title: Sorsogon

text: On the 1935 Philippine Constitutional convention, Sorsogon had its own delegates. They were Adolfo Grafilo, Francisco Arellano, José S. Reyes, and Mario Gaurino.


title: Sorsogon

text: Sorsogon covers a total area of occupying the southeastern tip of the Bicol Peninsula in Luzon. The province is bordered on the north by Albay, east by the Philippine Sea, south by the San Bernardino Strait, and west and northwest by the Ticao and Burias Passes. The Sorsogon Bay lies within the central portion of the province.


title: Sorsogon

text: The province has an irregular topography. Except for landlocked Irosin, all the towns lie along the coast. They are all connected by concrete and asphalt roads. Mountain's sprawl over the northeast, southeast and west portions. Mount Bulusan, the tallest peak, rises above sea level.


title: Sorsogon

text: Except for its overland link with the province of Albay to the north, it is completely surrounded by water. Sorsogon is the gateway of Luzon to the Visayas and Mindanao through its Roll-on/Roll-off ferry terminal facilities located in the municipalities of Matnog, Pilar and Bulan.


title: Sorsogon

text: Sorsogon belongs to Type 2 climate based on the Climate Map of the Philippines by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Being a Type 2, Sorsogon has No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from November to January.


title: Sorsogon

text: The most notable typhoon is in 1987, when Sorsogon was devastated by Super Typhoon Nina named "Sisang". It was a major disaster in the Province of Sorsogon. Damages in properties cost millions of pesos and killing 200 people. It is said that Sisang is the strongest typhoon that hit the province, especially its capital, Sorsogon City. According to PAGASA, Typhoon Nina ravaged with a wind of and a gustiness of . Thousands of houses plus business establishments were destroyed by the said natural calamity. Typhoon Sisang hit the Sorsogon soil at around 7:00 pm and it last until dawn of the next day. It also caused massive storm surges particularly around the Sorsogon Bay area which contributed to the many fatalities during the battering of the typhoon.


title: Sorsogon

text: Typhoon Xangsane ("Milenyo") also battered the province in September 2006 with torrential rains and strong winds. It caused massive flooding and caused infrastructure and agricultural damages. Damages to the entire province was initially placed at 2.23 billion, of which 1.27 billion was accounted for by damaged houses. Agriculture suffered damage worth 234.21 million; school facilities, 51 million and infrastructure, 208 million.


title: Sorsogon

text: The top 5 towns with the greatest number of populations is Sorsogon City (168,110), Bulan (100,076), Pilar (74,564), Gubat (59,534), and Castilla (57,827). The least populated municipality since the 2000 census is Santa Magdalena.


title: Sorsogon

text: Of the 704,024-household population in 2007, males accounted for 51.1% and while females comprised 48.9%.


title: Sorsogon

text: The voting-age population of the province was 369,204 in 2007, equivalent to 52.1 percent of the household population.


title: Sorsogon

text: The Bicolano language is predominantly used in Sorsogon as the language used by its people. Despite this, "Bicolano" itself, as used in the province, has many peculiarities. What is known as ""Bikol Naga"" is generally used in written communications and generally understood there as a spoken language. However, the people who live in the southernmost parts of Sorsogon like Gubat speak the Waray language. In either case, English and Filipino are the official languages used in education and government communication.


title: Sorsogon

text: The Bikol languages are peculiar in some localities. For example, people in Bacon, Prieto Diaz and Magallanes speak the "Albay Bikol" variant. In Sorsogon City, Casiguran and Juban, Bicolano is different for some terms being used there, which have similarity to the Hiligaynon language (the language spoken in Western Visayas and southwestern Masbate).


title: Sorsogon

text: In Barcelona, Gubat, Bulusan, Matnog, Irosin and Santa Magdalena, a dialect is spoken in which terms and tones are similar to the Waray language of Eastern Visayas (particularly in Northern Samar) called Waray Sorsogon language. The people of Pilar and Donsol speak a dialect which is similar, but not exactly, to the ""Miraya Bicol"" or the dialect spoken by the nearby towns of Camalig and Daraga in Albay province. The "Castilla" dialect, although distinct, has a similarity to that which is spoken in Daraga.


title: Sorsogon

text: In 2010, UNESCO released its 3rd world volume of Endangered Languages in the World, where 3 critically endangered languages were in the Philippines. One of these languages in the "Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta)" language which has an estimated speaker of 150 people in the year 2000. The language was classified as "Critically Endangered", meaning the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently and hardly pass the language to their children and grandchildren anymore. If the remaining 150 people do not pass their native language to the next generation of Sorsogon Ayta people, their indigenous language will be extinct within a period of 1 to 2 decades.


title: Sorsogon

text: The Sorsogon Ayta people live only on the municipality of Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon. They are one of the original Negrito settlers in the entire Philippines. They belong to the Aeta people classification but have distinct language and belief systems unique to their own culture and heritage.


title: Sorsogon

text: Sorsogon is predominantly a Catholic province. Spanish "conquistadores" gave Sorsogon its first encounter with Christianity. This was in the year 1569 when Fray Alonzo Jimenez, OSA, chaplain of the expedition under Luis Enriquez de Guzman celebrated the first Mass upon landing on the coast of sitio Gibal-ong (or Gibalon), barangay Siuton, in the town of Magallanes. Christianity, however, was formally established in Sorsogon with the planting of the Cross on the shores of Casiguran town in 1600 by the Franciscan Friars. This was a prelude to the erection of the first church building dedicated to the Holy Rosary, still revered at present as the Patroness of Casiguran. From there, the Franciscan missionaries devotedly spread the faith to the other towns in Bacon (1617), Bulusan (1630) and Donsol (1668). The other twelve towns followed suit in the course of time. In the original geographic division, the province of Sorsogon formed part of Albay province. It seceded as a separate province on Oct. 17, 1984. Catholicism is followed by 93% of the population of Sorsogon.


title: Sorsogon

text: The Diocese of Sorsogon was originally part of the Archdiocese of Nueva Caceres. When it was made a separate diocese on June 29, 1951, it included the territory of Masbate. When the Diocese of Nueva Caceres was elevated into an archdiocese in the same year, Legazpi and Sorsogon were made suffragan dioceses of Nueva Caceres. On March 23, 1968, Masbate was made into a separate diocese. At present the Diocese of Sorsogon covers simply the civil province of Sorsogon and the City of Sorsogon with the Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Sorsogon City as its seat.


title: Sorsogon

text: Prior to colonization, the region had a complex religious system which involved various deities. These deities include: Gugurang, the supreme god who dwells inside of Mount Mayon where he guards and protects the sacred fire in which an Aswang (local version of witches and monsters) and, his brother was trying to steal. Whenever people disobey his orders, wishes and commit numerous sins, he would cause Mount Mayon to burst lava as a sign of warning for people to mend their crooked ways. Ancient Bikolanos had a rite performed for him called Atang.; Asuang, the evil god who always tries to steal the sacred fire of Mount Mayon from his brother, Gugurang. Addressed sometimes as Aswang, he dwells mainly inside Mount Malinao. As an evil god, he would cause the people to suffer misfortunes and commit sins. Enemy of Gugurang and a friend of Bulan the god of the moon; Haliya, the masked goddess of the moonlight and the archenemy of Bakunawa and protector of Bulan. Her cult is composed primarily of women. There is also a ritual dance named after her as it is performed to be a countermeasure against Bakunawa.; "Bulan", the god of the pale moon, he is depicted as a pubescent boy with uncommon comeliness that made savage beast and the vicious mermaids (Magindara) tame. He has deep affection towards Magindang, but plays with him by running away so that Magindang would never catch him. The reason for this is because he is shy to the man that he loves. If Magindang manages to catch Bulan, Haliya always comes to free him from Magindang's grip; "Magindang", the god of the sea and all its creatures. He has deep affection to the lunar god Bulan and pursues him despite never catching him. Due to this, the Bicolanos reasoned that it is to why the waves rise to reach the moon when seen from the distant horizon. Whenever he does catch up to Bulan, Haliya comes to rescue Bulan and free him immediately; "Okot", god of forest and hunting; and "Bakunawa", a gigantic sea serpent deity who is often considered as the cause of eclipses, the devourer of the sun and the moon, and an adversary of Haliya as Bakunawa's main aim is to swallow Bulan, who Haliya swore to protect for all of eternity.


title: Sorsogon

text: The province's economic activity is highly concentrated in its capital city, Sorsogon City, and the towns of Bulan, Irosin, Gubat, Pilar and Matnog as well. Sorsogon Province is classified as 2nd class with an average annual income of ₱339.4M (C.Ys. 2000–2003). This is about ₱11M short for the province to attain 1st class reclassification which requires at least ₱350M average annual income.


title: Sorsogon

text: The province had a great contribution on the 97-percent growth in investments for the first quarter of 2008 and increasing tourism arrivals that buoyed the Bicol Region economy, despite the damage brought about by incessant rains and a rice shortage. This is according to the "Quarterly Regional Economic Situationer" (QRES) released by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Regional Office in Bicol "(NRO 5)".


title: Sorsogon

text: Among the provinces, Sorsogon posted the highest growth (293% respectively) in investments from the previous year. Next to Sorsogon is Catanduanes that posted a growth of 280%. Albay contributed 39 percent to the region's investments and posted a growth of 221% from the preceding quarter.


title: Sorsogon

text: “For the third time, Bicol Region hosted the kick-off of Asia's premier extreme sailing event, the "Philippine Hobie Challenge" last February 16 at Gubat, Sorsogon. This 260-mile journey from "Gubat-Sambuyan-Bacsal-Marambut-Suluan" to Siargao enticed both local and foreign water sports enthusiasts. It opened the opportunity for the municipality of Gubat to showcase the town's best,” the QRES stated.


title: Sorsogon

text: Ranked from main sources of income, 40% of families in the province derived incomes from entrepreneurial activities, 33% from salaries and wages, and 27% from income from other sources such as rental incomes, interests, and overseas Filipino remittances.


