title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: The first referendum started on 20 November 2015 with voting closing three weeks later on 11 December 2015. Using the preferential voting system, it asked voters to rank the five shortlisted flag alternatives in order of preference. The most popular design would contend with the current national flag in the second referendum.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Opponents of flag change encouraged members of the public to abstain from voting, render the voting paper invalid or strategically vote for the worst alternative flag as a protest.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Preliminary results were released on the night of 11 December; official results were declared on 15 December. Voters ranked Kyle Lockwood's Silver Fern (Black, White and Blue) design as the most preferred out of the five options.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: The added work of calculating results for individual electorates under preferential voting made no vote breakdown by electorate be available.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: The second referendum started on 3 March 2016 with voting closing three weeks later on 24 March 2016. It asks voters to choose between the existing New Zealand Flag and the preferred alternative design selected in the first referendum.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: On 24 March 2016, the preliminary results of the second referendum were announced with the current flag winning 56.7% compared to 43.3% for the new flag.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Of New Zealand's 71 electorates, only six had a majority vote in favour of the alternative flag: , , , , and .


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: The Māori electorates had markedly low turnout and high support for the status quo. This result confused Malcolm Mulholland of the Flag Consideration Panel, who believed they had adequately engaged with Māori during their nationwide tour.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: After the first referendum, the Electoral Commission referred seven cases of people apparently voting more than once to police.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: On 8 and 9 March, the Electoral Commission referred four more cases of apparent multiple voting to police. This included one case of an Auckland man allegedly voting with 300 ballot papers stolen from other people's mailboxes.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Voting more than once is known as personation and is identified as a corrupt electoral practice under both the Electoral Act 1993 and the Flag Referendums Act. A person convicted of personation is liable to up to two years' imprisonment and a fine up to $40,000, and carries a mandatory disqualification from enrolling or voting for three years.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: John Key said that he was disappointed by the result but was still glad that the country had a valuable discussion about what it stood for. The failure of the referendum resulted in a loss of political prestige for Key. Some predicted that this failure would become part of his legacy, though others suggested that this would still be overshadowed by events such as the 2011 Christchurch earthquake and privatisation of state assets.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Years after the referendum, John Key said his biggest regret was being unable to change the flag. He still believed the country should adopt a unique flag design to increase its sense of national pride, pointing out how proud Americans are of their national flag. He also believed that as a small country, New Zealand still needs "a symbol that is ours" to raise its profile and make its identity more well-known overseas. In hindsight, he blamed opposition parties for politicising the referendum and turning it a vote on him personally. If he could go back in time, he would have "pushed harder" and changed the flag without a referendum, as the public would become accustomed to a new design after it became official.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Flag Consideration Panel member Malcolm Mulholland said he wasn't sure if the Lockwood flag designs were the best selections for the referendum. According to Mulholland, the Lockwood flags were chosen as compromise designs that were "a bob each way", as they combined the silver fern with elements from the current flag to appeal to people who were indecisive about flag change. In hindsight, he would have chosen a purely silver fern based design, as he observed the public warming up to a flag change later in the debate.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Although the current flag was retained after the referendum, proponents of a flag change were still optimistic. Change the NZ Flag campaign leader Lewis Holden opined that the flag debate "has only just begun". He pointed out that support for the alternative design (43%) was a much closer result than anyone had expected, undermining the stature of the current flag and raising the possibility of a successful flag change in the future. He also noted that factors behind support for a flag change (i.e. cultural diversity, Asia-Pacific links and independent symbols) would only increase in the future. Change the NZ Flag wound up and its web domain and Facebook page were taken over by New Zealand Republic. Former Green MP Keith Locke also pointed out that the 43% result was a marked increase over previous opinion polls that showed support for change in the 20–30% range. He suggested that a flag process with a better design and less politicisation could feasibly result in a majority vote for change.


title: 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums

text: Politicians were not expected to revisit the flag issue for the next fifteen years or so, though becoming a republic may provide the impetus for another attempt at change. Labour leader Andrew Little agreed that it was appropriate to discuss the flag as part of constitutional debates once the reign of Queen Elizabeth II was over.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The British Rail Class 387 is a type of electric multiple unit passenger train built by Bombardier Transportation as part of the Electrostar family. A total of 107 units were built, with the first train entering service with Thameslink in December 2014. The trains are currently in service with Great Western Railway, Govia Thameslink Railway, and Heathrow Express. The Class 387 is a variation of the "Bombardier Electrostar", albeit with dual-voltage capability (which allows units to run on 750VDC third rail as well as use 25kVAC OLE). The class were the final rolling stock orders based on the Bombardier Electrostar family with 2,805 vehicles built over 18 years between 1999 and 2017.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The first Class 387/1s were ordered for the Thameslink route, which enabled the existing units to be transferred to Northern Rail for use on the newly electrified Manchester Victoria to Liverpool via Newton-le-Willows route.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: On behalf of the Department for Transport, Southern issued an OJEU notice in December 2012, with proposals received in January 2013. The invitation to tender for the fleet was released the following month with final offers being submitted by 18 June 2013. Southern announced it had signed a deal with Bombardier on 30 July 2013 for 29 four carriage units.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In October 2015, Porterbrook placed a speculative order for 80 carriages. Fifty-six were later leased to Great Western Railway and the remaining 24 to c2c as 387/3s.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The Class 387/1 fleet is subdivided into a Class 387/1a fleet which has been fitted with the ETCS signalling system for use in the Heathrow Airport railway tunnels (and in along the entire route in future). This subfleet was authorised for use in passenger service under ETCS by the ORR on 14 December 2020.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: Govia ordered 27 four-carriage units to replace units on the Gatwick Express service. The first units entered service in February 2016.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In May 2016, c2c announced that it would operate six Class 387 units to add capacity to its network.<ref name="387/3 In Service"></ref>


title: British Rail Class 387

text: As part of Govia's bid for the Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise, 27 four-carriage units were ordered to replace units on the Gatwick Express service, using some of the optional 140 extra carriages. The order was announced in November 2014 with the first units on test in July 2015 and they began to enter service on 29 February 2016.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The deployment was disrupted by unionised drivers refusing to take passengers, claiming that the twelve-coach Class 387 trains are not covered by their driver only operation agreement which is limited to ten coaches, and that running them without a conductor would be unsafe. In response to this, Govia threatened to take legal action, and the union ultimately dropped the claim. Prior to entering service with Gatwick Express, several units entered service with Thameslink in response to delays with commissioning the Class 700 units. These then returned to Gatwick Express by the end of summer 2016.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The first Great Western Railway unit entered service on 5 September 2016 running between London Paddington and Hayes & Harlington in peak hours to relieve congestion on some of the country's most crowded trains. In January 2017 GWR began running a half-hourly Paddington to Hayes & Harlington service using pairs of these 387/1s.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: On 1 January 2018, following further electrification work, Class 387/1 EMUs began operating suburban services between London Paddington and Didcot Parkway, replacing GWR DMUs on these services. Due to electrification being suspended from Didcot Parkway to Oxford, the previous Oxford suburban service from London Paddington was cut back to Didcot Parkway to allow electric trains to operate this service. Oxford is still served by the fast services from London Paddington and a DMU service from Didcot Parkway.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In January 2019, Class 387/1 EMUs began operating between Reading and Newbury after electrification works on the Reading to Taunton line was completed. In December 2019, Class 345s took over most of the GWR stopping services between Reading and Paddington. This displaced 12 Class 387s which are now used on Heathrow Express services between Heathrow Terminal 5 and Paddington. Since the December 2021 timetable change, GWR use Class 387s on daily services to Cardiff, as well as special services when events are held at the Millennium Stadium.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: From late 2016, 29 of the Class 387/1s operating on Thameslink were displaced by the delivery of s, and were transferred to Great Northern. They operate mostly on the Kings Cross–Cambridge–King's Lynn route, though they can also be seen on other services. These units were delivered in a white livery, with Southern green doors and Southern moquette.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In 2018, 387105 was transferred to Gatwick Express services, but was not re-liveried into Gatwick Express red. It was transferred back to Great Northern in May 2020, regaining its original branding.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In March 2021, it was announced that Great Northern would be withdrawing the remaining s from service in May 2021, with Class 387/2s from the Gatwick Express brand used to replace them.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In mid-July 2022, it received the 6 displaced Class 387/3 from c2c, to allow for some Class 387/2s to be sent back to Southern.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In March 2018, Heathrow Airport Holdings came to an agreement with Great Western Railway to take over the operation of the Heathrow Express service between London Paddington and Heathrow Airport from August 2018. In September 2019, Heathrow Express confirmed that operation of the service would pass to GWR with ownership remaining with Heathrow Airport Holdings until at least 2028. GWR would provide and maintain the Class 387 units for the service from 2020, with the Class 332 trains withdrawn from service.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: Twelve Class 387 units from the GWR fleet were modified to provide a dedicated set of trains for the service including first class accommodation, high speed Wi-Fi, additional luggage racks and on-board entertainment. The Heathrow Express sub-fleet is designated as Class 387/1a due to their unique fitment of the ETCS signalling system for use in the Heathrow Airport railway tunnels.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The first c2c Class 387/3 was delivered in October 2016 and entered service in November 2016. These trains were built primarily as stock units; they were leased out to c2c which at the time was suffering with overcrowding.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The units operated fast limited stop services from Shoeburyness to London Fenchurch Street as 12 car sets during peak hours; following the impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the units were temporarily stored at Shoeburyness Carriage Sidings in March 2020. Later in 2020, they were reinstated for use on services in the c2c network, again working peak hour limited stop services between Fenchurch Street and Shoeburyness.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: In May 2021 c2c transferred three units to Great Western Railway owing to their fleet of Class 800s requiring repairs due to bogie defects.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: c2c along with Great Western Railway withdrew their 387/3 fleet in June 2022.<ref name="c2c387/3"></ref> They transferred to Great Northern in mid-July 2022 and have now received Great Northern branding.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The first Thameslink unit entered service in December 2014 with all in service by July 2015. They were operated by Thameslink on services between Bedford and Brighton.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: During Summer 2016, several of Gatwick Express Class 387/2 units entered service with Thameslink prior to introduction on Gatwick Express services due to the delay of the Class 700 units, although these returned to service with Gatwick Express after a few months.


