title: Legitimists

text: It has been a point of contention within the Legitimist camp to what extent French nationality constitutes a precondition for royal succession. While adherents of the Spanish Anjou line argue that princes of foreign nationality can still succeed to the French crown, others hold that French nationality of both the claimant and his ancestors is a requirement.


title: Legitimists

text: In the 1870s the rival Legitimist and Orléanist claimants agreed for the sake of restoration of the monarchy in France to end their rivalry. Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris and grandson of Louis Philippe I, accepted the prior claim to the throne of Chambord, who remained childless; Chambord in turn acknowledged that Philippe would claim the right to succeed him as heir, and after his death many Legitimists accepted the descendants of Philippe as the rightful pretenders and became known as Unionists.


title: Legitimists

text: Those Legitimists who did not accept the Orléanist line as the successors of Chambord argued that the renunciation of the French throne by Philip V of Spain, second grandson of Louis XIV, was invalid and that in 1883 (when Chambord died childless) the throne passed by right to Philip V's heirs in the male-line. In 1883, the senior male of the Spanish branch of Bourbons was Infante Juan, Count of Montizón. His father, Carlos de Borbón, Count of Molina (second son of Charles IV: grandson of Philip V), had lost Spain's throne in favor of his niece, the non-Salic heiress of his elder brother, Isabella II and his lineage became known as the Carlist pretenders in Spain.


title: Legitimists

text: When the Carlist branch died out in 1936, the French claim was reunited with that of the Isabelline Spanish line through her grandson Alfonso XIII of Spain, who was also (officially) the grandson of her consort Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (grandson Charles IV via his third son, Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain) and thus the most senior male-line descendant of Philip V (although by that time Alfonso had been dethroned by the Second Spanish Republic). The French and Spanish claims separated again at Alfonso's death as his eldest surviving son Infante Jaime renounced his claim to the Spanish throne due to physical disability and some years later asserted a claim to the French succession based on Legitimist principles. The present French Legitimist claimant descends from Jaime while the present king of Spain descends from his younger brother Don Juan.


title: Legitimists

text: There are however some legitimists who have questioned the claims of all pretenders from Alfonso XIII onward, as it is commonly believed that his father, Alfonso XII, was not the biological son of the Duke of Cadiz. If true, this would mean that Francisco de Borbón y Escasany, 5th Duke of Seville (great-great grandson of Cádiz's younger brother) is currently the true legitimist heir to the French throne.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The United States dollar was established as the world's foremost reserve currency by the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. It claimed this status from sterling after the devastation of two world wars and the massive spending of the United Kingdom's gold reserves. Despite all links to gold being severed in 1971, the dollar continues to be the world's foremost reserve currency. Furthermore, the Bretton Woods Agreement also set up the global post-war monetary system by setting up rules, institutions and procedures for conducting international trade and accessing the global capital markets using the US dollar.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar is widely held by central banks, foreign companies and private individuals worldwide, in the form of eurodollar foreign deposit accounts (not to be confused with the euro), as well as in the form of US$100 notes, an estimated 75% of which are held overseas. The US dollar is predominantly the standard currency unit in which goods are quoted and traded, and with which payments are settled in, in the global commodity markets.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar is also the official currency in several countries and the "de facto" currency in many others, with Federal Reserve Notes (and, in a few cases, US coins) used in circulation.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The monetary policy of the United States is conducted by the Federal Reserve System, which acts as the nation's central bank.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The primary currency used for trade around the world, between Europe, Asia and the Americas had historically been the Spanish-American silver dollar, which created a global silver standard system from the 16th to 19th centuries, due to abundant silver supplies in Spanish America.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar itself was derived from this coin. The Spanish dollar was later displaced by sterling in the advent of the international gold standard in the last quarter of the 19th century.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar began to displace sterling as international reserve currency from the 1920s since it emerged from the First World War relatively unscathed and since the United States was a significant recipient of wartime gold inflows.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: After the US emerged as an even stronger global superpower during the Second World War, the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 established the post-war international monetary system, with the US dollar ascending to become the world's primary reserve currency for international trade, and the only post-war currency linked to gold at $35 per troy ounce.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar is joined by the world's other major currencies - the euro, sterling, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi - in the currency basket of the Special drawing rights of the International Monetary Fund. Central banks worldwide have huge reserves of US dollars in their holdings, and are significant buyers of US treasury bills and notes.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Foreign companies, entities and private individuals hold US dollars in foreign deposit accounts called eurodollars (not to be confused with the euro), which are outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve System. Private individuals also hold dollars outside the banking system mostly in the form of US$100 notes, of which 75% of its supply are held overseas.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The United States Department of the Treasury exercises considerable oversight over the SWIFT financial transfers network,


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: and consequently has a huge sway on the global financial transactions systems, with the ability to impose sanctions on foreign entities and individuals.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Economist Paul Samuelson and others (including, at his death, Milton Friedman) have maintained that the overseas demand for dollars allows the United States to maintain persistent trade deficits without causing the value of the currency to depreciate or the flow of trade to readjust. But Samuelson stated in 2005 that at some uncertain future period these pressures would precipitate a run against the US dollar with serious global financial consequences.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: In August 2007, two scholars affiliated with the government of the People's Republic of China threatened to sell its substantial reserves in American dollars in response to American legislative discussion of trade sanctions designed to revalue the Chinese yuan. The Chinese government denied that selling dollar-denominated assets would be an official policy in the foreseeable future. India and Russia has also announced moves to diversify reserves away from the US dollar.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: After the euro's share of global official foreign exchange reserves approached 25% as of year-end 2006 (vs 65% for the US dollar; see table in "Reserve currency#Global currency reserves"), former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that it is "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency."


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: As of 2021, however, none of this has come to fruition due to the European debt crisis which engulfed the PIIGS countries from 2009-2014. Instead the euro's stability and future existence was put into doubt, which reduced its share of global reserves to 19% as of year-end 2015 (vs 66% for USD). As of year-end 2020 these figures stand at 21% for EUR and 59% for USD.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar is predominantly the standard currency unit in which goods are quoted and traded, and with which payments are settled in, in the global commodity markets. See "petrocurrency", "petrodollar".


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The United States Government is capable of borrowing trillions of dollars from the global capital markets in US dollars issued by the Federal Reserve, which is itself under US government purview, at minimal interest rates and with virtually zero default risk. In contrast, foreign governments and corporations incapable of raising money in their own local currencies are forced to issue debt denominated in US dollars, along with its consequent higher interest rates and risks of default.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The United States's ability to borrow in its own currency without facing significant balance of payments crisis has been frequently described as its exorbitant privilege.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US Dollar Index (ticker: USDX) is the creation of the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT), renamed in September 2007 to ICE Futures US. It was established in 1973 for tracking the value of the USD against a basket of currencies, which, at that time, represented the largest trading partners of the United States. It began with 17 currencies from 17 nations, but the launch of the euro subsumed 12 of these into one, so the USDX tracks only six currencies today.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The Index is described by the ICE as "a geometrically-averaged calculation of six currencies weighted against the U.S. dollar."  The baseline of 100.00 on the USDX was set at its launch in March 1973. This event marks the watershed between the wider margins arrangement of the Smithsonian regime and the period of generalized floating that led up to the Second Amendment of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund. Since 1973, the USDX has climbed as high as the 160s and drifted as low as the 70s.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The USDX has not been updated to reflect new trading realities in the global economy, where the bulk of trade has shifted strongly towards new partners like China and Mexico and oil-exporting countries while the United States has de-industrialized.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Other nations besides the United States use the U.S. dollar as their official currency, a process known as official dollarization. For instance, Panama has been using the dollar alongside the Panamanian balboa as the legal tender since 1904 at a conversion rate of 1:1. Ecuador (2000), El Salvador (2001), and East Timor (2000) all adopted the currency independently. The former members of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which included Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, chose not to issue their own currency after becoming independent, having all used the U.S. dollar since 1944. Two British dependencies also use the U.S. dollar: the British Virgin Islands (1959) and Turks and Caicos Islands (1973). The islands Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, now collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, adopted the dollar on January 1, 2011, as a result of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The US dollar is an official currency in Zimbabwe, along with the euro, sterling, the pula, the rand, and several other currencies. A series of Zimbabwean Bond Coins was put into circulation on 18 December 2014 in 1, 5, 10, and 25 cent denominations, and afterwards 50 cent and 1 dollar bonds coins, which are pegged at the same rate as American coins.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Some countries that have adopted the US dollar issue their own coins: See Ecuadorian centavo coins, Panamanian Balboa and East Timor centavo coins.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Some other countries link their currency to US dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The local currencies of Bermuda and the Bahamas can be freely exchanged at a 1:1 ratio for USD. Argentina used a fixed 1:1 exchange rate between the Argentine peso and the US dollar from 1991 until 2002. The currencies of Barbados and Belize are similarly convertible at an approximate 2:1 ratio. The Netherlands Antillean guilder (and its successor the Caribbean guilder) and the Aruban florin are pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of 1:1.79. The East Caribbean dollar is pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of 2.7:1, and is used by all of the countries and territories of the OECS other than the British Virgin Islands. In Lebanon, one dollar is equal to 1500 Lebanese pounds, and is used interchangeably with local currency as de facto legal tender. The exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and the United States dollar has also been linked since 1983 at HK$7.8/USD, and pataca of Macau, pegged to Hong Kong dollar at MOP1.03/HKD, indirectly linked to the US dollar at roughly MOP 8/USD. Several oil-producing Arab countries on the Persian Gulf, including Saudi Arabia, peg their currencies to the dollar, since the dollar is the currency used in the international oil trade.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The People's Republic of China's renminbi was informally and controversially pegged to the dollar in the mid-1990s at ¥ 8.28/USD. Likewise, Malaysia pegged its ringgit at RM3.8/USD in September 1998, after the financial crisis. On July 21, 2005, both countries removed their pegs and adopted managed floats against a basket of currencies. Kuwait did likewise on May 20, 2007. However, after three years of slow appreciation, the Chinese yuan has been "de facto" re-pegged to the dollar since July 2008 at a value of ¥6.83/USD; although no official announcement had been made, the yuan has remained around that value within a narrow band since then, similar to the Hong Kong dollar.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Several countries use a crawling peg model, wherein currency is devalued at a fixed rate relative to the dollar. For example, the Nicaraguan córdoba is devalued by 5% per annum.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Belarus, on the other hand, pegged its currency, the Belarusian rubel, to a basket of foreign currencies (US dollar, euro and Russian rouble) in 2009. In 2011 this led to a currency crisis when the government became unable to honor its promise to convert Belarusian rubels to foreign currencies at a fixed exchange rate. BYR exchange rates dropped by two thirds, all import prices rose and living standards fell.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: In some countries, such as Costa Rica and Honduras, the US dollar is commonly accepted, although not officially regarded as legal tender. In Mexico's northern border area and major tourist zones, it is accepted as if it were a second legal currency. Many Canadian merchants close to the border, as well as large stores in big cities and major tourist hotspots in Peru also accept US dollars, though usually at a value that favours the merchant. In Cambodia, US notes circulate freely and are preferred over the Cambodian riel for large purchases, with the riel used for change to break 1 USD. After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, US dollars were accepted as if legal tender, but in 2021 the Taliban government banned the use of foreign currencies.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Not long after the introduction of the euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) as a cash currency in 2002, the dollar began to depreciate steadily in value, as it did against other major currencies. From 2003 to 2005, this depreciation continued, reflecting a widening current account deficit. Although the current account deficit began to stabilize in 2006 and 2007, depreciation persisted. The fallout from the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008 prompted the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates in September 2007,


