title: Under the Volcano

text: The four arrive at Jacques Laruelle's home, which features two towers that the Consul compares to both Gothic battlements and the camouflaged smokestacks of the "Samaritan". Hugh, Yvonne, and the Consul go upstairs, where the Consul simultaneously struggles to resist drinking and look for his copy of "Eight Famous Elizabethan Plays". Yvonne wants to leave from the start, and she soon suggests going to the fiesta before they board the bus to Tomalin. The Consul stays behind as Hugh and Yvonne leave; once the two are gone, Laruelle rounds on him for coming only to drink. The Consul can no longer resist, and does so while Laruelle changes into his tennis clothes for a match with Vigil. They accompany each other down to the fiesta, where the Consul gets himself drunk at a cafe called the Paris while Laruelle tries to lecture him on his drinking. At the fiesta, more mention is made of the Pope's illness and the Battle of the Ebro. Eventually Laruelle leaves, although the Consul is not sure when; he ends up lecturing himself on his drinking problem. Now wandering around to avoid Hugh and Yvonne, he finds an unoccupied ride called the Infernal Machine and is pressured by a gang of children to take the ride. He loses all of his possessions on the ride, which the children gather and return to him. The Consul still has more time to waste, so he stumbles into the Terminal Cantina El Bosque, wherein he chats with the proprietor, Senora Gregorio, and has at least two more drinks. The pariah dog follows him inside but is scared off when he rises. Finally, he walks back outside to find Vigil, Quincey, and Bustamente walking together—they do not notice him—just as the bus to Tomalin pulls into the station.


title: Under the Volcano

text: The Consul, Hugh, and Yvonne travel to Tomalin by bus. A number of allusions and symbols are repeated: "Las Manos de Orlac," the battle of the Ebro, cigarettes, the Good Samaritan, the number seven, et cetera. Along the way, Hugh notices a dead dog at the bottom of the barranca. During the trip, a "pelado" on the bus is noted, and Hugh and the Consul debate the meaning of the epithet. Hugh believes the term to mean "a shoeless illiterate" but the Consul corrects him, claiming that "pelados" are "indeed 'peeled ones,' the stripped, but also those who did not have to be rich to prey on the really poor". Further along, Hugh spots a man by the road, seemingly asleep. The bus stops and the man is found to be an Indian dying with his hat covering his face. No one helps the man due to a law that makes any such samaritan liable for "accessory after the fact". However, the pelado removes the Indian's hat, revealing a head wound and bloodied money. Nearby, Hugh and the Consul spot the recurring horse: "branded number seven". Leaving the peasant to his fate, the passengers reboard the bus. The Consul directs Hugh to look at the pelado, who is now clutching the "bloodstained pile of silver pesos and centavos": the pelado has pilfered the Indian's money, and has used it to pay his fare. The Consul, Hugh, and Yvonne take a pinch of habanero, and the bus rattles on toward Tomalin, where it arrives at the end of the chapter.


title: Under the Volcano

text: The Consul, Hugh, and Yvonne arrive at Arena Tomalin and take in a bullfight. The narrative references Munro Leaf's Ferdinand the Bull, as the bull does not care to participate in the occasion for much of the event. This chapter offers Yvonne's point of view, including her memories of the Indian that had been injured and the emotion that she feels when reflecting on the volcano, Popocatepetl. As the chapter continues, she reminisces about her childhood and early adulthood in multiple instances; for example, when she claimed to see her father come toward her in a hallucination, when she thinks about her mother’s death around the time of World War I, and when she discusses her life as an actress in Hollywood. Also, Yvonne dreams of the future she could have had, and would still like to have, with the Consul. Yvonne’s futuristic dreams included living with the Consul in solidarity and peace with nature. During the bullfight, Hugh decides to jump in and ride the bull while the Consul and Yvonne profess their love for each other in the crowd.


title: Under the Volcano

text: Told from the Consul's perspective, Chapter 10 opens with Geoffrey having drinks at the Salon Ofelia. He sits at the bar contemplating varieties of liquor while listening to Hugh and Yvonne banter as they swim nearby. They dress in separate changing rooms as the Consul continues to listen to their playful repartee, and they soon join him for dinner. Various landmarks, including the San Francisco Convent, the City Parish and the Tlaxcala Royal Chapel and Sanctuary, are mentioned as the Consul reads a tourist information booklet and remembers places he and Yvonne visited in happier times of their past. The Consul leaves early after arguing politics with Hugh and lashing out against Hugh and Yvonne's concerns about his drinking.


title: Under the Volcano

text: Hugh and Yvonne leave Salon Ofelia in search of the Consul. They walk in the shadow of the two volcanoes, Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, and come to a point where they must choose one of two paths. Told from Yvonne's perspective, they choose the main path, which they believe the Consul would have taken, since it passes by two cantinas on the way to Parian. Their progress is hindered by a growing thunderstorm and there are numerous references to constellations, such as Orion and the Pleiades. Yvonne is trampled by the horse with the number 7 branded on its leg and imagines seeing her dream house in Canada burn down as she dies.


title: Under the Volcano

text: The final month of a year, the final number on a clock, and the final chapter of "Under the Volcano", told again from the Consul's point of view. He is in the main barroom of the Farolito, which is located at the foot of and seemingly under the volcano Popocatepetl. He does not realise that Hugh and Yvonne are looking for him. Diosdado, also called The Elephant, hands the Consul a stack of letters he has had, which were written by Yvonne and sent to the Consul throughout the past year. The Consul gets into a disagreement with the local police chiefs. They push him outside of the bar and out of the light, where they shoot the Consul and throw him off the edge of the ravine that the Farolito is built atop of. The shot startles a horse which runs off.


title: Under the Volcano

text: "Under the Volcano" is particularly rich in symbolism; references and allusions to other writers and literary works abound. The influence of Christopher Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus" runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's "Les Fleurs du mal", William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's "Divine Comedy" enrich the novel's meaning.


title: Under the Volcano

text: Critics have remarked that Marlowe's version of the Faustus myth is "Lowry's single most important source for "Under the Volcano"". Lowry alludes to Goethe's "" as well and uses a quote for one of his three epigraphs but Marlowe's dominates, with the Consul being suggested as a Faustian black magician by Hugh. The Consul "often associates himself with Faustus as a suffering soul who cannot ask for salvation, or who even runs toward hell", and parodies Marlowe's line about Helen of Troy ("was this the face that launched a thousand ships, / and burnt the topless towers of Illium?") when looking at a fighting cock in a bar, "Was this the face that launched five hundred ships, and betrayed Christ into being in the Western Hemisphere?"


title: Under the Volcano

text: A literary game based on the Sortes virgilianae—a form of divination by bibliomancy in which advice or predictions of the future are sought by randomly selecting a passage from Virgil's "Aeneid", but with Shakespeare replacing Virgil—is an important theme. The Consul (who "had delighted in the absurd game") refers to the game in chapter 7 using Jean Cocteau's "The Infernal Machine". Exactly a year later Laruelle plays it again, this time with the Consul's copy of "Eight Famous Elizabethan Plays". After two lines and then another from "Doctor Faustus" and a passage from Thomas Dekker's "The Shoemaker's Holiday", the book opens on the last page of "Doctor Faustus", and the four lines Laruelle reads are particularly appropriate to the Consul: "Cut is the branch that might have grown full straight, ... Faustus is gone: regard his hellish fall."


title: Under the Volcano

text: Many of the individual symbols in the novel relate to each other and to Lowry's literary models. The Consul's wild and overgrown garden, which stands for his life, alludes to the Garden of Eden; the barranca symbolises and becomes his tomb. Throughout the novel the number 7 appears—branded on the horse which is encountered in many of the chapters, and often as time: Laruelle's Day of the Dead, in the first chapter, ends at 7 PM; Yvonne returns to the Consul at 7 AM and the day that takes up chapters 2 through 12 ends at 7 PM; at the novel's close, the clock strikes seven times and a cock appears to confirm the Indian belief that "a cock crowing seven times announces death", while the clock also announces the opening of the seventh seal.


title: Under the Volcano

text: An early review of the book, by R. W. Flint in "The Kenyon Review", called it "one of the most readable novels to appear since the war" but ultimately criticised it severely for its "second-handedness", saying that Lowry "lacks the confidence of the innovator".


title: Under the Volcano

text: Fellow writer Charles Bukowski said that, when he read Lowry's novel, "I yawned myself to shit". He criticised it for lack of "pace, quickness, light, sunlight, juice and flavour in his lines."


title: Under the Volcano

text: Michael Hofmann, who would edit the collection of posthumous work of Lowry's "The Voyage That Never Ends", wrote, ""Under the Volcano" eats light like a black hole. It is a work of such gravity and connectedness and spectroscopic richness that it is more world than product. It is absolute mass, agglomeration of consciousness and experience and terrific personal grace. It has planetary swagger."


title: Under the Volcano

text: In "The New York Review of Books", critic Michael Wood wrote, ""Under the Volcano" is a great book about missing grandeur, about the specialised tragedy that lies in the unavailability of the tragedy you want."


title: Under the Volcano

text: Chris Power, writing in "The Guardian", said: "I came to the book knowing only its reputation as a masterpiece of English modernism. I left thinking it one of the greatest novels of the 20th century... Lowry is closer to Melville and Conrad than Joyce, but he creates his corner of Mexico in a manner similar to the Dublin of "Ulysses": not by describing it so much as by building an alternate reality from language."


title: Under the Volcano

text: Novelist Elizabeth Lowry (no relation), writing in the "London Review of Books", described it as a "black masterpiece about the horrors of alcoholic disintegration."


title: Under the Volcano

text: Reviewing Gordon Bowker's biography of Lowry, "The New York Times" commented on "Volcano"'s legacy: ""Under the Volcano" is too famous to be just a cult object, but more than most great novels it is revisited year after year by a few zealous defenders, who place Lowry high up in the modernist pantheon, while the rest of the world is only barely aware of his masterpiece as an exotic and harrowing read."


