title: Power-line communication

text: In 2011, several companies including distribution network operators (ERDF, Enexis), meter vendors (Sagemcom, Landis&Gyr) and chip vendors (Maxim Integrated, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, Renesas) founded the G3-PLC Alliance to promote G3-PLC technology. G3-PLC is the low layer protocol to enable large scale infrastructure on the electrical grid. G3-PLC may operate on CENELEC A band (35 to 91 kHz) or CENELEC B band (98 kHz to 122 kHz) in Europe , on ARIB band (155 kHz to 403 kHz) in Japan and on FCC (155 kHz to 487 kHz) for the US and the rest of the world. The technology used is OFDM sampled at 400 kHz with adaptative modulation and tone mapping. Error detection and correction is made by both a convolutional code and Reed-Solomon error correction. The required media access control is taken from IEEE 802.15.4, a radio standard. In the protocol, 6loWPAN has been chosen to adapt IPv6 an internet network layer to constrained environments which is Power line communications. 6loWPAN integrates routing, based on the mesh network LOADng, header compression, fragmentation and security. G3-PLC has been designed for extremely robust communication based on reliable and highly secured connections between devices, including crossing Medium Voltage to Low Voltage transformers. With the use of IPv6, G3-PLC enables communication between meters, grid actuators as well as smart objects. In December 2011, G3 PLC technology was recognised as an international standard at ITU in Geneva where it is referenced as G.9903, Narrowband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power line communication transceivers for G3-PLC networks.


title: Power-line communication

text: Sometimes PLC was used for transmitting radio programs over powerlines. When operated in the AM radio band, it is known as a carrier current system.


title: Power-line communication

text: High frequency communication may (re)use large portions of the radio spectrum for communication, or may use select (narrow) band(s), depending on the technology.


title: Power-line communication

text: Power line communications can also be used in a home to interconnect home computers and peripherals, and home entertainment devices that have an Ethernet port. Powerline adapter sets plug into power outlets to establish an Ethernet connection using the existing electrical wiring in the home (power strips with filtering may absorb the power line signal). This allows devices to share data without the inconvenience of running dedicated network cables.


title: Power-line communication

text: The widely deployed powerline networking standard are from HD-PLC Alliance and HomePlug Powerline Alliance. But HomePlug Powerline Alliance announced in October 2016 that it would wind down its activities, and the Alliance website (<nowiki>Article title</nowiki>) has been closed. HD-PLC, and HomePlug AV which is the most current of the HomePlug specifications were adopted by the IEEE 1901 group as baseline technologies for their standard, published 30 December 2010. HomePlug estimates that over 45 million HomePlug devices have been deployed worldwide. Other companies and organizations back different specifications for power line home networking and these include the Universal Powerline Association, SiConnect, Xsilon, and the ITU-T's G.hn specification.


title: Power-line communication

text: With the diversification of IoT applications, the demand for high-speed data communication such as transmission of high-definition video data and/or high-frequent sensor data is increasing in the field of smart building, smart factory, smart city, etc. In such use cases, power line communication technologies can also be used and provides the same advantage of reusing existing cables.


title: Power-line communication

text: HD-PLC has developed a multi-hop technology that can be used to build large-scale networks. In addition, the 4th-generation HD-PLC technology provides multiple channels, which enables high-speed and long-range communication by selecting the optimal channel.


title: Power-line communication

text: Broadband over power line (BPL) is a system to transmit two-way data over existing AC MV (medium voltage) electrical distribution wiring, between transformers, and AC LV (low voltage) wiring between transformer and customer outlets (typically 100 to 240 V). This avoids the expense of a dedicated network of wires for data communication, and the expense of maintaining a dedicated network of antennas, radios and routers in wireless network.


title: Power-line communication

text: BPL uses some of the same radio frequencies used for over-the-air radio systems. Modern BPL employs Wavelet-OFDM, FFT-OFDM, or frequency-hopping spread spectrum to avoid using those frequencies actually in use, though early pre-2010 BPL standards did not. The criticisms of BPL from this perspective are of pre-OPERA, pre-1905 standards.


title: Power-line communication

text: The BPL OPERA standard is used primarily in Europe by ISPs. In North America it is used in some places (Washington Island, WI, for instance) but is more generally used by electric distribution utilities for smart meters and load management.


title: Power-line communication

text: Since the ratification of the IEEE 1901 (HD-PLC, HomePlug) LAN standard and its widespread implementation in mainstream router chipsets, the older BPL standards are not competitive for communication between AC outlets within a building, nor between the building and the transformer where MV meets LV lines.


title: Power-line communication

text: Even higher information rate transmissions over power line use RF through microwave frequencies transmitted via a transverse mode surface wave propagation mechanism that requires only a single conductor. An implementation of this technology is marketed as E-Line. These use microwaves instead of the lower frequency bands, up to 2–20 GHz. While these may interfere with radio astronomy when used outdoors, the advantages of speeds competitive with fibre optic cables without new wiring are likely to outweigh that.


title: Power-line communication

text: These systems claim symmetric and full duplex communication in excess of 1 Gbit/s in each direction. Multiple Wi-Fi channels with simultaneous analog television in the 2.4 and 5.0 GHz unlicensed bands have been demonstrated operating over a single medium voltage line conductor. Because the underlying propagation mode is extremely broadband (in the technical sense), it can operate anywhere in the 20 MHz20 GHz region. Also since it is not restricted to below 80 MHz, as is the case for high-frequency BPL, these systems can avoid the interference issues associated with use of shared spectrum with other licensed or unlicensed services.


title: Power-line communication

text: Within homes, the IEEE 1901 standards specify how, globally, existing AC wires should be employed for data purposes. The IEEE 1901 includes HD-PLC and HomePlug AV as baseline technologies. Any IEEE 1901 products can coexist and be fully interoperable between products using the same technology. On the other hand, medium-frequency home control devices remain divided, although X10 tends to be dominant. For power grid use, IEEE has approved a low-frequency (≤ 500 kHz) standard called IEEE 1901.2 in 2013.


title: Power-line communication

text: Several competing organizations have developed specifications, including the HomePlug Powerline Alliance (defunct), Universal Powerline Association (defunct), and HD-PLC Alliance. On October 2009, the ITU-T adopted Recommendation G.hn/G.9960 as a standard of networks for high-speed powerline, coax, and phoneline communications. The National Energy Marketers Association (a US trade body) was also involved in advocating for standards.


title: Power-line communication

text: In July 2009, the IEEE Power line Communication Standards Committee approved its draft standard for broadband over power lines. The IEEE 1901 final standard was published on 30 December 2010, and included features from HomePlug and HD-PLC. Power line communication via IEEE 1901 and IEEE 1905 compliant devices is indicated by the nVoy certification all major vendors of such devices committed to in 2013.  NIST has included IEEE 1901 (HD-PLC, HomePlug AV) and ITU-T G.hn as "Additional Standards Identified by NIST Subject to Further Review" for the Smart grid in the United States. IEEE also came up with a low-frequency standard for long-distance smart grids called IEEE 1901.2 in 2013.


title: Eli Stone

text: Eli Stone is an American legal comedy-drama television series, named for its title character. The series was created by Greg Berlanti and Marc Guggenheim, who also served as executive producers alongside Ken Olin who directed the pilot, with Melissa Berman producing. The series originally aired on ABC from January 31, 2008 to July 11, 2009, for two seasons.


title: Eli Stone

text: The series follows Stone (Jonny Lee Miller), a San Francisco lawyer who begins to have hallucinations (such as a George Michael soundtrack that only he can hear and getting dive-bombed by a World War I biplane on a busy San Francisco street) which leads him to two possible conclusions: a potentially fatal brain aneurysm, or the chance that something greater is at work. His visions lead him to accept cases with little monetary gain but a lot of moral goodness; Stone also predicts an earthquake that hits San Francisco. Other such events occur throughout the course of the series, but the series was cancelled before reaching a coherent conclusion.


title: Eli Stone

text: The series has been met with generally favorable reviews from critics, and both seasons have been released on DVD.


title: Eli Stone

text: Greg Berlanti, who co-wrote the show with Marc Guggenheim, described "Eli Stone" in "Variety" as "a "Field of Dreams"-type drama set in a law firm where a thirty-something attorney, whose name is the title of the show, begins having larger-than-life visions that compel him to do out-of-the-ordinary things". Eli suffers from an inoperable brain aneurysm that causes him to have realistic hallucinations often relating to the plot of the episode to the extent that he may be considered a modern-day prophet.


title: Eli Stone

text: Pop singer George Michael was featured prominently throughout the first season of the series, and each episode was named after one of his songs. Berlanti is a fan of Michael and made an effort to have him appear on the show. As luck would have it, Michael claimed he was a "TV junkie". This led to the singer agreeing to do several episodes, including one in which Stone represents him in the case of a teen girl who plays the song "I Want Your Sex" in protest of an abstinence-only sex education program in her school.


title: Eli Stone

text: The show's legal setting, mixture of comedy and drama, and use of fantasy sequences has drawn comparisons to the series "Ally McBeal" from some critics.


title: Eli Stone

text: Produced by Berlanti Television, After Portsmouth, and ABC Studios, the series was officially greenlit and given a thirteen-episode order on May 11, 2007, and it aired as a mid-season replacement in 2008.


title: Eli Stone

text: "Eli Stone" premiered on Thursday, January 31, 2008 at 10:00 Eastern/9:00 Central, following the return of "Lost"; its first-season finale aired April 17, 2008.


title: Eli Stone

text: On May 13, 2008, ABC officially announced that the show had been renewed for the 2008–09 season. Moreover, in Canada, CTVglobemedia announced that they would send down the series to CTV's relaunched "A" television system for the 2008–2009 season. Season 2 premiered on Tuesday, October 14 at 10:00 Eastern/9:00 Central.


title: Eli Stone

text: On November 20, 2008, however, ABC told the show's producers that it had opted not to order any new episodes, signaling that the series would be cancelled once all the episodes were aired.


