title: Narappa

text: In contrast, Janani K of "India Today" cited that "Director Srikanth Addala’s Narappa is a faithful remake of Dhanush’s Asuran. However, it lacks the freshness and soul of Asuran." Praising the performances done by all the actors and work by the director, Shubham Kulkarni of "Koimoi" stated: "Did We Really Need A Scene-To-Scene Copy Of Asuran?" and added that "The remake is good but not equal to the brilliance the Dhanush starrer stood on." Sasidhar Adivi of "Deccan Chronicle" wrote, ""Narappa" works in parts as a dark and gripping drama. The storyline is old and predictable, but the performances and emotional trail make it a decent watch."


title: Martin B-10

text: The Martin B-10 was the first all-metal monoplane bomber to be regularly used by the United States Army Air Corps, entering service in June 1934. It was also the first mass-produced bomber whose performance was superior to that of the Army's pursuit aircraft of the time.


title: Martin B-10

text: The B-10 served as the airframe for the B-12, B-13, B-14, A-15 and O-45 designations using Pratt & Whitney engines instead of Wright Cyclones.


title: Martin B-10

text: A total of 348 of all versions were built. The largest users were the US, with 166, and the Netherlands, with 121.


title: Martin B-10

text: The B-10 began a revolution in bomber design. Its all-metal monoplane airframe, along with its features of closed cockpits, rotating gun turrets (almost simultaneously with the 1933 British Boulton & Paul Overstrand biplane bomber's own enclosed nose-turret), retractable landing gear, internal bomb bay, and full engine cowlings, became the standard for bomber designs worldwide for decades. It made all existing bombers completely obsolete. Martin received the 1932 Collier Trophy for designing the XB-10.


title: Martin B-10

text: The B-10 began as the Martin Model 123, a private venture by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Baltimore, Maryland. It had a crew of four: pilot, copilot, nose gunner and fuselage gunner. As in previous bombers, the four crew compartments were open, but it had a number of design innovations as well.


title: Martin B-10

text: These innovations included a deep belly for an internal bomb bay and retractable main landing gear. Its 600 hp (447 kW) Wright SR-1820-E Cyclone engines provided sufficient power. The Model 123 first flew on 16 February 1932 and was delivered for testing to the U.S. Army on 20 March as the XB-907. After testing it was sent back to Martin for redesigning and was rebuilt as the XB-10.


title: Martin B-10

text: The XB-10 delivered to the Army had major differences from the original aircraft. Where the Model 123 had Townend rings, the XB-10 had full NACA cowlings to decrease drag. It also sported a pair of 675 hp (503 kW) Wright R-1820-19 engines, and an increase in the wingspan, along with an enclosed nose turret. When the XB-10 flew during trials in June, it recorded a speed of 197 mph (317 km/h) at 6,000 ft (1,830 m). This was an impressive performance for 1932.


title: Martin B-10

text: Following the success of the XB-10, a number of changes were made, including reduction to a three-man crew, addition of canopies for all crew positions, and an upgrade to 675 hp (503 kW) engines. The Army ordered 48 of these on 17 January 1933. The first 14 aircraft were designated YB-10 and delivered to Wright Field, starting in November 1933, and used in the Army Air Corps Mail Operation. The production model of the XB-10, the YB-10 was very similar to its prototype.


title: Martin B-10

text: In 1935, the Army ordered an additional 103 aircraft designated B-10B. These had only minor changes from the YB-10. Shipments began in July 1935. B-10Bs served with the 2d Bomb Group at Langley Field, the 9th Bomb Group at Mitchel Field, the 19th Bomb Group at March Field, the 6th Composite Group in the Panama Canal Zone, and the 4th Composite Group in the Philippines. In addition to conventional duties in the bomber role, some modified YB-10s and B-12As were operated for a time on large twin floats for coastal patrol.


title: Martin B-10

text: In February 1936, the US Army Air Corps used 13 B-10Bs of the 49th Bomb Squadron to drop supplies to the residents of Virginia's Tangier Island and Maryland's Smith Island; with ships unable to reach the islands due to heavy ice in the Chesapeake Bay, the islanders faced starvation after a severe winter storm. The B-10B supply flights followed earlier supply flights to the islands by the Goodyear Blimp "Enterprise" on 2 February 1936 and by the squadron's Keystone B-6A bombers on 9 and 10 February 1936.


title: Martin B-10

text: With its advanced performance, the Martin company fully expected that export orders for the B-10 would flood in. The U.S. Army owned the rights to the Model 139 design. Once the Army's orders had been filled in 1936, Martin received permission to export Model 139s, and delivered versions to several air forces. For example, six Model 139Ws were sold to Siam in April 1937, powered by Wright R-1820-G3 Cyclone engines; 20 Model 139Ws were sold to Turkey in September 1937, powered by R-1820-G2 engines.


title: Martin B-10

text: On 25 August 1937, as the air battles intensified in the early part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, five Chinese Nationalist Air Force bombers of the 8th BG, 19th and 30th Squadrons consisting of three Heinkel He-111As and two Martin B-10s respectively, flying from their base in Nanjing to Shanghai, successfully dropped their bombs on Japanese landing forces at Liuhe, Taicang northwest of Shanghai, however Japanese aircraft pursued the bombers and shot up two of the Heinkels, forcing them to crash land; two crew members were killed on the ground by Japanese aircraft strafing at them.


title: Martin B-10

text: As the National Revolutionary Army of China fought desperately to hold onto their remaining positions in the Battle of Shanghai, the Chinese Air Force launched a major strike with a motley mix of aircraft against Japanese positions in Shanghai on 14 October 1937, consisting of three B-10s, two Heinkel He-111As, five Douglas O-2MCs, five Northrop Gammas, and three Curtiss Hawk IIIs from Nanjing in the late afternoon; in the evening, one bomber was launched every hour from Nanjing to attack Japanese positions in Shanghai until 03:00 on 15 October.


title: Martin B-10

text: On 19 May 1938, two B-10s of the 2nd BG, 14th Squadron, led by Capt. Hsu Huan-sheng and Lt. Teng Yen-bo, successfully flew the first air raid on mainland Japan.


title: Martin B-10

text: During an unescorted nighttime raid over Japan, the B-10s dropped 2 million leaflets, "alerting the conscience of the Japanese people against atrocities committed by the Japanese invasion and occupation of China", over the cities of Nagasaki, Fukuoka, Kurume, Saga, and others, while reconnoitering airbases, ports, warships and factories.


title: Martin B-10

text: In the mid 1930s, the Netherlands government adopted a doctrine for defense of the Netherlands East Indies which placed reliance on the use of land-based bombers against any attacking force, with orders for defensive fighters cancelled to pay for the bomber force. The Martin 139 was chosen in preference to the Dutch Fokker T.V, as its all metal construction was considered more robust than the steel tube and fabric Fokker, while the Martin bomber was already in production and therefore would be available quicker. Twelve Martin 139 WH-1s were ordered for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (ML-KNIL) in 1936, followed by 26 improved WH-2s in March 1937, sufficient bombers to equip a Group of three squadrons. In December 1937, an order was placed for 39 Martin 139 WH-3s, followed by an order for 40 Martin 139 WH-3As in November 1938. Two more Martin 139 WH-3As were ordered in July 1939 to replace aircraft lost during delivery. The last of these attrition replacement aircraft was delivered in March 1940 as the last Martin B-10/139 built. On the outbreak of war with Japan in December 1941, about 58 Martins (WH-3 and WH-3As) were operational with six squadrons, with about 20 more of the older variants in reserve. B-10s of the ML-KNIL served in the defense of the Dutch East Indies.


title: Martin B-10

text: In efforts to reinforce British defense of Malay Peninsula, Dutch East Indies government send some ML-KNIL squadrons, included were 22 Martin 139s from VLG-III that were organized into three squadrons, which arrived at Singapore on 9 December 1941. Due to lack of coordination, British anti-air guns mistook the Dutch Martins as enemy aircraft and engaged them when they're nearing Singapore. The Martins were stationed at Sembawang. In early January 1942, Dutch Martins along with British Blenheim bombers sortied over the west coast of Malaya to halt Japanese advance. On 8 January, nine Martin and four Australian Hudson attacked a suspected Japanese seaplane tender anchored offshore in South China Sea, the result were inconclusive. In the next day, nine Martin "quite successfully" bombed several Japanese ships that were unloading their cargo at Kuantan. Two Martin were shot down by the Japanese near Penang on 1 January, with further four Martin were lost during attack against Japanese forces on Muar River on the 19 January. On the same day, Dutch fighter squadrons were withdrawn to Sumatra with the Martins were also withdrawn to Java three days later.


title: Martin B-10

text: Six B-10s formed the medium bomber force of the Royal Thai Air Force at the start of the 1940–1941 Franco-Thai War. They flew several bombing missions during the war, with their first mission against Xieng Khuang, Laos and a nearby airfield on 15 December 1940, with the last mission, against Sisophon in what is now Cambodia on 28 January at the very end of the Franco-Thai War.


title: Martin B-10

text: At the time of its creation, the B-10B was so advanced that General Henry H. Arnold described it as the airpower wonder of its day. It was half again as fast as any biplane bomber, and faster than any contemporary fighter. The B-10 began a revolution in bomber design; it made all existing bombers completely obsolete.


title: Martin B-10

text: Rapid advances in bomber design in the late 1930s meant that the B-10 was eclipsed by the time the United States entered World War II. The Model 139s in combat in China and South East Asia suffered the same disadvantages as the other early war medium bombers, i.e. not enough armour and guns, while it could not outrun the latest fighters.


title: Martin B-10

text: An abortive effort to modernize the design, the Martin Model 146, was entered into a USAAC long-distance bomber design competition in 1934–5. The bomber came in a strong second place and was only bested by the Boeing B-17 in range and endurance. However, it had a higher ceiling of and was only slower and carried less in bombs than the Boeing at over half the cost. Nonetheless, the design was seen as a dead end, and the third-place contender, the Douglas B-18, was selected instead.


title: Martin B-10

text: Private venture of Martin company, predecessor of the XB-10, served as prototype for the series, one built.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Normal is a town in McLean County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town's population was 52,736. Normal is the smaller of two principal municipalities of the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and Illinois' seventh most populous community outside the Chicago metropolitan area. As of 2022, Chris Koos has been Normal's mayor since 2003.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The main campus of Illinois' oldest public university, Illinois State University, a fully accredited four-year institution, is in Normal, as is Heartland Community College, a fully accredited two-year institution. There was also a satellite campus of Lincoln College, which offered associate degrees as well as four-year programs.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The town was laid out with the name North Bloomington on June 7, 1854 by Joseph Parkinson. From its founding, it was generally recognized that Jesse W. Fell was the force behind the creation of the town. He had arranged for the new railroad, which would soon become the Chicago and Alton Railroad, to pass west of Bloomington then curving to cross the Illinois Central Railroad at a point where he owned or controlled land. Most of the original town lies south of these tracks, with Beaufort Street as its northern limit, and some blocks west of the Illinois Central and north of the tracks. Fell, his brothers, and associates quickly laid out many additions to the original town.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The town was renamed Normal in February 1865 and officially incorporated on February 25, 1867. The name was taken from Illinois State Normal University, a normal school (teacher-training institution) located there. The school has since been renamed Illinois State University after becoming a general four-year university. Normal is adjacent to Bloomington, Illinois, and when mentioned together they are known as the "Twin Cities", "Bloomington-Normal", "BN", or "BloNo".


title: Normal, Illinois

text: In 2007, the town council voted to name the downtown area "Uptown Normal", and, as of 2011, Uptown Normal is home to the Children's Discovery Museum, Marriott Hotel and Conference Center, Hyatt Place Hotel, Uptown Station and Town Hall, and a variety of local shops and restaurants all centered around a roundabout. The district is also home to the historic and non-profit Normal Theater, a restored Art Deco theater owned by the Town of Normal that runs classic and independent films.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: On August 31, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a mobile home park in Normal that left three people dead and three more injured. The deceased were two women and a man, the latter being the gunman. He was killed by Normal Police Officers.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Normal is located near (40.512189, −88.988701). According to the 2010 census, Normal has a total area of , of which (or 99.66%) is land and (or 0.34%) is water.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: As of the 2000 census, there were 45,386 people, 15,157 households, and 8,184 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 15,683 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 87.57% White, 7.71% African American, 0.15% Native American, 2.21% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.93% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.56% of the population.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: There were 15,157 households, out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.96.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 17.5% under the age of 18, 38.1% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 13.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the town was $40,379, and the median income for a family was $60,644. Males had a median income of $41,323 versus $27,486 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,775. About 5.6% of families and 19.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Normal is served by I-39, I-55, Interstate 74, one railroad line, the Central Illinois Regional Airport (BMI) in neighboring Bloomington, and Connect Transit provides public bus service in the area.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Interstate 55 wraps around the north and northwest edge of the town. Interstate 74 shares the I-55 roadway on the western edge of Normal before splitting off toward the northwest. Normal is the southern terminus of Interstate 39. Historic Route 66 runs through the town.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The Central Illinois Regional Airport is on Route 9 in Bloomington, approximately five miles east southeast from Uptown Normal. The airport is served by four airlines, five rental car agencies, and has direct daily flights to Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Detroit, and Minneapolis/St. Paul. A record 559,481 passengers flew to or from CIRA in 2010.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Connect Transit has 11 color-coded fixed routes in the area; a lift-assisted paratransit service called NiteRide, which operates when Illinois State University is in session; and a campus shuttle for ISU called Redbird Express.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The Bloomington-Normal Amtrak station is in Normal at 11 Uptown Circle. It was designed by RATIO Architects. The station is served daily by four "Lincoln Service" trains in each direction between Chicago and St. Louis, and one "Texas Eagle" in each direction between San Antonio and Chicago. Three days a week, the "Eagle" continues on to Los Angeles. The station also serves connecting bus service to Peoria and Amtrak stations in Galesburg and Champaign/Urbana. It is Illinois' second busiest Amtrak station after Chicago, servicing nearly a quarter million passengers in fiscal year 2011. Traveling to Bloomington-Normal by Amtrak is a two and a half hour ride from St. Louis and Chicago.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: In 2005, "Golf Digest" ranked Bloomington-Normal as the Fifth Best American City for Golf in their "Best in America" Metro Golf Rankings. "Golf Digest" ranked America's largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas on four different criteria: access to golf, weather, value of golf, and quality of golf.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: In December 2010, a Route 66 Wayside Exhibit was installed at the historic Sprague's Super Service building in Normal. The exhibit tells the story of Route 66's great significance and impact on the community. Visitors are welcome anytime during daylight hours.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The town's major retail center is on Veterans Parkway on the east side of town. It includes The Shoppes at College Hills, an outdoor mall on the site of the former College Hills Mall. As of April 2011, The Shoppes at College Hills includes Ann Taylor Loft, Bath & Body Works, Chico's, Coldwater Creek, Colorific, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Flat Top Grill, Gordmans, Hampton Inn & Suites, Hobby Lobby, J. Jill, Joe's Stationhouse Pizza Pub, Jos. A. Bank, Lane Bryant, Motherhood Maternity, Portrait Innovations, Starbucks, Target, The Children's Place, Verizon Wireless Premium Retailer/The Digital Store, Vitamin World, Von Maur and Yankee Candle.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The Constitution Trail Center on the corner of N. Main Street and Raab Road contains a variety of stores, restaurants and entertainment venues including Schnucks, AMC CLASSIC Normal 14, Bronze Giraffe Antiques, Pet Supplies Plus and Anytime Fitness.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Bloomington/Normal Japanese Saturday School (ブルーミントン・ノーマル補習授業校 "Burūminton Nōmaru Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a Japanese weekend school, was established in 1986 and held at the Thomas Metcalf School. It has a separate office in Normal.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The Normal Police Department consists of approximately 81 sworn officers and 26 civilian staff. The Chief of Police is Rick Bleichner. The department is nationally accredited by the Commission for Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: The department provides 24-hour town wide coverage. In addition to deploying officers in patrol cars, the department also deploys officers on bike patrols and has been doing so since the 1980s. The department also has a full-time Criminal Investigation Division and two full service canines.


title: Shaw Communications

text: Shaw Communications Inc. is a Canadian telecommunications company which provides telephone, Internet, television, and mobile services. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Shaw provides home telecommunications services primarily in Alberta and British Columbia and satellite television nationally. It also operates smaller cable television systems in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Northern Ontario. Shaw provides mobile services through its subsidiary Freedom Mobile, under both the Freedom and Shaw Mobile brands, in areas of Alberta, British Columbia, and Southern Ontario. The company's chief competitor for home telecommunications in western Canada is Telus Communications.


title: Shaw Communications

text: Shaw was founded in 1966 by JR Shaw as "Capital Cable Television Company, Ltd." in Edmonton, Alberta. It was originally a subsidiary of Shawcor, JR's father's firm, but the business was split from Shawcor in the 1970s. The company changed its name to Shaw Cablesystems Ltd. (after founder and chairman JR Shaw) and went public on the TSX in 1983. The company grew during the 1980s and 1990s through acquisitions of firms including Classicomm in the Toronto area, Access Communications in Nova Scotia, Fundy Cable in New Brunswick, Trillium Cable in Ontario, Telecable in Saskatchewan, Greater Winnipeg Cablevision (serving areas east of the Red River), and Videon Cablesystems of Winnipeg (serving areas west of the Red River), which, back in 1998, had itself previously acquired Vidéotron's assets in Alberta. However, two swaps, in 1994 and 2001, with Rogers Cable have resulted in its assets being restricted to Western Canada and a few areas of Northern Ontario. In 1999, Shaw spun out its media properties into a second publicly traded company, Corus Entertainment. In 2001 the Moffat family sold Videon Cablesystems to Shaw.


title: Shaw Communications

text: Prior to 2003, Shaw owned cable systems in the United States previously owned by Moffat Communications, serving six communities in Florida (Eastern Pasco County, Clermont, Palm Coast, Ormond Beach, West Palm Beach and Doral), and the Houston, Texas suburbs of Kingwood, Lake Conroe and Lake Livingston. In February 2003, the Florida systems would be sold to Time Warner Cable (with the West Palm Beach and Doral systems later sold to Comcast, and the other systems spun off to Bright House Networks), while the Texas systems were sold to Cequel III, as part of its then-Cebridge Connections subsidiary (now Suddenlink Communications).


title: Shaw Communications

text: In 2008, Shaw entered the AWS spectrum auction with the intention of possibly becoming a wireless phone provider. The auction ended July 2008, giving Shaw Communications enough spectrum to build a wireless network in its home provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. This spectrum ultimately went unused and was sold to Rogers Communications in January 2013.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In July 2009, Shaw announced its acquisition of Mountain Cablevision; in September, Rogers sued Shaw to block the sale, citing violations of a non-compete clause. However, the suit was quickly dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court. The purchase was approved by the CRTC on October 22, 2009. The acquisition was Shaw's first cable property east of Sault Ste. Marie since the 2001 swaps with Rogers and Cogeco. Shaw's re-entry into Southern Ontario would be short-lived, as its Hamilton system would be resold to Rogers in January 2013 as part of a deal which also saw unused wireless spectrum sold to the company, and saw Rogers sell its stake in specialty channel TVtropolis.


title: Shaw Communications

text: On April 30, 2009, Shaw announced a deal to acquire three television stations — CHWI-TV in Windsor, Ontario, CKNX-TV in Wingham, Ontario and CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba — from CTVglobemedia. CTV had indicated that it would shut down the stations, all of which were incurring extensive financial losses, later in the year if a buyer could not be found, and had placed them on the market at a price of just $1 each. However, it was reported on June 30, 2009, that Shaw had backed out of the deal and was declining to complete the purchase. CHWI-TV would remain on the air as is; CKNX-TV would become a repeater of London station CFPL-TV in September 2009, while CKX-TV would close down entirely in October 2009.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In February 2010, Shaw announced an agreement with the financially troubled Canwest, whereby Shaw would buy an 80% voting interest, and 20% equity interest, in the restructured entity of Canwest, pending approvals from the CRTC and others. Three months later, following negotiations with rival bidders, the company said it would purchase the entirety of Canwest's broadcasting assets, including the interests in the CW Media subsidiary partially held by Goldman Sachs Capital Partners. Canwest's newspapers were not part of the Shaw deal and were sold separately to Postmedia Network.


title: Shaw Communications

text: The acquisition was completed on October 27, 2010, after CRTC approval for the sale was announced on October 22, forming the Shaw Media division.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In November 2012, Shaw underwent a corporate re-branding, introducing an updated logo and slogan, along with a new promotional campaign featuring animated robots (including two named mascot robots, Bit and Bud) that live in a representation of Shaw's infrastructure, depicting them as being responsible for how their services work. The campaign was designed by the Vancouver-based agency Rethink, who were also responsible for Bell Canada's beaver characters Frank and Gordon.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In April 2013, Shaw Business Solutions took over Enmax's Envision subsidiary, which had built a fiber-optic network throughout Calgary. The acquisition was completed for $225 million. In 2014, Shaw partnered with Rogers Communications to launch Shomi, a subscription video on demand service.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In February 2015, Shaw Communications announced that they would close operations for service call centres in Edmonton, Calgary and Kelowna, and consolidate operations in Victoria, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Montreal. 1,600 of Shaw's 14,000 employees were affected by the consolidation and cuts. The company offered affected employees the option to relocate to its centralised offices, apply for a new job at their location, or leave the company with a severance package for former employees unable to relocate.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In 2013, Shaw attempted to begin developing an IPTV-based platform for its television services. However, after experiencing issues developing the platform, Shaw took a $55 million write-down in June 2015, and announced that it was licensing Comcast's cloud-based Xfinity X1 architecture. In January 2016, Shaw launched its mobile television app FreeRange TV, based on X1 infrastructure, which allows Shaw subscribers to stream selected TV channels and on-demand content. On January 11, 2017, Shaw launched its X1-based cable service, BlueSky, in Calgary. Shaw also launched "BlueCurve", a new suite of routers which was likewise based on Comcast's xFi platform and hardware.


title: Shaw Communications

text: On December 16, 2015, Shaw announced its proposed acquisition of independent wireless provider Wind Mobile from its investors in a deal worth approximately $1.6 billion. The transaction closed on March 1, 2016. Under Shaw, the company was renamed Freedom Mobile in November 2016, coinciding with the launch of its 4G LTE network. The acquisition of Wind was funded by a reorganization in April 2016, which saw the Shaw Media unit transferred to Corus Entertainment, in exchange for $1.85 billion in cash and 71,364,853 class B non-voting shares of Corus. The sale did not include Shaw's 50% stake in the Shomi streaming service and CJBN-TV Kenora; Shomi was shut down in November 2016 and CJBN-TV Kenora was shut down in January 2017.


title: Shaw Communications

text: On March 15, 2021, Rogers announced that it will acquire Shaw for $26 billion, subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. This proposed acquisition was criticized by public lobby groups like OpenMedia, as a move that would reduce national competition in the Canadian wireless communication market by removing one of the four major competitors from the market.


title: Shaw Communications

text: For the sale to go ahead, the CRTC has ordered Rogers to divest Freedom Mobile. It was reported on March 16, 2022 that Globalive, the former parent company of Freedom (formerly Wind), intends to re-acquire the wireless company for $3.75 billion. The CRTC approved the merger on March 24, 2022.


title: Shaw Communications

text: On May 9, 2022, the Competition Bureau announced an application to the Competition Tribunal to block the transaction due to its effects on the wireless market.


title: Shaw Communications

text: On August 1, 2022, Rogers announced that the merger is expected to be completed at the end of the year, however, on October 25, 2022, it was announced that the Rogers-Shaw merger has been rejected.


title: Shaw Communications

text: Shaw was the parent of Shaw Broadcast Services (previously Shaw Satellite Services, Canadian Satellite Communications, or Cancom) and, through Shaw Broadcast Services, Shaw Direct, one of Canada's two national direct broadcast satellite providers. For many years it also owned a number of radio stations and specialty television services; these assets were later spun off into Corus Entertainment in an effort to satisfy a now-repealed CRTC policy discouraging cross-ownership of cablesystems and specialty services.


title: Shaw Communications

text: In December 2010, Shaw filed complaints with the CRTC to have competing internet video services such as Netflix classified as broadcasters under Canadian law. In the same month, Shaw introduced usage-based billing on internet plans and lowered plan caps an average of 25% while introducing overage fees of $1 to $2 per gigabyte. On February 8, 2011, Shaw agreed to put a hold on usage-based billing for its services and to this date continues to not charge customers any overages for surpassing Internet data caps.


title: Jim Hendricks (musician)

text: Born in Atkinson, Nebraska, Hendricks began playing the guitar and lap steel guitar in his youth, and began performing publicly while working as a teacher in Omaha, Nebraska, in the early 1960s. One of his shows was attended by Cass Elliot, who invited Hendricks to join her and Tim Rose in the New York folk group The Big 3. The group was successful playing The Bitter End, touring with comedian Bill Cosby and appearing on "The Tonight Show".


title: Jim Hendricks (musician)

text: Hendricks was married to Elliot in 1963, but the marriage was annulled in 1968. In 1964, Elliot and Hendricks started the folk group The Mugwumps, which included Denny Doherty, John Sebastian and Zal Yanovsky. The group lasted for eight months before Sebastian and Yanovsky formed The Lovin' Spoonful and Doherty and Elliot would become one-half of The Mamas & the Papas. Hendricks moved to Los Angeles and formed The Lamp of Childhood, which released three singles on Dunhill Records in 1966–67 without success. He improved his songwriting while with the band, and after leaving it wrote "Summer Rain", a hit for Johnny Rivers, and "Long Lonesome Highway", theme song of the television series "Then Came Bronson".


title: Jim Hendricks (musician)

text: In the 1970s, Hendricks moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and began touring with family and writing contemporary Christian music. Hendricks plays guitar, mandolin, dobro, and autoharp, and has recorded more than 50 albums spanning a variety of styles, mainly Americana, country and contemporary Christian, including several instrumental albums for Benson Records and later Maple Street Music, a label he co-founded in 1996.


title: Laura Johnson

text: Laura Johnson is an American actress. She is best known for playing Terry Hartford in the CBS primetime soap opera "Falcon Crest" from 1983 to 1986.


title: Laura Johnson

text: Johnson made her film debut in the 1977 drama film "Opening Night" directed by John Cassavetes and starring Gena Rowlands. From 1979 to 1980, she had a recurring role as Betty Lou Barker in the CBS prime time soap opera "Dallas". In 1983, she was cast as Terry Hartford in the another CBS prime time soap opera, "Falcon Crest" playing this role to 1986. In 1986, she received Soap Opera Digest Awards nomination for Outstanding Villainess on a Prime Time Serial.


title: Laura Johnson

text: Johnson appeared in a number of movies, include "Beyond Reason" (1985), "Wes Craven's Chiller" (1985), "Fatal Instinct" (1992), "Trauma" (1993), "Deadly Exposure" (1993), "Four Christmases" (2008) and "Fame" (2009). From 1988 to 1989, she played one of leads in the ABC medical drama series "Heartbeat" produced by Aaron Spelling. From 1998 to 1999, she played a leading role in the syndicated television family drama "Born Free". Johnson also guest starred in a number of shows, include "Hotel", "L.A. Law", "In the Heat of the Night", "Nash Bridges", "Strong Medicine" and "Monk".


title: Laura Johnson

text: Johnson was born in Burbank, California. She was first married to producer David Solomon, and then to actor Harry Hamlin from 1985 to 1990.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: Danielle Pinnock (born May 11, 1988) is an American actress, writer, and comedian. Pinnock is a main cast member on the CBS series "Ghosts" (2021– ), where she plays the 1920s Prohibition era jazz singer “Alberta.”


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: She held a supporting role as “Ms. Ingram” on the CBS comedy Y"oung Sheldon" (2017–2020) and has acted in "This Is Us", "Workaholics", "A Black Lady Sketch Show", and others.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: Pinnock was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Jamaican immigrant parents, and from age 10 was raised in Teaneck, New Jersey. Beginning in fifth grade, she performed in local theater productions at school and at the Garage Theater Group. In high school at Saddle River Day School, she was active in performing arts activities. Her father died when she was 16.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: She received her bachelor's degree in theater and communications from Temple University, and there met fellow student Quinta Brunson. She received her graduate degree in acting from the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire. She interviewed approximately 300 people for her one-woman dissertation show "Body/Courage", which centers body image and diet culture, and went on to perform the show over a five-year period. Pinnock later received a fellowship to train in improv and sketch comedy at Second City in Chicago.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: Pinnock moved to Los Angeles in 2016 and was cast as an understudy for the Robert O’Hara play "Barbecue", staged at Geffen Playhouse and directed by Colman Domingo. Shortly after, she was cast in her first television role on NBC's "This Is Us". She has also appeared on the series "Get Shorty", "Workaholics", "A Black Lady Sketch Show" and done voice acting for the programs "", "Where’s Waldo?", and "ThunderCats Roar". From 2017, for seasons 1–4, Pinnock was a supporting character on "Young Sheldon".


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: In 2018, she created the Instagram series "Hashtag Booked" to comment on the barriers encountered by Black women in the entertainment industry. She and co-creator LaNisa Renée Frederick received a Webby Award honor for the series. After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Pinnock gained wider prominence for her comedic videos posted to her Instagram and TikTok. She was named to "Backstage"'s list of 25 On-the-Rise Performers You Need to Know in 2022.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: Pinnock is a main cast member on the 2021 CBS comedy "Ghosts", on which she plays Alberta, a 1920s era jazz singer. Although she has no formal vocal training, she started to take lessons after she was cast. "Salon" hailed her acting as one of 10 breakout performances of 2021.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: "Unmentionables", an adult animated series she co-created with Punam Patel is in development with 20th Century. The series is produced by Taraji P. Henson and Anthony Hemingway. Pinnock hosted the 37th Artios Awards.


title: Danielle Pinnock

text: Pinnock resides in Los Angeles. She is married to British dialect coach Jack Wallace, whom she met while in her graduate program at Royal Birmingham Conservatoire.


title: John Gokongwei

text: John Robinson Lim Gokongwei Jr. (; 11 August 1926 – 9 November 2019) was a Filipino businessman, investor, and philanthropist. His conglomerate company JG Summit Holdings, Inc., had an extensive panoply of business and investment holdings across the Filipino economy, including shipping, telecommunications, retail, financial services, petrochemicals, utilities, aviation, food, beverages, and livestock farming.


title: John Gokongwei

text: Gokongwei was born in China to John Gokongwei Sr. and Juanita Márquez Lim. His father was a scion of a wealthy Cebu-based family with ancestral ties to China's Southern Fujian province. His great-grandfather (1859–1921; ), a young peddler from China, was Hispanized as Pedro Singson Gotiaoco () and became one of the Philippines' most prominent Chinese Filipinos.


title: John Gokongwei

text: Gokongwei attended the basic education department of University of San Carlos for primary school (graduating valedictorian) and high school.


title: John Gokongwei

text: The family fortune was lost after the death of his father in 1939 when Gokongwei was 13 years old and World War II (1939–1945) was just starting. During these difficult years, he initially supported his family by peddling items along the streets of Cebu from his bicycle. From the years 1943 to 1945, or between the ages of 17 and 19, he traded using a wooden boat, taking his goods to Dalahican, Lucena by sea and then to Manila by truck.


title: John Gokongwei

text: After World War II, he started his own company called Amasia Trading, which imported flour, onions, fruits, used clothing, old newspapers, and magazines from the United States.


title: John Gokongwei

text: In the early 1950s, along with his brothers and sisters who returned from China, he started to import cigarettes and whiskey too. By 1957, seeing that trading would always have low margins and would always be dependent on government policies, the family concern shifted towards manufacturing. With a loan of 500 thousand pesos from Albino Sycip, then chairman of China Bank, and Dee K. Chiong, he started a corn milling plant producing glucose and corn starch. The company was named Universal Corn Products (which later evolved into Universal Robina Corporation). San Miguel Corporation was a big customer of theirs.


title: John Gokongwei

text: In 1961, he established Consolidated Food Corporation (later known as CFC Corporation, which later merged with Universal Robina Corporation), which launched its instant coffee brand Blend 45.


title: John Gokongwei

text: In 1977, Gokongwei earned his Master of Business Administration from De La Salle University. A decade later, he attended a 14-week advanced management program at Harvard University.


title: John Gokongwei

text: In November 1990, Gokongwei incorporated JG Summit Holdings as a publicly listed holding company. In March 1996, Cebu Pacific Air began operations. In 2010, the airline underwent major refleeting with a $3 billion order with Airbus. From 2003, his telecom company Digital Telecommunications Philippines spent nearly $800 million for its mobile carrier, Sun Cellular, which was the third-largest mobile operator in the Philippines at that time before selling to the PLDT group for $1.7 billion. He attempted a $1 billion takeover of United Industrial Corporation Ltd (UIC), a property giant from Singapore of which he owned in excess of 30%. UIC controls Singapore Land, one of the biggest property landlords in Singapore.


title: John Gokongwei

text: In 2013, his company bought the stake of San Miguel Corporation in Meralco, the largest power distributor in the country, for close to $1.8 billion. In July 2014, Universal Robina acquired Griffin's Foods from Pacific Equity Partners, a New Zealand food company for $609 million.


title: John Gokongwei

text: The Gokongwei family controls over $20 billion of combined market capitalization for all the companies they own.


title: John Gokongwei

text: In February 2008, Forbes Asia magazine's first Heroes of Philanthropy list included four Filipinos – Gokongwei, Jaime Zobel de Ayala, Ramón del Rosario Jr. and Oscar López. The list was composed of four philanthropists each from 13 selected countries and territories in Asia.


title: John Gokongwei

text: On 29 August 2007, at the Ateneo de Manila University, Gokongwei's biography, "John L. Gokongwei Jr.: The Path of Entrepreneurship", by the university's Dr. Marites A. Khanser, was launched, and it narrated the "riches-to-rags-to-riches" story of the tai-pan. Gokongwei stated that entrepreneurship is a way out of poverty. Khanser's book also enumerated the Nine Rules of business success that Gokongwei followed since he was still a young businessman. In 2002 Gokongwei donated P200-million to the undergraduate school of management. He also gave donations to University of San Carlos, Xavier School, De La Salle University, Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu and Immaculate Conception Academy (ICA).


title: John Gokongwei

text: Gokongwei married Elizabeth Yu in 1958 and had six children (one son and five daughters) – Lisa, Robina, Lance, Faith, Hope and Marcia. All his children play an active role in the Gokongwei group. His eldest daughter, Robina, heads the operations of Robinsons Retail Holdings, Inc. (she owns Robinsons Malls), as the company's COO since 2002. His only son, Lance, currently leads the group as president and CEO of JG Summit.


title: John Gokongwei

text: He was a second cousin once removed of Andrew Gotianun Sr., the founder of Filinvest Development Corporation. Gokongwei's great-grandfather was a half brother of Gotianun's grandfather. He is also second cousins with the Gaisano family, with Doña Modesta Singson-Gaisano being his grandaunt (his grandfather's sister) which he used to call in Hokkien , under his great-grandfather, Don Pedro Singson Gotiaoco, whose illegitimate son was also President Sergio Osmeña.


title: John Gokongwei

text: Gokongwei died in Manila on 9 November 2019, at the age of 93. Exactly one week after his death, his widow Elizabeth Yu Gokongwei died at age of 85.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: Edward George Farhat (June 7, 1926 – January 18, 2003) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name The Sheik (often called The Original Sheik to distinguish him from The Iron Sheik, who debuted in 1972). Farhat is credited as one of the originators of the hardcore wrestling style. He was also the promoter of Big Time Wrestling, and the uncle of ECW wrestler Sabu. Farhat promoted his shows at Cobo Hall in Detroit and was the booker for Frank Tunney's shows at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto from 1971 to 1977.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: Edward George Farhat was born one of ten children in Lansing, Michigan, on June 7, 1926, to Lebanese immigrants. Unlike most of his older brothers, he did not attend college as myth says. His older brother Edmund did, which is where the confusion usually takes place. Edward quit school in the eighth grade and worked during the depression. He falsified his birth certificate in order to join the Army (possibly using his older brother Edmund's birth certificate) but eventually was drafted when he was 18. He proudly served his country and after 18 months of service was honorably discharged in 1946.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: Farhat's first match was actually as good old Eddie Farhat in January of 1947. It took a few years to start to develop the gimmick he is so fondly remembered by. Farhat started out wrestling in the Chicago area as The Sheik of Araby after having served in the U.S. Army, the privileged son of a wealthy, aristocratic Middle Eastern family. He also formed a tag team with Gypsy Joe, where they both captured the NWA Midwestern Tag Team Title in 1954, eventually moving to Texas. During his early career, in what could've been his biggest match at the time, the Sheik was set to face NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz in Chicago for his title, but Thesz had a reputation for embarrassing "gimmick" wrestlers so The Sheik bailed from the ring and hid under a bus. The publicity from the event helped push the Sheik character to a more prominent level. He went to New York for Vincent J. McMahon where he teamed with Dick The Bruiser and Bull Curry in feuds against Mark Lewin and Don Curtis as well as the team of Antonino Rocca and Miguel Pérez in Madison Square Garden. On August 18, 1961, The Sheik was defeated by Buddy Rogers in a 2 out of 3 falls match at the Cincinnati Gardens.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: The Sheik's wrestling was centered on his character of a rich wild man from Syria. Clad with his keffiyeh, before each match, he would use stalling tactics as he would kneel on a prayer rug to pray to Allah (in real life Farhat was a Maronite Christian). He would lock on choke holds and refuse to break them, and use a camel clutch hold leading to submission. The hold would have him sit over his opponent's back as he applied a chinlock. He used hidden pencils (where he would wrap masking tape around it for better grip) and other "foreign objects" to cut open his opponent's faces. Often, the tactic backfired and the opponent got The Sheik's pencil, leading to the extensive scarring on Farhat's forehead. The other illegal move was his fireball that he threw into his opponents' faces, sometimes burning their face severely (he had pieces of paper soaked in lighter fluid which he quick lit with a cigarette lighter hidden in his trunks). He didn't speak on camera, apart from incomprehensible mutterings. At the start of his career, his wife Joyce played the part of his valet Princess Saleema who would burn incense in the ring. He had three different managers during his career to cut promos on his behalf. His first manager was Abdullah Farouk but when Farouk managed full-time in the WWF, Eddy Creatchman became his manager. When Creatchman was unable to work with him later in his career, Sheik had Supermouth Dave Drason.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: In 1965, the Sheik made his return for the World Wide Wrestling Federation. On September 25, 1967, he had a 20-minute draw with Édouard Carpentier. In 1968, he was brought into the WWWF for title matches with then-champion Bruno Sammartino. They met three times in Madison Square Garden—Sheik won the first via count out on October 28, he was disqualified in the second November 18, and he lost to Bruno in a Texas Death Match via submission when Bruno grabbed a foreign object (pen) and hammered Sheik's arm to a bloody pulp on December 9. Sammartino and Sheik also had a series of matches in Boston in January and February 1969, including one sell out the day after a crippling snow storm, and public transportation not yet restored. They fought in three steel cage matches one in Philadelphia and two in Boston. On November 18, 1972, he lost to WWWF Champion Pedro Morales by count out at Boston Garden.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: The Sheik's biggest feud was his seemingly career-long conflict with Bobo Brazil in Big Time Wrestling in Detroit. The two feuded over Sheik's version of the United States Championship, frequently selling out Cobo Hall. This is seen briefly on the "documentary" movie, "I Like to Hurt People." The two took the feud to several markets, most notably Memphis, Tennessee, and Los Angeles, California. His other major opponent in Los Angeles was Fred Blassie. Sheik and Blassie faced off several times, including cage matches in the Grand Olympic Auditorium. In 1967, the Sheik was wrestling a match when a fan pulled a gun and tried to shoot him three times. Fortunately, the gun didn't go off and the fan was arrested; the gun later fired when police tested it at a shooting range.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: Starting in 1969, he also wrestled regularly in Toronto, where he was undefeated for 127 matches at Maple Leaf Gardens. He defeated the likes of Whipper Billy Watson, Lou Thesz, Gene Kiniski, Bruno Sammartino, Édouard Carpentier, Ernie Ladd, Chief Jay Strongbow, Tiger Jeet Singh, Johnny Valentine and even André the Giant during Andre's first extensive tour of North America in 1974. It was Andre who put an end to the Sheik's Toronto winning streak in August 1974 by disqualification. In 1976, he lost by pinfall to Thunderbolt Patterson and Bobo Brazil. Sheik continued to headline most shows in Toronto until 1977, but business dropped off significantly over the last three years. Few fans were aware of the fact that he was actually the booker within Frank Tunney's promotion following the retirement of Whipper Billy Watson in 1971. He was also the promoter at Cobo Hall in Detroit for many years. As business in Toronto failed, he worked for indy promoter Dave McKigney in Ontario and ran his own Big Time Wrestling promotion out of his home near Lansing, Michigan.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: Late in his career, Sheik ventured to a promotion in Japan. His run was successful, but management was in financial ruin, so when the company went bankrupt, Sheik jumped to Baba's All Japan Pro Wrestling. He then jumped a year later to Inoki's New Japan Pro-Wrestling, but had a falling out with Inoki, and left Japan to return to wrestling full-time in Detroit. He returned in 1977 for All Japan, teaming, and feuding with, Abdullah the Butcher. He also teamed with Baba, Ricky Steamboat, and Kintaro Ohki. His match with Abdullah the Butcher against Dory Funk, Jr. and Terry Funk where Terry fought off Butcher and Sheik with his arm in a sling is credited for turning the foreign Funks into faces in Japan. A match between the two in Birmingham, Alabama, saw them battling out of the Boutwell Auditorium, where they held up traffic until the police broke it up, described as "just classic, bloody mayhem.”


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: In 1980, Big Time Wrestling in Detroit ceased operations. Sheik wrestled for various territories throughout the United States and Japan through the 1980s. It was while in Japan that he suffered his first heart attack while boarding a taxi. From 1991 to 1995, he mainly wrestled in Japan for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling and had various dangerous death matches. On May 6, 1992, The Sheik had a "fire deathmatch" with Sabu against Atsushi Onita and Tarzan Goto, where the ring ropes were replaced with flaming barbed wire. Farhat got third-degree burns and went into a coma, nearly dying. In 1994, he had a brief run in Extreme Championship Wrestling where he teamed with Pat Tanaka against Kevin Sullivan and The Tazmaniac at The Night the Line Was Crossed. On May 5, 1995, he defeated Damián 666 for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling's 6th Anniversary show in a brief match, which ended up being his last. When Sabu joined WCW in 1995, Farhat joined him as his manager. During a match with Jerry Lynn, who was wrestling as "Mr. JL" at the time, Farhat's leg was broken by the wrestlers during a spot he was previously unaware of, forcing him to cease in-ring competition. In 1998, FMW held his official retirement ceremony in Japan which drew 56,000 people, when he was age 72, then retiring to his estate.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: Farhat died of heart failure around 3:15 AM at a Williamston, Michigan, hospital on January 18, 2003, having been admitted to that hospital earlier that year after a short illness. He was 76 years old, and at the time of his death was at the midst of writing his autobiography. Several publications, including "The New York Times", noted that Farhat was 78 years old at the time of his passing. He is buried at the Mount Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Williamston, Michigan.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: In his later years, Farhat provided extensive interviews to his biographer with the intent of publishing a book on his life. These interviews provided a highly explosive look into the world of wrestling, especially on the early days of the WWWF/WWF and Japanese wrestling organizations. As a result, the interviews and draft book were sealed at the time of his death. The book titled Blood And Fire by Brian A Solomon was released in April 2022 by ECW Press. It is full of information on Farhat`s life and career.


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: The Sheik was seen as one of professional wrestling's biggest box office attractions, and as a pioneer of "hardcore wrestling" which became a major part of professional wrestling in the 1990s. On March 31, 2007, The Sheik was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by his nephew, Sabu, and Rob Van Dam, who he had trained. Most notably, he and Freddie Blassie trained boxer Muhammad Ali before Ali's famous "boxer vs wrestler match" with Antonio Inoki in 1976 in Tokyo. He also trained Greg Valentine and Scott Steiner, including independent stars such as "Machine Gun" Mike Kelly. Farhat was also known for short-changing wrestlers and employees on pay-outs, but he would also be a benefactor to a friend in need; according to Harley Race, after his wife died in an automobile accident and he was forced to take time off early in his career, The Sheik mailed him a check every week for a year until he could return to work. Farhat also had a reputation for living his gimmick everywhere; he didn't answer promoter phone calls for "Ed", not even for potential booking, telling the promoters "no Ed lives here".


title: The Sheik (wrestler)

text: His wife, and former valet, Joyce, died on November 27, 2013, in Michigan, after being ill for some time. They are buried at Mount Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Williamston, Michigan. He was also the uncle of Michael Farhat, who worked as Mike Thomas in Detroit. Thomas committed suicide in 1978 at age 27. The Sheik's son Tom died on October 2, 2020, from kidney cancer at 57, and his eldest son Ed Farhat, Jr. - who wrestled under the name "Captain Ed George" - died from complications of COVID-19 on March 22, 2021, at the age of 70.


title: 1990 NFL Draft

text: The 1990 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 22–23, 1990, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.


title: 1990 NFL Draft

text: The Dallas Cowboys would have had the first overall pick in the draft for the second consecutive year by virtue of their league-worst 1–15 record in 1989. However, the Cowboys forfeited their first-round pick by selecting quarterback Steve Walsh in the first round of the previous year's supplemental draft. The first pick instead went to the Atlanta Falcons, who traded it to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts then used the first overall pick to select quarterback Jeff George.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In optimization theory, maximum flow problems involve finding a feasible flow through a flow network that obtains the maximum possible flow rate.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: The maximum flow problem can be seen as a special case of more complex network flow problems, such as the circulation problem. The maximum value of an s-t flow (i.e., flow from source s to sink t) is equal to the minimum capacity of an s-t cut (i.e., cut severing s from t) in the network, as stated in the max-flow min-cut theorem.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: The maximum flow problem was first formulated in 1954 by T. E. Harris and F. S. Ross as a simplified model of Soviet railway traffic flow.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In 1955, Lester R. Ford, Jr. and Delbert R. Fulkerson created the first known algorithm, the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm. In their 1955 paper, Ford and Fulkerson wrote that the problem of Harris and Ross is formulated as follows (see p. 5):Consider a rail network connecting two cities by way of a number of intermediate cities, where each link of the network has a number assigned to it representing its capacity. Assuming a steady state condition, find a maximal flow from one given city to the other.In their book "Flows in Network", in 1962, Ford and Fulkerson wrote:It was posed to the authors in the spring of 1955 by T. E. Harris, who, in conjunction with General F. S. Ross (Ret.), had formulated a simplified model of railway traffic flow, and pinpointed this particular problem as the central one suggested by the model [11].where [11] refers to the 1955 secret report "Fundamentals of a Method for Evaluating Rail net Capacities" by Harris and Ross (see p. 5).


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Over the years, various improved solutions to the maximum flow problem were discovered, notably the shortest augmenting path algorithm of Edmonds and Karp and independently Dinitz; the blocking flow algorithm of Dinitz; the push-relabel algorithm of Goldberg and Tarjan; and the binary blocking flow algorithm of Goldberg and Rao. The algorithms of Sherman and Kelner, Lee, Orecchia and Sidford, respectively, find an approximately optimal maximum flow but only work in undirected graphs.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In 2022 Li Chen, Rasmus Kyng, Yang P. Liu, Richard Peng, Maximilian Probst Gutenberg, and Sushant Sachdeva published an almost-linear time algorithm running in formula_2.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Definition. The capacity of an edge is the maximum amount of flow that can pass through an edge. Formally it is a map formula_11


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Definition. The value of flow is the amount of flow passing from the source to the sink. Formally for a flow formula_18 it is given by:


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Definition. The maximum flow problem is to route as much flow as possible from the source to the sink, in other words find the flow formula_20 with maximum value.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Note that several maximum flows may exist, and if arbitrary real (or even arbitrary rational) values of flow are permitted (instead of just integers), there is either exactly one maximum flow, or infinitely many, since there are infinitely many linear combinations of the base maximum flows. In other words, if we send formula_21 units of flow on edge formula_22 in one maximum flow, and formula_23 units of flow on formula_22 in another maximum flow, then for each formula_25 we can send formula_26 units on formula_22 and route the flow on remaining edges accordingly, to obtain another maximum flow. If flow values can be any real or rational numbers, then there are infinitely many such formula_28 values for each pair formula_29.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: The claim is not only that the value of the flow is an integer, which follows directly from the max-flow min-cut theorem, but that the flow on "every edge" is integral. This is crucial for many combinatorial applications (see below), where the flow across an edge may encode whether the item corresponding to that edge is to be included in the set sought or not.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Given a network formula_3 with a set of sources formula_31 and a set of sinks formula_32 instead of only one source and one sink, we are to find the maximum flow across formula_5. We can transform the multi-source multi-sink problem into a maximum flow problem by adding a "consolidated source" connecting to each vertex in formula_34 and a "consolidated sink "connected by each vertex in formula_35 (also known as "supersource" and "supersink") with infinite capacity on each edge (See Fig. 4.1.1.).