title: Under the Volcano

text: Modern Library's 100 Best Novels of English novels in the 20th century lists the book at position 11. It was ranked number 99 on Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century.


title: Under the Volcano

text: John Huston directed the 1984 film adaptation, with Albert Finney, Jacqueline Bisset, Anthony Andrews and Katy Jurado. It received Oscar nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Albert Finney) and Best Music, Original Score.


title: Under the Volcano

text: "" (1976) is a National Film Board of Canada documentary produced by Donald Brittain and Robert A. Duncan and directed by Brittain and John Kramer. It opens with the inquest into Lowry's "death by misadventure," and then moves back in time to trace the writer's life. Selections from Lowry's novel are read by Richard Burton amid images shot in Mexico, the United States, Canada and England.


title: Under the Volcano

text: The novel was the inspiration for the 1971 song "The Consul At Sunset" by Jack Bruce and Pete Brown, as well as the 1987 song "Back Room of the Bar" by The Young Fresh Fellows.


title: Mychael Danna

text: Mychael Danna (born September 20, 1958) is a Canadian composer of film and television scores. He won both the Golden Globe and Oscar for Best Original Score for "Life of Pi". He has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Original Dramatic Score) in his work on the miniseries "World Without End."


title: Mychael Danna

text: Danna was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, but his family moved to Burlington, Ontario, when he was four weeks old. He is the brother of fellow composer Jeff Danna. He studied music composition at the University of Toronto, winning the Glenn Gould Composition Scholarship in 1985.


title: Mychael Danna

text: Danna served for five years as composer-in-residence at the McLaughlin Planetarium in Toronto (1987–1992). Works for dance include music for "Dead Souls" (Carbone Quatorze Dance Company, directed by Gilles Maheu 1996), and a score for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet's "Gita Govinda" (2001) based on the 1000-year-old classical Gita Govinda, with choreographer Nina Menon. In June 2014, Danna was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Toronto, for his career achievements in the field of music.


title: Mychael Danna

text: He has been scoring films since his 1987 feature debut for Atom Egoyan's "Family Viewing", a score which earned Danna the first of his thirteen Genie Award nominations. He has won five times for Achievement in Music - Original Score. Danna is recognized as one of the pioneers of combining non-Western sound sources with orchestral and electronic minimalism in the world of film music. This reputation has led him to work with such directors as Atom Egoyan, Deepa Mehta, Terry Gilliam, Scott Hicks, Ang Lee, Gillies MacKinnon, James Mangold, Mira Nair, Billy Ray, Joel Schumacher, and Denzel Washington. His soundtrack for Ang Lee's "Life of Pi" earned two Academy Award nominations for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for "Pi's Lullaby".


title: Mychael Danna

text: Other films include Dan Scanlon's "Onward", Mimi Leder's "On the Basis of Sex", Nora Twomey's "The Breadwinner", Bennett Miller's "Capote" and "Moneyball" and Marc Webb's "(500) Days of Summer".


title: Mychael Danna

text: Danna's wife Aparna is of Indian origin; the couple have two sons. He is the older brother of composer Jeff Danna.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Alejandro Aranda (born August 11, 1994), known by his stage name Scarypoolparty, is an American singer, musician, and reality television personality from Pomona, California, and runner-up on the seventeenth season of "American Idol". His debut album "Exit Form" was released on November 22, 2019. His follow-up album length EP, "Doom Hologram" was released on September 4, 2020. L.A. was released 2021. The Act of Forgiveness/a double Album was released in 2021 also.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Musically, Aranda's early influences included classical music like Beethoven, Bach and Chopin, along with Dead Can Dance, Nine Inch Nails and other classical and contemporary artists.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: In 2017, Aranda won Artist of the Year with CSUN and Five of Five Entertainment. It was from here that he started gaining traction in the world of music.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Aranda's American Idol audition in front of the judges was aired on ABC on March 6, 2019. He was the only contestant to play seven original songs in the show's history, even though producers encouraged him to play cover versions.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: He received a private audition through someone who attended a backyard concert that he performed, and on April 6, 2019, he auditioned on Season 17 of American Idol in Los Angeles, CA. Alejandro performed two original songs, “Out Loud” and “Cholo Love.” Immediately, the judges were drawn to him. Luke Bryan said, “I just feel like I’m in the presence of greatness.” and “It was like watching my favorite movie that I did not want to end.” Katy Perry said, “Okay Alejandro, I think you're the winner. I think you're really special. I think you're an absolute genius.”


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: His audition video was released on February 6, 2019, and as of August 22, 2019 it had reached 14 million YouTube views, 8.5 million more than any other Season 17 contestant's audition. On March 16, 2019, Stevie Nicks wrote (on Instagram) a prophecy saying he will “perform across great stages of the world” and “...let me welcome you to the grand stage that will be your home for the rest of your extraordinary life.”


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Aranda performed seven different original songs. He played "10 Years" on American Idol in Hollywood Week and also in the finale with an orchestra, making him the only contestant to perform four original songs in the finale of the show. In total, he played seven original songs on the show.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: During the Hometown Heroes Concert in Pomona, California, the mayor of Pomona declared May 19, 2019 "Alejandro Aranda Day".


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Following his exit from "American Idol", Aranda was scheduled to go on a seven-date US tour in July 2019. Tickets went on sale on the morning of May 23, every show sold out in under 15 minutes. "American Idol" judge Katy Perry jokingly begged Aranda to be a "roadie" on his tour.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: He announced on June 1, that he would put on a free concert in Nashville on July 3, joined by Bizz & Everyday People. Along with that, he announced that he was working on another tour. He met Darren King at the Nashville show. Being a long-time fan of MuteMath, it was a great opportunity to play on the road with Darren King and his wife Sucre during the 2019 Fall Tour.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: He released the single "Tonight" under the name Scarypoolparty on June 28, 2019, after signing with Hollywood Records. The song was co-written and co-produced by Twin Shadow. "Tonight" was performed on American Idol during the auditions as well as April 15, 2019 during the top 14 results show.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: On August 7, 2019, he released the ballad "Cholo Love". Cholo Love was played during the audition and again during the Wildcard Episode on April 15, 2019. He wrote and produced this song for Exit Form with his friend and mentor Twin Shadow.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Shortly before the show in Independence Day show in Nashville, Tennessee, Aranda announced on June 23 that he was working on a new album, and on June 24, he announced he would go on a twenty-eight stop tour from October 10 to November 21. On June 25, he added a twenty-ninth stop in Los Angeles for November 22.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: In addition to the Fall tour dates, he performed at several music festivals, including Lollapalooza in Chicago on August 3, 2019, Life Is Beautiful in September 2019 and Austin City Limits Music Festival in October 2019. On June 25, he added a twenty-ninth stop in Los Angeles for the Fall Tour.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: He released the single "Diamonds" on October 4, 2019, along with a YouTube video and Behind the Scenes video. Perhaps his grittiest song to date. It was to set the stage for upcoming albums and a separation from the Idol image that was created and often in conflict with his emerging Scarypoolparty alter ego.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: In 2020 some his European tour was canceled. He was featured on Lollapalooza's 2020 online festival, which showed previously recorded concert sets.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: On March 2, 2021, Scarypoolparty released a collaborative single with Nothing,Nowhere. The song is a precursor to Scarypoolparty's 2021 EP titled Los Angeles which will release worldwide on March 26.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: On August 27, 2021, Aranda released a 21-song album, The Act of Forgiveness.  He collaborated with composer Rob Mathes on an 18-piece orchestra, adding orchestral arrangements on 12 of the album's tracks.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: The Beautiful Liar tour with X Ambassadors and Taylor Janzen began on October 15, 2021. Scarypoolparty performed six to seven songs at each show on the US leg of the tour. Taylor Janzen opened the shows, Scarypoolparty followed her, and X Ambassadors were the main act. X Ambassadors have several number one hits including Popular Monster, Unsteady, and Renegades. X Ambassadors continued on to Europe.


title: Alejandro Aranda

text: Alejandro Aranda was born on August 11, 1994, in Pomona, California. In an interview with Launch Left, he talked about his family and the fact that he was not close to them.


title: Procedure word

text: Procedure words (abbreviated to prowords) are words or phrases limited to radio telephone procedure used to facilitate communication by conveying information in a condensed standard verbal format. Prowords are voice versions of the much older procedural signs for Morse code which were first developed in the 1860s for Morse telegraphy, and their meaning is identical.


title: Procedure word

text: The NATO communications manual ACP-125 contains the most formal and perhaps earliest modern (post-World War II) glossary of prowords, but its definitions have been adopted by many other organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, the U.S. Coast Guard, US Civil Air Patrol, US Military Auxiliary Radio System, and others.


title: Procedure word

text: Prowords are one of several structured parts of radio voice procedures, including brevity codes and plain language radio checks.


title: Procedure word

text: According to the U.S. Marine Corps training document FMSO 108, "understanding the following PROWORDS and their respective definitions is the key to clear and concise communication procedures".


title: Procedure word

text: This transmission is from the station whose designator immediately follows. For clarity, the station "called" should be named before the station "calling". So, "Victor Juliet zero, THIS IS Golf Mike Oscar three..." or for brevity, "Victor Juliet zero, Golf Mike Oscar three, ROGER, OUT". Never "This is GMO3 calling VJ0", "This is ground control to Major Tom" nor any other reversed combination.


title: Procedure word

text: "Over" and "Out" are "never" used at the same time, since their meanings are mutually exclusive. With spring-loaded Push to talk (PTT) buttons on modern combined transceivers, the same meaning can be communicated with just "OUT", as in "Ops, Alpha, ETA five minutes. OUT."