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: In addition to the trade deficit, the U.S. dollar's decline was linked to a variety of other factors, including a major spike in oil prices.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: However, a sharp turnaround began in late 2008 with the onset of the global financial crisis. As investors sought out safe-haven investments in U.S. treasuries and Japanese government bonds from the financial turmoil, the Japanese yen and United States dollar sharply rose against other currencies, including the euro. The European sovereign debt crisis that unfolded in 2010 sent the euro falling to a four-year low of $1.1877 on June 7, as investors considered the risk that certain Eurozone members may default on their government debt. The euro's decline in 2008-2010 had erased half of its 2000-2008 rally.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The issuance of U.S dollar-denominated bond issued by Chinese institutions doubled to $214 billion in 2017 as tighter domestic regulations and market conditions saw Chinese companies look offshore to conduct their fund-raising initiatives. This has far outpaced many of the other major foreign currency bonds issued in Asia in the last few years.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: The anticipated continuation of a prudent monetary policy in China to curb financial risks and asset bubbles, along with the expectation of a stronger yuan will likely see Chinese companies to continue to issue U.S. dollar bonds.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: Major issuers of U.S. dollar denominated bonds have included Tencent Holdings Limited, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited and Sinopec Group. In 2017, China’s Ministry of Finance revealed plans to sell US$2 billion worth of U.S. dollar sovereign bonds in Hong Kong, its first dollar bond offering since October 2004. The technology and communications sector in China is a taking significant share of the offshore U.S. dollar bond market. Tencent priced $5 billion of notes in January 2018 as a string of Asian technology firms continued to issue debt as market values swelled.


title: International use of the U.S. dollar

text: U.S dollar-denominated bond issued by Chinese institutions has also been referred to as 'Kungfu bonds', a name born out of a consultation with more than 400 market participants across Asia by Bloomberg L.P.


title: Being Mortal

text: Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End is a 2014 non-fiction book by American surgeon Atul Gawande. The book addresses end-of-life care, hospice care, and also contains Gawande's reflections and personal stories. He suggests that medical care should focus on well-being rather than survival. "Being Mortal" has won awards, appeared on lists of best books, and been featured in a documentary.


title: Being Mortal

text: "Being Mortal" is a meditation on how people can better live with age-related frailty, serious illness, and approaching death. Gawande calls for a change in the way that medical professionals treat patients approaching their ends. He recommends that instead of focusing on survival, practitioners should work to improve quality of life and enable well-being. Gawande shares personal stories of his patients' and his own relatives' experiences, the realities of old age which involve broken hips and dementia, overwhelmed families and expensive geriatric care, and loneliness and loss of independence.


title: Being Mortal

text: In the beginning of the book he explores different models of senior living, including concepts such as poorhouses, multi-generational households and nursing homes. Gawande explores personal stories as well as accounts from geriatric doctors such as Keren Brown Wilson, an originator of the assisted living concept. He ruminates on stories of people dealing with age-related frailty, serious illness and death, and his own confrontation with mortality. Gawande emphasizes the notion that people nearing death should be given the opportunity to live a meaningful life and still have a purpose.


title: Being Mortal

text: In the latter part of the book, Gawande shifts to end-of-life medical care and mentions practices such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. He postulates that hospice is the most humane model of care.


title: Being Mortal

text: The book includes two of Gawande's New Yorker essays, which make up two of the book's eight chapters: "Things Fall Apart" and "Letting Go".


title: Being Mortal

text: "Being Mortal" won British Medical Association Council Chair's Choice, the overall prize, at the BMA Medical Book Awards, and the National MS Society Books for a Better Life Award Winner. Other recognitions include, Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction Nominee for Longlist (2014), Royal Society of Biology General Book Prize (2015), Oprah.com Best Books of the Year, "Los Angeles Times" Holiday Books Guide, BuzzFeed Best Books of the Year, Shelf Awareness Best Books of the Year, Apple iBooks Best of the Year, L.A. Times Book Prize – Finalist, NPR Best Book of the Year, Indies Choice Book Awards Winner, "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" Guide to the 100 Best Books of the Year, Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers, Audie Award Finalist, Amazon's Best Books of the Year, Barnes and Noble Best New Books of the Year, and "The Economist" Magazine Books of the Year.


title: Being Mortal

text: "Being Mortal" was a PBS Frontline documentary episode based on the book of the same name that aired February 2015. It was directed and co-written by Thomas Jennings; Gawande served as co-writer and correspondent. It follows Gawande "as he explores the relationships doctors have with patients who are nearing the end of life". The film shows how doctors—himself included—are often untrained, ill-suited and uncomfortable talking about chronic illness and death with their patients. "Being Mortal" was nominated for an Emmy award in the "Outstanding Informational Programming: Long Form" category.


title: Being Mortal

text: In February 2022, Searchlight Pictures announced the development of a film adaptation written, directed, and produced by Aziz Ansari in his feature directorial debut.


title: Tribune

text: Tribune () was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome. The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of "ius intercessionis" to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation. There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates. Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes. The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.


title: Tribune

text: The word "tribune" is derived from the Roman tribes. The three original tribes known as the "Ramnes" or "Ramnenses", "Tities" or "Titienses," and the "Luceres," were each headed by a tribune, who represented each tribe in civil, religious, and military matters. Subsequently, each of the Servian tribes was also represented by a tribune.


title: Tribune

text: Under the Roman Kingdom, the "tribunus celerum", in English "tribune of the celeres," or "tribune of the knights", was commander of the king's personal bodyguard, known as the "celeres". This official was second only to the king, and had the authority to pass law, known as "lex tribunicia", and to preside over the "comitia curiata". Unless the king himself elected to lead the cavalry into battle, this responsibility fell to the tribune of the celeres. In theory he could deprive the king of his imperium, or authority to command, with the agreement of the "comitia curiata".


title: Tribune

text: In the reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king, this office was held by Lucius Junius Brutus, the king's nephew, and thus the senior member of the king's household, after the king himself and his sons. It was Brutus who convened the "comitia" and asked that they revoke the king's imperium. After the fall of the monarchy, the powers of the tribune of the celeres were divided between the "Magister Militum", or Master of the Infantry, also known as the "Praetor Maximus" or "dictator", and his lieutenant, the "magister equitum" or "Master of the Horse".


title: Tribune

text: The "tribuni plebis", known in English as "tribunes of the plebs, tribunes of the people," or "plebeian tribunes," were instituted in 494 BC, after the first secession of the plebs, in order to protect the interests of the plebeians against the actions of the senate and the annual magistrates, who were uniformly patrician. The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two "aediles plebis", or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.


title: Tribune

text: The tribunes of the plebs had the power to convene the "concilium plebis", or plebeian assembly, and propose legislation before it. Only one of the tribunes could preside over this assembly, which had the power to pass laws affecting only the plebeians, known as "plebiscita", or plebiscites. After 287 BC, the decrees of the "concilium plebis" had the effect of law over all Roman citizens. By the 3rd century BC, the tribunes could also convene and propose legislation before the senate.


