title: Planet of the Dead

text: Ryan was interviewed by BBC News about her role as Lady Christina. Ryan praised her colleagues and the "family atmosphere" on set and described "Doctor Who" as "really something special to do". On 9 April 2009, Ryan guested on "Steve Wright in the Afternoon" on BBC Radio 2 and on "The Justin Lee Collins Show" on ITV2 to promote "Planet of the Dead". After a showing of a trailer for the episode on "The Justin Lee Collins Show", Ryan described the "fantastic" time she had filming in Cardiff and in Dubai.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Ryan's character Lady Christina de Souza is an adrenaline junkie and thief. Christina is a typical "Doctor Who" companion, Davies electing to draw parallels from the Time Lady Romana rather than new series companion Rose Tyler. Roberts described her as an "adventuress" who is "upper class and glam, suited and booted, and extremely intelligent" which the Doctor could relate to because they both rejected their heritages. The episode's director James Strong described the character as reverting to a traditional romantic-based companionship—rather than the platonic companionship of Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) in the fourth series—while still being a unique companion:


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Comedian Lee Evans plays Professor Malcolm Taylor, a UNIT scientist devoted to his predecessor, the Doctor. Davies created Evans' character to serve as a foil for Noma Dumezweni's pragmatic character Captain Erisa Magambo, who previously appeared in the episode "Turn Left". Roberts noted after writing the episode that Evans' character had unintentionally become a "loving" caricature of "Doctor Who" fandom.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: The episode was influenced by several works: Davies described "Planet of the Dead" as "a great big adventure, a little bit Indiana Jones, a little bit "Flight of the Phoenix", a little bit "Pitch Black"."; the relationship between the Doctor and Christina was influenced by 1960s films such as "Charade" and "Topkapi", which included Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn "being witty and sophisticated together, and then running for their lives"; and the Tritovore were influenced by 1950s and 1970s science fiction B-movies such as "The Fly" and


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Davies' habit of including aliens that were recognisable to the audience as animals from Earth, such as the Judoon. Carmen's warning evoked memories of the Ood's warning to the Doctor and Donna in the fourth series episode "Planet of the Ood". Tennant explained the prophecy meant that the Doctor's "card [had become] marked" and the three specials would thus be darker—characterising "Planet of the Dead" as the "last time the Doctor gets to have any fun"—and that the subject of the prophecy was not the obvious answer:


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Pre-production on the four specials started on 20 November 2008—four days before scheduled—because the episode's overseas filming in Dubai required the extra planning time. Two weeks later, the production team was on a recce for the special and the final draft of the script was completed. The production team examined overseas locations to film the episode because they wanted the scenery to feel "real" and thought that they would be unable to film on a Welsh beach in winter. After examining countries such as Morocco and Tunisia, the production team decided to film in Dubai because the area was more amicable to the filming industry and viable filming locations were nearer to urban areas than other locations.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Production began on 19 January in Wales. The special was the first "Doctor Who" episode to be filmed in high-definition television resolution. The move to HD had previously been resisted for two major reasons: when the show was revived in 2005, high-definition television had not been adopted by an adequate portion of the audience to be financially viable; and special effects were considerably more expensive to create in high-definition than in standard-definition. "Planet of the Dead" was


title: Planet of the Dead

text: used as a switch to HD because of the show's reduced schedule in 2009 and because the filming crew had become experienced with the equipment while they were filming "Torchwood".


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Filming began at the National Museum Cardiff, which doubled for the history museum depicted in the episode's first scene. To portray the tunnel the bus travelled into, the Queen's Gate Tunnel of the A4232 road in Butetown was closed for four nights to accommodate filming. The last major piece of filming in Wales took place in the closed Mir (formerly Alphasteel) steelworks in Newport, which doubled almost unaltered for the Tritovore spaceship. Scenes set in London's Oxford Street were filmed at St Mary Street, Cardiff. Filming took place at the peak of the February 2009 Great Britain snowfall, where the sub-zero temperatures slowed filming and had a visible effect on the cast. To accommodate for the adverse conditions, Davies included a line in the script that specified that the Tritovore spaceship cooled as external temperatures increase.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Filming in Dubai took place in mid-February 2009. Two weeks previously, one of the two 1980 Bristol VR double-decker buses bought for filming had been substantially damaged when a crane accidentally dropped a container in Dubai City Port. After an emergency discussion by the production team, they agreed that the damage was unintentionally artistic and decided to include the damaged bus in the episode; instead of shipping the spare bus from Cardiff—which would have delayed the already hurried filming


title: Planet of the Dead

text: schedule—the production team decided to partially reconstruct the bus in Dubai, damage the spare bus in Cardiff to match the bus in Dubai, and rewrite part of the script to accommodate and mention the damage to the bus. James Strong recalled the reaction of the production team to the damage to the bus in an issue of "Doctor Who Magazine":


title: Planet of the Dead

text: The damaged bus was not the only problem to filming in Dubai: the first of the three days was afflicted by a sandstorm which left most of the footage shot unusable. The production team then struggled to complete three days of filming in two days; the last day was compared to "filming "Lawrence of Arabia"". To complete the episode's filming, interior scenes in the bus were filmed in a studio in Wales. To disguise the fact they were using a translite, a 360-degree background image, Strong utilised often-avoided techniques such as muddied windows and lens flares; the latter also served to create a warmer environment for the viewer. After filming ended, editing and post-processing took place until two days before transmission, leaving the BBC to resort to using an unfinished copy to market the episode.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: "Planet of the Dead" was advertised as "Doctor Who"s 200th story. Writer Russell T Davies admitted that the designation was arbitrary and debatable, based upon how fans counted the unfinished serial "Shada", the season-long fourteen-part serial "The Trial of a Time Lord", and the third series finale consisting of "Utopia", "The Sound of Drums" and "Last of the Time Lords". Davies personally disagreed about counting "The Trial of a Time Lord" as one serial—arguing that it "felt like four stories" to him—and grouping "Utopia" with its following episodes, but agreed that it was only an opinion which did not override any others. Gareth Roberts inserted a reference to the landmark—specifically, the bus number is 200—and Davies emailed the show's publicity team to advertise the special as such. "Doctor Who Magazine"s editor Tom Spilsbury acknowledged the controversy in the magazine's 407th issue, which ran a reader survey of all 200 stories.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Overnight figures estimated that the special was watched by 8.41 million people, a 39.6% share of the audience. An additional 184,000 watched the programme on BBC HD, the channel's highest rating at that time. The initial showing had an Appreciation Index of 88: considered excellent. A BBC One repeat, two days later, gained an overnight figure of 1.8 million viewers. The special was therefore the second most watched programme of the day, beaten only by the premiere of the new series of "Britain's Got Talent". The final viewing figure


title: Planet of the Dead

text: for the initial broadcast was 9.54 million viewers on BBC One and 200,000 viewers on BBC HD, making it the fifth most watched programme of the week and the most watched programme aired on BBC HD at that time. Including repeats in the following week and viewings on the BBC iPlayer, 13.89 million viewers watched the episode in total.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: The episode received average critical reviews. Simon Brew of science fiction blog "Den of Geek" said the episode was "by turns ambitious and predictable" but "still quite entertaining". The first part of the review mentioned an objection from his wife that the bus trapped in the sand "[looked] really fake", despite the episode being actually filmed in Dubai, and then mentioned Brew's appreciation of the concept of people stranded in the desert and concluded that "made a fair fist of it". Brew positively reviewed Michelle Ryan's performance—believing it similar to her role in "Bionic Woman" than to her role as Zoe Slater in "EastEnders"—and Lee Evans' performance as Malcolm Taylor, calling him the highlight of the episode because of his dialogue. He closed his review by saying that "'Planet of the Dead' was passable enough": he thought it "never really gelled" for him; but he thought it was overall entertaining and was excited for the remaining three specials as a result of Carmen's prophecy.


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Charlie Jane Anders of io9 "mostly loved 'Planet of the Dead'", commenting that it was a standard Russell T Davies script:


title: Planet of the Dead

text: She compared it to two previous episodes, "The Impossible Planet" and "Midnight", both of which she enjoyed. She criticised three aspects of the episode: Lady Christina, who was the "first [Russell T Davies] heroine who actually filled [her] with revulsion", leaving her hoping that the character would be killed off-screen, Malcolm's reluctance to close the wormhole and the implausibility of only three stingrays travelling through it. She thought that the episode was "a pretty solid adventure with a cool set of monsters".


