title: Moons of Pluto

text: All are much smaller than Charon. Nix and Hydra, the two larger, are roughly 42 and 55 kilometers on their longest axis respectively, and Styx and Kerberos are 7 and 12 kilometers respectively. All four are irregularly shaped.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: The Pluto system is highly compact and largely empty: Prograde moons could stably orbit Pluto out to 53% of the Hill radius (the gravitational zone of Pluto's influence) of 6 million km, or out to 69% for retrograde moons. However, only the inner 3% of the region where prograde orbits would be stable is occupied by satellites, and the region from Styx to Hydra is packed so tightly that there is little room for further moons with stable orbits within this region.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: An intense search conducted by "New Horizons" confirmed that no moons larger than 4.5 km in diameter exist out to a distances up to 180,000 km from Pluto (6% of the stable region for prograde moons), assuming Charon-like albedoes of 0.38 (for smaller distances, this threshold is still smaller).


title: Moons of Pluto

text: The orbits of the moons are confirmed to be circular and coplanar, with inclinations differing less than 0.4° and eccentricities less than 0.005.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: The discovery of Nix and Hydra suggested that Pluto could have a ring system. Small-body impacts can create debris that can form into a ring system. However, data from a deep-optical survey by the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope, by occultation studies, and later by "New Horizons", suggest that no ring system is present.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Styx, Nix, and Hydra are thought to be in a 3-body orbital resonance with orbital periods in a ratio of 18:22:33; the respective ratio of orbits is 11:9:6. The ratios should be exact when orbital precession is taken into account. Hydra and Nix are in a simple 2:3 resonance. Styx and Nix are in an 11:9 resonance, while the resonance between Styx and Hydra has a ratio of 11:6. This means that in a recurring cycle there are 11 orbits of Styx for every 9 of Nix and 6 of Hydra. The ratios of synodic periods are then such that there are 5 Styx–Hydra conjunctions and 3 Nix–Hydra conjunctions for every 2 conjunctions of Styx and Nix. If formula_1 denotes the mean longitude and formula_2 the libration angle, then the resonance can be formulated as formula_3. As with the Laplace resonance of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, triple conjunctions never occur. formula_2 librates about 180° with an amplitude of at least 10°.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: All of the outer circumbinary moons are also close to mean motion resonance with the Charon–Pluto orbital period. Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra are in a 1:3:4:5:6 sequence of near resonances, with Styx approximately 5.4% from its resonance, Nix approximately 2.7%, Kerberos approximately 0.6%, and Hydra approximately 0.3%. It may be that these orbits originated as forced resonances when Charon was tidally boosted into its current synchronous orbit, and then released from resonance as Charon's orbital eccentricity was tidally damped. The Pluto–Charon pair creates strong tidal forces, with the gravitational field at the outer moons varying by 15% peak to peak.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: However, it was calculated that a resonance with Charon could boost either Nix or Hydra into its current orbit, but not both: boosting Hydra would have required a near-zero Charonian eccentricity of 0.024, whereas boosting Nix would have required a larger eccentricity of at least 0.05. This suggests that Nix and Hydra were instead captured material, formed around Pluto–Charon, and migrated inward until they were trapped in resonance with Charon. The existence of Kerberos and Styx may support this idea.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Mark R. Showalter had speculated that, "Nix can flip its entire pole. It could actually be possible to spend a day on Nix in which the sun rises in the east and sets in the north. It is almost random-looking in the way it rotates."


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Only one other moon, Saturn's moon Hyperion, is known to tumble, though it is likely that Haumea's moons do so as well.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: It is suspected that Pluto's satellite system was created by a massive collision, similar to the "big whack" thought to have created the Moon. In both cases, the high angular momenta of the moons can only be explained by such a scenario. The nearly circular orbits of the smaller moons suggests that they were also formed in this collision, rather than being captured Kuiper Belt objects. This and their near orbital resonances with Charon (see below) suggest that they formed closer to Pluto than they are at present and migrated outward as Charon reached its current orbit. Their grey color is different from that of Pluto, one of the reddest bodies in the Solar System. This is thought to be due to a loss of volatiles during the impact or subsequent coalescence, leaving the surfaces of the moons dominated by water ice. However, such an impact should have created additional debris (more moons), yet no moons or rings were discovered by "New Horizons", ruling out any more moons of significant size orbiting Pluto.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Pluto's moons are listed here by orbital period, from shortest to longest. Charon, which is massive enough to have collapsed into a spheroid at some point in its history, is highlighted in light purple. Pluto has been added for comparison. All elements are with respect to the Pluto-Charon barycenter. The mean separation distance between the centers of Pluto and Charon is 19,596 km.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Transits occur when one of Pluto's moons passes between Pluto and the Sun. This occurs when one of the satellites' orbital nodes (the points where their orbits cross Pluto's ecliptic) lines up with Pluto and the Sun. This can only occur at two points in Pluto's orbit; coincidentally, these points are near Pluto's perihelion and aphelion. Occultations occur when Pluto passes in front of and blocks one of Pluto's satellites.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Charon has an angular diameter of 4 degrees of arc as seen from the surface of Pluto; the Sun appears much smaller, only 39 to 65 arcseconds. By comparison, the Moon as viewed from Earth has an angular diameter of only 31 minutes of arc, or just over half a degree of arc. Therefore, Charon would appear to have eight times the diameter, or 25 times the area of the Moon; this is due to Charon's proximity to Pluto rather than size, as despite having just over one-third of a Lunar radius, Earth's Moon is 20 times more distant from Earth's surface as Charon is from Pluto's. This proximity further ensures that a large proportion of Pluto's surface can experience an eclipse. Because Pluto always presents the same face towards Charon due to tidal locking, only the Charon-facing hemisphere experiences solar eclipses by Charon.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: The smaller moons can cast shadows elsewhere. The angular diameters of the four smaller moons (as seen from Pluto) are uncertain. Nix's is 3–9 minutes of arc and Hydra's is 2–7 minutes. These are much larger than the Sun's angular diameter, so total solar eclipses are caused by these moons.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: Eclipses by Styx and Kerberos are more difficult to estimate, as both moons are very irregular, with angular dimensions of 76.9 x 38.5 to 77.8 x 38.9 arcseconds for Styx, and 67.6 x 32.0 to 68.0 x 32.2 for Kerberos. As such, Styx has no annular eclipses, its widest axis being more than 10 arcseconds larger than the Sun at its largest. However, Kerberos, although slightly larger, cannot make total eclipses as its largest minor axis is a mere 32 arcseconds. Eclipses by Kerberos and Styx will entirely consist of partial and hybrid eclipses, with total eclipses being extremely rare.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: The next period of mutual events due to Charon will begin in October 2103, peak in 2110, and end in January 2117. During this period, solar eclipses will occur once each Plutonian day, with a maximum duration of 90 minutes.


title: Moons of Pluto

text: The Pluto system was visited by the "New Horizons" spacecraft in July 2015. Images with resolutions of up to 330 meters per pixel were returned of Nix and up to 1.1 kilometers per pixel of Hydra. Lower-resolution images were returned of Styx and Kerberos.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: Sneedville is the only city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,282 per the 2020 census.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: Settlement began in the 1790s, following the American Revolutionary War, as migrants moved into the area from the Piedmont frontiers of Virginia and North Carolina. Such migrants had formed families in colonial Virginia. Among them was a multi-racial group of settlers who became known as Melungeon. They have been documented as having primarily European and sub-Saharan African ancestry. They also have a lesser amount of Native American heritage.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: The county historical society asserts that French traders noted encountering the Melungeons in the late 1600s in the area that is now east Tennessee. Such early settlement is not supported by the research of Edward Price, a cultural geographer who wrote a 1950 dissertation on the Melungeons; Dr. Virginia DeMarce, a professional genealogist; and Paul Heinegg, a genealogist; each of whom has documented the migration of ancestors of the first families known as Melungeon from Virginia and North Carolina in the late eighteenth century


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: When Hancock County was formed from parts of Hawkins and Claiborne counties in the 1840s, Greasy Rock was chosen as the county seat. The city was renamed in honor of William Henry Sneed (1812–1869), an attorney from Knoxville who helped defend the new county when several residents sued in an attempt to block its creation.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. The Clinch River passes within the city limits.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: According to the Köppen climate classification, Sneedville has a humid subtropical climate, typical for Tennessee. The plant hardiness zone is 6b.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,282 people, 573 households, and 369 families residing in the town.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,387 people living in the city. 97.4% were White, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian and 1.7% of two or more races. 0.3% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 1,257 people, 527 households, and 310 families living in the city. The population density was 551.0 people per square mile (212.9/km). There were 593 housing units at an average density of 259.9 per square mile (100.4/km). The racial makeup of the town was 97.69% White, 0.64% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.72% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population. Melungeons, a so-called "tri-racial isolate", are also present in this area, especially in the Vardy Valley, on the other side of Newman's Ridge.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: There were 527 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.77.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.4% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: The median income for a household in the city was $13,281, and the median income for a family was $20,208. Males had a median income of $20,500 versus $15,461 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,173. About 32.9% of families and 36.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.9% of those under age 18 and 28.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: In 2010, Sneedville had the 10th-lowest median household income of all places in the United States with a population over 1,000.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: The Hancock County Tennessee Historical and Genealogical Society is a non-profit organization located in the Old County Jail. The organization provides access to archival material related to the community and maintains a small museum displaying aspects of traditional mountain life, such as was practiced by the Melungeons. They publish a bi-yearly newsletter called "Our Mountain Heritage" for members of the society.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: Schools in Sneedville include Hancock County Middle/High School and Hancock County Elementary School.


title: Sneedville, Tennessee

text: Sneedville and Hancock County have garnered a reputation for being a hotspot for drug trafficking, production, and distribution, with methamphetamine, oxycodone, and opioids causing a significant impact in the community.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: Jasmin St. Claire (born October 23, 1972) is an American former pornographic actress. She is also known for her work as a professional wrestling personality, most notably for ECW. She has made appearances in the world of professional wrestling and such films as "Communication Breakdown" and "National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2".