title: Sorsogon

text: The Pan-Philippine Highway (N1/AH26), is the highway backbone network, and the secondary and tertiary roads interconnect most cities and municipalities in Pilar, Castilla, Sorsogon City, Casiguran, Juban, Irosin before ending at Matnog at the ferry terminal.


title: Sorsogon

text: In order to spur development in the province, The Toll Regulatory Board declared Toll Road 5 the extension of South Luzon Expressway. A 420-kilometer, four lane expressway starting from the terminal point of the now under construction SLEX Toll Road 4 at Barangay Mayao, Lucena City in Quezon to Matnog, Sorsogon, near the Matnog Ferry Terminal. On August 25, 2020, San Miguel Corporation announced that they will invest the project which will reduce travel time from Lucena to Matnog from 9 hours to 5.5 hours.


title: Sorsogon

text: Most of the inhabitants of the province belong to the ethnolinguistic Bicolano and Bisakol groups. Sorsogueños are religious, being mostly Roman Catholics, and are active in festivities celebrated throughout the year. Each town honors their Patron Saint with celebration on its Feast Day. In Sorsogon City, the locals celebrate the Fiesta of the Patron Saints Peter and Paul every June 28–29 annually. Another featured attraction during town fiestas are the traveling carnivals set up near the town center. In Gubat, the feast of Gubat is celebrated on June 13.


title: Sorsogon

text: Minorities include Muslim immigrants from Mindanao, who engage in street vending and small shop businesses. A mosque is situated inside Sitio Bolangan on the outskirts of the city. A significant small Chinese population are owners of hardware stores and commodity shops and dwell in the business center. Indian communities are also present and are Hindus. They are typically known to engage in money lending businesses—colloquially called "five-six".


title: Sorsogon

text: Sorsogon is subdivided into 2 Congressional Districts. The 1st Congressional District comprises the City of Sorsogon and towns of Pilar, Donsol, and Castilla. The Sorsogon Provincial Capitol is located in the City of Sorsogon.


title: Biohackers

text: Biohackers is a German techno-thriller television series created by Christian Ditter that premiered on Netflix on 20 August 2020. A week after its release, the series was renewed for a second season, which was released on 9 July 2021.


title: Biohackers

text: Mia Akerlund is a medical student at the University of Freiburg, where she meets Jasper, a talented biology student, and Niklas, his somewhat strange roommate. She is very interested in biohacking technology and becomes involved in the world of illegal genetic experimentation. Mia is also trying to investigate the cause of her brother's death. When she learns of breakthrough biohacking research results which have landed in the wrong hands, Mia has to decide whether to protect her friends or avenge her brother's death.


title: Biohackers

text: In addition to the original location at the University of Freiburg, the majority of the first season was filmed in studios in Munich. Principal photography began in May 2019 and wrapped up in September 2019.


title: Biohackers

text: The production was partially funded with at least €400,000 from the German Motion Picture Fund and the Bavarian media promotion company FilmFernsehFonds Bayern, which had also partly funded the Netflix series "Dark".


title: Biohackers

text: The first season's six episodes were originally scheduled to be released on 30 April 2020. However, Netflix decided to postpone the launch due to the public's focus on the spread of COVID-19, as some scenes from the show could be misconstrued as references to the pandemic. 20 August 2020 was selected as the new release date.


title: Biohackers

text: In a balanced review of the series, Elsa Sotiriadis of Singularity Hub writes, "...the unconventional pieces sometimes move smoothly together and sometimes clash, but the plot is glued together with lots of visually appealing synthetic biology experiments and bioluminescent matter of diverse natures." Additionally, she says, "...don't expect the show to offer deep scientific insights or riveting character arcs, because biohacking is only the backdrop of a revenge plot that feels somewhat rushed."


title: Biohackers

text: The journal "Science" published a positive review of the show, noting that it accurately presents laboratory scenes of complex molecular biology, though these are necessarily rushed. The review also considered the dialogue about gene therapies and antidotes to be consistent with how RNA interference therapies work. The show also addresses many concerns about genomic data and genetic engineering, and the motivating drive behind do-it-yourself biology.


title: John Murphy (composer)

text: John Murphy (born 4 March 1965) is a British film composer. He is a self-taught multi-instrumental musician who began his career in the 1980s, working with The Lotus Eaters, Thomas Lang, and Claudia Brücken. He has collaborated with directors Danny Boyle, Guy Ritchie, Michael Mann, Matthew Vaughn, Stephen Frears, and James Gunn. His awards include the Silver Award (1st Prize) at the Cannes Film Festival, a British D&AD Award, and a BMI Award.


title: John Murphy (composer)

text: Murphy gained recognition in the film industry while working with Guy Ritchie on his film "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels", Michael Mann's "Miami Vice", Matthew Vaughn's "Kick-Ass" and scoring various films by Danny Boyle. His instrumental tracks "In the House – In a Heartbeat" from "28 Days Later" and "Adagio in D Minor" from "Sunshine" have been featured in a variety of TV shows, commercials and film trailers.


title: John Murphy (composer)

text: Born in Liverpool, England, Murphy began composing music for films in the early 1990s and scored his first hit with "Leon the Pig Farmer". Together with former OMD member David Hughes, he worked on several successful British movies, enjoying particular success with the soundtrack to 1998's "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels".


title: John Murphy (composer)

text: Since 2000's "Snatch", Murphy has worked independently and has been based in Los Angeles. His successes include Danny Boyle's box-office success "28 Days Later" and its sequel "28 Weeks Later". He also collaborated with Underworld to score Danny Boyle's science fiction film "Sunshine". In 2006, Murphy composed the score for Michael Mann's "Miami Vice". In 2009, he composed the music for the 2009 remake of the 1972 film "The Last House on the Left", followed by 2010's "Kick-Ass", based on the comic book of the same name. Other excerpts from his scores have been released for advertising, in particular "In the House – In a Heartbeat" from "28 Days Later", and "Adagio in D minor" from "Sunshine".


title: John Murphy (composer)

text: In 2014, he released an album titled "Anonymous Rejected Filmscore" that had been, as the title suggests, composed for a film whose studio head had rejected for being too 'weird'. Murphy promised the director that he wouldn't name the film. The score was allowed to develop in directions unconstrained by the original film's narrative and the cover art is a photograph of Murphy's son, taken by his wife through her sunglasses.


title: John Murphy (composer)

text: In 2019 he scored "Les Miserables" for the BBC, and in 2020, he composed the score for James Gunn's "The Suicide Squad".


title: Global Television Network

text: The Global Television Network (more commonly called Global, or occasionally Global TV) is a Canadian English-language terrestrial television network. It is currently Canada's second most-watched private terrestrial television network after CTV, and has fifteen owned-and-operated stations throughout the country. Global is owned by Corus Entertainment — the media holdings of JR Shaw and other members of his family.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global has its origins in a regional television station of the same name, serving Southern Ontario, which launched in 1974. The Ontario station was soon purchased by the now-defunct CanWest Global Communications, and that company gradually expanded its national reach in the subsequent decades through both acquisitions and new station launches, building up a quasi-network of independent stations, known as the CanWest Global System, until the stations were unified under the Ontario station's branding in 1997.


title: Global Television Network

text: The network has its origins in NTV, a new network first proposed in 1966 by Hamilton media proprietor Ken Soble, the co-founder and owner of independent station CHCH-TV through his Niagara Television company. Financially backed by Power Corporation of Canada, Soble submitted a brief to the Board of Broadcast Governors in 1966 proposing a national satellite-fed network. Under the plan, Soble's company would launch Canada's first broadcast satellite, and would use it to relay the programming of CHCH to 96 new transmitters across Canada. Soble died in December of that year; his widow Frances took over as president of Niagara Television, while former CTV executive Michael Hind-Smith and Niagara Television vice-president Al Bruner handled the network application. Soble had originally formulated the plan after failing in a bid to acquire CTV.


title: Global Television Network

text: The original proposal was widely criticized on various grounds, including claims that it exceeded the board's concentration of media ownership limits and that it was overly ambitious and financially unsustainable. As well, it failed to include any plan for local news content on any of its individual stations beyond possibly the metropolitan Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver markets.


title: Global Television Network

text: By 1968, NTV put forward its first official license application, under which the original 96 transmitters would be supplemented by 43 more transmitters to distribute a separate French language service, along with provisions for the free distribution of CBC Television, Radio-Canada and a new noncommercial educational television service on the network's satellite. Transponder space would also be leased to CTV and Télé-Métropole, but as competing commercial services they would not have been granted the free distribution rights the plan offered to the public television services. However, after federal communications minister Paul Hellyer announced plans to move forward with the publicly owned Anik series of broadcast satellites through Telesat Canada instead of leaving the rollout of satellite technology in the hands of private corporations, Power Corporation backed out of the application and left NTV in limbo.


title: Global Television Network

text: Bruner was fired from Niagara Television in 1969, purportedly because his efforts to rescue the network application were leading him to neglect his other duties with the company's existing media operations. He then put together another investment team to form Global Communications, which carried the network application forward thereafter. By 1970, the Canadian Radio and Television Commission had put out a formal call for "third" stations in several major cities. Global Communications put forward a revised application under which the network would launch with transmitters only in Ontario, as an interim step toward the eventual buildout of the entire network originally envisioned by Soble. Because Niagara Television and CHCH were no longer involved in the proposal, the 1970 application also requested a license to launch a new station in Toronto as the chain's flagship.


title: Global Television Network

text: The network license was approved by the CRTC on July 21, 1972. The group was granted a six-transmitter network in Southern Ontario, stretching from Windsor to Ottawa. They had also sought a seventh transmitter in Maxville that could reach Montreal, but were turned down because of a CRTC moratorium on new stations in the Montreal market. The transmitters would all be fed from a central studio in Toronto. The group promised a high level of Canadian content and agreed not to accept local advertising.


