case.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: On 12 April 2019, Lekhi filed a criminal contempt case in the Supreme Court against the Congress Party President Rahul Gandhi for attributing his personal remark to the Supreme Court and creating prejudice in the minds of electorate by saying that the Supreme Court had accepted his (Rahul Gandhi's) contention that there was a scam in the rafale deal. Lekhi said that this amounted to misuse of the Supreme Court's order and hence constituted a clear contempt of court. In a separate verdict dated 10 April 2019 the Supreme Court had agreed to admit three secret stolen documents of the Ministry of Defence related to the Rafale deal file as admissible piece of evidence in the court, dismissing the government's contention that as per the Official Secrecy Act, such documents can't be admitted. However, Rahul Gandhi, while talking on the judgment with the media, had imputed his own words to the SC saying that the latter had agreed with his assertion that 'chowkidar chor hai' (the chowkidar is a thief) - a reference to PM Narendra Modi, who calls himself 'chowkidar' meaning 'the caretaker' or the guard.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Lekhi started her political career after joining the Bharatiya Janata Party. She quickly rose the ranks and was appointed as one of the vice-presidents of its women's wing, BJP Mahila Morcha in 2010 by the then party president Nitin Gadkari. Lekhi was later appointed as a National Spokesperson of the party in 2013. Lekhi was considered a strong supporter of the then Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi within the party. Lekhi contested in elections for the New Delhi constituency in the 2014 parliamentary general election and defeated incumbent Ajay Maken by a margin of 270,000 votes. In her capacity as Member of Parliament from the New Delhi constituency, Lekhi is currently the member of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). She is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (India chapter) and has been nominated as a member of the Press Council of India by the Lok Sabha Speaker. She was appointed the Chairperson of the Committee on Privileges of the Lok Sabha in July 2016 and is also currently an active member of the Standing Committee on Urban Development, Committee on Personnel, Law & Justice, Consultative Committee of Commerce and Committee of Housing.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: On 28 August 2015, Ministry of Urban Development & NDMC approved the renaming of New Delhi's Aurangzeb Road as Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Road. Lekhi, as member of the NDMC as well as the MP of the New Delhi constituency where the road is situated, had played important role in this decision. As a member of NDMC, she also got the name of Dalhousie Road, a road near the Secretariat Building, New Delhi, changed to Dara Shikoh Road Earlier, she had been instrumental in changing the name of Race Course Road, the Delhi road adjacent to the Indian Prime Minister's residence, to Lok Kalyan Marg thus giving a new address to the PM's residence, from "7, RCR" to "7, LKM".


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Lekhi has adopted the village Pilanji falling under her New Delhi parliamentary constituency to be developed as model village under the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day address. However, as Pilanji is now an urbanised settlement with no gram sabha or village panchayat, as required under the scheme, she has also adopted the village Qutubgarh on the outskirts of Delhi that falls outside her constituency.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: In July 2017, Lekhi was honoured with the Lokmat Parliamentary Award as "Best Debut Woman Parliamentarian".


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: In terms of utilisation of MPLAD funds among the 7 MPs of Delhi, Lekhi (New Delhi) had been found to spent the maximum amount. She used Rs 2.50 crore out of Rs 5 crore released by the government in the very first year, which was 50 per cent of the total released.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: During a discussion on the Triple Talaq bill in Parliament in December 2017, Lekhi demanded stern punishment for the clerics and religious leaders who support and facilitate the process of instant triple talaq, known as talaq-i-biddat. Further, she had said: "I want to tell Muslim women, when you have a brother like Narendra Modi, you don't need to be afraid. We stand with you in this fight."


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: On the issue of growing incidents of lynching in India, she said that the incidents of mob lynching are due to economic disparity. Giving instances of the killing of Bengal migrant worker Manik Roy, who was beaten up by a group of men in Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala on the suspicion that he had stolen a hen, and a 30-year-old tribal man Madhu, who was beaten by an irate mob in Kerala on the accusation of theft, Lekhi told that many cases of lynchings happen due to poverty and economic issues.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: She has been an active participant in the parliamentary processes. In the 16th Lok Sabha, Lekhi has participated in 125 debates (national average being 67.1), asked 435 questions (national average being 292) and introduced 20 private member bills (national average being 2.3) in the Lok Sabha (as updated till final Budget Session, 2019). Her overall attendance in parliament till budget session, 2019 has been 95% against the national average of 80%.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Lekhi was reelected in the 2019 general elections against congress party candidate Ajay Maken in New Delhi constituency of New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency). Lekhi got nearly 54 per cent of votes against only 26 per cent of votes of nearest candidate Ajay Maken .


