title: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album)

text: "E=MC²" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with 463,000 copies sold, making it the biggest opening week sales of Carey's career, and also the fourth biggest opening album in 2008 for a female artist, before matched by Beyoncé's "I Am... Sasha Fierce", Britney Spears' "Circus" and Taylor Swift's "Fearless" in November. With six number one albums, Carey became tied with Spears and Beyoncé in the United States for the third most number one albums for a female artist, behind Janet Jackson with seven, Madonna with eight and Barbra Streisand's nine chart toppers. In its second week, the album remained at number one on the albums chart, with 182,000 copies sold. "E=MC²" became Carey's first album to spend two straight weeks at number one since 1995's "Daydream", although "The Emancipation of Mimi" (2005) spent two non-consecutive weeks at the top spot. On "Billboard"s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, "E=MC²" debuted at number one, and spent forty-seven weeks fluctuating within the top 100. The album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on July 8, 2008, denoting shipments of one million units. According to Nielsen SoundScan, stateside sales of the album stand at 1,289,000 copies as of April 2013. In total, "E=MC²" spent twenty-seven weeks within the "Billboard" 200, and finished at number twenty-two on the Year-End chart. On the same day the album was released, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa proclaimed April 15 officially as "Mariah Carey day" in Los Angeles. It was in part of celebrating her eighteenth number one single, "Touch My Body". Also, from April 25 through April 27, 2008, the Empire State Building was lit up in Carey's motif colors—lavender, pink, and white — in celebration of her achievements in the world of music. On the Canadian Albums Chart, during the week dated May 3, 2008, "E=MC²" debuted at number one, with first-week sales of 19,000 copies. It became her first number one album in Canada since before 1999, as "Rainbow" and "The Emancipation of Mimi" both opened at number two. The album spent seven weeks within the album's chart, and was eventually certified Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), denoting shipments of 100,000 units.


title: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album)

text: "E=MC²" entered the Australian Albums Chart on April 5, 2008, at number two. The album spent eight weeks in the albums chart, and was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 35,000 units. In France, the album debuted at its peak position of number six during the week dated April 19, 2008. "E=MC²" spent twenty weeks on the albums chart, and ended its run on August 30, 2008. On the Dutch Albums Chart, it debuted at its peak position of number eleven on April 19, 2008. The album ended its eight-week chart run on June 7, 2008. During the week dated April 28, 2008, "E=MC²" debuted at number ten on the New Zealand Albums Chart, starting a ten-week run on the chart. The album peaked within the top ten in several European countries, such as number five in Switzerland, seven in Germany and Ireland, eight in Austria and number nine in Italy. On the UK Albums Chart, the album debuted at number three, selling 34,800 copies. This was her highest peak position in the United Kingdom since "Butterfly" (1997), which peaked at number two. After thirteen weeks on the chart, the album was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments of 100,000 copies. In Japan, the album peaked at number seven on the Oricon Overall Chart, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 100,000 copies. After only eight days of release, "E=MC²" was certified Gold in the Philippines, denoting shipments of 15,000 units. The album was the 26th best-selling album worldwide in 2008, according to International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). As of September 19, 2009, the album has sold 2.5 million copies worldwide.


title: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album)

text: In April 2020, the album had a resurgence in popularity. This led to it reaching number one on the iTunes albums charts in several countries including the United States, and top 10 in several countries worldwide.


title: Scythian languages

text: The Scythian languages ( or or ) are a group of Eastern Iranian languages of the classical and late antique period (the Middle Iranian period), spoken in a vast region of Eurasia by the populations belonging to the Scythian cultures and their descendants. The dominant ethnic groups among the Scythian-speakers were nomadic pastoralists of Central Asia and the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Fragments of their speech known from inscriptions and words quoted in ancient authors as well as analysis of their names indicate that it was an Indo-European language, more specifically from the Iranian group of Indo-Iranian languages.


title: Scythian languages

text: Most of the Scythian languages eventually became extinct, except for modern Ossetian (which descends from the Alanian dialect of Scytho-Sarmatian), Wakhi (which descends from the Khotanese and Tumshuqese forms of Scytho-Khotanese), and Yaghnobi (which descends from Sogdian). Alexander Lubotsky summarizes the known linguistic landscape as follows:


title: Scythian languages

text: The vast majority of Scythological scholars agree in considering the Scythian languages (and Ossetian) as a part of the Eastern Iranian group of languages. This Iranian hypothesis relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close affinity to the Ossetian language. However, the classification of the Iranian languages in general is not fully resolved, and the Eastern Iranian languages are not shown to form an actual genetic subgroup.