title: Global Television Network

text: The station's initial plan was to broadcast only during prime time hours from 5 p.m. to midnight, while leasing daytime hours to the Ontario Educational Communications Authority to broadcast educational programming. However, the offer never came to fruition, with the OECA opting instead to expand the TVOntario network by launching its own transmitters.


title: Global Television Network

text: The new Global Television Network, with the callsign CKGN-TV (now CIII-DT), launched on January 6, 1974 from studios located at a former factory in the Don Mills neighbourhood in North York (now in Toronto) at 6 p.m. local time. Global remains based there today. Although the Ontario station has always been based in Toronto, its main transmitter was licensed to Paris, Ontario; halfway between Kitchener-Waterloo and Hamilton, transmitting on Channel 6, until 2009. Repeating transmitters were originally located near Windsor, Ontario on Channel 22; Sarnia, Channel 29, Uxbridge, Ontario on Channel 22 to serve the metro Toronto area; Bancroft, on Channel 2; and Hull, Quebec to cover the Ottawa area, on Channel 6.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global's original prime time schedule included Patrick Watson's documentary series "Witness to Yesterday", Pierre Berton's political debate show "The Great Debate", a Canadian edition of Bernard Braden's British consumer affairs newsmagazine "The Braden Beat", William Shatner's film talk show "Flick Flack", Sunday night Toronto Toros hockey games and a nightly variety series called "Everything Goes", as well as a few imported American series including "Chopper One", "Dirty Sally" and "Doc Elliot". In March, the station drew a formal complaint from MP James McGrath against its airing of the 1969 Western film "Heaven with a Gun", as the film featured scenes of violence which McGrath considered inappropriate.


title: Global Television Network

text: The station ran into a financial crisis within just three months. Due to the CRTC decision, it was forced to launch at midseason. Many companies had already allocated their advertising budgets for the season and had little money left to buy time on the newly minted network, and even some of the advertisers who had booked time on the network backed out in light of the 1973 oil crisis. In addition, the short-lived American adoption of year-round daylight saving time in January 1974, and the Ontario government's refusal to follow suit, had unexpectedly forced "Everything Goes", promoted as the network's flagship show, into airing directly opposite "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" and thus attracting disastrous ratings. As a result of the crisis, the station quickly lost access to its line of credit.


title: Global Television Network

text: Unable to meet daily expenses, Global initially approached potential bidders including Channel Seventynine, Denison Mines, Standard Broadcasting and the Jim Pattison Group, and was soon bailed out by IWC Communications, a syndicate which included Toronto businessman Paul Morton, broadcaster Allan Slaight and Izzy Asper, a Manitoba politician turned broadcaster. Asper's company, CanWest Capital, owned CKND-TV in Winnipeg, which was already carrying some of Global's programs under a syndication deal.


title: Global Television Network

text: A considerable number of programs featured on Global's schedule were cancelled in the spring of 1974. By that fall, it was obvious that Global's original model was unsustainable, and it was forced to pick up a large amount of American programming to fill in the gaps. With American imports filling as much of the schedule as Canadian content rules would allow (60% Canadian overall, 50% Canadian in prime time), Global had effectively become "another CTV." With the exception of the nightly newscasts, few other Canadian-produced programs remained on the station, and the ones that did exist were largely criticized as cheaply-produced filler. John Spalding, the station's original program director, quit in 1975 after being unable to convince the station's owners to invest more money into higher-quality production. To replace him the company recruited programmer Bill Stewart away from CKCO-TV, Kitchener. Stewart's savvy program purchases in the ensuing years were largely credited with keeping the network viable while its viewership grew. The company enhanced its senior talent pool in 1979 with the arrival of sales guru Dave Mintz, formerly of KVOS-TV, as the network's president, a post he held until his retirement in 1993, taking Global from the lowest-rated station in Toronto to the ratings leader along the way.


title: Global Television Network

text: Over several years, the prime late evening newscast shifted between 10 and 11 p.m., and between 30 and 60 minutes. CKGN changed its callsign to CIII-TV in 1984, deferring to its widespread CATV distribution on Cable 3.


title: Global Television Network

text: Asper bought controlling interest in 1985, making him the first western-based owner of a major Canadian broadcaster. In 1989, Asper and Morton tried to buy each other out, a struggle which was resolved in favour of Asper and Canwest.


title: Global Television Network

text: The network continued to be limited to its six-transmitter chain in Ontario for its first decade. However, soon after Asper bought controlling interest in Global, he seemed eager to grow his chain of stations into a third national network. He started by launching CFRE-DT in Regina and CFSK-DT in Saskatoon, and winning a legal battle for CKVU-DT in Vancouver during the second half of the 1980s. He also acquired the fledgling CIHF-DT in Halifax in the early 1990s. Canwest's stations now reached seven of Canada's ten provinces. The Canwest stations purchased many of their programs collectively, and consequently had similar – although not identical – broadcast schedules. They did not share common branding, however – although stations were sometimes indicated as being part of the "CanWest Global System" as a secondary brand, throughout the 1980s and early 1990s they each retained their own branding and continued to function as an ownership group of independent stations rather than as a fully unified network.


title: Global Television Network

text: In 1997, Canwest bought controlling interest in the CBC affiliate in Quebec City, CKMI-TV, from TVA, which retained a 49% interest until 2002. With the acquisition of CKMI, Canwest now had enough coverage of Canada that it seemed logical to rebrand its station group as a network. Accordingly, on August 18, 1997, Canwest scrubbed all local branding from its stations and rebranded them as the "Global Television Network," the brand previously used solely by the Ontario outlet. On the same day, CKMI disaffiliated from CBC, set up rebroadcasters in Montreal and Sherbrooke, and became the Quebec outlet of the newly minted network. It also built a new studio in Montreal and moved most of its operations there, though the license nominally remained in Quebec City until 2009. Canwest's purchase of CKMI extended Global's footprint to eight of Canada's 10 largest markets (though Ottawa and Montreal were only served by rebroadcasters).


title: Global Television Network

text: Even so, Global was still not a fully national network, as it did not have stations in Calgary and Edmonton. The CRTC turned down bids by Canwest for stations in those cities in the 1980s. As a result, Global continued its long-standing secondary affiliations in those cities on independent stations CICT-TV and CITV-TV, respectively. Similarly, Global lacked a full-time station in St. John's, where Global programming was carried by longtime CTV affiliate CJON-TV.


title: Global Television Network

text: In 2000, Canwest acquired the conventional television assets of Western International Communications (WIC). WIC's stations in Calgary, Edmonton and Lethbridge had been airing some Global programs since 1988, and those stations formally joined the network on September 4, 2000.


title: Global Television Network

text: The following fall, WIC's long-dominant Vancouver station CHAN-TV was brought into the fold after its existing affiliation agreement with CTV expired, setting off a massive realignment of television affiliations in southwestern British Columbia. Indeed, one main reason why Canwest bought WIC's television assets was because of CHAN's massive translator network, which covered 97% of British Columbia. Global's previous Vancouver station, CKVU-TV, as well as WIC-owned Montreal CTV affiliate CFCF-TV, were sold off. WIC's remaining stations were maintained as twinstick stations and were eventually integrated into a secondary system known as CH (rebranded as E! in 2007 in a partnership with the American channel of the same name), although financial pressures forced Canwest to sell or fold the E! stations in 2009.


title: Global Television Network

text: Full network service is still not available over-the-air in Newfoundland and Labrador. However, CJON, having disaffiliated from CTV in 2002, now clears the vast majority of Global programming in that province, most recently adding the network's national newscast in mid-2009. Any remaining programs there may be accessed on cable or satellite through Global stations from other markets (most commonly Edmonton's CITV), or through the network's website.


title: Global Television Network

text: Following Canwest's purchase of Southam Newspapers (later Canwest Publishing) and the "National Post" from Conrad Black in 2001, their media interests were merged under a policy of cross-promotion and synergy. Journalists from the "Post" and other Canwest papers made frequent appearances on Global's news programs, passengers on the now-defunct serial drama "Train 48" habitually read the "Post", and Global programs were promoted in Canwest newspapers. However, this practice has now been largely abandoned, particularly after Canwest's breakup in 2010.


title: Global Television Network

text: In late 2004, with CTV beginning to dominate the ratings, Canwest reorganized its Canadian operations and hired a number of new executives, all formerly of various U.S. media firms, leading to a major overhaul of Global announced in December 2005. The most obvious change was a new logo, replacing the "crescent" with a new "greater than" logo, with the Global wordmark in a new font, that was introduced on February 5, 2006 (coinciding with Global's broadcast of Super Bowl XL). New logos and graphics were designed for news and network promotions, and several newscasts received new timeslots and formats. The crescent, which had been used as a common design element in many Canwest logos, was subsequently removed from other properties owned or sponsored by the company over time.


title: Global Television Network

text: On April 10, 2008, the network announced that its Toronto and Vancouver stations would start broadcasting their over-the-air signals in those markets in high definition. CIII and CHAN officially started transmitting in HD on April 18, 2008. The network has also launched digital signals at its stations in Calgary (CICT-DT) and Edmonton (CITV-DT) as of July 2009.


title: Global Television Network

text: Following Canwest seeking creditor protection in late 2009, Shaw Communications acquired Canwest's broadcasting assets on October 27, 2010, and folded them into a new division, Shaw Media, of which Global is the flagship. Canwest's newspaper assets had been sold off earlier in the year as Postmedia Network.


title: Global Television Network

text: On April 1, 2016, as part of a corporate re-organization (marketed as being an acquisition), Shaw Media was subsumed by Shaw's sister company Corus Entertainment.


title: Global Television Network

text: In television listings such as "TV Guide", where space limitations usually require television networks to be referred to by a three-letter abbreviation, the abbreviations "GLO", "GLB" or "GTV" are commonly used, depending on the publication. None of these abbreviations has any standing as an official name for the network, however – the network's own shortform name for itself is always "Global".