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: On 26 July 2019, Lok Sabha speaker Om Birla appointed Lekhi as a chairperson of parliamentary committee on Public Undertakings.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: On 20 May 2020, during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, Lekhi, along with Rahul Kaswan, attended the swearing in ceremony of Tsai Ing-wen as president of Taiwan and praised Taiwan as a “Democratic Country”.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: Lekhi has been a member of the National Commission for Women's special committee, Chairperson of the Special Task Force on Women Empowerment, Vice Chairperson of JPM, Blind School (New Delhi) and Joint Secretary of the Blind Relief Association, Delhi.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: In April 2015, she was part of a national environment awareness program, hosted by "Women Can", a non-government organisation. She awarded 500 tree saplings to awarded students. The students had been a part of a quiz contest conducted across India through the initiative of Women Can, with the help of student volunteer Apoorv Jha, who published a quiz book and designed the quizzes.


title: Meenakshi Lekhi

text: As she was associated with several NGOs, she also worked with Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an organisation associated with Sangh Parivar and from there she was invited by ex-BJP president Nitin Gadkari to join BJP in its Mahila Morcha (women's wing) as its Vice-President and from there her political career took off.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The FX-05 "Xiuhcoatl" ("Fire Serpent", literally "Turquoise-Serpent" in Classical Nahuatl,) is a Mexican assault rifle, designed and built by the "Dirección General de Industria Militar del Ejército" (General Directorate of Military Industry of the Army) through the Fabricas Militares (Military Factory). The rifle was officially presented in the military parade on September 16, 2006, in the hands of the Special Forces Airmobile Group, GAFE. ("Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales").


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The design was coordinated by the "Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Desarrollo Tecnológico de la Industria Militar" or CIADTIM (Center of Applied Research and Technology Development Military Industry) and SEDENA and all of its parts are built in Mexico. According to the director of the "DGIM", Otilio Ramírez Serrano, by July 2019 approximately 155,000 rifles have been produced. The FX-05 is distributed among the Mexican Armed Forces, and the military industry is aiming to produce 30,000 per year.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The development of the FX-05 began as a 16-month research in 2005 with CIADTIM as part of research efforts to replace the HK G3A3 rifles that were in service with the Mexican military. Originally the HK G36 was supposed to become the Mexican military's standard rifle as plans were already drawn to transfer technology and equipment to Mexico to initially build 30,000 rifles at a cost of €63,016,125 as part of Mexico's military modernization program. The Mexican government ultimately decided that they wanted a more cost effective alternative to the G36, which resulted in the decision to end the project before any technology or equipment could be transferred and the FX-05 project was undertaken.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: A Mexican report states that up to December 2006, $84,000,000 Mexican Pesos (€5,855,698 at the December 2006 exchange rate) were invested in the FX-05 project, including raw materials and using only national equipment and technology. Leading the FX-05 project was General Alfredo Oropeza Garnica with Brigadier General Jose Antonio Landeros. In 2015, it was revealed that due to budget cuts, SEDENA would not be able to meet the production rate of 121,000 FX-05s by 2018.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: On September 16, 2016, the Mexican military unveiled a new variant of the FX-05 known as the Xihucóatl Submachine Gun alongside an indigenous underbarrel grenade launcher made for it.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The design of the weapon is compatible with telescopic, red-dot and mechanical sights and has a folding, adjustable butt stock. The barrel is hammer forged, and the weapon is capable of semi-automatic, three round burst and full auto fire. It has a cyclic rate of fire of 750 rounds per minute. Most of the rifle's receiver is constructed of a polymer reinforced with carbon-fiber with an underlying titanium frame and comes in black, dark-green and desert-tan colors as well as the SEDENA digital camouflage patterns used by the Mexican army. The charging handle can be installed on either side of the rifle with gas piston located above the barrel, which operates under a multi-lugged rotary bolt system. Safety/fire mode selectors are located above the pistol grip on both sides of the FX-05. It can accept NATO-standard as well as specific transparent magazines. In 2017, it was announced that a Mexican-made grip pod was in development.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The internal mechanism and barrel are made of advanced corrosion-resistant stainless steel. An indigenous programmable air-burst grenade launcher is currently under development for the FX-05, which will be able to fire standard NATO munitions in addition to Mexico's new RSE-7 fuel-air grenade round. The FX-05 is also compatible with the AG36 grenade launcher as used on the G36, which is in use until the proprietary design is finalized. In 2017, a Mexican-made UBGL was also demonstrated.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The FX-05 is one of the world's few assault rifles featuring polygonal rifling, which eliminates the normal grooves of a weapons barrel replacing them with a system of "hills and valleys" in a rounded polygonal pattern. The optical sight is an integrated one with a carry handle attached as standard.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: There has been some criticism that the barrel has reliability issues and a short operating life, blamed on low-quality materials.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The FX-05 is available in several configurations optimized for differing use, including: assault rifle ("Fusil de asalto"), carbine ("Carabina"), compact ("Carabina corta", literally "short carbine"), light machine gun ("Ametralladora") and sharpshooter ("Francotirador") variants. The variants are all essentially identical, excepting the short carbine having a shortened fore-end and the sharpshooter being equipped with a fixed adjustable stock rather than the standard folding stock.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: On February 1, 2007, representatives of the SEDENA (Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional) and Heckler & Koch met in Mexico City to address accusations of patent infringement from the German firm. They claimed that the Army "replicated" the design of the HK G36 assault rifle. After an exhibition of detailed models of the FX-05, the HK representatives were convinced that, despite the similarities between the two rifles, there was not a patent infringement, therefore bringing an end to the disagreement. In the end, the German firm stated that they would not sue on the basis that even though the rifle looks similar it is internally different with a completely different mechanism.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: The report concluded that while externally the FX-05 bears obvious design elements there are several notable differences. The receiver which was styled after the G36 is in fact coupled with a long stroke gas piston similar in operation to an AK type rifle. While the more advanced parts of the rifle were found to be independently Mexican produced, Heckler & Koch officials still questioned the DGIM (the manufacturer of the FX-05) regarding the issue of the rifles receiver system which is almost identical to the G36's.