title: Scythian languages

text: Some scholars detect a division of Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one. The Scythian languages may have formed a dialect continuum:


title: Scythian languages

text: Early Eastern Iranians originated in the Yaz culture (ca. 1500–1100 BC) in Central Asia. The Scythians migrated from Central Asia toward Eastern Europe in the 8th and 7th century BC, occupying today's Southern Russia and Ukraine and the Carpathian Basin and parts of Moldova and Dobruja. They disappeared from history after the Hunnish invasion of Europe in the 5th century AD, and Turkic (Avar, Batsange, etc.) and Slavic peoples probably assimilated most people speaking Scythian. However, in the Caucasus, the Ossetian language belonging to the Scythian linguistic continuum remains in use , while in Central Asia, some languages belonging to Eastern Iranian group are still spoken, namely Pashto, Pamir languages and Yaghnobi.


title: Scythian languages

text: Some scholars ascribe certain inscribed objects found in the Carpathian Basin and in Central Asia to the Scythians, but the interpretation of these inscriptions remains disputed (given that nobody has definitively identified the alphabet or translated the content).


title: Scythian languages

text: An inscription from Saqqez, dating from the Scythian presence in Western Asia, and written in the Hieroglyphic Luwian script, may represent Scythian:


title: Scythian languages

text: The king mentioned in this inscription is the same individual as the Scythian king , whose name is attested as in Assyrian records and as in Greek records.


title: Scythian languages

text: The Issyk inscription is not yet certainly deciphered, and is probably in a Scythian dialect, constituting one of very few autochthonous epigraphic traces of that language. János Harmatta, using the Kharoṣṭhī script, identified the language as a Khotanese Saka dialect spoken by the Kushans, tentatively translating:


title: Scythian languages

text: The primary sources for Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the Northern Black Sea Coast. These names suggest that the Sarmatian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.


title: Scythian languages

text: Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example, Vasmer associates the name of the river Don with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *"dānu" "water, river", and with Avestan "dānu-", Pashto "dand" and Ossetian "don".


title: Scythian languages

text: The river names Don, Donets, Dnieper, Danube, and Dniester, and lake Donuzlav (the deepest one in Crimea) may also belong with the same word-group.


title: Scythian languages

text: The Greek historian Herodotus provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called the Amazons "Oiorpata", and explains the name as a compound of "oior", meaning "man", and "pata", meaning "to kill" ("Hist". 4,110).


title: Scythian languages

text: Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribe Arimaspoi as a compound of the Scythian words "arima", meaning "one", and "spu", meaning "eye" ("Hist". 4,27).


title: Scythian languages

text: Pliny the Elder's "Natural History" (AD 77–79) derives the name of the Caucasus from the Scythian "kroy-khasis" = ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greek "cryos" = ice-cold).


title: Scythian languages

text: In the comedy works of Aristophanes, the dialects of various Greek people are accurately imitated. In his "Thesmophoriazusae", a Scythian archer (a member of a police force in Athens) speaks broken Greek, consistently omitting the final "-s" () and "-n" (), using the lenis in place of the aspirate, and once using "ks" () in place of "s" (sigma); these may be used to elucidate the Scythian languages.