title: British Rail Class 387

text: The Class 387/1s have since been transferred to Great Northern working services from Kings Cross to King's Lynn via Cambridge, as well as peak time and weekend services to Peterborough.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each. The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race. Each runner carries a relay baton. Before 2018, the baton had to be passed within a 20 m changeover box, preceded by a 10-metre acceleration zone. With a rule change effective November 1, 2017, that zone was modified to include the acceleration zone as part of the passing zone, making the entire zone 30 metres in length. The outgoing runner cannot touch the baton until it has entered the zone, and the incoming runner cannot touch it after it has left the zone. The zone is usually marked in yellow, frequently using lines, triangles or chevrons. While the rule book specifies the exact positioning of the marks, the colours and style are only "recommended". While most legacy tracks will still have the older markings, the rule change still uses existing marks. Not all governing body jurisdictions have adopted the rule change.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: The transfer of the baton in this race is typically blind. The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when entering the changeover box or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal. The outgoing runner does not look back, and it is the responsibility of the incoming runner to thrust the baton into the outstretched hand and not let go until the outgoing runner takes hold of it without crossing the changeover box and stops after the baton is exchanged. Runners on the first and third legs typically run on the inside of the lane with the baton in their right hand, while runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level. Relay times are typically 2–3 seconds faster than the sum of best times of individual runners.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: The United States men and women historically dominated this event through the 20th century, winning Olympic gold medals and the most IAAF world championships. Carl Lewis ran the anchor leg on U.S. relay teams that set six world records from 1983 to 1992, including the first team to break 38 seconds.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: The current men's world record stands at 36.84, set by the Jamaican team at the final of the 2012 London Olympic Games on 11 August 2012. As the only team to break 37 seconds to date, Jamaica has been the dominant team in the sport, winning two consecutive Olympic Gold Medals and four consecutive World Championships. The Jamaican team also set the previous record of 37.04 seconds at the 2011 World Championships.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: The fastest electronically timed anchor leg run is 8.65 seconds by Usain Bolt at the 2015 IAAF World Relays, while Bob Hayes was hand-timed as running 8.7 seconds on a cinder track in the 1964 Tokyo Games Final. The Tokyo Games also had electronic timing. High-speed modern video analysis shows his time to be a more realistic 8.95-9.0 seconds in the final, a much more consistent time relative to his Fully Automatic Timing 10.06s 100m world record and more in line with the usual +0.25s-0.3s hand time to FAT conversion.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: The women's world record stands at 40.82 seconds, set by the United States in 2012 at the London Olympics. The fastest anchor leg run by a woman was run by Christine Arron of France, timed unofficially at 9.67s.


title: 4 × 100 metres relay

text: According to the IAAF rules, world records in relays can only be set if all team members have the same nationality.


title: Wicker

text: Wicker is the oldest furniture making method known to history, dating as far back as 5,000 years ago. It was first documented in ancient Egypt using pliable plant material, but in modern times it is made from any pliable, easily woven material. The word "wicker" or "wisker" is believed to be of Scandinavian origin: , which means "to fold" in Swedish, and meaning willow. Wicker is traditionally made of material of plant origin, such as willow, rattan, reed, and bamboo, but synthetic fibers are now also used. Wicker is light yet sturdy, making it suitable for items that will be moved often like porch and patio furniture. "Rushwork" and wickerwork are terms used in England. A typical braiding pattern is called "Wiener Geflecht", Viennese Braiding, as it was invented in 18th century Vienna and later most prominently used with the Thonet coffeehouse chair.


title: Wicker

text: Wicker has been documented as far back as ancient Egypt, made from indigenous "reed and swamp grasses." Middle-class families could only afford a few pieces, such as small tables. However, archaeologists working on the tombs of the wealthy pharaohs have uncovered a wider variety of wicker items, including "chests, baskets, wig boxes, and chairs". Wicker even found use in the Achaemenid Empire on the battlefield, in shields.


title: Wicker

text: The popularity of wicker passed from ancient Egypt and Persia to ancient Rome. Wicker baskets were used to carry items in Pompeii. Furniture was manufactured out of wicker in the Roman style. It has been proposed that the extensive use of wicker in the Iron Age (1200 BC – 400 AD in Europe) may have influenced the development of the woven patterns used in Celtic art. By the 16th and 17th centuries, wicker was "quite common" in European countries like Portugal, Spain, and England.


title: Wicker

text: Wicker received a boost during the Age of Exploration, when international sea traders returned from Philippines with a species of palm called rattan. Rattan is stronger than traditional European wicker materials, although the rattan stem can be separated so the softer inner core can be used for wicker.


title: Wicker

text: The 19th century brought immense popularity for wicker in Europe, England, and North America. It was used outdoors as well as indoors. People in the Victorian Era believed it to be more sanitary than upholstered furniture. It was inexpensive, resisted harsh weather and was adaptable to many styles.


title: Wicker

text: In the United States, Cyrus Wakefield began constructing rattan furniture in the 1850s. He first used rattan that had been offloaded from ships, where it was used as ballast, but as his designs became well-known, he began importing the material himself. Wakefield's company became one of the leading industries in wicker furniture; it later merged with the Heywood Chair Manufacturing Company (a wooden chair company that had invented a mechanical process for weaving wicker seats) to form the Heywood-Wakefield, one of the oldest and most prominent North American wicker manufacturers.


title: Wicker

text: In recent times, its aesthetic was influenced heavily by the Arts and Crafts movement at the turn of the 20th century.


title: Wicker

text: Wicker is still a popular material. Antique wicker products are highly sought after by collectors. Reproductions of furniture and accent pieces are also sold for indoor and outdoor use. (In North America today, "rattan" and "wicker" are frequently used interchangeably.) Wickerwork is an important industry in Poland, employing hundreds of skilled workers to create goods for export to western Europe.


title: Wicker

text: Natural wicker is well known for its strength and durability, as well as the high level of beauty and comfort that an expert craftsperson can create. Materials used can be any part of a plant, such as the cores of cane or rattan stalks, or whole thicknesses of plants, as with willow switches. Other popular materials include reed and bamboo. Natural wicker requires maintenance to keep it in good shape.


title: Wicker

text: Wicker can also be made from synthetic materials, or a combination. In furniture, such as benches, chairs, stools and other seating devices, a frame is typically made of stiffer materials, after which more pliant material is woven into the frame to fill it. In a smaller piece such as a basket, a strengthening frame is not needed so the entire piece is woven from the wicker material.


title: Wicker

text: Synthetic types include paper-wrapped high tensile wire (using the Lloyd Loom process patented in the early 20th century), and plastic or resin. The synthetic wickers are often preferred for outdoor use ("all-weather wicker"). The frame material used in these more recent versions includes aluminum.


title: Lil Wayne singles discography

text: American rapper Lil Wayne has released 285 singles including 19 promotional singles. Lil Wayne attained his first singles chart entry in 1999 as a featured artist on Hot Boys member Juvenile's single "Back That Azz Up", which peaked at number 19 on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100 and became a top ten hit on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts. Wayne later released his debut solo studio album "Tha Block Is Hot" in November 1999. Its title track and lead single, which features B.G. and Juvenile, reached number 65 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Lights Out" followed in December 2000 and produced the singles "Get Off the Corner", "Everything" and "Shine". "Way of Life", the lead single from Wayne's third studio album "500 Degreez", peaked at number 71 on the Hot 100 and became a top 20 hit on the Hot Rap Songs chart. In 2004, Wayne was featured on the single "Soldier" by American girl group Destiny's Child, which became his first top ten hit on the Hot 100 and enjoyed commercial success internationally.


title: Lil Wayne singles discography

text: Lil Wayne's fourth studio album "Tha Carter" featured the single "Go D.J.", which gave Wayne his first top 20 hit on the Hot 100 as a lead artist and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Tha Carter II" followed in December 2005 and produced the platinum-certified singles "Fireman" and "Hustler Musik", which peaked at numbers 32 and 87 respectively on the Hot 100. The album "Like Father, Like Son", a collaboration with rapper Birdman, featured four singles – "Stuntin' Like My Daddy", "Leather So Soft", "Know What I'm Doin'" and "You Ain't Know" – all of which entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Wayne's critically acclaimed and commercially successful album "Tha Carter III", released in June 2008, produced several hit singles. "Lollipop" became Wayne's first number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified Diamond by the RIAA. "A Milli", "Got Money", and "Mrs. Officer" all hit the top 20 on the Hot 100 and attained platinum certifications from the RIAA. Wayne's rap rock album "Rebirth" was released in early 2010 and featured four singles. During this period, he also guested on a number of top ten hits, including T-Pain's "Can't Believe It", Kevin Rudolf's "Let It Rock", Jay-Z and T.I.'s "Swagga like Us" and Jay Sean's "Down", the latter of which gave Wayne his second number-one single on the Hot 100.