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: Jasmin St. Claire was born on October 23, 1972 in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, U.S. She is an American of Brazilian and Russian descent.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: Among her porn films, St. Claire is known for her appearance in "World's Biggest Gang Bang 2," a 1996 sequel to "World's Biggest Gang Bang," in which she is advertised as performing a record-breaking 300 sex acts with 300 men in a 24-hour period. St. Claire later described the video as "among the biggest cons ever pulled off in the porn business," with merely about 30 men "strategically placed and filmed," only ten of whom were actually able to perform sexually on camera.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: St. Claire was interviewed on "The Howard Stern Show" for her participation in this film, along with Annabel Chong, the previous record holder, both before and after the event. She subsequently filmed a second gang bang movie, the 1998 film "Jasmin's Last Gang Bang." She continued to perform in adult films until 2000, by which time she had appeared in 73 titles. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2011.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: St. Claire subsequently briefly acted in non-pornographic independent films. Since 2003 she has appeared in a number of direct-to-DVD films, including "Communication Breakdown" and "National Lampoon's Dorm Daze 2". She subsequently worked for "MetalDarkside," a DVDzine. She also hosts the "Metal Scene" TV show, and is a journalist for "Rock Brigade" magazine in Brazil.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: St. Claire had a brief stint in ECW, during which she sparred with the "Queen of Extreme" Francine. St. Claire also made appearances for XPW. She made a few appearances for the XWF under the name Jazzy, and managed The Public Enemy.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: In July 2002, St. Claire made two appearances for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. During the first, on July 10, 2002, she performed a strip-tease. A week later, on July 17, Francine attacked St. Claire while she was being interviewed by Goldy Locks. The two had a match later that night which resulted in both women being stripped to their underwear. It ended in a disqualification after interference by The Blue Meanie, and Francine was taken away on a stretcher. This was St. Claire's only wrestling appearance.


title: Jasmin St. Claire

text: St. Claire also bankrolled and helped to run the Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling (3PW) promotion with her then longtime boyfriend Brian Heffron, former ECW star "Blue Meanie". She has said she was trained by Heffron for about a year before stepping into the ring. She acted as manager for both Heffron and The Public Enemy.


title: Phillip Island

text: Phillip Island (Boonwurrung: "Corriong", "Worne" or "Millowl") is an Australian island about south-southeast of Melbourne, Victoria. The island is named after Governor Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, by explorer and seaman George Bass, who sailed in an whaleboat, arriving from Sydney on 5 January 1798.


title: Phillip Island

text: Phillip Island forms a natural breakwater for the shallow waters of the Western Port. It is long and wide, with an area of about . It has of coastline and is part of the Bass Coast Shire.


title: Phillip Island

text: A concrete bridge (originally a wooden bridge) connects the mainland town San Remo with the island town Newhaven. In the 2016 census, the island's permanent population was 10,387, compared to 7,071 in 2001. During the summer, the population swells to 40,000. 60% of the island is farmland devoted to grazing of sheep and cattle.


title: Phillip Island

text: The earliest inhabitants of the area were the Yalloc Bulluk clan of the Bunurong people, Indigenous Australians of the Kulin nation. In the Bunwurrung language the island is known as "corriong" or "millowl". Their coastal territory with its sheltered bays meant that the Yalloc Bulluk, along with other Bunurong clans, were among the first Aboriginal people in Victoria to have contact with European mariners.


title: Phillip Island

text: Following reports of the 1798 exploration by George Bass and Matthew Flinders, the area was frequented by sealers from Van Diemen's Land, whose interaction with the Bunurong people was not without conflict. In 1801, navigator James Grant visited the adjoining Churchill Island (which he named) and planted a crop of corn and wheat. In 1826, the scientific voyage of Dumont d'Urville, in command of the corvette "Astrolabe", led to British concerns of an attempt by the French to establish a colony in Western Port. This saw the dispatch from Sydney of , under the command of Captain Wetherall, and the brigs "Dragon" and "Amity", by Governor Darling.


title: Phillip Island

text: While the French colonisation did not eventuate, Wetherall reported on finding a sealer's camp and also two acres of wheat and corn. A fort was constructed near Rhyll, and named Dumaresq after the Governor's private secretary. The 'abundance' of wood, quality soil and the discovery of coal at Cape Woolamai, were mentioned in newspaper accounts. Wetherall also erected a flag staff on 'the flat-top'd rock off Point Grant' (commonly known today as The Nobbies) on the Island's Western extremity as a marker for the harbour entrance.


title: Phillip Island

text: "The Natives appear numerous, but we have not been able to obtain an interview, as they desert their camp, and run into the woods on our approach, watching our movements until we depart. As I am aware it is Your Excellency's wish to conciliate them as much as possible, I have not allowed them to be pursued, or molested in any way."


title: Phillip Island

text: The only reservation Wetherall had was on the Island's supply of water; he dug a 'tide-well' near the fort but assessed the source as 'not in sufficient quantities for the supply of shipping' and this problem would lead to the eventual move to Settlement Point on the mainland coast.


title: Phillip Island

text: During the third voyage of , in 1839, water was 'found by digging in the centre of a clump of bushes on the outer part of the point at the N.E. extremity of the island, which at high water became an island, "[and]" occasionally made the water brackish' although it was noted 'better might have been found a short distance in shore, as there were abundance of shrubs and other indications of water in the neighbourhood'. The water question was again addressed, by Captain Moore, who accompanied Surveyor Robert Hoddle in 1840, that 'water can be obtained on Phillip Island, near the best anchorage, off Sandy Point.'


title: Phillip Island

text: In 1835 Samuel Anderson established the third permanent settlement in what would be Victoria at the mainland site of Bass across the bay from Phillip Island.


title: Phillip Island

text: In 1841, brothers John David and William McHaffie, were granted Phillip Island as a squatting run and took possession in 1842. The McHaffies, and later settlers, assisted the Victorian Acclimatisation society (forerunner of the committee which established the Melbourne Zoo) by introducing animals such as pheasants, deer and wallabies to Phillip Island.


title: Phillip Island

text: Plans for the first bridge to the Island, from San Remo to Newhaven commenced in 1938, at a cost of £50,000, with the official opening by Premier Albert Dunstan taking place in November 1940. A full public holiday was declared on the Island to celebrate.


title: Phillip Island

text: The southern and western coasts of the island lie within the Phillip Island Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance in supporting significant populations of little penguins, short-tailed shearwaters and Pacific gulls. In addition, there is a wildlife park where wallabies and kangaroos roam freely amongst the visitors and can be fed by hand. Seal Rocks, at the western end of the island, hosts the largest colony of fur seals in Australia (up to 16,000). In recent years, other than local population of critically endangered endemic Burrunan dolphins or migratory killer whales, southern right whales and humpback whales are starting to show recoveries in the area long after commercial and illegal hunts by the Soviet Union with the help of Japan in 1970s, and the numbers using the area as nursery are growing rapidly, allowing a rise in hopes to establish commercial whale watching activities in the vicinity of the island.


title: Phillip Island

text: In terms of climate classification Phillip Island features an oceanic climate with cool-summer-mediterranean climate characteristics such as a relatively dry summer. Under the Trewartha system, Phillip Island has a humid subtropical climate, given that all months are milder than with eight being required. Phillip Island experiences milder weather than Melbourne and is tempered by ocean breezes. In terms of temperature averages it has more in common with the climate of northern areas of New Zealand than with most of Australia. The mean daily maximum temperature for February is , while for July it is . The mean annual rainfall is , with June being the wettest month (88.1 mm/3.5 in). The prevailing wind for most of the year is a south-westerly which blows in off Bass Strait.


title: Phillip Island

text: Phillip Island's Grand Prix motorcycle race is traditionally held in October, often seeing unreliable and fickle weather conditions, such as very cold surface temperatures and extreme wind.


title: Phillip Island

text: Phillip Island is a tourist destination visited by 3.5 million people annually. The Penguin Parade at Phillip Island Nature Park, in which little penguins come ashore in groups, attracts visitors from all over the world. They come to see one of the few areas where this species of penguin can be seen. Phillip Island is home to approximately 32,000 penguins, which can be seen by tourists at sunset every day of the year.


title: Phillip Island

text: The island is recognised as having some of the most consistently reliable and varied surf conditions in the country. The island has hosted various surf events in the past, such as the Rip Curl Pro and the Roxy Pro Women's Surfing Festival.


title: Phillip Island

text: Phillip Island is steeped in the history of Australian motor racing. A temporary circuit utilizing the island's interior public roads was used for the inaugural Australian Grand Prix in 1928 and continued to be used for the race up until 1935. Racing on public road circuits continued through to 1940. In 1952 the Phillip Island Auto Racing Club was formed and commenced construction on the permanent Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit which opened in 1956. In 1960, the inaugural Armstrong 500 was held, although, with the bridge to the mainland unable to support heavy hotmix bitumen equipment, the track broke up during the third running of the race in 1962. The damage rendered the circuit unusable for racing and for 1963 the Armstrong 500 was relocated to the Mount Panorama Circuit and over time evolved into what is known today as the Bathurst 1000.


title: Phillip Island

text: The circuit was refurbished and was reopened in October 1967. It was closed in 1978, but was redeveloped and re-opened in 1988 and the following year hosted the first international version of the Australian motorcycle Grand Prix. It continues to host the race today and is also a venue for rounds of the Superbike World Championship, the Moto GP Championship, the V8 Supercars Championship and the Australian Drivers' Championship.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: Hexen: Beyond Heretic is a fantasy first-person shooter video game developed by Raven Software and published by id Software through GT Interactive on October 15, 1995. It is the sequel to 1994's "Heretic", and the second game in Raven Software's "Serpent Riders" trilogy, which culminated with "Hexen II". The title comes from the German noun , which means "witches", and/or the verb , which means "to cast a spell". Game producer John Romero stated that a third, unreleased game in this series was to be called "Hecatomb".