title: Eli Stone

text: The last scheduled episode of "Eli Stone" aired on December 30, 2008. The final four episodes of the series aired on Saturdays at 10:00 Eastern/9:00 Central on ABC starting Saturday, June 20, 2009. The final episode, "Flight Path", aired on July 11, 2009.


title: Eli Stone

text: The unaired episodes, starting with "Sonoma", were broadcast in Ireland by RTÉ starting on March 13, 2009. The British Sci-Fi channel aired the final four episodes starting on March 16, 2009. The episode aired in Israel's Yes Stars Drama/HD channel and German TV channel Pro7 starting on March 31, 2009. Finally, in Australia, the Seven Network aired the final four episodes in the month of April, on Tuesdays at 22:30.


title: Eli Stone

text: On November 6, 2008, "TV Guide" reported that Jamey Sheridan would guest-star as an evening news anchor. On December 1, 2008, "TV Guide" reported that Gregory Smith would make a guest appearance in the show's finale.


title: Eli Stone

text: Season one was met with generally favorable reviews, and currently holds a Metacritic score of 62 out of 100, based on 24 collected reviews. Season two was met with a more enthusiastic response, and holds a Metacritic score of 72 out 100, based on 9 collected reviews.


title: Eli Stone

text: The debut episode attracted controversy due to its plot line, which depicts the hypothesis that autism is caused by a mercury-based preservative formerly used in common childhood vaccines and treats the hypothesis as being credible and legally compelling. This hypothesis is not supported by scientific evidence, but has contributed to decreased vaccination rates. The American Academy of Pediatrics asked ABC to either cancel the episode or include a disclaimer emphasizing that mercury is not used in routine childhood vaccines, and that no scientific link exists between vaccines and autism. ABC instead decided to present a written notice and voice-over after the episode saying "The preceding story is fictional and does not portray any actual persons, companies, products or events", with a second card directing viewers to the autism web site of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


title: Eli Stone

text: Eli Stone premiered on ABC on January 31, 2008. It premiered on Fox Life in Greece, and AXN in Japan in 2010. In the UK, the show was first shown on the Sci-Fi Channel in 2008 and was then broadcast on Fiver in June 2010. In Malaysia, the show premiered on TV2 in June 2009, airing all the complete 26 episodes until December 23, 2009. The series was later re-run in 2010.


title: Eli Stone

text: On September 2, 2008, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the complete first season of "Eli Stone" on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 was also released in Region 4 on March 18, 2009. The second and final season was released in Region 1 on August 18, 2009. By February 2013 the First Season had also been released as Region 2 in a combined Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland set. This set includes the original English dialogue with no captions as the default.


title: Eli Stone

text: The series lasted two seasons with 26 episodes. If the show had been renewed for a third season, "Eli" would have a complete wrap-up of the series, including Taylor giving birth to a baby girl and Matt being a surprisingly good father with a better attitude to others, Jordan meeting his ex-wife for the first time since the divorce, and Eli meeting Grace again. Also, the show could have ended in a cliffhanger, with Eli having a high profile as a prophet, and Dr. Chen becoming rich and a star.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: Criminal is a 1994 Indian action thriller film directed by Mahesh Bhatt, starring Nagarjuna, Ramya Krishna and Manisha Koirala. Shot simultaneously in Telugu and Hindi languages, the film was produced by K. S. Rama Rao under the Creative Commercials banner in Telugu, and by Mukesh Bhatt under the Vishesh Films banner in Hindi with the music composed by M. M. Keeravani (credited as MM Kreem in Hindi). "Criminal" was inspired by the 1993 American film "The Fugitive".


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: The Telugu version released on 14 October 1994, while the Hindi version released on 21 July 1995. "Criminal" was the last film of the Hindi film actor Ajit Khan.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: After witnessing the unfortunate death of a woman, who was unable to afford hospital treatment, Dr. Ajay Kumar cancels his planned immigration to the U.S. and instead sets out to develop a plan to open a hospital that will be accessible to people who cannot afford treatment in regular hospitals, called "Amma Hospital". This draws quite a lot of attention, and he becomes popular, especially with two young women, Dr. Swetha and ACP Ramya. He falls in love with Swetha, and both get married, breaking Ramya's heart in the process. Shortly thereafter, much to their delight, Swetha becomes pregnant.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: When Swetha discovers a frightening organ-smuggling operation in her hospital while going through a friend's diagnostic report, she calls Ramya. Soon after, Swetha is attacked by a killer and rings the police. Ajay enters their home to find Swetha, who soon succumbs to her injuries. The police arrive to find her dead body and arrest Ajay for murder. They deduce that Ajay's motive for killing Swetha was money, as Swetha was a wealthy heiress. Furthermore, she shouted Ajay's name as she was on the phone with the police. The court finds Ajay guilty, and he is sentenced to death. While being transported to the jail for the sentence to be carried out, the police bus meets with an accident as the other prisoners have staged a riot. Ajay escapes and changes his appearance. The police launch a manhunt for him but are unable to catch him. Ajay goes to Ramya's house to prove his innocence. Meanwhile, he used to know Ramya had a crush on him. Ajay catches the real killer and discovers the man behind everything - including the smuggling - was Ajay's friend Dr. Pratap. Finally, he reopens the hospital and puts a garland on Swetha's picture. He and Ramya remain friends.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: The lead cast and the characters portrayed by Grover, Nassar, Babu, Subramanyam, Kanakala, Visweswara Rao, Husain, and Jenny were retained from the Telugu version in the Hindi version. Trishna performed an item number in both versions.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: All the music is composed by M. M. Keeravani. The track Telusaa Manasa/Tum Mile was partly inspired by the song "Age of Loneliness" (1994) by the German group Enigma. K. S. Chithra recreated the same humming for all the versions, for which she practised for four days to sing it perfectly and making the song an evergreen hit. The song "Paapki Paapki/Keemti Keemti" is inspired by "Lonely Monday Morning" from "12 Inches of Snow" (1993) by the Canadian musician Snow.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: Alluru Rahim of "Zamin Ryot", reviewing the Telugu version of the film on 21 October 1994, described it as "the film which drives the audience out the theatres ["sic"]." While appreciating the Nagarjuna's performance and the soundtrack by Keeravani, Rahim opined that the film lacked good story and screenplay.


title: Criminal (1994 film)

text: After the film's success, it was later dubbed and released in Tamil as "Ellame En Kadhali". K. Vijayan reviewing the Tamil dubbed version for "New Straits Times" on 3 July 1995, opined that Bhatt had made a faithful remake of "The Fugitive" (1993).


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Sunset Beach was an American television soap opera that aired on NBC from January 6, 1997, to December 31, 1999. The show follows the loves and lives of the people living in the Orange County coastal area named Sunset Beach, on the coast of California. Although there is a town in California called Sunset Beach, California, the show's beach scenes were shot on nearby Seal Beach, California. The show was co-produced by NBC and Spelling Television.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: "Sunset Beach" won two Daytime Emmy Awards and was nominated another eleven times. The show also received 22 nominations for various other awards.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: "Sunset Beach" was created in 1996, having replaced "Santa Barbara" (1984–1993) in an attempt to both rebuild NBC's daytime lineup and target younger audiences. It was the first daytime soap opera produced by Aaron Spelling, the chief of Spelling Television (Spelling had also produced several primetime soap operas, and was the executive producer of the 1991 film "Soapdish", a satirical look at daytime soap operas). Jonathan Levin, one of the show's consulting producers, commented on the change that a new soap opera brings to the lineup, and the tough process of a viewer getting to know a new soap: "It is very difficult to change the loyalty of the daytime viewer, and we’re talking about shows that have been on for 30 years. That's one of the reasons we’re targeting young viewers — they’re the most available and the most flexible in their viewing habits."