title: Scythian languages

text: The Alanian language as spoken by the Alans from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD formed a dialect directly descended from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages, and forming in its turn the ancestor of the Ossetian language. Byzantine Greek authors recorded only a few fragments of this language.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: Faces is the eleventh mixtape by American rapper Mac Miller. It was independently released for free download on May 11, 2014. The mixtape is the follow-up to Miller's second studio album "Watching Movies with the Sound Off" (2013), and is considered by many to be his magnum opus for its dark and personal exploration of Miller's struggle with drug addiction and mental illness. On October 15, 2021, "Faces" was commercially released on streaming platforms and vinyl.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: Miller produced most of "Faces" himself and moved towards creating more psychedelic and jazzy instrumentals for his increasingly dark lyrical themes. Its jazziness is not a departure from Miller's previous work, as it echoes the project he released under the alias Larry Lovestein titled "You" that was also centered around jazz instrumentals. It continues to build upon and experiment with the psychedelic sounds of "Watching Movies with the Sound Off." The mixtape features guest appearances from Rick Ross, Earl Sweatshirt, Schoolboy Q, Mike Jones, Sir Michael Rocks, Vince Staples, Ab-Soul and Dash.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: "Faces" was named "Mixtape of the Week" by Stereogum on May 14, 2014, given a 7.3 rating by Pitchfork, and noted by "Billboard" on May 11, 2014.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: Mac Miller serves as the executive producer under his production pseudonym "Larry Fisherman", serving as the sole producer or co-producer for over half of the songs on the track list. ID Labs handled production for two songs, while Earl Sweatshirt produced the songs "Polo Jeans" and "New Faces v2" under his own production pseudonym, "randomblackdude". Thundercat, DrewByrd, Rahki, THC, Big Jerm and 9th Wonder produced one song each on the mixtape.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: "Faces" includes various spoken word and movie samples interspliced throughout the album. These include Charles Bukowski on "Wedding", Hunter S. Thompson at the beginning of "Funeral", and Bill Murray from the 1979 comedy "Meatballs" at the beginning of "It Just Doesn't Matter". These samples had been credited as the reason that "Faces" had not been released on streaming services until 2021 despite high demand. Many of these samples were removed for the official release.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: On September 15, 2021, Miller's estate announced that the mixtape would be available on streaming platforms and vinyl for the first time on October 15, 2021. Alongside the announcement, a video for the song "Colors and Shapes", directed by Sam Manson, was released.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: When "Faces" came to streaming platforms on October 22, 2021, it came as an 'updated' version. This new version included a new bonus track, "Yeah - bonus", after what was previously the final track of the tape, "Grand Finale". Grayson Catlett wrote that given the circumstances of Miller's death in 2018, it would be surprising how many times Miller references his own death.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: "Faces" was met with positive reviews upon release, and noted for its themes and exploration of psychosis, addiction, and mortality.


title: Faces (mixtape)

text: Upon its commercial release in October 2021, "Faces" debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200, earning 67,000 album-equivalent units during its first week, of which 34,000 were traditional album sales. It was Miller's seventh album to debut in the top ten. Its 32,000 vinyl sales in the first week set a record for an R&B/hip-hop or rap album, since MRC Data began tracking sales in 1991.


title: Electronic ticket

text: An electronic ticket is a method of ticket entry, processing, and marketing for companies in the airline, railways and other transport and entertainment industries.


title: Electronic ticket

text: E-tickets in the airline industry were devised in about 1994, and have now largely replaced the older multi-layered paper ticketing systems. Since 1 June 2008, it has been mandatory for IATA members to use e-ticketing. Where paper tickets are still available, some airlines charge a fee for issuing paper tickets.


title: Electronic ticket

text: When a reservation is confirmed, the airline keeps a record of the booking in its computer reservations system. Customers can print out or may be provided with a copy of a e-ticket itinerary receipt which contains the record locator or reservation number and the e-ticket number. It is possible to print multiple copies of an e-ticket itinerary receipt.


title: Electronic ticket

text: Passengers with e-tickets are required to check-in at the airport for a flight in the usual manner, except that they may be required to present an e-ticket itinerary receipt or personal identification, such as a passport, or credit card. They can also use the Record locator, often called booking reference, a code of six letters and digits. Producing a print-out of an e-ticket itinerary receipt may be required to enter the terminal of some airports or to satisfy immigration regulations in some countries.


title: Electronic ticket

text: Several websites assist people holding e-tickets to check in online in advance of the twenty-four-hour airline restriction. These sites store a passenger's flight information and then when the airline opens up for online check-in the data is transferred to the airline and the boarding pass is emailed back to the customer. With this e-ticket technology, if a passenger receives his boarding pass remotely and is travelling without check-in luggage, he may bypass traditional counter check-in.


title: Electronic ticket

text: The ticketing systems of most airlines are only able to produce e-tickets for itineraries of no more than 16 segments, including surface segments. This is the same limit that applied to paper tickets.


title: Electronic ticket

text: Another critical limitation is that at the time e-tickets were initially designed, most airlines still practiced product bundling. By the time the industry began 100% e-ticket implementation, more and more airlines began to unbundle previously included services (like checked baggage) and add them back in as optional fees (ancillary revenue). However, the e-ticket standard did not anticipate and did not include a standardized mechanism for such optional fees.


title: Electronic ticket

text: IATA later implemented the Electronic Miscellaneous Document (EMD) standard for such information. This way, airlines could consistently expose and capture such fees at time of booking through travel reservation systems, rather than having to surprise passengers with them at check-in.