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Given a bipartite graph formula_36, we are to find a maximum cardinality matching in formula_37, that is a matching that contains the largest possible number of edges. This problem can be transformed into a maximum flow problem by constructing a network formula_38, where


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Then the value of the maximum flow in formula_5 is equal to the size of the maximum matching in formula_37, and a maximum cardinality matching can be found by taking those edges that have flow formula_51 in an integral max-flow.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Given a directed acyclic graph formula_52, we are to find the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths to cover each vertex in formula_53. We can construct a bipartite graph formula_54 from formula_37, where


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Then it can be shown that formula_59 has a matching formula_60 of size formula_61 if and only if formula_37 has a vertex-disjoint path cover formula_63 containing formula_61 edges and formula_65 paths, where formula_66 is the number of vertices in formula_37. Therefore, the problem can be solved by finding the maximum cardinality matching in formula_59 instead.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Assume we have found a matching formula_60 of formula_59, and constructed the cover formula_63 from it. Intuitively, if two vertices formula_72 are matched in formula_60, then the edge formula_74 is contained in formula_63. Clearly the number of edges in formula_63 is formula_61. To see that formula_63 is vertex-disjoint, consider the following:


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Thus no vertex has two incoming or two outgoing edges in formula_63, which means all paths in formula_63 are vertex-disjoint.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: To show that the cover formula_63 has size formula_65, we start with an empty cover and build it incrementally. To add a vertex formula_22 to the cover, we can either add it to an existing path, or create a new path of length zero starting at that vertex. The former case is applicable whenever either formula_8 and some path in the cover starts at formula_82, or formula_101 and some path ends at formula_82. The latter case is always applicable. In the former case, the total number of edges in the cover is increased by 1 and the number of paths stays the same; in the latter case the number of paths is increased and the number of edges stays the same. It is now clear that after covering all formula_66 vertices, the sum of the number of paths and edges in the cover is formula_66. Therefore, if the number of edges in the cover is formula_61, the number of paths is formula_65.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Let formula_3 be a network. Suppose there is capacity at each node in addition to edge capacity, that is, a mapping formula_108 such that the flow formula_109 has to satisfy not only the capacity constraint and the conservation of flows, but also the vertex capacity constraint


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In other words, the amount of flow passing through a vertex cannot exceed its capacity. To find the maximum flow across formula_5, we can transform the problem into the maximum flow problem in the original sense by expanding formula_5. First, each formula_113 is replaced by formula_114 and formula_115, where formula_114 is connected by edges going into formula_82 and formula_115 is connected to edges coming out from formula_82, then assign capacity formula_120 to the edge connecting formula_114 and formula_115 (see Fig. 4.4.1). In this expanded network, the vertex capacity constraint is removed and therefore the problem can be treated as the original maximum flow problem.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Given a directed graph formula_52 and two vertices formula_124 and formula_125, we are to find the maximum number of paths from formula_124 to formula_125. This problem has several variants:


title: Maximum flow problem

text: 1. The paths must be edge-disjoint. This problem can be transformed to a maximum flow problem by constructing a network formula_3 from formula_37, with formula_124 and formula_125 being the source and the sink of formula_5 respectively, and assigning each edge a capacity of formula_51. In this network, the maximum flow is formula_134 iff there are formula_134 edge-disjoint paths.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: 2. The paths must be independent, i.e., vertex-disjoint (except for formula_124 and formula_125). We can construct a network formula_3 from formula_37 with vertex capacities, where the capacities of all vertices and all edges are formula_51. Then the value of the maximum flow is equal to the maximum number of independent paths from formula_124 to formula_125.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: 3. In addition to the paths being edge-disjoint and/or vertex disjoint, the paths also have a length constraint: we count only paths whose length is exactly formula_134, or at most formula_134. Most variants of this problem are NP-complete, except for small values of formula_134.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: A closure of a directed graph is a set of vertices "C", such that no edges leave "C". The closure problem is the task of finding the maximum-weight or minimum-weight closure in a vertex-weighted directed graph. It may be solved in polynomial time using a reduction to the maximum flow problem.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In the baseball elimination problem there are "n" teams competing in a league. At a specific stage of the league season, "w" is the number of wins and "r" is the number of games left to play for team "i" and "r" is the number of games left against team "j". A team is eliminated if it has no chance to finish the season in the first place. The task of the baseball elimination problem is to determine which teams are eliminated at each point during the season. Schwartz proposed a method which reduces this problem to maximum network flow. In this method a network is created to determine whether team "k" is eliminated.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Let "G" = ("V", "E") be a network with being the source and the sink respectively. One adds a game node – which represents the number of plays between these two teams. We also add a team node for each team and connect each game node with "i" < "j" to "V", and connects each of them from "s" by an edge with capacity "r" – which represents the number of plays between these two teams. We also add a team node for each team and connect each game node with two team nodes "i" and "j" to ensure one of them wins. One does not need to restrict the flow value on these edges. Finally, edges are made from team node "i" to the sink node "t" and the capacity of is set to prevent team "i" from winning more than .


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In this method it is claimed team "k" is not eliminated if and only if a flow value of size "r"("S" − {"k"}) exists in network "G". In the mentioned article it is proved that this flow value is the maximum flow value from "s" to "t".


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In the airline industry a major problem is the scheduling of the flight crews. The airline scheduling problem can be considered as an application of extended maximum network flow. The input of this problem is a set of flights "F" which contains the information about where and when each flight departs and arrives. In one version of airline scheduling the goal is to produce a feasible schedule with at most "k" crews.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: To solve this problem one uses a variation of the circulation problem called bounded circulation which is the generalization of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Let "G" = ("V", "E") be a network with as the source and the sink nodes. For the source and destination of every flight "i", one adds two nodes to "V", node "s" as the source and node "d" as the destination node of flight "i". One also adds the following edges to "E":


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In the mentioned method, it is claimed and proved that finding a flow value of "k" in "G" between "s" and "t" is equal to finding a feasible schedule for flight set "F" with at most "k" crews.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Another version of airline scheduling is finding the minimum needed crews to perform all the flights. To find an answer to this problem, a bipartite graph is created where each flight has a copy in set "A" and set "B". If the same plane can perform flight "j" after flight "i", is connected to . A matching in induces a schedule for "F" and obviously maximum bipartite matching in this graph produces an airline schedule with minimum number of crews. As it is mentioned in the Application part of this article, the maximum cardinality bipartite matching is an application of maximum flow problem.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: There are some factories that produce goods and some villages where the goods have to be delivered. They are connected by a networks of roads with each road having a capacity for maximum goods that can flow through it. The problem is to find if there is a circulation that satisfies the demand.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Let "G" = ("V", "E") be this new network. There exists a circulation that satisfies the demand if and only if :


title: Maximum flow problem

text: If there exists a circulation, looking at the max-flow solution would give the answer as to how much goods have to be sent on a particular road for satisfying the demands.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: In their book, Kleinberg and Tardos present an algorithm for segmenting an image. They present an algorithm to find the background and the foreground in an image. More precisely, the algorithm takes a bitmap as an input modelled as follows: "a" ≥ 0 is the likelihood that pixel "i" belongs to the foreground, "b" ≥ 0 in the likelihood that pixel "i" belongs to the background, and "p" is the penalty if two adjacent pixels "i" and "j" are placed one in the foreground and the other in the background. The goal is to find a partition ("A", "B") of the set of pixels that maximize the following quantity


title: Maximum flow problem

text: Indeed, for pixels in "A" (considered as the foreground), we gain "a"; for all pixels in "B" (considered as the background), we gain "b". On the border, between two adjacent pixels "i" and "j", we loose "p". It is equivalent to minimize the quantity


title: Maximum flow problem

text: We now construct the network whose nodes are the pixel, plus a source and a sink, see Figure on the right. We connect the source to pixel "i" by an edge of weight "a". We connect the pixel "i" to the sink by an edge of weight "b". We connect pixel "i" to pixel "j" with weight "p". Now, it remains to compute a minimum cut in that network (or equivalently a maximum flow). The last figure shows a minimum cut.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: 1. In the minimum-cost flow problem, each edge ("u",v) also has a cost-coefficient "a" in addition to its capacity. If the flow through the edge is "f", then the total cost is "af." It is required to find a flow of a given size "d", with the smallest cost. In most variants, the cost-coefficients may be either positive or negative. There are various polynomial-time algorithms for this problem.


title: Maximum flow problem

text: 2. The maximum-flow problem can be augmented by disjunctive constraints: a "negative disjunctive constraint" says that a certain pair of edges cannot simultaneously have a nonzero flow; a "positive disjunctive constraints" says that, in a certain pair of edges, at least one must have a nonzero flow. With negative constraints, the problem becomes strongly NP-hard even for simple networks. With positive constraints, the problem is polynomial if fractional flows are allowed, but may be strongly NP-hard when the flows must be integral.


title: Kamerun

text: Kamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon. Kamerun also included northern parts of Gabon and the Congo with western parts of the Central African Republic, southwestern parts of Chad and far eastern parts of Nigeria.


title: Kamerun

text: The first German trading post in the Duala area on the Kamerun River delta was established in 1868 by the Hamburg trading company . The firm's primary agent in Gabon, Johannes Thormählen, expanded activities to the Kamerun River delta. In 1874, together with the Woermann agent in Liberia, Wilhelm Jantzen, the two merchants founded their own company, Jantzen & Thormählen there.


title: Kamerun

text: Both of these West Africa houses expanded into shipping with their own sailing ships and steamers and inaugurated scheduled passenger and freight service between Hamburg and Duala. These companies and others obtained extensive acreage from local chiefs and began systematic plantation operations, including bananas. The Cameroon territory was under the informal control of the British Empire throughout the years preceding 1884, with substantial British trading operations as well.


title: Kamerun

text: Eventually, these companies would begin agitating for royal protection. By 1884, Adolph Woermann, as spokesman for all West African companies, petitioned the imperial foreign office for "protection" by the German Empire. This, among a number of other factors, led to Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck approving the establishment of a colony.


title: Kamerun

text: For many years prior to the 1880's, Bismarck had resisted the idea of colonial ventures in Africa. This was primarily due to Bismarck's focus on shoring up German interests in Europe itself, especially given the lack of a military infrastructure able to protect colonial interests. Moreover, Germany had no need for the resources that a colony might provide, being largely self sufficient, so a colony would only function as an economic drain. This perspective would change in the early 1880s, due to a variety of internal pressures.


title: Kamerun

text: The two key factors motivating this change were pressure from economic interests in Germany, and concerns about missing out on what would later be called the Scramble for Africa. On the political side, colonies became a point of national pride, as Germans saw that other nations had colonies, and thought they should too as a matter of national prestige. Several government officials took this stance, and it seemed to enjoy public support as well. On the commercial side, the companies already operating in Cameroon (represented by the likes of Adolph Woermann) wanted the protection and support an official Germany colony would provide, and many German producers sought new markets for their excess goods.


title: Kamerun

text: These pressures would eventually culminate in Bismarck allowing the establishment of a Cameroonian colony, among others.


title: Kamerun

text: The official beginning of the German "Protectorate of Cameroon" was on 17 August 1884. Gustav Nachtigal had arrived in Duala in July and negotiated a treaty with a number of rulers local to the region around Duala, at that time the center of Germany's trading operations. From there, he would go on to other parts of Cameroon, securing further treaties with a number of tribes of the regions around the rivers, where trade was already well established. This would establish a trend of using treaties as one method of expanding German control.


title: Kamerun

text: As mentioned above, one of the primary motivations for the colony was German corporations seeking to expand their economic interests in Cameroon. Bismarck, being aware of this fact and concerned about the substantial costs of a directly administered colony, opted to instead grant the companies already involved in Cameroon a "Chartered" status. As such, initial government fell to large German trading companies and concession companies who had already established themselves in the colony.


title: Kamerun

text: Eventually, however, it was revealed that the companies were not performing their administrative duties very well. A variety of factors contributed to their failure, but foremost among them were ongoing conflicts with local traders as the traders began to move further inland. This got bad enough that it necessitated the German government stepping in and officially taking over.


title: Kamerun

text: From thereon out the administration of the colonies would be at the hands of the German administrators. Regardless, the focus of the colony remained the same: to support the plantation industry and the trade of the German companies. As such, this time saw major expansion in the agricultural industry, and efforts were taken to expand further into the landlocked areas of Cameroon to better trade opportunities and German access to the African interior.


title: Kamerun

text: The most notable of the German governors, and the man who would come to define the German legacy in Cameroon, would be Jesko Von Puttkammer, who governed from 1895–1906 (and for a few shorter times before). It was Puttkammer who began the German behaviors that lend them a reputation of brutality and harshness as colonizers. During his time, he oversaw a number of military campaigns against local peoples like the Bali, forcing those who rebuffed German attempts at a "treaty" that supposedly justified German expansion. Oftentimes, he would not act directly against these people, instead relying on empowering other rival local powers and establishing them as "protected by Germany" and arming them. These groups would then use their newfound power and armaments to conquer dissenting peoples, without the Germans themselves actually ever getting involved.


title: Kamerun

text: When the Germans did become involved, however, it was brutal, often going out of their way to punish those who surrendered to them if their leader still refused, and taking a tithe of people from conquered peoples as essentially slaves, though they did not call them such.


title: Kamerun

text: This leads into the second prominent feature of Puttkamer's governorship, his expansion and support for the plantations. This became a problem, as the plantations had more fields than they did workers, so there was a labor shortage. To address this, Puttkamer instituted the "man tithes" mentioned above, in addition to just taking people whenever they conquered new territories or had to put down a rebellion. These people would then be made to do harsh forced labor, with extremely high rates of death. Extreme forms of discipline were practiced too, including the cutting of hands, genitals, gouging of eyes and decapitations. Severed limbs were often collected and shown to local authorities as proof of death.


title: Kamerun

text: These practices, which continued even after Puttkammer retired from his position, would define the German colonial legacy.


title: Kamerun

text: After Puttkamer left his position, aggressive expansion was less common (though more territory would be added via diplomatic means), and the colony began to focus more on development. With subsidies from the imperial treasury, the colony built two rail lines from the port city of Duala to bring agricultural products to market. The Northern line extended to the Manenguba mountains, and the mainline went to Makak on the river Nyong. An extensive postal and telegraph system and a river navigation network with government ships connected the coast to the interior.


title: Kamerun

text: The Cameroon protectorate was enlarged with New Cameroon (German: Neukamerun) in 1911 as part of the settlement of the Agadir Crisis, resolved by the Treaty of Fez.


title: Kamerun

text: At the outbreak of World War I, French, Belgian and British troops invaded the German colony in 1914 and fully occupied it during the Kamerun campaign. Following Germany's defeat, the Treaty of Versailles divided the territory into two League of Nations mandates (Class B) under the administration of the United Kingdom and France. French Cameroon and part of British Cameroon reunified in 1961 to form present-day Cameroon.


title: Kamerun

text: Notably, this did not end German involvement in Cameroon, as many former German plantation owners bought their plantations back in the 1920s and 30s. It would take until World War II before Germany was "fully out" of Cameroon.


title: Kamerun

text: In 1914 a series of drafts were made for proposed Coat of Arms and Flags for the German Colonies. However, World War I broke out before the designs were finished and implemented and the symbols were never actually used.


title: Itanagar

text: Itanagar () is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The seat of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the seat of government of Arunachal Pradesh, and the seat of Gauhati High Court permanent bench at Naharlagun are all in Itanagar. Being the hub of all the major economic bases, Itanagar along with the adjacent town of Naharlagun comprising the administrative region of Itanagar Capital Complex Region stretching from the Itanagar Municipal limit at Chandranagar Town extended till Nirjuli Town, is a major junction of Cultural, economic, fashion, education and recreational activities.


title: Itanagar

text: Itanagar features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: "Cwa"), with dry, warm winters and hot, unpleasantly humid and wet summers.


title: Itanagar

text: Itanagar is inhabited by a number of tribes viz., Nyishi, Adi, Apatani, Tagin, Galo, Nyishis are the aborigines of the city.


title: Itanagar

text: India census, Itanagar had a population of 59,490 . Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Itanagar has an average literacy rate of 66.95%, lower than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy is 73.69%, and female literacy is 59.57%. In Itanagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.


title: Itanagar

text: The majority of the Tribes are worshipers of the nature with Tani Tribes being descendants of the Forefather Abotani are followers of Donyi-Polo Way-Of-Life . According to the 2011 census, 40.94% of the population is Hindu, 29.51% Christian, 21.17%  Donyi Polo, 4.52% Muslim and 2.88% Buddhist but these figures are disputed.


title: Itanagar

text: According to 2011 census, Nishi was the most spoken language in Itanagar with 17,896 speakers followed by Bengali at 8,125, Adi at 8,102, Apatani at 4,256, Nepali at 3,721, Hindi at 3,641, Assamese at 3,538 and Bhojpuri at 1,987.


title: Itanagar

text: Radio stations of Itanagar are - All India Radio, RadioCity Itanagar - Arunachal Pradesh's first community radio and Big FM 92.7 - India's largest national radio network .


title: Itanagar

text: Regular helicopter service is available from Guwahati to Naharlagun (Itanagar). Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the greenfield Itanagar Airport at Hollongi on 9 February 2019. It has been named Donyi Polo Airport and was inaugurated on 19 November 2022 by prime minister, Narendra Modi.


title: Itanagar

text: Naharlagun railway station is the nearest railway station, which is nearly 15 km away from the city. Taxi and bus services are easily available from the railway station to Itanagar. Donyi Polo Express can be availed which runs on all days of a week from Guwahati and Shatabdi Express is available thrice a week from Guwahati. The Arunachal AC Superfast Express runs between Naharlagun and Anand Vihar Terminal twice a week which is the only direct train that connects Arunachal Pradesh with the Capital of Nation.


title: Itanagar

text: National Highway 415 connects Itanagar to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of the country. Regular bus and taxi services are available from Guwahati and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport.


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: The Yerkes–Dodson law is an empirical relationship between pressure and performance, originally developed by psychologists Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908. The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases. The process is often illustrated graphically as a bell-shaped curve which increases and then decreases with higher levels of arousal. The original paper (a study of Japanese dancing mice) was only referenced ten times over the next half century, yet in four of the citing articles, these findings were described as a psychological "law".


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: Researchers have found that different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance. For example, difficult or intellectually demanding tasks may require a lower level of arousal (to facilitate concentration), whereas tasks demanding stamina or persistence may be performed better with higher levels of arousal (to increase motivation).


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: Because of task differences, the shape of the curve can be highly variable. For simple or well-learned tasks, the relationship is monotonic, and performance improves as arousal increases. For complex, unfamiliar, or difficult tasks, the relationship between arousal and performance reverses after a point, and performance thereafter declines as arousal increases.


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: The effect of task difficulty led to the hypothesis that the Yerkes–Dodson Law can be decomposed into two distinct factors as in a bathtub curve. The upward part of the inverted U can be thought of as the energizing effect of arousal. The downward part is caused by negative effects of arousal (or stress) on cognitive processes like attention (e.g., "tunnel vision"), memory, and problem-solving.


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: There has been research indicating that the correlation suggested by Yerkes and Dodson exists (such as that of Broadhurst (1959), Duffy (1957), and Anderson (1988)), but a cause of the correlation has not yet successfully been established (Anderson, Revelle, & Lynch, 1989).


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: Other theories and models of arousal do not affirm the Hebb or Yerkes-Dodson curve. The widely supported theory of optimal Flow presents a less simplistic understanding of arousal and skill-level match. Reversal theory actively opposes the Yerkes-Dodson law by demonstrating how the psyche operates on the principle bistability rather than homeostasis.


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: A 2007 review of the effects of stress hormones (glucocorticoids, GC) and human cognition revealed that memory performance vs. circulating levels of glucocorticoids does manifest an upside down U shaped curve and the authors noted the resemblance to the Yerkes–Dodson curve. For example, long-term potentiation (LTP) (the process of forming long-term memories) is optimal when glucocorticoid levels are mildly elevated whereas significant decreases of LTP are observed after adrenalectomy (low GC state) or after exogenous glucocorticoid administration (high GC state).<br>


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: This review also revealed that in order for a situation to induce a stress response, it has to be interpreted as one or more of the following:


title: Yerkes–Dodson law

text: It has also been shown that elevated levels of glucocorticoids enhance memory for emotionally arousing events but lead more often than not to poor memory for material unrelated to the source of stress/emotional arousal.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days () is a 2007 Romanian art film written and directed by Cristian Mungiu and starring Anamaria Marinca, Laura Vasiliu, and Vlad Ivanov. The film is set in Communist Romania in the final years of the Nicolae Ceaușescu era. It tells the story of two students, roommates in a university dormitory, who try to procure an illegal abortion. Inspired by an anecdote from the period and the general social historic context, it depicts the loyalty of the two friends and the struggles they face.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Mungiu and cinematographer Oleg Mutu shot it in Bucharest and other Romanian locations in 2006. After making its world premiere at Cannes, "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" made its Romanian debut on 1 June 2007, at the Transilvania International Film Festival. It opened to critical acclaim, and was noted for its minimalism and intense themes.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The film won three awards at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, including the Palme d'Or. It went on to win numerous honours, including Best Film at the European Film Awards and Romania's national Gopo Awards. "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" became the subject of some controversy over censorship, the abortion debate, and its exclusion from the 80th Academy Awards, but in 2016 it was ranked No. 15 on the BBC's list of 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In 1987, two university students in an unnamed Romanian town, Otilia Mihărtescu and Gabriela "Găbița" Drăguț, are roommates in a dormitory. When Găbița becomes pregnant, the two young women arrange a meeting with Mr. Bebe in a hotel, where he is to perform an illegal abortion. At the college dorm, Găbița and Otilia review the items they need for the day. As Găbița nervously sits and waits, Otilia barters and buys soap and cigarettes from the dormitory shop. Afterwards, Otilia takes a bus to visit her boyfriend Adi, from whom she borrows money. Adi asks Otilia to visit his family that night, as it is his mother's birthday. Otilia initially declines, relenting after Adi becomes upset.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Otilia heads to the Unirea hotel where Găbița has booked a room, only to be informed by an unfriendly receptionist that there is no reservation under Găbița's last name. Otilia visits another hotel, the Tineretului, and after much begging and haggling, is able to book a room at an expensive rate. After speaking with Găbița on the telephone, Otilia goes to a rendezvous point to meet with Bebe, although he had asked Găbița that she meet him personally. Mr. Bebe grows angry upon hearing that Găbița is not at the planned hotel.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: At the Tineretului, Bebe discovers that Găbița's claim that her pregnancy was in its second or third month was a lie, and that it has been at least four months. This changes the procedure and also adds the risk of a murder charge. While the two women were certain that they would pay no more than 3,000 lei for the abortion, it slowly becomes clear that Bebe expects both women to have sex with him. Desperate and distressed, Otilia has sex with Bebe, as does Găbița. Bebe then performs the abortion by injecting a probe and an unnamed fluid into Găbița's uterus, and leaves Otilia instructions on how to dispose of the fetus when it comes out. Otilia is exasperated by Găbița's lies, yet continues to help and care for her.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Otilia leaves Găbița at the Tineretului to attend Adi's mother's birthday party. She is still disturbed but stays and has dinner with Adi's mother's friends, who are mostly doctors. They converse about trivial matters while Otilia and Adi remain silent. After Otilia accepts a cigarette in front of Adi's parents, one of the guests starts talking about lost values and respect for elders. Adi and Otilia retreat to his room, where she tells him about Găbița's abortion. They begin debating what would happen if it were Otilia who was pregnant, as Adi is opposed to abortion. After the argument, Otilia calls Găbița from Adi's house. Găbița does not answer, so Otilia decides to return to the hotel.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: When Otilia enters the hotel room Găbița is lying on the bed, and she tells Otilia that the fetus has been expelled and is in the bathroom. Otilia wraps the fetus with some towels and puts it in a bag, while Găbița asks her to bury it. Otilia walks outside, finally climbing to the top of a building, as Mr. Bebe had suggested, and dropping the bag in a trash chute. She returns to the Tineretului and finds Găbița sitting in its restaurant. Otilia sits and tells Găbița that they are never going to talk about the episode again. Otilia stares blankly at Găbița.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Romanian Communist Party General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu enacted the abortion law Decree 770 in 1966 in order to increase the birth rates in the country. The procedure was permitted in only extremely limited circumstances. The law was not based on any religious opposition to abortion, but on the government's authority and control over its citizens. Academic Adriana Cordali Gradea further argued justifications for the decree rendered a view of women as second-class citizens, with no right to be heard. In the 1980s, the decree was strengthened to mandate gynecological appointments, to assess if individual women could reproduce. Author Dominique Nasta judged the film to be an accurate portrait of the oppression, and on the poor state of the economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania in the later days of Ceaușescu's regime.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: During the years of Decree 770, the only available abortion methods, all illegal, could prove fatal to women, causing thousands of deaths. According to Mungiu's notes he shared with the press, the death toll was 500,000. Gradea cited a conservative 10,000 estimate. Sanctions against contraception were also in place, and sex education was rare. Following the 1989 Revolution, abortion was made lawful, and subsequently unrestricted in the first 14 weeks.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The initial idea for "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" was inspired by an anecdote from Communist Romania that director Cristian Mungiu had heard. Though he had heard it from a friend 15 years prior to the film, the incident occurred five years before that, in 1987, a date that Mungiu noted in the screenplay. Mungiu, himself a decrețel (born in the time of Decree 770), wanted to create a serious film focusing on the true story, which still affected him and felt tragic more than 15 years later. He conducted interviews with others who lived through the period, to determine if the experience was common. Aside from the anecdote, depicting the 1980s in Romania was appealing because he remembered the time, and "The attraction is for the stories that I know from that period. They belong to me. They belong to my generation". He hoped that basing the story on a factual account would also distinguish it from previous Romanian films:


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In setting out to write the screenplay, he intended the focus to be less on the abortion, and more on the time and its people. He said, "it's also a film about responsibilities and decision-making". As he continued writing, he stated pushing a political point was not so much a factor in editing, as he opted not to delete potential scenes if they felt credible, asking "Would this reasonably have happened, and does it make sense to the story to keep it?"


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Mungiu revised the screenplay numerous times during productions, creating 17 drafts. The major revision was the emergence of Otilia as the sole protagonist, while Găbița's part was reduced. In Mungiu's mind, Otilia had become determined to help Găbița because their shared life in the dormitory over four years would have created an emotional tie between them. The film was produced on a budget of under €600,000.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Casting took place during the autumn of 2006. Because of the extended takes, Mungiu sought actors who could remember large amounts of dialogue, and found that Vlad Ivanov was ideal for a 25-minute sequence.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Mungiu viewed auditions of many young women for the two protagonists. Anamaria Marinca had not worked with Mungiu before reading the screenplay, and found the story intriguing. She had performed on television, but had not appeared in a film before. On initially meeting Marinca, the director could not picture her in the lead role, but was won over when she began reading the first page of the screenplay. She had experience on stage, so the lengthy takes were agreeable to her. Laura Vasiliu also had stage experience.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Filming began in October 2006, with the objective to complete it by May, so that it could be entered into the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. After location scouting during the fall, most of the filming was done in Bucharest, with some scenes filmed in a hotel in Ploiești. Bucharest in 2006 was no longer how it would have appeared in 1987, due to new windows and other additions to the historic buildings. Production designer Mihaela Poenaru drew on her recollections of the period to prepare the locations. The Mr. Bebe character was also given a red Dacia car. In several scenes, the indoor locations were so small that the camera had to be placed outside of the room.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: To highlight the emotional state of the characters, the film was shot in long takes, close-ups were avoided, and a score was not used. In Mungiu's mind, this would "keep a proper distance from the subject and be honest with the story". Cinematographer Oleg Mutu opted for a minimalist approach, lighting the backgrounds to display items common in 1987 while attempting not to distract from the characters too much. Mutu and Mungiu had previously developed a formula of lengthy takes and medium shots with the director's first feature film, "Occident". With "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days", Mutu used an Arriflex 535. Mungiu found the dinner scene to be the most difficult to shoot, as including a large number of actors in a long take made it difficult to focus. It took 17 attempts over five days to complete the scene.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In one scene, the aborted fetus is visible on screen for approximately 14 seconds, the length it took for the actors to deliver the dialogue, with Mungiu opting not to edit out the shot since it "was part of the story". The chute featured at the end of the film was constructed for the film, as there was not one at the location. The crew dropped bags of cabbage and potatoes to create the sound effect.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Due to Mungiu saying Romania did not use streetlights in 1987, Mutu considered other ways to light the final scenes, where the camera would move with Marinca for 200 metres. Mutu set up lights from building roofs for this sequence, employing a rod and paper lanterns for the camera. A scene showing Găbița visiting her father (played by Costica Babu) was deleted for narrative purposes, given Otilia is the protagonist.