title: FX-05 Xiuhcoatl

text: It's believed that the receiver was made to be as similar to the G36 to maximize commonality between the two weapons as many of Mexico's police forces are issued with the G36. Either way it appears that the newer post lawsuit versions of the FX-05 feature a different newly designed receiver, as the newer FX-05 come with a four position fire selection (safe, single shot, three round burst, full auto) whereas the original FX-05 came with only three firing selections (safe, single shot, full auto). This theory is also reinforced by the fact the new black FX-05 models feature a visible metal protrusion before the magazine ejector and the receiver is noticeably smaller.


title: Bild

text: Bild (or Bild-Zeitung, ; ) is a German tabloid newspaper published by Axel Springer SE. The paper is published from Monday to Saturday; on Sundays, its sister paper "Bild am Sonntag" (""Bild on Sunday"") is published instead, which has a different style and its own editors. "Bild" is tabloid in style but broadsheet in size. It is the best-selling European newspaper and has the sixteenth-largest circulation worldwide. "Bild" has been described as "notorious for its mix of gossip, inflammatory language, and sensationalism" and as having a huge influence on German politicians. Its nearest English-language stylistic and journalistic equivalent is often considered to be the British national newspaper "The Sun", the second-highest-selling European tabloid newspaper.


title: Bild

text: "Bild" was founded by Axel Springer in 1952. It mostly consisted of pictures (hence the name "Bild", German for picture). "Bild" soon became the best-selling tabloid, by a wide margin, not only in Germany, but in all of Europe, though essentially to German readers. Through most of its history, "Bild" was based in Hamburg. The paper moved its headquarters to Berlin in March 2008, stating that it was an essential base of operations for a national newspaper. It is printed nationwide with 32 localized editions. Special editions are printed in some favoured German holiday destinations abroad such as Spain, Italy, Turkey and Greece.


title: Bild

text: "Bild" sold more than five million copies every day in the 1980s. In 1993 the paper had a circulation of slightly more than four million copies, making it the most read newspaper in the country. In the period of 1995–96 its circulation was 4,300,000 copies. In 2001 "Bild" was the most read newspaper in Europe and also, in Germany with a circulation of 4,396,000 copies.