title: Global Television Network

text: Global News is the news and current affairs division of the Global Television Network, which is based in Vancouver. National programs broadcast by the division include Global's flagship national newscast "Global National" and newsmagazine shows such as "16x9". The network also offers various amounts of local news programming on its eleven O&Os. Local news programming on most of Global's O&Os mirror the newscast schedules of many U.S. television stations; most Global-owned stations carry a morning newscast of three or four hours in length, a noon newscast, supper hour newscasts of between 30 and 90 minutes and a half-hour to hour-long late evening newscast. Global-owned stations in certain major markets also carry locally based public affairs programs under the "Focus" brand.


title: Global Television Network

text: In addition, Corus also operates several Global-branded news/talk radio stations across Canada under the "Global News Radio" moniker.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global does not have what can be called a main schedule, apart from news. Even before the WIC purchase, the Global stations had widely varying program lineups, and the WIC purchase only exacerbated the differences. For example, CHAN held the British Columbia rights to many shows that aired on CTV until 2001, except for "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Factors influencing the stations' programming include time zone differences, local programming, and ratings for non-Global shows.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global has built its business on profitable entertainment programming produced in the United States, and has long been criticized for not investing enough in Canadian content. Canadian programming carried on the network, such as a revival of 1960s American science fiction series "The Outer Limits", or the Chicago-set drama "Zoe Busiek: Wild Card", has often avoided Canadian themes, presumably to focus on sales to United States and international cable or syndication markets – although "Psi Factor" did include Canadian themes, including a "killer wheat" episode and episodes set in Northern Quebec and Halifax. Series initially intended for the U.S. and international market are sometimes called "industrial" productions and largely disappeared with the collapse of the international action hour market.


title: Global Television Network

text: From the late-1990s to the mid-2000s, Global aired somewhat more identifiably Canadian entertainment programming, including the long-running finance drama "Traders", the British-Canadian animated comedy "Bob and Margaret", the police procedural drama "Blue Murder", the nightly improvised drama "Train 48", the sitcom "The Jane Show" and the reality show "My Fabulous Gay Wedding". In 2003, Global signed comedian Mike Bullard, host of the nightly "Open Mike with Mike Bullard" on CTV and The Comedy Network, to a multi-year contract for a new nightly talk show on Global, but that series was cancelled after 60 episodes amid poor ratings.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global purchased the rights to produce a Canadian version of the popular entertainment magazine "Entertainment Tonight"; "ET Canada" launched on September 12, 2005. It also secured Canadian production rights to the American reality series "The Apprentice", but a Canadian version of the program never came to fruition.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global profits due to Canada's simultaneous substitution (or "simsub") regulations, which allow content owners to control programming rights for a particular show in Canada. When an American broadcast network is broadcasting the same show at the same time that Global is (such as the programs mentioned above), Canadian cable subscribers may only watch the Global Television broadcast, even when trying to view the American stations. This law gives them double exposure for their content and a larger share of advertising revenue, effectively blocking American border cities from access to the Canadian market. This was done to help give money to the networks to fund Canadian content development. Global is not the only Canadian broadcaster to use simsubs; nonetheless, some complaints, specific to Global, have arisen due to the following related practices:


title: Global Television Network

text: Global cross-promotes heavily with other Corus Entertainment properties in the markets where both services operate in parallel.


title: Global Television Network

text: On June 6, 2007, the Canadian actors' union ACTRA picketed Global's fall upfronts presentation to protest the lack of Canadian content on current television network schedules.


title: Global Television Network

text: In 1979, Global – then a regional network in Ontario – purchased the Toronto Blizzard soccer team and produced and aired coverage of the team's games in-house. The team was not a success on the field, in attendance or ratings, and Global sold the franchise in 1981 but continued to broadcast seven games a year until 1983.


title: Global Television Network

text: Aside from its brief experiment with soccer, the Global network has never had an in-house sports production division as do CBC, CTV/TSN, & Citytv/Sportsnet. Network sports broadcasts are either simulcast with American networks or outsourced to independent producers such as Molstar. During the 1987 and 1988 Stanley Cup playoffs, Global aired NHL games syndicated by Carling O'Keefe. Global was the longtime broadcaster of National Football League football games in Canada, an association that ended in 2007 when CTV outbid Global for the NFL broadcast package. The network continues to air various PGA Tour events.


title: Global Television Network

text: Beyond event coverage, many Global stations were well known for local late-night sports highlights shows, such as "Sportsline" in Ontario, "Sports Page" in Vancouver (later moved to former sister station CHEK-TV), "2&7 Sports at 11" in Calgary and "Sports Night" in Edmonton. Most of these programs were later unified under the "Global Sports" brand. However, due to declining audiences, by fall 2005 all but the Ontario program had been cancelled, although stations continued to cover sports in their local newscasts. Global Ontario's sports program was finally cancelled in January 2007; at that point, the station closed its sports department entirely, and for a time outsourced sports coverage to Sportsnet and The Score / Sportsnet 360.


title: Global Television Network

text: Some Global O&Os outside of Ontario (such as CHAN Vancouver and CITV Edmonton) continue to feature locally produced sports segments on their local newscasts. On the other hand, the sports segments aired during local newscasts on CIHF-DT in Saint John and CKMI-DT in Montreal are produced from CHAN's Vancouver studio, presented by that station's sports anchors.


title: Global Television Network

text: Until the discontinuation of Fox Sports World Canada, CKND-DT in Winnipeg also produced the "Fox Soccer Report", which was seen on the network and Fox Soccer in the United States. It was replaced in 2012 by the Sportsnet-produced "Fox Soccer News".


title: Global Television Network

text: In 2015, Global broadcast coverage of the Canada West conference's university football championship, including coverage of one semi-final game, and the Hardy Cup game the following week. The telecasts were produced through Shaw TV's "Canada West Football on Shaw" package.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global Video is an online internet television service offering programming that airs both on Global and many of Corus Entertainment's cable channels. The service is available both through traditional PC/Mac and iOS platforms.


title: Global Television Network

text: In October 2004, Global launched a 1080i high definition simulcast feed of its Toronto station CIII-TV called Global HD and started airing select American programs in HD; some Canadian series such as "Falcon Beach" eventually began to be included among its HD programs. At the time, the service was only available via digital cable. On April 18, 2008, Global officially launched a digital transmitter in Toronto, making the HD simulcast of CIII-TV available over-the-air. The network also launched an HD simulcast feed of its Vancouver station (CHAN-TV) on the same day.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner (included in most new television sets) on the following channels:


title: Global Television Network

text: The above noted transmitters were converted to digital by August 31, 2011, as part of Canada's over-the-air transition deadline in mandatory markets from analog to digital. As part of its purchase by Shaw Communications in 2011, Shaw committed to converting all of the network's over-the-air analog transmitters to digital by 2016.


title: Global Television Network

text: The Global network has long been much more decentralized than either CBC or CTV. For most programs, there is no "network" feed "per se", and in effect every commercial break is a station break. National advertising is certainly available, but such ads are seamlessly integrated into local ad blocks.


title: Global Television Network

text: In fact, it is not uncommon to see different lengths of commercial breaks from one station to the next even during identical programming. This occurs even though all Global stations have had their master control operations centralized in Calgary since fall 2006.


title: Global Television Network

text: From 2010 to 2016, with the exception of CIII-DT in Toronto, stations used sustained on-screen bugs using each station's full local brand as opposed to simply "Global". In September 2016, except for local newscasts, Global has updated its bug back to "Global" without an additional local station city below it.


title: Global Television Network

text: Several O&Os predate the first appearance of the Global banner in 1974. Specifically, CKMI, CICT, CHBC, CHEX, CISA and CKWS launched in the 1950s as CBC Television affiliates, while CHAN-TV launched in 1960 and soon became Vancouver's original CTV affiliate. All of these were eventually supplanted by network-owned stations or transmitters.


title: Global Television Network

text: Most of these stations serve their entire province or region through a network of relay stations as a part of the key station's licence, although some of their transmitters may air separate advertising targeted to their local community.


title: Global Television Network

text: Global previously maintained a secondary television system similar to CTV 2. CH was originally launched on February 12, 2001, by Canwest Global Communications after acquiring the Western International Communications properties in 2000. The system was launched in September of that year when the large network shuffle in Vancouver occurred, only to provide a secondary schedule parallel to Canwest's larger Global Television Network. It initially focused on airing programs from the U.S. broadcast networks that could not fit on Global's own schedule, to avail of simultaneous substitution opportunities. The system became "E!" in fall 2007, as a result of a deal with Comcast to carry programming from that company's U.S.-based E!: Entertainment Television, although it continued to air much the same American network series in primetime and the afternoon.


title: Global Television Network

text: The E! television system ceased operations on September 1, 2009, due to low ratings and corporate financial difficulties that eventually led to Canwest filing for bankruptcy protection and selling its properties to Shaw Media; the E! O&O stations experienced varied fates (CHCH Hamilton and CJNT Montreal were sold to Channel Zero, CHEK Victoria was sold to an employee-led group; CHBC Kelowna remained with Canwest and was converted into a Global O&O, and CHCA Red Deer ceased operations outright), while the Pattison Group stations affiliated with the Rogers Media-owned Citytv system. As E!, local news and other regional programming, as well as most local community sponsorships on the O&O stations, used local branding (using the callsign branding scheme common with Canadian stations not owned by a network or television system). This decision was at least partly made to avoid confusion with "E! News", but likely intended to ensure that local newscasts were not perceived as celebrity-oriented. E! in the U.S. later reached an agreement to bring the channel's brand and programming to Bell Media's Category 2 specialty channel Star! (which had a similar format to E! U.S. and had carried some of its programming prior to the 2007 rebranding of CH), rebranding it as a Canadian version of E! on November 29, 2010.