title: Procedure word

text: "I have received your last transmission satisfactorily, radio check is LOUD AND CLEAR." "ROGER" may be used to mean "yes" with regard to confirming a command; however, in Air Traffic Control phraseology, it does not signify that a clearance has been given.


title: Procedure word

text: The term originates from the practice of telegraphers sending an "R" to stand for "received" after successfully getting a message. This was extended into spoken radio during World War II, with the "R" changed to the spelling alphabet equivalent word "Roger". The modern NATO spelling alphabet uses the word "Romeo" for "R" instead of "Roger", and "Romeo" is sometimes used for the same purpose as "Roger", mainly in Australian maritime operations.


title: Procedure word

text: "Copy" does not mean the same as "roger". It is used when communications between two other stations which includes information for one's own station has been overheard and received satisfactorily.


title: Procedure word

text: "I understand and will comply." It is used on receipt of an order. "Roger" and "Wilco" used together (e.g. "Roger, Wilco") are redundant, since "Wilco" includes the acknowledgement element of "Roger".


title: Procedure word

text: "I have not understood your message, please SAY AGAIN". Usually used with prowords "ALL AFTER" or "ALL BEFORE". Example: radio working between Solent Coastguard and a motor vessel, call-sign EG 93, where part of the initial transmission is unintelligible.


title: Procedure word

text: At this juncture, Solent Coastguard would reply, giving the position of the shipping vessel preceded with the prowords "I SAY AGAIN":


title: Procedure word

text: The word "REPEAT" should not be used in place of "SAY AGAIN", especially in the vicinity of naval or other firing ranges, as "REPEAT" is an artillery proword defined in ACP 125 U.S. Supp-2(A) with the wholly different meaning of "request for the same volume of fire to be fired again with or without corrections or changes" (e.g., at the same coordinates as the previous round).


title: Procedure word

text: "Please repeat the message you just sent me beginning after the word or phrase said after this proword."


title: Procedure word

text: "Please repeat the message you just sent me ending before the word or phrase said after this proword."


title: Procedure word

text: "I made an error in this transmission. Transmission will continue with the last word correctly sent."


title: Procedure word

text: The sender requests a response indicating the strength and readability of their transmission, according to plain language radio check standards:


title: Procedure word

text: "5 by 5" is an older term used to assess radio signals, as in 5 out of 5 units for both signal strength and readability. Other terms similar to 5x5 are "LOUD AND CLEAR" or "Lima and Charlie". Example:


title: Procedure word

text: If the initiating station (Alpha 12 in the example) cannot hear the responding station (X-ray 23 above), then the initiator attempts a radio-check again, or if the responder's signal was not heard, the initiator replies to the responder with "Negative contact, Alpha 12 OUT".


title: Procedure word

text: The following readability scale is used: 1 = bad (unreadable); 2 = poor (readable now and then); 3 = fair (readable, but with difficulty); 4 = good (readable); 5 = excellent (perfectly readable).


title: Procedure word

text: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Convention and Procedures for Air Navigation Services set out "distress, urgency and safety procedures".


title: Procedure word

text: On the radio, distress (emergency) and rescue usage takes precedence above all other usage, and the radio stations at the scene of the disaster (on land, in a plane, or on a boat) are authorized to commandeer the frequency and prohibit all transmissions that are not involved in assisting them. These procedure words originate in the International Radio Regulations.


title: Procedure word

text: The Combined Communications-Electronics Board (representing military use by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States) sets out their usage in the Allied Communications Publications "ACP 135(F) Communications instructions Distress and Rescue Procedures".


title: Procedure word

text: Mayday is used internationally as the official SOS/distress call for voice. It means that the caller, their vessel or a person aboard the vessel is in grave and imminent danger, send immediate assistance. This call takes priority over all other calls.


title: Procedure word

text: VHF instructors, specifically those working for the Royal Yachting Association, often suggest the mnemonic MIPDANIO for learning the message of a Mayday signal: mayday, identify, position, distress, assistance, number-of-crew, information, over.


title: Procedure word

text: For example: "Mayday, Mayday, Mayday, Wiki Air 999, we have lost both of our engines due to a bird strike, we are gliding now."


title: Procedure word

text: After that pilot can give, or the controller can ask for, additional information, such as, fuel and number of passengers on board.


title: Procedure word

text: Meaning "I, my vessel or a person aboard my vessel requires assistance but is not in distress." This overrides all but a mayday call, and is used, as an example, for calling for medical assistance or if the station has no means of propulsion. The correct usage is:


title: Procedure word

text: This call is normally broadcast on a defined channel (channel 16 for maritime VHF) and then moved onto another channel to pass the message. Example:


title: Procedure word

text: "Seelonce" is an approximation rendition of the French word "silence". Indicates that your vessel has an emergency and that you are requiring radio silence from all other stations not assisting you.


title: Procedure word

text: Indicates that you are relaying or assisting a station that has placed a MAYDAY call and you are requiring radio silence from all other stations not assisting you or the station in distress.


title: Procedure word

text: When the emergency issue is winding down and then has been resolved, these prowords are used to open up the frequency for use by stations not involved in the emergency:


title: Procedure word

text: Indicates that complete radio silence is no longer required and restricted (limited) use of the frequency may resume, but immediately giving way to all further distress communications.


title: Procedure word

text: More formally known as "Aeronautical Mobile communications", radio communications from and to aircraft are governed by rules created by the International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO defines a very similar but shorter list of prowords in Annex 10 of its Radiotelephony Procedures (to the Convention on International Civil Aviation). Material in the following table is quoted from their list. ICAO also defines "ICAO Radio Telephony Phraseology".


title: Procedure word

text: Marine radio procedure words follow from the ACP-125 definition, and those in the International Radio Regulations published by the ITU, and should be used by small vessels as their standard radio procedure. Beginning in 2001, large vessels, defined as being 500 gross tonnage or greater, the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers has required that a restricted and simplified English vocabulary with pre-set phrases, called Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP), be used and understood by all officers in charge of a navigational watch. These rules are enforced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMO describes the purpose of SMCP, explaining "The IMO SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important safety-related fields of verbal shore-to-ship (and vice-versa), ship-to-ship and on-board communications. The aim is to get round the problem of language barriers at sea and avoid misunderstandings which can cause accidents."


title: Procedure word

text: The SMCP language is not free-form like the standard radio voice procedures and procedure words. Instead, it consists of entire pre-formed phrases carefully designed for each situation, and watch officers must pass a test of their usage in order to be certified under international maritime regulations. For example, ships in their own territorial waters might be allowed to use their native language, but when navigating at sea or communicating with foreign vessels in their own territorial waters, they should switch to SMCP, and will state the switch over the radio before using the procedures. When it is necessary to indicate that the SMCP are to be used, the following message may be sent: "Please use Standard Marine Communication Phrases." "I will use Standard Marine Communication Phrases."


title: Procedure word

text: "Clear" is sometimes heard in amateur radio transmissions to indicate the sending station is done transmitting and leaving the airways, i.e. turning off the radio, but the "Clear" proword is reserved for a different purpose, that of specifying the classification of a 16-line format radio message as one which can be sent in the clear (without encryption), as well as being reserved for use in responding to the "Radio Check" proword to indicate the readability of the radio transmission.


title: Procedure word

text: "Confirm" or "yes" and sometimes shortened to "Affirm" is heard in several radio services, but is not listed in ACP-125 as a proword because in poor radio conditions it can be confused with "Negative". Instead, the proword "Correct" is used.


title: Procedure word

text: Means "no", and can be abbreviated to "Negat". Because over a poor quality connection the words "affirmative" and "negative" can be mistaken for one another (for example over a sound-powered telephone circuit), United States Navy instruction omits the use of either as prowords. Sailors are instructed to instead use "yes" and "no".


title: Procedure word

text: Anytime a radio call is made (excepting "standby", where the correct response is silence), there is some kind of response indicating that the original call was heard. 613's "Roger" confirms to 610 that the information was heard. In the second radio call from 610, direction was given. 613's "Wilco" means "will comply."


title: Procedure word

text: Reading back an instruction confirms that it was heard correctly. For example, if all 613 says is "Wilco", 610 cannot be certain that he correctly heard the heading as 090. If 613 replies with a read back "and" the word "Wilco" ("Turn right zero-niner-zero, Wilco") then 610 knows that the heading was correctly understood, and that 613 intends to comply.


title: Procedure word

text: The following is the example of working between two stations, EG93 and VJ50 demonstrating how to confirm information:


title: Folk etymology

text: Folk etymology (also known as popular etymology, analogical reformation, reanalysis, morphological reanalysis or etymological reinterpretation) is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one. The form or the meaning of an archaic, foreign, or otherwise unfamiliar word is reinterpreted as resembling more familiar words or morphemes.


title: Folk etymology

text: The term "folk etymology" is a loan translation from German Volksetymologie, coined by Ernst Förstemann in 1852. Folk etymology is a productive process in historical linguistics, language change, and social interaction. Reanalysis of a word's history or original form can affect its spelling, pronunciation, or meaning. This is frequently seen in relation to loanwords or words that have become archaic or obsolete.


title: Folk etymology

text: Examples of words created or changed through folk etymology include the English dialectal form "sparrowgrass", originally from Greek ("asparagus") remade by analogy to the more familiar words "sparrow" and "grass". When the alteration of an unfamiliar word is limited to a single person, it is known as an eggcorn.


title: Folk etymology

text: The technical term "folk etymology" refers to a change in the form of a word caused by erroneous popular suppositions about its etymology. Until academic linguists developed comparative philology (now "comparative linguistics") and described the laws underlying sound changes, the derivation of a word was mostly guess-work. Speculation about the original form of words in turn feeds back into the development of the word and thus becomes a part of a new etymology.