title: Bild

text: Although it is still Germany's biggest paper, the circulation of "Bild", along with many other papers, has been on the decline in recent years. By the end of 2005, the figure dropped to 3.8 million copies. Its 2010 circulation was 3,548,000, making the paper the fifth in the list of the world's biggest selling newspapers.


title: Bild

text: "Bild" is published in tabloid format. In the paper's beginnings, Springer was influenced by the model of the British tabloid "Daily Mirror", although Bild's paper size is larger, this is reflected in its mix of celebrity gossip, crime stories and political analysis. However, its articles are often considerably shorter compared to those in British tabloids, and the whole paper is thinner as well.


title: Bild

text: In June 2012, Bild celebrated its 60th anniversary by giving away free newspapers to almost all of Germany's 41 million households. Bild said "Guinness World Records" in Germany has certified the print run as "the largest circulation for the free special edition of a newspaper". In 2018 on average 2.2 million copies of the paper were printed across Germany and 416,567 readers took advantage of the paid digital offer Bild plus. In terms of subscribers, it is the largest in Europe and the fifth largest worldwide.


title: Bild

text: In 2019 Bild started a weekly politic newspaper, named "Bild Politik", which ceased publications after a few months.


title: Bild

text: From the outset, the editorial drift was conservative and nationalist. The GDR was referred to as the Soviet Occupation Zone (German: "Sowjetische Besatzungszone" or "SBZ"). The usage continued well into the 1980s, when "Bild" began to use the GDR's official name cautiously, putting it in quotation marks. "Bild" (along with fellow Springer tabloid "B.Z.") heavily influenced public opinion against the German student movement and left-wing terrorism in the years following 1966, and was blamed by some for the climate that contributed to the assassination attempt on activist Rudi Dutschke in 1968—a popular catchphrase in left-wing circles sympathetic to student radicalism was "Bild hat mitgeschossen!" ("Bild shot at him too!").


title: Bild

text: In 1977 investigative journalist Günter Wallraff worked for four months as an editor for the "Bild" tabloid in Hanover, giving himself the pseudonym of "Hans Esser". In his books "Der Aufmacher" ("Lead Story") and "Zeugen der Anklage" ("Witnesses for the Prosecution") he portrays his experiences on the editorial staff of the paper and the journalism which he encountered there. The staff commonly displayed contempt for humanity, a lack of respect for the privacy of ordinary people and widespread conduct of unethical research and editing techniques. Wallraff's investigations were also the basis for the 1990 film "The Man Inside".


title: Bild

text: After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War in Europe, "Bild" focused on celebrity stories and became less political. Despite its general support for Germany's conservative parties and especially former chancellor Helmut Kohl, its rhetoric, still populist in tone, is less fierce than it was thirty years ago. Its traditionally less conservative Sunday paper "Bild am Sonntag" even supported Gerhard Schröder, a Social Democrat, in his bid for chancellor in 1998.


title: Bild

text: In 2004, "Bild" started to cooperate with fast-food giant McDonald's to sell the tabloid at its 1,000 fast-food restaurants in Germany. The cooperation still goes on, often enough by advertising the restaurant chain in "news" articles. Young women in skimpy clothes appeared on "Bild's" page one below the fold as "Seite-eins-Mädchen" or "Page One Girls". On 9 March 2012 "Bild" announced the elimination of the "Page One Girls", instead moving its fleshy photos to its inside pages.


title: Bild

text: In 2004 "Bild" was publicly reprimanded twelve times by the (German Press Council). This amounts for a third of the reprimands this self-regulation council of the German press declared that year. Up until 2012, it had received more reprimands than any other newspaper from this watchdog body.


title: Bild

text: After Julian Reichelt became editor in 2018, "Bild" took a generally anti-Angela Merkel line, and strengthened its anti-Putin, pro-NATO, pro-Israel position.


title: Bild

text: "Spiegel" magazine often accuses "Bild" of pushing Germany further right and questions Bild's moral standards and journalistic quality.


title: Bild

text: Its motto, prominently displayed below the logo, is "unabhängig, überparteilich" ("independent, nonpartisan"). Another slogan used prominently in advertising is "Bild dir deine Meinung!", which translates as "Form your own opinion!" (by reading "Bild"), a pun based on the fact that, in German, "Bild" is a homophone of the imperative form of the verb "bilden" () and the noun "Bild" ().