title: Tribune

text: Although sometimes referred to as "plebeian magistrates," technically the tribunes of the plebs were not magistrates, having been elected by the plebeians alone, and not the whole Roman people. However, they were sacrosanct, and the whole body of the plebeians were pledged to protect the tribunes against any assault or interference with their persons during their terms of office. Anyone who violated the sacrosanctity of the tribunes might be killed without penalty.


title: Tribune

text: This was also the source of the tribunes' power, known as "ius intercessionis," or "intercessio," by which any tribune could intercede on behalf of a Roman citizen to prohibit the act of a magistrate or other official. Citizens could appeal the decisions of the magistrates to the tribunes, who would then be obliged to determine the legality of the action before a magistrate could proceed. This power also allowed the tribunes to forbid, or "veto" any act of the senate or another assembly. Only a dictator was exempt from these powers.


title: Tribune

text: The "tribunicia potestas", or tribunician power, was limited by the fact that it was derived from the oath of the people to defend the tribunes. This limited most of the tribunes' actions to the boundaries of the city itself, as well as a radius of one mile around. They had no power to affect the actions of provincial governors.


title: Tribune

text: The powers of the tribunes were severely curtailed during the constitutional reforms of the dictator Sulla in 81 BC. Although many of these powers were restored in further reforms of 75 BC and 70 BC, the prestige and authority of the tribunes had been irreparably damaged. In 48 BC, the senate granted tribunician powers ("tribunicia potestas", powers equivalent to those of a tribune without actually being one) to the dictator Julius Caesar. Caesar used them to prevent the other tribunes interfering with his actions. In 23 BC, the senate granted the same power to Augustus, the first Roman emperor, and from that point onwards it was regularly granted to each emperor as part of their formal titles. Under the Roman Empire, the tribunes continued to be elected, but had lost their independence and most of their practical power. The office became merely a step in the political careers of plebeians who aspired toward a seat in the senate.


title: Tribune

text: The "tribuni militum," known in English as "military tribunes" or literally, "tribunes of the soldiers", were elected each year along with the annual magistrates. Their number varied throughout Roman history, but eventually reached twenty-four. These were usually young men in their late twenties, who aspired to a senatorial career. Each tribune would be assigned to command a portion of the Roman army, subordinate to the magistrates and promagistrates appointed by the senate, and their legates.


title: Tribune

text: Within each of the legions, various middle-ranking officers were also styled "tribune". These officers included:


title: Tribune

text: In the late Roman army, a "tribunus" was a senior officer, sometimes called a "comes", who commanded a cavalry vexillatio. As "tribounos", the title survived in the East Roman army until the early 7th century.


title: Tribune

text: From the use of "tribunus" to describe various military officers is derived the word "tribunal", originally referring to a raised platform used to address the soldiers or administer justice.


title: Tribune

text: Military tribunes are featured in notable works of historical fiction, including "Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ", by Lew Wallace, and "The Robe" by Lloyd C. Douglas. Both novels involve characters affected by the life and death of Jesus, and were turned into epic films during the 1950s. Messala, the primary antagonist in "Ben-Hur", was played by Stephen Boyd, while Marcellus Gallio, the protagonist of "The Robe", was played by a young Richard Burton.


title: Tribune

text: In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the "lex Canuleia", repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into the hands of a plebeian, the senate proposed a compromise whereby three military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian, should be elected in place of the consuls. The first "tribuni militum consulare potestate", or "military tribunes with consular power", were elected for the year 444. Although plebeians were eligible for this office, each of the first "consular tribunes" was a patrician.


title: Tribune

text: Military tribunes were elected in place of the consuls in half the years from 444 to 401 BC, and in each instance, all of the tribunes were patricians; nor did any plebeian succeed in obtaining the consulship. The number of tribunes increased to four beginning in 426, and six beginning in 405. At last, the plebeians elected four of their number military tribunes for the year 400; others were elected in 399, 396, 383, and 379. But apart from these years, no plebeian obtained the highest offices of the Roman State.


title: Tribune

text: The patricians' monopoly on power was finally broken by Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, tribunes of the people, who in 376 BC brought forward legislation demanding not merely that one of the consuls "might" be a plebeian, but that henceforth one "must" be chosen from their order. When the senate refused their demand, the tribunes prevented the election of annual magistrates for five years, before relenting and permitting the election of consular tribunes from 370 to 367. In the end, and with the encouragement of the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus, the senate conceded the battle, and passed the Licinian Rogations. Sextius was elected the first plebeian consul, followed by Licinius two years later; and with this settlement, the consular tribunes were abolished.


title: Tribune

text: The exact nature of the "Tribuni Aerarii", or "Tribunes of the Treasury" is shrouded in mystery. Originally they seem to have been tax collectors, but this power was slowly lost to other officials. By the end of the Republic, this style belonged to a class of persons slightly below the equites in wealth. When the makeup of Roman juries was reformed in 70 BC, it was stipulated that one-third of the members of each jury should belong to this class.


title: Tribune

text: In the early history of the Republic of Venice, during the tenure of the sixth Doge Domenico Monegario, Venice instituted a dual Tribunal modeled on the above Roman institution - two new Tribunes being elected each year, with the intention to oversee the Doge and prevent abuse of power (though this aim was not always successfully achieved).


title: Tribune

text: The "Tribunat", the French word for tribunate, derived from the Latin term "tribunatus", meaning the office or term of a Roman "tribunus" (see above), was a collective organ of the young revolutionary French Republic composed of members styled "tribun" (the French for tribune), which, despite the apparent reference to one of ancient Rome's prestigious magistratures, never held any real political power as an assembly, its individual members no role at all.


title: Tribune

text: It was instituted by Napoleon I Bonaparte's Constitution of the Year VIII "in order to moderate the other powers" by discussing every legislative project, sending its "orateurs" ("orators", i.e. spokesmen) to defend or attack them in the Corps législatif, and asking the Senate to overturn "the lists of eligibles, the acts of the Legislative Body and those of the government" on account of unconstitutionality. Its 100 members were designated by the Senate from the list of citizens from 25 years up, and annually one fifth was renewed for a five-year term.


title: Tribune

text: When it opposed the first parts of Bonaparte's proposed penal code, he made the Senate nominate 20 new members at once to replace the 20 first opponents to his politic; they accepted the historically important reform of penal law. As the Tribunate opposed new despotic projects, he got the Senate in year X to allow itself to dissolve the Tribunate. In XIII it was further downsized to 50 members. On August 16, 1807 it was abolished and never revived.


title: Jamaican patty

text: A Jamaican patty is a semicircular pastry that contains various fillings and spices baked inside a flaky shell, often tinted golden yellow with an egg yolk mixture or turmeric. It is made like a turnover as it is formed by folding over the circular dough cutout over the chosen filling, but is more savoury and filled with ground meat. As its name suggests, it is commonly found in Jamaica, and is also eaten in other areas of the Caribbean, such as the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, Panama and Costa Rica. It is traditionally filled with seasoned ground beef, but fillings can include chicken, pork, lamb, vegetables, shrimp, lobster, fish, soy, ackee, mixed vegetables or cheese. In non-Jamaican-based restaurants' attempt to appeal to certain audiences, the patty has extended its composition to include low-fat, whole wheat crusts. In Jamaica, the patty is often eaten as a full meal, especially when paired with coco bread. It can also be made as bite-sized portions called cocktail patties. Among the Jamaican diaspora in the United Kingdom, the pastry is more like that of a suet crust, and often made with margarine or butter, which provides the flaky pastry, and curry powder containing turmeric, which provides the yellow colour.


title: Jamaican patty

text: The beef patty is a product of the long history of Jamaica, mixing pasties introduced by Cornish immigrants and cumin, curry and cayenne pepper introduced by Indian indentured labourers and African slaves who arrived to the country. "The firecracker taste of the Scotch bonnet, a hot pepper indigenous to Jamaica, sealed the flavour."


title: Jamaican patty

text: Jamaicans brought recipes for the patties northward in the 1960s and 1970s when many immigrated to the United States as hospital orderlies, home health aides and nurses. The patties were then found in restaurants in areas of the New York metropolitan area with high West Indian populations. The patties are equally popular in British cities with large West Indian populations, such as Birmingham, Manchester and London. Their popularity is spreading in the United Kingdom and they are becoming available in many mainstream outlets. They are also popular in Toronto, Montreal, Miami, Washington, D.C., and numerous other areas throughout the American northeast and Canadian Great Lakes regions; in many of those areas, they are available in grocery stores, delis, corner stores, and convenience stores. In recent years, the Jamaican meat patty has been pre-made and frozen for mass selling in Britain, Canada, and the United States. In many areas in the United States and Canada, Jamaican beef patties are now typically available at pizza and convenience food restaurants, as well as supermarkets.