title: Folk etymology

text: Believing a word to have a certain origin, people begin to pronounce, spell, or otherwise use the word in a manner appropriate to that perceived origin. This popular etymologizing has had a powerful influence on the forms which words take. Examples in English include "crayfish" or "crawfish", which are not historically related to "fish" but come from Middle English "crevis", cognate with French "écrevisse". Likewise "chaise lounge", from the original French "chaise longue" ("long chair"), has come to be associated with the word "lounge".


title: Folk etymology

text: Other types of language change caused by reanalysis of the structure of a word include rebracketing and back-formation.


title: Folk etymology

text: In rebracketing, users of the language change misinterpret or reinterpret the location of a boundary between words or morphemes. For example, the Old French word "orenge" ("orange tree") comes from Arabic "an nāranj" ("the orange tree"), with the initial "n" of "nāranj" understood as part of the article. Rebracketing in the opposite direction saw the Middle English "a napron" become "an apron".


title: Folk etymology

text: In back-formation, a new word is created by removing elements from an existing word that are interpreted as affixes. For example, Italian "pronuncia" ('pronunciation; accent') is derived from the verb "pronunciare" ('to pronounce; to utter') and English "edit" derives from "editor". Some cases of back-formation are based on folk etymology.


title: Folk etymology

text: In linguistic change caused by folk etymology, the form of a word changes so that it better matches its popular rationalisation. Typically this happens either to unanalysable foreign words or to compounds where the word underlying one part of the compound becomes obsolete.


title: Folk etymology

text: There are many examples of words borrowed from foreign languages, and subsequently changed by folk etymology.


title: Folk etymology

text: The spelling of many borrowed words reflects folk etymology. For example, "" borrowed from Old French was variously spelled "aundyre" or "aundiren" in Middle English, but was altered by association with "iron". Other Old French loans altered in a similar manner include "belfry" (from "berfrey") by association with "bell", "female" (from "femelle") by "male", and "penthouse" (from "apentis") by "house". The variant spelling of "licorice" as "liquorice" comes from the supposition that it has something to do with liquid. Anglo-Norman "licoris" (influenced by "licor" "liquor") and Late Latin "liquirītia" were respelled for similar reasons, though the ultimate origin of all three is Greek "" (glycyrrhiza) "sweet root".


title: Folk etymology

text: Reanalysis of loan words can affect their spelling, pronunciation, or meaning. The word "cockroach", for example, was borrowed from Spanish "cucaracha" but was assimilated to the existing English words "cock" and "roach". The phrase "forlorn hope" originally meant "storming party, body of skirmishers" from Dutch "verloren hoop" "lost troop". But confusion with English "hope" has given the term an additional meaning of "hopeless venture".


title: Folk etymology

text: Sometimes imaginative stories are created to account for the link between a borrowed word and its popularly assumed sources. The names of the "serviceberry", "service tree", and related plants, for instance, come from the Latin name "sorbus". The plants were called "syrfe" in Old English, which eventually became "service". Fanciful stories suggest that the name comes from the fact that the trees bloom in spring, a time when circuit-riding preachers resume church services or when funeral services are carried out for people who died during the winter.


title: Folk etymology

text: A seemingly plausible but no less speculative etymology accounts for the form of "Welsh rarebit", a dish made of cheese and toasted bread. The earliest known reference to the dish in 1725 called it "Welsh rabbit". The origin of that name is unknown, but presumably humorous, since the dish contains no rabbit. In 1785 Francis Grose suggested in "A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue" that the dish is "a Welch rare bit", though the word "rarebit" was not common prior to Grose's dictionary. Both versions of the name are in current use; individuals sometimes express strong opinions concerning which version is correct.


title: Folk etymology

text: When a word or other form becomes obsolete, words or phrases containing the obsolete portion may be reanalyzed and changed.


title: Folk etymology

text: Some compound words from Old English were reanalyzed in Middle or Modern English when one of the constituent words fell out of use. Examples include "bridegroom" from Old English "brydguma" "bride-man". The word "gome" "man" from Old English "guma" fell out of use during the sixteenth century and the compound was eventually reanalyzed with the Modern English word "groom" "male servant". A similar reanalysis caused "sandblind", from Old English "sāmblind" "half-blind" with a once-common prefix "sām-" "semi-", to be respelled as though it is related to "sand". The word "island" derives from Old English "igland". The modern spelling with the letter "s" is the result of comparison with the synonym "isle" from Old French and ultimately as a Latinist borrowing of "insula", though the Old French and Old English words are not historically related. In a similar way, the spelling of "wormwood" was likely affected by comparison with "wood".


title: Folk etymology

text: The phrase "curry favour", meaning to flatter, comes from Middle English "curry favel", "groom a chestnut horse". This was an allusion to a fourteenth-century French morality poem, "Roman de Fauvel", about a chestnut-colored horse who corrupts men through duplicity. The phrase was reanalyzed in early Modern English by comparison to "favour" as early as 1510.


title: Folk etymology

text: Words need not completely disappear before their compounds are reanalyzed. The word "shamefaced" was originally "shamefast". The original meaning of "fast" 'fixed in place' still exists, as in the compounded words "steadfast" and "colorfast", but by itself mainly in frozen expressions such as "stuck fast", "hold fast", and "play fast and loose". The songbird "wheatear" or "white-ear" is a back-formation from Middle English "whit-ers" 'white arse', referring to the prominent white rump found in most species. Although both "white" and "arse" are common in Modern English, the folk etymology may be euphemism.


title: Folk etymology

text: Reanalysis of archaic or obsolete forms can lead to changes in meaning as well. The original meaning of "hangnail" referred to a corn on the foot. The word comes from Old English "ang-" + "nægel" ("anguished nail" or "compressed spike"), but the spelling and pronunciation were affected by folk etymology in the seventeenth century or earlier. Thereafter, the word came to be used for a tag of skin or torn cuticle near a fingernail or toenail.


title: Folk etymology

text: Several words in Medieval Latin were subject to folk etymology. For example, the word "widerdonum" meaning 'reward' was borrowed from Old High German "widarlōn" "repayment of a loan". The "l→d" alteration is due to confusion with Latin "donum" 'gift'. Similarly, the word "baceler" or "bacheler" (related to modern English "bachelor") referred to a junior knight. It is attested from the eleventh century, though its ultimate origin is uncertain. By the late Middle Ages its meaning was extended to the holder of a university degree inferior to master or doctor. This was later re-spelled "baccalaureus", probably reflecting a false derivation from "bacca laurea" 'laurel berry', alluding to the possible laurel crown of a poet or conqueror.


title: Folk etymology

text: In the fourteenth or fifteenth century, French scholars began to spell the verb "savoir" ('to know') as "sçavoir" on the false belief it was derived from Latin "scire" 'to know'. In fact it comes from "sapere" 'to be wise'.


title: Folk etymology

text: The Italian word "liocorno, "meaning 'unicorn' derives from 13th-century "lunicorno" ("lo" 'the' + "unicorno" 'unicorn'). Folk etymology based on "lione" 'lion' altered the spelling and pronunciation. Dialectal "liofante" 'elephant' was likewise altered from "elefante" by association with "lione".


title: Folk etymology

text: The Dutch word for 'hammock' is "hangmat". It was borrowed from Spanish "hamaca" (ultimately from Arawak "amàca") and altered by comparison with "hangen" and "mat", 'hanging mat'. German "Hängematte" shares this folk etymology.


title: Folk etymology

text: "Islambol", a folk etymology meaning 'Islam abounding', is one of the names of Istanbul used after the Ottoman conquest of 1453.


title: Folk etymology

text: An example from Persian is the word "shatranj" 'chess', which is derived from the Sanskrit "chatur-anga" ("four-army [game]"; 2nd century BCE), and after losing the "u" to syncope, became "chatrang" in Middle Persian (6th century CE). Today it is sometimes factorized as "sad" 'hundred' + "ranj" 'worry, mood', or 'a hundred worries'.


title: Folk etymology

text: In Turkey, the political Democratic Party changed its logo in 2007 to a white horse in front of a red background because many voters folk-etymologized its Turkish name "Demokrat" as "demir kırat" ("iron white-horse").