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Hexen: Beyond Heretic" met with highly positive reviews upon release, though the various 1997 console ports were negatively received because of problems with frame rate and controls and the aging of the game itself. Critical plaudits for the game centered on the non-linear level design and the selection of three playable characters, each offering a distinct gameplay experience.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: Following the tale of D'Sparil's defeat in "Heretic", "Hexen" takes place in another realm, Cronos, which is besieged by the second of the three Serpent Riders, Korax. Three heroes set out to destroy Korax. The player assumes the role of one such hero. Throughout the course of his quest, he travels through elemental dungeons, a wilderness region, a mountainside seminary, a large castle, and finally a necropolis, before the final showdown with the Serpent Rider.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: A new series feature introduced in "Hexen" is the choice of three character classes. Players may choose to play as a fighter (Baratus), a cleric (Parias), or a mage (Daedolon). Each character has unique weapons and physical characteristics, lending an additional degree of variety and replay value to the game. The Fighter relies mainly on close-quarters physical attacks with weapons both mundane and magical in nature, and is tougher and faster than the other characters. The Mage uses an assortment of long-range spells, whose reach is counterbalanced by the fact that he is the most fragile and slowest moving of the classes. The Cleric arms himself with a combination of both melee and ranged capabilities, being a middle ground of sorts between the other two classes. Additionally, certain items, such as the flechette (poison gas bomb), behave differently when collected and used by each of the classes, functioning in a manner better suiting their varying approach to combat.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Hexen" introduces "hub" levels to the series, wherein the player can travel back and forth between central hub levels and connected side levels. This is done in order to solve larger-scale puzzles that require a series of items or switches to be used. The player must traverse through a hub in order to advance to the next hub.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The inventory system returns from "Heretic" with several new items, such as the "Disc of Repulsion", which pushes enemies away from the player, and the "Icon of the Defender", which provides invincibility to each class in a different manner.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: Like "Heretic", "Hexen" was developed on NeXTSTEP. "Hexen" uses a modified version of the "Doom" engine, which allows looking up and down, network play with up to eight players, and the choice of three character classes. It also popularized the "hub system" of level progression in the genre of first-person shooter games. Unlike previous games, which had relied purely on General MIDI for music, "Hexen" is also able to play tracks from a CD. The game's own CD contained a soundtrack in an audio format that was exactly the same as the MIDI soundtrack, but played through a high-quality sound module. However, the most significant improvement was the addition of wall translation, rotation, and level scripting.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Polyobjects" are the walls that move within the game. Because the "Doom" engine uses the binary space partitioning system for rendering, it does not enable moving walls. "Hexen"s moving walls are actually one-sided lines built somewhere else on the map and rendered at the desired start spot when the level is loaded. This enables a pseudo-moving wall, but does not allow moving sectors (such as seeing the tops of moving doors). This often creates problems in sectors containing more than one node, however, explaining the relatively limited use of polyobjects.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: Whereas "Doom", "Doom II", and "Heretic" rely on lines within the maps to perform simple actions, "Hexen" also allows these actions to be activated by Action Code Script (ACS). These scripts use a syntactic variant of C, thus allowing special sequencing of game actions. Programming features such as randomization, variables, and intermap script activation enable smooth hub gameplay and are responsible for most of the special effects within the game: on-screen messages, random sound effects, monster spawning, sidedef texture changes, versatile control of polyobjects, level initialization for deathmatch, and even complex environment changes such as earthquakes manipulating floor textures and heights.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: On January 11, 1999, the source code for "Hexen" was released by Raven Software under a license that granted rights to non-commercial use, and was re-released under the GNU GPL-2.0-only on September 4, 2008. This allowed the game to be ported to different platforms such as Linux, AmigaOS, and OS/2 (including eComStation and ArcaOS).


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Hexen" is compatible with many "Doom" source ports; "Hexen"s features are also compatible with "Doom" WADs made for source ports regardless of what game they are being played on.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The score was composed by Kevin Schilder. In contrast to "Heretic", some songs in "Hexen", in addition to MIDI versions, had higher-quality versions on CD. When playing in CD-audio mode, songs absent from CD would be replaced by some existing CD tracks.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Hexen" was released for the Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, all released by GT Interactive during the first half of 1997. While presenting several specific differences in their respective translations of the original PC game, all of them constitute essentially the same game with no major changes to level design, plot, or overall delivery.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The PlayStation version, developed by Probe Entertainment, has the FMV scenes and Red Book audio music from the PC CD-ROM version, but no multiplayer mode. The scripting and animation is slower, enemies have only their front sprites and lack gory deaths when attacked by strong hits or weapons, and the frame rate is slower. Although all levels are present in this version and feature their correct layouts, their architecture details are somewhat simplified and there is some loss in overall lighting quality. This port is based on a beta version of the original PC version of "Hexen" as many gameplay tweaks are shared, such as the simpler level design and the Fighter's weapons being weaker compared to other versions.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The Sega Saturn version, also developed by Probe, inherits most of the restrictions of the PlayStation version, such as the simplified scenery architecture and the downgraded lighting, although it does feature improvements in certain aspects. The scripting is faster, and the frame rate, while not fluid or consistent, is slightly better. The enemies still have all but their front sprites missing, but they retain their gory deaths when killed by a strong hit or weapon. This version also has hidden two-player link-up cooperative and deathmatch modes, accessible only through the unlockable cheat menu. While this port shares the FMV scenes and most of the Redbook audio music from the other CD-ROM versions, it also includes some new music tracks.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The Nintendo 64 version, developed by Software Creations, retains all of the graphical quality and scenery architecture, has a consistent frame rate, and includes high detail and smooth filtering. This version also has four-player split-screen cooperative and deathmatch modes, although they must be played in low detail mode. Due to cartridge storage limitations, the Nintendo 64 version is based on the original PC floppy version and lacks the FMV scenes and Redbook audio music introduced in the CD-ROM version, although it has new narrative introductions to the levels.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Deathkings of the Dark Citadel" is an official expansion pack that was released for "Hexen" on September 3, 1996. It features three more hubs with a total of 20 new single player levels and six new deathmatch levels. Unlike the "Shadow of the Serpent Riders" expansion pack for "Heretic", it had to be purchased in retail stores or by mail order. This was unusual at the time, as most non-free expansion packs also included other new or revised gameplay elements. "Deathkings of the Dark Citadel", unlike "Shadow of the Serpent Riders", was not packaged with the original game, meaning that both had to be purchased separately, and the expansion would not work without already having "Hexen". This expansion pack also did not initially include nor enable any music. Music could be fully enabled by applying a patch specially released to address this issue (usually found online under the name "dkpatch").


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: Each of the hubs (The Blight, The Constable's Gate, and The Nave) features one secret level, and new puzzles based on the quest items from the original game (no new quest artifacts were added). Any type of enemy may spawn on the map.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The final level of the expansion, the Dark Citadel itself, is an arena-like level, which features teleporting waves of monsters and three bosses (Fighter, Cleric, and Mage clones).


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Heretic" and "Hexen" shipped a combined total of roughly 1 million units to retailers by August 1997.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: Reviewing the PC version, "Maximum" remarked that "Hexen" sets itself apart from other "3D slashers" with its selection of characters and novel approach to level design, which "leads to your character choosing their path rather than being guided around a rather linear series of rooms, proving that 3D games have matured". They also commented that the gameplay is consistently intense due to the difficulty of the enemies, the variety of weapons and power-ups, and the sheer size and breadth of the levels. They gave the game 5 out of 5 stars and their "Maximum Game of the Month" award. A reviewer for "Next Generation" opined that ""Hexen" takes everything that was good about "Heretic", and makes it even better." He commented that the ability to choose between three different character classes gives the game replay value, something that had been missing from first-person shooters up until then, and though the graphics are blocky and pixelated, the "eerily lifelike" sound effects make up for it to a large extent. Like "Maximum", he praised the non-linear level design and concluded the game to be a must-have for any first-person shooter fan. Chris Hudak, citing the differing abilities of the three playable characters, called "Hexen" "Slicker, smarter and more stylish than "Doom"---with all the killing and three times the replay value."


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Computer Games Strategy Plus" named "Hexen" the best "First-Person Action" title of 1995. It was also a runner-up for "Computer Gaming World"s 1995 "Action Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to "". The editors called it "another "Doom" bloodfest distinguished by its fantasy setting and the fact that it let you play as either a fighter, priest or mage, each with unique attributes and weapons".