title: Jamaican patty

text: In February 1985, after discovering the presence of patty vendors in Toronto, especially from Kensington Patty Palace owned by the Davidson family, the Canadian government attempted to ban the name "beef patty" as it did not comply with the Meat Inspection Act's definition of the word "patty." According to the federal government, the patties the Davidsons sold do not qualify with the Meat Inspection Act's technical definition of a patty which, as "NOW Magazine"'s Ramona Leitao stated, described as "meat and seasoning that typically went in a hamburger and couldn’t be enclosed in dough." That month, the government demanded that eight patty vendors, including Kensington Patty Palace which was managed at that time by Michael Davidson, rename the beef patty to a name that distinguishes itself with the patty used for hamburgers or face a CA$ 5,000 fine. This caused the patty vendors to resist giving in to demands and refuse to rename the beef patties. The public were in outrage, and the controversy was featured in Canadian media and, later on, in Jamaican media. On February 19, 1985, officials from the Consumer and Corporate Affairs and representatives from the patty vendors met; it ended with a compromise to identify such as "Jamaican patty." After the so-called "patty summit," Davidson and Kensington Patty Palace held a celebration in store to culminate the so-called "patty wars" on February 23, 1985.


title: Jamaican patty

text: In a "Toronto Star" column on February 22, 2012, columnist Royson James unofficially declared February 23 as the Jamaican Patty Day in Toronto. The "patty wars" controversy was the subject of a 2022 CBC documentary entitled "Patty vs. Patty" featuring an interview with Michael Davidson, directed by Chris Strikes, and streamed on CBC Gem. The video is now also available on YouTube.


title: Jamaican patty

text: Over recent decades the popularity of the Jamaican patty has grown significantly, becoming a mainstream food item in some countries. From being a hand-made pastry in Jamaica's homes and bakeries, it has become commercialised and commoditized, especially in North America. The patties are now often made in large numbers by industrial machinery and sold under brand names in supermarkets and in chain restaurants. In the United States, patties are offered by some restaurants such as pizzerias and included in public school lunches. The New York school system distributed more than three million patties in one year.


title: Steven Anthony Lawrence

text: Steven Anthony Lawrence (born July 19, 1990) is an American actor. He is best known for his recurring role as Bernard "Beans" Aranguren in the hit Disney Channel Original Series "Even Stevens" from 2001 to 2003. and for his movie roles in "The Even Stevens Movie" (2003), and "Cheaper by the Dozen" (2003).


title: Steven Anthony Lawrence

text: Besides his role in Even Stevens, his other television credits include "That's So Raven", "Married... with Children", "ER", "Frasier", and "The Amanda Show," among others.He has also appeared in the feature films "Cheaper by the Dozen", "Kicking & Screaming", "Rebound"and "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" (in a deleted scene). He also appeared in the music video "Father of Mine" by Everclear as the little boy whose father walks out on his family. He has appeared in 2011 as a pink elf in the T-Mobile holiday commercial and in 2012 in a dog costume for an Old Spice commercial.


title: Steven Anthony Lawrence

text: In 2013, Lawrence gained media attention on Twitter as one of his portraits served as the avatar for the account of American rapper Tyler, the Creator.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first and most influential models of communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication and explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message. The transmitter translates the message into a signal, which is sent using a channel. The receiver translates the signal back into the original message and makes it available to the destination. For a landline phone call, the person calling is the source. They use the telephone as a transmitter, which produces an electric signal that is sent through the wire as a channel. The person receiving the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: Shannon and Weaver distinguish three types of problems of communication: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems. They focus on the technical level, which concerns the problem of how to use a signal to accurately reproduce a message from one location to another location. The difficulty in this regard is that noise may distort the signal. They discuss redundancy as a solution to this problem: if the original message is redundant then the distortions can be detected, which makes it possible to reconstruct the source's original intention.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: The Shannon–Weaver model of communication has been very influential in various fields, including communication theory and information theory. Many later theorists have built their own models on its insights. However, it is often criticized based on the claim that it oversimplifies communication. One common objection is that communication should not be understood as a one-way process but as a dynamic interaction of messages going back and forth between both participants. Another criticism rejects the idea that the message exists prior to the communication and argues instead that the encoding is itself a creative process that creates the content.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the earliest and most influential models of communication. It was initially published by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication. The model was further developed together with Warren Weaver in their co-authored 1949 book "The Mathematical Theory of Communication". It aims to provide a formal representation of the basic elements and relations involved in the process of communication.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: The model consists of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source of information is usually a person and decides which message to send. The message can take various forms, such as a sequence of letters, sounds, or images. The transmitter is responsible for translating the message into a signal. To send the signal, a channel is required. Channels are ways of transmitting signals, like light, sound waves, radio waves, and electrical wires. The receiver performs the opposite function of the transmitter: it translates the signal back into a message and makes it available to the destination. The destination is the person for whom the message was intended.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: Shannon and Weaver focus on telephonic conversation as the paradigmatic case of how messages are produced and transmitted through a channel. But their model is intended as a general model that can be applied to any form of communication. For a regular face-to-face conversation, the person talking is the source, the mouth is the transmitter, the air is the channel transmitting the sound waves, the listener is the destination, and the ear is the receiver. In the case of a landline phone call, the source is the person calling, the transmitter is their telephone, the channel is the wire, the receiver is another telephone and the destination is the person using the second telephone. To apply this model accurately to real-life cases, some of the components may have to be repeated. For the telephone call, for example, the mouth is also a transmitter before the telephone itself as a second transmitter.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: Shannon and Weaver identify and address problems in the study of communication at three basic levels: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems (referred to as levels A, B, and C). Shannon and Weaver hold that models of communication should provide good responses to all three problems, ideally by showing how to make communication more accurate and efficient. The prime focus of their model is the technical level, which concerns the issue of how to accurately reproduce a message from one location to another location. For this problem, it is not relevant what meaning the message carries. By contrast, it is only relevant that the message can be distinguished from different possible messages that could have been sent instead of it.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: Semantic problems go beyond the symbols themselves and ask how they convey meaning. Shannon and Weaver assumed that the meaning is already contained in the message but many subsequent communication theorists have further problematized this point by including the influence of cultural factors and the context in their models. The effectiveness problem is based on the idea that the person sending the message has some goal in mind concerning how the person receiving the message is going to react. In this regard, effectivity means that the reaction matches the speaker's goal. The problem of effectivity concerns the question of how to achieve this. Many critics have rejected this aspect of Shannon and Weaver's theory since it seems to equate communication with manipulation or propaganda.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: To solve the technical problem at level A, it is necessary for the receiver to reconstruct the original message from the signal. However, various forms of noise can interfere and distort it. Noise is not intended by the source and makes it harder for the receiver to reconstruct the source's intention found in the original message. Crackling sounds during a telephone call or snow on a television screen are examples of noise. One way to solve this problem is to make the information in the message partially redundant. This way, distortions can often be identified and the original meaning can be reconstructed. A very basic form of redundancy is to repeat the same message several times. But redundancy can take various other forms as well. For example, the English language is redundant in the sense that many possible combinations of letters are meaningless. So the term "comming" does not have a distinct meaning. For this reason, it can be identified as a misspelling of the term "coming", thus revealing the source's original intention. Redundancy makes it easier to detect distortions but its drawback is that messages carry less information.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: The Shannon–Weaver model of communication has been very influential and has inspired a lot of subsequent work in the field of communication studies. Erik Hollnagel and David D. Woods even characterize it as the "mother of all models." It has been widely adopted in various other fields, including information theory, organizational analysis, and psychology. Many later theorists expanded this model by including additional elements in order to take into account other aspects of communication. For example, Wilbur Schramm includes a feedback loop to understand communication as an interactive process and George Gerbner emphasizes the relation between communication and the reality to which the communication refers. Some of these models, like Gerbner's, are equally universal in that they apply to any form of communication. Others apply to more specific areas. For example, Lasswell's model and Westley and MacLean's model are specifically formulated for mass media. Shannon's concepts were also popularized in John Robinson Pierce's "Symbols, Signals, and Noise", which introduces the topic to non-specialists.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: Many criticisms of the Shannon–Weaver model focus on its simplicity by pointing out that it leaves out vital aspects of communication. In this regard, it has been characterized as "inappropriate for analyzing social processes" and as a "misleading misrepresentation of the nature of human communication". A common objection is based on the fact that it is a linear transmission model: it conceptualizes communication as a one-way process going from a source to a destination. Against this approach, it is argued that communication is usually more interactive with messages and feedback going back and forth between the participants. This approach is implemented by non-linear transmission models, also termed interaction models. They include Wilbur Schramm's model, Frank Dance's helical-spiral model, a circular model developed by Lee Thayer, and the "sawtooth" model due to Paul Watzlawick, Janet Beavin, and Don Jackson. These approaches emphasize the dynamic nature of communication by showing how the process evolves as a multi-directional exchange of messages.


title: Shannon–Weaver model

text: Another criticism focuses on the fact that Shannon and Weaver understand the message as a form of preexisting information. I. A. Richards criticizes this approach for treating the message as a preestablished entity that is merely packaged by the transmitter and later unpackaged by the receiver. This outlook is characteristic of all transmission models. They contrast with constitutive models, which see meanings as "reflexively constructed, maintained, or negotiated in the act of communicating". Richards argues that the message does not exist before it is articulated. This means that the encoding is itself a creative process that creates the content. Before it, there is a need to articulate oneself but no precise pre-existing content. The communicative process may not just affect the meaning of the message but also the social identities of the communicators, which are established and modified in the ongoing communicative process.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: The Rajapaksa family () is a Sri Lankan family that is prominent in politics. It was one of Sri Lanka's most powerful families during Mahinda Rajapaksa's presidency, when many members of the family occupied senior positions in the Sri Lankan state. As their political power grew, there were reports suggesting that the country was heading towards autocracy under their rule. Following the unexpected defeat of Mahinda Rajapaksa in the 2015 presidential election, they have been accused of authoritarianism, corruption, nepotism and bad governance. In the 2019 presidential election, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, the brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa, ran and won. The popularity of the Rajapaksa family collapsed after their actions caused the economic crisis that started in 2019, resulting in Sri Lanka defaulting on its debt for the first time in its post-independence history within just 30 months of coming to power. The extended Rajapaksa family is believed to have amassed a large amount of wealth and while the amount of and scale is unknown several members of the family have been revealed in international investigations such as the Pandora Papers to be using networks of shell companies and trusts to hide their wealth in offshore tax havens which has led to accusations of Rajapaksas turning Sri Lanka into a Kleptocracy


title: Rajapaksa family

text: The Rajapaksas are a rural land-owning family from the village Giruwapattuwa in the southern district of Hambantota. The family owned paddy fields and coconut plantations. One of its members, Don David Rajapaksa, held the feudal post of Vidanarachchi in Ihala Valikada Korale. The family entered the political scene when Don David Rajapaksa's son Don Mathew Rajapaksa was elected in 1936 to represent Hambantota district in the State Council. Don Mathew died in 1945 and at the resulting by-election his brother Don Alwin Rajapaksa was elected without a contest. At the 1947 parliamentary election, two members of the family were elected to represent both of the constituencies in Hambantota district. Don Alwin Rajapaksa was elected MP for Beliatta and Lakshman Rajapaksa (Don Mathew's son) was elected MP for Hambantota. The Rajapaksas continued to dominate politics in Hambantota district for next three decades with two other members of the family, George Rajapaksa and Mahinda Rajapaksa, also entering parliament. The Rajapaksas were represented in the country's legislatures continuously from 1936 till 1977. This streak ended after the UNP landslide at the 1977 parliamentary election.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: The family re-emerged as the dominant political force in Hambantota district when Mahinda and his brother Chamal Rajapaksa were elected in the 1989 Parliamentary election to represent Hambantota Electoral District. They were later joined by Nirupama Rajapaksa, Basil Rajapaksa and Namal Rajapaksa.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Although the Rajapaksas had dominated politics in Hambantota District since 1936, national politics had been dominated by other families such as the Senanayake family and Bandaranaike family. This changed in 2005 when Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected president. Since then, members of the family have been appointed to senior political positions. Immediately after being elected president, Mahinda appointed his brother Gotabhaya Rajapaksa as Defence Secretary, the most senior civil service position in the Ministry of Defence. Another brother, Basil Rajapaksa, was appointed Senior Presidential Advisor. In 2010 Mahinda Rajapaksa was re-elected President contesting against a grand opposition coalition that included UNP, TNA, JVP. At the 2010 Parliamentary Elections, Chamal Rajapaksa, Basil Rajapaksa and Namal Rajapaksa were elected. Basil Rajapaksa received 425,100 preferential votes from the Gampaha District, the highest by any candidate at the 2010 General election while Namal Rajapaksa obtained 147,568 preferential votes from Hambantota District, the highest majority percentage-wise at the election. Subsequently, Chamal was elected as the Speaker of Parliament unanimously and Basil was appointed as the Minister of Economic Development. Between them the three Rajapaksa brothers are in charge of five government ministries: Defence & Urban Development, Law & Order, Economic Development, Finance & Planning and Ports & Highways. At one point the brothers reportedly directly controlled 70% of the national budget. The Rajapaksas denied having control over such amounts. According to the 2014 budget the brothers have been allocated 47% of the national budget (40% of recurrent budget and 57% of capital budget).


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Numerous other members of the extended family have also been appointed to senior positions state institutions. The accumulation of so much power by one family has inevitably led to accusations of nepotism. The Rajapaksas deny the charges of nepotism even though evidence of large amounts of corruption, such as the censorship of journalists and the family's unwillingness to yield power to recent victorious Tamils in Northern Sri Lanka, exist everywhere the country.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: After the defeat of Mahinda Rajapaksa's administration which resulted in the loss of their senior positions, some brothers of Mahinda Rajapaksa have fled from the country to avoid being arrested on charges of corruption and wrongdoing.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Following the 2015 presidential election defeat, the Rajapaksa family were accused of misusing public resources during the campaign, including use of the Sri Lankan Air Force in the campaign that cost $17,273.28 (Rs. 2,278,000.00) of public funds. The Rajapaksa family received numerous state resource abuse complaints from organisations and election monitors, including involvement in fraud, misuse of powers, and murder. Among the charges are money laundering said to have taken $5.31 billion (Rs. 700 billion) out of the country illegally through Sri Lanka's Central Bank using Mahinda Rajapaksa's close association with Ajith Nivard Cabraal, the former governor of Central Bank of Sri Lanka.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: On 23 January 2015, the Seychelles government announced that would assist the Sri Lankan government in search of funds that were transferred by the Rajapaksa regime into Port Victoria offshore bank accounts. In February 2015, India pledged to help the Sirisena Government in tracing the billion of dollars that were taken out of the country illegally. Sirisena's government sought help from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in locating this hidden wealth to expose the alleged corruption of the previous regime. An Anti-Corruption Unit was formed by then Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe, and the new Cabinet has appointed a high-powered “rapid response team” to look into corrupt land transactions, stock market price-fixing and the abuse of state funds for political purposes by Rajapaksa family and the close association of Mahinda Rajapaksa.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Public sentiment towards the ruling Rajapaksha-led government took a significant downturn during the foreign currency and economic crisis faced by Sri Lanka in 2022. Demonstrations against their rule were held in major residential areas of Colombo including one held near the president Gotabaya Rajapaksa's private resident. In the escalation of protests, an angry mob in Sri Lanka burned down several homes belonging to the Rajapaksa family. Previously, protesters were attacked by government supporters.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: In 2018, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa emerged as a possible candidate for the 2019 Presidential election, which he successfully contested on a pro-nationalistic, economic development and national security platform, gaining a majority from the predominant Sinhalese areas of the island. He is the first person with military background to be elected as President of Sri Lanka and also the first person to be elected President who had not held an elected office prior.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: After 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Mahinda Rajapaksa was appointed as the Prime Minister while Chamal Rajapaksa and Namal Rajapaksa became Minister of Irrigation and Minister of Youth and Sports respectively in the Second Gotabaya Rajapaksa cabinet. Later in July 2021 Basil Rajapaksa was appointed as the Minister of Finance after entering the parliament from the national list. When the country began to face the economic downfall, the public blame it on the Rajapaksa family's corruption and economic mismanagement. Following the massive protests demanding the Rajapaksa family to resign, they resigned from their Ministerial portfolios. Later in July 2022, President Gotabaya fled the country and stepped down.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Wealth of the Rajapaksa family has been a subject of speculation with many members believed to have amassed a large amount of hidden wealth some of which have been revealed in international investigations and claims of wealth reaching over billions of dollars have been made. The Rajapaksa family owned the Carlton Sports Network, the Carlton Pre-schools and the Carlton Motor Sports Club which have been accused of illegally using state resources


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Nama Rajapaksa is the owner of Gowers Corporate Services, HelloCorp, and NR Consultants which have been accused of being used for money laundering and getting lucrative contracts from the state-owned SriLankan Airlines during the Rajapaksa administration.


title: Rajapaksa family

text: Rohitha Rajapaksa who has never been employed and lack any recorded sources of income was found to own a luxury hotel in the Sinharaja reserve called the "Green Eco Lodge". The hotel was initially believed to have been owned by Yoshitha Rajapaksa but an investigation confirmed that Rohitha was the owner. Environmental activists have accused the hotel of damaging the biodiversity by the construction of the hotel and have accused the Rajapaksa family of using the military in the construction of the hotel Rohitha accepted that he owned the hotel and denied any wrongdoing during its construction.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: Hotel Diablo is the fourth studio album by American musician Machine Gun Kelly. It was released on July 5, 2019, via Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records. The album was supported by four singles: "Hollywood Whore", "El Diablo", "I Think I'm Okay" with Yungblud and Travis Barker, and "Glass House" featuring Naomi Wild, with promotional single "Floor 13". The record is a rap rock album and followed less than 10 months after September 2018's "Binge" EP. The album's production also included Foster the People frontman Mark Foster.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: It debuted at number five on the US "Billboard" 200. The album received generally positive reviews. Lyrically, the songs deal with problems with drugs, childhood family struggles, among other themes.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: Shortly after releasing the bonus tracks to "Bloom" (2017), Kelly announced he was going to start recording "album 4". In late 2018, Kelly announced he had a title for the upcoming album. After the release of his second EP, he responded to a fan, stating that "no songs from the EP will be on album 4". He also stated that he had erased all material on the album that was already there, and would start again from scratch. One of the deleted songs, was a collaboration between MGK and Lana Del Rey, which never came to fruition. On April 2, 2019, MGK posted a 16-second video snippet of a song along with the album title on social media. The video shows a girl in the bathtub with the album title looming above her. Kelly revealed that he would be going on tour soon for the Hotel Diablo World Tour to promote the upcoming album. On May 10, 2019, a 58-second video was posted, with Kelly rapping in preparation of the album. The song was rumored to be titled "Breaking News 2", a sequel to "Breaking News" from his 2013 mixtape "Black Flag". By the first week of June 2019, three singles from the album had been released.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: On June 11, 2019, Kelly announced the release date and shared a video of himself getting a head tattoo with the album name inked, with the caption reading "album comes JULY 5th". On June 27, Kelly revealed the album cover art.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: Kelly explained his personal thoughts in an interview with Beats 1 because of its nostalgic and dark feel, saying:


title: Hotel Diablo

text: In an interview with ALT923Radio, Kelly revealed that the original name of the album was "Delirium". He explained why this didn't come to fruition:


title: Hotel Diablo

text: The first single was "Hollywood Whore", released on May 17, 2019. The music video, directed by Jordan Wozy, was released May 29, 2019. The song's lyrical content describes the music industry and how it can manipulate artists.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: The second single, "El Diablo", was released on May 31, 2019. The music video, directed by Snuffy.NYC & Jimmy Regular, was released on July 25, 2019. The song is a mention of all the people who thought MGK's career was "falling down" due to the feud between MGK and Eminem. He also expresses his thoughts on the people who MGK thinks they "took credit and became famous".


title: Hotel Diablo

text: The third single, "I Think I'm Okay", was released on June 7, 2019. Kelly released the song with Travis Barker and Yungblud. The music video, directed by Andrew Sandler, was released June 14, 2019.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: The fourth single, "Glass House" was released on July 5, 2019. It features vocals from Naomi Wild. Its lyrical themes reveal mental struggles and drug problems, and being "all alone in a glass house".


title: Hotel Diablo

text: The song "Floor 13" was released on July 5, 2019. The song contains a cameo appearance from Kelly's daughter Casie at the end of the track.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: Markos Papadatos of the Canadian internet news service "Digital Journal" praised the lyrics and overall album sound and mood. He wrote "Overall, Machine Gun Kelly has released a solid new album, "Hotel Diablo". It showcases his maturity and growth as a singer-songwriter and musician." Papadatos concluded with "Most impressive about Machine Gun Kelly is that the same energy that he exudes on this album, he displays on stage in a live setting, which is incredible." He gave the album an A rating.


title: Hotel Diablo

text: Jeremy Markus of "The Cornell Daily Sun" gave the album a positive review, while also stating the album is a powerful successor to 2018's "Binge". He wrote, "Besides the improvement in writing, the album is simply much more enjoyable to listen to. Gone are the odd hooks and off-beat rapping from last year's project; they are replaced with intricate flows and a cohesive sound that spans across the entire production."


title: Hotel Diablo

text: A negative review came from Dhruva Balram of "NME", who said that "Despite the potency of its material, the project's lyricism feels apathetic. While his contemporaries, from Juice WLRD to Post Malone, are pushing the envelope, crafting new sounds and forging new paths, MGK sticks to a tried-and-tested formula which, ultimately, feels bland. At times, the album feels stagnated, as if it's stuck in a 2012 timewarp." He concluded that it was "a formulaic album that's been re-worked with the same puzzle pieces: clever wordplay, catchy beats and enough meat on its body to keep it alive. But it doesn't have enough of those facets to be in any way distinguished."


title: Hotel Diablo

text: "Hotel Diablo" debuted at number five on the "Billboard" 200, with 39,000 equivalent album units, 16,000 of that sum in album sales. It was his fourth top 10 album. It dropped to number 20 in its second week, selling 20,585 album equivalent units. In its third week on the chart, it dropped to number 38, selling 13,141 units.


title: Neon (company)

text: Neon (stylized in all caps) is an American independent film production and distribution company founded in 2017 by CEO Tom Quinn and Tim League, who also was the co-founder of the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema chain. The company is best known for distributing critically acclaimed and award-winning films such as "I, Tonya" (2017), "Parasite" (2019), "Portrait of a Lady on Fire" (2019), "The Worst Person in the World" (2021), and "Spencer" (2021). "Parasite" is Neon's highest-grossing film at the worldwide box office with more than $200 million. , Tim League was no longer involved with daily operations for the company.


title: Neon (company)

text: During the 4th Annual Zurich Summit, Tom Quinn commented on Neon's intent to release titles that appeal to audiences who "skew under 45, that have no aversion to violence, no aversion to foreign language and to non-fiction." In September 2017, the company partnered with Blumhouse Productions to manage BH Tilt.


title: Neon (company)

text: In 2021, Bleecker Street partnered with Neon to launch the joint home entertainment distribution company Decal. DECAL is a standalone full-service operation that handles distribution deals on the home entertainment rights to both Neon and Bleecker Street’s curated slates of features. The first film to be distributed through DECAL is the Bleecker Street release "Supernova" in winter 2021. In addition, DECAL acquired North American distribution rights to the South African horror film "Gaia" for a summer theatrical release, marking their first ever acquisition.


title: Neon (company)

text: Prior to the joint-venture, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment as well as The Criterion Collection and Well Go USA Entertainment (for "Possessor" where Neon and Well Go co-distribute the film) distributed Neon's titles on home media.


title: Neon (company)

text: , Neon has received a total of 18 Academy Award nominations. In 2018, "I, Tonya" received three nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress for Allison Janney. In 2019, "Border" was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling. In 2020, Neon experienced its most successful Oscar season yet with "Parasite" and "Honeyland" accruing eight nominations in total, with the former winning four awards including Best Picture, becoming the first non-English language film to receive that honor, and the first film distributed by Neon to be nominated and winning Best Picture. In 2022, Neon received six nominations at the 94th Academy Awards including three for "Flee", two for "The Worst Person in the World" and a Best Actress nod for Kristen Stewart in "Spencer". Neon has also won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival three consecutive times.


title: Neon (company)

text: After acquiring "Parasite" in 2018, Neon financed and distributed the film the following year in U.S. territories. It subsequently became Neon's highest-grossing film with more than $200 million at the box office, as well as the company's highest-rated film with approval ratings from Rotten Tomatoes (99%; 474 reviews), Metacritic (96; 52 reviews), and IMDb (8.5/10; 796K votes).