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In the process of making the show, Spelling liked the idea of naming it "Never Say Goodbye", as suggested by Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone during a dinner with Spelling, but later tests proved that the viewers were more drawn to the title "Sunset Beach". Upon its premiere, "Sunset Beach" was made part of NBC's daytime programming block. At first, the show was given a one-year deal, with 255 episodes to produce. The show was renewed again for another year, and then picked up in six-month intervals for its final year in 1999. On September 17, 1999, NBC cancelled "Sunset Beach" due to low ratings. The series aired its final episode on December 31, 1999.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Before getting cancelled, the show was renewed twice, but it failed to grab an audience. Through its short existence, "Sunset Beach" remained in the daytime Nielsen ratings basement. However, during the "Shockwave" storyline, it received its best ratings and showed signs that it might move off the bottom. This spike proved to be brief and was not sustained.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: When the show began, it had 21 contract actors, including Lesley-Anne Down (Olivia Richards), Sam Behrens (Gregory Richards), Leigh Taylor-Young (Elaine Stevens), Peter Barton (Eddie Connors), Laura Harring (Paula Stevens), Hank Cheyne (Ricardo Torres) and Kathleen Noone (Bette Katzenkazrahi). In its first year and a half on air, seven actors left the show. Adrienne Frantz was the first to be let go from her role of Tiffany Thorne. The character was recast to Jennifer Banko-Stewart, but this was not successful and she was eventually written out. Kelly Hu left the show in June 1997, due to her character not mixing well with the others. By the end of the year, when Meg Bennett took over as a new head writer, Taylor-Young and Harring also left the series, followed by the exit of Nick Stabile, whose character Mark Wolper was written out in a serial killer storyline. Elizabeth Alley had a short stint playing the role of Melinda Fall. The final original character to be written out was Eddie Connors (Barton), who exited in May 1998.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Shortly after the show premiered, Dominique Jennings, V. P. Oliver, and Russell Curry joined the cast as Virginia Harrison, Jimmy Harrison, and Tyus Robinson respectively. Oliver was let go in December 1997, and his character was recast with a younger actor, Jeffery Wood. Both Jennings and Wood were written out by March 1999, exactly two years after the introduction of their characters. The remaining 14 original characters stayed on the show until its end, and three of those characters were recast during the three-year run. The first recast happened soon after the show started airing. The role of Cole Deschanel a male jewel thief, initially played by Ashley Hamilton, was recast to Eddie Cibrian. In mid-1998, Vanessa Dorman vacated the role of Cole's partner Caitlin Deschanel due to a change in storyline direction, and Kam Heskin was cast. The final recast was a temporary one. When Susan Ward left to film a movie, Sydney Penny stepped in to replace her, with Ward later returning to play the character for the show's final few weeks.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The exits of many characters opened the doors to the introduction of new ones. Carol Potter and John H. Martin, who had been recurring during the show's first year, were promoted to contract status, and the expansion of Meg's family also included the arrival of her sister Sara Cummings. The role was first played by then-unknown actress Lauren Woodland, but she was fired two weeks later and replaced by Shawn Batten, who played the role for the remainder of the series. Aside from Meg's family, Ricardo Torres got his family expanded, including the introduction of his mother Carmen (Margarita Cordova), brother Antonio (Nick Kiriazis), and the sudden reappearance of his sister Maria (Christina Chambers), Ben Evans' presumed dead wife.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The teen scene was revived in 1998, when Bette's daughter Emily Davis (Cristi Harris) arrived in town and fell in love with Sean, prompting Amy (Krissy Carlson) and Brad (Michael Strickland) to intervene. The final teen cast was Leo Deschanel, Cole's brother (David Mathiessen), but he was quickly written out. A long-time legend and Cole's father, A.J. Deschanel, was also cast in the form of Gordon Thomson, and a female jewel thief named Francesca (Lisa Guerrero) was added to the cast in mid-1998. However, Guerrero was written out in early 1999 since her character was killed by Gregory.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In 1999, the show cast only three contract roles, the first two being in March, when Tracy Lindsey Melchior and Chasen Parker stunned the soap with their sudden arrival in town. The final role to be cast on the show was the one played by Sean Kanan in late August. Things changed at the end of the year, when Cibrian left the show to pursue a career in primetime. Several other cast members, including a few original ones, considered leaving, but the show's cancellation came before they could make a decision.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: During its three-year run, "Sunset Beach" was executive produced by Aaron Spelling, E. Duke Vincent, and Gary Tomlin. However, the head writing history was much different. Robert Guza Jr. was the first head writer (and also a co-creator), but he exited the show on October 21, 1997, when Meg Bennett, who had been serving as Associate Head Writer was promoted as head writer as of October 22. Four months after being the sole head writer, Bennett received a co-head writer in the form of Christopher Whitesell, on January 8, 1998. Bennett was dismissed during the summer of 1998 and her final episode aired October 5, 1998. She was replaced by Margaret DePriest, who stayed with the show until its cancellation.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Storylines in its nearly three-year run ranged from the traditional to the supernatural. One of the first storylines concerned an Internet romance. Kansas farm girl Meg Cummings discovered her fiancé, Tim Truman, cheating on her on their wedding day. Meg had been talking online with SB, a man who lived in Sunset Beach, California. And after catching Tim with her maid of honor, Meg fled to Sunset Beach in search of SB, who turned out to be wealthy, widowed businessman Ben Evans.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The first year of the show revolved around Meg's pursuit of Ben (including her briefly breaking into his house, stealing a journal she found there, and dressing up in his late wife's clothes), who was initially not interested in her, and the gradual development of a romance between them. A side plot showed the antagonistic relationship between Meg and Annie Douglas, Ben's longtime best friend. Meg hated Annie for being close to Ben and wanted to cut her out of his life; Annie hated Meg out of jealousy for her developing romance with Ben. Their problems reached a head with a physical fight in a hot tub. Meg's ex-fiancé Tim Truman followed her to Sunset Beach to win her back, and ended up becoming Annie's ally and almost love interest. Once Meg and Annie had overcome their differences, Meg soon had a new problem when she began to suspect Ben was a murderer, although this plot line was developed to lead up to the Terror Island storyline. After the Terror Island/Derek storyline (see below) none of the issues raised were ever mentioned again.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Meg and Ben became one of the show's first couples, along with jewel thief Cole Deschanel and local heiress Caitlin Richards. Cole slept with and impregnated both Caitlin and Caitlin's unhappy alcoholic mother Olivia Richards. Olivia and her fiendish ex-husband, Gregory Richards, planned to steal Caitlin's baby and pass it off as Olivia's (telling Caitlin her baby had died) in order to break up Caitlin's relationship with Cole, who her parents disapproved of because of his criminal past. Caitlin lost the child in a car accident when she found out about her parents' horrible plan, and planned to fake the rest of her pregnancy and adopt a baby to pass off as her own, as she was worried her inability to have children (caused by the accident) would cause problems in her marriage to Cole. She enlisted the help of Annie, who was secretly trying to break up Olivia and Gregory, due to a term in her father's will that stated she would only get her inheritance if she wed Gregory (her father's way of breaking up his marriage to Olivia, who he had been having an affair with) Annie drugged Olivia and stole her baby, telling her the baby had been stillborn. Caitlin (unknowingly) raised her baby half-brother (who was also her step-son, having been fathered by her husband) until a grief-stricken Olivia discovered the truth. Olivia was eventually reunited with her son.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: When the show began, it was the only soap on the air featuring Asian-American characters, though they were written off before the end of the first year. The show also had daytime television's only African-American villainess, Virginia Harrison, who schemed to break up lifeguard Michael Bourne and reporter Vanessa Hart so she could have Michael for herself.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In one of the most outrageous storylines on the show, Virginia drugged Vanessa and, using a baster and some stolen sperm, impregnated her with the child of Tyus Robinson, to make it appear Vanessa had been unfaithful to Michael, who was infertile.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The show was known for other outrageous storylines, such as "Terror Island" in which several of the show's main characters were stranded on an island with a masked serial killer (whose costume bore a close resemblance to that of the killer from "Scream") intent on killing them, especially Meg. A handful of characters were killed by the maniac, mostly minor characters introduced as serial killer-fodder, but also one lead character, young runaway made good Mark Wolper. In his dying moments Mark pulled off the killer's mask and audiences were stunned to see Ben's face behind it. As it turned out, Ben had an evil twin, Derek Evans, who plagued Ben and Meg's lives off and on for the rest of the run of the show. Derek was killed after being shot in a struggle with Ben during the show's final weeks, following a long storyline where Derek kidnapped and impersonated his twin for months, sleeping with Ben's wife Maria Torres (having previously also slept with Meg).


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Maria Torres, who had wed Ben when she was still a teenager and he was barely in his twenties, had disappeared and been presumed drowned after a boating accident that took place some years prior to the start of the show. Ben was haunted by the terrible secret that he had caught her in bed with Derek (it was later revealed that Derek—who had impersonated Ben to Maria, who was unaware Ben had a twin—had not slept with Maria, as she had stabbed him with scissors when he tried to rape her). Ben's guilt and grief over Maria caused a shadow over his relationship with Meg from the beginning, which worsened when an amnesiac Maria came back from the dead at Ben and Meg's October 1998 wedding. Ben and Maria grew closer while he helped her to regain her memory, and once she did, Ben flip flopped between the two women for much of the rest of the show's run. During the show's last year a strange woman, Tess, turned up on his doorstep with a son she claimed was Ben and Maria's. After a positive paternity test they raised the child, Benjy, together, causing even more problems for Meg, who left Ben and briefly started dating her sister's boyfriend, Casey Mitchum. Derek (who was also wrongfully presumed dead) returned to kidnap Ben again, and it was revealed he and Tess were Benjy's parents.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Another outrageous storyline was the earthquake/tsunami story, in which Sunset Beach was struck by a massive earthquake, trapping many characters – most of them each other's rival – together in life and death situations. While half the cast battled the disaster on land, the rest of the cast was on a pleasure cruise aboard a ship that was overturned – à la "The Poseidon Adventure" – by a tsunami created by the earthquake.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The tsunami storyline proved so popular that two weeks' worth of episodes were compiled and turned into an hour-long show that was included on NBC's lineup for one night in August 1998. The show took a supernatural turn for a while with some cursed jewels, stolen from a religious icon, that turned those who'd touched them into shrivelled mummies. The story culminated on Christmas Eve with the return of the jewels to the Madonna just in time to prevent the deaths of several key characters.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The show also featured two murder mysteries in its run. The first was the murder of Annie's father Del Douglas by Elaine Stevens. Del had kidnapped Cole as a baby and convinced Elaine the child was dead. The second murder mystery involved the death of seductress and jewel thief Francesca Vargas, whom just about everyone in town wanted dead. The twist in the Who Shot Francesca storyline and the killer was main antagonist character Gregory Richards.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The show was cancelled just before the third anniversary of its original air date. Most of the main characters were given happy endings. Ben and Meg and Michael and Vanessa married in a double wedding. Casey and Sara got engaged, Cole and Caitlin were happy in their marriage, and Olivia was happily raising her children alone. Maria gave Ben a divorce so he could marry Meg and met a new man, Ross English. Maria also adopted Benjy, the little boy she had regarded as her own, and she and Ben planned to raise him together. The 'baddies' all got their comeuppances. Derek was accidentally shot and killed by Ben; his accomplice Tess went to jail, as did Gregory Richards (Francesca's real killer). Tim Truman, who though not a villain spent most of the three years causing problems for Ben and Meg, was murdered by Derek. Virginia remained in a mental hospital of the criminally insane, while reformed Annie also got a happy ending, finding love with relatively new character Jude.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In a twist ending, Meg appeared to wake up in Kansas and realize that the entire three years in Sunset Beach had been a dream – and the characters from the show were actually her friends and family in Kansas (a reference to "The Wizard of Oz"). However, at the last minute, Meg woke up in Sunset Beach and was in bed with Ben, the day after their wedding. Probably the dream was poking fun at how many writers use the sloppy ending of "it was all a dream" to bring a story to a close, as was done in stories such as "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" or more aptly, evoking the dream (9th) season of the prime-time soap, "Dallas".