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The Saturn version was far less well-received. A review in "Next Generation" of the Saturn version reasoned that, "Like oil and water, "Doom"-style games and console conversions don't mix well. Unless the programmers are willing to rewrite the graphics engine from scratch, PC ports suffer from getting cramped into too little memory and neglecting the console's native 3D hardware." The reviewer recommended Saturn owners instead try "PowerSlave" or "Ghen War", first-person shooters specifically designed for the console. Shawn Smith and Sushi-X of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" similarly said the game had not been converted well from PC. Others described the Saturn port as an exact conversion, and argued the problem was simply that "Hexen" was too old a game to be released for console in 1997 without any improvements. Though they disagreed on exact reasons, most critics agreed that the Saturn version suffers from pixelated graphics, dramatic drops in frame rate, and cumbersome controls. Scary Larry of "GamePro" gave it a mixed review, summarizing that "although it doesn't live up to "PowerSlave"s standards, it's still decent fun." John Broady of "GameSpot" gave a slightly more dismal assessment: "Despite these glaring deficiencies, "Hexen" nonetheless offers enough enhancements over the standard shooter to warrant a rental, especially for fans of role-playing games who thirst for real-time action. ... But for the rest, the Saturn version of "Hexen" is a classic game of too little and too late." Rich Leadbetter of "Sega Saturn Magazine" and James Price of "Saturn Power" defended the Saturn version, commenting that, although not outstanding, it is far superior to the Saturn version of "Doom", which was released at roughly the same time. Price was particularly enthusiastic about the link cable-enabled multiplayer mode.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The Nintendo 64 version also left most critics unimpressed. The four-player mode was praised as an unprecedented feature in console first person shooters, but the graphics were considered unacceptably poor, particularly the frame rate and the usage of the Nintendo 64's mip-mapping and anti-aliasing in a way which actually worsened the visuals of the game. As with the Saturn version, some critics opined that "Hexen" was too dated by this time to be receiving a straightforward port. Joe Fielder of "GameSpot" additionally complained of a severe bug in the save feature. In a dissenting opinion, Scary Larry concluded that "Although not as polished as "" or as fun and creepy as "Doom 64", "Hexen" gives you three characters to choose from, and the action's addicting once you get into it." He gave it higher scores than the Saturn version in every category except sound. In contrast, Matt Casamassina of "IGN" called it "A shoddy port of a PC game that wasn't so great to begin with."


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: The PlayStation version was even more negatively received; critics universally panned the port for its poor frame rate, pixelated graphics, and sloppy platform-jumping controls.


title: Hexen: Beyond Heretic

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s 1998 Video Game Buyer's Guide named "Hexen" the 1997 "Game that Should've Stayed on the PC", commenting that while the Nintendo 64 version was the best of the console ports, all three were poor conversions, and "Hexen" was too old by the time they were released.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: Murayama was born in Ōita Prefecture on 3 March 1924; his father was a fisherman. He entered Meiji University in 1943 as a philosophy student, but was mobilised in 1944 and assigned to work in the Ishikawajima shipyards. Later that year, he was drafted into the Imperial Army and assigned to the 72nd Infantry of the 23rd Brigade of the 23rd Division as a private second class. He was demobilised following Japan's surrender with the rank of officer candidate. Following the death of Yasuhiro Nakasone in 2019, Murayama is the only living former prime minister with military service connected to the war.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: Murayama was appointed secretary of the labor union in his company and entered the Japan Socialist Party, which his union supported. He began his political career as a member of the Ōita city council in 1955 and went on to serve three terms. In 1963, his supporters urged him to be a candidate for the Ōita prefectural assembly. He was elected three times successively. In 1972, he was elected to the House of Representatives of Japan.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: In August 1993, after the general election, the Japan Socialist Party joined the cabinet until 1994. In October of the same year, he was elected the head of the party.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: Murayama became prime minister on 30 June 1994. The cabinet was based on a coalition consisting of the Japan Socialist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, and the New Party Sakigake.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: Because of the unwieldy coalition, his leadership was not strong. His party had been opposed to the Security Pact between Japan and the United States, but he stated that this pact was in accordance with the Constitution of Japan and disappointed many of his Socialist supporters. His government was criticised for not dealing quickly with the Great Hanshin earthquake that hit Japan on 17 January 1995. Just two months later on 20 March, the Aum Shinrikyo cult carried out the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: As the prime minister, Murayama apologised for the atrocities committed by Japan during World War II. In social policy, various reforms were carried out in areas such as labour rights, care for the elderly, child support, and assistance for people with disabilities. In 1995, a law on family-care leave was introduced which made it mandatory for employers to grant a maximum of three consecutive months leave to male and female employees who need to take constant care of a family member, and prohibited employers from dismissing employees for taking family-care leave. Safety standards concerning mobile cranes were established in 1995, and amendments made to the Radiation Safety Law of 1960 and the Radiation Safety Law of 1957 in 1995 extended coverage to previously excluded rental business workers, rental business offices, and rental businesses. Amendments made to the Radiation Hindrance Prevention Law of 1957 in 1995 extended the law to cover rental business workers, rental business offices, and rental businesses. In July 1995, a law came into effect that imposed strict liability, or liability without fault, upon manufacturers and importers of defective products. The Food Sanitation Law of 1995 introduced a comprehensive food safety system. In 1995, an amendment to the Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law made gun possession a more serious offence, and the Science and Technology Basic Law passed that same year provided the framework of Japan's science and technology policy.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: In 1995, the Mental Health Act was revised to improve psychiatric and medical treatment and psychiatric rehabilitation "and to ensure coordination among the mental health system and other health, social service, and administrative sectors". The Container and Package Recycling Law of 1995 prescribed "obligatory duties of business parties for recycling containers and packaging," while a 1995 amendment to the Mental Health Law introduced a system to provide a health and welfare handbook for people with mental disorders, and a Government Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities was launched that same year. In addition, new comprehensive employment measures were introduced.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: In the 1995 Japanese House of Councillors election, his party lost seats. He expressed his wish to resign from the office of prime minister, but his supporters opposed his resignation. A few months later, he resigned and was replaced by Ryutaro Hashimoto, the head of the Liberal Democratic Party.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: In 2000, he retired from politics. Murayama and Mutsuko Miki traveled to North Korea in 2000 to promote better bilateral relations between the two countries.


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: He became the president of the Asian Women's Fund, a quasi-government body that was set up to provide compensation for former comfort women. After providing compensation and working on various projects, the fund was dissolved on 31 March 2007.


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: This Time with Alan Partridge is a British sitcom first broadcast in 2019 on BBC One. It stars Steve Coogan as the inept broadcaster Alan Partridge in a spoof of current affairs programmes such as "The One Show" and "Good Morning Britain".


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: After a series of productions with Sky, "This Time" was the first BBC Alan Partridge production since "I'm Alan Partridge" ended in 2002"." Susannah Fielding plays Partridge's co-host Jennie, and Tim Key and Felicity Montagu reprise their roles as Simon Denton and Partridge's assistant Lynn Benfield. The series received generally favourable reviews. A second series was broadcast in 2021.


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: Alan Partridge, an inept broadcaster played by Steve Coogan, becomes the stand-in presenter of "This Time" after the regular co-host falls ill. According to "The Guardian", the show features "Partridgean tirades on everything from hand hygiene (leading him to lurk outside the BBC toilets doing spot-checks on colleagues) to hacking".


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: Partridge was created in 1991 by Coogan and Armando Iannucci. Following early Partridge shows such as "Knowing Me, Knowing You" and "I'm Alan Partridge," produced by the BBC, "This Time" was the first BBC Partridge project following several Sky productions. It was produced by Coogan's production company Baby Cow Productions, written by Coogan and the Gibbons brothers, directed by the Gibbons brothers, and produced by Ted Dowd.


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: Coogan felt it was the right time for Partridge to return, and that he might represent the views of Brexit voters. Neil Gibbons said the world of live television presenting had changed since Partridge had been created: "If someone fluffed a line or got someone’s name wrong or said something stupid, it was mortifying. But nowadays, those are the sort of people who are given jobs on TV." He likened Partridge to presenters such as Piers Morgan, who he felt had been hired to present "Good Morning Britain" because he said offensive things. Coogan and the Gibbonses ignored this because "if you put Alan in a world where his crass buffoonery is part of the selling point, there's nowhere for him to fall".


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: "This Time with Alan Partridge" has received mostly positive reviews. Lucy Mangan of "The Guardian" wrote that "the differentiation of "This Time With Alan Partridge"s layers and escalation of every exchange is precision-engineered: beautiful things and a joy forever." Tim Glanfield of "Radio Times" felt it was "some of the best Alan Partridge ever made". Sean O'Grady of "The Independent" gave it five stars, and found it "a consistently strong creative achievement". The segment with Steve Coogan as Martin Brennan (the Irish Alan Partridge lookalike who closes the show with Irish Republican Army songs) was described by Raidió Teilifís Éireann as "TV moment of the year", which would be remembered "in the canon of truly great Partridge moments."


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: Hugo Rifkind of "The Times" was less positive, saying "Only very occasionally does it soar into unexpected places. Still, for a character that came along a quarter of a century ago and still isn't old, maybe fresh delights are a bit too much to ask." Writing for "Prospect", Lucinda Smyth argued ""This Time" is... OK. But it is not the best of British television, it's not even the best of Coogan, and it undermines both to say so... I don't mean to say that there haven't been a few gems in "This Time". But overall the timing is patchy, the belly-laughs are few, and the script is tiringly Alan-centric."


title: This Time with Alan Partridge

text: The television host Piers Morgan, who is spoofed by "This Time", said that Coogan was "trying to exact revenge on me because he now hates everything to do with newspapers... I used to love Alan Partridge, he used to be hilarious, brilliant. It is now utterly unwatchable. Because Coogan has disappeared up his derrière, unfortunately."


title: Caspar Lee

text: Caspar Richard George Lee (born 24 April 1994) is a British-South African YouTuber turned investor and serial entrepreneur. He was featured in "Forbes" 30 Under 30 in 2020 for his work in media and advertising.


title: Caspar Lee

text: Lee started his YouTube channel 'dicasp' in 2011, and later renamed it 'Caspar'. Lee was part of the 'YouTube Boyband' that raised money in 2014 for Comic Relief. He was named by Yahoo! News as one of "12 Web-savvy entrepreneurs to watch" in December 2013. He collaborated with Lisa Kudrow in two episodes of "Web Therapy" (2014).


title: Caspar Lee

text: Lee played Garlic in the 2014 comedy movie, "", with John Cleese and Troye Sivan. Lee and Joe Sugg appeared in a 2015 travel documentary, "Joe and Caspar Hit the Road", and its sequel "Joe and Caspar Hit The Road: USA", produced for BBC Worldwide. Also in 2016, Lee starred in "Laid in America" alongside YouTube comedian KSI (Olajide Olatunji). Lee appeared in the music video for Charli XCX's 2017 single, "Boys".


title: Caspar Lee

text: In August 2017, Lee was named "Chief Visionary Officer" of Influencer Ltd, a British influencer marketing agency. "Caspar Lee", a biography written by Lee and his mother, Emily, was published in hardcover in May 2016. Lee also co-founded Margravine Management with Joe Sugg.


title: Caspar Lee

text: In 2022, Lee launched Creator Ventures with cousin Sasha Kaletsky. Their creator-backed venture capital fund invests globally — mainly on behalf of creators, media stars and other celebrities. Creator Ventures raised $20m to finance early-stage, futuristic startups.


title: Caspar Lee

text: Born in London, Lee is the son of TV commercial producers Emily Lee (née Murphy, b. 1956) and Jonathan Lee (b. 1955). Lee's elder sister is author and advertising creator Theodora Lee (b. 1991). The family emigrated to South Africa in 1996. Lee was raised in Knysna and Durban, where he attended Crawford College, La Lucia. When Lee was younger he was diagnosed with Tourette's Syndrome. Lee moved from South Africa to live with Alfie Deyes until 2014, before moving to a shared apartment in London with fellow YouTuber Joe Sugg until 2016, when he relocated to a shared apartment with Josh Pieters, also a YouTuber.


title: Rift valley

text: A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift. Rifts are formed as a result of the pulling apart of the lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. The linear depression may subsequently be further deepened by the forces of erosion. More generally the valley is likely to be filled with sedimentary deposits derived from the rift flanks and the surrounding areas. In many cases rift lakes are formed. One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift. On Earth, rifts can occur at all elevations, from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys, which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically.


title: Rift valley

text: The most extensive rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the result of sea floor spreading. Examples of this type of rift include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise.


title: Rift valley

text: Many existing continental rift valleys are the result of a failed arm (aulacogen) of a triple junction, although there are two, the East African Rift and the Baikal Rift Zone, which are currently active, as well as a third which may be, the West Antarctic Rift System. In these instances, not only the crust but entire tectonic plates are in the process of breaking apart to create new plates. If they continue, continental rifts will eventually become oceanic rifts.


title: Rift valley

text: Other rift valleys are the result of bends or discontinuities in horizontally-moving (strike-slip) faults. When these bends or discontinuities are in the same direction as the relative motions along the fault, extension occurs. For example, for a right lateral-moving fault, a bend to the right will result in stretching and consequent subsidence in the area of the irregularity. In the view of many geologists today, the Dead Sea lies in a rift which results from a leftward discontinuity in the left lateral-moving Dead Sea Transform fault. Where a fault breaks into two strands, or two faults run close to each other, crustal extension may also occur between them, as a result of differences in their motions. Both types of fault-caused extension commonly occur on a small scale, producing such features as sag ponds or landslides.


title: Rift valley

text: Many of the world's largest lakes are located in rift valleys. Lake Baikal in Siberia, a World Heritage Site, lies in an active rift valley. Baikal is both the deepest lake in the world and, with 20% of all of the liquid freshwater on earth, has the greatest volume. Lake Tanganyika, second by both measures, is in the "Albertine Rift", the westernmost arm of the active East African Rift. Lake Superior in North America, the largest freshwater lake by area, lies in the ancient and dormant Midcontinent Rift. The largest subglacial lake, Lake Vostok, may also lie in an ancient rift valley. Lake Nipissing and Lake Timiskaming in Ontario and Quebec, Canada lie inside a rift valley called the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben. Þingvallavatn, Iceland's largest natural lake, is also an example of a rift lake.


title: Rift valley

text: Rift valleys are also known to occur on other terrestrial planets and natural satellites. The 4,000 km long Valles Marineris on Mars is believed by planetary geologists to be a large rift system. Some features of Venus, most notably, the 4,000 km Devana Chasma and a part of the western Eistla, and possibly also Alta and Bell Regio have been interpreted by some planetary geologists as rift valleys. Some natural satellites also have prominent rift valleys. The 2,000 km long Ithaca Chasma on Tethys in the Saturn system is a prominent example. Charon's Nostromo Chasma is the first confirmed in the Pluto system, however large chasms up to 950 km wide observed on Charon have also been tentatively interpreted by some as giant rifts, and similar formations have also been noted on Pluto. A recent study suggests a complex system of ancient lunar rift valleys, including Vallis Rheita and Vallis Alpes. The Uranus system also has prominent examples, with large 'chasma' believed to be giant rift valley systems, most notably the 1492 km long Messina Chasma on Titania, 622 km Kachina Chasmata on Ariel, Verona Rupes on Miranda, and Mommur Chasma on Oberon.


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Matt Lieberman is an American screenwriter. He was the writer for "Scoob!", "The Addams Family", "The Christmas Chronicles" and its sequel, and "Free Guy".


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Lieberman was born in Belleville, Illinois on Scott Air Force Base. He grew up in Randolph, New Jersey and is a graduate of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.


title: Matt Lieberman

text: He is married to costume designer/stylist Maya Lieberman. They reside in Pacific Palisades, CA with their daughter.


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Lieberman started his writing career in the Walt Disney Feature Writer's Program and has written on several projects in development including "Short Circuit", "Monopoly", "Zombie Brother" and "Mr. Toad's Wild Ride".


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Lieberman sold his spec script, "12/24", to Chris Columbus's 1492 Pictures in 2012, which later became "The Christmas Chronicles". Originally written as a found footage movie about two kids trying to capture Santa on video, Netflix picked up the script and Matt gave the Santa character a bigger part in the story for Kurt Russell. Lieberman's spec script, "Free Guy", was bought by 20th Century Fox and landed on the 2016 Black List. The film was made starring Ryan Reynolds and released in 2021.


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Most recently, Lieberman set deals for two big projects. Paramount Pictures preemptively acquired "Yumanzu", a high concept family adventure pitch. He will write the script with Kenya Barris and Adam Kolbrenner set to produce.


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Warner Bros. acquired "Meebo and Me", an original comedic family adventure spec script by Lieberman. He will produce the film along with Barris and Kolbrenner.


title: Matt Lieberman

text: Other projects in development for Lieberman include his spec script, "Meet the Machines", for Lionsgate and "The Jetsons" and "Rin Tin Tin" for Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: Grey Gardens is a 14-room house at 3 West End Road and Lily Pond Lane in the Georgica Pond neighborhood of East Hampton, New York. It was the residence of the Beale family from 1924 to 1979, including mother and daughter Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale and Edith "Little Edie" Bouvier Beale from 1952 to 1977. The 1975 documentary "Grey Gardens" depicted the two living in squalor in the mansion; the highly regarded film spawned a 2006 Broadway musical, a 2009 television movie, and other adaptations.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: The house dates from 1897, and was designed by Joseph Greenleaf Thorp. Other owners included Ben Bradlee and Sally Quinn, who lived in the house from 1979 to 2014, and extensively restored it after moving in. it is owned by fashion designer and entrepreneur Liz Lange.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: In 1895, of oceanfront land was bought by F. Stanhope Phillips and Margaret Bagg Phillips, daughter of John S. Bagg, who had acquired the "Detroit Free Press" in 1836. The Phillipses paid $2,500 () from the estate of a Mr. Candy. The couple announced their plans to build a $100,000 () house on the property. However, the purchase hit a snag when it was revealed that the property had been bequeathed to the U.S. government.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: In 1897, Joseph Greenleaf Thorp (1862–1934) designed the house. Thorpe had designed several other houses in East Hampton. However, the house was not immediately built. Stanhope Phillips died in 1901, leaving behind an estate valued at $250,000 (). His brother challenged Margaret for control of the estate, saying she had used undue influence on him and that she had cremated him so that an autopsy could not be performed to confirm this. The court sided with Margaret. After the ownership issues were settled, construction on the house started.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: In 1913, Robert C. Hill, president of Consolidation Coal Company, bought the house. Hill's wife Anna Gilman Hill (1875–1955) imported ornate concrete walls from Spain to enclose the garden and hired landscape designer Ruth Bramley to create what would become the core of Grey Gardens. Bramley was married at the time to architect Aymar Embury II and their offices were in the same building.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: In 1924, Phelan Beale acquired the estate for his wife Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale. Phelan was a law partner of John Vernou Bouvier Jr. and had married Bouvier's daughter, Edith. Bouvier owned an estate in East Hampton, located three miles north on Further Lane at Lasata where his granddaughter Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was a frequent visitor.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: After an extended marital separation, Phelan Beale notified Edith of their divorce around 1946 by telegram from Mexico. Phelan provided Edith with an allowance of $300 () per month to maintain the property, herself and her daughter Edith Bouvier Beale, who was commonly known as "Little" Edie. Phelan's financial support eventually ceased and the two Ediths lost contact with him. The house and garden fell into disrepair and were overtaken by nature due to the lack of funds. The two women continued to inhabit the house, where they kept a large number of feral cats and wild animals.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: In 1972, the Suffolk County, New York Health Commission issued a notice of eviction, stating the Beales would be unable to live in the house until it was cleaned and basic utilities restored. The news of the order and of the squalor in which the two women lived received international attention because "Big" and "Little" Edie were the aunt and first cousin, respectively, of the late Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of former US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and widow of Aristotle Onassis.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: Jacqueline and her sister, Lee Radziwill, donated money to make the house habitable and return it to a standard which would allow for the rescission of the eviction order.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: That same year Radziwill asked brothers Albert and David Maysles to create a film, including interviews with the Edies, which would document the Bouvier family's visits to East Hampton during Lee's and Jacqueline's youth. The project was ultimately canceled and the Maysles turned their attention to the Beales, resulting in the 1975 documentary "Grey Gardens". After the release of the film, Edith and Little Edie continued to reside in the house. Edith died in 1977 and Little Edie remained until she sold the property.