title: Triffin dilemma

text: The Triffin dilemma or Triffin paradox is the conflict of economic interests that arises between short-term domestic and long-term international objectives for countries whose currencies serve as global reserve currencies. This dilemma was identified in the 1960s by Belgian-American economist Robert Triffin, who pointed out that the country whose currency, being the global reserve currency, foreign nations wish to hold, must be willing to supply the world with an extra supply of its currency to fulfil world demand for these foreign exchange reserves, leading to a trade deficit.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: The use of a national currency, such as the U.S. dollar, as global reserve currency leads to tension between its national and global monetary policy. This is reflected in fundamental imbalances in the balance of payments on the current account, as some goals require an outflow of dollars from the United States, while others require an inflow.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: The Triffin dilemma is usually cited to articulate the problems with the role of the U.S. dollar as the reserve currency under the Bretton Woods system. John Maynard Keynes had anticipated this difficulty and had advocated the use of a global reserve currency called 'Bancor'. Currently, the IMF's SDRs are the closest thing to the proposed Bancor but they have not been adopted widely enough to replace the dollar as the global reserve currency.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the governor of the People's Bank of China named the reserve currency status of the US dollar as a contributing factor to global savings and investment imbalances that led to the crisis. As such, the Triffin Dilemma is related to the Global Savings Glut hypothesis because the dollar's reserve currency role exacerbates the U.S. current account deficit due to heightened demand for dollars.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: In 1959, due to money flowing out of the country through the Marshall Plan, U.S. military budget and Americans buying foreign goods, the number of U.S. dollars in circulation exceeded the amount of gold that was backing them.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: By the autumn of 1960, an ounce of gold could be exchanged for $40 in the London market even though the official rate in the United States was $35. This price difference was due to price controls on gold in the US which was fixed by the US government in 1933 following the implementation of Executive Order 6102. In USD terms, the price of gold had not changed in 27 years, but this did not allow true price discovery by the free market. This price was fixed following the enactment of E.O. 6102, where the US government purchased gold from US citizens under threat of fines and/or jail time at a rate of $20.67/oz, then quickly revalued the gold to $35/oz.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: The solution to the Triffin dilemma for the United States was to reduce dollars in circulation by cutting the deficit and raising interest rates to attract dollars back into the country. Some economists believed both these tactics, however, would drag the U.S. economy into recession.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: In support of the Bretton Woods system and to exert control over the exchange rate of gold, the United States initiated the London Gold Pool and the General Agreements to Borrow (GAB) in 1961 which sustained the system until 1967, when runs on gold and the devaluation of the pound sterling were followed by the demise of the system.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: In order to maintain the Bretton Woods system, the US had to run a balance of payments current account deficit to provide liquidity for the conversion of gold into U.S. dollars. With more US dollars in the system than were backed with gold under the Bretton Woods agreement, the US dollar was overvalued. The gold reserves of the United States were reduced as foreign governments converted US dollars to gold and took it offshore. Foreign speculators did not directly contribute to the gold flow out of the US, as under the Bretton Woods Agreement, only governments could exchange US currency for physical gold. Additionally, while the Bretton Woods Agreement was in place, direct speculation by US citizens did not contribute to the price imbalance and arbitrage opportunity due to wide disparity of gold prices between the US and other markets, since US citizens were banned from owning any gold other than jewelry following Executive Order 6102, enacted in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to allow the US Government to confiscate all gold coinage, gold certificates, and gold bullion held by any citizen.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: After confiscating the gold of its citizens in 1933, the US government fixed the price of gold at US$35/oz. As with all price controls, this caused supply and demand imbalances and an arbitrage opportunity which rapidly depleted the United States gold reserves. This led to less gold in the country and caused the US Dollar to become even more overvalued relative to the US gold reserves, leading to a self-propagating cycle. Furthermore, the US had to run a balance of payments current account surplus to maintain confidence in the US dollar.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: As a result, the United States was faced with a dilemma because it is not possible to run a balance of payments current account deficit and surplus at the same time.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: In August 1971, President Richard Nixon acknowledged the demise of the Bretton Woods system. He announced that the dollar could no longer be exchanged for gold, which soon became known as the Nixon shock. Although it was announced as a temporary measure, it was to remain in effect. The "gold window" was closed.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the governor of the People's Bank of China explicitly named the Triffin Dilemma as the root cause of the economic disorder, in a speech titled "Reform the International Monetary System". Zhou Xiaochuan's speech of 29 March 2009 proposed strengthening existing global currency controls, through the IMF.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: This would involve a gradual move away from the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency and towards the use of IMF special drawing rights (SDRs) as a global reserve currency.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: Zhou argued that part of the reason for the original Bretton Woods system breaking down was the refusal to adopt Keynes' bancor which would have been a special international reserve currency to be used instead of the dollar.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: American economist Brad DeLong claims that on almost every point where Keynes was overruled by the Americans during the Bretton Woods negotiations, he was later proved correct by events.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: Zhou's proposal attracted much international attention; in a November 2009 article published in "Foreign Affairs" magazine, economist C. Fred Bergsten argued that Zhou's suggestion or a similar change to the International Monetary System would be in the best interests in both the United States and the rest of the world. While Zhou's proposal has not yet been adopted, leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G-20 London summit agreed to allow 250 billion SDRs to be created by the IMF, to be distributed to all IMF members according to each country's voting rights.