title: Global Television Network

text: Other Global-branded channels included the Global Reality Channel that was devoted to reality shows launched in 2010 and ceased operations in 2012, Prime, DejaView and Mystery TV, which the latter three channels formerly wore the previous Global logo.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: Andrew Cherng (; pronounced "Chur-ng"; born April 1948) is a Chinese-born American billionaire restaurateur. He is the founder and chairman of Panda Restaurant Group, based in Rosemead, California. He is the co-founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of Panda Express. The Cherngs invest out of their family office, the Cherng Family Trust.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: Cherng was born in April 1948 in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, Republic of China on the northern bank of the Yangtze River. His father was Ming-Tsai Cherng, a chef.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: He and his family moved to Taiwan after the Kuomintang was defeated on mainland China in the end of the Chinese Civil War, and in 1963, his family moved to Yokohama, Japan, where his father had taken a job as a chef.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In 1966, at age 18, he immigrated to the United States to study at an American university. He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1970 from Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas, and a master's degree in applied mathematics from the University of Missouri in 1972. At Baker he had met his future wife, Peggy Tsiang, born in Burma and raised in Hong Kong, who went on to earn a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Oregon State University in 1971 and a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Missouri.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In 1972, he moved to the Los Angeles area to help his cousin run a restaurant called Ting Ho. After a few months, he found a restaurant in Pasadena to take over.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In June 1973, along with his father Ming Tsai Cherng, they took over a restaurant and started a new Chinese restaurant called Panda Inn in Pasadena, California on Foothill Boulevard, using funds from the family and a Small Business Administration loan. It opened on June 8, 1973. The cuisine was more general Chinese than the Cantonese usually found in the area.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In 1983, Andrew Cherng opened the first Panda Express, a fast food restaurant, at the newly opened Glendale Galleria II mall in Glendale, California. He had been prompted to start the spin off by the developer of the mall who had eaten at Panda Inn and invited Cherng to take a place at the food court.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: The company had expanded to 100 restaurants by 1993, with the opening of an outlet at the University of California, Los Angeles.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: Cherng has stated a preference for keeping the company closely held. However, in 2006 he told "USA Today" if the company could get a valuation close to that of Chipotle Mexican Grill, he might reconsider his stance. However, in an interview with "The Seattle Times" newspaper in 2008, he said he would not be interested in making the company public, saying they did not need the money and citing concerns with the trouble and expense of dealing with shareholders.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: The Cherngs have since invested heavily in new restaurant concepts such as Just Salad, YakiYan, Ippudo, and Pieology.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In 2018, it was announced that the Cherng Family Trust purchased the former Mandarin Oriental hotel on the Las Vegas Strip and rebranded it as a Waldorf Astoria. The total acquisition price for the property was $214 million.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In February 2011, the Cherngs donated $2.5 million to support the Collins College of Hospitality Management at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In March 2017, the California Institute of Technology announced that they were changing the name of its medical engineering department to the Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering after receiving a $30 million gift from Andrew and Peggy Cherng. In the following month, the University of Missouri announced receiving a $1.5 million gift from the Cherngs which would benefit its Honors College.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: Andrew and Peggy, an engineer who was working for aircraft companies in the Los Angeles area, and who both first met in college, married in 1975. They have three daughters. Two of their daughters, Andrea and Nicole, work for the Panda company in its corporate headquarters in Rosemead. Their daughter Michelle is a primary/secondary school teacher.


title: Andrew Cherng

text: In 2015, it was reported that he and his wife had invested $15.2 million in a beachfront property and home in Honolulu. In 2018, the couple purchased a mansion in Henderson, Nevada.


title: CQD

text: CQD (transmitted in Morse code as ) is one of the first distress signals adopted for radio use. On 7 January 1904 the Marconi International Marine Communication Company issued "Circular 57", which specified that, for the company's installations, beginning 1 February 1904 "the call to be given by ships in distress or in any way requiring assistance shall be 'C Q D' ".


title: CQD

text: Land telegraphs had adopted the convention of using "CQ" ("""", from the French word "") to identify alert, or precautionary messages of interest to all stations along a telegraph line. CQ had then been adopted in maritime radiotelegraphy as a "general call" to any ship or land station.


title: CQD

text: In landline use there was no general emergency signal, so the Marconi company added a "D" ("distress") to CQ in order to create a distress call. Sending "D" was already used internationally to indicate an urgent message. Thus, "CQD" was understood by wireless operators to mean "All stations: Distress". Although used worldwide by Marconi operators, CQD was never adopted as an international standard, since it can easily be mistaken for a mere general call "CQ" when reception is poor.


title: CQD

text: At the first International Radiotelegraphic Convention, held in Berlin in 1906, Germany's "" distress signal of three-dots three-dashes three-dots () was adopted as the international Morse code distress signal.


title: CQD

text: This distress signal soon became known as "SOS" because it has the same dash-dot sequence as the letters S O S with the gaps between the letters removed, and in fact it is properly written , with an overbar, to distinguish it from the three individual letters. In contrast, CQD is transmitted as three distinct letters with a short gap between each, like regular text. The SOS distress code is also easier to hear as it is nine symbols long, while no other character or sign is longer than six symbols. Germany had first adopted this distress signal in regulations effective 1 April 1905.


title: CQD

text: From 1899 to 1908, nine documented rescues were made by the use of wireless. The earliest of these was a distress call from the "East Goodwin" lightship. However, for the earliest of these, there was no standardized distress signal. The first US ship to send a wireless distress call in 1905 simply sent HELP (in both International Morse and American Morse code).


title: CQD

text: On 7 December 1903, Ludwig Arnson was a wireless operator aboard the liner when she lost a propeller off the Irish coast. His call of CQD brought aid from a British cruiser. In 1944 Arnson received the Marconi Memorial Medal of Achievement in recognition of his sending the first wireless distress signal. By February 1904, the Marconi Wireless Company required all its operators to use CQD for a ship in distress or for requiring URGENT assistance. In the early morning of 23 January 1909, whilst sailing into New York from Liverpool, collided with the Italian liner SS "Florida" in fog off the Massachusetts island of Nantucket. Radio Operator Jack Binns sent the CQD distress signal by wireless transmission.


title: CQD

text: On 15 April 1912, radio operator Jack Phillips initially sent "CQD", which was still commonly used by British ships. Harold Bride, the junior radio operator, suggested using , saying half-jokingly that it might be his last chance to use the new code. Phillips thereafter began to alternate between the two. Although Bride survived, Phillips perished in the sinking.


title: Life of Agony

text: Life of Agony is an American alternative metal band from Brooklyn, New York City, formed in 1989 by singer Mina Caputo (then known as Keith Caputo), bassist Alan Robert and guitarist Joey Z. The band has released six studio albums to date, most notably their 1993 debut "River Runs Red", named by Rolling Stone as one of the Greatest Metal Albums of All Time.


title: Life of Agony

text: The band was formed in the summer of 1989 by singer Mina Caputo, bassist Alan Robert, and guitarist Joey Z. The group recorded a handful of demos produced by Josh Silver of Type O Negative, using a number of different drummers. LOA performed up and down the East Coast developing a loyal fan base and eventually signed to Roadrunner Records in 1993 to release their debut album "River Runs Red". Drummer Mike Palmeri exited the band shortly after signing to the label, so the group recruited Type O Negative drummer Sal Abruscato to take over the recording. The following year, Life of Agony continued to build a following, and toured with the likes of Carcass, Pro-Pain, God Lives Underwater, KMFDM, Korn, and more.


title: Life of Agony

text: Music videos and promotional singles would be released for the songs "This Time" and "Through and Through". The music video for "This Time" would be featured in an episode of "Beavis and Butt-Head", while both videos would find occasional airplay on "Headbangers Ball", which gave the band early exposure.


title: Life of Agony

text: "River Runs Red" was followed by the more emotional "Ugly" album in 1995. It was produced by Steve Thompson, who would become a Grammy winner in later years. The album peaked at No. 153 on the Billboard 200, the band's first appearance on a Billboard chart. "Lost At 22" and "Let's Pretend" were both released as singles, but did not chart.


title: Life of Agony

text: While touring in 1995 in support of their album, a fan died after falling from the stage while apparently trying to stage-dive. A security guard and, to a lesser extent, the band were implicated in a lawsuit which was eventually dropped with no charges filed. At subsequent concerts the band were mindful of the potential for fans to injure themselves, often trying to cool down the mosh pit between songs if things were rough. An example of this would be seen on the "River Runs Again" DVD, in which Caputo is heard saying "Everybody watch over each other out in the pit, we already lost a life." and "No lives lost, right?"


title: Life of Agony

text: Drummer Abruscato left Life of Agony after the accompanying tour. His successor was ex-Pro-Pain and ex-Crumbsuckers drummer Dan Richardson.


title: Life of Agony

text: Life of Agony released their third album "Soul Searching Sun" in September 1997. It marked a slight change of style for the band. The album charted at No. 157 on the Billboard 200, slightly lower than the band's previous effort; however, the lead single "Weeds" peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart, and lingered on the chart for over 3 months. The second single, "Tangerine", would peak at No. 37 on the same chart.


title: Life of Agony

text: Despite the growing success of "Weeds" and the band's mainstream attention, Caputo departed the band shortly after the release of "Soul Searching Sun" in September 1997. Caputo was struggling with internalised gender dysphoria and was becoming disillusioned with the masculine image of herself she was faking at the time. "What good is my success if I can't even enjoy my fucking soul and my body?' I wanted to come out then, but failed miserably and didn't have the courage or the knowhow. I didn't know what to do." Caputo decided to distance herself from the band completely; "It took me to quit the band because I wasn't being true to myself. I had to get away from my band, the label, everyone I worked with." At the time, the band did not understand Caputo's reasons for wanting to quit the band, with Alan Robert saying, "She just [told the band] she was in too much pain to continue."


title: Life of Agony

text: The band then toured with ex-Ugly Kid Joe singer Whitfield Crane, went back into the studio, and kicked Crane out of the band in the span of one year. They contemplated moving Robert to vocals and guitar and adding former Stuck Mojo bassist Corey Lowery, but decided they did not want to continue under the Life of Agony banner without Caputo; thus, they decided to split in 1999. Robert started Among Thieves with former members of Biohazard and the rest of the band started Stereomud with Erik Rogers on vocals, both not straying far from Life of Agony's style. A live CD with the band's unplugged performance at the Dutch Lowlands Festival from 1997 was released in 2000.