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The Intel-based MacBook Air is a discontinued line of notebook computers developed and manufactured by Apple Inc. from 2008 to 2020. The Air was originally positioned above the previous MacBook line as a premium ultraportable. Since then, the original MacBook's discontinuation in 2011, and lowered prices on subsequent iterations, made the Air Apple's entry-level notebook.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The MacBook Air was introduced in January 2008 with a 13.3-inch screen, and was promoted as the world's thinnest notebook, opening a laptop category known as the ultrabook family. Apple released a second generation MacBook Air in October 2010, with a redesigned tapered chassis, standard solid-state storage, and added a smaller 11.6-inch version. Later revisions added Intel Core i5 or i7 processors and Thunderbolt. The third generation was released in October 2018, with reduced dimensions, a Retina display, and combination USB-C/Thunderbolt 3 ports for data and power.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The Intel-based MacBook Air was discontinued in November 2020 following the release of the first MacBook Air with Apple silicon based on the Apple M1 processor.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Steve Jobs introduced the MacBook Air during Apple's keynote address at the 2008 Macworld conference on January 15, 2008. The first generation MacBook Air was a 13.3" model, initially promoted as the world's thinnest notebook at 1.9 cm (a previous record holder, 2005's Toshiba Portege R200, was 1.98 cm high). It featured a custom Intel Merom CPU and Intel GMA GPU which were 40% as big as the standard chip package. It also featured an anti-glare LED backlit display, a full-size keyboard, and a large trackpad that responded to multi-touch gestures such as pinching, swiping, and rotating. Since the release of Snow Leopard, the trackpad has also supported handwriting recognition of Chinese characters.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The MacBook Air was the first subcompact notebook offered by Apple after the 12" PowerBook G4 discontinued in 2006. It was also Apple's first computer with an optional solid-state drive. It was Apple's first notebook since the PowerBook 2400c without a built-in removable media drive. To read optical disks, users could either purchase an external USB drive such as Apple's SuperDrive or use the bundled Remote Disc software to access the drive of another computer wirelessly that has the program installed. Either option can also be used to reinstall the system software from the included installation DVD. Remote Disc supports booting over a network, so the Air can boot from its installation DVD in another computer's drive if Remote Install Mac OS X is running on that computer. The software does not allow playing video DVDs or audio CDs, or installing Windows: for these capabilities, an external USB drive is required. More recent versions of OS X replaced the installation DVD with a USB flash drive containing the software, eliminating the need for remote installation. The MacBook Air also does without a FireWire port, Ethernet port, line-in, and a Kensington Security Slot.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On October 14, 2008, a new model was announced with a low-voltage Penryn processor and Nvidia GeForce graphics. Storage capacity was increased to a 128 GB SSD or a 120 GB HDD, and the micro-DVI video port was replaced by the Mini DisplayPort. A mid-2009 version featured slightly higher battery capacity and a faster Penryn CPU.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Apple incorporated several features in the design of the MacBook Air, such as the reduction of lead to make it more environmentally friendly. The MacBook Air contains no BFRs and PVC wiring, meets Energy Star 5.0 requirements, has a recyclable enclosure, and is rated EPEAT Gold. Its display is made with arsenic-free glass and contains no mercury.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On its introduction, the MacBook Air received mixed reviews which praised its portability, but criticized the compromises made in terms of features. The full-sized keyboard, lightness, thinness, and Multi-Touch trackpad were appreciated in reviews, while the limited configuration options and ports, slow speed, non-user-replaceable battery, small hard drive, and price were criticized. The flip-down hatch on the side of the original MacBook Air was a tight fit for some headphone plugs and USB devices, requiring users to purchase an extension cable. Apple removed the flip-down hatch on the late 2010 model in favor of open ports like those of most other laptops.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Some users have complained of CPU lockup caused by overheating. Apple released a software update in early March 2008 to fix the problem with mixed results: the deactivation of one CPU core was corrected; however, some users reported that the runaway kernel problem continued. The problem is aggravated by system-intensive tasks such as video playback or video chatting.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: ArsTechnica found "moderate" performance improvements of the 64-GB solid-state drive of the first-generation Air over the standard 80 GB hard drive in tests.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: At the launch of the MacBook Air in January 2008, Apple claimed it was the thinnest notebook in the world. This was literally true, but more important was the fact that the MacBook Air was much thinner than mainstream laptops at the time. Its total component integration and use of an entirely new class of Intel processors with a lower TDP and higher integration than previously available made it the first of a new wave of thin performance laptops. Over the years, Apple has removed the claim of being "the world's thinnest notebook" from their marketing materials as other, similarly thin laptops have come to market.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On October 20, 2010, Apple released a redesigned 13.3-inch model with a tapered enclosure, higher screen resolution, improved battery, a second USB port, stereo speakers, and standard solid state storage. An 11.6-inch model was introduced, offering reduced cost, weight, battery life, and performance relative to the 13.3-inch model, but better performance than typical netbooks of the time. Both 11-inch and 13-inch models had an analog audio output/headphone minijack supporting Apple earbuds with a microphone. The 13-inch model received a SDXC-capable SD Card slot.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On July 20, 2011, Apple released updated models, which also became Apple's entry-level notebooks due to lowered prices and the discontinuation of the white MacBook around the same time. The Mid 2011 models were upgraded with Sandy Bridge dual-core Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, Intel HD Graphics 3000, backlit keyboards, Thunderbolt, and Bluetooth was upgraded to v4.0. Maximum storage options were increased up to 256 GB. These models use a less expensive "Eagle Ridge" Thunderbolt controller that provides two Thunderbolt channels (2 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional), compared to the MacBook Pro which uses a "Light Ridge" controller that provides four Thunderbolt channels (4 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional). This revision also replaced the Expose (F3) key with a Mission Control key, and the Dashboard (F4) key with a Launchpad key.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On June 11, 2012, Apple updated the line with Intel Ivy Bridge dual-core Core i5 and i7 processors, HD Graphics 4000, faster memory and flash storage speeds, USB 3.0, an upgraded 720p FaceTime camera, and a thinner MagSafe 2 charging port. It was the first MacBook Air model to support 9 macOS versions, Mac OS X Lion 10.7 through macOS Catalina 10.15.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On June 10, 2013, Apple updated the line with Haswell processors, Intel HD Graphics 5000, and 802.11ac Wi-Fi. The standard memory was upgraded to 4 GB, with a maximum configuration of 8 GB. Storage started at 128 GB SSD, with options for 256 GB and 512 GB. The Haswell considerably improved battery life from the previous generation, and the models are capable of 9 hours on the 11-inch model and 12 hours on the 13-inch model; a team of reviewers exceeded expected battery life ratings during their test. The Mid 2013 model is second MacBook Air that supported 9 macOS versions, OS X Mountain Lion 10.8 through macOS Big Sur 11.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: In March 2015, the models were refreshed with Broadwell processors, Intel HD Graphics 6000, Thunderbolt 2, and faster storage and memory. In 2017, the 13-inch model received a processor speed increase from 1.6 GHz to 1.8 GHz and the 11-inch model was discontinued. The 2017 model remained available for sale after Apple launched the next generation in 2018. It was discontinued in July 2019. Before its discontinuation it was Apple's last notebook with USB Type-A ports, MagSafe (until it was reintroduced in 2021), a non-Retina display, a backlit rear Apple logo, and the startup chime (until the introduction of macOS Big Sur in 2020).


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Although MacBook Air components are officially non-user-replaceable, third parties do sell upgrade kits for the SSDs. The flash memory and battery are enclosed in the casing, and the RAM is soldered onto the motherboard. The flash memory is difficult to access and has a 128 MB cache and a mSATA connection (updated to a proprietary PCIe interface) to the motherboard.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Due to a more mature manufacturing process, the CPUs in the second-generation MacBook Air performs better under load, as the first generation chips ran hotter—the processor needed to be throttled to avoid overheating and this further degraded performance.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On October 17, 2013, Apple announced a replacement program for the 64 GB and 128 GB MacBook Air flash storage drives installed in Air systems purchased between June 2012 and June 2013.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Although the 11-inch Air is only 0.6 pounds lighter than the 13-inch Air, the biggest difference is the footprint which gives each model a distinct category; the 13-inch Air is much closer in size to most other conventional laptops, while the 11-inch Air is almost small enough to fit in a space that can hold an iPad.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The 11-inch MacBook Air carried the desirable essential attributes of a netbook, but without the drawbacks of a slower processor and less capable operating system, albeit at a higher price. At the low end, Apple introduced the iPad—a different form factor than the netbook, but with improved computing capabilities and lower production cost. Both of these led to a decline in netbook sales, and most PC manufacturers have consequently discontinued their netbook lines in response. Capitalizing on the success of the MacBook Air, Intel promoted ultrabooks as a new high-mobility standard, which has been hailed by some analysts as succeeding where netbooks failed.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Intel developed a set of specifications for the ultrabook, a higher-end type of subnotebook produced by various PC manufacturers and usually running Windows. Competing directly with the Air, ultrabooks are intended to reduce size and weight, and extend battery life without compromising performance.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. Apple had previously dominated the premium PC market, in 2009 having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000, according to NPD, and ultrabooks were an attempt by other PC manufacturers to move in on Apple's turf. While Apple's MacBook lines were not immune to this consumer trend towards mobile devices, they still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which were the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total ultrabooks, despite there being dozens of ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the Macbook Air. Forrester Research analyst Frank Gillett attributes Apple's increased success in the enterprise market to the 2010 MacBook Air and the iPad.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: While several ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the MacBook Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around ultrabook in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction".


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Microsoft's Surface Pro 2 has a similar size and price to the 11-inch MacBook Air; Apple CEO Tim Cook has criticized the Surface Pro and other ultrabook hybrids running the touch-based Windows 8, that attempt to combine PC and tablet functionality in one device, saying that such devices were confusing like trying to "combine a fridge and a toaster".


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: When released in October 2010, the 13-inch model's screen resolution was higher than the average 1366×768 screens of similar sized laptops. However, by 2013, with many premium ultrabooks having high resolution screens (1080p or greater) as standard or upgrades, the MacBook Air was increasingly criticized for sticking with a low-resolution screen. Many in the tech community had expected Apple to release a MacBook Air with Retina Display by the summer of 2013, similar to the MacBook Pro Retina which came out in 2012. The October 2013 refresh of the 13-inch MacBook Pro Retina, with a slimmer chassis and a lower price point, was mentioned as a potential MacBook Air alternative as the battery life is not much shorter while not being considerably bulkier. Apple released an entry-level version of the 13-inch MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016, which was specifically targeted towards MacBook Air users. A Retina MacBook Air was released in late 2018.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The 11.6-inch MacBook Air, introduced in October 2010, is only slightly larger and heavier (when closed) than the iPad 2. The 11.6-inch Air has been regarded as thin and light compared to other ultraportables, such as the Sony VAIO Z and the 11-inch Samsung Series 9.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: As of 2013, several ultrabooks such as the Sony VAIO Pro have managed smaller dimensions than the MacBook Air by using carbon fiber construction.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: On October 30, 2018, Apple released the third generation MacBook Air, with Amber Lake processors, a 13.3-inch Retina display with a resolution of 2560×1600 pixels, Touch ID, a Force Touch trackpad, and two combination USB-C 3.1 gen 2/Thunderbolt 3 ports plus one audio jack. The screen displays 48% more color and the bezels are 50% narrower than the previous generation, and occupies 17% less volume. Thickness is reduced to 15.6mm and weight to 1.25 kg (2.75 pounds). It is available in three finishes, silver, space gray, and gold. Unlike the previous generation, this model cannot be configured with an Intel Core i7 processor, possibly because Intel never released the i7-8510Y CPU that would have been used.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The base 2018 model comes with 8 GB of 2133 MHz LPDDR3 RAM, 128 GB SSD, Intel Core i5 processor (1.6 GHz base clock, with Turbo up to 3.6 GHz) and Intel UHD Graphics 617.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Apple released updated models in July 2019 with True Tone display technology using the same components as the Mid 2019 MacBook Pro. A test found that the 256 GB SSD in the 2019 model has a 35% lower read speed than the 256 GB SSD in the 2018 model, though the write speed is slightly faster.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Updated models were released in March 2020 with Ice Lake processors, updated graphics, support for 6K output to run the Pro Display XDR, and replaced the butterfly keyboard with a Magic Keyboard design similar to that found in the 2019 16-inch MacBook Pro.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The third generation MacBook Air follows the design of the previous generation with a tapered aluminum enclosure, but takes some design elements from the Retina MacBook and MacBook Pro, such as a flush display with black bezels and a glossy opaque Apple logo on the rear, and an edge-to-edge trackpad.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: Apple repair expert Louis Rossmann has criticised the third generation MacBook Air's hardware layout, noting that the fan's position makes it sub-optimal for cooling and can lead to overheating-related issues.


title: MacBook Air (Intel-based)

text: The patch for the current release of macOS, Big Sur, will work with Wi-Fi on unsupported MacBook Airs from late 2008 and later. Likewise, the patch for macOS Monterey, the next major release, will also support the Late 2008 MacBook Air and later. Graphics acceleration only works on MacBook Airs released in 2012 and later, which have Metal-capable GPUs. As of 2022, the mid-2012 and mid-2013 MacBook Air are the only models officially supported by Apple with 9 versions of the Mac operating system.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: Tyrick Kwon Mitchell (born 1 September 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back for club Crystal Palace and the England national team.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: Mitchell is a product of the Brentford and Crystal Palace academies. He made his first-team debut for the latter in July 2020, becoming a regular in the team over the following season.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: Mitchell was born in Brent, London and raised nearby in Harrow, attending Hatch End High School. He began playing for grassroots team Pinner Albion and trialled with Watford aged nine. His father spent the majority of his childhood in prison and his mother was reliant on benefits to support their family, meaning Mitchell struggled with attendance. He subsequently joined AFC Wembley where coach Abdi Farah became his mentor and, later, his agent. Mitchell described Farah as a "role model" who would take him to and from training sessions. He eventually impressed Brentford scouts in a friendly match against the academy side.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: In 2012, Mitchell joined the Brentford Academy. He was part of the under-15 team that won the Junior Globe at the 2014 Milk Cup and later offered a scholarship with the Championship club. However, the academy was shut down due to financial decisions in May 2016 and Mitchell pursued alternative options. He had a preference to remain in London to support his family.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: In July 2016, Mitchell joined Premier League club Crystal Palace. After a season with the development squad, he was awarded a two-year scholarship and featured for both the under-18 and under-23 Professional Development League winning teams. In 2018, he became a regular starter for the under-23s and was rewarded with a new contract in January 2019.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: In 2019, Mitchell joined the first team on their pre-season tour and sustained a thigh injury that kept him out for five months. He returned to the first team squad as an unused substitute in a 1–1 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion on 16 December. Further issues with the injury meant he was named as an unused substitute just once more before the 2019–20 season was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: After the league's resumption in June 2020, Mitchell was named in all nine matchday squads. On 4 July, he made his professional debut as a late substitute for Patrick van Aanholt in a 3–0 defeat to Leicester City. He made his home debut with another appearance from the bench in a 2–0 defeat to Manchester United on 16 July, and started in the final two league fixtures against Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: Mitchell became a regular inclusion in first team manager Roy Hodgson's matchday squads during the 2020–21 season, enjoying three runs in the team as the starting left-back. He started in the first six league matches before suffering an injury, and featured another seven times between December and February. In April 2021, Mitchell signed a new four-year contract after attracting interest from Arsenal. He returned to the starting left-back role in May for the final six games of the season. On 16 May, he scored his first goal and recorded his first assist in a 3–2 victory against Aston Villa.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: Born in England, Mitchell is of Jamaican descent and has expressed an interest in representing the Jamaica national team. He received his first senior England call up on 21 March 2022, following withdrawals by Trent Alexander-Arnold and Reece James.


title: Tyrick Mitchell

text: He made his senior debut under manager Gareth Southgate in a 2–1 win over Switzerland on 26 March 2022, as a 61st-minute like-for-like substitute for Luke Shaw.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel Greene is a fictional character in "The Walking Dead" whose role is depicted in the comic book, television series as portrayed by Scott Wilson and the game series. He is the widowed owner of a farm in Georgia and has previous experience in the veterinary fields. A devout Christian, with uncompromising morals and a stubborn attitude, Hershel remains fiercely protective of his large family, despite his many losses. In both the comics and television series, he is initially introduced saving the life of Carl Grimes, the son of Rick Grimes, after Carl is shot by one of Hershel's neighbors, Otis, and becomes the moral center of the group.


title: Hershel Greene

text: In the comic book series, Hershel is a farmer who initially exhibits a cold and cantankerous demeanor, before opening up to Rick Grimes and his fellow survivors, proving to be a gentle man at heart. He becomes a deeply religious man after the loss of his wife. He spreads hope and reassurance to his fellow survivors, in particular, his second-born daughter, Maggie Greene and his youngest son, Billy Greene.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Similarly in the television series, Hershel begins as a veterinarian and farmer, and soon advises Rick Grimes and proves himself to be a skilled diplomat, often coercing his fellow survivors to make the right choices suited for them. He deeply cares for and tends to his surviving daughters, Maggie and Beth Greene. In both mediums, he initially disapproves of Maggie's relationship with Glenn, but over time Hershel comes to accept him and Glenn comes to view Hershel as a father figure. Hershel even gives Glenn his treasured pocket watch as he offers Glenn his blessing to marry Maggie. Unlike the comic book series, Hershel takes on a much more prominent role, as well as having a significantly smaller family (which includes seven children in the comics). His family originates from Ireland in both mediums.


title: Hershel Greene

text: The character of Hershel Greene and Scott Wilson's portrayal has garnered favorable reviews from critics and fans alike. Wilson died on October 6, 2018, due to complications from leukemia.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel is displayed as a middle-aged man of Irish descent who grew up on his family's farm where he developed a love for animals. As an adult, he held a veterinary business with his wife, which ended up collapsing once she died. Distraught over the loss and unable to do much (while at the same time forcing himself to develop a more religious point of view), he chose to fulfill his father's dying wish by moving himself and his seven children back to the farm and tending to the livestock, as well as being able to return to the old and simplistic form of life that he missed while he was living in the city. He struggled with the family finances, especially when it came to the expenses from college for some of his older children. Hershel was sheltered from the reality of the outside world when the apocalypse began and confused about what exactly was happening; when his son Shawn was bitten, Hershel was unable to handle the thought of killing him and desperately clung to the belief that zombies were merely sick humans who could return to normal with a cure. He resorted to locking them up inside his barn whenever they wandered onto the property.


title: Hershel Greene

text: When the Atlanta band takes refuge at the farm after one of their own, Carl, is shot, he welcomes them with open arms. However, he gradually grows frustrated with them; this comes to a head when the barn bursts open and the zombies kill two of his children. He is distraught over their deaths and blames the survivors for what happened. After he discovers his daughter, Maggie, sleeping with Glenn, and sees that the other members of the group refuse to leave, he puts a gun to Rick's head and thus forces them out (though afterwards, he is ashamed and scared of the fact that he was on the verge of taking an innocent life).


title: Hershel Greene

text: As the farm becomes increasingly unsafe, he and the rest of his people make the decision to join the Atlanta band at a safe and secure semi-abandoned prison where they next take shelter.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel gradually makes amends with his fellow survivors and accepts Maggie's relationship with Glenn. His medical experience as well as his farm-work knowledge come in handy for the survivors several times. His two youngest daughters die at the hands of a deranged prisoner, adding to his family's death toll. Now more than ever, he only lives for the protection and survival of his two remaining children. After marrying Maggie and Glenn, and knowing Glenn will take care of her for as long as he lives, he sees closure with that child and narrows his focus down to his youngest son Billy. He engages fiercely in the battle against the Governor and the Woodbury citizens but ultimately gives up on life after his son Billy is killed while they are fleeing the prison.


title: Hershel Greene

text: In his last moments, he turned down the chance to escape with Rick and the others and remained hovering over his dead son's body until he caught the attention of the Governor. His tearful last words were, "Dear God, please kill me", before being shot in the head by the Governor.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel was described as being raised by an abusive, alcoholic father, which resulted in him running away from the farmhouse at 15 years old and later not being at his father's deathbed. During his time away from the area, he became a veterinarian. At some point, he married a woman named Josephine, and settled back on the farm. Within the first few years of their marriage, he descended into alcoholism; however, he managed to give up the habit once Maggie was born. When Maggie was older, Josephine died, and Hershel eventually married another woman named Annette (who had a son of her own from a previous marriage named Shawn) and had a daughter with her whom they named Beth. At some point during Maggie's childhood he employed Otis and Patrica as farmhands. Sometime after the apocalypse began, he lost Annette and Shawn to the hordes of zombies. He and the rest of his group remained unaware of the reality of the outside world and strongly believed that there could be a cure. As a result of this mistaken belief, Hershel kept a large group of walkers, mostly family and friends, locked in a nearby barn. Hershel subsequently barricaded his family and surviving friends, consisting of Maggie, Beth, Otis, Patrica and Beth's boyfriend Jimmy within the house.