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: The original 1972 footage featuring Radziwill visiting the Beales was released in 2017 as "That Summer".


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: In 1979, Little Edie sold Grey Gardens to Ben Bradlee and Sally Quinn for $220,000 () with the stipulation that they were not to tear down the house. Little Edie reportedly told the couple, "all it needs is a coat of paint!" Quinn later recalled that the dilapidated house "was worse than the movie," and was filled with waste from 52 feral cats. In his 1995 memoir, Bradlee wrote "In all my life, including years reporting about slums from Washington to Casablanca, I have never seen a house in such dreadful condition: attics full of raccoons and their droppings, toilets stopped up, a kitchen stove that had fallen into the cellar, a living room with literally half a floor... ...Whole rooms had been abandoned when they filled up with garbage, as the Beales moved to the next room."


title: Grey Gardens (estate)

text: Bradlee and Quinn restored the home, which would be featured in several architectural and home décor magazines. In February 2017, a widowed Quinn put the house up for sale with an asking price of $19,995,000. The Beale-owned furniture, along with household items owned by Quinn, were auctioned off in an estate sale held from November 17–19, 2017. On December 20, 2017, the house sold for $15.5 million to American fashion designer Liz Lange. Lange has since overseen a complete restoration of the home and its surrounding gardens by decorator Mark D. Sikes.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula(<chem>C9H8O</chem>) CHCH=CHCHO. Occurring naturally as predominantly the "trans" ("E") isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. It is a phenylpropanoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus "Cinnamomum". The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde decomposes to styrene because of oxidation as a result of bad storage or transport conditions. Styrene especially forms in high humidity and high temperatures. This is the reason why cinnamon contains small amounts of styrene.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène-Melchior Péligot and synthesized in the laboratory by the Italian chemist Luigi Chiozza in 1854.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: The natural product is "trans"-cinnamaldehyde. The molecule consists of a benzene ring attached to an unsaturated aldehyde. As such, the molecule can be viewed as a derivative of acrolein. Its color is due to the π → π* transition: increased conjugation in comparison with acrolein shifts this band towards the visible.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde occurs widely, and closely related compounds give rise to lignin. All such compounds are biosynthesized starting from phenylalanine, which undergoes conversion.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: The biosynthesis of cinnamaldehyde begins with deamination of -phenylalanine into cinnamic acid by the action of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). PAL catalyzes this reaction by a non-oxidative deamination. This deamination relies on the MIO prosthetic group of PAL. PAL gives rise to "trans-"cinnamic acid. In the second step, 4-coumarate–CoA ligase (4CL) converts cinnamic acid to cinnamoyl-CoA by an acid–thiol ligation. 4CL uses ATP to catalyze the formation of cinnamoyl-CoA. 4CL effects this reaction in two steps. 4CL forms a hydroxycinnamate–AMP anhydride, followed by a nucleophile attack on the carbonyl of the acyl adenylate. Finally, Cinnamoyl-CoA is reduced by NADPH catalyzed by CCR (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase) to form cinnamaldehyde.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Several methods of laboratory synthesis exist, but cinnamaldehyde is most economically obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark. The compound can be prepared from related compounds such as cinnamyl alcohol, (the alcohol form of cinnamaldehyde), but the first synthesis from unrelated compounds was the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde; this process was patented by Henry Richmond on November 7, 1950.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: The most obvious application for cinnamaldehyde is as flavoring in chewing gum, ice cream, candy, e-liquid and beverages; use levels range from 9 to 4,900 parts per million (ppm) (that is, less than 0.5%). It is also used in some perfumes of natural, sweet, or fruity scents. Almond, apricot, butterscotch, and other aromas may partially employ the compound for their pleasant smells. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a food adulterant; powdered beechnut husk aromatized with cinnamaldehyde can be marketed as powdered cinnamon. Some breakfast cereals contain as much as 187 ppm cinnamaldehyde.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde has been tested as a safe and effective insecticide against mosquito larvae. A concentration of 29 ppm of cinnamaldehyde kills half of "Aedes aegypti" mosquito larvae in 24 hours. Trans-cinnamaldehyde works as a potent fumigant and practical repellant for adult mosquitos. It also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde is a corrosion inhibitor for steel and other alloys. It is believed to form a protective film on the metal surface.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Numerous derivatives of cinnamaldehyde are commercially useful. Dihydrocinnamyl alcohol (3-phenylpropanol) occurs naturally but is produced by double hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. It has the fragrances of hyacinth and lilac. Cinnamyl alcohol similarly occurs naturally and has the odor of lilac but can be also produced starting from cinnamaldehyde. Dihydrocinnamaldehyde is produced by the selective hydrogenation of the alkene subunit. α-Amylcinnamaldehyde and α-hexylcinnamaldehyde are important commercial fragrances, but they are not prepared from cinnamaldehyde. Hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, if directed to the alkene, gives hydrocinnamaldehyde.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde is used in agriculture because of its low toxicity, but it is a skin irritant. Cinnameldahyde may cause allergic contact stomatitis in sensitised individuals, however allergy to the compound is believed to be uncommon.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: Cinnamaldehyde is a dietary antimutagen that effectively inhibits both induced and spontaneous mutations. Experimental evidence indicates that cinnamaldehyde induces a type of DNA damage in the bacterium "Escherichia coli" and in human cells that elicits recombinational DNA repair that then reduces spontaneous mutations.


title: Cinnamaldehyde

text: In mice, X-ray induced chromosome aberrations were reduced when cinnamaldehyde was given orally to the mice after X-ray irradiation, perhaps due to cinnamaldehyde stimulated DNA repair.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Sturmgewehr 57 is a selective fire battle rifle designed by Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (now SAN Swiss Arms) of Switzerland. It uses a roller-delayed blowback system similar to the H&K G3 and CETME rifles.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The AM 55 entered service in the Swiss Army with the designation F. ass. 57 7.5mm (French/Italian, for Fusil d'Assaut/Fucile d'Assalto 1957") or 7.5mm Stgw. 57 (German for Sturmgewehr 1957"), with export variations constituting the SG 510 family of small arms.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Sturmgewehr 57 was adopted for Swiss military service in 1957 and replaced in 1990 by the lighter SIG SG 550 assault rifle, although some reservists used it for several more years.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Stgw. 57 was developed during the late 1950s, internally named AM 55 at SIG. During its development, Rudolf Amsler was the principal designer at Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft. It is a selective fire rifle that employs a roller-delayed blowback operating system. The Stgw. 57 was used by the Swiss Army as a personal universal weapon. In Swiss service, it gradually replaced the K31 rifle, the Suomi M-31/Mp. 43/Mp. 44 submachine gun, the Lmg 25 light machine gun, and after 1974-1977 the Zf. Kar. 55 designated marksman rifle.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The weapon is mainly made of pressed sheet-metal components to ease mass production and incorporates the "straight-line" recoil configuration. This layout, placed both the center of gravity and the position of the shoulder stock nearly in line with the longitudinal axis of the bore, a feature increasing controllability during burst or automatic fire. The Stgw. 57 has a distinctive T-shaped bolt handle similar to the earlier K31 rifle.


title: SIG SG 510

text: As with all roller-delayed designs, the roller recesses and rollers in the receiver will eventually wear down, decreasing the bolt head to bolt carrier gap. Many roller-delayed blowback weapons accept this as the functional service life of the rifle, but the Stgw. 57 has interchangeable locking recesses, so they can be replaced when worn.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The solid neoprene rubber, fixed butt-stock was designed with durability in mind and dynamically deforms to cope with the recoil produced by heavy rifle grenades. The Stgw. 57 sports a large carrying handle at its balance point that can be used during quick position changes or on the march. The ribbed handguard of the Stgw. 57 is also molded out of solid neoprene rubber.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Stgw. 57's barrel is relatively thick and rifled along of its length and has a 270 mm (1 in 10.6 in) 4 groove rifling.


title: SIG SG 510

text: At the end of the barrel an integral long muzzle brake/flash hider is fitted that reduces recoil by about 25%. A rifle grenade-launching interface is also integrally machined into the body of the barrel.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The barrel is surrounded by a perforated tubular aluminium barrel jacket with two spring detents for a sliding, underfolding integrated bipod—one near the muzzle to reduce shot dispersion during automatic fire, and another nearer the receiver and balance point offering more flexibility in the rifle role.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Stgw. 57 bipod legs are marked for use as an inclinometer for aiming rifle grenades at various ranges with and without an additional booster-charged rifle grenade. For such indirect rifle grenade fire, the Stgw. 57 was set on the ground and a weighted string attached on the sling loop was used as a plumb-line to set the correct firing angle reference mark on the appropriate bipod leg (left for boosted, right for unboosted). Swiss army knives were used as a makeshift plumb bob at the end of a string.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The trigger mechanism has a three-position fire selector switch that is also the manual safety toggle that secures the weapon from accidentally discharging. The user selects the operating mode with a large side lever on the left side of the trigger pack that can be rotated to select S (safe), E (semi-automatic fire) or M (full-automatic fire).


title: SIG SG 510

text: On the right hand side of the rifle, there is a foldaway 'winter' trigger which enables the operator to use the rifle with arctic mittens. It is also used for rifle grenade firing to avoid recoil-induced hand injuries.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Stgw. 57 has a straight-line stock design, and an elevated iron sights line with a relatively long sight radius. Both the front and rear sights can be folded down when not in use.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The rear peep sight of the Stgw. 57 can be adjusted from . From the sight adjusts in increments. From in increments, and from in increments.


title: SIG SG 510

text: For low-visibility use, a reversible clip-on diopter with two self-luminous tritium-powered inserts (later carbon-14, one-side only) fitted laterally on each side of the aperture was issued. This element could be clipped by the user on the standard diopter. The front sight hood contained a permanently attached single strontium-90 or tritium-powered insert above the post to complete the low visibility sight line. When not in use, the low-light diopter is stored inside the pistol grip cavity, with two blister packets of weapon grease. The useful life expectancy of tritium-illuminated night sight inserts is roughly 7-10 years.


title: SIG SG 510

text: According to the Swiss Army, the 50% windage and elevation dispersion shot at 300 m from a machine rest averages 6 cm (2.4 in). The employed circular error probable method cannot be converted and is not comparable to US military methods for determining rifle accuracy. When the R results are doubled the hit probability increases to 93.7%.


title: SIG SG 510

text: For designated marksman use, some special variants of the Stgw. 57 can be equipped with a quick-detachable Kern & Co Aarau 4×24 telescopic sight. The sight weighs and includes a variety of features, such as a Bullet Drop Compensation (BDC) elevation adjustment knob for ranges from 100 to 800 m, a tritium-illuminated reticle that enables target acquisition in low-light conditions and a diopter eyesight correction adjustment. Included with the sight is a lens hood with additional protective lens and a gray filter for glare reduction. A night vision sight with an infrared light can also be mounted. The Chilean version can fit a German-made Supra 4×24 telescopic sight.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The Stgw. 57 is fed from curved detachable box magazines, made from aluminum and containing 24 rounds weighing empty and fully loaded.


title: SIG SG 510

text: Special silver-colored magazines that can contain 6 grenade-launching cartridges (Gw. Treib.-Pat. 44) for use with rifle grenades weigh empty and fully loaded.


title: SIG SG 510

text: Magazines with 20-round capacities for the SG 510-4 in 7.62 NATO and 30-round originally for the Lmg. 25 may operate in the Stgw. 57 as well.


title: SIG SG 510

text: Other accessories include a leather sling, a bayonet, various magazine pouches, cavalry holsters, and fortress-firing kits.


title: SIG SG 510

text: Rocket-boosted rifle grenades can be launched with the use of the aforementioned silver-colored magazine. Grenade-launching cartridges enable the Stgw. 57 to fire "Gewehrgranaten 58" rifle grenades which weigh depending on the warhead type. These rifle grenades achieve a muzzle velocity of and a maximum range of without the help of a booster charge or a V7 of and a maximum range of with the help of a booster charge.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The following tables list accuracy statistics for typical in service Stgw. 57 rifles firing 7.5×55mm Swiss GP 11 service ammunition obtained by average marksman. The statistics were computed under the 1950's Swiss method for determining accuracy, which is more complex than Western methods which usually involve firing a group of shots and then measuring the overall diameter of the group. The Swiss method differs in that after a group of shots is fired into the target from a machine rest hits on the outer part of the target are disregarded, while only half of the hits on the inner part of the circles are counted (50% or R), which significantly reduces the overall diameter of the groups. The vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced groups are then used to measure accuracy. This circular error probable method used by the Swiss and other European militaries cannot be converted and is not comparable to US military methods for determining rifle accuracy. When the R results are doubled the hit probability increases to 93.7%.


title: SIG SG 510

text: For reference a 1 minute of arc (MOA) circle at has a diameter of and at has a diameter of . The radius of a circle is half its diameter.


title: SIG SG 510

text: Upon completion of their military service, members of the Swiss armed forces could obtain ownership of their personal Stgw. 57 rifle by paying an administrative fee. These "civilianised" Stgw. 57 rifles were converted to a semi-automatic only configuration. Dedicated factory-built, semi-automatic only rifles for private purchase were available and designated PE-Stgw. 57, PE means "Privat Einzelfeuer" ("private single fire"). These civilian rifles incorporate subtle design changes to avoid some cross-compatibility with army rifle parts. As of 2007, around 40 percent of discharged soldiers choose to retain their weapon (nowadays the SIG SG 550), and the going rate for civilianised Stgw. 57 rifles on the private weapons market is reported to vary between 300 and 500 Swiss francs.


title: SIG SG 510

text: In Switzerland, the Stgw. 57 is also used for target shooting matches. For this the standard iron sights can be replaced by target shooting diopter and globe sight sighting lines. When the original sighting is kept Swiss sport shooters refer to a such unmodified rifle as Stgw. 57/02 (small diopter allowed, but no globe sight). When a globe sight is added and possibly the sighting line radius is lengthened by mounting the globe sight nearer to the muzzle it is referred to as Stgw. 57/03. As of 2017, original military barrels, which are known for longevity and are rated for up to 15,000 rounds (for later nitrided variants), could be replaced by match-grade barrels. Other upgrades include improved target sights, mirage bands, lighter hammers, custom pistol grips, custom barrel jackets and regular replacement of bolt components.


title: SIG SG 510

text: The SG 510-4 chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO was adopted by Chile and Bolivia. Compared to the SG 510-1, the following main changes were applied:


title: SIG SG 510

text: The SG 510-4 is officially classed as an automatic rifle but also served as a designated marksman weapon (in Chile with Supra 4×24 scope)


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: The Women is a 1939 American comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor. The film is based on Clare Boothe Luce's 1936 play of the same name, and was adapted for the screen by Anita Loos and Jane Murfin, who had to make the film acceptable for the Production Code for it to be released.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: The film stars Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Rosalind Russell, Paulette Goddard, Joan Fontaine, Lucile Watson, Mary Boland, Florence Nash, and Virginia Grey. Marjorie Main and Phyllis Povah also appear, reprising their stage roles from the play. Ruth Hussey, Virginia Weidler, Butterfly McQueen, Theresa Harris, and Hedda Hopper also appear in smaller roles. Fontaine was the last surviving actress with a credited role in the film; she died in 2013.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: The film continued the play's all-female tradition—the entire cast of more than 130 speaking roles was female. Set in the glamorous Manhattan apartments of high society evoked by Cedric Gibbons, and in Reno, Nevada, where they obtain their divorces, it presents an acidic commentary on the pampered lives and power struggles of various rich, bored wives and other women they come into contact with.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Filmed in black and white, it includes a six-minute fashion parade filmed in Technicolor, featuring Adrian's most "outré "designs; often cut in modern screenings, it has been restored by Turner Classic Movies. On DVD, the original black-and-white fashion show, which is a different take, is available for the first time.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Throughout "The Women", not a single male character is seen or heard. The attention to detail was such that even in props such as portraits, only female figures are represented, and several animals which appeared as pets were also female. The only exceptions are a poster-drawing of a bull in the fashion show segment, a framed portrait of Stephen Haines as a boy, a figurine on Mary's night stand, and an advertisement on the back of the magazine Peggy reads at Mary's house before lunch that contains a photograph of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: The film is a scathing look at a group of Manhattan women and the scores of women who work for them. It centers on Mary Haines, the cheerful, contented wife of Stephen and mother of Little Mary, and her circle of "friends". Mary's cousin Sylvia Fowler goes to Sydney's elite salon to get the latest nail color: Jungle Red. Olga, the manicurist, reveals that Mary's husband has been "stepping out"  with a predatory perfume counter girl named Crystal Allen. Sylvia eagerly shares the news with Mary's friends and sets Mary up with Olga.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Mary is shattered to learn about Stephen's infidelity. Her wise mother urges patience and takes Mary to Bermuda with her, so she can take time to think. When they return, Mary goes to a couturier for a fitting. Crystal appears, ordering expensive clothes. Stephen is now keeping her.  At Sylvia's insistence, Mary confronts Crystal, who slyly suggests that Mary keep the status quo unless she wants to lose Stephen in a divorce. Heartbroken and humiliated, Mary leaves. The gossip continues, exacerbated by Sylvia and their friend Edith, who turns the affair into a public scandal by recounting Sylvia's version of the story to a gossip columnist. Mary decides to divorce her husband despite his efforts to make her stay. As she packs to leave for Reno, Mary explains the divorce to Little Mary, who weeps alone in the bathroom.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: On the train to Reno, Mary meets three women with the same destination and purpose: the dramatic, extravagant Countess de Lave; Miriam Aarons, a tough-cookie chorus girl; and, to her surprise, her shy young friend Peggy Day, who has been pushed into divorce by Sylvia. They all settle in at a Reno ranch, where they get plenty of commonsense advice from Lucy, the gruff, warm-hearted woman who runs the ranch. The Countess tells tales of her multiple husbands and seems to have found another prospect in a cowboy named Buck Winston. Miriam has been having an affair with Sylvia Fowler's husband and plans to marry him. Peggy discovers that she is pregnant, calls her husband and happily plans to hurry home. Sylvia arrives at the ranch; Howard is suing her, thanks to recorded evidence of mental cruelty. When she discovers that Miriam is the next Mrs. Fowler, she attacks her, and a fight ensues.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Mary's divorce comes through, but Miriam tries to convince her that she should forget her pride and call Stephen. Before Mary can decide, Stephen calls to inform Mary that he and Crystal have just been married.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Two years later, Crystal, now Mrs. Haines, is taking a bubble bath and talking on the phone to her lover, Buck Winston, now a radio star and married to the Countess. Little Mary overhears the conversation before being shooed away by Crystal. Sylvia picks up the phone and hears the voice of Crystal's lover.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Mary hosts a dinner for her Reno buddies and her Manhattan friends—excepting Sylvia—celebrating Buck and the Countess's second anniversary. The Countess, Miriam, and Peggy urge Mary to come along to a nightclub, but she stays home. Little Mary inadvertently reveals how unhappy Stephen is and mentions Crystal's "lovey dovey" talk with Buck on the telephone. Mary is transformed, crying "I've had two years to grow claws, Mother—Jungle Red!"