title: Life of Agony

text: On January 3 and 4, 2003, the original lineup reunited for two sold-out shows at New York's Irving Plaza. Both shows were recorded and released on CD/DVD later that same year. The reunion resulted in several more shows and appearances on European festivals, as well as the recording of 2005's "Broken Valley", the band's first new studio album since 1997 and their first on the Sony-owned Epic Records. The original album contained a controversial copy protection method that would later be seen in court. "Broken Valley" was a commercial disappointment for Epic despite reaching No. 147 on the Billboard 200, the band's highest position yet. The album's lead single, "Love to Let You Down", peaked at No. 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. At the end of 2005, the label and the band parted ways.


title: Life of Agony

text: Caputo later stated "That experience killed this band in a lot of ways. The label didn't understand who this band was and continually tried to mold us into something we weren't. Not to mention the illegal spyware they put on our album without our knowledge to try and prevent piracy, and the class-action lawsuit they lost because of it. The court forced them to pull all of our records off the shelf just three months after it was released! The whole thing was a nightmare. We didn't want to make new music for a long time after that."


title: Life of Agony

text: Life of Agony went on to tour with Megadeth, Dream Theater, and numerous other metal bands during 2005's Gigantour. Three years after their tour in 2005, Life of Agony released a CD/DVD set for "River Runs Red" with bonus tracks and videos from their early career. Caputo was featured on the 2007 track "What Have You Done" from the band Within Temptation. The song had been a minor hit all around the world.


title: Life of Agony

text: During a December 2010 appearance on MTV's "Headbangers Ball", Life of Agony announced they were writing new material. Abruscato stated in the interview that they were "Going to start with one song and see if there is a good enough spark to continue writing. This is something special for the fans for their patience."


title: Life of Agony

text: By the summer of 2011, the band attempted to write new material, only to feel it was being forced and not natural. In between, Abruscato created A Pale Horse Named Death, Joey Z. was still running his New York-based Method of Groove Studio, Caputo would focus on various solo projects, and Robert was working on his second comic for IDW and a film of his first comic called Wire Hangers.


title: Life of Agony

text: In a February 2012 interview, Abruscato confirmed that Life of Agony was disbanded. He explained "We're not gonna play [anymore]. We moved out of our studio. We all kind of feel like we're at the end. We're never gonna make another record, because of those kinds of problems I was talking about [earlier in the interview] – we can't agree on writing a song. And Mina Caputo (vocals) wants to pursue her lifestyle. And that's pretty much the reason why also I've moved on and I'm doing my own thing...to just keep going; I didn't want my career to stop with Life of Agony. Life of Agony doesn't tour, Life of Agony doesn't do much. And so we were at a point where it was like...we did the last three shows in July [2011] and then we moved out of our studio, and that's it. I don't foresee anything in the future; I highly doubt it. I don't know how that would happen."


title: Life of Agony

text: In a July 2012 interview with Revolver Magazine, Robert described his attitude towards the state of the band, and said "I actually don't think Mina's transition is the ultimate reason the band isn't active right now. We'd been doing a lot less touring over the last bunch of years, way before she announced her personal news. I can only speak for myself, but I can say that starting a family has definitely made me want to tour and travel a lot less in general. For that reason in particular, I'm much happier being home working on my comics and film projects. It fulfills my creative needs and allows me to live the life I want to at this stage."


title: Life of Agony

text: On March 22, 2014, Life of Agony confirmed on their official website that they were active again, and performed their first show since Caputo's gender confirmation at the Alcatraz Hard Rock & Metal Festival in Kortrijk, Belgium on August 8.


title: Life of Agony

text: On January 12, 2016, Life of Agony announced that they were signed to Napalm Records, and released "A Place Where There's No More Pain", their first studio album in 12 years, on April 28, 2017. In December of that same year, drummer Abruscato would leave the band for the second time, and was replaced by Veronica Bellino. While no official reason has been disclosed, Mina Caputo has accused Abruscato of transphobia and gaslighting as the reason he was kicked out, though he has disputed these claims.


title: Life of Agony

text: The band announced the release, in October 2019, of its sixth studio album "The Sound of Scars" on Napalm Records again, which was being billed as "Chapter Two" to their debut "River Runs Red". The concept album, hailed by Loudwire as one of the year's "Most Anticipated Hard Rock & Metal Albums" was produced and mixed by Grammy Award-winning producer Sylvia Massy and co-produced by the band's guitarist Joey Z, while engineer Howie Weinberg handled mastering duties.


title: Life of Agony

text: On August 9, 2019, the lead single "Scars" premiered on Billboard. "The Sound of Scars" would ultimately peak at No. 3 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums and No. 7 on Billboard's Independent Albums. The album received critical acclaim and was named Album of the Year by The Aquarian.


title: Life of Agony

text: A documentary film, also titled "The Sound of Scars", is set to be released by Cinedigm in association with Raven Banner Entertainment in 2022. The film is directed by Leigh Brooks and will include interviews with the band members and their families. The film will also include archival footage, photographs, lost interviews, and go over various points of the band's history, including Mina Caputo's gender transition. A portion of ticket sales from the film's Director's Cut Screening were donated to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and All Out.


title: Life of Agony

text: A documentary chronicling the relationships within the band, titled "The Sound of Scars", is set to be released by Cinedigm in association with Raven Banner Entertainment in March 2022. The film was featured by The British Film Institute's BFI Flare Festival.


title: Life of Agony

text: As of December 2022, Life of Agony has begun working on new material for the follow-up to "The Sound of Scars". The band will also celebrate the 30th anniversary of their first album "River Runs Red" in 2023 with a world tour.


title: Life of Agony

text: Life of Agony has mostly been described as alternative metal, but also as grunge, hard rock and heavy metal, and has incorporated elements of hardcore punk into its sound. "Rivers Run Red" was an alternative metal album with influences from grunge and New York hardcore. Starting with "Soul Searching Sun", the band moved to an alternative rock-oriented style.


title: Life of Agony

text: According to the group members themselves, they were influenced by bands such as Radiohead, Metallica, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Social Distortion.


title: Life of Agony

text: Robert wrote the majority of the music and lyrics and Caputo wrote select ballads, mostly about her parents and homelife, particularly her mother.


title: Life of Agony

text: Perhaps the most striking difference between the "River Runs Red" and "Ugly" albums of the mid-90s and 2005's "Broken Valley" is the change in Caputo's vocal style, which gradually changed from a Danzig-esque baritone to a lighter, more conventional rock style later in the band's career.


title: Life of Agony

text: The band continues to perform and make music together as well as pursuing individual projects. Caputo recorded several solo records with European musicians and has toured overseas to support those albums.


title: Life of Agony

text: Robert, Life of Agony's primary songwriter, started Spoiler NYC in 2006. The group recorded an album called "Grease Fire in Hell's Kitchen" and filmed videos for the singles "Suicide Hotel" and "Ruined". Many reviewers praised the old-school approach to their street punk sound. He later established himself as a horror comics author and illustrator, releasing several critically acclaimed series for IDW Publishing. His creator-owned titles include "Wire Hangers", "Crawl to Me" and "Killogy". His horror-themed adult coloring book series "The Beauty of Horror" has a worldwide following and the title is currently being developed into an animated television series.


title: Life of Agony

text: Joey Z. created his own recording studio, Method of Groove, in Brooklyn, New York City, which was opened in February 2011; the studio and its equipment were completely destroyed during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.


title: Aṣẹ

text: Ase or ashe (from Yoruba "àṣẹ") is a philosophical concept defined by the Yoruba of Nigeria to represent the power that makes things happen and produces change in the Yoruba religion. It is believed to be given by Olodumare to everything — gods, ancestors, spirits, humans, animals, plants, rocks, rivers, and voiced words such as songs, prayers, praises, curses, or even everyday conversation. Existence, according to Yoruba thought, is dependent upon it.


title: Aṣẹ

text: In addition to its sacred characteristics, "ase" also has important social ramifications, reflected in its translation as "power, authority, command." A person who, through training, experience, and initiation, learns how to use the essential life force of things to willfully effect change is called an .


title: Aṣẹ

text: Rituals to invoke divine forces reflect this same concern for the autonomous "ase" of particular entities. The recognition of the uniqueness and autonomy of the "ase" of persons and gods is what structures society and its relationship with the other-world.


title: Aṣẹ

text: The concept of "ashe" influences how many of the Yoruba arts are composed. In the visual arts, a design may be segmented or seriate - a "discontinuous aggregate in which the units of the whole are discrete and share equal value with the other units." Such elements can be seen in Ifá trays and bowls, veranda posts, carved doors, and ancestral masks.


title: Aṣẹ

text: The head, or "ori", is vested with great importance in Yoruba art and thought. When portrayed in sculpture, the size of the head is often represented as four or five times its normal size in relation to the body in order to convey that it is the site of a person's "ase" as well as his or her essential nature, or "iwa". The Yoruba distinguish between the exterior ("ode") and inner ("inu") head. "Ode" is the physical appearance of a person, which may either mask or reveal one's inner ("inu") aspects. Inner qualities, such as patience and self-control, should dominate outer ones.


title: Aṣẹ

text: The head also links the person with the other-world. The "imori" ceremony (which translates to "knowing-the-head") is the first rite that is performed after a Yoruba child is born. During "imori", a diviner determines whether the child comes from his or her mother's or father's lineages or from a particular "orisa". If the latter is the case, then the child will undergo an orisa initiation during adulthood, during which the person's "ori inu" becomes the spiritual vessel for that orisa's "ase". To prepare for these ceremonies, the person's head is shaved, bathed and anointed.


title: Aṣẹ

text: Since at least the time of the Afrocentrism movement in the Anglophone diaspora during the late 20th century, the term "Ashe" has become a relatively common term in the US, with the general connotation being of affirmation and hopeful wishes. It has also come to be used in the Black Christian religious context as an equivalent (or replacement) of the word "Amen."