title: Bild

text: "Bild" is printed in Ahrensburg, Hanover, Berlin, Leipzig, Essen, Neu-Isenburg, Esslingen, Munich, and Syke. Outside of Germany it is also printed in Madrid, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas, Milan, Athens, and in Antalya. The foreign locations cater mostly for German tourists and expatriates.


title: Bild

text: "Der Spiegel" wrote in 2006 that" Bild" "flies just under the nonsense threshold of American and British tabloids ... For the German desperate, it is a daily dose of high-resolution soft porn".


title: Bild

text: It is argued "Bild"'s thirst for sensationalism results in the terrorizing of prominent celebrities and stories are frequently based on the most dubious evidence. The journalistic standards of "Bild" are the subject of frequent criticism.


title: Bild

text: Heinrich Böll's 1974 novel "The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum", and the 1975 movie based on it, used a fictional stand-in for "Bild" to make a point about its allegedly unethical journalistic practices. Böll's essay in the edition of 10 January 1972 of "Der Spiegel" (titled ") was sharply critical of Bild's sensationalist coverage of the Baader-Meinhof Gang. In the essay, Böll stated that what "Bild" does "isn’t cryptofascist anymore, not fascistoid, but naked fascism. Agitation, lies, dirt."


title: Bild

text: Judith Holofernes, lead singer of German band "Wir sind Helden", wrote a scathing open letter to Bild's advertising agency after they asked her to star in a campaign. "Bild is not a harmless guilty pleasure", she wrote, but a "dangerous political instrument—not only a high-magnification telescope into the abyss but an evil creature".


title: Bild

text: For 28 years from 1984 to 2012, "Bild" had topless women featuring on its first page; in total, the paper published more than 5,000 topless pictures.


title: Bild

text: In 2014 Sophia Becker and Kristina Lunz launched a campaign, Stop Bild Sexism, to end the use of sexualized images of women in Bild. The campaign was inspired by the No More Page 3 campaign to get "The Sun" in the UK to stop publishing images of half-naked women on page 3. Lunz argues that "Bild"'s frequent use of images of unclothed women makes its reporting of sexual assault and harassment "sexist and voyeuristic." Becker says that "Bild" contributes to the normalisation of sexism in German society. The petition had over 35,000 signatures in January 2015, and Springer, the newspaper's publisher, responded by issuing a statement of values. These include the importance of mutual respect and maintaining respectful interactions. "Bild" stopped publishing "topless productions of our own with women" in March 2018, three years after "The Sun", while continuing to publish photos of provocatively-posed models dressed in underwear alone.


title: Bild

text: The Berlin offices have a 19-storey paternoster lift, whose continued operation was vigorously defended editorially by the newspaper.


title: My Generation

text: "My Generation" is a song by the English rock band the Who, which became a hit and one of their most recognizable songs. The song was named the 11th greatest song by "Rolling Stone" on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It became part of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll and is inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for "historical, artistic and significant" value.


title: My Generation

text: The song was released as a single on 29 October 1965, reaching No. 2 in the United Kingdom (The Who's highest-charting single in their home country along with 1966's "I'm a Boy") and No. 74 in the United States. "My Generation" also appeared on The Who's 1965 debut album, "My Generation" ("The Who Sings My Generation" in the United States), and in greatly extended form on their live album "Live at Leeds" (1970). Although The Who re-recorded the song for the "Ready Steady Who" EP in 1966, ultimately it was not included, and remained unissued until the 1995 remaster of "A Quick One". The main difference between this version and the original is that it is heavily abridged and instead of the hail of feedback which closes the original, the band play a chaotic rendition of Edward Elgar's "Land of Hope and Glory". In the album's liner notes the song is thus credited to both Pete Townshend and Elgar.


title: My Generation

text: Townshend reportedly wrote the song on a train and is said to have been inspired by the Queen Mother, who is alleged to have had Townshend's 1935 Packard hearse towed off a street in Belgravia because she was offended by the sight of it during her daily drive through the neighbourhood. Townshend has also credited Mose Allison's "Young Man Blues" as the inspiration for the song, saying "Without Mose I wouldn't have written 'My Generation'." Townshend told "Rolling Stone" in 1985 that "'My Generation' was very much about trying to find a place in society."


title: My Generation

text: On a later interview for "Good Morning America", in 1989, the band was discussing the upcoming 1989 tour to celebrate the 20th anniversary of "Tommy", and Townshend talked about the famous line "I hope I die before I get old." He said that, for him, when he wrote the lyrics, "old" meant "very rich".


title: My Generation

text: The song's lyrics comprise what is considered to be one of the most distilled statements of youthful rebellion in rock history. The tone of the track alone helped make it an acknowledged forebear of the punk rock movement. One of the most quoted—and patently rewritten—lines in rock history is "I hope I die before I get old," famously sneered by lead singer Roger Daltrey.


title: My Generation

text: Like much of The Who's earlier Mod output, the song boasts clear influences of American rhythm and blues, most explicitly in the call and response form of the verses. Daltrey would sing a line, and the backing vocalists, Pete Townshend (low harmony) and John Entwistle (high harmony), would respond with the refrain "Talkin' 'bout my generation":


title: My Generation

text: The vocal melody of "My Generation" is an example of the shout-and-fall modal frame. This call and response is mirrored in the instrumental break with solo emphasis passing from Townshend's guitar to Entwistle's bass and back again several times.


title: My Generation

text: Another salient aspect of "My Generation" is Daltrey's delivery: an angry and frustrated stutter. Various stories exist as to the reason for this distinct delivery. One is that the song began as a slow talking blues number without the stutter (in the 1970s it was sometimes performed as such, but with the stutter, as "My Generation Blues"), but after being inspired by John Lee Hooker's "Stuttering Blues", Townshend reworked the song into its present form. Another reason is that it was suggested to Daltrey that he stutter to sound like a British mod on speed (amphetamines). It is also proposed, albeit less frequently, that the stutter was introduced to give the group a framework for implying an expletive in the lyrics: "Why don't you all fff ... fade away!" However, producer Shel Talmy insisted it was simply "one of those happy accidents" that he thought they should keep. Roger Daltrey has also commented that he had not rehearsed the song prior to the recording, was nervous, and he was unable to hear his own voice through the monitors. The stutter came about as he tried to fit the lyrics to the music, and Talmy decided it worked well enough to keep. The BBC initially refused to play "My Generation" because it did not want to offend people who stutter, but it reversed its decision after the song became more popular.


title: My Generation

text: The instrumental elements of the song are fast and aggressive. Significantly, "My Generation" also featured one of the first bass solos in rock history. This was played by Entwistle on his Fender Jazz Bass, rather than the Danelectro bass he wanted to use; after buying three Danelectros with rare thin strings that kept breaking easily (and were not available separately), a frustrated Entwistle used his Fender strung with nylon tapewound strings and was forced to simplify the solo. The song's coda features drumming from Keith Moon, as well, whereupon the song breaks down in spurts of guitar feedback from Townshend's Rickenbacker, rather than fading out or ending cleanly on the tonic. There are two guitar parts. The basic instrumental track (as reflected on the instrumental version on the My Generation Deluxe edition) followed by Townshend's overdubs including the furious feedback on the coda. Similarly to The Kinks's "You Really Got Me" (also produced by Shel Talmy), the song modulates from its opening key of G up to C via the keys of A and B. Townshend's guitars were tuned down a whole step for the recording.


title: My Generation

text: For the band the song was the basis for an extended medley or improvisation, going on as long as fifteen minutes, as evinced by the version appearing on "Live at Leeds". Live recordings from 1969 to 1970 include snippets of music from "Tommy" as well as parts of what would become "Naked Eye".


title: My Generation

text: Townshend's demo version of the song (together with a demo of "Pinball Wizard") appeared on a flexi disc included in the original edition of the book "The Who: Maximum R&B" by Richard Barnes.


title: My Generation

text: "Rolling Stone" named the song the eleventh greatest song on its 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list. and, in 2009, named it the thirty-seventh Greatest Hard Rock Song. It is also part of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll and is inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for "historical, artistic and significant" value.


title: My Generation

text: The song has been said by "NME" to have "encapsulated the angst of being a teenager", and has been characterized as a "nod to the Mod counterculture". "NME" journalist Larry Bartleet in 2015 rated the Who's recording ten points out of ten. "Cash Box" described it as a "rollicking, blues-drenched handclapper which sez that today's kids have more rights than their elders think."


title: My Generation

text: The song was released as a single on 29 October 1965, reaching No. 2 in the UK, The Who's highest-charting single in their home country and No. 74 in America.