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The show gained a cult following in the UK, doing especially well in the ratings for Channel 5, with some universities holding "Sunset Beach" parties where students would go dressed as their favorite character. Channel 5 tried to save the show when its cancellation was announced, offering partially to fund it and trying to get other networks involved, as had happened previously with "Baywatch", but NBC was not interested. It did buy NBC's other soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", to air in "Sunset Beach"’s place, even running promos during "Sunset Beach"’s final week, but the show failed to catch on and Channel 5 dropped "Days" approximately a year later.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: To date, "Sunset Beach" is the last regularly-scheduled NBC network program to air at 12:00 p.m. Some NBC affiliates did not air "Sunset Beach" at its scheduled time due to the affiliates' longstanding practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the noon hour; this resulted in some affiliates airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all. In some media markets (especially in WKBD-TV and KTXH, where Graham Media Group, the owner of WDIV-TV and KPRC-TV at the time, preempted it for its entire run), "Sunset Beach" aired on affiliates of other networks or independent stations. In most markets that did air the show at its regular time, its second half-hour went up against the first half-hour of "The Young and the Restless" on CBS and "Port Charles" on ABC. After the series ended, NBC returned the 12:00 p.m. time slot to its affiliates.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Bulgaria, "Sunset Beach" aired on Nova weekdays in 2001–2004 (all episodes), and on CBS Drama since January 2015, however only season 1 and 2 were aired.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Canada, "Sunset Beach" aired at 3:00PM on independent station CHCH-DT in Hamilton, Ontario; the show was broadcast the same day as NBC.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Croatia, "Sunset Beach" aired on HRT1 (all episodes) weekdays at 6.30pm from September 1998 to May 2001.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In France, "Sunset Beach" aired on TF1. from January 1998 to July 2001 (all episodes) in afternoon and on foxlife (season 1 in 2006).


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Ireland, "Sunset Beach" aired on TV3 weekdays at 2.30pm from 20 September 1998 to August 2001 – all 755 episodes aired. The final year of episodes replayed between August 2001 and August 2002. After the final episode, TV3 replaced Sunset Beach with Australian hospital drama All Saints.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Sunset Beach" aired on Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (520 episodes) and Mreža Plus (Season 3) .


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Poland, "Sunset Beach" aired on TVN 7 from September 1, 1997, to August 31, 2000 (all episodes). As from January 27, 2014, the show is airing again on CBS Drama. However, only the first two seasons were aired.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Norway, "Sunset Beach" aired on TV2 and were the first TV network to purchase the series outside of the US, airing the complete series from 1997 – 2000.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In South Africa, "Sunset Beach" originally aired on SABC 3 for its entire run from 1999 to 2001 weekdays at 4:10pm. Due to its popularity, rival channel e.tv started rebroadcasting the entire series from September 2007 every weekday morning at 10:30am.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Nigeria, "Sunset Beach" aired on Africa Independent Television, weekdays 9pm – 10pm, between 2003 and 2004.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Sweden, "Sunset Beach" aired on TV4. All episodes aired one time on TV4 between August 17, 1998, to 2000, and the rerun aired on TV4 and TV4 Plus. A second rerun started airing on TV4 in 2004 but was later cancelled.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Germany, "Sunset Beach" aired on RTL from January 2, 1998, to January 8, 1999, where it was cancelled. Super RTL took over and aired the soap from September 1, 1999, to March 9, 2001, in a late primetime slot. Local channel BTV aired reruns from 2001 to 2003.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Russia, "Sunset Beach" initially, the series aired on NTV from November 12, 1997, to March 2000, after which the same 518 episodes were repeated until mid-2001, 2 episodes a day, but due to the NTV crisis in mid-2001, further showings of the series were suspended. In October 2003-in September 2005 and in June 2006 – July 2008, the TNT TV channel repeated all the same series. The CBS Drama channel also showed, but only the First Season of the series twice from January 9, 2015, and in 2016, after which the license to broadcast the channel in Russia was revoked.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In Spain, "Sunset Beach" aired on Antena 3. The channel intended for the series to be their big Summer premiere and launched the series with a 2-hour pilot on a Sunday afternoon in the very popular 3:30pm movie slot. Promoting the series as "Baywatch" meets "Beverly Hills, 90210" with a lot of "Santa Barbara" (the latter having been a massive hit for the channel many years earlier and the only big US daytime soap to have aired in Spain), the series continued with its regular screenings every weeknight in the much coveted 8:00pm Access Primetime slot, the slot previously occupied by "Baywatch". "Sunset Beach", however, failed to attract any attention, and the series was promptly axed after one week and six episodes, never to return to Spanish TV again.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Sunset Beach" aired on Channel 5 from March 1997 to February 2000 becoming only the second American daytime soap opera to air on a UK terrestrial TV channel (the first being, coincidentally, "Santa Barbara" on ITV. Others ran only on satellite and cable channels). It became one of Channel 5s earliest successful imports, being part of its daytime launch schedule, so much so, when it ended in 1999, Channel 5 were a part of an international consortium who tried to invest in "Sunset Beach" to keep it being produced for its large international audience, but this bid failed, and it ended on this channel in 2000. There was then a bidding war for the repeat rights, and the first 130 episodes were repeated on ITV2, a digital channel, from July 2000 to January 2001 before the series was dropped due to low ratings and the high cost of broadcast rights. Channel 5 then started repeating the series again, starting in 2004, but dropped it from the daytime schedule due to low ratings. They continued repeats in double-bills in the early hours of Saturday and Sunday mornings until they had shown all the episodes they had bought the rights for (approx. 215).


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: "Sunset Beach" was released on DVD on 22 July 2008 by the German company Koch Media. The first 12 episodes were released on four DVDs (in German and English).


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: It frequently referenced other television shows: many episodes featured characters fantasizing about their lives and dreams in sequences that show the cast dressed as "Charlie's Angels" or performing the opening from "Friends".


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Fantasies involving the character Annie Douglas Richards included take offs of "Leeza" and "The Jerry Springer Show" (titled "Murderer of the Day"), which guest-starred their respective hosts. Annie fantasized about being a superhero, had a play of the movie "The Wizard of Oz", a play on "Wheel of Fortune", and even her own imaginary soap opera titled "The Search for Dignity". Plus, the character of Annie was usually the one to deliver funny quotes.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: In his biography, the Italian fashion model Den Harrow says that in 1997 he moved to California to take part in the serial.


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: The show went in for stunt casting guest appearances – Jerry Springer played talk show host Jerry Feller and a census taker, Marla Maples played socialite Barbara Birch, Joseph Wapner played himself – and featured a ripped from the headline story about a Washington intern, Meg's sister Sara Cummings (Shawn Batten), who'd had an affair with a married politician. Her affair was exposed by her supposed friend – Melinda Fall (Elizabeth Alley), a take off on Linda Tripp. Sara went on to develop a relationship with local lifeguard Casey Mitchum, and their relationship and her sibling rivalry with her sister (who at one point started an affair with Casey) made up the bulk of Sara's storylines, although she was also famous for her TV show-inspired fantasy sequences, which included spoofs of the opening titles for "Friends" and "The Mary Tyler Moore Show".


title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: Other notable guest appearances include Finola Hughes as Cole's ex-fiancée Helena, Christopher Darden as Les Gordon, John O'Hurley as the host of "Wheel of Misfortune", Kim Alexis as a hotel maid, Jack Wagner as a thief named Jacques Dumont, and Barbara Mandrell as Casey's ill mother Alex Mitchum.


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by guitarist Johnny Marr and singer Morrissey. Featured on the band's third studio album "The Queen Is Dead", it was not released as a single in the United Kingdom until 1992, five years after their split, to promote the compilation album "...Best II". It peaked at No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 22 on the Irish Singles Chart. The song has received considerable critical acclaim; in 2014, "NME" listed it as the 12th greatest song of all time. In 2021, it was ranked at No. 226 on Rolling Stone's "Top 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: In 2005, Morrissey released a live version of the song as a double A-side with his cover of Patti Smith's "Redondo Beach", reaching No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart. In Ireland, the song was released alone and peaked at No. 45.


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: The Smiths began working on "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" during their late-1985 recording sessions at London's RAK Studios. In early September, the band recorded a rehearsal tape of the song performed in the key of F# minor. Four days later, the group made a monitor mix in the key of C# minor, this time accompanied by a synthesised string arrangement Marr created on an E-mu Emulator (credited to the "Hated Salford Ensemble" on the album release). While Morrissey was sceptical about using synthesised strings, the lack of a budget to hire a real string ensemble as well as the band's reluctance to allow outsiders into the recording process changed his mind.


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: The recording was completed in November at Jacobs Studios in Farnham, where Morrissey redid his vocal part twice and Marr added a flute melody. Marr later described the recording process of the song as "magical" and commented, "Someone told me that if you listen with the volume really, really up you can hear me shout 'That was amazing' right at the end."


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: It was written in tandem with "Bigmouth Strikes Again". The two songs share the same key as well as similar chords. Simon Goddard noted both the guitar break in "Bigmouth Strikes Again" and the flute section in "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" (originally written as a guitar part) are based on C# minor arpeggio figure. The song features an ascending F#m–A–B chord sequence that guitarist Johnny Marr took from the Rolling Stones cover of Marvin Gaye's "Hitch Hike". Marr said in 1993 he included the figure as an "in-joke" to determine if the music press would attribute the inspiration for the part to "There She Goes Again" by the Velvet Underground, who he contended "stole" the figure from "Hitch Hike". Marr commented, "I knew I was smarter than that. I was listening to what the Velvet Underground were listening to".


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: AllMusic's Tim DiGravina argues that, while depressed characters were a regular feature in Morrissey's work, his lyric on "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" "ups the sad-and-doomed quotient by leaps and bounds." Goddard argues in his book "Songs That Saved Your Life" that the basic narrative story is similar to that of the James Dean film "Rebel Without a Cause", in which Dean — an idol of Morrissey's — leaves his tortuous home life, being the passenger to a potential romantic partner. In fact, a line from that movie ("It is not my home") is alluded to in the song. According to Goddard, an earlier version lacked some of the finished version's ambiguity, culminating in the line "There is a light "in your eyes" and it never goes out".


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: Due to a dispute between the Smiths and its record label Rough Trade Records after the group completed "The Queen Is Dead", nine months passed after the release of "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side" before the group issued another single. Once the matter was resolved, Rough Trade owner Geoff Travis felt that "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" should be the band's "comeback" record. Despite Travis's advocation of the song, Simon Goddard expressed doubt that the song's "explicit glamorisation of suicide" would have endeared it to daytime radio. Additionally, Johnny Marr was insistent that "Bigmouth Strikes Again" be the band's next single. Marr stated:


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: Morrissey affirmed Marr's position, commenting, "We did want 'Bigmouth Strikes Again'. I suppose it should have been followed by 'There Is a Light That Never Goes Out' but by then we'd written 'Panic' and we were very eager to have it thrown out into the pop wilderness."


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: Regardless, "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" became the second Smiths song to top BBC Radio One disc jockey John Peel's Festive Fifty poll in his 1986 tally. The song was shortly thereafter included on the 1987 compilation album "The World Won't Listen". On 12 October 1992, "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" finally received a single release by WEA to promote the "...Best II" compilation. The song reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart, making it their last UK Top 40 appearance to date.


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: Music critics consider "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" to be one of the Smiths' finest efforts. Simon Goddard wrote, "In a straw poll among Smiths fans today, 'There Is a Light That Never Goes Out' would more than likely still come out victorious", which he credits to the "perfect balance" of Marr's compositional skills and Morrissey's lyricism. AllMusic's Tim DiGravina calls it "a standout among standouts from the Smiths' masterpiece third album, "The Queen Is Dead"." In 2014, "NME" listed "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" as the 12th greatest song of all time. The website Acclaimed Music lists it as the 49th most acclaimed song of all time, and the 6th most acclaimed song of the 1980s. In 2017, Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" placed the song number one in his ranking of 73 songs by the Smiths.


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: Marr commented on the song's enduring popularity, "I didn't realise that 'There Is a Light That Never Goes Out' was going to be an anthem, but when we first played it, I thought it was the best song I'd ever heard."


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: There is a chapter in Irvine Welsh's novel "Trainspotting" named after this song, which mentions its title directly. The song appears on the soundtrack to "(500) Days of Summer"; in the film, it is used to bring the main characters together.


title: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: The song has been covered by numerous artists including The Cranberries in 2012 on the French rock radio station Ouï FM and by rock band Speedstar in 2005 on Australian youth radio station Triple J. Neil Finn's project 7 Worlds Collide covered the song on their 2001 self-titled album. It was also covered by Noel Gallagher during an acoustic performance with Gem Archer. In 2000 electronic musicians Schneider TM and KPT.michi.gan released a cover of the song, retitled "The Light 3000", on their EP "Binokular".


title: Phanaeng

text: Phanaeng (, ), also spelled phanang, panang, and other variants) is a type of red Thai curry that is thick, salty and sweet, with a zesty makrut lime flavour. The earliest known mention of "phanaeng" appears in Mom Somchin Rachanupraphan's book "Tamra Kap Khao" (ตำรากับข้าว), published in 1890.


title: Phanaeng

text: A popular "phanaeng" curry dish is pork "phanaeng". In Thailand, this curry is usually eaten with rice.


title: Phanaeng

text: The curry paste is made with dried chili peppers, galangal, lemongrass, makrut lime zest, coriander root, coriander seeds, cumin seeds, garlic, shallot, shrimp paste, salt and peanuts. The dish is usually made with meat cut into thin strips, makrut lime leaves, coconut milk, "phanaeng" curry paste, palm sugar and fish sauce. It typically contains thick coconut milk and has very little other liquid added.


title: Tanis

text: Tanis ( ) or San al-Hagar (; ; ; or or ) is the Greek name for ancient Egyptian "ḏꜥn.t", an important archaeological site in the north-eastern Nile Delta of Egypt, and the location of a city of the same name. It is located on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, which has long since silted up. The first study of Tanis dates to 1798 during Napoléon Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt. Engineer Pierre Jacotin drew up a map of the site in the "Description de l'Égypte". It was first excavated in 1825 by Jean-Jacques Rifaud, who discovered the two pink granite sphinxes now in the Musée du Louvre, and then by François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette between 1860 and 1864, and subsequently by William Matthew Flinders Petrie from 1883 to 1886. The work was taken over by Pierre Montet from 1929 to 1956, who discovered the royal necropolis dating to the Third Intermediate Period in 1939. The Mission française des fouilles de Tanis (MFFT) has been studying the site since 1965 under the direction of Jean Yoyotte and Philippe Brissaud, and François Leclère since 2013.


title: Tanis

text: Today, the main parts of the temple dedicated to Amun-Ra can still be distinguished by the presence of large obelisks that marked the various pylons as in other Egyptian temples. Now fallen to the ground and lying in a single direction, they may have been knocked down by a violent earthquake during the Byzantine era. They form one of the most notable aspects of the Tanis site. Archaeologists have counted more than twenty. This accumulation of remnants from different epochs contributed to the confusion of the first archaeologists who saw in Tanis the biblical city of Zoan in which the Hebrews would have suffered pharaonic slavery. Pierre Montet, in inaugurating his great excavation campaigns in the 1930s, began from the same premise. He was hoping to discover traces that would confirm the accounts of the Old Testament. His own excavations gradually overturned this hypothesis, even if he was defending this biblical connection until the end of his life. It was not until the discovery of Qantir/Pi-Ramesses and the resumption of excavations under Jean Yoyotte that the place of Tanis was finally restored in the long chronology of the sites of the delta.


title: Tanis

text: Tanis is unattested before the 19th Dynasty of Egypt, when it was the capital of the 14th nome of Lower Egypt. A temple inscription datable to the reign of Ramesses II mentions a "Field of Tanis", while the city "in se" is securely attested in two 20th Dynasty documents: the Onomasticon of Amenope and the Story of Wenamun, as the home place of the pharaoh-to-be Smendes.


title: Tanis

text: The earliest known Tanite buildings are datable to the 21st Dynasty. Although some monuments found at Tanis are datable earlier than the 21st Dynasty, most of these were in fact brought there from nearby cities, mainly from the previous capital of Pi-Ramesses, for reuse. Indeed, at the end of the New Kingdom the royal residence of Pi-Ramesses was abandoned because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile in the Delta became silted up and its harbour consequently became unusable.


title: Tanis

text: After Pi-Ramesses' abandonment, Tanis became the seat of power of the pharaohs of the 21st Dynasty, and later of the 22nd Dynasty (along with Bubastis). The rulers of these two dynasties supported their legitimacy as rulers of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt with traditional titles and building works, although they pale compared to those at the height of the New Kingdom. A remarkable achievement of these kings was the building and subsequent expansions of the Great temple of Amun-Ra at Tanis (at the time, Amun-Ra replaced Seth as the main deity of the eastern Delta), while minor temples were dedicated to Mut and Khonsu whom, along with Amun-Ra, formed the Theban Triad. The intentional emulation towards Thebes is further stressed by the fact that these gods bore their original Theban epithets, leading to Thebes being more commonly mentioned than Tanis itself. Furthermore, the new royal necropolis at Tanis successfully replaced the one in the Theban Valley of the Kings.


title: Tanis

text: After the 22nd Dynasty Tanis lost its status of royal residence, but became in turn the capital of the 19th nome of Lower Egypt. Starting from the 30th Dynasty, Tanis experienced a new phase of building development which endured during the Ptolemaic Period. It remained populated until its abandonment in Roman times.


title: Tanis

text: In Late Antiquity, it was the seat of the bishops of Tanis, who adhered to the Coptic Orthodox Church.


title: Tanis

text: By the time of John of Nikiû in the 7th century, Tanis appears to have already declined significantly, as it was grouped together with four other towns under a single prefect.


title: Tanis

text: The 1885 Census of Egypt recorded San el-Hagar as a nahiyah in the district of Arine in Sharqia Governorate; at that time, the population of the city was 1,569 (794 men and 775 women).


title: Tanis

text: Though Tanis was briefly explored in the early 19th century, the first large-scale archaeological excavations there were made by Auguste Mariette in the 1860s. In 1866, Karl Richard Lepsius discovered a copy of the Canopus Decree, an inscription in both Greek and Egyptian, at Tanis. Unlike the Rosetta Stone, discovered 67 years earlier, this inscription included a full hieroglyphic text, thus allowing a direct comparison of the Greek text to the hieroglyphs and confirming the accuracy of Jean-François Champollion's approach to deciphering hieroglyphs.


title: Tanis

text: During the subsequent century the French carried out several excavation campaigns directed by Pierre Montet, then by Jean Yoyotte and subsequently by Philippe Brissaud. For some time the overwhelming amount of monuments bearing the cartouches of Ramesses II or Merenptah led archaeologists to believe that Tanis and Pi-Ramesses were in fact the same. Furthermore, the discovery of the Year 400 Stela at Tanis led to the speculation that Tanis should also be identified with the older, former Hyksos capital, Avaris. The later re-discovery of the actual, neighbouring archaeological sites of Pi-Ramesses (Qantir) and Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a) made clear that the earlier identifications were incorrect, and that all the Ramesside and pre-Ramesside monuments at Tanis were in fact brought here from Pi-Ramesses or other cities.


title: Tanis

text: There are ruins of a number of temples, including the chief temple dedicated to Amun, and a very important royal necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period (which contains the only known intact royal pharaonic burials, the tomb of Tutankhamun having been entered in antiquity). The burials of three pharaohs of the 21st and 22nd Dynasties – Psusennes I, Amenemope and Shoshenq II – survived the depredations of tomb robbers throughout antiquity. They were discovered intact in 1939 and 1940 by Pierre Montet and proved to contain a large catalogue of gold, jewelry, lapis lazuli and other precious stones, as well as the funerary masks of these kings.


title: Tanis

text: The chief deities of Tanis were Amun; his consort, Mut; and their child Khonsu, forming the Tanite triad. This triad was, however, identical to that of Thebes, leading many scholars to speak of Tanis as the "northern Thebes".


title: Tanis

text: In 2009, the Egyptian Culture Ministry reported archaeologists had discovered a sacred lake in the temple of Mut at Tanis. The lake, built out of limestone blocks, had been 15 meters long and 5 meters deep. It was discovered 12 meters below ground in good condition. The lake could have been built during the late 25th–early 26th Dynasty.