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Hydropneumatic suspension is a type of motor vehicle suspension system, designed by Paul Magès, invented by Citroën, and fitted to Citroën cars, as well as being used under licence by other car manufacturers, notably Rolls-Royce (Silver Shadow), Bmw 5-Series e34 Touring, Maserati (Quattroporte II) and Peugeot. It was also used on Berliet trucks and has more recently been used on Mercedes-Benz cars, where it is known as "Active Body Control." The Toyota Soarer UZZ32 "Limited" was fitted with a fully integrated four-wheel steering and a complex, computer-controlled hydraulic "Toyota Active Control Suspension" in 1991. Similar systems are also widely used on modern tanks and other large military vehicles. The suspension was referred to as "oléopneumatique" in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior ride quality on a variety of surfaces.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The suspension system usually features both self-leveling and driver-variable ride height, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The principles illustrated by the successful use of hydropneumatic suspension are now used in a broad range of applications, such as aircraft oleo struts and gas filled automobile shock absorbers, first patented in the U.S. in 1934 by Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co. This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which was also partly filled with oil for lubrication and to prevent gas leakage, as patented in 1933 by the same company. Other modifications followed, with design changes such as the 1960 "Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber" patented by Peter Fullam John and Stephan Gyurik.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Hydropneumatic suspension has a number of natural advantages over steel springs, generally recognized in the auto industry.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Suspension and springing technology is not generally well understood by consumers, leading to a public perception that hydropneumatics are merely "good for comfort". They also have advantages related to handling and control efficiency, solving a number of problems inherent in steel springs that suspension designers have previously struggled to eliminate.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Although auto manufacturers understood the inherent advantages over steel springs, there were two problems. First, it was patented by the inventor, and second it had a perceived element of complexity, so automakers like Mercedes-Benz, British Leyland (Hydrolastic, Hydragas), and Lincoln sought to create simpler variants using a compressed air suspension.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Citroën's application of the system had the disadvantage that only garages equipped with special tools and knowledge were qualified to work on the cars, making them radically different from ordinary cars with common mechanicals.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: France was noted for the poor quality of its roads after World War II, but the hydropneumatic suspension as fitted to the Citroën ID/DS and later cars reportedly ensured a smooth and stable ride there.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Hydropneumatic suspension offers no natural roll stiffness. There have been many improvements to the system over the years, including steel anti-roll bars, variable ride firmness (Hydractive), and active control of body roll (Citroën Activa).


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: This system uses a belt or camshaft driven pump from the engine to pressurise a special hydraulic fluid, which then powers the brakes, suspension and power steering. It can also power any number of features such as the clutch, turning headlamps and even power windows.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Nitrogen is used as the trapped gas to be compressed, since it is unlikely to cause corrosion. The actuation of the nitrogen spring reservoir is performed through an incompressible hydraulic fluid inside a suspension cylinder. By adjusting the filled fluid volume within the cylinder, a leveling functionality is implemented. The nitrogen gas within the suspension sphere is separated from the hydraulic oil by a rubber membrane.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Citroën first introduced this system in 1954 on the rear suspension of the Traction Avant. The first four-wheel implementation was in the advanced DS in 1955. Major milestones of the hydropneumatics design were:


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: At the heart of the system, acting as pressure sink as well as suspension elements, are the so-called spheres, five or six in all; one per wheel and one main accumulator as well as a dedicated brake accumulator on some models. On later cars fitted with Hydractive or Activa suspension, there may be as many as ten spheres. Spheres consist of a hollow metal ball, open to the bottom, with a flexible Desmopan rubber membrane, fixed at the 'equator' inside, separating top and bottom. The top is filled with nitrogen at high pressure, up to 75 bar, the bottom connects to the car's hydraulic fluid circuit. The high pressure pump, powered by the engine, pressurizes the hydraulic fluid (LHM – liquide hydraulique minéral) and an accumulator sphere maintains a reserve of hydraulic power. This part of the circuit is at between 150 and 180 bars. It powers the front brakes first, prioritised via a security valve, and depending on type of vehicle, can power the steering, clutch, gear selector, etc.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Pressure flows from the hydraulic circuit to the suspension cylinders, pressurizing the bottom part of the spheres and suspension cylinders. Suspension works by means of a piston forcing LHM into the sphere, compressing the nitrogen in the upper part of the sphere; damping is provided by a two-way 'leaf valve' in the opening of the sphere. LHM has to squeeze back and forth through this valve which causes resistance and controls the suspension movements. It is the simplest damper and one of the most efficient. Ride height correction (self leveling) is achieved by height corrector valves connected to the anti-roll bar, front and rear. When the car is too low, the height corrector valve opens to allow more fluid into the suspension cylinder (e.g., the car is loaded). When the car is too high (e.g. after unloading) fluid is returned to the system reservoir via low-pressure return lines. Height correctors act with some delay in order not to correct regular suspension movements. The rear brakes are powered from the rear suspension circuit. Because the pressure there is proportional to the load, so is the braking power.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Citroën quickly realized that standard brake fluid was not ideally suited to high pressure hydraulics, and developed a special red-coloured hydraulic fluid named LHS (), which they used from 1954 to 1967. The chief problem with LHS was that it absorbed moisture and dust from the air, which caused corrosion in the system. Most hydraulic brake systems are sealed from the outside air by a rubber diaphragm in the reservoir filler cap, but the Citroën system had to be vented to allow the fluid level in the reservoir to rise and fall, thus it was not hermetically sealed. Consequently, each time the suspension would rise, the fluid level in the reservoir dropped, drawing in fresh moisture-laden air. The large surface of the fluid in the reservoir readily absorbed moisture. Since the system recirculates fluid continually through the reservoir, all the fluid was repeatedly exposed to the air and its moisture content.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: To overcome these shortcomings of LHS, Citroën developed a new green fluid, "LHM" (). LHM is a mineral oil, quite close to automatic transmission fluid. Mineral oil is hydrophobic, unlike standard brake fluid; therefore, water-vapour bubbles do not form in the system, as would be the case with standard brake fluid, creating a "spongy" brake feel. Use of mineral oil has thus spread beyond Citroën, Rolls-Royce, Peugeot, and Mercedes-Benz, to include Jaguar, Audi, and BMW.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: LHM, being a mineral oil, absorbs only an infinitesimal proportion of moisture, plus it contains corrosion inhibitors. The dust inhalation problem continued, so a filter assembly was fitted into the hydraulic reservoir. Cleaning the filters and changing the fluid at the recommended intervals removes most dust and wear particles from the system, ensuring the longevity of the system. Failure to keep the oil clean is the main cause of problems. It is also imperative to always use the correct fluid for the system; the two types of fluids and their associated system components are not interchangeable. If the wrong type of fluid is used, the system must be drained and rinsed with Hydraflush (Total's Hydraurincage), before draining again and filling with the correct fluid. These procedures are clearly described in DIY manuals obtainable from automotive retailers.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The latest Citroën cars with Hydractive 3 suspension have a new orange coloured "LDS" hydraulic fluid. This lasts longer and requires less frequent attention. It conforms to DIN 51524-3 for HVLP.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The whole high pressure part of the system is manufactured from steel tubing of small diameter, connected to valve control units by Lockheed type pipe unions with special seals made from Desmopan, a type of polyurethane thermoplastic compatible with the LHM fluid. The moving parts of the system, "e.g.", suspension strut or steering ram, are sealed by contact seals between the cylinder and piston for tightness under pressure. The other plastic/rubber parts are return tubes from valves such as the brake control or height corrector valves, also catching seeping fluid around the suspension push-rods. Height corrector, brake master valve and steering valve spools, and hydraulic pump pistons have extremely small clearances (1–3 micrometres) within their cylinders, permitting only a very low leakage rate. The metal and alloy parts of the system rarely fail, even after excessively high mileages, but the elastomer components (especially those exposed to the air) can harden and leak, typical failure points for the system.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Spheres are not subject to mechanical wear, but suffer pressure loss, due to the pressurised nitrogen diffusing through the membrane. They can, however, be recharged, which is cheaper than replacing them. When Citroën designed their Hydractive 3 suspension they redesigned the spheres with new nylon membranes, which greatly slow the rate of deflation. These are recognisable by their grey colouring.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Classic (non-saucer) green- (and grey-) coloured suspension spheres typically last between 60,000 and 100,000 km. Spheres originally had a threaded plug on top for recharging. Newer ('saucer') spheres do not have this plug, but it can be retrofitted, enabling them to be recharged with gas. The sphere membrane has an indefinite life unless run at low pressure, which leads to rupture. Timely recharging, approximately every 3 years, is thus vital. A ruptured membrane means suspension loss at the attached wheel; however, ride height is unaffected. With no springing other than the (slight) flexibility of tyres, hitting a pothole with a flat sphere can bend the suspension parts or dent a wheel rim. In the case of main accumulator sphere failure, the high pressure pump is the only source of braking pressure for the front wheels. Some older cars had a separate front brake accumulator on power steering models.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The old LHS and LHS2 (coloured red) cars used a different elastomer in the diaphragms and seals that is "not" compatible with green LHM. The orange LDS fluid in Hydractive cars is also incompatible with other fluids.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Hydractive Suspension is an automotive technology introduced by Citroën in 1990. The prototype debuted in 1988 on the Citroën Activa concept. It describes a development of the 1954 hydropneumatic suspension design using additional electronic sensors and driver control of suspension performance. The driver can make the suspension stiffen (sport mode) or ride in outstanding comfort (soft mode). Sensors in the steering, brakes, suspension, throttle pedal and gearbox feed information on the car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to on-board computers, which in turn activates or deactivates an extra pair of suspension spheres on the circuit, to enable either a more smooth supple ride or tighter handling in corners.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Citroën Hydractive (and later Hydractive 2) suspension was available on several models, including the XM and Xantia, which had a more advanced sub-model known as the Activa. The first Hydractive suspension systems (now known as Hydractive 1) had two user presets, "Sport" and "Auto". In the "Sport" setting the car's suspension was always kept in its firmest mode. In the "Auto" setting, the suspension was switched from soft to firm mode temporarily when a speed-dependent threshold in accelerator pedal movement, brake pressure, steering wheel angle, or body movement was detected by one of several sensors.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: In Hydractive 2, the preset names were changed to "Sport" and "Normal". In this new version the "Sport" setting would no longer keep the suspension system in firm mode, but instead lowered the thresholds significantly for any of the sensor readings also used in "Normal" mode, allowing for a similar level of body firmness during cornering and acceleration, without the sacrifice in ride quality the "Sport" mode in Hydractive 1 systems had caused.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Whenever the Hydractive 1 or 2 computers received abnormal sensor information, often caused by malfunctioning electrical contacts, the car's suspension system would be forced into its firm setting for the remainder of the ride.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: Starting with Xantia model year 1994 and XM model year 1995, all models featured an additional sphere and valve that together functioned as a pressure reservoir for rear brakes because of new hydraulic locks, letting the car retain normal ride height for several weeks without running the engine. Correctly called the SC/MAC sphere, it often became known as the 'anti-sink' sphere, because of its ability to better maintain rear suspension height.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The 2001 Citroën C5 has continued development of Hydractive suspension with Hydractive 3. Compared to earlier cars, the C5 stays at normal ride height even when the engine is turned off for an extended period, through the use of electronics. The C5 also uses orange synthetic hydraulic fluid named LDS fluid in place of the green LHM mineral oil used in millions of hydropneumatic vehicles.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: A further improved Hydractive 3+ variation was for cars with top engines on the Citroën C5 and in 2005 was standard on the Citroën C6. Hydractive 3+ systems contain additional spheres that can be engaged and disengaged via a "Sport" button, resulting in a firmer ride.