title: Lil Wayne singles discography

text: Following a nine-month prison sentence for criminal possession of a weapon, Wayne returned to the music business with the release of the album "I Am Not a Human Being" in September 2010. "Right Above It", featuring Young Money Entertainment signee Drake, became a top ten hit. Released in September 2011, Wayne's ninth studio album "Tha Carter IV" featured the Hot 100 top ten hits "6 Foot 7 Foot", "How to Love" and "She Will". Lil Wayne broke American rock and roll singer Elvis Presley's record for the most entries on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in September 2012, with the debut of Game's "Celebration" – in which he is featured – bringing Wayne's total number of entries on the chart to 109. Wayne released his tenth studio album "I Am Not a Human Being II" in March 2013; "Love Me" was the most successful of the album's four singles, peaking at number nine on the Hot 100 and selling one million digital copies. The album received mixed reviews from music critics, criticizing Wayne's use of censored words. In 2014 he released the single "Believe Me" featuring Drake. The single was met with acclaim many ranking Wayne's verse to be one of the best of that year, the single certified platinum by the RIAA. "Tha Carter V" was delayed twice because of his problems with Cash Money. In 2015 he released his 11th studio album "Free Weezy Album" which was a Tidal exclusive and was not released for sale. The album was promoted by the single "Glory" and received positive reviews.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: "tert"-Butyl alcohol is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH)COH (sometimes represented as "t"-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and butan-2-ol. "tert"-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor. It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: "tert"-Butyl alcohol has been identified in beer and chickpeas. It is also found in cassava, which is used as a fermentation ingredient in certain alcoholic beverages.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: "tert"-Butyl alcohol is derived commercially from isobutane as a coproduct of propylene oxide production. It can also be produced by the catalytic hydration of isobutylene, or by a Grignard reaction between acetone and methylmagnesium chloride.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: Purification cannot be performed by simple distillation due to formation of an azeotrope with water, although initial drying of the solvent containing large amounts of water is performed by adding benzene to form a tertiary azeotrope and distilling off the water. Smaller amounts of water are removed by drying with calcium oxide (CaO), potassium carbonate (KCO), calcium sulfate (CaSO), or magnesium sulfate (MgSO), followed by fractional distillation. Anhydrous "tert"-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Other methods include the use of 4 Å molecular sieves, aluminium "tert"-butylate, calcium hydride (CaH), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: "tert"-Butyl alcohol is used as a solvent, ethanol denaturant, paint remover ingredient, and gasoline octane booster and oxygenate. It is a chemical intermediate used to produce methyl "tert"-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl "tert"-butyl ether (ETBE) by reaction with methanol and ethanol, respectively, and "tert"-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by reaction with hydrogen peroxide.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: As a tertiary alcohol, "tert"-butyl alcohol is more resistant to oxidation than the other isomers of butanol.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: "tert"-Butyl alcohol is deprotonated with a strong base to give the alkoxide. Particularly common is potassium "tert"-butoxide, which is prepared by treating "tert"-butanol with potassium metal.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: The "tert"-butoxide is a strong, non-nucleophilic base in organic chemistry. It readily abstracts acidic protons from substrates, but its steric bulk inhibits the group from participating in nucleophilic substitution, such as in a Williamson ether synthesis or an S2 reaction.


title: Tert-Butyl alcohol

text: There is limited data on the pharmacology and toxicology of tert-butanol in humans and other animals. Human exposure may occur due to fuel oxygenate metabolism. Tert-butanol is poorly absorbed through skin but rapidly absorbed if inhaled or ingested. Tert-butanol is irritating to skin or eyes. Toxicity of single doses is usually low but high doses can produce a sedative or anesthetic effect.


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: Vijayalakshmi is an Indian actress who has predominantly appeared in Kannada and Tamil films. In 1997, she won Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Kannada for her performance in her debut Kannada film "Nagamandala" as Rani.


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: Vijayalakshmi was born in Chennai and did her studies in Bengaluru, Karnataka. She has a sister named Usha.


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: Vijayalakshmi acted in nearly 40 films in her career. She has acted in nearly 25 Kannada films. During her stint as an actress, she was recognized for her beauty and performance. She debuted in director T. S. Nagabharana's film "Nagamandala", based on a folk tale, opposite Prakash Raj. She acted in the Tamil films "Friends" along with Vijay and Suriya. She returned to the Tamil film industry again with the comedy film "Boss Engira Bhaskaran", which became one of 2010's biggest successes. In Telugu, she was recognized in the film "Hanuman Junction". She has also acted in one Malayalam film with Mohanlal 'Devadoothan'


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: She has also acted in quite a few Tamil television serials. She also was an anchor of the game show "Bangarada Bete", produced by Radaan Media Works.


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: Vijayalakshmi has been residing in Chennai since few year. In 2006, it was reported that Vijayalakshmi attempted suicide by overdosing on sleeping pills after being harassed by an assistant director who wanted to marry her. The decision came at the end of a difficult year for her in which her father also had died, but she survived and recovered thereafter. However, in November 2006, she announced her engagement to actor Srujan Lokesh, with the wedding pencilled in for March 2007, after three years of dating. In a turn of events, the engagement was broken off.


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: Vijayalakshmi filed a complaint in February 2020 accusing Seeman of cheating her after being in a relationship with her and claimed that he had not married her despite making promises.


title: Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)

text: After being allegedly harassed by Seeman and his supporters, she attempted suicide again in July 2020 by overdosing on blood pressure tablets and was admitted to hospital. It has been confirmed by High Courts that the accusation was false.


title: John Fisher

text: John Fisher (c. 19 October 1469 – 22 June 1535) was an English Catholic bishop, cardinal, and theologian. Fisher was also an academic and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He was canonized by Pope Pius XI.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher was executed by order of Henry VIII during the English Reformation for refusing to accept him as the supreme head of the Church of England and for upholding the Catholic Church's doctrine of papal supremacy. He was named a cardinal shortly before his death. He is honoured as a martyr and saint by the Catholic Church. He shares his feast day with Thomas More on 22 June in the Catholic calendar of saints and on 6 July in that of the Church of England.


title: John Fisher

text: John Fisher was born in Beverley, Yorkshire, in 1469, the eldest son of Robert Fisher, a modestly prosperous merchant of Beverley, and Agnes, his wife. He was one of four children. His father died when John was eight. His mother remarried and had five more children by her second husband, William White. Fisher seems to have had close contacts with his extended family all his life. Fisher's early education was probably received in the school attached to the collegiate church in his home town.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher studied at the University of Cambridge from 1484, where at Michaelhouse he came under the influence of William Melton, a pastorally-minded theologian open to the new current of reform in studies arising from the Renaissance. Fisher earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1487 and in 1491 proceeded to a Master of Arts degree. Also in 1491 Fisher received a papal dispensation to enter the priesthood despite being under canonical age. Fisher was ordained into the priesthood on 17 December 1491 – the same year that he was elected a fellow of his college. He was also made Vicar of Northallerton, Yorkshire. In 1494 he resigned his benefice to become proctor of the university and three years later was appointed master debater, about which date he also became chaplain and confessor to Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of King Henry VII. On 5 July 1501, he became a doctor of sacred theology and 10 days later was elected Vice-Chancellor of the university. Under Fisher's guidance, his patroness Lady Margaret founded St John's and Christ's Colleges at Cambridge, and a Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity at each of the two universities at Oxford and Cambridge, Fisher himself becoming the first occupant of the Cambridge chair. From 1505 to 1508 he was also the President of Queens' College. At the end of July 1516 he was at Cambridge for the opening of St John's College and consecrated the chapel.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher's strategy was to assemble funds and attract to Cambridge leading scholars from Europe, promoting the study not only of Classical Latin and Greek authors, but of Hebrew. He placed great weight upon pastoral commitment, above all popular preaching by the endowed staff. Fisher's foundations were also dedicated to prayer for the dead, especially through chantry foundations. Fisher had a vision to which he dedicated all his personal resources and energies. A scholar and a priest, humble and conscientious, he managed despite occasional opposition to administer a whole university, one of only two in England. He conceived and saw through long-term projects.


title: John Fisher

text: A stern and austere man, Fisher was known to place a human skull on the altar during Mass and on the table during meals.


title: John Fisher

text: Erasmus said of John Fisher: "He is the one man at this time who is incomparable for uprightness of life, for learning and for greatness of soul."


title: John Fisher

text: By papal bull dated 14 October 1504, Fisher was appointed the bishop of Rochester at the personal insistence of Henry VII. Rochester was then the poorest diocese in England and usually seen as a first step on an ecclesiastical career. Nonetheless, Fisher stayed there, presumably by his own choice, for the remaining 31 years of his life. At the same time, like any English bishop of his day, Fisher had certain state duties. In particular, he maintained a passionate interest in the University of Cambridge. In 1504 he was elected the university's chancellor. Re-elected annually for 10 years, Fisher ultimately received a lifetime appointment. At this date he is also said to have acted as tutor to the future king, Henry VIII. As a preacher his reputation was so great that Fisher was appointed to preach the funeral oration for King Henry VII and the Lady Margaret, both of whom died in 1509, the texts being extant. Besides his share in the Lady Margaret's foundations, Fisher gave further proof of his zeal for learning by inducing Erasmus to visit Cambridge. The latter attributes it (""Epistulae"" 6:2) to Fisher's protection that the study of Greek was allowed to proceed at Cambridge without the active molestation that it encountered at Oxford.


title: John Fisher

text: Despite his fame and eloquence, it was not long before Fisher came into conflict with the new King, his former pupil. The dispute arose over funds left by the Lady Margaret, the King's grandmother, for financing foundations at Cambridge.