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Ben Rawson-Jones of entertainment website Digital Spy gave the episode two stars out of five. He characterised the episode as being "as hollow as a big chocolate Easter egg" because it was "lacking in the enthralling drama and compelling characterisation that has been the lynchpin of the Russell T Davies era". His main criticism was towards Ryan's character, describing the romantic tension between Christina and the Doctor as "feeling forced" and arguing that Ryan was "utterly unconvincing" as Christina. Conversely, he was appreciative of Strong's direction and the UNIT subplot. Specifically, he approved of Evans' performance, noting that "the fact that Malcolm names a unit of measurement after himself is both inspired and hilarious". His review ended by describing the episode as "lifeless for much of the hour" and expressing his hope that the ambiguous entity from Carmen's premonition would "hurry up".


title: Planet of the Dead

text: Orlando Parfitt of IGN gave the episode a 7.1 (Good) rating out of ten. Parfitt called it a "straightforward story" that did not elevate to the level of excitement typically seen in "Doctor Who" until the episode's climax, instead describing the majority of the story as being "taken up with Tennant and Ryan standing in the desert, swapping flirtatious banter in between proclaiming how dire their situation is", and criticised the writing of the part of the episode where the bus was on San Helios, claiming that plot devices such as the Tritovore or Taylor being held at gunpoint and ordered to close the wormhole as "feel[ing] forced and unnaturally shoe-horned into the script". His praise of the episode went to Ryan and Evans: although he thought of Christina as a "shameless Lara Croft ripoff", he said that the character "still proves a sexy and wise-cracking counterpart to the Doctor"; and Evans' acting alongside Dumezweni highlighted his "undeniably great comic acting" as opposed to his


title: Planet of the Dead

text: "love-it-or-hate-it" stand-up comedy. The last paragraph of his review focused on the climax, which he thought was "a cracker [that] just-about makes up for the previously plodding plot", and described the entire episode as having "enough enjoyable moments" to entertain fans before the transmission of "The Waters of Mars".


title: Planet of the Dead

text: "Planet of the Dead" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form, but lost to "The Waters of Mars".


title: Planet of the Dead

text: The special aired in Canada in July on Space, and in the US on BBC America on 26 July 2009. In Australia, the Special aired 31 May 2009, on ABC1. In South Africa, the special aired on 18 October 2010, on BBC Entertainment.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Shadow () is a 2018 Chinese "wuxia" film directed by Zhang Yimou. It was screened at the 75th Venice International Film Festival, the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival, and the 2018 BFI London Film Festival.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: It was released in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States in 2019.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Years ago, the kingdom of Pei lost the important city of Jingzhou to the kingdom of Yang after the popular and brilliant Commander Ziyu (Deng Chao) lost a duel to the infamously unbeatable Yang Cang (Hu Jun). The King of Pei (Zheng Kai) is enraged after discovering that Ziyu has challenged Yang Cang to a rematch without authorization. The King demands Ziyu and his wife, Xiao Ai (Sun Li), give him a performance on the "guzheng" (a Chinese plucked zither). Ziyu refuses to play and instead cuts off his hair. He is then allowed to leave.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: The king decides to marry his beloved sister Qingping (Guan Xiaotong) to Yang Cang's son Yang Ping (Leo Wu) to maintain peace between the two kingdoms.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: It is revealed that Commander Ziyu is in fact a man he named Jingzhou; the real Ziyu was severely wounded in his past duel with Yang Cang and is still recovering in a hidden cave in his residence. Jingzhou was taken and secretly trained as a "Shadow" by Ziyu's uncle for his uncanny resemblance to Ziyu. Only Ziyu and his wife are aware of this arrangement. Jingzhou acts as Ziyu's double after the duel. Ziyu plots to retake Jingzhou and needs the Shadow to accomplish this. Ziyu promises to let Jingzhou return to his home and mother after he retakes Jingzhou.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: The King decides to punish "Ziyu" and demotes him to commoner status despite the objection of other military officials. Before "Ziyu" leaves, the King demands to see the wound "Ziyu" received from Yang Cang's saber, insisting on applying an ointment. When "Ziyu" reveals the wound the King remarks that the wound looks fresh. "Ziyu" replies that the original wound has healed and this was a fresh cut to remind himself of the shame in the loss. An envoy reports that Yang Ping made a counteroffer to only take Qingping as a concubine. This is seen as an indignity by the court but the King accepts, to the disgust of Qingping. General Tian (Wang Qianyuan) openly calls the King's action spineless and resigns his commission.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Jingzhou, using a metal umbrella weapon, is repeatedly unsuccessful in his practice duels against Ziyu, who mimics Yang Cang's halberd technique. Ziyu gets increasingly angry and abusive. Xiao Ai suggests that Jingzhou fight using feminine moves and embrace the umbrella's representation of "yin" (the concept of "yin" in Chinese philosophy is associated with darkness, water, and femininity), which would serve as a more effective counter to Yang Cang's spear, which represents "yang" (associated with light, fire, and masculinity). Xiao Ai is able to demonstrate a counter to Yang's techniques using her moves. Jingzhou meets with Tian and instructs him to lead and train a hundred convicts that Ziyu had recruited. Jingzhou brings Tian to meet with Ziyu who informs him of Jingzhou's existence and role.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Ziyu reveals to Tian that he plans to use his shadow to recapture Jingzhou by keeping Yang Cang occupied for three rounds. After he recaptures the city he intends to be King and Tian will be the commander. The night before the duel, Jingzhou confesses that he was prepared to do anything for Xiao Ai. Xiao Ai goes to Jingzhou that night and spends the night with him while being watched by Ziyu through a secret peephole.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Jingzhou travels by water to the Jingzhou City Pass for the duel on a floating duel platform. Below the platform are Tian and the hundred armed convicts. Tian is shocked to see Qingping among them, who stowed away on the boat. Tian and the convicts secretly swim under the storm gates and enter the city while Yang Cang and other officials are preoccupied with the duel. Jingzhou beats Yang Cang in the first round but is defeated in the next two rounds of the three-round match. Yang Cang offers to call it a draw, but Jingzhou, seeing that the Yang banner has not yet toppled, challenges Yang Cang to continue. Yang says that this will be to the death.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Using the new umbrella weapons, Tian and the convicts drive back Yang Ping and his soldiers, though both sides suffer heavy losses. Yang Ping guards the banner and duels Qingping mortally wounding her. Yang Ping asks her why a woman would fight and when he goes closer to hear her she kills him with his wedding gift dagger. Tian topples the Yang banner. Seeing this, Yang Cang becomes enraged and proceeds to beat Jingzhou thoroughly. As Yang Cang is about to strike the final blow using one of the umbrella blades, Jingzhou snaps the blade and kills Yang with the broken piece. Jingzhou makes his way to his childhood home, but finds his mother stabbed to death. Several assassins surprise him in the house and try to kill him. The assassins are then killed by an emissary who says he represents the king. Jingzhou returns to the Pei capital. Assassins arrive at Ziyu's residence to attempt to assassinate him.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: At the celebratory feast, the King of Pei abruptly orders everyone to leave except Jingzhou and Xiao Ai. He tells Jingzhou that he wants to reward him by making him and Xiao Ai - a fake couple - into a real couple. The King indicates that there will only be one commander Ziyu going forwards, a loyal one. A masked assassin enters the hall, carrying a box assumed to contain Ziyu's head, to the horror of Xiao Ai. When the king opens the box, however, it is empty. The assassin stabs the king, and removes his mask to reveal himself as Ziyu. Ziyu now raving, orders Jingzhou to kill the king, claiming the king was the one who ordered the death of Jingzhou's mother. As Jingzhou reaches for the king's sword, Ziyu attempts to stab Jingzhou but Jingzhou manages to mortally wound Ziyu. Jingzhou then puts the assassin's mask back on and uses Ziyu's sword to kill the King. He then puts the sword in Ziyu's hand, framing him as the assassin.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Jingzhou exits the hall and declares to the gathered officials outside that the king has been assassinated and that he killed the assassin. Tian does not seem to object. The movie ends with Xiao Ai running to the doors of the hall in apparent shock and looking out through an opening, undecided whether to expose Jingzhou or accept the new status quo.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: All the costumes, props and scenes were rendered in black and white as much as possible to achieve the feeling of Chinese ink painting, but not pure black and white. Most of the actual scenes in the movie were shot on a real rainy day, directly controlling the colors physically and not using a computer to fade out the excess colors after shooting. This style of ink painting was something Zhang Yimou wanted to try years ago before "Shadow”


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: Well Go USA released the film on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K UHD in North America on August 13, 2019, and in the UK on September 16th, 2019.


title: Shadow (2018 film)

text: "Shadow" was celebrated by critics upon its release, with many praising its cinematography and set design. On the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Beautifully filmed and inventively choreographed, "Shadow" is a thrilling and visually sumptuous wuxia epic that finds director Zhang Yimou near peak form." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 81 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: 2021 Kids' Choice Awards

text: The 34th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards ceremony was held on March 13, 2021, at the Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California with Kenan Thompson serving as host. It aired live on Nickelodeon and in a domestic simulcast with several other ViacomCBS cable networks, and was broadcast live or tape delayed across all of Nickelodeon's international networks.


title: 2021 Kids' Choice Awards

text: The ceremony was held with most presenters, winners, and performers in-person, with some appearing virtually due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The show also featured an interactive fan wall to allow for an audience, and utilized XR technology throughout its broadcast. Justin Bieber performed "Intentions" with Quavo, as well as "Anyone" and "Hold On", the former originally being planned for the previous years' ceremony.


title: 2021 Kids' Choice Awards

text: The show set a Guinness World Record for 'Most People Gunged/Slimed Simultaneously Online' with 195 participants. In addition, Millie Bobby Brown became only the second person since Amanda Bynes in 2003 to win both 'Favorite Movie Actress' and 'Favorite TV Actress' within the same ceremony. On March 18, it was announced that BTS set another world record after winning three awards in the ceremony, achieving them the Guinness World Record for 'Most Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards blimps won by a music group', with five overall (one each in 2018 and 2020).


title: 2021 Kids' Choice Awards

text: A new episode of "Danger Force" led into the ceremony, while a new episode of "Side Hustle" served as the lead-out.


title: 2021 Kids' Choice Awards

text: The ceremony featured appearances by celebrities including Anthony Anderson, Iain Armitage, Jayden Bartels, Joshua Bassett, Hailey Bieber, Millie Bobby Brown, BTS, Dove Cameron, Terry Crews, Charli D'Amelio, David Dobrik, Robert Downey Jr., Young Dylan, Gal Gadot, Jennifer Garner, Gabrielle Nevaeh Green, Tiffany Haddish, Kim Kardashian, Anna Kendrick, Heidi Klum, Liza Koshy, That Girl Lay Lay, Jules LeBlanc, Darci Lynne, Marsai Martin, Gaten Matarazzo, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Tyler Perry, Addison Rae, Noah Schnapp, JoJo Siwa, Sofía Vergara, and Finn Wolfhard. Also during the show were "iCarly" cast members Miranda Cosgrove, Nathan Kress, and Jerry Trainor all reuniting together, and Thompson's onscreen daughters of "Kenan", Dani and Dannah Lane. Vice President of the United States, Kamala Harris, also made an appearance during the ceremony.


title: 2021 Kids' Choice Awards

text: The nominees were announced and voting opened on February 2, 2021. Voting ended on March 13, 2021. The winners are listed first, highlighted in boldfaced text.


title: Barasingha

text: The barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii), also known as the swamp deer, is a deer species distributed in the Indian subcontinent. Populations in northern and central India are fragmented, and two isolated populations occur in southwestern Nepal. It has been extirpated in Pakistan and Bangladesh, and its presence is uncertain in Bhutan.


title: Barasingha

text: The swamp deer differs from all other Indian deer species in that the antlers carry more than three tines. Because of this distinctive character it is designated "bārah-singgā", meaning "twelve-horned" in Hindi. Mature stags usually have 10 to 14 tines, and some have been known to have up to 20.


title: Barasingha

text: The barasingha is a large deer with a shoulder height of and a head-to-body length of nearly . Its hair is rather woolly and yellowish brown above but paler below, with white spots along the spine. The throat, belly, inside of the thighs and beneath the tail is white. In summer, the coat becomes bright rufous-brown. The neck is maned. Females are paler than males. Young are spotted. Average antlers measure round the curve with a girth of at mid beam. A record antler measured round the curve.


title: Barasingha

text: In the 19th century, swamp deer ranged along the base of the Himalayas from Upper Assam to the west of the Yamuna River, throughout Assam, in a few places in the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Eastern Sundarbans to Upper Sind, and locally throughout the area between the Ganges and Godavari as far east as Mandla. Swamp deer was also common in parts of the Upper Narmada valley and to the south in Bastar.


title: Barasingha

text: They frequent flat or undulating grasslands and generally keep in the outskirts of forests. Sometimes, they are also found in open forest.


title: Barasingha

text: In the 1960s, the total population was estimated at 1,600 to less than 2,150 individuals in India and about 1,600 in Nepal. Today, the distribution is much reduced and fragmented due to major losses in the 1930s–1960s following unregulated hunting and conversion of large tracts of grassland to cropland. Swamp deer occur in the Kanha National Park of Madhya Pradesh, in two localities in Assam, and in only 6 localities in Uttar Pradesh. They are regionally extinct in West Bengal.


title: Barasingha

text: They are also probably extinct in Arunachal Pradesh. A few survive in Assam's Kaziranga and Manas National Parks.


title: Barasingha

text: In 2005, a small population of about 320 individuals was discovered in the Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve in Haridwar district in Uttarakhand on the east bank of the Ganges. This represents the northern limit of the species.


title: Barasingha

text: They largely feed on grasses and aquatic plants, foremost on "Saccharum", "Imperata cylindrica", "Narenga porphyrocoma", "Phragmites karka", "Oryza rufipogon", "Hygroryza" and "Hydrilla". They feed throughout the day with peaks during the mornings and late afternoons to evenings. In winter and monsoon, they drink water twice, and thrice or more in summer. In the hot season, they rest in the shade of trees during the day.


title: Barasingha

text: In central India, the herds comprise on average about 8–20 individuals, with large herds of up to 60. There are twice as many females than males. During the rut they form large herds of adults. The breeding season lasts from September to April, and births occur after a gestation of 240–250 days in August to November. The peak is in September and October in Kanha National Park. They give birth to single calves.


title: Barasingha

text: The swamp deer populations outside protected areas and seasonally migrating populations are threatened by poaching for antlers and meat, which are sold in local markets. Swamp deer lost most of its former range because wetlands were converted and used for agriculture so that suitable habitat was reduced to small and isolated fragments. The remaining habitat in protected areas is threatened by the change in river dynamics, reduced water flow during summer, increasing siltation, and is further degraded by local people who cut grass, timber and fuelwood, and by illegal farming on government land.


title: Barasingha

text: George Schaller wrote: "Most of these remnants have or soon will have reached the point of no return."


title: Barasingha

text: "Rucervus duvaucelii" is listed on CITES Appendix I. In India, it is included under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.


title: Barasingha

text: In 1992, there were about 50 individuals in five Indian zoos and 300 in various zoos in North America and Europe.


title: Barasingha

text: Rudyard Kipling in "The Second Jungle Book" featured a barasingha in the chapter "The Miracle of Purun Bhagat" by the name of "barasingh". It befriends Purun Bhagat because the man rubs the stag's velvet off his horns. Purun Bhagat then gives the barasinga nights in the shrine at which he is staying, with his warm fire, along with a few fresh chestnuts every now and then. Later as pay, the stag warns Purun Bhagat and his town about how the mountain on which they live is crumbling.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram ( ; alternatively transcribed as "Pibulsongkram" or "Pibulsonggram"; 14 July 1897 – 11 June 1964), locally known as Marshal P. (;), contemporarily known as Phibun ("Pibul") in the West, was a Thai military officer and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from 1938 to 1944 and 1948 to 1957.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibunsongkhram was a member of the Royal Siamese Army wing of Khana Ratsadon, the first political party in Thailand, and a leader of the Siamese revolution of 1932, transforming Thailand from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Phibun became the third Prime Minister of Thailand in 1938 as Commander of the Royal Siamese Army, established a "de facto" military dictatorship inspired by the Italian fascist Benito Mussolini, promoted Thai nationalism and sinophobia, and allied Thailand with Imperial Japan in World War II. Phibun launched a modernization campaign known as the Thai Cultural Revolution that included a series of cultural mandates, changing the country's name from "Siam" to "Thailand", and promoting the common Thai language.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun was ousted as prime minister by the National Assembly in 1944 and replaced by members of the Free Thai Movement, until returning to power in the Siamese coup d'état of 1947, led by the Coup Group. Phibun aligned Thailand with anti-communism in the Cold War, entered the Korean War under the United Nations Command, and abandoned fascism for a façade of democracy. Phibun's second term as prime minister was plagued by political instability and was subject to several attempted coup d'etats to remove him, including the Army General Staff plot in 1948, the Palace Rebellion in 1949, and the Manhattan Rebellion in 1951. Phibun attempted to transform Thailand into an electoral democracy from the mid-1950s but was overthrown in 1957 and entered exile in Japan, where he died in 1964.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Plaek Khittasangkha ( ) was born on 14 July 1897 in Mueang Nonthaburi, Nonthaburi Province in the Kingdom of Siam to Keed Khittasangkha and his wife. Plaek's paternal grandfather was said to be a Cantonese-speaking Chinese immigrant. However, the family was completely assimilated as Central Thai people and Plaek does not pass the criteria for being Chinese, which is why he could later successfully conceal and deny his Chinese roots. Plaek's parents owned a durian orchard and he received his given name – meaning 'strange' in English – because of his unusual appearance as a child. Plaek Khittasangkha studied at Buddhist temple schools, then was appointed to Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. He graduated in 1914 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the artillery. Following World War I, he was sent to study artillery tactics in France. In 1928, as he rose in rank, he received the noble title "Luang" from King Prajadhipok and became known as Luang Phibunsongkhram. He would later drop his "Luang" title, but permanently adopted Phibunsongkhram as his surname.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: In 1932, Phibun was one of the leaders of the Royal Siamese Army branch of the Khana Ratsadon ("People's Party"), a political organization that staged a "coup d'état" which overthrew the absolute monarchy in Siam and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy. Phibun, at the time a lieutenant colonel, quickly rose to prominence in the military as a "man-on-horseback". The 1932 coup was followed by the nationalization of some companies and increasing state control of the economy.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: The following year, Phibun and allied military officers successfully crushed the Boworadet Rebellion, a royalist revolt led by Prince Boworadet The new king was still a child studying in Switzerland, and parliament appointed Colonel Prince Anuwatjaturong, Lieutenant Commander Prince Aditya Dibabha, and Chao Phraya Yommaraj (Pun Sukhum) as his regents.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: On 16 December 1938, Phibun replaced Phraya Phahol as the Prime Minister of Thailand and as the Commander of the Royal Siamese Army. Phibun became the "de facto" dictator of Thailand and established a military dictatorship, consolidating his position by rewarding several members of his own army clique with influential positions in his government.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: After the revolution of 1932, the Thai government of Phraya Phahol was impressed by the success of the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini's Italian Fascism movement. Phibun also seemed to be an admirer of the Italian fascism and sought to imitate the fascist Italian regime's cinema propaganda, valued as one of the most powerful propaganda instruments of Italian political power. Its main purpose was to promote the ideologies of nationalism and militarism, strengthening the unity and harmony of the state, and glorifying the policy of ruralisation in Italy and abroad. With the pro-fascist leanings of Thai political leaders, Italian propaganda films including newsreels, documentaries, short films, and full-length feature films, such as , were shown in Thailand during the interwar period. Phibun adopted the Italian-style fascist salute, modeled on the Roman salute, and he used it during speeches. The salute was not compulsory in Thailand, and it was opposed by Luang Wichitwathakan and many cabinet members as they believed it inappropriate for Thai culture. Together with Wichitwathakan, the Minister of Propaganda, he built a leadership cult in 1938 and thereafter. Photographs of Phibun were to be found everywhere, and those of the abdicated King Prajadhipok were banned. His quotes appeared in newspapers, were plastered on billboards, and were repeated over the radio.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun immediately prioritised Thai nationalism to the point of ultranationalism and to support this policy, he launched a series of major reforms, known as the "Thai Cultural Revolution" to increase the pace of modernisation in Thailand. His goal "Aimed to uplift the national spirit and moral code of the nation and instilling progressive tendencies and a newness into Thai life". A series of cultural mandates were issued by the government. These mandates encouraged all Thais to salute the flag in public places, know the new national anthem and use the standardised Thai language, not regional dialects or languages. People were encouraged to adopt Western attire as opposed to traditional clothing styles. Similarly, people were encouraged to eat with Western-style utensils, such as forks and spoons, rather than with their hands as was customary in Thai culture at the time. Phibun saw these policies as necessary, in the interest of progressivism, to change Thailand in the minds of foreigners from an undeveloped country into a civilized and modern one.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun's administration encouraged economic nationalism and espoused staunchly anti-Teochew sentiment. Sinophobic policies were imposed by the government to reduce the economic power of Siam's Teochew-Hoklo origin and encouraged the Central Thai people to purchase as many Thai products as possible. In a speech in 1938, Luang Wichitwathakan, himself of one-quarter Chinese ancestry, followed Rama VI's book "Jews of the East" in comparing the Teochew in Siam to the Jews in Germany, who at the time were harshly repressed.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: On 24 June 1939, Phibun changed the country's official English name from "Siam" to "Thailand" at Wichitwathakan's urging. The name "Siam" was an exonym of unknown and probably foreign origin, which conflicted with Phibun's nationalist policies.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: In 1941, in the midst of World War II, Phibun decreed 1 January as the official start of the new year instead of the traditional "Songkran" date on 13 April.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun exploited the Fall of France in June 1940 and the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in September 1940 to advance Thai interests in French Indochina following a border dispute with France. Phibun believed Thailand could recover territories ceded to France by King Rama V because the French would avoid armed confrontation or offer serious resistance. Thailand fought against Vichy France over the disputed areas from October 1940 to May 1941. The technologically and numerically superior Thai force invaded French Indochina and attacked military targets in major cities. Despite Thai successes, the French tactical victory at the Battle of Ko Chang prompted intervention from the Japanese, who mediated an armistice where the French were forced to cede the disputed territories to Thailand.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun and the Thai public viewed the outcome of the Franco-Thai War as a victory, but it resulted in the rapidly expanding Japanese gaining the right to occupy French Indochina. Although Phibun was ardently pro-Japanese, he now shared a border with them and felt threatened with a potential Japanese invasion. Phibun's administration also realised that Thailand would have to fend for itself if a Japanese invasion came, considering its deteriorating relationships with Western powers in the area.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: When the Japanese invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941, (because of the international date line this occurred an hour and a half before the attack on Pearl Harbor), Phibun was reluctantly forced to order a general ceasefire after just one day of resistance and allow the Japanese armies to use the country as a base for their invasions of the British colonies of Burma and Malaya. Hesitancy, however, gave way to enthusiasm after the Japanese rolled through the Malayan Campaign in a "Bicycle Blitzkrieg" with surprisingly little resistance. On 21 December Phibun signed a military alliance with Japan. The following month, on 25 January 1942, Phibun declared war on Britain and the United States. South Africa and New Zealand declared war on Thailand on the same day. Australia followed soon after. Phibun purged all who opposed the Japanese alliance from his government. Pridi Banomyong was appointed acting regent for the absent King Ananda Mahidol, while Direk Jayanama, the prominent foreign minister who had advocated continued resistance against the Japanese, was later sent to Tokyo as an ambassador. The United States considered Thailand to be a puppet state of Japan and refused to declare war on it. When the Allies were victorious, the United States blocked British efforts to impose a punitive peace.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: In 1944, as the Japanese neared defeat and the underground anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement steadily grew in strength, the National Assembly ousted Phibun as prime minister and his six-year reign as the military commander-in-chief came to an end. Phibun's resignation was partly forced by two grandiose plans: one was to relocate the capital from Bangkok to a remote site in the jungle near Phetchabun in north central Thailand, and another was to build a "Buddhist city" in Saraburi. Announced at a time of severe economic difficulty, these ideas turned many government officers against him. After his resignation, Phibun went to stay at the army headquarters in Lopburi.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Khuang Aphaiwong replaced Phibun as prime minister, ostensibly to continue relations with the Japanese, but, in reality, to secretly assist the Free Thai Movement. At the war's end, Phibun was put on trial at Allied insistence on charges of having committed war crimes, mainly that of collaborating with the Axis powers. However, he was acquitted amid intense pressure as public opinion was still favourable to him, as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests. Phibun's alliance with Japan had Thailand take advantage of Japanese support to expand Thai territory into Malaya and Burma.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: In November 1947, Royal Thai Army units under the control of Phibun known as the Coup Group carried out the Siamese coup d'état of 1947 which forced then-Prime Minister Thawan Thamrongnawasawat to resign. The rebels installed Khuang Aphaiwong again as prime minister as the military coup risked international disapproval. Pridi Phanomyong was persecuted but was aided by British and US intelligence officers, and thus managed to escape the country. On 8 April 1948, Phibun assumed the position of Prime Minister after the military forced Khuang out of office.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun's second premiership was notably different, abandoning the fascist styling and rhetoric that characterised his first premiership, and instead promoted a façade of democracy. The beginning of the Cold War saw Phibun align Thailand with the anti-communist camp, and received large quantities of US aid following Thailand's entry into the Korean War as part of the United Nations Command's multi-national allied force against the communist forces of North Korea and the People's Republic of China. Phibun's anti-Chinese campaign was resumed, with the government restricting Chinese immigration and undertaking various measures to restrict economic domination of the Thai market by those of Chinese descent. Chinese schools and associations were once again shut down. Despite open pro-Western and anti-Chinese policies, in the late-1950s Phibun arranged to send two of the children of Sang Phathanothai, his closest advisor, to China with the intention of establishing a backdoor channel for dialogue between China and Thailand. Sirin Phathanothai, aged eight, and her brother, aged twelve, were sent to be brought up under the assistants of Premier Zhou Enlai as his wards. Sirin later wrote "The Dragon's Pearl", an autobiography telling her experiences growing up in the 1950s and 1960s among the leaders of China.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun was reportedly thrilled by the democracy and freedom of speech he had witnessed during a long trip abroad to the United States and Europe in 1955. Following the example of Hyde Park in London, he set up a "Speakers' Corner" at the Sanam Luang in Bangkok. Phibun began to democratize Thailand by allowing the formation of new political parties, amnestied political opponents, and planned free elections. Phibun founded and became chairman of his own new political party, the Seri Manangkhasila Party, which was dominated by the most influential in the military and the government. The Employment Act of January 1957 legalized trade unions, limited weekly working hours, regulated holidays and overtime, and instituted health and safety regulations. The International Workers' Day became a public holiday.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun's second premiership was longer but plagued with political instability, and there were numerous attempts to oppose his rule and remove him from power. Unlike his first premiership, Phibun faced noticeable opposition from people connected to the Free Thai Movement due to his alliance with the Japanese, including from within the military. Additionally, Phibun was indebted to the powerful Coup Group that had returned him to power.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: On 1 October 1948, the unsuccessful Army General Staff Plot was launched by members of the army general staff to topple his government, but failed when discovered by the Coup Group. As a result, more than fifty army and reserve officers and several prominent supporters of Pridi Phanomyong were arrested.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: On 26 February 1949, the Palace Rebellion was another failed coup attempt against Phibun to restore Pridi Phanomyong by occupying the Grand Palace in Bangkok and declaring a new government led by Direk Jayanama, a close associate of Pridi. The civilian rebels were quickly ousted from the palace, but fighting broke out between military rebels and loyalists which lasted for over a week.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: On 29 June 1951, Phibun was attending a ceremony aboard the "Manhattan", a US dredge boat, when he was taken hostage by a group of Royal Thai Navy officers, who then quickly confined him aboard the warship "Sri Ayutthaya". Negotiations between the government and the coup organizers swiftly broke down, leading to violent street fighting in Bangkok between the navy and the army, which was supported by the Royal Thai Air Force. Phibun was able to escape and swim back to shore when the "Sri Ayutthaya" was bombed by the air force, and with their hostage gone, the navy were forced to lay down their arms.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: On 29 November 1951, the Silent Coup was staged by the Coup Group and it consolidated the military's hold on the country. It reinstated the Constitution of 1932, which effectively eliminated the Senate, established a unicameral legislature composed equally of elected and government-appointed members, and allowed serving military officers to supplement their commands with important ministerial portfolios.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: In 1956, it became clearer that Plaek, allied to Phao, was losing to another influential group led by Sarit which consisted of "Sakdina" (royalties and royalists). Both Plaek and Phao intended to bring home Pridi Banomyong to clear his name from mystery around death of King Rama VIII. However, the US government disapproved, and they canceled the plan.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: In February 1957, public opinion turned against Phibun at the end of his second term when his party was suspected of fraudulent practices during an election, including the intimidation of the opposition, buying votes, and electoral fraud. In addition, critics of Phibun accused him of a lack of respect for the Thai monarchy, as the anti-aristocratic prime minister had always sought to limit the role of the monarchy to a constitutional minimum and had taken on religious functions that traditionally belonged to the monarch. For example, Phibun led the celebrations of the 2500th anniversary of Buddhism in 1956/57 instead of the King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who was openly critical of Phibun. On 16 September 1957, Phibun was eventually overthrown in a coup d'etat by members of the Royal Thai Army under the command of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, who had earlier sworn to be Phibun's most loyal subordinate. Sarit was supported by many royalists who wanted to regain a foothold, and there were rumors that the United States was "deeply involved" in the coup.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun was then forced into exile after the coup, first fleeing to Cambodia, but later settled in Japan after Sarit's new regime rejected his requests to allow him to return to Thailand. In 1960, Phibun briefly travelled to India to be a monk in the Buddhist temple in Bodhgaya.


title: Plaek Phibunsongkhram

text: Phibun died on 11 June 1964 from heart failure while in exile in Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. After his death, Phibun's ashes were transferred to Thailand in an urn and decorated with military honors in Wat Phra Sri Mahathat (also called "The Temple of Democracy") he had founded in Bang Khen.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Michael Wallace (born 9 November 1955) is an Irish politician and former property developer who has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland for the South constituency since July 2019. He is a member of Independents 4 Change, part of The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Wexford constituency from 2011 to 2019.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Entering politics in 2011 following the post-2008 Irish economic downturn, Wallace was almost immediately considered to be one of the most eccentric and unconventional figures in Irish national politics. Establishing a reputation for anti-establishment and populist views, Wallace became a frequent guest on the political debate show Tonight with Vincent Browne in the process. He soon aligned himself with Clare Daly, forming a political duo still operating as a unit today. In 2012 it emerged that during his time as a property developer, Wallace's company owed €2.1 million to the state in unpaid VAT taxes. In recent years Wallace has gained attention for his foreign policy views, particularly regarding Russia and China, which have been the subject of controversy and criticism.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Born at Wellington Bridge in County Wexford, one of a family of 12 children, he graduated from University College Dublin with a teaching qualification. He married Mary Murphy from Duncormick, County Wexford in 1979; the couple had two sons, but the marriage ended when the children were young. Wallace had two more children from another relationship in the 1990s.


title: Mick Wallace

text: In 2007, Wallace founded the Wexford Football Club which he managed for their first three seasons, and is chairman of its board. The club is in the League of Ireland First Division.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Prior to entering politics Wallace owned a property development and construction company completing developments such as "The Italian Quarter" in the Ormond Quay area of the Dublin quays. The company later collapsed into liquidation, with Wallace finally being declared bankrupt on 19 December 2016.


title: Mick Wallace

text: On 5 February 2011, while a guest on "Tonight with Vincent Browne", Wallace made the announcement that he intended to contest the upcoming general election on 25 February as an independent candidate. He topped the poll in the Wexford constituency with 13,329 votes. According to John Dwyer, who stood against him in that election, Wallace's tax affairs were "the talk of the pubs, all of these things were known. Because he was such a rebel, because he was prepared to stick the finger up at the authorities, he got elected."


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace is the listed officer of the Independents 4 Change, which was registered to stand for elections in March 2014 and along with Clare Daly is one of two MEPs which represent the party in the European parliament.


title: Mick Wallace

text: During their time in the Dáil, Wallace and Dublin North TD Clare Daly became friends and political allies, and worked together on many campaigns, including opposition to austerity and highlighting revelations of alleged Garda malpractices, including harassment, improper cancellation of penalty points and involvement of officers in the drug trade. Wallace and Daly were partially active in protesting the Garda whistleblower scandal, which eventually caused the resignation of Minister for Justice Frances Fitzgerald, although she was later cleared of wrongdoing by the Charleton Tribunal.


title: Mick Wallace

text: At the 2016 general election, Wallace stood as an Independents 4 Change candidate and was re-elected, finishing third on the first-preference count with 7,917 votes.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace has stated that the welfare of women working in prostitution would be improved if the trade were not pushed underground.


title: Mick Wallace

text: He said he was "a bit flabbergasted" by the introduction of the household charge brought in as part of the 2012 Budget, and by how that party had changed from when it was in opposition. On 15 December 2011, he helped to launch a nationwide campaign against the household charge.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace was criticised and accused of "defending terrorism" by Joan Burton, then Ireland's Tánaiste, for comments he made during the November 2015 Paris attacks. While the attacks were unfolding, Wallace posted on his Twitter account "So terrible for the victims, but when is France going to stop its role in the militarisation of the planet?", sparking an angry reaction on social media.


title: Mick Wallace

text: In July 2014, Wallace and Daly were arrested at Shannon Airport while trying to board a US military aircraft. Wallace said the airport was being used as a US military base and that the government should be searching the planes to ensure that they are not involved in military operations or that there are no weapons on board. Wallace was fined €2,000 for being in an airside area without permission, and chose not to pay. He was sentenced to 30 days in prison in default, and in December 2015 was arrested for non-payment of the fine. Joan Burton accused Wallace of "putting Irish people at risk" of terrorism by repeatedly linking Shannon Airport to US-led wars "simply for the sake of some media coverage".


title: Mick Wallace

text: In December 2015, Wallace and independent TDs Clare Daly and Maureen O'Sullivan each put forward offers of a €5,000 surety for a man charged with membership of an unlawful organisation and with possession of a component part of an improvised explosive device.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Mick Wallace has been criticised for supporting Venezuela, Ecuador, China, Russia, Belarus and Syria during his period as an MEP. In November 2020, Wallace referred to Belarusian opposition presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya as a "pawn of western neoliberalism". In February 2021, Wallace was reprimanded for using a swear word during a session of the European Parliament. Wallace had referred to Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as being an "unelected gobshite".


title: Mick Wallace

text: In April 2021, Wallace and Clare Daly were called "embarrassments to Ireland" by Fianna Fail's Malcolm Byrne after the two MEPs had travelled to Iraq and visited the headquarters of the Popular Mobilization Forces, an Iraqi militia supported by Iran. Byrne criticised them for meeting with a group that supports the oppression of gay people and accused them of being used as propaganda by the militia. The Popular Mobilization Forces later posted video footage on YouTube of Wallace and Daly.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace questioned the director general of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Fernando Arias, in the European Parliament in April 2021. He accused the OPCW of falsely blaming the government of Bashar al-Assad for the 2018 Douma chemical attack. He said that, while he did not know what had happened in Douma, the White Helmets were "paid for by the US and UK to carry out regime change in Syria". Fianna Fáil’s Barry Andrews called Wallace's accusation against the White Helmets a conspiracy theory and disinformation. French MEP Nathalie Loiseau described Wallace's comments as "fake news" and apologised on his behalf to NGO groups in Syria.


title: Mick Wallace

text: In June, Wallace and Daly were among the MEPs censured by the European Parliament's Democracy Support and Election Coordination Group for acting as unofficial election-monitors in the December 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election and April 2021 Ecuadorian general election without a mandate or permission from the EU. Official European overseas trips have been suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wallace and Daly were barred until the end of 2021 from making any election missions. They were warned that any further such action may result in their ejection from the European parliament under the end of their terms in 2024. While MEPs can make personal trips overseas, according to "The Irish Times", Wallace and Daly made no mention in their tweets that they were acting in an unofficial capacity.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Daly and Wallace issued a joint statement in response that read: "This is a political stunt by the centre right parties in the European Parliament, and we will be challenging it. These were not ‘fake’ election-observation trips. We made abundantly clear by public announcement at the time that we were not visiting Ecuador or Venezuela with an official election observation mandate." They continued: "Although we regret that the Ecuadorian people did not choose Andrés Arauz as their president, we found the elections to be conducted fairly and impartially, and their results are beyond question." Ecuadorian election officials complained that Wallace could not be an objective election observer while openly supporting one side, such as Andrés Arauz, over the other.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace has stated his opposition to vaccination certificates. He has said "I’m not anti-vax but we’re going down a dangerous path with Covid pass" and expressed concerns about civil liberties. Both Wallace and Daly have refused to present vaccination certs upon entering the European Parliament, resulting in them being reprimanded by the European Parliament.


title: Mick Wallace

text: On 15 September 2022, he was one of 16 MEPs who voted against condemning President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua for human rights violations, in particular the arrest of Bishop Rolando Álvarez.


title: Mick Wallace

text: In November 2022, Wallace criticised protests in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini, accusing some protestors of violence and destruction and saying it "would not be tolerated anywhere".


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace has called out the application of sanctions by the US and EU as being illegal as "they don't comply with the UN Charter". On 5 April 2022 Wallace made a proposal in European Parliament opposing the sanctions on Russia in response to the war in Ukraine. The resolution reaffirmed that the sanctions were illegal stating "Human Rights Council Resolution 27/21 and on human rights and unilateral coercive measures stresses that unilateral coercive measures and legislation are contrary to international law".


title: Mick Wallace

text: According to "The Irish Times", Wallace and Clare Daly's positions caused tensions within The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL. Tensions boiled over when Wallace and Daly tabled amendments in the European Parliament on behalf of the Left group seeking to remove parts of resolutions about Russia in relation to the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 by Russian backed militias in Donbas. 298 passengers and crew were killed in the incident, 193 of them Dutch. "The Irish Times" said a rift developed between Wallace's and Dutch MEP and fellow GUE/NGL member Anja Hazekamp over Flight MH17.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace has attended protests supporting Lithuanian Algirdas Paleckis, a politician convicted of spying on behalf of Russia, and attended court when Paleckis' appeal was being heard. Wallace said of Paleckis "He's accused of being a Russian spy because he expressed an opinion that the State didn't like" and that the conviction was "authoritarianism".


title: Mick Wallace

text: After Russia formally recognised the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics, Wallace called for the abolition of NATO; "The people of Europe must campaign for the abolition of NATO, it has nothing good to offer anyone that prefers peace to war". Wallace, with Daly, had previously been one of the 52 MEPs who voted against an EU motion to provide Ukraine with €1.2 billion in loans (compared to 598 MEPs in favour).


title: Mick Wallace

text: In March 2022, Wallace voted against a European Parliament resolution to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine, demand Vladimir Putin withdraw his troops and send weapons to Ukraine. Wallace later stated that he opposed Russian aggression against Ukraine and that he had opposed the resolution because it had called for sending weapons to Ukraine, stating that "the way forward is not putting in more arms and guns in there, the way forward is negotiation". Russian state media subsequently played clips of him criticizing the EU response to the Russian invasion.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Wallace spoke in the European Parliament in May 2021 about the EU's hostility to China, saying "Why are we choosing an aggressive position with China? Why are we not choosing co-operation instead of aggression? Why are we not respecting the principle of state sovereignty and non-interference? We should be working for peace with China, it’s in our interests". Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) Neale Richmond criticized his comments and questioned why Wallace was "lionizing China, Russia, Belarus, Syria".


title: Mick Wallace

text: In July 2021, Wallace claimed reports of one million Chinese citizens of the Uighur ethnicity being detained in concentration camps were "grossly exaggerated". He was critical of the anti-Chinese rhetoric that he said was taking place in the European Parliament and in some Irish media. Wallace made the comments in an interview with Irish radio station Newstalk. Previously he had said China "takes better care of its people" than the European Union in an interview with Chinese state-run newspaper Global Times, and stated that the Chinese Communist Party "deserved a lot of credits" for "helping so many hundreds of millions in China to move out of poverty."


title: Mick Wallace

text: In October 2021, Wallace released a video on social media in which he dismissed the idea of Uighur mass detention camps, stating that there was "never any solid evidence" of their existence. In the same video, Wallace said that Taiwan is part of the People's Republic of China and "is recognised as such by the United Nations". Wallace's video was subsequently broadcast on Chinese state media, prompting the government of Taiwan to offer an official rebuke of his claims. A spokesperson for the Taiwanese government in Dublin stated in response to Wallace, that the United Nations did not "authorise the People’s Republic of China to represent Taiwan in the United Nations, let alone claim that Taiwan is part of the People’s Republic of China. Taiwan is a vibrant democracy that is appreciated and supported by like-minded partners around the world. The right to democratic self-determination should not and will not be forfeited". Wallace's comments also prompted other Irish politicians to speak out against him. Fianna Fail's John McGuinness TD said he was "flabbergasted" upon first seeing Wallace's video and called upon Wallace to delete it. Fine Gael Senator Jerry Buttimer called upon Wallace to speak to Taiwanese groups in Ireland and to respect the right of "democratic self-determination".


title: Mick Wallace

text: A report by The Irish Times in April 2022 described Wallace and Daly's media profile in China, and discussed how since January 2021, Wallace had been featured in more Chinese-language news articles than any other Irish person aside from Daly.


title: Mick Wallace

text: During a debate between the then Minister for Justice and Equality, Alan Shatter and Wallace on RTÉ television in May 2013, Shatter divulged that Wallace had been cautioned by gardai for using his phone while driving. Shatter was later found to have broken General Data Protection Regulation laws by revealing personal information about Wallace. Shatter said he obtained the information from then Garda Commissioner, Martin Callinan. Callinan and Shatter both lost their jobs soon afterward, Shatter partially for this breach of the law among other controversies. Wallace disagreed with the appointment of Callinan's successor Nóirín O'Sullivan, citing her previous role as deputy commissioner to Callinan.


title: Mick Wallace

text: In June 2012, "The Irish Times" reported that Wallace had made a seven-figure settlement with the Revenue Commissioners for under-payment of VAT. The sum related to his company MJ Wallace Ltd. Wallace admitted in the course of the article that he had knowingly made false declarations to the authorities. Under the agreement with Revenue, MJ Wallace Ltd was found to have under-declared VAT liabilities on returns by €1,418,894. Interest came to €289,146 and penalties amounting to €425,668 were imposed, giving a total of €2,133,708. Ceann Comhairle Seán Barrett wrote to the Oireachtas Committee on Members' Interests Chairman, asking him to convene an inquiry.


title: Mick Wallace

text: When Wallace stated on "The Marian Finucane Show" in October 2012 that back in 2005 he once "threatened to hire a hitman to recover an IR£20,000 debt from a building firm", a complaint was filed with Gardaí by a former Navy officer who runs a public information website. Later the same month, Finian McGrath resigned as chairman of the Dáil technical group when Wallace returned to the loose alliance against the wishes of many of its members.


title: Mick Wallace

text: Shortly after being elected, while referring to Mary Mitchell O'Connor in Dáil Éireann, he said "Miss Piggy has toned it down a bit today". He accepted responsibility and later apologised, saying "It was my fault. I passed the reference because of her handbag. I'm completely out of order. I don't have a leg to stand on […] Clearly it was in bad taste." He called Mitchell O'Connor to apologise and said he would write a letter of apology to her as well.


title: Mick Wallace

text: In May 2011, Wallace said that he would face personal financial ruin and the possible loss of his Dáil seat, if banks were to chase him for personal guarantees he had given them. According to Wallace, his company had passed rents it collected directly to ACCBank since 2008. In a statement Wallace said: "I've tried to build well — we were a very successful company for a long time. We weren't bad, we weren't doing crazy things. We've made money every year for 20 years, employed a lot of people, paid our taxes. But the financial crisis arrived, completely undermined the value of our assets and we're no longer in a great place." He told RTÉ, "If a bank tries to make me bankrupt it has more to do with 'badness' than economics." On 10 October 2011, the Commercial Court ordered Wallace to repay more than €19 million owed to ACCBank. He said he did not have the money.


title: Mick Wallace

text: On 30 January 2016, it was ruled that Wallace would have to pay €2m to US vulture fund Cerberus. Wallace was finally declared bankrupt on 19 December 2016 with debts of over €30 million.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In sport, a bye is the preferential status of a player or team that is automatically advanced to the next round of a tournament, without having to play an opponent in an early round.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In knockout (elimination) tournaments they can be granted either to reward the highest ranked participant(s) or assigned randomly, to make a working bracket if the number of participants is not a power of two (e.g. 16 or 32).


title: Bye (sports)

text: In round-robin tournaments, usually one competitor gets a bye in each round when there are an odd number of competitors, as it is impossible for all competitors to play in the same round. However, over the whole tournament, each plays the same number of games as well as sitting out for the same number of rounds. The "Berger Tables" used by FIDE for chess tournaments, provide pairings for even numbered pools and simply state that "Where there is an odd number of players, the highest number counts as a bye."


title: Bye (sports)

text: Similar to the round-robin context, in league sports with weekly regular-season play such as gridiron football or rugby, a team not scheduled to play on a given week or fixture (competition period) can be said to be on its "bye week". Byes are necessary if there is an odd number of teams, but may be used even with an even number of teams, such as to provide rest breaks as has been done in the National Football League (NFL).


title: Bye (sports)

text: In a standard single-elimination tournament, each round has half the number of teams as the preceding round. Thus the finals will have two, the semi-finals will have four, the quarter finals will have eight, etc. Thus tournaments with competitors numbering a power of two can have a standard bracket in which all teams are paired up with the loser of each match eliminated and the winner moving on to the next round until only one champion remains.


title: Bye (sports)

text: However, if the number of teams is not a power of two, a simple elimination tournament would eventually produce a round with an odd number of teams (if the number is not odd to start with). For example, a tournament of nine teams could only have four matches in the first round, while a simple tournament of ten teams would produce a second round with five teams, meaning only two matches could occur.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Thus, if the number of participants is not a power of two (e.g. 16 or 32), to make a working bracket byes are provided to automatically move certain participants into a later round without requiring them to compete in an earlier one.


title: Bye (sports)

text: When participants are ranked, participants with the highest ranking going into the tournament are given a bye to the second round, as it is generally seen as an advantage to be assured entry into a later round. In the NFL playoffs, for example, as of , the division-leader with the best record in each conference is given a bye to the second round. The Canadian Football League (CFL) also grants a bye to its two division winners, directly to the division finals as four other teams compete in a semi-final week. In other tournaments where teams are unranked, random draw may be used to determine the byes.


title: Bye (sports)

text: The number of teams offered a bye is generally designed to ensure that the next round consists of a power-of-two number of teams so the tournament can proceed as a simple single-elimination tournament from that round onward.


title: Bye (sports)

text: If the byes are all single first-round byes into the second round of a tournament, the number of byes required is the difference between the number of teams and the next-highest power of two. For example, a 12-team tournament will require four byes (16−12) to ensure that instead of six teams in the second round, eight advance (as the four byes avoid two of the four teams being eliminated).


title: Bye (sports)

text: In the Provincial Championships of Gaelic football, some teams receive a bye due to the irregular number of teams competing in each province. The different numbers resulted in different byes alignments in each Provincial Championship.


title: Bye (sports)

text: For example, below is an assessment of the 2012 Provincial Championships, and their use of the "bye".


title: Bye (sports)

text: Seven teams contested the 2012 Connacht Senior Football Championship, so a quarter-final was not played by Mayo. Mayo therefore advanced directly to the semi-final to await the winner of the game between Leitrim and London.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Eleven teams contested the 2012 Leinster Senior Football Championship, so five teams were given first round byes. Three teams (Carlow, Dublin and Wexford) played winners of the three preliminary matches, while the other two played each other in the quarter-finals without playing a game in the preliminary round.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Six teams contested the 2012 Munster Senior Football Championship, so two teams (Clare and Cork) were permitted to advance to the semi-finals without playing a game in the quarter-finals.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Nine teams contested the 2012 Ulster Senior Football Championship, so only Cavan and Donegal played in the preliminary round, while the other seven advanced via bye to the quarter-finals without playing a game in the preliminary round.


title: Bye (sports)

text: While less common, byes can be offered for multiple rounds (e.g. a "double bye" directly into the third round), or starting in a later round (e.g. the top-ranked team in the first round is given a bye straight to the third round). A bye granted in a later round of the tournament eliminates the need for two byes in the previous round.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In the English FA Cup, the football clubs in the top two league divisions receive two-round byes and enter in the third round "proper" (of eight); the two next-highest divisions' teams will have entered in the first round. Another example is the UEFA Europa League, where teams from the highest-ranked nations enter the group stage directly without having to go through qualification.


title: Bye (sports)

text: The WNBA, from 2016 to 2021, had granted double byes to the league's top two seeds, while the next two seeds got first-round byes for their playoffs.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In NCAA Division I basketball, the 2009 Big East men's basketball tournament introduced "double byes", as the conference invited all 16 members to participate for the first time (previously only the top twelve were invited). To limit the number of games each round to four, the four highest seeded teams were advanced to the third round of competition, the 5th-8th seeded teams given byes to the second round, and the bottom eight competed the first day.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Due to the realignment of major conferences, "double byes" were no longer needed by the Big East after 2013, but were added by the Southeastern Conference in 2013, the Atlantic Coast and Atlantic 10 conferences in 2014, and the Big Ten in 2015 as each expanded beyond 12 teams. Various other conferences such as the WCC and the MAC offer a double bye to the semifinals for their top two teams.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In certain tournaments, the byes are somewhat disguised. When more teams are given first-round byes than actually compete in the first round, these first games may be referred to as "play-in" games and might not be a formally labelled as a tournament round.


title: Bye (sports)

text: From 2012–2019 and 2021, the Major League Baseball playoffs has included ten teams consisting of six division winners and four wild card teams (the top-ranked non-division-winners). The first round of the playoffs consists two wild-card games: single-game matches in which the four wild-card teams are reduced to two. The winners move on to the Divisional series with the six division winners for an eight-team, three-round tournament. Although this is billed as adding two extra "one-game showdowns" to the post-season, it could also be viewed as adding a fourth round to the ten-team tournament with six byes for the division winners.


title: Bye (sports)

text: The FA Cup also has certain teams compete in up to 6 preliminary rounds to qualify for the first round "proper".


title: Bye (sports)

text: Another example is the NCAA basketball tournament, which since 2011 has had 68 teams, effectively granting 60 byes, while eight teams compete in the "First Four" games for remaining four spots in the round of 64. From 2011 to 2015, the "First Four" was considered the first round, the round of 64 played on Thursday and Friday, was called the "second round"; the round of 32 was then called the "third round", consisting of games played on Saturday and Sunday. In 2016, the naming reverted to the round of 64 being the "first round" once again, and the round of 32 being the "second round", though the play-in round and all eight of those teams are officially part of the tournament.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Certain professional rugby and gridiron football leagues use the term "bye week" for any week during the regular season in which a team does not play a game. (School teams may also have non-competing weeks, but these are scheduled by individual schools and more commonly termed "open dates".)


title: Bye (sports)

text: Each NFL team has one "bye week" during a normal season; this is placed on the team's schedule, usually falling between Week 4 and Week 12 inclusive (except that if Thanksgiving falls during Week 12, the Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Lions may not have a bye during Week 12).


title: Bye (sports)

text: During 1960 and 1966, the league had an odd number of teams due to expansion. Each week during those seasons, one team had a bye, including one team each in the first and last week of the season: thus, because they had to play all their games with no break in the middle, those two teams effectively had "no" byes. The American Football League (which at the time was a completely separate league, but later became the American Football Conference) also had an odd number of teams in 1966 and 1967 following the addition of the Miami Dolphins, leaving each team with two bye weeks. Again, from 1999 and 2001, the NFL had an odd number of teams (31) as a result of the Cleveland Browns re-entering the league. Each week during these three seasons featured at least one team with its bye week, but the 2001 season also added an additional impromptu league-wide bye the weekend after the September 11 attacks. The league returned to having an even number of teams (32) in the 2002 season with the addition of the Houston Texans, and implemented the current bye week system.


title: Bye (sports)

text: The NFL returned to the use of the bye week in so as to extend the 16-game regular season schedule to span 17 weeks to increase the number of viewable games for television contracts. The season spanned 18 weeks with each team having 2 bye weeks. It went back to 17 weeks with a bye week the next season through . Since , it's 18 weeks long with a bye week.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In the rare case of a game postponement that cannot be made up within the same week, the NFL may revise bye weeks assignments in order to reschedule the delayed game, making the postponement week those teams' new "bye week":


title: Bye (sports)

text: The media may also sarcastically refer to a team having a "bye week" or a "second bye" if that team is playing an especially poor team, and is all but assured of a win.


title: Bye (sports)

text: Traditionally, the CFL has had nine teams and required bye weeks. Beginning 2018, each team has three bye weeks and 18 games over a 21-week regular season.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In most seasons, (from 2014 to 2017 and prior to 2007), each team has two bye weeks during the 20 week 18-game regular season. When the league had only 8 teams, the league usually had no bye weeks. However between 2007 and 2013, the league had one bye per team over in two weeks in August (4 teams would have a bye during week 6 and the other 4 teams would have a bye on week 7). Preseason have 3 weeks


title: Bye (sports)

text: In Australia's National Rugby League (NRL), each team has three byes each season. With the competition expanding to an odd number of teams from the 2023 NRL season, one club is required to have a bye each round; during the representative period of the season (such as the State of Origin), multiple byes are scheduled to the clubs that are expected to have the most players involved in the representative match, in the round preceding the representative fixture, to allow those clubs to sufficiently rest those players and prevent them from fielding a weakened side. On the competition ladder, teams are awarded two points (equivalent to a win) during their bye week except for the Melbourne Storm in 2010, who were barred from receiving premiership points for the remainder of the season as a punishment for gross long-term breaches of the salary cap.


title: Bye (sports)

text: The Australian Football League, which comprises an even number of clubs, gives each club a bye week in mid-season, as well as a bye the week before the finals. In 1915, 1919 to 1924, 1942 and 1943, 1991 to 1994 and 2011, when there were an odd number of clubs competing, each club was given two byes.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In both leagues, and under many other professional and amateur sports leagues in Australia, higher placed teams don't earn byes during finals, but instead the opportunity not to be eliminated by losing their first-round match (also called a double chance). This practice is common in Australia, but it is not used in most other countries, to earn an easier passage to the Grand Final as reward for finishing higher on the ladder. This is different from a double elimination format, in which a team has to lose both in the tournament and the repechage to be eliminated.


title: Bye (sports)

text: In a variation of the round-robin case, at certain high-level competitions in artistic gymnastics, teams cycle through the apparatuses in an "Olympic Order" with scheduled byes in between.


title: Bye (sports)

text: As an example, the NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championships has 36 teams with six teams apiece at six regional sites, with 12 advancing to two semifinal rounds of six that decide participants for the final "Super Six". In each of these nine sextets, each team competes during four of six "rotations" with the other two as byesscheduled before the uneven bars and the floor exercise. For example, Semifinal II of the 2018 championships operated as follows


title: Bye (sports)

text: In a Swiss-system tournament with an odd number of players, one player gets a bye in each round, but not all players will get a bye (as there are fewer rounds than there are players). FIDE specifies that "pairing-allocated" byes in their sanctioned chess tournaments may not be awarded multiple times to the same participant. Contrasting use in some single-elimination brackets, the byes are to be allocated to the lowest-rated eligible player in the pool.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Jeremy Pruitt (born May 28, 1974) is an American football coach who most recently was a senior defensive assistant for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the head coach at the University of Tennessee from 2018 to 2020 and defensive coordinator at the University of Alabama from 2016 to 2017, University of Georgia from 2014 to 2015, and Florida State University in 2013.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: As a defensive coordinator, Pruitt's defenses frequently ranked in the top 10 nationally in total defense and related categories. Pruitt worked for Alabama as Director of Player Development from 2007 to 2009 before becoming the Crimson Tide's defensive backs coach in 2010. Prior to joining the college ranks, he served as an assistant coach at the high-school level. Pruitt was a 2013 finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach, and was again a finalist in 2016. He played college football at Middle Tennessee and Alabama.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt appeared on the TV series "Two-A-Days" in 2006 while an assistant coach at Hoover High School in Hoover, Alabama.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt was born in Rainsville, Alabama, the son of Dale and Melissa Pruitt. His father is a long-time high school head coach, with stints at Pisgah (1982–1983), Plainview (1984–2000, 2006–2014, 2022–Present), Ft. Payne (2001–2003), Marion County (Tenn.) (2004–2005, 2020–2021), Albertville (2015–2018), and Dade County (2019). Jeremy played for his father at Plainview, where he was named all-state in 1991 and 1992, and helped the team achieve a 48–8 record.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt began his college football career at Middle Tennessee State under Hall of Fame head coach Boots Donnelly. He was recruited as a quarterback, but switched to defensive back during his freshman season. After his sophomore year, he transferred to the University of Alabama, where he played under coach Gene Stallings. He saw action in nine games during his junior season as a member of the 1995 Alabama squad, and seven games during his senior season as a member of the Outback Bowl-winning 1996 squad. As a player, Pruitt helped mentor All-American teammate Kevin Jackson in defensive coordinator Bill Oliver's complex schemes.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt began coaching as a student assistant on the 1997 Alabama team, where he worked primarily under defensive backs coach Curley Hallman.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt worked as an assistant coach under his father at Plainview High School in 1998 and 2000 and at Fort Payne from 2001 to 2003.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt served as an assistant coach under Rush Propst at Hoover High School from 2004 to 2006, winning state championships in 2004 and 2005. While at Hoover, he appeared on the first season of the MTV reality television show, "Two-A-Days", which aired in the fall of 2006 and focused on the lives of students at Hoover.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: In 2007, Pruitt joined the Alabama coaching staff as Director of Player Development. Following Alabama's 2009 national championship season, Pruitt was named the Tide's defensive backs coach. During his first season in 2010, Alabama's secondary led the SEC in passing efficiency, and included one All-American, Mark Barron. The 2011 Alabama secondary led the nation in pass defense and passing efficiency, and included three All-Americans, Barron, Dre Kirkpatrick, and DeQuan Menzie. Both Barron and Kirkpatrick were drafted in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft. Pruitt's 2012 secondary ranked seventh nationally in pass defense, and included Jim Thorpe finalist Dee Milliner. He was named National Recruiter of the Year in 2012 by 247Sports.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: In 2013, Pruitt was hired as the defensive coordinator at Florida State. In his lone season with the Seminoles, his defense ranked number one in scoring defense, allowing just 12.1 points per game, and ranked third in total defense, helping the 2013 Seminoles win the national championship.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: In 2014, Pruitt joined the Georgia coaching staff as the defensive coordinator. His 2014 defensive unit finished 17th nationally in total defense, and finished in the top ten in turnover margin and passing yards allowed. Pruitt's 2015 unit at Georgia finished the season ranked seventh nationally in total defense, and led the nation in fewest passing yards allowed per game.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt returned to Alabama as defensive coordinator in 2016, replacing Kirby Smart, who had left to become the head coach at Georgia. His 2016 defensive unit led the nation in scoring defense and rushing defense, and was ranked second in total defense. His 2017 Alabama defensive unit finished the regular season ranked second in total defense and first in scoring defense. The unit was part of the team that won the National Championship in the 2017 season.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: In December 2017, Pruitt was hired as the head coach at the University of Tennessee, capping a tumultuous coaching search that followed the firing of head coach Butch Jones, and led to the replacement of athletic director John Currie by Hall of Fame coach Phillip Fulmer. On September 1, 2018, he made his Tennessee head coaching debut in the Belk College Kickoff against the #17 West Virginia Mountaineers. The Volunteers lost by a score of 40–14. The next week, against ETSU, Pruitt won his first game as head coach. The Vols defeated the Buccaneers by a score of 59–3 in Pruitt's Neyland Stadium debut. After a 24–0 victory over UTEP, Tennessee suffered blowout losses to Florida and #2 Georgia. On October 13, against #21 Auburn, Pruitt coached the Volunteers to their first victory over a SEC West team since 2010. Following the Auburn game, Tennessee dropped back-to-back contests to #1 Alabama and South Carolina before getting a 14–3 victory over Charlotte on November 3. On November 10, he helped lead the Volunteers to a 24–7 victory over the #12 Kentucky Wildcats. Tennessee had two chances at bowl eligibility late in the season but dropped both, a 50–17 to Missouri and a 38–13 loss to Vanderbilt. Overall, in his first season as the Volunteers' head coach, Pruitt finished with a 5–7 overall record, 2–6 record in SEC play.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Tennessee added the #13 overall recruiting class for the 2019 cycle according to 247sports.com. The Volunteers opened the season with a 38–30 loss to Georgia State University. The loss was particularly devastating for Tennessee as it marked the program's first loss to a non-Power 5 program since 2008 and its first loss ever to a Sun Belt team. The next week saw the Vols drop a 29–26 result to BYU. The Vols started 0–2 for the first time since 1988. They earned their first win of the season against in-state opponent University of Tennessee at Chattanooga by a score of 45–0, which was the second shutout under Pruitt. Tennessee dropped to 1–4 with a 34–3 loss to #9 Florida and a 43–14 loss to #3 Georgia. The Volunteers earned their second win of the season against SEC opponent Mississippi State Bulldogs by a score of 20–10, giving the Volunteers their first SEC win for the 2019 season. The next week saw a 35–13 loss to #1 Alabama. After a 2–5 start to the season, Pruitt helped lead the Volunteers to a five-game winning streak to end the season at 7–5 and earn bowl eligibility. The win streak saw Tennessee get conference victories over South Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri, and Vanderbilt. In the 2020 Gator Bowl against Indiana, Pruitt earned his first bowl victory as head coach of Tennessee with a 23–22 comeback victory.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Tennessee's 2020 season was cut to an All-SEC, ten-game season beginning on September 26. The Volunteers started the 2020 season ranked #16 in the AP Poll. The team got off to a 2–0 start with victories over South Carolina and Missouri. Tennessee rose to #14 in the AP Poll and faced off against #3 Georgia. Tennessee led 21–17 at the half before giving up 27 unanswered in the second half to fall 44–21. The next week marked a lowlight for the Tennessee program, suffering a home loss to Kentucky for the first time in 36 years. Tennessee gave up back-to-back pick sixes by Jarrett Guarantano in the second quarter to begin a 34–7 blowout. The 27-point loss marked the worst defeat in the series for Tennessee since Kentucky won 27–0 in 1935. Tennessee dropped their next four games before getting a 42–17 victory over Vanderbilt. The four-game losing streak saw Pruitt try to find answers to inconsistent quarterback play by constantly switching players out at the position. Tennessee shifted through four different quarterbacks towards the end of the season. Tennessee dropped the last game of the season, a 34–13 setback to #5 Texas A&M to finish 3–7. Partially due to the shortened-season, Tennessee's three victories marked the fewest for the program for a single season since 1924. After the 2020 season, on January 18, 2021, Pruitt was fired after an internal investigation found evidence of recruiting violations. Nine other coaches and staff were also fired.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: On March 10, 2021, Pruitt was hired by the New York Giants as a senior defensive assistant under defensive coordinator Patrick Graham and head coach Joe Judge. He was not retained after the 2021 season ended.


title: Jeremy Pruitt

text: Pruitt, his wife and several members of his football staff provided about $60,000 of impermissible benefits and recruiting inducements to more than two dozen recruits and their families during his three-years head coaching gig at Tennessee.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Before, during and after his presidential terms and continuing today, there has been much criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945). Critics have questioned not only his policies and positions, but also charged him with centralizing power in his own hands by controlling both the government and the Democratic Party. Many denounced his breaking of a long-standing tradition by running for a third term in 1940.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: By the middle of his second term, much criticism of Roosevelt centered on fears that he was heading toward a dictatorship by attempting to seize control of the Supreme Court in the court-packing incident of 1937, attempting to eliminate dissent within the Democratic Party in the South during the 1938 mid-term elections and by breaking the tradition established by George Washington of not seeking a third term when he again ran for re-election in 1940. As two historians explain: "In 1940, with the two-term issue as a weapon, anti-New Dealers [...] argued that the time had come to disarm the 'dictator' and to dismantle the machinery".


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Long after Roosevelt's death, new lines of attack opened to criticize his policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe, incarcerating Japanese Americans on the West Coast in concentration camps, and opposing anti-lynching legislation.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Numerous allies and appointees turned against Roosevelt, such as Vice President John Nance Garner, Brain truster Raymond Moley, Postmaster General James A. Farley and Ambassador Joseph Kennedy. Outside the administration prominent supporters who turned against Roosevelt included journalists Walter Lippmann and Frank Kent. Newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst was a major Roosevelt supporter in 1932, but turned his nationwide media chain against Roosevelt starting in 1934. Historian Charles A. Beard had supported Roosevelt in 1932, but he became the leader of isolationist intellectuals who opposed his foreign policy after 1937. Roosevelt in the 1920s had been closely associated with Al Smith, the governor of New York. Roosevelt defeated Smith for the 1932 nomination and Smith became the leader of the Liberty League of prominent businessmen opposing the New Deal. After Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt rejected the possibility of major war jobs for any of these men except Lewis Douglas and Dean Acheson. Some appointees privately turned against the New Deal, but they kept quiet and stayed in the jobs, such as ambassador Claude Bowers.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Roosevelt was criticized for his economic policies, especially the shift in tone from individualism to collectivism with the dramatic expansion of the welfare state and regulation of the economy. Those criticisms continued decades after his death. One factor in the revisiting of these issues in later decades was the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. When in 1981 Reagan was quoted in "The New York Times" saying that fascism was admired by many New Dealers, he came under heavy criticism, for Reagan had greatly admired Roosevelt and was a leading New Dealer in Hollywood. One of the most outspoken critics of the New Deal in the 1930s was the right-wing activist Elizabeth Dilling.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Today, Roosevelt is criticized by conservatives and libertarians for his extensive economic interventionism. These critics often accuse his policies of prolonging what they believe would otherwise have been a much shorter recession. Their argument is that government planning of the economy was both unnecessary and counterproductive and that "laissez-faire" policies would have ended the suffering much sooner. Professor Thomas DiLorenzo, an adherent of the Austrian School of economics, says Roosevelt did not "get us out of the Depression" or "save capitalism from itself" as generations of Americans have been taught.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: More recently, libertarian historian Jim Powell stated in his 2003 book "FDR's Folly" that the median joblessness rate throughout the New Deal was 17.2 percent and never went below 14 percent. However, Powell does not count government workers on the Works Progress Administration (WPA) as employed, even though they worked at full-time paid jobs. Powell states the Depression was worsened and prolonged "by doubling taxes, making it more expensive for employers to hire people, making it harder for entrepreneurs to raise capital, demonizing employers, destroying food... breaking up the strongest banks, forcing up the cost of living, channeling welfare away from the poorest people and enacting labor laws that hit poor African Americans especially hard". Liberal historians reject Powell's charges and note that it was Hoover who raised taxes, not Roosevelt; and say that the New Deal did more for blacks than any administration before or since. Libertarian writers such as Burton Folsom believe that Social Security tax increases for middle-class workers exceeded government-mandated wage increases for them, thus leaving them with less current disposable income in exchange for eventual pensions. Roosevelt raised tax rates on the wealthy to a top marginal tax rate of 79%. However, wealthy citizens found tax shelters to reduce this rate. Libertarians also believe New Deal tax legislation curtailed private sector investment and job creation.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: A 2004 econometric study by Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian concluded that the "New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression as President Roosevelt and his economic planners had hoped", but that the "New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression". They believe that the "abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s". They do not credit Roosevelt for the remarkable prosperity of the 1940s.


title: Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: New Deal defenders argue that the failure of industry to create new jobs in the 1930s was caused primarily by the lack of new technologies and new industries as apart from radio there were few growth industries that emerged in the 1930s compared to the 1920s, when automobiles and electricity created the demand for new products that in turn created many new jobs. By contrast, in the 1930s companies did not hire more workers because they could not sell the increased output that would result.