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The BHI of the Hydractive 3 suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:


title: Hydropneumatic suspension

text: The BHI of the 3+ Hydractive suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:


title: 2019–20 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The 2019–20 season was Tottenham Hotspur's 28th season in the Premier League and 42nd successive season in the top division of the English football league system. Along with the Premier League, the club did in the FA Cup and the EFL Cup. The club also competed in the UEFA Champions League after finishing fourth last season.


title: 2019–20 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The season started poorly for Tottenham, with only three of their first 12 league games won as well as being knocked out of the EFL Cup by Colchester United. This resulted in Mauricio Pochettino being sacked on 19 November 2019, to be replaced by José Mourinho the following day. In the FA Cup Tottenham twice were taken to a replay and in the fifth round were drawn at home to Norwich City. The game went into extra time and with the result ending in 1–1, it came down to penalties. Norwich won the game 3–2 after the shootout.


title: 2019–20 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: With the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic, Premier League football matches were postponed in March, including Tottenham's games against Manchester United and West Ham. A further joint statement from the Premier League and UEFA extended postponement until 30 April. The season's postponement was again extended, this time indefinitely.


title: 2019–20 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The season for Tottenham restarted on 19 June, where they played Manchester United to a 1–1 draw with Steven Bergwijn on the scoresheet.


title: 2019–20 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The season has seen Tottenham taking the least amount of shots since Opta began collecting data during the 1997-98 Season. Several of these games were also plagued by controversial VAR decisions. Two of which were a handball called against Lucas Moura that resulted in Harry Kane's goal against Sheffield United being disallowed, as well as a penalty not given against Bournemouth in which Joshua King pushed Kane from behind in the box. The Premier League later confirmed that this was, in fact, the wrong decision.


title: 2019–20 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: ! Player !! Against !! Competition !! Minute !! style="text-align:center"| Score after own goal !! style="text-align:center"| Result !! Date


title: Kuruvi

text: Kuruvi () is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language superhero comedy film written and directed by Dharani. Produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin, the film stars Vijay in the titular role with Trisha and Suman in other prominent roles. Vivek, Ashish Vidyarthi, Manivannan and Malavika played supporting roles in the movie. The film was released on 3 May 2008, and was an above average at the domestic box office. It also marked Nivetha Thomas's Tamil debut as a child artist.


title: Kuruvi

text: The story revolves around an Indian car racer who thinks that his missing father is dead, so he attempts to retrieve money owed to his father by a Malaysian crime boss. The film has collected $1,018,120 or 8 crore and successful at the overseas box office. It was one of the highest grossing Tamil films of 2008 in United Kingdom alone, collecting £263,919 or 3 crore. In 2021, The film was re-released in Kerala state. A few scenes were adopted from the Telugu movie Chathrapathi (2005).


title: Kuruvi

text: Vetrivel alias Velu is a car racer who lives with his large family in Chennai. His father, Singamuthu, had gone to Kadapa in Andhra Pradesh to work at a colliery and never returned, prompting Velu and his family to think that he is dead. Velu learns that a Malaysia-based don named Koccha owed his father a huge sum of money. Velu and his friend Ops travel to Malaysia as "Kuruvi", the trade jargon for low-level contraband carriers. They come to Malaysia at a time when internal rivalry and problems are surfacing in Koccha's family. Koccha's younger sister Radhadevi alias Devi has refused to marry Soori, the brother of Konda Reddy, Koccha's Kadapa-based business associate. Irritated and preoccupied, neither Koccha nor his henchmen want to devote any time or attention to resolve Velu's problem. Velu is ill-treated and thrown out of Koccha's place without any help rendered. Determined to return to India only after his father's issue is solved to his satisfaction, Velu conceals himself in Koccha's palace-like residence. He steals a large diamond owned by Koccha, feeling that it would pay off his father's debt, and returns to India with Ops. Devi also follows Velu to India, having fallen in love with him, when he saves her from falling from a tall building during New Year's Eve.


title: Kuruvi

text: Knowing that Velu has stolen his diamond, Koccha and his gang visit Velu's house and threaten his family with dire consequences unless Velu returns the diamond. After confronting Koccha, Velu learns that his father isn't dead, but is being held as bonded labour along with many innocent people at Kadapa. Singamuthu had discovered diamonds at the colliery, but refused to allow Koccha and Konda Reddy to illegally mine the diamonds for their own benefit. He had been held prisoner in Kadapa ever since.


title: Kuruvi

text: Velu immediately leaves for Kadapa, where he encounters Koccha again. He throws him onto a moving train thereby paralyzing him. He soon discovers a slave camp run by Koccha and Konda Reddy at the colliery, where a womanising rowdy named Kadapa Raja is torturing the inmates, including Singamuthu. Velu sneaks into Koccha's mansion on the eve of Devi;s wedding with Konda Reddy's younger brother Soori. With the help of Devi who reveals that Koccha's own fingerprint is his laptop's password, he unlocks Koccha's laptop. On seeing KOccha's laptop, Velu and Devi learn that Koccha and his associates have been cheating the government by illegally mining diamonds against the law and also have secret government documents in their possession. Velu also paralyzes Soori by getting him stung by bees on the wedding day thereby stopping the wedding. He single-handedly takes on Konda Reddy, Kadapa Raja and their henchmen, killing them all. He drags Konda Reddy's dead body to Koccha's mansion. Koccha, who now uses a wheelchair, recovers on seeing the dead body of his associate and attempts to shoot Velu. He is arrested at that moment by a special task force led by Raj, who reveals that Velu had forwarded all the information to them from Koccha's laptop. Singamuthu and the others who were imprisoned in the slave camp are finally freed and reunited with their families. Finally, Velu unites with Devi.


title: Kuruvi

text: It was announced in 2007 that Udhayanidhi Stalin, son of M. K. Stalin and grandson of the then Tamil Nadu Chief minister M. Karunanidhi would produce films under his production banner Red Giant Movies. The film marked the comeback of Dharani and announced the project titled "Kuruvi" featuring most of the cast and crew of director's previous film "Ghilli". It was rumoured that "Kuruvi" was titled because the lead hero was named as Guru V which proved false. Kuruvi or Pura is term used by Tamil people in the southeast Asia towards illegal immigrants.


title: Kuruvi

text: Vidya Balan and Nayanthara were first approached to be heroines of the film. But Trisha was selected to be paired with Vijay for the fourth time after "Ghilli" (2004), "Thirupaachi" (2005) and "Aathi" (2006). Vadivelu was initially approached for the film but he was replaced by Vivek.


title: Kuruvi

text: A stunt scene was picturised with Vijay taking on few men who belong to the African mafia in a huge bar-cum-disco set erected for this purpose. In Kuruvi, the director used a chopper to shoot an entire song sequence to give it a feel of grandeur which was shot in Kuala Lumpur. in KL Tower


title: Kuruvi

text: A huge set was erected at the MGR film city for major portion of the film. The team had even erected another set nearby in Sriperumbudur for shooting a song sequence, which featured some models from Bangalore and Mumbai. Sadly, rains held up the shooting for two days – by the time the call sheet of the models ended. Another fight scene was picturised at AVM Studios with a grand set resembling a bar.


title: Kuruvi

text: Major portions of the movie’s second half which involved mines were picturised at locations near Salem.


title: Kuruvi

text: The soundtrack is composed by Vidyasagar. The film's audio launch was held at the Little Flower Convent on 16 April 2008 in Chennai. Behindwoods wrote, "Vidyasagar seems to have reinvented himself as a fairly noisy composer here! The metallic twang that accompanies the songs is not too pleasant. Maybe the plot calls for such treatment, but you come away wondering whether Vidyasagar heartily relished doing this". Rediff wrote:"Vidyasagar's music has only sheen, no soul". Karthik Srinivasan of Millblog wrote, "Kuruvi is no Gilli, but does have its own quirky charm".


title: Kuruvi

text: The song "Mozha Mozhannu" created controversy because the name of freedom fighter "Thillaiyadi Valliyamma" was mentioned in the song. Shreya Ghoshal was nominated for Filmfare Awards South for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil