title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: The pink fairy armadillo can curl up to protect the vulnerable soft underside, covered with dense white hair. The armored shell consists of 24 bands that allow the animal to curl up in a ball, and the armor is flattened in the posterior portion of the animal so that it can compress dirt behind it as it is digging. This compression strategy is thought to help prevent tunnel collapses. Lastly, the shell itself is also thought to help with thermoregulation. Since the underlying blood vessels are so close to the surface, the animal can control the amount of functional surface area exposed to the environment in order to retain or lose heat. Like most armadillos, they rely mostly on a sense of smell to find each other and their prey.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: The armadillo has two massive sets of claws on its front and hind limbs which help it to dig the burrows in compacted soil very quickly. The pink fairy armadillo is nicknamed the "sand-swimmer" because it is said that it can "burrow through the ground as fast as a fish can swim in the sea." The claws are large relatively to the size of the animal, hindering its ability to walk on a hard surface.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: Along with these unique traits, the pink fairy armadillo has greatly reduced eyes and relies highly on touch and hearing to navigate. It also has a torpedo-shaped body in order to reduce the amount of drag it may encounter while working in tunnels and a thick, hairless tail that it uses for balance and stability while using its other limbs to dig.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: As a subterranean dweller, the armadillo is forced to leave its burrows when heavy storms roll in due to the threat of drowning and the risk of wetting its fur. If its fur is wet the armadillo cannot properly thermoregulate and could experience hypothermia during night hours. Once above ground during a rainstorm the armadillo is vulnerable to an array of predators. Domestic dogs have greatly preyed on these armadillos. Even their underground homes are not completely safe: Fairy armadillos are preyed upon in their burrows by domestic dogs and cats as well as wild boars.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: These armadillos do not do well in captivity. The survival rate is so low that many will die in transport from where they were captured to their new area of captivity. Armadillos that are put into captivity typically do not last longer than a few hours or at most eight days. Not a single specimen has survived more than four years.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: In spite of the high mortality rate associated with captivity, many are sold illegally on the black market, often as pets. These armadillos are very susceptible to climate changes as well; since they inhabit temperate and warm regions, cold temperatures could wipe out their population due to their low metabolism rate and their inability to store fat.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: Habitat loss is also a large issue for these species. As the number of acres converted to farmland increases, the armadillos' burrows not only get plowed over, but the land is no longer habitable for them. Lastly, the use of pesticides on farmlands is a huge concern because these pesticides adhere to ants, which are the armadillos' primary source of food. Ingestion of enough of these pesticide-infested ants it can be quite detrimental to their health. The overhunting of these animals has contributed to their endangerment. Many people in the Americas continue to hunt armadillos for consumption, which is said to be similar to pork in texture and taste.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: In 2006, the armadillo was placed in the near-threatened category on the IUCN Red List. In 2008 it was moved to the data deficient category due to the lack of scientific information on its population dynamics and natural history. Field sightings were confirmed to be rare and less common than before, even though the pink fairy armadillo is already difficult to observe due to its nocturnal fossorial lifestyle.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: Researchers have found that the pink fairy armadillo is highly subject to stress, making the attempts to apply any conservation policies, including taking it out of its natural environment, extremely difficult and largely unsuccessful. Any modifications in its environment, external temperature, or diet are known to trigger stress response, which is considered to be a possible reason for the failure of captivity attempts.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: Many of the armadillos have died during the transportation process from their wild habitat, and many more have only survived several days in captivity. Overall, there are only three reports of captive maintenance of pink fairy armadillo that are considered successful – in 1970, 1985, and 2009, reporting individuals that lived in captivity for at least 30 months, 22 months, and 8 months respectively.


title: Pink fairy armadillo

text: This armadillo species is found in several protected areas, including the Lihué Calel National Park. Both national and provincial legislation is in place specifically protecting the species.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Shaitan () is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film directed by Bejoy Nambiar in his feature film debut and produced by Anurag Kashyap, Sunil Bohra, Guneet Monga and Nambiar himself under the banners Anurag Kashyap Films and Getaway Films, which was co-produced and distributed by Viacom18 Motion Pictures. The script was written by Nambiar and Megha Ramaswamy. The film stars Rajeev Khandelwal, Kalki Koechlin, Gulshan Devaiah, Shiv Panditt, Neil Bhoopalam, Kirti Kulhari, Rajit Kapoor, Pawan Malhotra and Rajkummar Rao. Based on the 2007 murder of Adnan Patrawala incident, the film revolves around five friends who wanted to live an adventurous life gets embroiled in a crime.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Bejoy Nambiar was initially planned the script of this incident, for Ashok Amritraj who wanted to produce the film under Hyde Park Entertainment. The film was supposed to be shot in English language, with Los Angeles as the principal location for this story. However, due to the disapproval of the production company, Nambiar decided to change the scripting and setting with the film taking place in Mumbai. The delayed progress attributed due to the company's exit and Anurag Kashyap joined the project in mid-2010, who heard about the similarities of this story with his unreleased directorial debut "Paanch", based on the 1976-1977 Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders. The film was shot entirely in Mumbai within 12 days.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: "Shaitan" was released on 10 June 2011 across 575 screens in Mumbai. The film opened to positive response from critics and audiences, praising the direction, setting, storyline, screenplay, with praise directed on the performances and the technical aspects of the film. Additionally, it was a commercial success grossing ₹390 million against a budget of ₹110 million. Additionally, the film received nominations at several award ceremonies, in which "Shaitan" won five Screen Awards and a Filmfare Award. It was considered as a "cult classic" and described by film critics as "one among the film's that defined the new wave of Bollywood".


title: Shaitan (film)

text: "Shaitan" starts off with Amy (Kalki Koechlin), who is mentally disturbed and deeply affected by the attempted suicide and eventual institutionalisation of her mother, Saira. She moves from Los Angeles to Mumbai, where she meets KC (Gulshan Devaiah) at a party her parents forcefully take her to. KC introduces her to his gang – Dash (Shiv Panditt), Zubin (Neil Bhoopalam) and Tanya (Kirti Kulhari). They lead a directionless life, having fun, drinking, using drugs and driving around in a Hummer. On one such occasion, they start racing a random car and win. In the celebration rush, they run over two people riding on a scooter, killing them instantly.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: They quickly leave the spot but are easily tracked down by a slimy cop, Inspector Malwankar (Rajkummar Rao), who demands ₹ 2,500,000 to drop the case. Dash tells them about a friend (Rajat Barmecha) who faked his own brother's kidnapping and extracted ₹ 2 million from his own parents. After Amy volunteers to be the kidnapping victim, they hatch a plan. Upon receiving the ransom call, Amy's father, contrary to their expectations, immediately approaches Police Commissioner (Pavan Malhotra) for help. The Police Commissioner assigns an upright cop Arvind Mathur (Rajeev Khandelwal) to solve the case unofficially, as he is on suspension after throwing a corporator from the first floor of his own house for allegedly beating up a woman. Inspector Mathur is shown to be having a disturbed married life and nearly divorces his wife.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: The group of youngsters then hide in a shady hotel, acting upon the plan hatched by Dash. When Tanya is nearly raped by a man, they react violently and kill him. They escape from the lodge and hide out in a cinema hall, where Amy finds a packet of cocaine in Dash's satchel. Tanya is deeply disturbed by their recent actions, and convinces Zubin to take her home. While Zubin leaves to find a taxi, Tanya gets into an altercation with Amy. Amy, while under the influence of cocaine, is convinced that the phone call that Tanya was making to her sister was actually to the police. In the physical confrontation that follows, KC smashes Tanya's head into a wall and leaves her bleeding and unconscious. Zubin, upon returning, finds the gruesome scene, and thinking Tanya is dead, flees. He is later arrested by the police while attempting to leave the city. Dash takes Amy and KC to a church in the outskirts of Mumbai and instructs them to hide there while he tries to figure things out with Malwankar.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: The arrested Zubin, in the meantime, reveals the entire scenario to the police. They track down Malwankar, who was attempting to escape with his wife. In the ensuing chase, Malwankar is nearly killed in a truck collision. While buying food, the exasperated KC sees his handicapped sister being traumatised by the media. He then calls his father and asks him for help. Using this call, the police trace the trio to the church. Upon returning to the church, KC tells the other two everything and tries to convince Amy to leave the church with him. Dash, however, confronts him, and the two get into a bloody confrontation. It ends with Dash beating KC to death. Dash then tries to get Amy to leave the church with him. However, a cocaine-fuelled Amy has a traumatic flashback involving her mother trying to drown her as a child. In this frenzy, she stabs Dash, who is trying to restrain her. She is then found by Inspector Mathur.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: The police, despite knowing the truth, get the three surviving friends to sign a statement saying that Dash had kidnapped all four. This is done to save the reputation of the much-maligned police force. Mathur then meets his wife, indicating a possible reconciliation. The film ends with Amy being resigned to the convent, which she always feared, albeit with her mother's name (Saira).


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Bejoy Nambiar, made a short film titled "Reflections" (2005) and a direct-to-television film "Rahu" (2008), before assisting Mani Ratnam, and served as an executive in Ratnam's production house Madras Talkies. When he won a prize for "Gateway to Hollywood" in 2009, Ashok Amritraj asked Nambiar to make a feature film for his Los Angeles-based production house Hyde Park Entertainment. For his feature film debut, he went to research about the murder of Adnan Patrawala, a 16-year-old teenage son of a businessperson from Mumbai, was kidnapped by his friends for ₹20 million (US$280,000) ransom and was murdered in August 2007, when the news broke out on television and print media. Nambiar initially planned to make the film in English which was titled "Spiral" and the film being set in Los Angeles. But as the plan did not work out, Nambiar decided to produce the film in Hindi and change the setting of the storyline to Mumbai, for which Amritraj disagreed and he decided to produce the film under his own banner Getaway Films. He co-wrote this script with Megha Ramaswamy, who simultaneously scripted the screenplay and story for Shekhar Kapur's "Paani" (which was later shelved).


title: Shaitan (film)

text: As he could not fulfill the enormous budget for production, Anurag Kashyap agreed to co-produce and present the film in a smaller budget. Sunil Bohra and Guneet Monga who worked as executives in Kashyap's production banner Anurag Kashyap Films, served as the co-producer. Nambiar said that, "when Kashyap read the storyline, he found a striking resemblance to his unreleased directorial debut film "Paanch", which was made in 2002, but never released due to censorship troubles. "Paanch", which is based on Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders from 1976 and 1977, had a similar storyline, where five youngsters who wanted to have an adventurous life, and their greed for money, leads them embroiled in crime. Later, Kashyap directed "Black Friday" (which had a delayed release) and "No Smoking", but he attempted to release Paanch multiple times, as things never came into fruition, he dropped the idea" Kashyap believed that "Paanch" was made ahead of time and wanted people to see his best work, which is the reason why Shaitan has been made.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Bejoy Nambiar approached Kalki Koechlin to play the lead role. Koechlin, who gained breakthrough through "Dev.D" (2009), where her performance in the film received critical acclaim, decided to act in this film as she wanted to experiment in "dark" and "intense roles". She plays the role of a 17-year old angst-ridden teenager who had a troubled life. Nambiar cast actors who were part of films based on real-life incidents, including Neil Bhoopalam, who earlier played a character based on Shayan Munshi in "No One Killed Jessica" (2011); he said that "The idea was to bring in actors and a crew that understood the realistic space in cinema". Rajeev Khandelwal, Shiv Panditt, Kirti Kulhari and Gulshan Devaiah portrayed the role of Koechlin's friends in the film. Eventually, the entire lead cast members were in their mid-20s as Nambiar wanted to cover more younger audiences, especially in suburbans and multiplexes. Kashyap had referenced the casting and similarities to "Paanch", where the actors had referenced the lead characters of that film — Sharat Saxena, Kay Kay Menon, Aditya Srivastava, Joy Fernandes and Tejaswini Kolhapure. Koechlin's character is based on that of Kolhapure's role in "Paanch".


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Gulshan Devaiah made his feature film debut with this film by playing Karan Chaudhary (KC). In an interview with "Cinestaan", Nambiar said that "his character is mostly modelled on a 1980s rock-and-roll guy, not the way he dress but how his attitude". Initially, Gulshan was auditioned for Rajeev's character Arvind Mathur, a Police Inspector and made a test shoot featuring him as a cop. But as he was too young to play the cop, the role was later given to Rajeev and Gulshan was offered the role of KC, though Nambiar initially wanted Arjun Mathur and Namit Das to play that role. Rajkummar Rao, played the role of Malvankar, a corrupt-police officer, who had a screen presence of 15 minutes. Nambiar convinced Rajkummar to take the role as he did not want to appear in a role that is of a short duration.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Principal shooting began during April 2010 and Nambiar planned to shoot the film within 10–12 days. After being delayed multiple times due to financial constraints, the film went on floors in October. A slow motion action sequence was the first to be canned in the shoot. The team canned a kissing sequence featuring Koechlin and Kulhari. While Nambiar narrated the scene to Kulhari, she believed that it was a prank, but as the scene was about be really canned, which left her shocked. However, the kissing scene was completed within a single shot. 90% of the scenes were filmed in real locations across Mumbai. An interrogation scene between Rajeev Khandelwal and Pawan Malhotra was shot at a bungalow in Bandra's Pali Hill in Mumbai. Nambiar said that "it was Malhotra first day and also his first scene. But he got it right in the first take itself, understandably so as he is a veteran actor. Since Rajeev was well prepared for the scene too, it was wrapped up in one go." Another sequence featuring Rajiv and Bhoopalam was shot in Andheri.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: One of the scenes had the lead actors wearing a burkha and walking towards Muhammad Ali Road. The shoot was interrupted due to residents from the locality, who offended men donning a burkha-attire religiously worn by Muslim women. Though Nambiar stepped down and explained about the film's shoot, the team had to cancel the filming mid-way following resident's protests. However, the shooting was completed within three hectic schedules and with the help of hidden cameras being placed across the locations. A scene featuring the lead cast were filmed during the occasion of Diwali, and soon after the team joined the celebrations at the Marine Drive. Bejoy Nambiar thought the scene was "real and vibrant" and decided to continue filming. Once shooting completed in mid-November, the team began post-production, with visual effects were supervised by Mumbai-based Pixion Studios. In June 2011, a promotional music video for Shaitan has been shot.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: The soundtrack to Shaitan features 14 tracks all of them were composed by Prashant Pillai, Amar Mohile, Ranjit Barot, Anupam Roy and Bhayanak Maut. K. S. Krishnan, Sanjeev Sharma, Colin Terence, Abhishek, and Shradha wrote lyrics for the tracks. Initially Prashant Pillai was credited as the sole musician for the album and had composed seven tracks, but during the phase of pre-production Nambiar believed that working with multiple composers may benefit the film and four composers eventually joined this project. Mikey McCleary remixed the track "Hawa Hawai" from "Mr. India" (1987) composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal and "Khoya Khoya Chand" from "Kala Bazar" (1960), scored by S. D. Burman. Though the latter was not featured in the film, it was released as a promotional track, post-release and also attached to the album "The Bartender" produced by Sony Music India. The soundtrack album was launched on 20 May 2011 at the Hard Rock Cafe in Mumbai, with the attendance of prominent musicians performing at the event along with the cast and celebrities. T-Series purchased the music rights for the film and distributed the album into the market.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: The album opened to positive reviews from critics. A Hindustan Times-based reviewer gave 3 (out of 5) saying "the album is very different from a typical Bollywood album and that just might work in its favour". Ankit Ojha of "Bollywood Hungama" gave 4 stars (out of 5) and said "the album achieves that by instilling the music with nothing but the free spirit and passion of the composers who have all come together to create a wonderful fusion of urban and ethnic sounds". Vipin Nair of "Music Aloud" gave the album 7.25 out of 10 and said "a superlative effort from the bunch of composers with a leaning towards functional tracks which should work better on-screen". Karthik Srinivasan of "Milliblog" stated the soundtrack as "dizzying, eclectic, indulgent and occasionally overdone".


title: Shaitan (film)

text: During the post-production process, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures acquired the worldwide distribution rights of the film. The first look and trailer launch event was held on 22 April 2011 in Mumbai. The film's lead cast members involved in unique promotional activities through social networking sites, in order to attract youngsters and ensure the hype before its release. The promotional activities were handled by Candid Marketing, whose executive handled promotional campaigns at six BPOs in Mumbai and Delhi. A special screening was held on 6 June 2011 at Mumbai for the film's cast and crew were present during the event. On 9 June 2011, Nambiar hosted another screening for his mentor Mani Ratnam in Chennai, who appreciated the film and his work.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Shaitan released worldwide on 10 June 2011 in over 575 screens across India. Made on a budget of , the film grossed more than and was commercially successful at the box-office. The film was made available in DVD from 25 September 2011, and is also available on the streaming service Netflix.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: The film received a positive response from critics. Taran Adarsh from "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film four out of five stars and said, "Shaitan is bound to raise eyebrows thanks to its contemporary, thrilling, hard-hitting and forceful content" and described it as "one of the most ingenious and entertaining thrillers"., gave three-and-a-half out of five stars saying it as "disturbing yet delectable film". Pankaj Sabnani from "Glamsham" gave the film four stars and stated it as a "spellbinding thriller with 'awesomeness' written all over it". Nikhat Kazmi from "The Times of India" gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "it turns the camera three-sixty degrees and brings you the grime of a subterranean sub-culture that throbs amidst a certain section of metropolitan maverick twenty-somethings." Anupama Chopra from "NDTV" gave three out of five stars and wrote "There are some terrific sequences, but as time flies the film slowly loses its steam, becomes repetitive and ends in a whimper". "India Today"'s Kaveerie Bamzai stated the film as "brilliantly written" praising the performances of the young cast members.


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Mayank Shekhar from "Hindustan Times" gave three out of five stars saying "the film derives itself almost wholly from a pop, counter-cultural new wave of late '90s that roughly defined independent films back then, mostly in Hollywood. The outcome may be partly pretentious; but it's largely satisfying still." Ankit Ojha of "Planet Bollywood" praised the film and its thematic element to a large extent, saying "Nambiar has managed to impress each and everyone of the discerning film viewer and movie buff", he called the film as "a must watch" because to "absorb the tonality of the film’s context and subtext". Sanjukta Sharma of Mint stated that "The film could have been a superb piece of cinema with more control, a more interwoven script and an unflinching engagement with evil. Ultimately, it seems like a lukewarm follow-up to Kashyap's unreleased film "Paanch" and 2009 film "Dev.D". Even so, Nambiar's imagination and pluck for visual orchestration is commendable which makes it a worthy-watch."


title: Shaitan (film)

text: Writing for "Daily News and Analysis", Blessy Chettiar said "Watch "Shaitan" for its original story, brilliant talent showcase by the cast, sound and editing teams. It might be the one of the most technically sound film you will have seen in a long time" giving three-and-a-half out of five". A critic from "The New Indian Express" wrote "‘Shaitan’ looks at the sub-zero level of moral values among a section of the urban young with a whimsical zest for a new kind of cinematic voice that is far removed from films about cops and desperados that we've come to know over the years." Komal Nahta of "Koimoi.com" said that "Shaitan is a well-made film with a rich background score, stylised cinematography and efficient performances as its high points". Contrary to the positive reviews, Raja Sen of "Rediff.com" gave two out of five stars and wrote "The film showcases some great performances but still feels longer than it's actual running time".


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: Phantom is a 2013 American submarine thriller film about a Soviet submarine during the Cold War in the 1960s. Todd Robinson wrote and directed the film. It stars Ed Harris, David Duchovny and William Fichtner.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: The film tells the story of a Soviet Navy submarine captain attempting to prevent a war. It is loosely based on the real-life events involving the sinking of the submarine "K-129" in 1968.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: Captain Dmitri "Demi" Zubov is a veteran Soviet Navy captain finishing up a career that failed to live up to the legacy of his legendary father. He is given an assignment by Markov to lead a top secret mission and given the command of his old ship. Due to mistakes he made during his service, involving the deaths of six of his past crew in a collision and fire, this will be his last assignment and his only opportunity to command any ship at all. Demi interrupts a party involving his crew, including Alex Kozlov, his up-and-coming executive officer headed for great success. However, as Demi leaves his home to lead Alex and his crew on the secret mission, the presence of a KGB contingent led by agent Bruni, and ominous portents, begin to alter the objectives of the mission, causing Demi and Kozlov to become concerned. Furthermore, Markov commits suicide at his office window while watching the submarine depart.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: Demi and Kozlov are wary of Bruni and his men and soon discover his mission: to use a device known as the Phantom to alter their ship's acoustic signature to make them appear to be a civilian merchant vessel, or a number of other ships. After a demonstration, Demi questions Bruni about the device and the mission's objectives. Soon after, Bruni's men hold Demi at gunpoint. Bruni eventually reveals to Demi that he and his comrades are rogue operatives and not here under orders from the Soviet government. He explains that the United States military has started a secret program called "Dark Star" that will make the United States invulnerable to the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and he and his fellow operatives fear for the safety of their homeland if its nuclear capabilities are rendered useless. Their plan is to start a nuclear war between the United States and China by disguising the ship as a Chinese vessel and launching a nuclear missile at the American Pacific Fleet off Midway. After Demi refuses to cooperate, he and those loyal to him are taken and locked away in the ship, where Demi explains his past failures and explains how he began to suffer from seizures and brain trauma after suffering a concussion from his sub's fateful collision with Markov's sub.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: Demi, Kozlov and the loyal crew plot and execute a plan that eventually takes back the ship and alerts another Russian submarine that they are in distress. Two other members of the crew, Tyrtov and Sasha, attempt to disable the missile. They succeeded in disabling the warhead, even though the missile was fired. Eventually, fighting ensues onboard, resulting in the deaths of many of both Demi's crew and Bruni's men. The submarine is soon badly damaged by Soviet torpedoes and sinks to the ocean floor. The crew begin breathing in poisonous chlorine gas fumes produced by the mixture of seawater and battery acid, as Alex is sent on a rescue attempt for the remaining crew. Bruni explains to Demi that he was on board when the fire took place and that he was the man ordered by Demi to trap the men, leading to their demise.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: Eventually, the submarine is recovered and the remaining crew, including Demi and his men, are seen standing atop the ship. From the nearby dock, Demi's wife and daughter praise his actions while Alex, now a captain, salutes the sub, paying respects to his former commanding officer. It is then revealed that Demi and his men, watching from the submarine's deck, are ghosts, watching from the afterlife.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: Onboard scenes took place in the former Foxtrot-class "B-39" Soviet submarine which is now a museum at San Diego.


title: Phantom (2013 film)

text: The film has received negative reviews from critics, as it currently holds a 25% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on over 53 reviews, with the consensus: "A cast of solid actors do what they can to elevate the material, but "Phantom"s script is too clunky and devoid of tension to bear comparison to its thematic predecessors". Richard Roeper gave the film 2/4 and praised Harris' acting while criticizing the film around him saying "Harris delivers a nomination-worthy performance in a movie with a throwaway title, an abundance of closeups that provoke unintentional laughs, a few bizarre supernatural touches and one of the loopier endings in recent memory." "The New York Times" panned the film calling it a "cold war howler" and "a yarn of unpardonable monotony." "USA Today" gave the film 2/4 stars calling it a "leaden thriller." NPR called the film "predictable."


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: The plot of the story occurs in the future when Earth is attacked by invaders from another universe through portals, and using weaponry that combines magic and science. Mankind's weapons are practically useless against the invaders. Mankind is forced to retreat from land and develops giant floating structures referred to as Mega Floats. A weapon referred to as Heart Hybrid Gear or HHG is developed, which is the only effective weapon against the invaders. A core is implanted within a person and by calling out the HHG's name, one can summon an armor around them which can effectively combat the Alternate Universe (AU) forces.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: Hida Kizuna possesses a HHG, but it is not strong enough to make him particularly important. His older sister calls him to transfer to a strategic defense school, where many of the students use their HHG abilities to fight invaders from another world while wearing extremely skimpy pilot outfits. Kizuna's fighting ability doesn't measure up, but his sister has another plan — performing erotic activities with Kizuna will allow the girls to replenish their energy or power-up. His ability proves to be critical to their success, as he and the other members of the Ataraxia defense academy find themselves engaged in a hidden agenda about the destruction of two worlds as well as to bring back his beloved from sorrow.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: Strategic Defense Academy Ataraxia is an academy for people who use Heart Hybrid Gear. It is also a Megafloat system cut off from mainland Japan. It was established in response to the arrival and mass onslaught of the Batlantis invasion force.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: Batlantis is another world, that exists in another reality. They traverse to and fro between both Earth's dimension and their own, through a tear in the fabric of reality. Unlike Earth, there they have developed with both magic and science, which makes their technology many times more advanced and is the primary reason for the defeat humanity suffered.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: The light novels are written by Masamune Kuji and illustrated by Hisasi, with mecha designs by Kurogin. The series is published by Kadokawa's Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint. The first volume was released in February 2014. The series ended with the thirteenth volume on 1 July 2018. A drama CD based on the series was released in March 2015, written by Kuji.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: A manga adaptation with art by Riku Ayakawa began serialization in Kadokawa's "Comp Ace" on 26 June 2015. Yen Press has licensed the manga in North America.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: In September 2015, an anime adaptation of "Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia" was announced. In January 2016, Kuji announced via Twitter that the adaptation would be a TV series, which is scheduled to premiere in July 2016. The main cast and staff were officially announced in April 2016. The series is directed by Hiroyuki Furukawa, written by Yasunori Yamada, and produced by Production IMS, with character designs by Kana Miyai. Masakatsu Ohmuro of Dax Production served as the sound director. The music of the series is produced by Victor Entertainment's Flying Dog label. Two pieces of theme music is used: an opening theme and an ending theme. The opening theme is "miele paradiso" ( "Honey Paradise"), and the ending song is "Chi"; both are performed by Iori Nomizu.


title: Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia

text: The series premiered on 5 July 2016, and was broadcast on AT-X, Tokyo MX, TV Saitama, Chiba TV, tvk, KBS Kyoto, Sun TV, and BS11 then ended on 20 September 2016. Crunchyroll simulcast the series on their website. An original video animation series, titled "Love Room", was bundled in the first and second volume of the home video release, containing an episode each. The first and second home video release volumes were released on 30 September 2016 and 28 October 2016, respectively. In North America, Funimation, which is now known as Crunchyroll, licensed the series for a home media release on 21 November 2017. However, in October 2017, the home media release was delayed.


title: Jang Young-nam

text: Jang Young-nam (born November 25, 1973) is a South Korean actress. She began her career as an acclaimed actress in theater, then transitioned to supporting roles on television and film, notably in works by director Jang Jin. A member of Jang Jin's Division 장진사단, she regularly appears in his films and theater company productions. She became one of the original cast members of the live sketch comedy show "Saturday Night Live Korea" when Jang Jin brought the American show to South Korea. In addition, she was a member of the Korean theater troupe Mokhwa Repertory Company.


title: Jang Young-nam

text: She is known for her skill in both comedic and dramatic roles and her ability to easily transition between different genres and mediums such as theater, television and films. Some notable supporting film roles include "A Werewolf Boy" and "Hello Ghost". She has also made memorable cameos in dramas, "Pinocchio" and "Moon Embracing the Sun." In 2013, she played her first onscreen leading role in the revenge crime thriller "Azooma," which won her the Best Actress Award from the Director's Guild at the 17th Busan International Film Festival (BIFF).


title: Jang Young-nam

text: In December 2011, she married a theater director and film university professor Lee Ho-ung who is seven years younger. She and her husband have a son born in 2014.


title: Time in Mexico

text: Some municipalities near the U.S. border and the entire state of Baja California observe daylight saving time, setting the time forward one hour on the second Sunday of March at 2:00 and back one hour on the first Sunday of November at 2:00, therefore maintaining the same time as the respective areas across the border in the United States.


title: Time in Mexico

text: Mexican law states that remote islands observe the time zone corresponding to their geographic location. According to this rule, in the Revillagigedo Islands, San Benedicto, Socorro and Roca Partida are in UTC−07:00, and Clarion is in UTC−08:00.


title: Time in Mexico

text: Standard time was first adopted in Mexico in 1922, under a decree by President Álvaro Obregón establishing two time zones. One time zone based on 105°W (7 hours behind GMT) covered most of the country, from Baja California to Veracruz and Oaxaca. A second time zone based on 90°W (6 hours behind GMT) covered the southeastern part of the country, comprising the states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, and the territory of Quintana Roo. In 1924, a third time zone based on 120°W (8 hours behind GMT) was established for the northern district of the territory of Baja California (corresponding to the current state of Baja California), and the states of Veracruz and Oaxaca were changed to time zone 90°W (6 hours behind GMT).


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 1927, all areas using time zone 105°W (7 hours behind GMT) were changed to 90°W (6 hours behind GMT), and the northern district of the territory of Baja California was changed to 105°W (7 hours behind GMT). In 1930, the northern district of the territory of Baja California was returned to 120°W (8 hours behind GMT), and the rest of the country was returned to 105°W (7 hours behind GMT), except the eastern portion, comprising the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, and the territory of Quintana Roo, which remained in 90°W (6 hours behind GMT). The three time zones were named "Hora del Oeste" (Western Time), "Hora del Centro" (Central Time), and "Hora del Golfo" (Gulf Time), respectively.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 1931, Mexico observed daylight saving time for the first time. From 30 April to 30 September, the areas in time zones 120°W and 105°W observed 105°W and 90°W (7 and 6 hours behind GMT), respectively, while the areas in time zone 90°W remained observing their standard time all year. This observance was supposed to continue every year from 1 April to 30 September, but it was abandoned in 1932. Instead, the areas in 120°W remained observing their standard time, while the areas in 105°W were permanently changed to 90°W (6 hours behind GMT). Only the Federal District, which corresponds to the current Mexico City, observed daylight saving time in 1939, 1940–1941, 1943–1944, and 1950.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 1942, the North Territory of Baja California (current Baja California), South Territory of Baja California (current Baja California Sur) and the states of Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora were changed to 105°W (7 hours behind GMT), named "Hora del Noroeste" (Northwest Time). The rest of the country remained in 90°W (6 hours behind GMT), named "Hora del Centro" (Central Time). The North Territory of Baja California was returned to 120°W (8 hours behind GMT) in 1945, changed again to 105°W in 1948, and returned again to 120°W in 1949. After becoming a state, Baja California observed daylight saving time in 1954–1960 and since 1976, usually with the same schedule as the U.S. state of California.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In December 1981, for commercial and tourism reasons, the states of Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo were changed to time zone 75°W (). Campeche and Yucatán returned to 90°W () in November 1982, and Quintana Roo did so in January 1983.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 1988, the states of Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas observed daylight saving time as an experiment, from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October, the same schedule used in the United States at the time. None of these states continued the practice in the following year.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 1996, all of Mexico started observing daylight saving time, from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October, matching the U.S. schedule. In 1997, Quintana Roo was changed to 75°W (UTC−05:00) during standard time and 60°W (UTC−04:00) during daylight saving time, but returned to its previous time zone in 1998. Also in 1998, the state of Chihuahua was changed to 105°W (UTC−07:00) during standard time and 90°W (UTC−06:00) during daylight saving time, resulting in its largest city, Juárez, matching the time of neighboring El Paso, Texas, in U.S. Mountain Time. In 1999, the state of Sonora discontinued the observance of daylight saving time, matching neighboring Arizona.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 2001, Mexico experimented with a shorter period of daylight saving time, from the first Sunday in May to the last Sunday in September, except in Baja California, which maintained the U.S. schedule, and Sonora, which did not observe daylight saving time. The government of the Federal District issued a decree attempting to also discontinue observing daylight saving time, but the Supreme Court ruled that only Congress had the power to decide on the subject. As a result, Congress passed a law establishing the time zones and a congressional decree for daylight saving time, both of which had previously been established only by presidential decree. The law named the time zones "Zona Centro" (Central Zone, UTC−06:00 standard time), "Zona Pacífico" (Pacific Zone, UTC−07:00 standard time) and "Zona Noroeste" (Northwest Zone, UTC−08:00 standard time). From 2002, daylight saving time was restored to the previous schedule from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In 2007, the United States extended its daylight saving time schedule to be from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November. The Mexican Congress decided to maintain the existing shorter schedule for Mexico, causing a time difference across the Mexico–United States border during part of the year. The border population complained about the situation, to which Congress responded in 2010 by adopting the U.S. schedule only for Baja California and for municipalities within 20 km of the border, except in Sonora, which had discontinued daylight saving time altogether, while the rest of the country continued using the previous schedule. Also in 2010, the municipality of Bahía de Banderas, in the state of Nayarit, changed to the Central Zone (UTC−06:00 standard time and UTC−05:00 daylight saving time). In 2015, the state of Quintana Roo changed to a new time zone, "Zona Sureste" (Southeast Zone), and discontinued daylight saving time, being in UTC−05:00 all year.


title: Time in Mexico

text: In October 2022, Congress replaced the entire law on time zones. Daylight saving time was discontinued nationally, except in Baja California and some municipalities near the U.S. border, which continued observing it with the U.S. schedule. At the same time, the entire state of Chihuahua, including areas near the U.S. border, changed to the Central Zone (UTC−06:00 all year). The law also created a procedure for a state to request Congress to change its time zone or its observance of daylight saving time, and in case of a change initiated by Congress, the law required that Congress seek approval from the respective state. In November 2022, following a request by the state of Chihuahua and approval by Congress according to this procedure, the municipalities near the northwest border of the state were returned to UTC−07:00 standard time and UTC−06:00 daylight saving time, matching the time of Juárez with neighboring El Paso, and the municipalities near the northeast border were changed to UTC−06:00 standard time and UTC−05:00 daylight saving time, matching the time of Ojinaga with neighboring Presidio, Texas. Although the text of decree published to make this change specified the time zones incorrectly, the time was changed according to its intent, and Congress planned to correct the text later.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: Temba Bavuma (born 17 May 1990) is a South African international cricketer who currently is the captain of the South African cricket team in white-ball cricket. He also vice-captains South Africa in Test cricket. He is a right-handed batter and was the first black African cricketer to make a Test century for South Africa and the first to captain the side. Bavuma is only the second South African cricketer to score a century on ODI debut, scoring 113 runs against Ireland in September 2016.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: Brought up in the intense cricket culture of Langa – Bavuma, Thami Tsolekile and Malusi Siboto are all from the same street – Bavuma was educated at South African College Junior School in Newlands, and St David's Marist Inanda, a boys high School in Sandton.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: Bavuma made his debut in 2008 in Gauteng against Eastern Province. Batting in the middle order, he made four runs in the first innings in which he batted, briefly partnering teammate Dane Vilas to his first-class best score.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: Bavuma made his franchise debut for the Lions in the 2010/11 season. In the Supersport Series, he made 242 runs in 4 matches at an average of 60.50 in this first season, including a score of 124 not out against the Knights, which earned him a man of the match. In his second Supersport season in 2011/12, he made 637 runs at an average of 53.08. This was enough for him to place 11th in the top run scorers. In 2012/13, he was the 5th highest scorer in the now renamed Sunfoil Series, but at a poorer average of 31.58. In 2013/14, he again scored heavily making 714 runs at an average of 39.66, seeing him place 6th on the Sunfoil Series scorers list. For his franchise, he has an unusually high conversion rate of 50s to 100s, scoring six 100s and five 50s in Supersport and Sunfoil series cricket.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: These performances have earned him five matches so far for the South Africa A cricket team. The first was in July 2012 against Sri Lanka A in Durban. He also played a match against Ireland in the A side's tour of the country in August of that year. He did not make a significant contribution in either of those two matches. His next appearances for the A side were in the series of matches played in South Africa between South Africa A and the Indian and Australian A sides. He faced Australia once, and India twice. His best performance was a 65 in the second match of an innings defeat against the Indians. He was included in the Gauteng squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: In May 2017, Bavuma announced that he was switching franchises to join Cape Cobras ahead of the 2017–18 season. In June 2018, Bavuma was made captain of the Highveld Lions across all formats. In September 2018, he was named in Gauteng's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. The following month, he was named in Durban Heat's squad for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament. In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Jozi Stars team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament. In April 2021, he was named in Gauteng's squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: In September 2022, Bavuma wasn't picked by any franchise in the auction for the first edition of the SA20 League.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: On 5 January 2016, Bavuma became the first black cricketer to score a Test century for South Africa. He scored an unbeaten 102 at the Cape Town in the 2nd Test of the 2015/16 series against England.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: Bavuma made his One Day International debut for South Africa against Ireland on 25 September 2016 and scored his maiden ODI century. He opened the batting with Quinton de Kock, standing in for Hashim Amla who was attending the birth of his child. Bavuma was named player of the math for his performance and was the second player to score a century on their ODI debut for South Africa.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: In August 2019, Bavuma was named in South Africa's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their series against India. He made his T20I debut for South Africa, against India, on 18 September 2019.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: On 4 March 2021, Bavuma was named as the captain of South Africa's limited over side, taking over the captaincy from Quinton de Kock. With the appointment of him as South Africa's permanent captain, he became the first ever black African player to be appointed as the permanent captain of South Africa's side. Bavuma's first series as captain was a home series against Pakistan. He sustained a hamstring injury in the third ODI and as a result missed the T20I portion of the series.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: On 24 July 2021, against Ireland in the third T20I, Bavuma scored his maiden T20I half-century, scoring 72 off 51 deliveries before being dismissed by Barry McCarthy. In September, South Africa toured Sri Lanka for three ODIs and three T20Is; in the opening match sustained an injury to his right thumb while batting and retired hurt. The injury required surgery, but Bavuma recovered sufficiently to captain South Africa's squad at the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup in October. South Africa won four out of their five matches but were eliminated in the group stage based on net run rate.


title: Temba Bavuma

text: South Africa toured India in June 2022 for five T20Is. South Africa drew the series, but Bavuma sustained an elbow injury in the fourth match and missed South Africa's tour of England later that year. Leading into the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup in October and November, sports journalist Katya Witney writing for "Wisden" observed that Bavuma was out of form. She suggested that "what Bavuma brings to the side should not be wholly dependent on his batting statistics. His skills and role as captain should not be overlooked lightly." In a second tour of India that year, preceding the World Cup, Bavuma scored eight runs across four innings in T20Is and ODIs, amidst a tour disrupted by illness, with Bavuma missing the final two ODIs. Bavuma led South Africa at the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The Vergina Sun (), also known as the Star of Vergina, Vergina Star or Argead Star, is a rayed solar symbol first appearing in ancient Greek art of the period between the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. The Vergina Sun proper has sixteen triangular rays, while comparable symbols of the same period variously have sixteen, twelve, eight or (rarely) six rays.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The name "Vergina Sun" became widely used after the archaeological excavations in and around the small town of Vergina, in northern Greece, during the late 1970s. In older references, the name "Argead Star" or "Star of the Argeadai" is used for the Sun as the possible royal symbol of the Argead dynasty of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia. There it was depicted on a golden larnax found in a 4th-century BC royal tomb belonging to either Philip II or Philip III of Macedon, the father and half-brother of Alexander the Great, respectively.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Tentatively interpreted as the historical royal symbol of ancient Macedonia, rather than just a generic decorative element in ancient Greek art, the Vergina Sun came into popular use among Macedonian Greeks since the 1980s, and became commonly used as an official emblem in the Greek region of Macedonia, and by other Greek state entities during the 1990s.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The Vergina Sun symbol was the subject in a controversy in the first half of 1990s between Greece and the newly independent Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia), which adopted it as a symbol of Macedonian nationalism and depicted it on its national flag. Eventually, in 1995 and as a result of this dispute, the young republic's flag was revised into a different rayed solar symbol. On 17 June 2018, the two countries signed the Prespa Agreement, which stipulates the removal of the Vergina Sun from public use in North Macedonia. Eventually, in early July 2019 the government of North Macedonia announced the complete removal of the symbol from all public areas, institutions and monuments in the country, except archeological sites.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Early representations of the symbol go back to at least the 6th century BC, with hoplites depicted as bearing sixteen-pointed and eight-pointed sunburst symbols on their shields and armor, and the same symbols being represented on coins from both island and mainland Greece from at least the 5th century BC. The "Iliad" describes the first panoply of Achilles as having star motifs.


title: Vergina Sun

text: During his excavations at Vergina, the site of the ancient Macedonian capital of Aegae, the archaeologist Manolis Andronikos found the symbol on the coffin (larnax) believed to belong to Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great. The "sunburst" symbol was already well known as a symbol used both by the Macedonian royal dynasty (e.g. on coins), as well as being present in the Hellenistic civilization more generally. The symbol might represent the Sun god (Helios), whose role as a patron deity of the Argead dynasty might be implied by a story about Perdiccas I of Macedon narrated by Herodotus (8.127). In the early 1980s, following the discovery of the larnax, there was some debate as to whether the symbol should be considered the "royal emblem" of the Argeads specifically. Αs Eugene Borza (1982) pointed out, the symbol was widely used in Hellenistic-era art, and Adams (1983) emphasized its use as a decorative element in ancient Greek art in general and that it cannot be said to represent either a "royal" or "national" emblem of Macedon exclusively.


title: Vergina Sun

text: In 1977/8, archaeologist Manolis Andronikos led excavations of burial mounds at the small Central Macedonian town of Vergina in Greece. There, by the perimeter of a large mound, the "Great Tumulus", he unearthed three tombs. The tombs were subsequently identified as royal burial sites for members of the late 4th-century BC Argead dynasty, the family of Alexander the Great.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Of the three tombs, the first—Tomb I—suffered looting, leaving little more by the time of its discovery than then the well known wall painting depicting the Abduction of Persephone by Hades and the buried fragments of human remains. Tombs II and III, however, remained undisturbed, still containing many artefacts. Among them were two gold ash coffins (larnakes) in Tomb II and a silver funerary urn in Tomb III.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The coffin of Tomb II's primary occupant, the Golden Larnax, featured the sixteen-rayed sun design and that of the occupant's wife, entombed in the antechamber, a twelve-ray sun. Andronikos variously described the symbol as a "star", "starburst", and "sunburst". He posited the tomb might belong to King Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Following the discovery at the Great Tumulus, there was much debate over who had been buried there, especially in Tomb II. It dated to the later half of the 4th century BC, making its royal occupants contemporaneous with Alexander the Great. As Alexander himself had been buried in Egypt, the only remaining plausible Argead men and their wives likely to be buried in Tomb II were Philip II and his last wife Cleopatra Eurydice, or Alexander's half-brother Philip III Arrhidaeus and Eurydice II.


title: Vergina Sun

text: On 21 April 2000, the AAAS journal "Science" published "The Eye Injury of King Philip II and the Skeletal Evidence from the Royal Tomb II at Vergina", by Antonis Bartsiokas. In it, Bartsiokas cited osteological analyses to contradict the determination of Philip II as the tomb's occupant and made a case for Philip III. However, a good deal of evidence still contradicts Bartsiokas' claims.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The symbol was introduced in Greece as popular imagery from the mid-1980s and, after 1991, increasingly so in many new contexts in Greece. The Vergina Sun was widely adopted by Greek Macedonians as a symbol of Greek Macedonia. The Vergina Sun on a blue background became commonly used as an official emblem of the three administrative regions, the prefectures and the municipalities of Greek Macedonia.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The symbol is placed on the bottom left corner of the Greek driving license, and on Greek passports, it forms the watermark image across pages 22 and 23. It is the emblem of the 3rd Greek Squadron of Control and Warning Station, of Greek Units for the Reinstatement of Order, the Greek First Army, the 193 Squadron of Multiple Missile Launchers and the 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.


title: Vergina Sun

text: In February 1993 the Greek parliament passed a bill designating the Vergina Sun as an official Greek national symbol. In July 1995, Greece lodged a claim for trademark protection of the Vergina Sun as an official state emblem under Article 6ter of the "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property" with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).


title: Vergina Sun

text: In 1991, Todor Petrov proposed the Vergina Sun as the national symbol of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia). The symbol was adopted by the Slavo-Macedonians, as a symbol of the newly independent Republic of Macedonia and in 1992 the newly formed country displayed the symbol on its new flag. This lasted until 1995, when the Republic of Macedonia was forced to modify its flag by Greece.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The decision in the Republic of Macedonia caused controversy both within the republic and outside it in its relations with Greece. The republic's large Albanian minority complained that it was an ethnic symbol of the ethnic Macedonian national identity and was not suitable for a multi-ethnic state.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Greek opposition was even more vehement. The Greek government and many Greek people, especially Greek Macedonians, saw it as the misappropriation of a Hellenic symbol and a direct claim on the legacy of Philip II.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The dispute was exacerbated by clauses in the Republic of Macedonia's constitution that Greeks saw as a territorial claim on the Greek region of Macedonia.


title: Vergina Sun

text: A Greek Foreign Ministry spokesman said in January 1995 that "the symbol is Greek and has been stolen." Nationalists on both sides subsequently associated the symbol with the (much later) Star of Bethlehem and have argued that their respective communities have used the symbol for sacred purposes before the Vergina discovery.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The Greek position on the symbol has been supported by some abroad, such as the former United States Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, who reportedly told a questioner:


title: Vergina Sun

text: Speaking on the BBC World Service's "The World Today" programme, archaeologist Bajana Mojsov from the Republic of Macedonia said that "the symbolic weight attached to the Vergina Star was archaeologically absurd – but politically inevitable," arguing:


title: Vergina Sun

text: At the same time, Demetrius Floudas, Senior Associate at Hughes Hall, Cambridge, and one of the leading analysts of the Macedonia naming dispute, claimed that:


title: Vergina Sun

text: Although the authorities in Skopje denied any ulterior motives, the flag became a major issue in the wider political dispute between the two countries of the early 1990s (see Foreign relations of North Macedonia). Greek objections led to the flag being banned from use in a variety of places, including the United Nations, the Olympic Games and offices of the Republic of Macedonia in the United States and Australia.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The Republic of Macedonia lodged an objection against Greece's registration of the symbol with WIPO in October 1995. The dispute was partially resolved under a compromise brokered by Cyrus Vance at the United Nations.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The symbol was removed from the flag of the Republic of Macedonia as part of an agreement to establish diplomatic and economic relations between the two sides, and it was replaced by a stylised yellow sun with eight widening beams on red ground. The symbol was not referred to as the "Star of Vergina" in the agreement as signed, although the Greeks described it as such in correspondence with Vance.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The Liberal Party (LP) of the Republic of Macedonia, in December 2013, via its president Yvonne Velickovski, proposed with a draft law to ban the use of the Vergina Sun for civil purposes within the Republic of Macedonia, as "a positive step that will result in the promotion of good neighborly relations between Macedonia and Greece".


title: Vergina Sun

text: The draft law requires use of the WIPO-protected Greek symbol to be banned in the Macedonian president's office, events organized under state administration, public Macedonian institutions or political parties, NGOs, media, as well as individuals in the Republic of Macedonia. The draft however was rejected in December 2013 by the majority of the Macedonian Parliament, which at the time was controlled by the nationalist VMRO-DPMNE party.


title: Vergina Sun

text: In early August 2017, the Macedonian consul in Toronto, Canada, Jovica Palashevski, sparked a diplomatic incident between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece, when he delivered a speech against the backdrop of an irredentist map of Greater Macedonia and a red Vergina Sun flag. After strong Greek protests, the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Macedonia condemned the incident and recalled its diplomat back to Skopje for consultations.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Toni Deskoski, Macedonian professor of International Law and member of the legal team that represented the Republic of Macedonia in the naming dispute with Greece before the International Court of Justice in the Hague for violation of the Interim Accord, argues that the Vergina Sun is not a Macedonian symbol but it's a Greek symbol that is used by Macedonians in the nationalist context of Macedonism and that the Macedonians need to get rid of it.


title: Vergina Sun

text: Outside of official usage, the symbol was also used in the logo of the Thessaloniki-based "Makedonia" television station, and of the Bank of Macedonia-Thrace. An eight-point sun is the logo of Thessaloniki International Film Festival and part of the logo of Greek Parliament party Greek Solution. A six-pointed Vergina sun is the logo of the Thessaloniki-based "Vergina" television station, it also appears on Municipality of Chalkidona coat of arms in Thessaloniki region unit, on Makedonikos FC () logo which is a Greek professional football club based in Neapoli, on "ASF ALEXANDRIAS" in Imathia, on Makedonikos Foufas F.C. in Kozani, on "MAS VERGINA", on "Megas Alexandros BC" in Leptokarya and on "VERGINA BC" in Kalamaria. A seven-pointed sun is the logo of Thessaloniki-based political party "EPOS". A sixteen-pointed sun is the logo of Athens-based political party Patriotic Union ().


title: Vergina Sun

text: It is also used by organisations of the Greek Macedonian diaspora, such as the Pan-Macedonian Association, as well as by numerous commercial enterprises and in Greek Macedonian demonstrations.


title: Vergina Sun

text: According to Macedonian press reports from 2005, a similar choice was made by the municipality of Liqenas in neighbouring Albania, which has a Macedonian population.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The symbol is also used by other ethnic Macedonian minority groups in neighbouring countries and by diaspora organisations. In Canada, a Macedonian advocacy group called United Macedonians Organization uses a stylized version of the sun as part of its logo and makes extensive use of the red Vergina Sun flag.


title: Vergina Sun

text: In 2018, IP Australia, the agency of the Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science responsible for administering the intellectual property rights in Australia, denied the World Macedonian Congress the right of registering and using the Vergina Sun on its trademark, citing the Paris Convention which recognizes the emblem as a national symbol of Greece.


title: Vergina Sun

text: The Vergina Sun has often been used as a symbol of the Aromanians by members of this ethnic minority in North Macedonia. Some also claim heritage from the Ancient Macedonians and state that Alexander the Great was in fact an Aromanian.


title: Vergina Sun

text: On 17 June 2018, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia signed the Prespa Agreement, which stipulates the removal of the Vergina Sun's public use for across the latter's territory.


title: Vergina Sun

text: In a session held on early July 2019, the government of North Macedonia announced the complete removal of the Vergina Sun from all public areas, institutions and monuments in the country, with the deadline for its removal being set to 12 August 2019, in line with the Prespa Agreement.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The St. Regis Chicago, formerly Wanda Vista Tower, is a 101-story, supertall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. Construction started in August 2016, and was completed in 2020. Upon completion it became the city's third-tallest building at , surpassing the Aon Center. It is the tallest structure in the world designed by a woman. It forms a part of the Lakeshore East development and overlooks the Chicago River near Lake Michigan.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: Designed by architect Jeanne Gang and her architectural firm, Studio Gang Architects, the St. Regis complements the design of the nearby Aqua skyscraper, also designed by Gang, as the two tallest structures in the world designed by a woman. Initially a joint project between Magellan Development Group and Chinese based Wanda Group, the skyscraper cost nearly $1 billion to construct. Magellan bought the project entirely in 2020, and then partnered with St. Regis Hotels & Resorts, which will open the hotel portion in 2022.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The structure consists of three interconnected towers, called "stems" with differing heights in a step-like arrangement. The stems are formed from alternating truncated pyramidal shapes called "frustums", giving each tower an undulating appearance, further accentuated by differing shades of glass in alternating pattern. The composition has been likened to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși's "Endless Column". According to Studio Gang Architects, the tower "presents itself as three interconnected volumes of differing heights, moving rhythmically in and out of plane" as a result of the curvilinear design. The tower topped out in April 2019.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The project was initially planned to house Wanda's Vista luxury hotel brand, its first in North America, and include condominium residences. In keeping with the general plan, The St. Regis contains 393 condominium residences, and 191 hotel rooms, including 33 suites.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The building's chief architect is Jeanne Gang, head of Studio Gang Architects. Chicago based bKL Architecture is the project's architect of record. The design has three interconnected volumes with differing heights. Totalling a height of 101 stories, the east, middle, and west towers are 47, 71, and 93 stories tall, respectively. Mechanical space occupies the remaining floors. Upon completion, Vista Tower designers are targeting a Silver Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The three towers feature a curvilinear design, and are made up of alternating frustums. The towers are clad in 6 different shades of glass. The uppermost segment of the tallest tower contains an unoccupied "blow through" floor to prevent excess swaying in the wind. The design was described as "stacks of tapering, truncated pyramids that alternate between right-side-up and upside-down" by the "Chicago Tribune". The tower has a notably smaller footprint than other supertalls in Chicago; it has a building height-to-core aspect ratio of 40-to-1.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: Condominium interiors will be designed by hospitality design firm Hirsch Bedner Associates, while the hotel interior will be designed by San Francisco firm Gensler. Philadelphia-based OLIN will design the project's green spaces, including the rooftop gardens. The structural engineering of the tower was managed by Magnusson Klemencic Associates.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: Unlike most buildings, the building's perimeter columns step inward and outward instead of going directly upwards. Each column projects about 5 inches outward or inward from the one below it. This was chosen over using columns set on a diagonal, which would have sacrificed interior space.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The tower uses coupled dual-core shear-wall assembly that connects the three buildings for wind resistance. The two outer cores are tied together via a 508-ft-tall reinforced concrete spine, from floors 15 to 51 above the upper street grade. For gravity loads, columns that continue to foundations support a 123-ft-long spine wall. This 2-ft-thick spine transfers wind loads from the middle tower to the cores of the 51-story tower to the east and the 101-story tower to the west.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: The building contains uninhabited "blow-through floors" to reduce wind-induced sway. Six tanks, holding more than of water, counteract the movement of the wind. A "spine wall" in the tower’s midsection links two outer cores, helping the two towers act as one unit. The wall is perforated so doors and hallways go through. A "buttressed core" in the two outer stalks are built out to the outer edge of the building. The outer walls are also perforated, leaving openings for windows.


title: St. Regis Chicago

text: Edward Keegan of "Crain's Chicago Business" praised the design of the building, calling it "second only to Hancock in the gracefulness in its silhouette" and a "proud and soaring thing". However, he also criticised several engineering choices, notably the execution of the tower's blow-through floors.


title: Tim Story

text: Timothy Kevin Story (born March 13, 1970) is an African American film director. He is best known for "Barbershop" (2002), the "Fantastic Four" (2005) and the "Ride Along" franchise. He has been nominated for two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Directing in a Feature Film/Television Movie in 2006 and 2013.


title: Tim Story

text: He is the founder of The Story Company, an entertainment production company that he started with his wife in 1996.


title: Tim Story

text: Born in Los Angeles on March 13, 1970, Story attended LA's Westchester High School, with jazz pianist Eric Reed and actresses Regina King and Nia Long. He was senior class president at Westchester High. He graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts in 1991.


title: Tim Story

text: While in high school, Story briefly attempted a career in music. He was part of Ice-T's Rhyme Syndicate and even appeared as a member of the group T.D.F. on the song "T.D.F. Connection" from the 1988 compilation album "Rhyme Syndicate Comin' Through". A group member was shot and killed prior to them being signed to Warner Bros. Records. Story later turned his attention to directing feature films.


title: Tim Story

text: Story has directed segments for Kevin Hart's concert films, "Laugh at My Pain", "Let Me Explain" and "".


title: Private sector

text: The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government.


title: Private sector

text: The private sector employs most of the workforce in some countries. In private sector, activities are guided by the motive to earn money.


title: Private sector

text: A 2013 study by the International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) identified that 90 percent of jobs in developing countries are in the private sector.


title: Private sector

text: In free enterprise countries, such as the United States, the private sector is wider, and the state places fewer constraints on firms. In countries with more government authority, such as China, the public sector makes up most of the economy.


title: Private sector

text: States legally regulate the private sector. Businesses operating within a country must comply with the laws in that country. In some cases, usually involving multinational corporations that can pick and choose their suppliers and locations based on their perception of the regulatory environment, local state regulations have resulted in uneven practices within one company. For example, workers in one country may benefit from strong labour unions, while workers in another country have very weak laws supporting labour unions, even though they work for the same employer. In some cases, industries and individual businesses choose to self-regulate by applying higher standards for dealing with their workers, customers, or the environment than the minimum that is legally required of them.


title: Private sector

text: There can be negative effects from the private sector. In the early 1980s, the Corrections Corporation of America pioneered the idea of running prisons for a profit. Today, corporate-run prisons hold eight percent of America's inmates. Since it is from the private sector, their main priority isn't rehabilitation, but profit. This has resulted in many human rights violations across the United States.


title: Ray Chan (businessman)

text: Ray Chan (born 1984) is a Hong Kong businessman, known for being the CEO and co-founder of entertainment online platform 9GAG. Along with his team of four based in Hong Kong, he started the website as a side project.


title: Ray Chan (businessman)

text: Chan’s first job upon graduation from the Faculty of Law at the University of Hong Kong was in the legal department of a bank. Following that, he became an anchor as well as a reporter working for Now TV. Soon after, he worked at an information technology company as a project manager. In 2007, he joined aNobii as product manager. While working for this firm he launched 9GAG as a side project and four years later in 2011 he quit his job in order to focus on it.


title: Ray Chan (businessman)

text: 9GAG was Chan's first successful website; prior to 9GAG, he established a website to share cosmetics and a website for information on electrical appliances, both of which failed.


title: Ray Chan (businessman)

text: During his university days at the University of Hong Kong, he was a member of the university lacrosse team and a captain of the university debate team.


title: Ray Chan (businessman)

text: Given his experience and entrepreneurial expertise, Ray is often invited to share his story at various events and places. He was Unusual speaker at ContentStealer one-day conference at CoCoon and also featured at the ‘Echelon 2014: The Pulse of Asia's Innovation’ event and also at the ICT New Waves Symposium in 2013. In addition, he has been invited to universities in Hong Kong including his alma mater. as well as Polytechnic University as a speaker. Lastly, he has made many an appearance on YouTube channels such as DailySocialTV and Last Business Blog.


title: Parenting styles

text: A parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing. The quality of parenting can be more essential than the quantity of time spent with the child. For instance, the parent may be engaging in a different activity and not demonstrating enough interest in the child. Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond to and make demands on their children. Parenting practices are specific behaviors, while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices. There are various theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children, as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest.


title: Parenting styles

text: Children go through different stages in life, therefore parents create their own parenting styles from a combination of factors that evolve over time as children begin to develop their own personalities. During the stage of infancy, parents try to adjust to a new lifestyle in terms of adapting and bonding with their new infant. Developmental psychologists distinguish between the relationship between the child and parent, which ideally is one of attachment, and the relationship between the parent and child, referred to as bonding. In the stage of adolescence, parents encounter new challenges, such as adolescents seeking and desiring freedom.


title: Parenting styles

text: A child's temperament and parents' cultural patterns have an influence on the kind of parenting style a child may receive. It is not clear as to whether a child's education is part of parenting.


title: Parenting styles

text: Early research in parenting and child development found that parents who provide their children with proper nurture, independence and firm control, have children who appear to have higher levels of competence and are socially skilled and proficient. Showing love and nurturing children with care and affection encourages positive, physical, and mental progress in children. Additional developmental skills result from positive parenting styles including: maintaining a close relationship with others, being self-reliant, and being independent. During the mid 1980s, researchers began to explore how specific parenting styles influence a child's development later in life. Diana Baumrind's influential typology divides parenting styles into three styles, the authoritative, authoritarian and indulgent (or permissive) styles.


title: Parenting styles

text: According to a literature review by Christopher Spera (2005), Darling and Steinberg (1993) suggest that it is important to better understand the differences between parenting styles and parenting practices: "Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children", while parenting style is "the emotional climate in which parents raise their children." Others such as Lamborn and Dornbusch Darling and Steinberg assisted in the research focusing on impacts of parenting practices on adolescence achievement.


title: Parenting styles

text: One study association that has been made is the difference between "child's outcome and continuous measures of parental behavior." Some of the associations listed include: Support, Engagement, Warmth, Recognition, Control, Monitoring, and Severe punishment. Parenting practices such as parental support, supervision and strict boundaries appear to be associated with higher school grades, fewer behavioral problems and better mental health. These components have no age limit and can start in preschool all the way through college.


title: Parenting styles

text: Beginning in the 17th century, two philosophers independently wrote works that have been widely influential in child-rearing. John Locke's 1693 book "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" is a well-known foundation for educational pedagogy from a Puritan standpoint. Locke highlights the importance of experiences to a child's development and recommends developing their physical habits first. In 1762, the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau published a volume on education, "". He proposed that early education should be derived less from books and more from a child's interactions with the world. Among them, Rousseau is more in line with slow parenting, and Locke is more for concerted cultivation.


title: Parenting styles

text: Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes how children represent and reason about the world. This is a developmental stage theory that consists of a "Sensorimotor stage", "Preoperational stage", "Concrete operational stage", and "Formal operational stage". Piaget was a pioneer in the field of child development and psychology and continues to influence parents, educators and other theorists with a significant effect on science .


title: Parenting styles

text: Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist, proposed eight life stages through which each person must develop. In order to move through the eight stages, there is a crisis that must occur. Then there is a new dilemma that encourages the growth through the next stage. In each stage, they must understand and balance two conflicting forces, and so parents might choose a series of parenting styles that helps each child as appropriate at each stage. The first five of his eight stages occur in childhood: The virtue of "hope" requires balancing trust with mistrust, and typically occurs from birth to one year old. "Will" balances autonomy with shame and doubt around the ages of two to three. "Purpose" balances initiative with guilt around the ages of four to six years. "Competence" balances industry against inferiority around ages seven to 12. "Fidelity" contrasts identity with role confusion, in ages 13 to 19. The remaining adult virtues are love, care and wisdom.


title: Parenting styles

text: Rudolf Dreikurs believed that pre-adolescent children's misbehavior was caused by their unfulfilled wish to be a member of a social group. He argued that they then act out a sequence of four mistaken goals: first they seek "attention". If they do not get it, they aim for "power", then "revenge" and finally feel "inadequate". This theory is used in education as well as parenting, forming a valuable theory upon which to manage misbehavior. Other parenting techniques should also be used to encourage learning and happiness. He emphasized the significance to establish a democratic family style that adopts a method of periodic democratic family councils while averting punishment. He advances “logical and natural consequences” that teach children to be responsible and understand the natural consequences of proper rules of conduct and improper behavior.


title: Parenting styles

text: Frank Furedi is a sociologist with a particular interest in parenting and families. He believes that the actions of parents are less decisive than others claim. He describes the term "infant determinism" as the determination of a person's life prospects by what happens to them during infancy, arguing that there is little or no evidence for its truth. While commercial, governmental and other interests constantly try to guide parents to do more and worry more for their children, he believes that children are capable of developing well in almost any circumstances. Furedi quotes Steve Petersen of Washington University in St. Louis: "development really wants to happen. A very poor environment is needed to interfere with development... [just] do not raise your child in a closet, starve them, or hit them on the head with a frying pan". Similarly, the journalist Tim Gill has expressed concern about excessive risk aversion by parents and those responsible for children in his book "No Fear". This aversion limits the opportunities for children to develop sufficient adult skills, particularly in dealing with risk, but also in performing adventurous and imaginative activities.


title: Parenting styles

text: In 1998, independent scholar Judith Rich Harris published "The Nurture Assumption", in which she argued that scientific evidence, especially behavioral genetics, showed that all different forms of parenting do not have significant effects on children's development, short of cases of severe child abuse or child neglect. She proposes two main points for the effects: genetic effects, and social effects involved by the peer groups in which children participate. The purported effects of different forms of parenting are all illusions caused by heredity, the culture at large, and children's own influence on how their parents treat them.


title: Parenting styles

text: Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles into what is now known as "Baumrind’s parenting typology". In her research, she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding. Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in a supportive and accepting manner. Parental Demandingness refers to the rules which the parent has in place for their child's behavior, the expectations for their children to comply with these rules, and the level of repercussions that follow if those rules are broken. Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial parenting styles: Authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting. Maccoby and Martin expanded upon Baumrind’s three original parenting styles by placing parenting styles into two distinct categories: demanding and undemanding. With these distinctions, four new parenting styles were defined:


title: Parenting styles

text: Baumrind believes that parents should be neither punishing nor apathetic. Instead, they should make rules for their children and be affectionate with them. These parenting styles are designed to describe normal changes in parenting, rather than abnormal parenting, such as might be observed in abusive families. In addition, parenting stress can often cause changes in parental behavior such as inconsistency, increased negative communication, decreased monitoring and/or supervision,


title: Parenting styles

text: setting vague rules or limits on behavior, being more reactive and less proactive, and engaging in increasingly harsh disciplinary behaviors.


title: Parenting styles

text: Chandler, Heffer, and Turner argue that parenting styles are associated with adolescent psychological and behavioral problems and may affect academic performance.


title: Parenting styles

text: The four styles include Authoritative, Authoritarian, Neglectful, and Indulgent/Permissive. Each style has been explained based on the definition and is elaborated considering demandingness and responsiveness.


title: Parenting styles

text: The parent is demanding and responsive. When this style is systematically developed, it grows to fit the descriptions propagative parenting, democratic parenting, positive parenting and concerted cultivation.


title: Parenting styles

text: Authoritative parenting is characterized by a child-centered approach that holds high expectations of maturity. Authoritative parents can understand how their children are feeling and teach them how to regulate their feelings. Even with high expectations of maturity, authoritative parents are usually forgiving of any possible shortcomings. They often help their children to find appropriate outlets to solve problems. Authoritative parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is not refused, and parents try to be warm and nurturing toward the child. Authoritative parents are not usually as controlling as authoritarian parents, allowing the child to explore more freely, thus having them make their own decisions based upon their own reasoning. Often, authoritative parents produce children who are more independent and self-reliant. Authoritative parenting styles are mainly produced in the context of high parental responses and high demands.


title: Parenting styles

text: Authoritative parents will set clear standards for their children, monitor the limits that they set, and also allow children to develop autonomy. They also expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior of children. Punishments for misbehavior are measured and consistent, not arbitrary or violent. Often behaviors are not punished but the natural consequences of the child's actions are explored and discussed—allowing the child to see that the behavior is inappropriate and not to be repeated, rather than not repeated to merely avoid adverse consequences. Authoritative parents set limits and demand maturity, and when punishing a child, authoritative parents are more likely to explain their reason for punishment. In some cases, this may lead to more understanding and complying behavior from the child. A child knows why they are being punished because an authoritative parent makes the reasons known. As a result, children of authoritative parents are more likely to be successful, well-liked by those around them, generous and capable of self-determination.


title: Parenting styles

text: Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punishment-heavy parenting style in which parents make their children follow their directions with little to no explanation or feedback and focus on the child's and family's perception and status. Corporal punishment, such as spanking, and yelling are a form of discipline often preferred by authoritarian parents. The goal of this style, at least when well-intentioned, is to teach the child to behave, survive, and thrive as an adult in a harsh and unforgiving society by preparing the child for negative responses such as anger and aggression that the child will face if their behavior is inappropriate. In addition, advocates of the authoritarian style often believe that the shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will affect children less because they are accustomed to both acute and chronic stress imposed by parents.


title: Parenting styles

text: Indulgent parenting, also called "permissive", "non-directive", "lenient", "libertarian", or (by supporters) "anti-authoritarian", is characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child. "Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them". Parents are nurturing and accepting, and are responsive to the child's needs and wishes. Indulgent parents do not require children to regulate themselves or behave appropriately. As adults, children of indulgent parents will pay less attention to avoiding behaviors that cause aggression in others.


title: Parenting styles

text: Permissive parents try to be "friends" with their child, and do not play a parental role. The expectations of the child are very low, and there is little discipline. Permissive parents also allow children to make their own decisions, giving them advice as a friend. This type of parenting is very lax, with few punishments or rules. Permissive parents also tend to give their children whatever they want and hope that they are appreciated for their accommodating style. Other permissive parents compensate for what they missed as children, and as a result give their children both the freedom and materials that they lacked in their childhood. Baumrind's research on pre-school children with permissive parents found that the children were immature, lacked impulse control and were irresponsible.


title: Parenting styles

text: Children of permissive parents may tend to be more impulsive and as adolescents may engage more in misconduct such as drug use, "Children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way." But in the better cases they are emotionally secure, independent and are willing to learn and accept defeat. They mature quickly and are able to live life without the help of someone else.


title: Parenting styles

text: Neglectful parents allow their children to do whatever they please. Unlike the indulgent/permissive parents, neglectful parents do this because they are detached from their children's needs. Neglectful parents are unaware of what their kids are doing, and if they find out, they feel indifferent towards them. Sometimes parents can be neglectful because of stressors they are experiencing in their own life.


title: Parenting styles

text: Children of neglectful parents are often lonely, sad, immature, and have a difficult time to adapting to social norms. They are more likely to end up in abusive relationships, perform risky behaviors, and have increased rates of injury.


title: Parenting styles

text: Most studies, mainly in English-speaking countries, show that children of authoritative parents have the best outcomes in different domains (behavioral, psychological and social adjustment…). The case might be different, however, for Asian populations, where the authoritarian style was found as good as the authoritative style. On the other hand, some studies have found a superiority of the indulgent style in Spain, Portugal or Brazil, but the methodology of these studies has been contested. More recently a study has shown that in Spain, while using the same questionnaire used in other countries, the authoritative style continues to be the best one for children. Furthermore, a systematic review has shown that the results do not depend on the culture but on the instruments used: studies measuring control as coercion find a detrimental effect of such control on adolescents, and better outcomes for children of permissive parents; however, when behavioral control is measured, such control is positive, and authoritative parents get the best results.


title: Parenting styles

text: Attachment theory was created by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. This theory focuses on the attachment of parents and children (specifically through infancy), and the aspect of children staying in close distance with their caregiver who will protect them from the outside world.


title: Parenting styles

text: Although research on attachment theory has focused on infancy and early childhood, research has shown that the relationship between teens and their parents can be affected depending on whether they have a secure or insecure attachment between them. A parent's interaction with their child during infancy creates an internal working model of attachment, which is the development of expectations that a child has for future relationships and interactions based on the interactions they had during infancy with their caregiver. If an adolescent continues to have a secure attachment with their caregiver, they are more likely to talk to their guardian about their problems and concerns, have stronger interpersonal relationships with friends and significant others, and also have higher self-esteem. Parents continue to maintain a secure attachment through adolescence by expressing understanding, good communication skills, and allowing their children to safely start doing things independently.


title: Parenting styles

text: Attachment parenting is a parenting style framed by psychological attachment theory. Attachment in psychology is defined as “a lasting emotional bond between people”. There are four main types of attachment: secure, insecure, resistant, and disorganized.


title: Parenting styles

text: Child-centered parenting is a parenting style advocated by Blythe and David Daniel, which focuses on the real needs and the unique person-hood of each child. Research has shown that child-centered parenting is difficult to get right and has a high chance of failing, resulting in narcissistic children.


title: Parenting styles

text: Positive parenting is a parenting style which generally overlaps with authoritative parenting and is defined by consistent support and guidance throughout developmental stages.


title: Parenting styles

text: A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and may be especially envious of, and threatened by, their child's growing independence. The result may be what has been termed a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with the child considered to exist solely for the parent's benefit.


title: Parenting styles

text: Nurturant parent modelNurturant parents are defined by characteristics of being responsive and empathetic. It is a family model where children are expected to explore their surroundings with protection from their parents. This style of parenting is encouraging and helps offer development opportunities for a child and their temperaments. A child's self-image, social skills, and academic performance will improve which impacts how they will grow up to be mature, happy, well-balanced adults.


title: Parenting styles

text: Overparenting is parents who try to involve themselves in every aspect of their child's life, often attempting to solve all their problems and stifling the child's ability to act independently or solve his or her own problems. A helicopter parent is a colloquial early 21st-century term for a parent who pays extremely close attention to his or her children's experiences and problems and attempts to sweep all obstacles out of their paths, particularly at educational institutions. Over parenting limits a child's autonomy and essential development for independence. Helicopter parents are so named because they hover overhead like a helicopter, especially from late adolescence to early adulthood, during which time developing independence and self-sufficiency is critical to future success. Modern communication technology has facilitated this style, allowing parents to monitor their children through cell phones, email and online monitoring of academic performance.


title: Parenting styles

text: The affectionless control parental style combines a lack of warmth and caring (low parental care) with over-control (such as parental criticism, intrusiveness). This has been linked to children's anxiety and to dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem in the children, although it is not necessarily the cause. There is evidence that parental affectionless control is associated with suicidal behavior.


title: Parenting styles

text: Slow parenting encourages parents to plan and organize less for their children, instead allowing them to enjoy their childhood and explore the world at their own pace. Electronics are limited, simplistic toys are utilized, and the child is allowed to develop their own interests and to grow into their own person with much family time, allowing children to make their own decisions.


title: Parenting styles

text: Idle parenting is a specific form of slow parenting according to which children can take care of themselves most of the time, and that the parents would be happier if they spent more time taking care of themselves, too.


title: Parenting styles

text: Toxic parenting is poor parenting, with a toxic relationship between the parent and child. It results in complete disruption of the child's ability to identify themselves and reduced self-esteem, neglecting the needs of the child. Abuse is sometimes seen in this parenting style. Adults who had toxic parents are mostly unable to recognize toxic parenting behavior in themselves. Children with toxic and/or abusive parents often grow up with psychological and behavioral damages. Some of the behaviors of toxic parenting include talking over their child, being in a cycle of negative thinking, being overly critical towards their children, and using guilt to control their child.


title: Parenting styles

text: "Pathogenic parenting" refers to parenting style practices that are so aberrant and distorted that they produce significant psychopathology in the child. This may lead to child psychological abuse (DSM-5 V995.51). It is generally used in the context of distortions to the child's attachment system, since the attachment system does not spontaneously or independently dysfunction.


title: Parenting styles

text: "Dolphin parenting" is a term used by psychiatrist Shimi Kang and happiness researcher Shawn Achor to represent a parenting style seen as similar to the nature of dolphins, being "playful, social and intelligent". It has been contrasted to "tiger" parenting. According to Kang, dolphin parenting provides a balance between the strict approach of tiger parenting and the lack of rules and expectations that characterizes what she calls "jellyfish parents". Dolphin parents avoid overscheduling activities for their children, refrain from being overprotective, and take into account the desires and goals of their children when setting expectations for behavior and academic success.