title: John Fisher

text: In 1512 Fisher was nominated as one of the English representatives at the Fifth Council of the Lateran, then sitting, but his journey to Rome was postponed, and finally abandoned.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher has also been named, though without any real proof, as the true author of the royal treatise against Martin Luther entitled ""Assertio septem sacramentorum"" ("Defence of the Seven Sacraments"), published in 1521, which won for King Henry VIII the title ""Fidei Defensor"" ("Defender of the Faith"). Prior to this date Fisher had denounced various abuses in the church, urging the need for disciplinary reforms. On about 11 February 1526, at the King's command, he preached a famous sermon against Luther at St Paul's Cross, the open-air pulpit outside St Paul's Cathedral in London. This was in the wake of numerous other controversial writings; the battle against heterodox teachings increasingly occupied Fisher's later years. In 1529 Fisher ordered the arrest of Thomas Hitton, a follower of William Tyndale, and subsequently interrogated him. Hitton was tortured and executed at the stake for heresy.


title: John Fisher

text: When Henry tried to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Fisher became the Queen's chief supporter. As such, he appeared on the Queen's behalf in the legates' court, where he startled the audience by the directness of his language and by declaring that, like St John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. Henry VIII, upon hearing this, grew so enraged by it that he composed a long Latin address to the legates in answer to the bishop's speech. Fisher's copy of this still exists, with his manuscript annotations in the margin which show how little he feared the royal anger. The removal of the cause to Rome brought Fisher's personal involvement to an end, but the King never forgave him for what he had done.


title: John Fisher

text: In November 1529, the "Long Parliament" of Henry's reign began encroaching on the Catholic Church's prerogatives. Fisher, as a member of the upper house, the House of Lords, at once warned Parliament that such acts could only end in the utter destruction of the Catholic Church in England. The Commons, through their speaker, complained to the King that Fisher had disparaged Parliament, presumably with Henry prompting them behind the scenes. The opportunity was not lost. Henry summoned Fisher before him, demanding an explanation. This being given, Henry declared himself satisfied, leaving it to the Commons to declare that the explanation was inadequate, so that he appeared as a magnanimous sovereign, instead of Fisher's enemy.


title: John Fisher

text: A year later, in 1530, the continued encroachments on the Church moved Fisher, as bishop of Rochester, along with the bishops of Bath and Ely, to appeal to the Holy See. This gave the King his opportunity and an edict forbidding such appeals was immediately issued, and the three bishops were arrested. Their imprisonment, however, must have lasted only a few months for in February 1531, Convocation met, and Fisher was present. This was the occasion when the clergy were forced, at a cost of 100,000 pounds, to purchase the King's pardon for having recognized Cardinal Wolsey's authority as legate of the pope; and at the same time to acknowledge Henry as supreme head of the Church in England, to which phrase the addition of the clause "so far as God's law permits" was made through Fisher's efforts.


title: John Fisher

text: A few days later, several of Fisher's servants were taken ill after eating some porridge served to the household and two died. A cook, Richard Roose, was executed by boiling alive for attempted poisoning.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher also engaged in secret activities to overthrow Henry. As early as 1531 he began secretly communicating with foreign diplomats. In September 1533 communicating secretly through the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys he encouraged Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to invade England and depose Henry in combination with a domestic uprising.


title: John Fisher

text: Matters now moved rapidly. In May 1532, Sir Thomas More resigned the chancellorship and, in June, Fisher preached publicly against the annulment. In August, William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, died and Thomas Cranmer was at once proposed by Henry to the Pope as his successor. In January of the next year, Henry secretly went through a form of marriage with Anne Boleyn. Cranmer's consecration as a bishop took place in March 1533, and, a week later, Fisher was arrested. It seems that the purpose of this arrest was to prevent him from opposing the annulment which Cranmer pronounced in May, or the coronation of Anne Boleyn which followed on 1 June, for Fisher was set at liberty again within a fortnight of the latter event, no charge being made against him. In the autumn of 1533, various arrests were made in connection with the so-called revelations of the Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, but as Fisher was taken seriously ill in December, proceedings against him were postponed for a time. However, in March 1534, a special Bill of Attainder against Fisher and others for complicity in the matter of the Maid of Kent was introduced in Parliament and passed. By this, Fisher was condemned to forfeit all his personal estate and to be imprisoned during the King's pleasure. Subsequently, a pardon was granted him on payment of a fine of 300 pounds.


title: John Fisher

text: The same session of Parliament passed the First Succession Act, by which all who should be called upon to do so were compelled to take an oath of succession, acknowledging the issue of Henry and Anne as legitimate heirs to the throne, under pain of being guilty of misprision of treason. Fisher refused the oath and was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 26 April 1534. Several efforts were made to induce him to submit, but without effect, and in November he was attained of misprision of treason a second time, his goods being forfeited as from the previous 1 March, and the See of Rochester being declared vacant as of 2 June following. He was to remain in the Tower for over a year, and while he was allowed food and drink sent by friends, and a servant, he was not allowed a priest, even to the very end. A long letter exists, written from the Tower by Fisher to Thomas Cromwell, speaking of the severity of his conditions of imprisonment.


title: John Fisher

text: Like Thomas More, Bishop Fisher believed that, because the statute condemned only those speaking maliciously against the King's new title, there was safety in silence. However, on 7 May he fell into a trap laid for him by Richard Rich, who was to perjure himself to obtain Thomas More's conviction. Rich told Fisher that for his own conscience's sake the King wished to know, in strict secrecy, Fisher's real opinion. Fisher, once again, declared that the King was not Supreme Head of the Church of England.


title: John Fisher

text: In May 1535, the newly elected Pope Paul III created Fisher Cardinal Priest of "San Vitale", apparently in the hope of inducing Henry to ease Fisher's treatment. The effect was precisely the reverse: Henry forbade the cardinal's hat to be brought into England, declaring that he would send the head to Rome instead. In June a special commission for Fisher's trial was issued, and on Thursday, 17 June, he was arraigned in Westminster Hall before a court of seventeen, including Thomas Cromwell, Anne Boleyn's father, and ten justices. The charge was treason, in that he denied that the King was the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Since he had been deprived of his position of Bishop of Rochester by the Act of Attainder, he was treated as a commoner, and tried by jury. The only testimony was that of Richard Rich. John Fisher was found guilty and condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn.


title: John Fisher

text: However, a public outcry was brewing among the London populace who saw a sinister irony in the parallels between the conviction of Fisher and that of his patronal namesake, Saint John the Baptist, who was executed by King Herod Antipas for challenging the validity of Herod's marriage to his brother's divorcée Herodias. For fear of John Fisher's living through his patronal feast day, that of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist on 24 June, and of attracting too much public sympathy, King Henry commuted the sentence to that of beheading, to be accomplished before 23 June, the Vigil of the feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. He was executed on Tower Hill on 22 June 1535. The execution had the opposite effect from that which King Henry VIII intended, as it created yet another parallel with that of the martyrdom of St. John the Baptist, who was also beheaded; his death also happened on the feast day of Saint Alban, the first martyr of Britain.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher's last moments were in keeping with his life. He met death with a calm dignified courage which profoundly impressed those present. His body was treated with particular rancour, apparently on Henry's orders, being stripped and left on the scaffold until the evening, when it was taken on pikes and thrown naked into a rough grave in the churchyard of All Hallows' Barking, also known as All Hallows-by-the-Tower. There was no funeral prayer. A fortnight later, his body was laid beside that of Sir Thomas More in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. Fisher's head was stuck upon a pole on London Bridge but its ruddy and lifelike appearance excited so much attention that, after a fortnight, it was thrown into the Thames, its place being taken by that of Sir Thomas More, whose execution, also at Tower Hill, occurred on 6 July.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher was beatified by Pope Leo XIII with Thomas More and 52 other English Martyrs on 29 December 1886. In the Decree of Beatification, the greatest place was given to Fisher.


title: John Fisher

text: He was canonised, with Thomas More, on 19 May 1935 by Pope Pius XI, after the presentation of a petition by English Catholics. His feast day, for celebration jointly with St Thomas More, is on 22 June (the date of Fisher's execution). In 1980, despite being an opponent of the English Reformation, Fisher was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, jointly with Thomas More, to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535". He is also listed along with Thomas More in the calendar of saints of some of the other Churches of the Anglican Communion, such as The Anglican Church of Australia.


title: John Fisher

text: Several portraits of Fisher exist, the most prominent being by Hans Holbein the Younger in the Royal Collection; and a few secondary relics are extant.


title: John Fisher

text: Fisher's walking-staff is in the possession of the Eyston family of East Hendred, in Oxfordshire (formerly Berkshire).


title: John Fisher

text: John Fisher was portrayed by veteran actor Joseph O'Conor in the film "Anne of the Thousand Days" (1969), by Bosco Hogan in the miniseries "The Tudors", by Geoffrey Lewis in the 1971 miniseries "The Six Wives of Henry VIII" and by Richard Durden in the 2015 miniseries "Wolf Hall".


title: John Fisher

text: A list of Fisher's writings is found in Joseph Gillow's "Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics" (London, s.d.), II, 262–270. There are twenty-six works in all, printed and manuscript, mostly ascetical or controversial treatises, several of which have been reprinted many times. The original editions are very rare and valuable. The principal are:


title: John Fisher

text: Due to his status as the Bishop of Rochester, Fisher has been adopted as a patron of several institutions in other cities named Rochester, including St. John Fisher University and Saint John of Rochester Catholic Church in the Rochester, New York area, and Saint John Fisher Catholic Church near Rochester, Michigan. Fisher is also the patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester in New York State, so named by Pope John XXIII in 1961.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: The Indian Himalayan Region (abbreviated to IHR) is the section of the Himalayas within the Republic of India, spanning seven Indian states and union territories, namely Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The region is responsible for providing water to a large part of the Indian subcontinent and contains various flora and fauna.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: Physiographically, the Himalayas start from the foothills of south (Sivaliks) and extend up to the Tibetan plateau on the north (Trans-Himalaya). Three major geographical entities, the Himadri (greater Himalaya), Himachal (lesser Himalaya) and the Sivaliks (outer Himalaya), extend almost uninterrupted throughout its length and are separated by major geological fault lines. Mighty but older waterways like the Indus, Sutlej, Kali, Kosi and Brahmaputra cut steep gorges through the main Himalayan range to escape into the Great Plains, establishing their antecedence.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: The northernmost range of mountains are the trans-Himalayan Karakoram Mountains that continue from India into Pakistan and China. To the south of the Karakoram Range lie the Zanskar and Ladakh ranges.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: Some of the highest mountains on earth are found in the region. Many perennial, glacier-fed rivers flow from the Himalayas.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: Trans-Himalaya ranges in India include the Karakoram, Zanskar and Ladakh ranges that run through Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh. At the eastern end, some portion of the Kangri Karpo (a trans-Himalayan range) forms part of the northern boundary of Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: The Karakoram is a giant range, which geographically divides India and Central Asia. The range consists of high mountain peaks like K2, Rimo and Teram Kargri. The Korakoram Pass acts as the main connector between the markets of Yarkand, Leh and Kashgar.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: To the north of the Leh lies the Ladakh Range and it is an important part of the Trans-Himalayan range that merges with the Kailash Range in Tibet. Here the important passes are the famous Khardung La, and Digar La, which lie to the northeast of Leh.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: The Zanskar Range lies to the north of the main Himalaya. It acts as a backbone of Ladakh south of the Indus River, extending from the ridges beyond Lamayuru in the west across the Zanskar region; there it is divided from the main Himalaya by the Stod, Tsarap and Zanskar valleys. On the east of the Zanskar region the range continues through the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. Some of the main passes are the Fatu La, on the Leh-Srinagar road, while the main trekking passes into the Zanskar valley are Singge La, the Cha Cha La and the Rubrang La.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: To the south of the main Himalayas lies the lesser Himalayan Pir Panjal Range, with an average height of , in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. The Kashmir valley is bounded by this range to its west and south. The resort town of Gulmarg is located on the northern slope of the range. Important passes include the Banihal pass, the Pir Panjal pass, the Sinthan pass and the Rohtang pass.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: To the south of the Pir Panjal lies the Dhauladhar range. It lies to the north of the Kangra valley, from where it appears to rise almost vertical. It forms the water divide between the Ravi and Beas rivers. In the west it divides the Chenab valley and the Tawi Valley. It is located mostly in Himachal Pradesh.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: The southern most range of the Himalayas are the Sivaliks. Sivaliks extend over a width of 10–50 km, and have an altitude varying between 900 m and 1100 m.


title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: The valley lying between the Lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges are called as Duns. Dehradun, Kalka Dun and Jammu Dun are some of the prominent Duns. It is the southern most region of the Himalayas.


title: Tinea corporis

text: Tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the body, similar to other forms of tinea. Specifically, it is a type of dermatophytosis (or ringworm) that appears on the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin; however, it may occur on any superficial part of the body.


title: Tinea corporis

text: It may have a variety of appearances; most easily identifiable are the enlarging raised red rings with a central area of clearing (ringworm). The same appearances of ringworm may also occur on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard area (tinea barbae) or the groin (tinea cruris, known as jock itch or dhobi itch).


title: Tinea corporis

text: Tinea corporis is caused by a tiny fungus known as dermatophyte. These tiny organisms normally live on the superficial skin surface, and when the opportunity is right, they can induce a rash or infection.


title: Tinea corporis

text: The disease can also be acquired by person-to-person transfer usually via direct skin contact with an infected individual. Animal-to-human transmission is also common. Ringworm commonly occurs on pets (dogs, cats) and the fungus can be acquired while petting or grooming an animal. Ringworm can also be acquired from other animals such as horses, pigs, ferrets, and cows. The fungus can also be spread by touching inanimate objects like personal care products, bed linen, combs, athletic gear, or hair brushes contaminated by an affected person.


title: Tinea corporis

text: Superficial scrapes of skin examined underneath a microscope may reveal the presence of a fungus. This is done by utilizing a diagnostic method called KOH test, wherein the skin scrapings are placed on a slide and immersed on a dropful of potassium hydroxide solution to dissolve the keratin on the skin scrappings thus leaving fungal elements such as hyphae, septate or yeast cells viewable. If the skin scrapings are negative and a fungus is still suspected, the scrapings are sent for culture. Because the fungus grows slowly, the culture results do take several days to become positive.


title: Tinea corporis

text: Because fungi prefer warm, moist environments, preventing ringworm involves keeping skin dry and avoiding contact with infectious material. Basic prevention measures include:


title: Tinea corporis

text: Most cases are treated by application of topical antifungal creams to the skin, but in extensive or difficult to treat cases, systemic treatment with oral medication may be required. The over-the-counter options include tolnaftate, as well as ketoconazole (available as Nizoral shampoo that can be applied topically).


title: Tinea corporis

text: Among the available prescription drugs, the evidence is best for terbinafine and naftifine, but other agents may also work.


title: Tinea corporis

text: Topical antifungals are applied to the lesion twice a day for at least 3 weeks. The lesion usually resolves within 2 weeks, but therapy should be continued for another week to ensure the fungus is completely eradicated. If there are several ringworm lesions, the lesions are extensive, complications such as secondary infection exist, or the patient is immunocompromised, oral antifungal medications can be used. Oral medications are taken once a day for 7 days and result in higher clinical cure rates. The antifungal medications most commonly used are itraconazole, terbinafine, and ketoconazole.


title: Tinea corporis

text: The benefits of the use of topical steroids in addition to an antifungal is unclear. There might be a greater cure rate but no guidelines currently recommend its addition. The effect of Whitfield's ointment is also unclear.


title: Tinea corporis

text: Tinea corporis is moderately contagious and can affect both humans and pets. If a person acquires it, the proper measures must be taken to prevent it from spreading. Young children in particular should be educated about the infection and preventive measures: avoid skin to skin contact with infected persons and animals, wear clothing that allows the skin to breathe, and do not share towels, clothing or combs with others. If pets are kept in the household or premises, the animal should be checked for tinea, especially if hair loss in patches is noticed or the pet is scratching excessively. The majority of people who have acquired tinea know how uncomfortable the infection can be. However, the fungus can easily be treated and prevented in individuals with a healthy immune system.


title: Tinea corporis

text: When the dermatophytic infection presents in wrestlers, with skin lesions typically found on the head, neck, and arms it is sometimes called tinea corporis gladiatorum.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: Badlands (stylized in all caps) is the debut studio album by American singer Halsey. It was released on August 28, 2015 through Astralwerks. Musically, "Badlands" is an electropop, dark pop, alternative pop, synth-pop, and pop record featuring industrial undertones. Halsey wrote every song on the album when she was 19, while production was handled by a number of producers. Norwegian producer Lido was one of the main producers on "Badlands." The album was described by Halsey as lacking a "proper radio hit".


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: The album debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the United States with first-week sales of 115,000 copies, 97,000 of that estimate being pure album sales. The album was eventually certified double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Badlands" found success in many countries outside of the United States; it reached the top ten of the music charts of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland and the United Kingdom. It was also certified Gold in several countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The album was further promoted by Halsey's debut headlining world concert tour, the Badlands Tour (2015–2016).


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: The album was preceded by the release of two singles: "Ghost", which was also a re-released single from Halsey's introductory EP "Room 93" (2014), and "New Americana", which peaked at number 60 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 songs chart in the United States, marking Halsey's first appearance on the chart. The third single from the album, "Colors", was released on February 9, 2016, and became the album's most streamed track on Spotify; it also became the album's best-selling track worldwide. A new version of the song "Castle" was released as the album's fourth single to promote the feature film "" (2016). “Hold Me Down” was released as the first promotional single ahead of the album on June 1, 2015. It was certified Gold in Australia and the US. "Drive" was released as the second and final promotional single on August 21, 2015. The track is certified Gold in the US. Outside of the singles, other tracks from the album that achieved notable certifications were "Gasoline", "Hurricane", and "Control". "Gasoline" additionally became one of the album's most popular tracks despite only appearing on the deluxe version of "Badlands"; it has more than 300 million streams on Spotify. Furthermore, "Roman Holiday" was featured in the second season of the American TV series "Younger" and "I Walk the Line" was featured in the teaser trailer for the film "Power Rangers" (2017).


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: The name "Badlands" refers to Halsey's state of mind while writing the album, to give a physical place as a metaphor for a desolate and lonely mind. Musically, the album is mainly rooted in electropop, dark pop, alternative pop, synth-pop, and pop and features industrial undertones.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: According to Halsey, "Badlands" is a concept album focusing on the fictional dystopian society known as The Badlands. A desert wasteland surrounds the city, keeping the inhabitants of The Badlands captive. The album was inspired by post-apocalyptic films such as "The Fifth Element". After writing the first few songs, Halsey realized the entire concept was a metaphor for her mental state. Halsey states she created the Badlands to escape from her real-life struggles. In her opinion, the metaphor was even with no escape, there is still hope there is somewhere else to go. Lido served as the album's executive producer.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: "Ghost" was released as Halsey's debut single on October 27, 2014, with an accompanying music video filmed in Tokyo, which was directed by Malia James and Ryan Witt. "Ghost" was released to radio on April 7, 2015.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: "New Americana" was released as the second single from the album on July 10, 2015. The official music video premiered on September 25, 2015. The song peaked at number 60 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, being the only single from "Badlands" to enter the chart. It has since been certified Platinum in Canada, Italy, and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: Halsey announced "Colors" as the third single on January 21, 2016. It impacted alternative radio on February 9, 2016 with its music video being released a few weeks later on February 25, 2016 featuring Tyler Posey. It reached number eight on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 and was certified Silver in the UK, Gold in Australia, and double Platinum in the US.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: The fourth and final single, "Castle", was released on April 9, 2016 as part of the soundtrack for the film "" which features an alternative version of the song. The music video later premiered on April 13, 2016 and peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 It was certified Gold in Australia and Platinum in the US.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: On June 1, 2015 Halsey announced via Twitter the pre-order for "Badlands" along with the release of the album's first promotional single, "Hold Me Down". The song became one of the album's most popular tracks achieving over 100 million streams on Spotify and being certified Gold in Australia and the US.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: In a review for "Pitchfork", Nathan Reese wrote, "Reading interviews with Halsey you get the sense of a canny and talented performer, one who legitimately wants to connect with fans. But the public persona only comes through on "Badlands" in fits and starts, and there isn't a single subversive or original second on the album." About the chorus on "New Americana", he commented, "Like most of Badlands, it's calculated, defiant, and, ultimately, hollow." In a short review, "Rolling Stone"s Joe Levy called Halsey a "new popstar with a knack for sticky imagery". The album was included at number six on "Rock Sound"s top 50 releases of 2015 list.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: The album debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 with a total of 115,000 equivalent units (97,000 in pure album sales), which marked the highest-charting album released by the Astralwerks record company so far. As of June 2017, the album had sold 520,000 copies in the US. In December 2017, it was announced that "Badlands" had reached one billion streams on Spotify. "Badlands" was later certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of two million units in the United States.


title: Badlands (Halsey album)

text: The album debuted at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, selling 8,225 copies in its first week. By June 2017, it had sold 106,804 copies in the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, "Badlands" reached number two in Australia, number three in New Zealand and Ireland, number five in the Netherlands, and number 10 in Belgium (Flanders).


title: Tragic hero

text: A tragic hero is the protagonist of a tragedy. In his "Poetics", Aristotle records the descriptions of the tragic hero to the playwright and strictly defines the place that the tragic hero must play and the kind of man he must be. Aristotle based his observations on previous dramas. Many of the most famous instances of tragic heroes appear in Greek literature, most notably the works of Sophocles and Euripides.


title: Tragic hero

text: In "Poetics", Aristotle suggests that the hero of a tragedy must evoke a sense of pity and fear within the audience, stating that “the change of fortune presented must not be the spectacle of a virtuous man brought from prosperity to adversity." In essence, the focus of the hero should not be the loss of his goodness. He establishes the concept that pity is an emotion that must be elicited when, through his actions, the character receives undeserved misfortune, while the emotion of fear must be felt by the audience when they contemplate that such misfortune could possibly befall themselves in similar situations. Aristotle explains such change of fortune "should be not from bad to good, but, reversely, from good to bad.” Such misfortune is visited upon the tragic hero "not through vice or depravity but by some error of judgment." This error, or hamartia, refers to a flaw in the character of the hero, or a mistake made by the character.


title: Tragic hero

text: Therefore, the Aristotelian hero is characterized as virtuous but not "eminently good," which suggests a noble or important personage who is upstanding and morally inclined while nonetheless subject to human error. Aristotle's tragic heroes are flawed individuals who commit, without evil intent, great wrongs or injuries that ultimately lead to their misfortune, often followed by tragic realization of the true nature of events that led to this destiny. This means the hero still must be – to some degree – morally grounded. The usual irony in Greek tragedy is that the hero is both extraordinarily capable and highly moral (in the Greek honor-culture sense of being duty-bound to moral expectations), and it is these exact, highly-admirable qualities that lead the hero into tragic circumstances. The tragic hero is snared by his own greatness: extraordinary competence, a righteous passion for duty, and (often) the arrogance associated with greatness (hubris).


title: Tragic hero

text: The influence of the Aristotelian hero extends past classical Greek literary criticism. Greek theater had a direct and profound influence on Roman theater and formed the basis of Western theater that continues into the modern era, deeply influencing a wide variety of arts throughout the world, in diverse mediums such as literature, music, film, television and even video games. Many iconic characters featured in these genres follow the archetype of the tragic hero. Examples of such characters include Anakin Skywalker from George Lucas' "Star Wars" films, Othello from the Shakespeare play "Othello", Okonkwo from Nigerian author Chinua Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart", Jay Gatsby from "The Great Gatsby", Arthas Menethil from the video game franchise "Warcraft", Captain Martin Walker from 2K Games' third-person shooter video game "", Eddard Stark from George R. R. Martin's novel series "A Song of Ice and Fire" from the HBO television series adaptation "Game of Thrones", Homura Akemi and Sayaka Miki from "Puella Magi Madoka Magica," Kiritsugu Emiya in "Fate/Zero", Itachi Uchiha in "Naruto", Lelouch vi Britannia in Code Geass, and Harvey Dent in "The Dark Knight".


title: Tragic hero

text: Some film historians regard Michael Corleone of "The Godfather" as a tragic hero, although using traditional literary conventions, the character would more closely fit the role of anti-hero, not tragic hero.


title: Law and order

text: In modern politics, law and order is the approach focusing on harsher enforcement and penalties as ways to reduce crime. Penalties for perpetrators of disorder may include longer terms of imprisonment, mandatory sentencing, three-strikes laws and even capital punishment in some countries.


title: Law and order

text: This has been credited with facilitating greater militarisation of police and contributing to mass incarceration in the United States.


title: Law and order

text: Supporters of "law and order" argue that incarceration is the most effective means of crime prevention. Opponents argue that a system of harsh criminal punishment is ultimately ineffective because it self-perpetuates crime and does not address underlying or systemic causes of crime.


title: Law and order

text: Despite the widespread popularity of "law and order" ideas and approaches between the 1960s to the 1980s exemplified by presidential candidates including Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan running successfully on a "tough-on-crime" platform, statistics on crime showed a significant increase of crime throughout the 1970s and 1980s instead, and crime rates only began declining from the 1990s onwards.


title: Law and order

text: To differing extents, crime has also been a prominent issue in Canadian, British, Australian, South African, French, German, and New Zealand politics.


title: Law and order

text: Both the concept and the exact phrase "Law and order" became a powerful political theme in the United States during the late 1960s. The first prominent American politician to use the term in this era was Alabama governor George Wallace, who used the phrase as a political slogan and racial dog whistle in his 1968 presidential campaign. Other leading proponents were two Republicans, the governor of California Ronald Reagan and presidential candidate Richard Nixon. Nixon used the term to appeal to various demographic groups, including working class White ethnics in northern cities. Nixon attempted to discredit the Democratic Party in the eyes of these voters, blaming it for being soft on crime and rioters.


title: Law and order

text: Previously, other politicians had used the term "law and order," although their use of the term was much less systematic and frequent than that of Wallace, Nixon, or Reagan. Political demand for "law and order" has been made much earlier before, by John Adams in the 1780s and 1790s. It was a political slogan in Kentucky around 1900 after the assassination of Governor William Goebel. The term was once used by Barry Goldwater in his run for president in 1964.


title: Law and order

text: Flamm (2005) argues that liberals were unable to craft a compelling message for anxious voters. Instead, they either ignored the crime crisis, claimed that law and order was a racist ruse, or maintained that social programs would solve the "root causes" of civil disorder, which by 1968 seemed increasingly unlikely and contributed to a loss of faith in the ability of the government to do what it was sworn to do—protect personal security and private property. Conservatives rejected the liberal notions. In 1966, House GOP leader Gerald Ford said "How long are we going to abdicate law and order in favor of a soft social theory that the man who heaves a brick through your window or tosses a firebomb into your car is simply the misunderstood and underprivileged product of a broken home?".


title: Law and order

text: Flamm (2005) documents how conservatives constructed a persuasive message that argued that the Civil Rights Movement had contributed to racial unrest and President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society had rewarded rather than punished the perpetrators of violence. Conservatives demanded that the national government should promote respect for law and order and contempt for those who violated it, regardless of cause. In January 1965, Johnson himself called for a "war on crime", and with Congressional approval of the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965 and Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 directed federal funding to local police.


title: Law and order

text: The number of prisoners tripled from 500,000 in 1980 to 1.5 million in 1994. Conservatives at the state level built many more prisons and convicts served much longer terms, with less parole. The paradigm asserts that prisoners serving longer sentences would be much older upon release, thus reducing the probability of subsequent offences.


title: Law and order

text: Although the Civil Rights Act of July 2, 1964 forbade all discrimination on the basis of race, in 1965 police brutality towards a black man during a traffic stop resulted in a major riot among the black community in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, the government's response to which is considered by many to have been a failure. Indeed, every summer from 1964 through 1970 was a "long hot summer", though 1967 is particularly called that since 159 riots occurred that year. Additionally, after the April 4, 1968 murder of Martin Luther King, a new wave of riots broke out in over 100 cities, with nights of violence against police and looting and burning of local white-owned businesses. The inner neighborhoods of many major cities, such as Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark and New York, were burned out. National Guard and Army troops were called out. At one point machine gun units were stationed on the steps of the Capitol building in Washington to prevent rioters from burning it down.


title: Law and order

text: Secondly there was a dramatic rise in violent street crime, including drug-related murders, as well as armed robberies, rapes and violent assaults. Inner city neighborhoods became far more violent and people tried to move out to safer ones. The number of violent crimes more than tripled from 288,000 in 1960 (including 9,110 murders) to 1,040,000 in 1975 (including 20,510 murders). Then the numbers levelled off.


title: Law and order

text: In response to sharply rising rates of crime in the 1960s, treatment of criminal offenders, both accused and convicted, became a highly divisive topic in the 1968 U.S. Presidential Election. Republican Vice Presidential candidate Spiro Agnew, then the governor of Maryland, often used the expression; Agnew and Nixon won and were reelected in 1972.


title: Law and order

text: Notorious crimes by released murderers that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s are often credited with influencing politics regarding the concept of "law and order". Most notably, the release of the murderer Willie Horton who committed a rape and a rampage of severe violence when he was released is generally credited with favoring the election of President George H. W. Bush over the man who released him, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis. Whatever the cause, Bush beat Dukakis by a margin of both popular and electoral college votes that has not been surpassed since 1988. The release of the murderer Reginald McFadden, who went on a serial murder and rape spree, by the acting governor of Pennsylvania, Mark Singel, may have been a contributing factor in the 1994 election of Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge, in which Ridge defeated Singel by a margin of 45% to 39%.


title: Law and order

text: Advocates of stricter policies toward crime and those accused of crime have won many victories since the issue became important. Highlights include stringent laws dealing with the sale and use of illicit drugs. For example, the Rockefeller drug laws passed in New York state in 1973, and later, laws mandating tougher sentences for repeat offenders, such as the three-strikes laws adopted by many U.S. states starting in 1993 and the re-legalization of the death penalty in several states.


title: Law and order

text: Opponents of these and similar laws have often accused advocates of racism. Civil rights groups have steadfastly opposed the trend toward harsher measures generally. The law-and-order issue caused a deep rift within the Democratic Party in the late 1960s and 1970s, and this rift was seen by many political scientists as a major contributing factor in Ronald Reagan's two successful presidential runs in 1980 and 1984. In both elections, millions of registered Democrats voted for Reagan, and they collectively became known as "Reagan Democrats". Many of these voters eventually changed their party registration and became Republicans, especially in the South.


title: Law and order

text: Though violent crimes are the primary focus of law-and-order advocates, quality-of-life crimes are sometimes also included under the law-and-order umbrella, particularly in local elections. A tough stance on this matter greatly helped Rudy Giuliani win two terms as mayor of New York in the 1990s, and was also widely cited as propelling Gavin Newsom to victory over a more liberal opponent in San Francisco's mayoral election of 2003.


title: Law and order

text: Richard Riordan also became Los Angeles' new mayor in 1993 for the first time in 20 years after Tom Bradley retired.


title: Law and order

text: Platt (1995) argues that the intensity of law-and-order campaigns represents a significant shift in criminal justice that involves modernization and increased funding for police technology and personnel, privatization of security services and surveillance, higher rates of incarceration, and greater racial inequality in security and punishment.


title: Law and order

text: The phrase was used repeatedly by Donald Trump in his presidential nomination acceptance speech in 2016, which "Salon.com" interpreted as an intentional reference to Nixon's use of the term. "Politico Magazine" reported that the rhetoric was at odds with the crime rates being at 50-year lows in the country.


title: Law and order

text: "Law and order" has been a political rallying call in the United Kingdom, particularly under Margaret Thatcher (Leader of the Conservative Party 1975–1990; Prime Minister 1979–1990).


title: Law and order

text: The term was parodied as "Laura Norder", and entered popular culture, for example in the sarcastic song "Law & Order" by the Tom Robinson Band (1979).


title: Law and order

text: Critics of law-and-order politics commonly point to actual and potential abuses of judicial and police powers, including police brutality and misconduct, racial profiling, prison overcrowding, and miscarriages of justice. As an example, they argue that while crime in New York City dropped under Mayor Giuliani, reports of police brutality increased during the same period. This period included the fatal shootings of Amadou Diallo and Sean Bell, and the Abner Louima incident.


title: Law and order

text: In extreme cases, civil unrest has broken out in retaliation against law-and-order politics, as happened in London's Brixton district in 1981, Los Angeles in 1992, France in 2005, and Ferguson, Missouri in 2014.


title: Law and order

text: In 2009, Pennsylvania juvenile court judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan pleaded guilty in the "kids for cash" scandal of accepting money from private prison industry officials in exchange for sentencing over 1,000 youths to prison terms for minor offenses.


title: Law and order

text: Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, a role model of tougher sentencing campaigners for his hardline corrections policies, was investigated by the FBI – starting in 2009 – for alleged abuses of power and intimidation of dissenting officials, among other controversies.


title: Law and order

text: A United States Supreme Court ruling in 2011, "Brown v. Plata", ordered the State of California to cut its inmate population, citing prison overcrowding to be in violation of the Eighth Amendment.


title: Law and order

text: One academic has argued that the term is used as a way to emphasize racial backlash in politics without appearing racist. By 2020, columnists and left-leaning groups in the United States were increasing criticism of the term as hypocritical and a dog whistle in response to the use of the term by Donald Trump and his supporters during the George Floyd protests, with one outlet stating "[t]hroughout this nation's history, appeals to law and order have been as much about defending privilege as dealing with crime." In the wake of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, criticism from columnists and outlets mounted on Republican politicians seen as "abandoning" or otherwise being hypocritical of being known as the "law and order party."


title: Law and order

text: In a limited number of cases, it can be argued that order can be maintained without law. Robert Ellickson, in his book "Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes", concluded that it is sometimes possible for order to be maintained without law in small groups. Ellickson examined rural Shasta County, California, in which cattle openly roam and sometimes destroy crops. He found that since social norms call for the cattle owner to pay for the damaged crops, the disputes are settled without law. According to Ellickson, not only is the law not necessary to maintain order in this case, but it is more efficient for social norms to govern the settling of disputes.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The Cadillac ATS (short for "Alpha Touring Sedan") is a compact executive 4-door sedan and 2-door coupe manufactured and marketed by Cadillac and developed at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. Cadillac assembles the ATS at the Lansing Grand River Assembly plant in Lansing, Michigan.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The ATS is based on General Motors' Alpha platform and is offered in either rear- or all-wheel drive configurations. The ATS base engine had been a naturally aspirated 2.5-liter I-4 gasoline engine that produces , until the 2016 model year. Optional engines include a 2.0-liter turbocharged I-4 gasoline engine that produces and a naturally aspirated 3.6-liter V6 gasoline engine that produces . The 2.0-liter engine replaced the 2.5-liter engine as the base engine for the 2017 model year. A diesel engine had been planned to be available in the future. All versions were equipped with a 6-speed GM 6L45 Hydra-Matic automatic transmission as standard until the 2015 model year. An 8-speed automatic transmission was introduced for the 2016 model year. The 2.0-liter turbocharged, rear-wheel drive version can be mated to an optional 6-speed Tremec M3L TR-3160 manual transmission.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: Cadillac debuted the ATS to the press in the United States in January 2012, placed the ATS into production in July 2012 and began selling the ATS in the United States in August 2012 as a 2013 model. GM began selling the ATS in China in November 2013. Cadillac sold the ATS in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Europe, the Middle East, China, Japan, and South Korea, until it was replaced by the CT4 in 2019 and 2020.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: GM engineers working principally at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, United States developed the ATS.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: Prior to the debut of the ATS, Cadillac's smallest vehicle was the mid-size CTS. The CTS was comparable in price to compact competitors like the Audi A4, the BMW 3 Series, the Lexus IS and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class but was comparable in size and weight to the more expensive mid-size BMW 5 Series. Although Cadillac believed that customers would favor a 5 Series sized car at a 3 Series price, that assumption proved to be incorrect. Cadillac's research found that target customers who already owned vehicles like the 3 Series or A4 did not want a larger vehicle. General Motors began development of a smaller car that would satisfy these target customers; that car would eventually become the Cadillac ATS.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: To establish parameters around which they would design the ATS, GM engineers benchmarked the 1999-2006 BMW E46 3 Series, which ATS chief engineer Dave Masch and his team regarded as the most dynamic and driver-focused iteration of the 3 Series. The engineers emphasized low weight when developing the ATS and their efforts resulted in a finished vehicle that weighs less than the BMW E46 benchmark. To achieve this result, Masch suggested that the engineering team disregarded certain GM product development rules that, had they been followed, would have resulted in a heavier vehicle.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: Cadillac showed a pre-production styling buck of the ATS to the press on 11 August 2009. Cadillac debuted the production ATS to the press on 8 January 2012. General Motors began selling the ATS in the United States in August 2012 as a 2013 model. Sales in China began on 21 November 2013. Chinese-market vehicles were initially imported from the United States by Shanghai GM. A Chinese-assembled ATS-L was launched in China in August 2014.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: During the early development of the ATS, GM engineers determined that downsizing the GM Sigma II platform that underpinned the second-generation CTS would result in a vehicle that was too heavy and that using an economical, front-wheel drive platform would sacrifice performance. Under the leadership of Dave Leone, GM engineers created a brand-new platform which was designed to be light and compact, to be capable of handling both rear- and all-wheel drive configurations and to have a near 50/50 weight distribution. The new platform developed by the GM engineers for the ATS is now called the GM Alpha platform.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: For 2015 model year, the refreshed Cadillac ATS gained most of its styling from its Coupe version, the two-bar grille, redesigned Cadillac emblem, seen on the ATS coupe first, and was eventually placed on every Cadillac in the lineup by 2017. Exterior tweaks for the 2015 Cadillac ATS front fascia has been lowered, and more exterior paint choices have been made. The ATS interior is a carryover for 2015, but has seen some modest technology updates for 2015 as well including a more responsive CUE system.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: For the 2016 model year, the new generation 3.6L LGX V6 featuring a cylinder deactivation system replaces the 3.6L LFX V6 and a new 8-speed 8L45 replaces the 6-speed 6L45 automatic transmission. As opposed to the previous years of the ATS's more lower-placed emblems, the rear emblems were now placed near the top of the trunk lid. Automatic start-stop technology was added for the 2.0T and 3.6L V6 models using the 8-speed automatic transmission. GM claimed this ultracapacitor-based system reduced output by 6 percent. In addition to a refreshed gauge cluster using white LEDs and added chrome, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto were also made standard starting with the 2016 model year.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: A Carbon Black sport package, which blacks out chrome and adds body colored door handles and spoiler, two exterior colors and 17-inch wheels in two finishes are new for 2017 in addition to optional Recaro seats, complementing the Cadillac signature exterior and interior design.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: General Motors assembles the ATS at the Lansing Grand River Assembly plant in Lansing, Michigan, United States. GM spent US$190 million to upgrade the Lansing Grand River Assembly plant for ATS production and hired a second shift of workers. GM began assembling vehicles intended for sale to customers on 26 July 2012.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The ATS is a compact four-door, five-passenger sedan. A two-door coupe went on sale in summer 2014 as a 2015 model. Convertible and station wagon variants are expected to be produced, although Cadillac has not yet confirmed those body styles.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The 2013 ATS ranged in price from US$34,000 to US$52,000, about US$1,800 less expensive than the entry level 2012 BMW 328i. The 2014 ATS ranges in price from US$33,065 - US$58,760.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The ATS has a curb weight of , depending on configuration, and a 51/49 front to rear weight percentage distribution. The hood, front suspension and cradle are made from aluminum. The front suspension is a MacPherson strut, double-pivot set up, using a pair of ball joints and lower control links. Third-generation Magnetic Ride Control active suspension is optional on the Premium RWD variant. A mechanical limited-slip differential is standard with the manual transmission variant and is an available on the premium automatic.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The ATS is available in either a rear- or all wheel drive layout, has four available engines and two available transmissions.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: From 2013 to 2016, the ATS base engine in the U.S. model was a naturally aspirated 2.5-liter inline-four engine (LCV) that produces . As of 2017, the base engine is a 2.0-liter turbocharged I4 gasoline engine (LTG) that produces , which was optional in previous years. A naturally aspirated 3.6-liter V6 gasoline engine (LGX) that produces is optional. 2013 to 2015 ATS models had an available 3.6-liter LFX V6 gasoline engine. GM has committed to offering a diesel engine for the ATS, but has not specified an availability date.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: All versions of the ATS were equipped with a 6-speed GM 6L45 Hydra-Matic automatic transmission as standard until the 2015 model year. The 2.0-liter turbo, rear-wheel drive version can be mated to an optional 6-speed Tremec M3L TR-3160 manual transmission.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The 2016 model year ATS replaces all uses of the 6-speed 6L45 with the new 8-speed 8L45 automatic transmission.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: For China, 2014 and 2015 models used the "GM 6T70" gearbox. The "GM 8L45" gearbox replaced it for 2016 models onwards.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: In North America, at the time of the model's introduction, the 2013 ATS was available in four trim levels: Standard, Luxury, Performance and Premium.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: In China, at the time of the model's introduction, the ATS is available in five exterior colors and two interior colors over four trim levels: Standard, Luxury, Elite and Comfort.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The 2015 Cadillac ATS Coupe debuted at the 2014 Detroit Auto Show. The two door Cadillac targets Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe and the BMW 4 Series. It went on sale in the summer of 2014 as the 2015 Cadillac ATS Coupe. The ATS coupe is wider than the sedan. Two models were available at launch. One with a 2.0L four-cylinder engine with and of torque, the other with a 3.6L engine with and of torque. Buyers have a choice of six-speed manual or a six-speed automatic transmission, and the option of all wheel drive or standard rear wheel drive. The 2015 Cadillac ATS Coupe is the first production model to wear Cadillac's newly revised brand logo without its previous laurel wreath, and was first shown on the Cadillac Elmiraj concept car. The ATS coupe received 4G LTE connectivity with a WiFi hotspot, CUE interface with Siri Eyes Free, and a Bose stereo with 12 speakers. GM discontinued the Cadillac ATS Coupe after the 2019 model year without any replacement planned due to poor sales and the growing popularity of GM's crossovers and SUVs. However, the sedan version of the ATS was replaced by the Cadillac CT4 sedan for the 2020 model year.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: In July 2014, Cadillac announced that it would be producing a long wheelbase version of the ATS for the Chinese market known as the ATS-L. The ATS-L has a wheelbase 85 mm (3.3 in) longer than the standard ATS sedan and will be manufactured in China by Shanghai GM.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: Previous ATS vehicles had been imported to China from GM's Lansing manufacturing facility in Michigan. The ATS-L has a starting price of 270,000 Chinese Yuan, or about $43,600 US dollars. The 2 litre LTG turbocharged petrol engine is standard across the range producing 230 and 279 horsepower. The ATS-L previously ran on the "GM 6T70" automatic gearbox for 2014 and 2015 and used the "GM 8L45" automatic gearbox from 2016 to 2019. Trim levels are known as the 25T and 28T. Production ended in September 2019.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The Cadillac ATS-V is a high performance version of the Cadillac ATS, similar to how the CTS-V is to the standard CTS model. The ATS-V series includes two body styles, which feature a turbocharged DOHC V-6 engine and a sport-tuned suspension. The ATS-V sedan and coupe were introduced for the 2016 model year.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: The sedan with the automatic transmission can reach in 3.7 seconds and can achieve a top speed of . The ATS-V is rear-wheel drive, and is powered by a LF4 3.6L twin turbocharged V6 producing and of torque.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: "Motor Trend" conducted a comparison between the BMW M3, ATS-V, and Mercedes-AMG C63-S. The Cadillac managed to accelerate faster than both German vehicles and was the fastest around Willow Springs International Motorsports Park; it was also the least expensive in the test.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: Cadillac competed at the Pirelli World Challenge from 2015 to 2017 with the Cadillac ATS-V.R, a racecar based on the ATS-V under the GT3 regulations, developed in collaboration with Pratt & Miller. Johnny O'Connell won the championship in 2015, finished fourth in 2016 and sixth in 2017. In addition, Michael Cooper finished third in 2016 and second in 2017.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: Testing conducted by the United States National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration scored the 2013 and 2014 ATS, in both rear- and all-wheel drive variants, at five stars in frontal crash, side crash and rollover protection, resulting in five stars overall, the highest possible score. The NHTSA notes the availability of three NHTSA recommended technologies on the ATS: electronic stability control, forward collision warning and lane departure warning.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: In 2012, the 2013 ATS was chosen as "Car of the Year" by "Esquire", "Luxury Car of the Year" by "Popular Mechanics" magazine and "Vehicle of the Year" by the Motor Press Guild.


title: Cadillac ATS

text: In 2013, a jury composed of 49 journalists from the United States and Canada named the 2013 ATS the North American Car of the Year.


title: Herbert Ross

text: Herbert David Ross (May 13, 1927 – October 9, 2001) was an American actor, choreographer, director and producer who worked predominantly in theater and film. He was nominated for two Academy Awards and a Tony Award.


title: Herbert Ross

text: He is known for directing musical and comedies such as "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1969), "The Owl and the Pussycat" (1970), "Play It Again, Sam" (1972), " The Sunshine Boys", "Funny Lady" (both 1975), "The Goodbye Girl" (1977), "California Suite" (1978), and "Pennies From Heaven" (1981). His later films include "Footloose" (1984), and "Steel Magnolias" (1989). For the drama "The Turning Point" (1977) he received two Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Director and received the Golden Globe Award for Best Director.


title: Herbert Ross

text: He is also known for his work on Broadway as a choreographer for productions for Barbra Streisand, Stephen Sondheim, Richard Rodgers, and Arthur Laurents. His credits include "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" in 1951, "Finian's Rainbow" in 1960, "I Can Get It for You Wholesale" in 1962, and "Do I Hear a Waltz?" in 1965. He received a Tony Award for Best Choreography for "Anyone Can Whistle" in 1964.


title: Herbert Ross

text: Ross was born on May 13, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Louis Chester Ross, a postal clerk, and his wife Martha (née Grundfast). His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants. When Ross was nine, his mother died and his father moved the family to Miami and opened a luncheonette.


title: Herbert Ross

text: After dropping out of high school, Ross went to New York to pursue an acting career but became smitten with and studied dance.


title: Herbert Ross

text: In 1942, Ross' stage debut came as "Third Witch" in a touring company of "Macbeth". The next year brought his first Broadway performance credits with "Something for the Boys", as a dancer. Ross was a dancer in "Follow the Girls" (1943–44), "Laffing Room Only" (1944–45), "Beggar's Holiday" (1946–47), and "Look, Ma, I'm Dancin'!".


title: Herbert Ross

text: By 1950, he was a choreographer with the American Ballet Theatre and choreographed his first Broadway production, the Arthur Schwartz-Dorothy Fields musical adaptation of "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" (1951). For TV he choreographed "All Star Revue", "The Milton Berle Show", and "The Steve Allen Plymouth Show". Ross's first film assignment came as an uncredited choreographer on "Carmen Jones" (1954).