title: Tanis

text: In 2011, analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery, led by archaeologist Sarah Parcak of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, found numerous related mud-brick walls, streets, and large residences, amounting to an entire city plan, in an area that appears blank under normal images. A French archeological team selected a site from the imagery and confirmed mud-brick structures approximately 30 cm below the surface. However, the assertion that the technology showed 17 pyramids was denounced as "completely wrong" by the Minister of State for Antiquities at the time, Zahi Hawass.


title: Tanis

text: The Biblical story of Moses being found in the marshes of the Nile River (Book of Exodus, ) is often set at Tanis, which is often identified with Zoan ( "Ṣōʕan").


title: Tanis

text: In the 1981 "Indiana Jones" film "Raiders of the Lost Ark", Tanis is fictitiously portrayed as a lost city which was buried in antiquity by a massive sandstorm, before being rediscovered by a Nazi expedition looking for the Ark of the Covenant.


title: Tanis

text: The Tanis fossil site, which may preserve unique remains from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is named after the city. The paleontologist Robert de Palma chose the name based on the significance of Tanis in the decipherment of hieroglyphs, as well as its role in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" as the hiding place of the Ark of the Covenant.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: The Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem, also known as the Leper Brothers of Jerusalem or simply as Lazarists, was a Catholic military order founded by crusaders around 1119 at a leper hospital in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose care became its original purpose, named after its patron saint, Lazarus. It was recognised by King Fulk of Jerusalem in 1142 and canonically recognised as a hospitaller and military order of chivalry under the rule of Saint Augustine in the Papal bull "Cum a Nobis Petitur" of Pope Alexander IV in 1255. Although they were centred on their charism of caring for those afflicted with leprosy, the knights of the Order of Saint Lazarus notably fought in the Battle of La Forbie in 1244 and in the Defense of Acre in 1291. The titular seat was successively situated at Jerusalem, Saint-Jean-d'Acre and - after the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - split in two main branches in Italy and in Château Royal de Boigny-sur-Bionne in France.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII attempted to merge the order and its land holdings with the Knights Hospitaller. This was resisted by the larger part of the jurisdictions of the Order of Saint Lazarus including those in France, Southern Italy, Hungary, Switzerland, and England. The Knights Hospitaller only managed to appropriate the Lazarus holdings in Germany.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1572, the Order of Saint Lazarus in Italy was merged with the Order of Saint Maurice under the Royal House of Savoy to form the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, which still exists until today, widely recognised as a dynastic successor of the Italian branch. This merger however excluded the holding in the southern part of Italy, then forming part of the Spanish realm. These were transformed into ecclesiastical benefices. The Duke of Savoy only managed to gain control of those benefices sited in the duchy of Savoy.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1608, King Henry IV of France, with the approval of the Holy See, linked the French section administratively to the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel to form the Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united. This branch became closely linked to the Royal Crown during the 18th century with the serving grand masters then being members of the Royal family. It suffered the consequences of the French Revolution, and went into exile along with its grand master Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte (count) de Provence, king-in-exile Louis XVIII. It formally lost its royal protection in 1830 and then ceased to remain listed as of royal protection in the French Royal Almanac.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: The word "lazarette," in some languages being synonymous with "leprosarum," is believed to also be derived from the hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus, these edifices being adopted into quarantine stations in the fifteenth century when leprosy was no longer the scourge it had been in earlier centuries.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: The military order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital founded in the twelfth century by crusaders of the Latin Kingdom. There had been earlier leper hospitals in the East, of which the Knights of St. Lazarus claimed to be the continuation, in order to have the appearance of remote antiquity and to pass as the oldest of all orders. According to Charles Moeller, "this pretension is apocryphal"; but documentary evidence does confirm that the edifice was a functioning concern in 1073.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: The Order of St. Lazarus was purely an order of hospitallers in the beginning, and adopted the hospital Rule of St. Augustine in use in the West. It has been claimed that the Order assumed a military role in the 12th century, but this not supported by verifiable evidence. The Lazarists wore a green cross upon their mantle.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: Hospitals dependent on the Jerusalem leprosarium were eventually established in other towns in the Holy Land, notably in Acre, and in various countries in Europe particularly in Southern Italy (Capua), Hungary, Switzerland, France (Boigny), and England (Burton Lazars). Louis VII of France, on his return from the Second Crusade, gave it the Château of Broigny, near Orléans in 1154. This example was followed by Henry II of England, and by Emperor Frederick II.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1154, King Louis VII of France gave the Order of Saint Lazarus a property at Boigny near Orléans which was to become the headquarters of the order outside of the Holy Land. Later, after the fall of Acre in 1291 the Knights of St. Lazarus left the Holy Land and moved first to Cyprus, then Sicily and finally back to Boigny, which had been raised to a barony in 1288.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: The Order remained primarily a hospitaller order. They did take part in a number of battles, but there is no evidence for this prior to the fall of Jerusalem (1244). After the fall of Jerusalem in July 1244 and the subsequent Battle of La Forbie the following October, the Order of St. Lazarus, although still called "of Jerusalem", transferred to Acre, where it had been ceded territory by the Templars in 1240. The "Ordinis Fratrum & Militum Hospitalis Leprosorum S. Lazari Hierosolymitani" under Augustinian Rule was confirmed by Papal Bull "Cum a Nobis Petitur" of Pope Alexander IV in April 1255. In 1262 Pope Urban IV assured it the same immunities as were granted to the monastic orders.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: The order quickly abandoned its military activities after the fall of Acre in 1291. As a result of that catastrophe, the leper hospital of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem disappeared, but its commanderies in Europe, together with their revenues, continued. In 1308, King Philip IV of France gave the order his temporal protection.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1490, Pope Innocent VIII attempted to amalgamate the order with the Knights of St. John, including the handing-over to the Knights of the possessions of the Order. Although that was confirmed in 1505 by Pope Julius II, the Order of Saint Lazarus resisted the move, and the order of St. John never came into possession of the property, except in Germany. In France, the bull of suppression was ignored and French Grand Masters appointed. The order of Saint John pursued its claim to the French holdings but that was legally rejected by the Parliament of Paris in 1547.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1565, Pope Pius IV annulled the bulls of his predecessors and restored all possessions to the order so that he might give the grand magistry to a favorite, Giovanni de Castiglione. However, de Castiglione did not succeed in securing the devolution of the commanderies in France. By the end of the 16th century, the Order retained a significant presence only in France and Italy.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: With the death of the papal favorite, Castiglione, in 1572, the grand magistry of the order was rendered vacant and Pope Gregory XIII united the Italian branch with the Order of Saint Maurice to set up the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. This order was then linked in perpetuity with the Crown of Savoy and thenceforth the title of its Grand Master was hereditary in that house.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: By the time of Pope Clement VIII the order had two houses, one at Turin, was to contribute to combats on land, while the other, at Nice, had to provide galleys to fight the Turks at sea. But when thus reduced to the states of the Duke of Savoy, the order merely vegetated until the French Revolution, which suppressed it. In 1816 the King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel I, re-established the titles of Knight and Commander of Sts. Maurice and Lazarus, as simple decorations, accessible without conditions of birth to both civilians and military men.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: This became a national order of chivalry on the unification of Italy in 1861, but has been suppressed by law since the foundation of the Republic in 1946. Since 1951 the order has not been recognized officially by the Italian state. However, the House of Savoy in exile continued to bestow the order. Today, it is granted to persons eminent in the public service, science, art, letters, trade, and charitable works.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: In 1604, Henry IV of France re-declared the French branch of the order a protectorate of the French Crown. King Henry IV founded in 1608, with the approbation of Pope Paul V, the Order of Notre-Dame du Mont-Carmel. He then, in turn, united to this new order the possessions of St. Lazarus in France, and such is the origin of the title "Ordres Royaux, Militaires & Hospitaliers de Saint Lazare de Jérusalem & de Notre-Dame du Mont-Carmel réunis" ("Royal, Military, and Hospitaller Orders of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Lazarus of Jerusalem united"). This amalgamation eventually received formal canonical acceptance on 5 June 1668 by a bull issued by Cardinal Legate de Vendôme under Papal authority of Clement IX.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: Unlike the situation with the Savoyian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus where a complete merger took place creating one order, the French branch was not completely merged with the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and the orders were managed as two separate entities, with individuals being admitted to one order but not necessarily to both.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: During the French Revolution, a decree of 30 July 1791 suppressed all royal and knightly orders in France. Another decree the following year confiscated all the Order's properties. The Holy See, which had originally created the Order, on the other hand did not suppress the order; while Louis, Count of Provence, then Grand Master of the order, who later became Louis XVIII, continued to function in exile and continued admitting various dignitaries to the order.


title: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: Scholars differ in their views regarding the extent to which the Order remained active during and after the French Revolution. There is however no doubt of its continuing existence during this time. In different museums, there are preserved a number of paintings of Russian and Baltic nobles, admitted to the order after 1791. In this list are general John Lamb, Prince Suvorov, count Pahlen, count Sievers etc. Some of the new knights are listed in Almanach Royal from 1814 to 1830. King Louis XVIII, the order's protector, and the duc de Châtre, the order's lieutenant-general, both died in 1824. In 1830, a royal decree caused the order to lose its royal protection in France.


title: History of Latin

text: Latin is a member of the broad family of Italic languages. Its alphabet, the Latin alphabet, emerged from the Old Italic alphabets, which in turn were derived from the Etruscan, Greek and Phoenician scripts. Historical Latin came from the prehistoric language of the Latium region, specifically around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization first developed. How and when Latin came to be spoken by the Romans are questions that have long been debated.


title: History of Latin

text: Various influences on Latin of Celtic dialects in northern Italy, the non-Indo-European Etruscan language in Central Italy, and the Greek in some Greek colonies of southern Italy have been detected, but when these influences entered the native Latin is not known for certain.


title: History of Latin

text: Surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin in its broadest definition. It includes a polished and sometimes highly stylized literary language sometimes termed Golden Latin, which spans the 1st century BC and the early years of the 1st century AD. However, throughout the history of ancient Rome the spoken language differed in both grammar and vocabulary from that of literature, and is referred to as Vulgar Latin.


title: History of Latin

text: In addition to Latin, the Greek language was often spoken by the well-educated elite, who studied it in school and acquired Greek tutors from among the influx of enslaved educated Greek prisoners of war, captured during the Roman conquest of Greece. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, later referred to as the Byzantine Empire, the Greek Koine of Hellenism remained current among peasants and traders, while Latin was used for laws and administrative writings. It continued to influence the Vulgar Latin that would evolve into the Eastern Romance languages.


title: History of Latin

text: The name Latin derives from the Italic tribal group named Latini that settled around the 10th century BC in Latium, and the dialect spoken by these people.


title: History of Latin

text: The Italic languages form a "centum" subfamily of the Indo-European language family, which include the Germanic, Celtic, and Hellenic languages, and a number of extinct ones.


title: History of Latin

text: Broadly speaking, in initial syllables the Indo-European simple vowels—"*i, *e, (*a), *o, *u"; short and long—are usually retained in Latin. The vocalized laryngeals ("*ə") appear in Latin as "a" (cf. IE "*pəter" > L "pater"). Diphthongs are also preserved in Old Latin, but in Classical Latin some tend to become monophthongs (for example "oi" > "ū" or "oe", and "ei" > "ē" > "ī"). In non-initial syllables, there was more vowel reduction. The most extreme case occurs with short vowels in medial open syllables (i.e. short vowels followed by at most a single consonant, occurring neither in the first nor last syllable): All are reduced to a single vowel, which appears as "i" in most cases, but "e" (sometimes "o") before "r", and "u" before an "l" which is followed by "o" or "u". In final syllables, short "e" and "o" are usually raised to "i" and "u", respectively.


title: History of Latin

text: Consonants are generally more stable. However, the Indo-European voiced aspirates "bh, dh, gh, gwh" are not maintained, becoming "f, f, h, f" respectively at the beginning of a word, but usually "b, d, g, v" elsewhere. Non-initial "dh" becomes "b" next to "r" or "u", e.g. "*h₁rudh-" "red" > "rub-", e.g. "rubeō" "to be red"; "*werdh-" "word" > "verbum". "s" between vowels becomes "r", e.g. "flōs" "flower", gen. "flōris"; "erō" "I will be" vs. root "es-"; "aurōra" "dawn" < *"ausōsā" (cf. Germanic "*aust-" > English "east", Vedic Sanskrit "uṣā́s" "dawn"); "soror" "sister" < "*sozor" < "*swezōr" < "*swésōr" (cf. Old English "sweostor" "sister").


title: History of Latin

text: Of the original eight cases of Proto-Indo-European, Latin inherited six: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative. The Indo-European locative survived in the declensions of some place names and a few common nouns, such as "Roma" "Rome" (locative "Romae") and "domus" "home" (locative "domī" "at home"). Vestiges of the instrumental case may remain in adverbial forms ending in "-ē".


title: History of Latin

text: It is believed that the earliest surviving inscription is a seventh-century BC fibula known as the "Praenestine fibula", which reads "Manios med fhefhaked Numasioi" "Manius made me for Numerius".


title: History of Latin

text: Old Latin (also called Early Latin or Archaic Latin) refers to the period of Latin texts before the age of Classical Latin, extending from textual fragments that probably originated in the Roman monarchy to the written language of the late Roman republic about 75 BC. Almost all the writing of its earlier phases is inscriptional.


title: History of Latin

text: Some phonological characteristics of older Latin are the case endings "-os" and "-om" (later Latin "-us" and "-um"). In many locations, classical Latin turned intervocalic /s/ into /r/. This had implications for declension: early classical Latin, "honos", "honosis"; Classical "honor", "honoris" ("honor"). Some Latin texts preserve /s/ in this position, such as the "Carmen Arvale"'s "lases" for "lares".


title: History of Latin

text: Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in Classical Latin literature. In the latest and narrowest philological model its use spanned the Golden Age of Latin literature—broadly the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD—possibly extending to the Silver Age—broadly the 1st and 2nd centuries. It was a polished written literary language based on the refined spoken language of the upper classes. Classical Latin differs from Old Latin: the earliest inscriptional language and the earliest authors, such as Ennius, Plautus and others, in a number of ways; for example, the early "-om" and "-os" endings shifted into "-um" and "-us" ones, and some lexical differences also developed, such as the broadening of the meaning of words. In the broadest and most ancient sense, the classical period includes the authors of Early Latin, the Golden Age and the Silver Age.


title: History of Latin

text: The Golden age of Latin literature is a period consisting roughly of the time from 75 BC to AD 14, covering the end of the Roman Republic and the reign of Augustus Caesar. In the currently used philological model this period represents the peak of Latin literature. Since the earliest post-classical times the Latin of those authors has been an ideal norm of the best Latin, which other writers should follow.


title: History of Latin

text: In reference to Roman literature, the Silver age covers the first two centuries AD directly after the Golden age. Literature from the Silver Age is more embellished with mannerisms.


title: History of Latin

text: Late Latin is the administrative and literary language of Late Antiquity in the late Roman empire and states that succeeded the Western Roman Empire over the same range. By its broadest definition it is dated from about 200 AD to about 900 AD when it was replaced by written Romance languages. Opinion concerning whether it should be considered classical is divided. The authors of the period looked back to a classical period they believed should be imitated and yet their styles were often classical. According to the narrowest definitions, Late Latin did not exist and the authors of the times are to be considered medieval.


title: History of Latin

text: Vulgar Latin (in Latin, "sermo vulgaris") is a blanket term covering vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken from earliest times in Italy until the latest dialects of the Western Roman Empire, diverging still further, evolved into the early Romance languages—whose writings began to appear about the 9th century.


title: History of Latin

text: This spoken Latin differed from the literary language of Classical Latin in its grammar and vocabulary. It is likely to have evolved over time, with some features not appearing until the late Empire. Other features are likely to have been in place much earlier. Because there are few phonetic transcriptions of the daily speech of these Latin speakers (to match, for example, the post-classical Appendix Probi) Vulgar Latin must be studied mainly by indirect methods.


title: History of Latin

text: Knowledge of Vulgar Latin comes from a variety of sources. First, the comparative method reconstructs items of the mother language from the attested Romance languages. Also, prescriptive grammar texts from the Late Latin period condemn some usages as errors, providing insight into how Latin was actually spoken. The solecisms and non-Classical usages occasionally found in Late Latin texts also shed light on the spoken language. A windfall source lies in the chance finds of wax tablets such as those found at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall. The Roman cursive script was used on these tablets.


title: History of Latin

text: The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. The Romance languages have more than 700 million native speakers worldwide, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa, as well as in many smaller regions scattered through the world.


title: History of Latin

text: All Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of soldiers, settlers, and slaves of the Roman Empire, which was substantially different from that of the Roman "literati". Between 200 BC and AD 100, the expansion of the Empire and the administrative and educational policies of Rome made Vulgar Latin the dominant vernacular language over a wide area which stretched from the Iberian Peninsula to the west coast of the Black Sea. During the Empire's decline and after its collapse and fragmentation in the 5th century, Vulgar Latin began to evolve independently within each local area, and eventually diverged into dozens of distinct languages. The overseas empires established by Spain, Portugal and France after the 15th century then spread these languages to other continents—about two thirds of all Romance speakers are now outside Europe.


title: History of Latin

text: In spite of the multiple influences of pre-Roman languages and later invasions, the phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax of all Romance languages are predominantly derived from Vulgar Latin. As a result, the group shares a number of linguistic features that set it apart from other Indo-European branches.


title: History of Latin

text: Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is a broad and analogous term referring to the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church, its liturgies (mainly in past times) and during some periods the preaching of its ministers. Ecclesiastical Latin is not a single style: the term merely means the language promulgated at any time by the church. In terms of stylistic periods, it belongs to Late Latin in the Late Latin period, Medieval Latin in the Medieval Period, and so on through to the present. One may say that, starting from the church's decision in the early Late Latin period to use a simple and unornamented language that would be comprehensible to ordinary Latin speakers and yet still be elegant and correct, church Latin is usually a discernible substyle within the major style of the period. Its authors in the New Latin period are typically paradigmatic of the best Latin and that is true in contemporary times. The decline in its use within the last 100 years has been a matter of regret to some, who have formed organizations inside and outside the church to support its use and to use it.


title: History of Latin

text: Medieval Latin, the literary and administrative Latin used in the Middle Ages, exhibits much variation between individual authors, mainly due to poor communications in those times between different regions. The individuality is characterised by a different range of solecisms and by the borrowing of different words from Vulgar Latin or from local vernaculars. Some styles show features intermediate between Latin and Romance languages; others are closer to classical Latin. The stylistic variations came to an end with the rise of nation states and new empires in the Renaissance period, and the authority of early universities imposing a new style: Renaissance Latin.


title: History of Latin

text: Renaissance Latin is a name given to the Latin written during the European Renaissance in the 14th-16th centuries, particularly distinguished by the distinctive Latin style developed by the humanist movement.


title: History of Latin

text: "Ad fontes" was the general cry of the humanists, and as such their Latin style sought to purge Latin of the medieval Latin vocabulary and stylistic accretions that it had acquired in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire. They looked to Golden Age Latin literature, and especially to Cicero in prose and Virgil in poetry, as the arbiters of Latin style. They abandoned the use of the sequence and other accentual forms of meter, and sought instead to revive the Greek formats that were used in Latin poetry during the Roman period. The humanists condemned the large body of medieval Latin literature as "gothic"—for them, a term of abuse—and believed instead that only ancient Latin from the Roman period was "real Latin".


title: History of Latin

text: The humanists also sought to purge written Latin of medieval developments in its orthography. They insisted, for example, that "ae" be written out in full wherever it occurred in classical Latin; medieval scribes often wrote "e" instead of "ae". They were much more zealous than medieval Latin writers in distinguishing "t" from "c": because the effects of palatalization made them homophones, medieval scribes often wrote, for example, "eciam" for "etiam". Their reforms even affected handwriting: humanists usually wrote Latin in a script derived from Carolingian minuscule, the ultimate ancestor of most contemporary lower-case typefaces, avoiding the black-letter scripts used in the Middle Ages. Erasmus even proposed that the then-traditional pronunciations of Latin be abolished in favour of his reconstructed version of classical Latin pronunciation.