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In the nightclub's ladies' lounge, Mary worms the details out of Sylvia, and gets the news to a gossip columnist (played by Hedda Hopper). Mary tells the Countess that her husband Buck has been having an affair with Crystal, then informs Crystal that everyone knows what she has been doing. Crystal does not care. Mary can have Stephen back, since she will now have Buck to support her. The weeping Countess reveals that she has been funding Buck's radio career and that without her, he will be penniless and jobless. Crystal resigns herself to the fact that she will be heading back to the perfume counter, adding: "And by the way, there's a name for you ladies, but it isn't used in high society—outside of a kennel." Mary, triumphant, heads out the door, arms wide open to receive Stephen.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In January 1937, producers Harry M. Goetz and Max Gordon bought the film rights to the play for $125,000 and planned on turning it into a Claudette Colbert vehicle, with Gregory LaCava as the director. In March 1938, Norma Shearer and Carole Lombard were in negotiations to star. It was rumored that MGM sought to bring back Marion Davies for the role of Sylvia Fowler, but she declined. In November 1938, it was announced Jane Murfin was busy writing the film's screenplay at MGM. Virginia Weidler was cast on April 24, 1939. F. Scott Fitzgerald worked on the script early on in the process, but was uncredited. Cast member Florence Nash's sister Mary Nash had starred in a 1911 play called "The Woman".


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: After the opening credits the film offers a preview of—and insight into—the principal characters with shots of animals that dissolve to shots of the women, with appropriate music. Mary is a doe, Crystal a panting leopard, Sylvia a snarling black cat, Flora a monkey, Miriam a vixen (female fox), Peggy a lamb, Mary's mother an owl, Edith a cow chewing its cud, Lucy a neighing horse. TCM.com incorrectly identifies the leopard as a lion and the fox as a wolf.All of the animals in the picture are female.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: "The New York Times" reported on Cukor's strategies for managing a cast of 135 women led by three famously demanding stars. He described one technique for dealing with precedence: He made sure that all three stars were called to set simultaneously, either by sending separate staff to knock on their dressing room doors at the identical moment, or by calling "Ready ladies!" so all could hear. This system lapsed only once, and the offended star (not named) remained in her dressing room for a very long time.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: When it comes to bloopers, the film contains a fine example of misused stock footage. The film transitions from Little Mary weeping in the bathroom over the news of the divorce through an establishing shot—a night scene of a train speeding through a desert in the far West—to the compartment where Mary consoles a weeping Peggy. Peggy barely managed to catch the train for Reno. It is the first night out, and the train is nowhere near the West. The journey from New York to Reno took three full days at the time (and was no faster in 2013). The same desert shot had been used appropriately three years before, in "After the Thin Man", as Nick and Nora Charles near the end of their two-day trip to California.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: "The Women" has one sequence in Technicolor, a fashion show. When interviewed by TCM host Robert Osborne, director George Cukor stated that he did not like the sequence and that he wanted to remove it from the film. "New York Times" critic Frank Nugent agreed with this assessment. In his September 22, 1939, review of the film, he reported that "a style show in Technicolor...may be lovely—at least that's what most of the women around us seemed to think—but has no place in the picture. Why not a diving exhibition or a number by the Rockettes? It is the only mark against George Cukor's otherwise shrewd and sentient direction."


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In 2018, British critic Peter Bradshaw describes the “remarkable” technicolor fashion show as “a mesmeric, wordless interlude that appears to allude to the nature of these women’s lives. It starts with jolly outdoor scenes, almost pastoral, but then descends into moody nightclub darkness, a world of metropolitan chic and brooding sensuality. I can only compare it to the nightmare in Alfred Hitchcock's "Spellbound".”


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: The film was commercially successful and was cited as one of the best of the year. Although it received no Academy Award nominations, many critics now describe it as one of the major films of what was a stellar year in Hollywood film production.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: The New York Times critic Frank Nugent praised the film with characteristic wit:"...(G)oing and coming to syrupy movies, we lose our sense of balance...Miss Boothe...has dipped her pen in venom. Metro, without alkalizing it too much, has fed it to a company of actresses who normally are so sweet that butter (as the man says) would not melt in their mouths. And, instead of gasping and clutching at their throats, the women—bless 'em—have downed it without blinking, have gone on a glorious cat-clawing rampage and have turned in one of the merriest pictures of the season...(Boothe's) sociological investigation of the scalpel-tongued Park Avenue set...is a ghoulish and disillusioning business, and the drama critics, when first they saw the play, turned away in chivalrous horror...Possibly some of that venom has been lost in the screen translation...The omissions are not terribly important, and some of the new sequences are so good Miss Boothe might have thought of them herself. ...The most heartening part of it all, though, aside from the pleasure we derive from hearing witty lines crackle on the screen, is the way Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Rosalind Russell, Paulette Goddard and the others have leaped at the chance to be vixens. ... even Miss Shearer's Mary sharpens her talons finally and joins the birds of prey...(in) one of the best performances she has given. Rosalind Russell, who usually is sympathetic as all-get-out, is flawless...as the archprowler in the Park Avenue jungle. (all the actors are) all so knowing, so keen on their jobs and so successful in bringing them off that we don't know when we've ever seen such a terrible collection of women. They're really appallingly good, and so is their picture."Leonard Maltin gives the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars: "All-star (and all-female) cast shines in this hilarious adaptation of Clare Boothe play about divorce, cattiness, and competition in circle of "friends.<nowiki>"</nowiki> Crawford has one of her best roles..."


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In 2018, The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw gave five out of five stars to "this extraordinary, almost Daliesque comedy...the absence of men has its own kind of ethical implication. It is a sort of abandonment, and the drama's no-men structure is a satirical comment on their emotional distance. Around this drama of duplicity and infidelity, Cukor creates a brilliant spectacle, halted by Shearer's moments of stunningly serious emotional devastation.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: According to MGM records the film earned $1,610,000 in the US and Canada and $660,000 elsewhere but because of its high production cost ultimately incurred a loss of $262,000. However, the film was re-released in 1947 and earned a small profit of $52,000.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In 2007, "The Women" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: Actress Anna Kendrick considers the film to be her favorite film to watch, calling it "a wildly funny all female cast and a female writer. I revisit it almost every year and my appreciation for the performances and the writing grows." She reiterated her love for the film several years later.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: On his November 5, 1939, radio broadcast, Jack Benny presented a sketch parody of "The Women" with all the male cast members in female roles and Mary Livingstone as the announcer.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: "The Women" was remade as a 1956 musical comedy titled "The Opposite Sex", starring June Allyson, Joan Collins, and Ann Miller.


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In 1960, MGM toyed with the idea of doing an all-male remake of "The Women" which would have been entitled, "Gentlemen's Club". Like the female version, this would have involved an all masculine cast and the plot would have involved a man (Jeffrey Hunter) who recently discovers among his friends that his wife is having an affair with another man (Earl Holliman) and after going to Reno to file for divorce and begin a new life, he later finds himself doing what he can to rectify matters later on when he discovers that the other man is only interested in money and position and he decides to win his true love back again. Although nothing ever came of this, it would have consisted of the following ensemble: Jeffrey Hunter (Martin Heal), Earl Holliman (Christopher Allen), Tab Hunter (Simon Fowler), Lew Ayres (Count Vancott), Robert Wagner (Mitchell Aarons), James Garner (Peter Day), Jerry Mathers (Little Martin), James Stewart (Mr. Heal), Ronald Reagan (Larry), Troy Donahue (Norman Blake), and Stuart Whitman (Oliver, the bartender who spills the beans about the illicit affair).


title: The Women (1939 film)

text: In 2008, Diane English wrote and directed a remake of the same title, her feature film directorial debut. The comedy starred Meg Ryan, Eva Mendes, Annette Bening, Jada Pinkett Smith, Bette Midler, and Debra Messing, and was released in 2008 by Picturehouse Entertainment, a sister company to Warner Bros. (the current owners of the 1939 version through Turner Entertainment). It holds a 13 percent rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Shūzō Oshimi

text: Oshimi's hometown is in the countryside of Kiryu, Gunma, which also served as the setting of his manga "The Flowers of Evil". While growing up there, the main places he would visit were the riverbank, the stairs of his junior high school, and the bookstore. Oshimi currently resides in Tokyo.


title: Shūzō Oshimi

text: Oshimi debuted with "Superfly" in Kodansha's "Monthly Shōnen Magazine". He would go on to start his first series "Avant-Garde Yumeko" in the magazine. His works have been adapted into many different media, with "Drifting Net Café" and "Inside Mari" into television dramas, "The Flowers of Evil" into an anime, and "Sweet Poolside" into a live action film. In 2001, he won the Tetsuya Chiba Award.


title: Shūzō Oshimi

text: In his childhood Oshimi would read modernist poems from authors like Sakutarō Hagiwara and Mitsuharu Kaneko. Oshimi also thought that surrealist artists like André Breton, Max Ernst, and Paul Delvaux were cool. His favorite artist is Redon. and he also likes Francisco Goya. In his youth, Oshimi heavily identified with the protagonist of Tetsu Adachi's "Song of Cherry Blossoms" and it would later influence his manga "The Flowers of Evil".


title: Shūzō Oshimi

text: Oshimi's narrative style consists of stories presenting quirky, clumsy main characters, usually a boy and a girl couple, and how their relationship unfolds as the narrative progresses. He also presents uncommon, uncomfortable and, sometimes, disturbing situations through which the protagonists take part. This narrative style has been seen in all of the author's works, including his best-known work, "The Flowers of Evil".


title: Shūzō Oshimi

text: Oshimi likes to explore themes such as coming-of-age and perversion, combined with his experiences in his youth. He thinks that the end of adolescence is hard to define, and is up to an individual to discover, such as in "The Flowers of Evil". He also believes that perversion is a characteristic of every person that is surrounded by stigma which he wants people to think about. Oshimi also wants to explore the female perspective in his gender-bender manga "Inside Mari", because to him, girls are "half of the world".