title: Triffin dilemma

text: On April 13, 2010, the Strategy, Policy and Review Department of the IMF published a comprehensive report examining these aforementioned problems as well as other world reserve currency considerations, recommending that the world adopt a global reserve currency (bancor) and that a global central bank be established to administer such a currency. In this report, the current issues with having a national global reserve currency are addressed. The merits, difficulties and effectiveness of establishing a multi-currency reserve system are weighed against that of the SDRs, or "basket currency" strategy, and those of establishing this new "global reserve currency". A new multilateral framework and "multi-polar system" for managing capital flows and national debts is also called for, but the IMF cautions that it prefers a gradual shift to this new framework, rather than a sudden change.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) is a private research university in Worcester, Massachusetts. Founded in 1865 in Worcester, WPI was one of the United States' first engineering and technology universities and now has 14 academic departments with over 50 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science, engineering, technology, management, the social sciences, and the humanities and arts, leading to bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees. WPI's faculty works with students in a number of research areas, including biotechnology, fuel cells, information security, surface metrology, materials processing, and nanotechnology. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Worcester Polytechnic Institute was founded by self-made tinware manufacturer, John Boynton, and Ichabod Washburn, owner of the world's largest wire mill. Boynton envisioned science schooling that would elevate the social position of the mechanic and manufacturer, but not necessarily teach the skills needed to become either. Washburn, on the other hand, wanted to teach technical skills through a sophisticated apprenticeship approach. Boynton consulted Seth Sweetser, a pastor, for ways to realize his vision. By chance it happened that Ichabod Washburn had previously consulted Sweetser about the proper way to actualize his own vision.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Washburn was disappointed to learn of Boynton's offer to create a college, although Washburn claimed, "I prefer to be imposed upon by others rather than by myself in withholding where I ought to give," with the help of Sweetser's diplomacy and wisdom, he agreed to build, furnish, and endow a "Department of Practical Mechanics" at Boynton's school. He specified, however, that every student should blend theory learned in the classroom with practice in the shops.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Sweetser drafted a letter expressing Boynton's and Washburn's wish to other significant men within Worcester County. The document was sent to 30 Worcester businessmen. It told of a "liberal proposal to found a Free School for Industrial Science" in Worcester and called for a meeting later in the month. After that meeting the following notice appeared in the Worcester Palladium: "A Gentleman, who for the present withholds his name from the public, offers a fund of $100,000 for the establishment of a scientific school in Worcester, upon the condition that our citizens shall furnish the necessary land and buildings." Further funding and land grants for the university were given by Stephen Salisbury II, who was an influential merchant and later served as the first president of the institute's board of directors.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: In response to this anonymous request, more than 225 Worcester citizens and the workers at 20 of the city's factories and machine shops contributed to the construction of the original building. On May 10, 1865, after House and Senate approval, the secretary of the commonwealth recorded the Institute as a legal corporation, and it came into formal existence.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Both Boynton and Washburn died before the opening of the college on November 11, 1868. On that day, Charles O. Thompson, the first president of the Institute stood before WPI's first two buildings named Boynton Hall and Washburn Shops in honor of their respective donors, with their distinctive towers that even then symbolized the institution's two educational objectives of theory and practice, and inaugurated the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI was led in its early years by president and professor of chemistry Charles O. Thompson. Early graduates of WPI went on to become mechanical and civil engineers, as well as artisans, bankers, and enter other prominent occupations. WPI continuously expanded its campus and programs throughout the early twentieth century, eventually including graduate studies and a program in electrical engineering. During World War II, WPI offered defense engineering courses and was selected as one of the colleges to direct the V-12 Navy College Training Program.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: During this time, WPI suffered from the lack of a unified library system, well-maintained buildings, and national recognition. This changed under the leadership of president Harry P. Storke from 1962 to 1969. Building on growth under Arthur Bronwell's presidency, Storke brought significant change to the school in what would be known as the WPI Plan. The Plan called for the creation of three projects and drastically redesigned the curriculum to address how a student learns. The Storke administration also launched a capital campaign that resulted in the creation of the George C. Gordon Library, added residence halls, an auditorium, and a modern chemistry building. Furthermore, women were first allowed to enter WPI in February 1968. The WPI Plan is the guiding principle behind undergraduate education at the Institute today, and is arguably the most notable contribution WPI has made towards science and engineering education. In 2016, the National Academy of Engineering awarded their prestigious Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Innovation to WPI, recognizing the institute's groundbreaking approach to engineering education.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Today, WPI is primarily an undergraduate-focused institution, though expansion of graduate and research programs is a long-term goal. The WPI Bioengineering Institute is a significant contributor to Worcester's growing biotechnology industry. Significant research in other fields such as robotics, metallurgy, untethered health care, fuel cells, the learning sciences, applied mathematics and fire protection currently help to maintain WPI's position as an important, specialized research university.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Set in an urban context in New England's second largest city, WPI's main campus is entirely privately owned, ungated, and uninterrupted by public roads. The campus sits on Boynton Hill, apart from the adjacent neighborhood, which includes restaurants and stores on Highland Street.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Once a laboratory for electromagnetic research, the "Skull Tomb" was built entirely without ferrous metals. Several years after its construction, electrified trolley tracks were built in Worcester which led to the building's disuse. It served for a time as a site for Robert Goddard's rocket fuel research as the building is relatively isolated from other buildings on campus and Dr. Goddard's research had previously led to explosions on campus. Subsequent to the building earning its present nickname, "Skull Tomb", a secret honor society inherited the building. The building was reconditioned in 2004.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The 'Two Towers' shown in old WPI logos show the clock tower of Boynton Hall and the arm and hammer weathervane of the Washburn Shops. The original weathervane was stolen in October 1975 and never recovered. Boynton and Washburn were the university's first buildings, housing the classrooms and laboratories, respectively. The Two Towers symbolize Theory and Practice, which are the foundation of the university and still the approach used today. Boynton was completed in 1868 and Washburn followed shortly after that same year.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI's school colors, Crimson and Gray, were inspired by the natural pigmentation of the beech tree next to the bush sitting near the entrance of Boynton Hill. The tree was planted in 1945 and presently stands at over 60 feet tall.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Near the edge of the WPI campus is a large Tudor-style mansion built in 1923 by WPI alumnus Aldus Chapin Higgins and later bequeathed to his alma mater. Named appropriately as the Higgins House, the mansion and the surrounding English garden serves as the backdrop for many alumni events and is the headquarters for the Office of Alumni Relations.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI had one of 35 civilian research nuclear reactors licensed to operate in the United States. It was built and used in research during the height of the Cold War but the school's nuclear program ended at the turn of the century. The reactor was decommissioned and filled-in early in 2018 due to heightened security around reactors post-9/11 and lack of need.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: A large bronze statue of Gompei the Goat stands at the quad side of the Bartlett Center, WPI's admission building. Gompei was an actual goat given as a gift by the class of 1891 and eventually became the school's official mascot. It was named after the first elected goat keeper, Gompei Kuwada, chosen for his initials (G.K.). The original bronze goat head is located in the Skull Tomb, on a shelf with carved rocks and empty liquor bottles.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The Innovation Studio and Messenger Hall, a $49 million, 78,000-square-foot residential and classroom facility was dedicated in 2018. The Innovation Studio (formerly the Foisie Innovation Studio), designed by Gensler, contains a robotics lab, a makerspace, various student-used manufacturing technology (3-D printers, etc.), and high-tech classrooms. Messenger Hall is a residence hall with 140 beds and tech suites.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The Innovation Studio was originally named the Foisie Innovation Studio, after Robert Foisie, WPI's biggest donor ever. Controversy emerged surrounding the man's donations, which totaled $63 million across his lifetime, when his wife and children alleged in public and legal filings that he had participated in various criminal practices, most notably stashing money overseas during his divorce and attempting to hire a hitman to kill his son. Following Robert's death in 2018, WPI began in 2021 to erase his name from the Innovation Studio and Business School (formerly the Foisie Business School). This was conducted in accordance with a settlement with Robert's wife, Janet Foisie.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI offers a variety of majors in engineering, science, management, liberal arts, and social science at the undergraduate and graduate level. It is most well known for its engineering disciplines and is one of the top-ranked schools to attend for engineering in North America and the world over. Unlike many peer universities, WPI does not combine related departments into colleges or schools.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI's undergrad schedule is also unusual compared to most universities. Instead of a normal semester, WPI has 7-week terms, labeled A through D, with optional E Terms 1 and 2 in the summer. It is normal to take three courses during each term, which allows students to complete a year's worth of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, etc. in only one semester. This faster pace allows for students to take more courses to substantiate their diploma. The graduate student calendar follows a mixed schedule of conventional two semester classes and traditional 7-week courses.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI's student performance evaluation system uses grades A, B, or C. If a student were to not satisfactorily complete the course or elect to drop the course, they would receive a No Record (NR). The NR designation is used since there is no differentiation between a dropped course or an unsuccessful attempt to complete it.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI Corporate and Professional Education (CPE) also offers academic opportunities to individuals and companies. Programs can be offered online, onsite, on campus, or in a blended format. CPE has graduate programs, online degrees and professional development workshops. Among its recent program additions, CPE launched the first online Graduate Certificate in Program Protection Planning, and a new Graduate Certificate focused on Cyber Security for Power Systems.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI's curriculum is focused on project-based learning, an emphasis established in 1970 as part of what was called the WPI Plan. This allows for a student to learn theory and practices concurrently. This approach includes an Interactive Qualifying Project (IQP) to study the social effects of technology collaboratively with students from other disciplines and a Major Qualifying Project (MQP) that falls within the student's discipline, though they were introduced in the last 40 years. Usually the IQP, and MQP are completed in the junior and senior years, respectively. The MQP is similar to other schools' "senior thesis," while the IQP is a bit more unique.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: At WPI, the opportunity to complete significant project work off campus is an integral element of an academic program that emphasizes the practical application of knowledge to meaningful technical and societal problems. As of the class of 2022, all first-year students receive a global project scholarship of up to $5,000 for this work. Through the Global Projects Program, over 60% of WPI students complete at least one of their required projects at an off-campus Project Center. Typically, students work under faculty guidance in small teams at Project Centers to address problems posed by external agencies and organizations.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Through the Global Projects Program, WPI sends more engineering students abroad than any US college or university. As of the 2019–2020 academic year, the program included established over 50 Project Centers spanning 6 continents. Between 1974, when the first WPI Project Center was established in Washington, DC, and 2014, over 7,000 students had completed over 2,000 projects in locations around the globe.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The Global Projects Program was cited by the Association of American Colleges and Universities in 2000, when it named WPI one of its 16 Greater Expectations Leadership Institutions to serve as models for the future of undergraduate education in the United States.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The Interactive Qualifying Project (IQP) is described as a "project which relates technology and science to society or human needs." This project is very broad in scope, encompassing a wide variety of topics and actions. Generally, IQPs are designed to solve a societal problem using technology. This can range from improving high school science education to redesigning an irrigation system in Thailand. This project is often done off-campus through WPI's Global Projects Program. From an educational perspective, the IQP serves to emphasize team-based work and introduces a real-world responsibility absent from courses. Many IQPs have made a significant impact on the community in which they are done.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The Major Qualifying Project (MQP) assesses knowledge in a student's field of study. As mentioned above, this project is similar to a senior thesis, with students doing independent research or design. MQPs are often funded by either WPI or external corporations. Topics of MQPs done in the recent past include the design of the MIR 2 space station life support system module, a study of the effects of stress and nicotine on ADHD, the design of a research rocket, a mathematical viscoelastic cell motility model, experimental research of liquid crystals using atomic force microscopy, and the design of polymers for medicine delivery.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: To create a rounded experience, students are also required to fulfill a Humanities and Arts requirement as well as a Social Science & Policy Studies requirement. These are intended to give width, breadth, and context to an engineering degree.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI was ranked tied for 66th among national universities in "U.S. News & World Report"'s 2021 review of "Best Colleges" in the U.S. "U.S. News & World Report" also rated it tied at 42nd for "Most Innovative", 67th for "Best Value", and 265th for "Top Performers on Social Mobility" among national universities.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: In 2013, "Businessweek" ranked Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) No. 1 in the nation for its part-time Master of Business Administration (MBA) program, and No. 1 in the nation for student satisfaction in the program.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: In August 2019, "Forbes" magazine's annual ranking of "America's Top Colleges" placed WPI at No. 93. "Forbes’ college ranking is distinguished by its consumer-centric approach," said Caroline Howard, Director of Editorial Operations, Forbes. "The evaluation of the 650 undergraduate institutions is based exclusively on the quality of the education they provide, the experiences of the students and their post-graduate success and financial well-being."


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: In 2017, WPI received a gold rating through Sustainability, Tracking, Assessment, and Rating System (also known as STARS) for its sustainability efforts. Worcester Polytechnic Institute is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI is host to a number of annual and weekly events. These events usually only attract students, though some events such as Gaming Weekend and Quadfest are large enough to draw in off-campus visitors. Some are listed below in order of occurrence.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: More than thirty percent of the undergraduate students participate in Greek Life. There are 13 fraternities and 6 sororities at WPI. There is also one co-ed community service fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega. See the List of WPI fraternities and sororities.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI supports 20 varsity athletic teams that compete in the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference, New England Wrestling Association, and the Eastern College Athletic Conference. WPI athletic teams compete intercollegiately at the NCAA Division III level.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI's 145,000-square-foot, LEED-certified building Sports and Recreation Center was dedicated in 2012, and includes racquetball and squash courts, jogging track, and swimming pool.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: In the spring of 1891, the class of 1893 stole a goat and used it as a mascot. The goat was tended by a student, Gumpei (Gompei) Kuwada, because he was the only one with the initials G.K. in reference to the job of goat keeper. The mascot of WPI is still a goat and in honor of the first goat keeper the mascot's name is Gompei.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: In 2018 "Tech News", formerly known as "The Towers" and "Newspeak", was the current name of a student-run newspaper founded in 1909, with an online version and physical copies produced.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The WPI Wireless Association is regarded as the first College Amateur Radio Club to be on the air. Founded in 1909, by Oliver B. Jacobs and a group of 40 other men, the club has a historically significant role in the early age of wireless communications both in the United States and the world. The Wireless Association was one of the first 12 stations heard by Paul Godely, an American who went to Scotland to conduct the first Transatlantic Tests, when stations in America and Scotland tried to hear each other across the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: The current club has members with licenses ranging from Technician to the highest class, Amateur Extra. The club currently and has operated for decades out of the Radio Shack on the roof of Salisbury Laboratories. The club manages several public repeaters that reach around Worcester such as the Higgins Repeater. W1YK, the official Federal Communications Commission-licensed callsign of the club, and its members participate in the American Radio Relay League Sweepstakes each year, including the November Sweeps. The members of the club participate in marathons, triathlons, and other events that need radio operators.


title: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: WPI has employed several professors whose achievements have made them notable across the nation and the world.


title: Billy Clanton

text: William Harrison Clanton (1862 – October 26, 1881) was an outlaw Cowboy in Cochise County, Arizona Territory. He, along with his father Newman Clanton and brother Ike Clanton, worked a ranch near the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory and stole livestock from Mexico and later U.S. ranchers.


title: Billy Clanton

text: He was a member of group of loosely organized outlaws who had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan Earp. The Clantons repeatedly threatened the Earps because they interfered with the Cowboys' illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Billy, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury were killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the town of Tombstone. His brother Ike was unarmed and ran from the gunfight. The shootout was his only gunfight. Ike filed murder charges against the Earps, who were later exonerated as having acted within their duty as lawmen.


title: Billy Clanton

text: Clanton was born in Hamilton County, Texas, one of seven children of Newman Haynes Clanton and his wife Mariah Sexton (Kelso) Clanton: John Wesley, Joseph Issac, Phineas Fay, Alonzo Peter, Mary Elise and Ester Ann. His father worked at times as a day laborer, a gold miner, a farmer, and by the late 1870s, a cattleman in Arizona Territory.


title: Billy Clanton

text: In 1851 Newman Clanton moves his family to Adams County, Illinois. The family moved to California after the end of the Civil War. Clanton's mother died in 1866.


title: Billy Clanton

text: Clanton moved with his family in 1873 to Pima County, Arizona Territory and then to Charleston. His father started the "Clanton Ranch" in 1877. In the same year prospector Ed Schieffelin discovered silver in the hills east of the San Pedro River on a plateau known as Goose Flats, less than from the Clanton ranch. The boom town of Tombstone grew within two years from less than 100 to more than 7,000 residents.


title: Billy Clanton

text: Billy Clanton and his brother Ike often went into Tombstone on weekends, and he did business in Tombstone associated with the ranch, alongside the two McLaury brothers. By most accounts, Ike was not well liked in and around Tombstone because he was a drunk and a braggart.


title: Billy Clanton

text: A few days after Wyatt Earp's arrival in Tombstone in December 1879, one of his prized horses was stolen. He heard several times that the Clantons had his horse. Almost a year later he got a tip that it had been seen at the Clanton's ranch near Charleston. Earp rode to their ranch and saw the horse being ridden down the street and placed in a corral. He stabled his horse at another corral and telegraphed James Earp in Tombstone to send up ownership papers for the horse to Charleston. Warren Earp brought the papers out that night. Earp testified in a later court hearing, "While I was waiting for the papers, Billy Clanton found out that I was in town and went and tried to take the horse out of the corral. I told him that he could not take him out, that it was my horse. After the papers came, he gave the horse up without the papers being served, and asked me if I had any more horses to lose."


title: Billy Clanton

text: In July 1879, several rustlers attacked a rancho in northern Sonora, Mexico, killing several of the inhabitants. Hunting the murderers, Mexican Rurales led by Commandant Francisco Neri illegally crossed the border into Arizona and were ambushed. Johnny Ringo later said that Old Man Clanton and his sons Ike and Billy were among the murderers.


title: Billy Clanton

text: On August 13, 1881, Billy's father was killed in an ambush Guadalupe Canyon by Mexican Rurales. The Clanton sons continued operating the ranch. On October 25, 1881, Ike, Billy, and the McLaury brothers headed to Tombstone after working to gather scattered cattle, lost during an earlier Apache raid. The events that transpired over that night and the next day have various versions.


title: Billy Clanton

text: Ike had repeated confrontations with the Earps and Doc Holliday. On October 26, 1881, events came to a head when Billy and Ike got together with Billy Claiborne and brothers Tom and Frank McLaury at the Dexter Corral. When they were seen in town "heeled" (armed), anxious citizens warned the Earps. Upon attempting to disarm the Cowboys, a shootout broke out, later named the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.


title: Billy Clanton

text: There remain today conflicting versions of what actually happened and who fired first. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran away in the opening moments. Billy Clanton emptied his gun during the fight and was killed along with both McLaurys. Doc Holliday, Virgil and Morgan Earp were wounded in the shootout.


title: Billy Clanton

text: The town was divided, with many supporting the Clantons, and others supporting the Earps. The funeral that followed was the largest in Tombstone's history, with more than 300 people following the hearse and 2,000 watching from the city's sidewalks. The three Cowboys were buried in the Boot Hill cemetery. William McLaury, Frank and Tom's brother, tried to indict the Earps for killing the Cowboys. He wrote in a letter during the preliminary hearing that the two brothers and Billy Clanton were preparing to come to Fort Worth, Texas to visit after selling their cattle.


title: Billy Clanton

text: On screen Billy has been portrayed by James Ferrara in "Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die" (1942), John Ireland in "My Darling Clementine" (1946), Dennis Hopper in "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" (1957), Ralph Reed and Gary Gray in "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp" (1957–1960), David Cole in the Doctor Who episode "The Gunfighters" (1966), Bruce M. Fischer in "Doc", Thomas Haden Church in "Tombstone" (1993), Gabriel Folse in "Wyatt Earp" (1994), and Billy Byrk in "Wynonna Earp (2020).


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: Coimbatore International Airport is the primary airport serving the industrial cities of Coimbatore and Tiruppur in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the neighbourhood of Peelamedu, about from the center of Coimbatore. It is the 18th-busiest airport in India for passengers handled, 17th-busiest for total aircraft movement and 15th-busiest for cargo handled. It is the second busiest airport in Tamil Nadu in terms of total passenger traffic after Chennai International Airport. The airport is served by five Indian and three foreign carriers providing direct connectivity to nine domestic and three international destinations.


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: The Prime Minister of India declared the government's intention to upgrade Coimbatore Airport to international status in a meeting with senior ministers on 6 June 2012 and the Union Cabinet granted it the status of international airport on 2 October 2012.


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: The airport has one runway, which was extended to from in order to accommodate larger aircraft. In 2008, the airport was expanded at a cost of with 9 parking bays and Instrument Landing System (ILS). In 2010, new domestic and international divisions were added to the already existing common terminal.


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: The airport has a parking management system with a capacity to accommodate nearly 300 cars. There are two hangars in the airport; one provides housing for the planes of Coimbatore Flying Club, the other provides shelter for private carriers.


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: The Airports Authority of India (AAI) has proposed to construct a new domestic departure terminal building with swankier interiors on the eastern side of the airport. The terminal would be constructed in an area of with a cost of around Rs 125 crore. Tender process for environmental clearance has started for the construction of the new terminal building and associated works, such as the construction of new ATC Tower cum Technical Block and Admin Block.


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: The further proposed expansion of the airport includes extension of runway to to accommodate larger aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and construction of a parallel taxiway to the runway to minimize runway occupancy time and turnaround time of aircraft.


title: Coimbatore International Airport

text: The airport is located on Avinashi Road about from the central bus station. Frequent bus services are available from Gandhipuram central bus station and also from other auxiliary bus stations at Singanallur and Ukkadam. The airport is from the major railway station, Coimbatore Junction and the nearest rail stations are at Singanallur and Peelamedu. Cab services, call taxis and auto rickshaws provide 24 hours commuting services to the airport.


title: Jet Ski

text: Jet Ski is the brand name of a personal watercraft (PWC) manufactured by Kawasaki, a Japanese company. The term is often used generically to refer to any type of personal watercraft used mainly for recreation, and it is also used as a verb to describe the use of any type of PWC.


title: Jet Ski

text: A runabout style PWC typically carries 3 people seated in a configuration like a typical bicycle or motorcycle.


title: Jet Ski

text: "Jet Ski" is a proper noun and registered trademark of Kawasaki. The stand-up Kawasaki Jet Ski was the first commercially successful personal watercraft in America, having been released in 1972 (after reaching a license agreement with the inventor of the Sea-Doo, Clayton Jacobson II when his license agreement with Bombardier expired). The Kawasaki Jet Ski was the only commercially successful PWC for almost 16 years, from the introduction of the WSAA in October 1972 through the re-introduction of the sit-down, runabout style Bombardier Sea-Doo in 1988.


title: Jet Ski

text: With the introduction of the Jet Ski, Kawasaki, in cooperation with aftermarket companies and enthusiasts, helped in creating the United States Jet Ski Boating Association (USJSBA). In 1982 the name was changed to the International Jet Sports Boating Association (IJSBA). At the start, only JS440 stand-ups were raced. After Kawasaki introduced the runabout style X2 in 1986, it gained its own class, later to be renamed the "Sport Class".


title: Jet Ski

text: Kawasaki introduces the first production stand-up PWC in October 1972. The WSAA and follow-on WSAB were powered by modified 400cc 2-stroke twin cylinder engines. The WSAA was designed with a flat hull and the WSAB came with a convex v-hull design. The design concepts distinctive of these original craft were a fully enclosed impeller for safety and self-righting, self-circling features. Without a lanyard the self circling allowed the rider to swim back to the idling craft after falling off. Kawasaki called them "Water Jet" and "Power Skis" before they settled on the name "Jet Ski".


title: Jet Ski

text: The 1976 JS400 was popular among thrill-seeking recreational riders and racers. The 1977 JS440 offered more power and performance. It was one of Kawasaki's longest-selling models. In 1982, Kawasaki responded to market demand for more performance with the JS550. The 550 featured a newly designed high-capacity mixed flow pump driven by a more powerful 531cc engine. The 550 introduced an automatic rev limiter to prevent engine damage when the pump cavitates. The JS550 introduced underwater exhaust for quieter operation to the stand-up Kawasaki.


title: Jet Ski

text: Kawasaki continued to improve the JS550 well into the 1990s. In 1986, Kawasaki added the JS300 to their model line-up, a single cylinder 294cc two-stroke engine featuring automatic fuel /oil mixing. They also added the 650 X2, their first "sit-down" Jet Ski, and originator of the Sport Class for PWC racing.


title: Jet Ski

text: Kawasaki introduces the completely redesigned JS650SX. It featured an even higher capacity axial flow pump and a powerful 635cc two-stroke twin engine in a modified V-hull design for increased maneuverability and stability.


title: Jet Ski

text: In 1992, the company introduced a stand-up JS750-A. The engine was a twin-cylinder 743cc two-stroke with reed valves and automatic oil injection. The redesigned hull was lighter weight and more maneuverable.


title: Jet Ski

text: Kawasaki introduces the SX-R 800 (JS800A), which increased displacement to 781cc, in the form of an in-line twin 2-stroke engine generating 80hp. The SX-R also moved to a fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) hull and top deck.


title: Jet Ski

text: Due to US EPA restrictions, Kawasaki releases their final two-stroke stand-up, and the last year of the JS800 SX-R, to recognize the 37-year history of the stand-up JetSki. The model designation was JS800ABF, with an MSRP of $7899.00.


title: Jet Ski

text: On October 6, 2016 Kawasaki reintroduced the stand-up Jet Ski. The 8 ft. 9 in., 550+ lb. SX-R 1500 shared little with its predecessors. Powered by a 160HP inline 4-cylinder four-stroke engine, the SX-R was described by one author as "on steroids" and having "lost some of the playfulness of early standup models". It holds 6.1 gallons of fuel, measures 104.5" long, 30.1" wide and 33.1" high.


title: Jet Ski

text: Kawasaki produced various models of the Jet Ski starting in 1972, beginning with the JS400 and leading up to the current JS1500.


title: Jet Ski

text: In 1990 Yamaha introduced the Super Jet. It was designed in consultation with Clayton Jacobson II. 2020 marks the last model year offered with a 2 stroke, 2021 models feature a 4 stroke engine.


title: Jet Ski

text: In 2004 Bombardier introduced the Sea-Doo 3D. Unfortunately it had an ill-fated life and was only sold as 2005-2007 model years.


title: I Want Candy

text: "I Want Candy" is a song written and originally recorded by the Strangeloves in 1965 that reached No. 11 in the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It is a famous example of a song that uses the Bo Diddley beat.


title: I Want Candy

text: "I Want Candy" was written by Bert Berns, Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein and Richard Gottehrer in 1965. Some reports suggest that the song was written after the producers saw dancer Candy Johnson performing at the 1964 World's Fair.


title: I Want Candy

text: As writer/producers, Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer had already scored big hits for other artists, including "My Boyfriend's Back" by the Angels. For this song, the trio took on the moniker of the Strangeloves, and recorded the tune themselves, augmented by studio musicians (co-writer Berns was not involved in the studio recording). The female vocalist heard half-screaming, half-singing "Baby!" in the middle of the track was an unknown session singer.


title: I Want Candy

text: Although Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer used their real names in the writing and production credits of this single, they claimed the Strangeloves were actually three Australian brothers (and ex-sheep farmers) named Giles, Miles and Niles Strange. Feldman, Goldstein and Gottehrer dressed up in shaggy wigs and exotic clothing for publicity photos as the Strangeloves.


title: I Want Candy

text: "I Want Candy", the Strangeloves' second single, reached No. 7 in Canada and hit No. 11 in the US. The record failed to chart in the UK—or in the Strangeloves' so-called "native" country, Australia.


title: I Want Candy

text: English new wave group Bow Wow Wow released their version as the first and only single from their EP "The Last of the Mohicans". For many in America, "I Want Candy" was their first introduction to young lead singer Annabella Lwin and the band, who partnered with producer Kenny Laguna to record the song at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida. The song barely scraped the Top 50, but became an enduring new wave classic.


title: I Want Candy

text: To capitalize on the success of the "I Want Candy" music video, RCA compiled an album called "I Want Candy" for their newfound American audience. The album peaked at No. 123 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: I Want Candy

text: British duo Candy Girls, consisting of Rachel Auburn and Paul Masterson, released a cover of "I Want Candy" featuring singer Valerie Malcolm. It became their third hit single in 1996, peaking at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 12 on the UK Dance Singles Chart. But it hit number-one on "Music Week"s UK on a Pop Tip Club Chart. The single was their last as the duo split after the release. Masterson went on to have hits as Amen! UK, Clergy, Yomanda, Dorothy and Hi-Gate. A music video was also produced to promote the single.


title: I Want Candy

text: A reviewer from "Music Week" rated Candy Girls' version of "I Want Candy" three out of five, describing it as "a pumped-up version of Bow Wow Wow's hit complete with piano breaks for that hands in the air bit. The girls' debut could catapult them chartwards." Daisy & Havoc from the magazine's "RM" Dance Update gave it four out of five, writing, "The next booming Candy Girls outing is probably their best yet. It's really amusing, with the so-suitable 'I want candy' vocal and the all-round Nineties pop meets Fifties kitsch feel, and it's positively rabble-rousing in its enormous piano breaks."


title: I Want Candy

text: Aaron Carter released a cover of "I Want Candy" as his seventh overall single, and the second single from his second album, "Aaron's Party (Come Get It)" (2000).


title: I Want Candy

text: This version of "I Want Candy" begins with a phone conversation with a friend about a girl named Candy and features the participation of his brother Nick Carter from the Backstreet Boys. Carter promoted it by performing it on the show "Lizzie McGuire". A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Andrew MacNaughtan. Carter released a remix of the song in 2018, self-produced on his "LøVë" album.


title: I Want Candy

text: The music video for this version features Carter going on a date with Candy while three boys constantly harass him.


title: I Want Candy

text: "I Want Candy" was the second single to be taken from Melanie C's fourth album "This Time", in the UK, Denmark and Italy. The song was also the soundtrack to the movie of the same name, and the video featured Melanie dancing for the first time since the Spice Girls. Melanie split her time between the UK and Europe, where she was promoting "The Moment You Believe", and as a result, the single was not heavily promoted and reached No. 24 — although on the physical chart, the single reached No. 7. "I Want Candy" went on to sell 12,510 copies in the UK, but had better success in Italy (No. 9) and Denmark (No. 12).


title: I Want Candy

text: Melanie premiered her version of the song during "Al Murray's Happy Hour" on ITV1 on 24 February 2007. The video was premiered on 2 March 2007 in the UK. The song was released as Italy's and Denmark's first single from the new album, where it reached No. 9 in both countries, while in other European countries, the ballad "The Moment You Believe" was chosen.


title: I Want Candy

text: In the video for "I Want Candy", Melanie C is featured in a skin-tight catsuit, featuring a sexually suggestive dance routine with half-naked bodybuilders in crowd-controller uniforms. The video instantly grabbed the No. 1 spot on YouTube with 200,000 hits in its first day.


title: Duplass Brothers Productions

text: Duplass Brothers Productions is an American independent film and television production company founded by Mark Duplass and Jay Duplass, two brothers who are also actors, directors, producers and writers. They have produced films such as "The Puffy Chair" (2005), "Safety Not Guaranteed" (2012), "The One I Love" (2014) and "The Skeleton Twins" (2014), and the HBO comedy-drama television series "Togetherness" (2015–2016) and "Room 104" (2017-2020).


title: Duplass Brothers Productions

text: Duplass Brothers Productions was founded in 1996, with the release of the first film by brothers Jay Duplass and Mark Duplass. The company originally produced low-budget mumblecore films, but has since expanded to studio projects. In 2015, the Duplass Brothers expanded into television with their first series "Togetherness", in which Mark also stars. In January 2015, Duplass Brothers Productions closed a four-picture deal with Netflix, involving financing from the company and, after a short theatrical run, the films being available to Netflix subscribers. In June 2015, Duplass Brothers Productions finalized a seven-picture distribution deal with The Orchard, releasing the Duplass-produced films theatrically prior to their Netflix release. Under the TV production arm Duplass Brothers Television, they signed a two-year overall deal with HBO in June 2015. In August 2016, Duplass Brothers announced another television project, "Room 104", to air on HBO in 2017, which was quickly renewed for a second season. In 2018, it was announced the company had entered into a new four-picture deal with Netflix, which gave the streaming giant worldwide rights. Mel Eslyn was named president of Duplass Brothers Productions in 2017.


title: Te'a Cooper

text: Te'a Omari Cooper (born April 16, 1997) is an American professional basketball player who is a free agent in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played for the Los Angeles Sparks . She played college basketball for the Baylor Lady Bears, South Carolina Gamecocks, and the Tennessee Volunteers.


title: Te'a Cooper

text: Cooper played high school basketball for McEachern High School. In her freshman year, McEachern High School was undefeated as they finished 33–0. She shot 65 percent from the field. She won three Georgia 6A State titles in 2012, 2014 and 2015, and she was the co-MVP of the 2015 McDonald's All-America game.


title: Te'a Cooper

text: On April 17, 2020, the Phoenix Mercury selected Cooper as the 18th pick in the 2020 WNBA Draft. Due to the global pandemic from COVID-19, Phoenix Mercury were forced to cut some of their players from the team in May 2020, including Te'a Cooper. The Los Angeles Sparks team took this as an opportunity to transfer some of the Phoenix Mercury players to play for them, and Cooper was picked to play as a point guard. From her previous college 3-point range (56-of-135 for 41.5%), can prove to the Sparks coach, Derek Fisher, how well of a point guard and shooter she can provide for his team, despite her being a rookie. Cooper continues to gain experience and skills from the other players in the Los Angeles Sparks team. Cooper's current average for about 17 minutes in a game consists of making around 7.3 points and having about 2 assists. On August 13, 2020, the Los Angeles Sparks played against the Washington Mystics, leading Cooper to have one of her best games of the season with 10 points (5-of-6 shooting) with 3 assists, all within 19 minutes of playing time.


title: Te'a Cooper

text: Te'a Cooper is the daughter of Omar and Kindall Cooper. She has three siblings: Mia (Imani) and twins Sharife and Omar. Sharife was drafted by the Atlanta Hawks in 2021.


title: Te'a Cooper

text: Te'a dated Dwight Howard and the pair became engaged in 2019. In 2021, Cooper and Howard parted ways. Cooper is currently dating New Orleans Saints running back Alvin Kamara.


title: Sixth form college

text: A sixth form college is an educational institution, where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school-level qualifications, such as A Levels, Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations. In Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the phrase 'sixth form college' as the English name for a lycée (Highschool).


title: Sixth form college

text: In England and the Caribbean, education is currently compulsory until the end of Year 13, the school year in which the pupil turns 18. In the English state educational system, pupils may either stay at a secondary school with an attached sixth form, transfer to a local sixth form college, or go to a more vocational further education college, although in some places there may in practice be little choice which of these options can be taken. Some places only provide tertiary colleges, a "combination" between sixth form and further education colleges. In the independent sector, sixth forms are an integral part of secondary schools (public schools), and there is also a number of smaller-scale independent sixth form colleges. In Wales, education is only compulsory until the end of year 11.