title: History of Latin

text: The humanist plan to remake Latin was largely successful, at least in education. Schools now taught the humanistic spellings, and encouraged the study of the texts selected by the humanists, largely to the exclusion of later Latin literature. On the other hand, while humanist Latin was an elegant literary language, it became much harder to write books about law, medicine, science or contemporary politics in Latin while observing all of the humanists' norms of vocabulary purging and classical usage. Because humanist Latin lacked precise vocabulary to deal with modern issues, their reforms accelerated the transformation of Latin from a working language to an object of antiquarian study. Their attempts at literary work, especially poetry, often have a strong element of pastiche.


title: History of Latin

text: After the medieval era, Latin was revived in original, scholarly, and scientific works between 1375 and 1900. The result language is called New Latin. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy and international scientific vocabulary, draws extensively from New Latin vocabulary. In such use, New Latin is subject to new word formation. As a language for full expression in prose or poetry, however, it is often distinguished from its successor, Contemporary Latin.


title: History of Latin

text: Classicists use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the use of Latin after the Renaissance as a result of renewed interest in classical civilization in the 14th and 15th centuries.


title: History of Latin

text: Contemporary Latin is the form of the Latin language used since the end of the 19th century. Various kinds of contemporary Latin can be distinguished, including the use of single words in taxonomy, and the fuller ecclesiastical use in the Catholic Church.


title: History of Latin

text: As a relic of the great importance of New Latin as the formerly dominant international "lingua franca" down to the 19th century in a great number of fields, Latin is still present in words or phrases used in many languages around the world, and some minor communities use Latin in their speech.


title: History of Latin

text: Proto-Italic inherited all ten of the early post-Proto-Indo-European simple vowels (i.e. at a time when laryngeals had colored and often lengthened adjacent vowels and then disappeared in many circumstances): "*i, *e, *a, *o, *u, *ī, *ē, *ā, *ō, *ū". It also inherited all of the post-PIE diphthongs except for "*eu", which became "*ou".


title: History of Latin

text: Proto-Italic and Old Latin had a stress accent on the first syllable of a word, and this caused steady reduction and eventual deletion of many short vowels in non-initial syllables while affecting initial syllables much less. Long vowels were largely unaffected in general except in final syllables, where they had a tendency to shorten.


title: History of Latin

text: Note: For the following examples, it helps to keep in mind the normal correspondences between PIE and certain other languages:


title: History of Latin

text: In initial syllables, Latin generally preserves all of the simple vowels of Proto-Italic (see above):


title: History of Latin

text: There are numerous examples where PIE "*o" appears to result in Latin "a" instead of expected "o", mostly next to labial or labializing consonants. A group of cases showing "*-ow-" > "*-aw-" > "-av-" (before stress), "*-ōw-" > "*-āw-" > "-āv-" is known as Thurneysen-Havet's law: examples include:


title: History of Latin

text: De Vaan (2008: 8) suggests a general shift "*o" > "a" in open syllables when preceded by any of "*b", "*m"; "*kʷ", "*w"; "*l". Vine (2011) disputes the cases with "*moCV", but proposes inversely that "*mo-" > "ma-" when followed by "r" plus a velar ("k" or "g").


title: History of Latin

text: In non-initial syllables, there was more vowel reduction of short vowels. The most extreme case occurs with short vowels in medial syllables (i.e. short vowels in a syllable that is neither the first nor the last), where all five vowels usually merge into a single vowel:


title: History of Latin

text: 6. But they sometimes become "e" before one consonant other than "r" or "l pinguis", when immediately following a vowel:


title: History of Latin

text: 7. Variation between "i" and (often earlier) "u" is common before a single labial consonant ("p, b, f, m"), underlyingly the sonus medius vowel:


title: History of Latin

text: Medially before two consonants, when the first is not "r" or "l pinguis", the vowels do not merge to the same degree:


title: History of Latin

text: Exon's Law dictates that if there are two light medial syllables in a row (schematically, "σσ̆σ̆σ", where "σ" = syllable and "σ̆" = light syllable, where "light" means a short vowel followed by only a single consonant), the first syllable syncopates (i.e. the vowel is deleted):


title: History of Latin

text: Syncopation tends to occur after "r" and "l" in all non-initial syllables, sometimes even in initial syllables.


title: History of Latin

text: Syncope of "-i-" also occurred in "-ndis", "-ntis" and "-rtis". "-nts" then became "-ns" with lengthening of the preceding vowel, while "-rts" was simplified to "-rs" without lengthening.


title: History of Latin

text: In final syllables of polysyllabic words before a final consonant or cluster, short "a, e, i" merge into either "e" or "i" depending on the following consonant, and short "o, u" merge into "u".


title: History of Latin

text: Long vowels in final syllables shorten before most consonants (but not final "s"), yielding apparent exceptions to the above rules:


title: History of Latin

text: Absolutely final long vowels are apparently maintained with the exception of "ā", which is shortened in the 1st declension nominative singular and the neuter plural ending (both < PIE *"-eh₂") but maintained in the 1st conjugation 2nd sg. imperative (< PIE *"-eh₂-yé").


title: History of Latin

text: Proto-Italic maintained all PIE diphthongs except for the change "*eu" > "*ou". The Proto-Italic diphthongs tend to remain into Old Latin but generally reduce to pure long vowels by Classical Latin.


title: History of Latin

text: 1. PIE "*ei" > Old Latin "ei" > "ẹ̄", a vowel higher than "ē" < PIE "*ē". This then developed to "ī" normally, but to "ē" before "v":


title: History of Latin

text: The PIE syllabic resonants "*m̥, *n̥, *r̥, *l̥" generally become "em, en, or, ol" (cf. Greek "am/a, an/a, ar/ra, al/la"; Germanic "um, un, ur, ul"; Sanskrit "am/a, an/a, r̥, r̥"; Lithuanian "im̃, iñ, ir̃, il̃"):


title: History of Latin

text: The laryngeals "*h₁, *h₂, *h₃" appear in Latin as "a" when between consonants, as in most languages (but Greek "e/a/o" respectively, Sanskrit "i"):


title: History of Latin

text: A sequence of syllabic resonant + laryngeal, when before a consonant, produced "mā, nā, rā, lā" (as also in Celtic, cf. Greek "nē/nā/nō, rē/rā/rō", etc. depending on the laryngeal; Germanic "um, un, ur, ul"; Sanskrit "ā, ā, īr/ūr, īr/ūr"; Lithuanian "ím, ín, ír, íl"):


title: History of Latin

text: The Indo-European voiced aspirates "bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ", which were probably breathy voiced stops, first devoiced in initial position (fortition), then fricatized in all positions, producing pairs of voiceless/voiced fricatives in Proto-Italic: "f" ~ "β", ' ~ "ð", ' ~ ', ' ~ "" respectively. The fricatives were voiceless in initial position. However, between vowels and other voiced sounds, there are indications—in particular, their evolution in Latin—that the sounds were actually voiced. Likewise, Proto-Italic /s/ apparently had a voiced allophone [z] in the same position.


title: History of Latin

text: In all Italic languages, the word-initial voiceless fricatives "f", "θ", and "χʷ" all merged to "f", whereas "χ" debuccalized to "h" (except before a liquid where it became "g"); thus, in Latin, the normal outcome of initial PIE "bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ" is "f, f, h, f", respectively. Examples:


title: History of Latin

text: Word-internal "*-bʰ-, *-dʰ-, *-gʰ-, *-gʷʰ-" evolved into Proto-Italic "β", "ð", "ɣ", "ɣʷ". In Osco-Umbrian, the same type of merger occurred as that affecting voiceless fricatives, with "β", "ð", and "ɣʷ" merging to "β". In Latin, this did not happen, and instead the fricatives defricatized, giving "b, d ~ b, g ~ h, g ~ v ~ gu".


title: History of Latin

text: "*-gʷʰ-" has three outcomes, becoming "gu" after "n", "v" between vowels, and "g" next to other consonants. All three variants are visible in the same root "*snigʷʰ-" "snow" (cf. Irish "snigid" "snows", Greek "nípha"):


title: History of Latin

text: "*gʷ" has results much like non-initial "*-gʷʰ", becoming "v" /w/ in most circumstances, but "gu" after a nasal and "g" next to other consonants:


title: History of Latin

text: Initial "*dw-" (attested in Old Latin as "du-") becomes "b-", thus compensating for the dearth of words beginning with "*b" in PIE:


title: History of Latin

text: Indo-European "s" between vowels was first voiced to [z] in late Proto-Italic and became "r" in Latin and Umbrian, a change known as rhotacism. Early Old Latin documents still have "s" [z], and Cicero once remarked that a certain Papirius Crassus officially changed his name from Papisius in 339 .., indicating the approximate time of this change. This produces many alternations in Latin declension:


title: History of Latin

text: However, before another "r", dissimilation occurred with "sr" [zr] becoming "br" (likely via an intermediate "*ðr"):


title: Battle of Chapultepec

text: The Battle of Chapultepec was a battle between American forces and Mexican forces holding the strategically located Chapultepec Castle just outside Mexico City, fought 13 September 1847 during the Mexican–American War. The building, sitting atop a hill, was an important position for the defense of the city.


title: Battle of Chapultepec

text: The battle was part of the campaign to take Mexico City, for which General Winfield Scott's U.S. Army totaled 7,200 men. General Antonio López de Santa Anna, known for vicious attacks against Native Mexican American tribes, had formed an army of approximately 25,000 men. Mexican forces, including military cadets of the Military Academy, defended the position at Chapultepec against 2,000 U.S. forces. The Mexicans' loss opened the way for the Americans to take the center of Mexico City.


title: Battle of Chapultepec

text: In Mexican history, the battle is cast as the story of the brave deaths of six cadets, the Niños Héroes, who leapt to their deaths rather than be taken captive, with one wrapping himself in the Mexican flag. American sources also feature many depictions of the battle from the American point of view. Although it lasted only about 60–90 minutes, the battle has great importance in the histories of both countries.