title: Electronic ticket

text: As part of the IATA Simplifying the Business initiative, the association instituted a program to switch the industry to 100% electronic ticketing. The program concluded on June 1, 2008, with the association saying that the resulting industry savings were approximately US$3 billion.


title: Electronic ticket

text: In 2004, IATA Board of Governors set the end of 2007 as the deadline for airlines to make the transition to 100% electronic ticketing for tickets processed through the IATA billing and settlement plan; in June 2007, the deadline was extended to May 31, 2008.


title: Electronic ticket

text: As of June 1, 2008 paper tickets can no longer be issued on neutral stock by agencies reporting to their local BSP. Agents reporting to the ARC using company-provided stock or issuing tickets on behalf of an airline (GSAs and ticketing offices) are not subject to that restriction.


title: Electronic ticket

text: The industry was unable to comply with the IATA mandate and paper tickets remain in circulation as of February 2009.


title: Electronic ticket

text: Amtrak started offering electronic tickets on all train routes on 30 July 2012. These tickets can be ordered over the internet and printed (as a PDF file), printed at a Quik-Trak kiosk, or at the ticket counter at the station. Electronic tickets can also be held in a smart phone and shown to the conductor using an app. Mobile tickets are common with operators of US commuter train networks (e.g. MTA LIRR and Metro North) but they are usually only offered on the US version of the App Store and only accept US-issued credit cards as the app's payment page asks the user for the credit card's ZIP code to complete the purchase.


title: Electronic ticket

text: Several European train operators also offer self-printable or downloadable tickets. Often tickets can also be delivered by SMS or MMS. Railway operators in other countries also issue electronic tickets. The national operators of Denmark and Netherlands have a nationwide system where RFID smartcards are used as train tickets. In the UK, the issuance of printable or mobile tickets is at the discretion of train operators and is often available for advance tickets only (i.e. valid only on a specific train). This is very common in Europe for local urban rail, such as rapid transit/metros. During the 2010:s phone apps have been increasingly popular. Passengers do not have to visit a machine or a desk to buy a ticket or refill an RFID card, but can buy it in their phone.


title: Electronic ticket

text: In India, an SMS sent by the Indian Railways, along with a valid proof of identity is considered equivalent to a ticket.


title: Electronic ticket

text: Many sport, concert venues, and cinemas use electronic ticketing for their events. Electronic tickets, or "eTickets" as they are sometimes referred, are often delivered as PDFs or another downloadable format that can be received via email or through a mobile app. Electronic tickets allow organizers to avoid the cost of producing and distributing physical tickets by transferring costs to the customer, who must own electronic hardware and purchase internet access in order to receive their ticket.


title: Electronic ticket

text: A printed copy of these tickets or a digital copy on a mobile phone should be presented on coming to the venue. These tickets now normally also have a barcode, which may be scanned on entry into the venue to streamline crowd processing. Electronic tickets have become increasingly prevalent in the entertainment industry over the last decade.


title: Electronic ticket

text: In some cases, spectators who want to see a match may not need a printable electronic ticket. If someone with a membership to a football team books a ticket online, the member can just verify his/her reservation with a membership card at the entrance. This is common with teams in the English Premiership League.


title: Electronic ticket

text: In January 2017 it was reported that Germany's Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, Alexander Dobrindt wants to create an electronic ticket to connect public bus and train services as well as parking spaces and potentially car-sharing services across all cities. A nationwide electronic ticket system was introduced in Denmark in 2010, called Rejsekort.


title: Luke Scott (director)

text: Luke James L. Scott (born 1 May 1968) is a British film, commercial and television director. He was second unit director on "" and "The Martian", both directed by his father, Sir Ridley Scott. He made his feature film directorial debut in 2016 with "Morgan".


title: Luke Scott (director)

text: In 2014, Luke worked as a second unit director on his father's biblical epic film "", which starred Christian Bale and Joel Edgerton. The film was released on 12 December 2014 by 20th Century Fox, grossing $268 million with a budget of $140 million. Scott worked as second unit director again with his father on "The Martian" (2015).


title: Luke Scott (director)

text: Scott made his feature film directorial debut on the science fiction thriller "Morgan". His father Ridley produced the film. "Morgan" starred Kate Mara, and was released by 20th Century Fox in September 2016. In February 2017, 20th Century Fox released the "" prologue short film entitled "Last Supper" directed by Scott in collaboration with the design consultant firm 3AM.


title: Luke Scott (director)

text: Luke is the son of director-producer Sir Ridley Scott and Felicity Heywood, and brother of Jake Scott and half-brother of Jordan Scott, both directors.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: Mexico has experienced many changes in territorial organization during its history as an independent state. The territorial boundaries of Mexico were affected by presidential and imperial decrees. One such decree was "the Law of Bases for the Convocation of the Constituent Congress to the Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation", which determined the national land area as the result of integration of the jurisdictions that corresponded to New Spain, the Captaincy General of Yucatán, the Captaincy General of Guatemala and the autonomous Kingdoms of East and West. The decree resulted in the independence from Spain.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: During the period of the Independence of Mexico, part of the territorial organization of New Spain was integrated into the new nation of the Mexican Empire. Added to this were the Captaincy General of Yucatán and the Captaincy General of Guatemala (whose annexation was a strategy to counteract the Spanish crown). This yielded Mexico's largest land area as an independent nation.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: During the structuring of the Republic, territorial and legal changes reaffirmed the Catholic Church's status as the only religion for Mexicans. The new nation developed a popular and representative federal republic that recognized the sovereignty of the States constituting the federal union.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The liberal government of Antonio López de Santa Anna, influenced by conservatives, ratified the Seven Laws by presidential decree, establishing a new territorial court and replacing the federal states by departments whose governors and legislators would be selected by the President. This break from federalism brought Mexico its most turbulent and unstable era.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: During the Second Mexican Empire, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico made a new division of national territory.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: Territorial divisions throughout Mexican history were generally linked to political change and programs aimed at improving the administrative, country's economic and social development. On 3 March 1865, one of the most important decrees of the government of Maximilian, the first division of the territory of the new Empire, was issued and published in the Journal of the Empire on 13 March. The reorganization was accomplished by Manuel Orozco y Berra (1816–1881), and was made according to the following rules:


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: This division was of great importance, because geographical features and projected development were taken into account for the delimitation of the jurisdictions.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The territorial division of the Second Mexican Empire was used for a short period because the Empire was overthrown in early 1867 with the execution of Maximilian I. The Federal Republic, and its former divisions, were restored in that year.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: Several of the former borders of the states and territories in northern Mexico remain unclear. The northern border of Sonora, for example, is described in various ways, either as the Gila River or the Colorado River. The list of acts is not affected by this confusion, but the associated maps contain the following uncertainties and omissions:


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: Some of the borders of states in the north, and in northeast Texas, before independence and the Mexican Cession


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: By the law of October 3, 1835, the centralist system was introduced in the country. The entities that formed the Republic lost their freedom, independence and sovereignty, becoming entirely subordinate to the central government.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The Seven Constitutional Laws were enacted on December 30, 1836. The sixth discussed the territorial configuration in its first and second articles. Shortly thereafter, the Eighth Organic Base—a separate statute from the Seven Laws—was enacted. The first article stipulated that the country would be composed of many departments, corresponding to the previously existing states, except that:


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: Accordingly, the new territorial division was composed of 24 departments. That initial territorial composition was regarded as final until 30 June 1838, by law of that date.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: This period created a great political instability that began in regional problems and conflicts between the central entity and the states of the country. Rebellions were raised in several places, among which the following were particularly distinguished:


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: On August 22, 1846, due to the war with the United States, the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was restored. There remained the separation of Yucatán, but 2 years later Yucatán definitively rejoined Mexico.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: A change in the governance of the country was determined by the Decree of 22 April 1853, which from that moment recognized the Basis for the Administration of the Republic as the fundamental law for the reorganization of government.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: In this precept, in the first and second articles, the Section of Internal Governance, the independence and sovereignty of states were abolished, although the name "states" was retained.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: In the third article districts, cities, or towns that had been separated from the states and divisions to which they belonged were returned to their original conditions. This excluded Aguascalientes, which continued to be considered a district of Zacatecas.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: In a statement by the Ministry of War, on September 21, 1853, it was decided that states would instead be called "departments".


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: Changes in the territorial division, according to the code above, were established according to several decrees:


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The Plan of Ayutla was a political statement proclaimed on March 1, 1854 in Ayutla, Guerrero, and was intended to end the presidency of Antonio López de Santa Anna.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The plan was revised in Acapulco on 11 March 1854, by changing its second article to respect in principle the territorial division and to create a representative from each department and territory.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The Provisional Organic Statute (known as Lafragua Code) was promulgated on May 15, 1856. It provided the legal basis for governing the country in the period between the Plan of Ayutla and Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857. That document left open a later choice for federalism or centralism, but encouraged federalism because it called the entities that formed the Republic "States". Thus, in its 2nd article, it retained the previous territorial division, and determined the existence of 22 states, the District of the capital, and 6 territories.


title: Territorial evolution of Mexico

text: The Constitution of 1857 was drafted during the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort, who was sworn in on February 5, 1857. The Constitution contained the essence of the 1824 document (i.e. the federal character of the state and the democratic system of representative and republican government), but established freedom of religion and ended the domain of the Catholic Church as the sole and official religion of the country. It set out, in Article 43, the parties making up the federation – 24 states, 1 federal territory, and the Federal District known as the Valley of Mexico (today Mexico City). The territories of Sierra Gorda, Tehuantepec and Isla del Carmen, and Nuevo León as an independent state, disappeared (Nuevo León was later restored).


title: We Need to Do Something

text: We Need to Do Something is a 2021 American psychological horror film directed by Sean King O'Grady and starring Sierra McCormick, Vinessa Shaw, Pat Healy, and Ozzy Osbourne. Based on the novella of the same name, the film centers on a family trapped in their bathroom during a tornado. The film was shot during the COVID-19 pandemic and is the first film production from Spin a Black Yarn Productions, with its co-founders Josh Malerman and Ryan Lewis serving as producers.


title: We Need to Do Something

text: "We Need to Do Something" had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2021, and was theatrically released by IFC Films on September 3, 2021. The film polarized critics upon release, who praised the film's characters, use of jump-scares, and McCormick's performance, however criticized its failure to "capture the actual psychological awfulness of being trapped too near your nearest and dearest, with no end in sight".


title: We Need to Do Something

text: The film is based on a novella of the same name written by Max Booth III, who adapted his own work into a screenplay; the success of Booth's 2020 novel "Touch the Night," published by Cemetery Dance, helped draw attention to the project. Although the novella and screenplay were completed prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, director Sean King O'Grady found resonance in the story with America's response to the pandemic, saying "Without directly addressing the nightmare we are currently living through, Max created a hellish allegory that still manages to capture the collective trauma we’re all experiencing."


title: We Need to Do Something

text: The film was shot entirely on a soundstage in Michigan owned by production company Atlas Industries over the course of four weeks between September and October 2020; production took place in secret, with no announcements about cast or crew until filming had already wrapped. Owing to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, extra precautions had to be taken, including a minimal number of crewmembers.


title: We Need to Do Something

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 56% based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "While "We Need to Do Something" can feel as unfocused as its title, it offers eerily timely genre chills, soaked in claustrophobic dread."


title: We Need to Do Something

text: Meagan Navarro of "Bloody Disgusting" gave the film a score of 2.5/5, writing that it "asks its audience to use their imagination for much of the horrors that barrage its characters, as its story is told solely within the confines of a single room", but stated that it "isn't interested in offering any definitive answers, only suggesting mere possibilities." Jessica Kiang of "Variety" said that the film "fails to capture the actual psychological awfulness of being trapped to near your nearest and dearest, with no end in sight", and added: "When, late in the film, a phone's "Never Gonna Give You Up" ringtone sounds out, it's hard to escape the suspicion we've been Rickrolled."


title: We Need to Do Something

text: Amidst the mixed reception, McCormick's performance was lauded, with some critics deeming it a highlight of the film. Weekly magazine Chicago Reader described the actress as "captivating", and IGN praised her take on the character, stating that she "brings wide eyes and a sulking snarl to teen daughter Melissa, whose internal drama is signaled by a goth wardrobe topped by a bubblegum pink wig."


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: "Lollipop" is a song by American rapper Lil Wayne, issued as the lead single from his sixth studio album, "Tha Carter III". The track posthumously features vocals from American singer Static Major and was produced by Deezle and Jim Jonsin. It heavily utilizes the Auto-Tune vocal effect. The song was released digitally on March 13, 2008.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: "Lollipop" is Lil Wayne and Static Major's most successful single to date, spending five non-consecutive weeks atop the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Static Major died just over two weeks before the release of the song, making the song the eighth to hit number one after the death of a credited artist. There are various versions of the song. The single was certified Diamond by the RIAA for selling ten million units in the United States and was ranked the number one hip hop song of 2008 by MTV. The song reached number one on the 2008 issue of "Notarized" by BET. The song was ranked at number five on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008. With 9.1 million copies sold as of January 2009, "Lollipop" was named 2008's best-selling digital single worldwide by IFPI.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The music video was directed by Gil Green and filmed in Las Vegas at Gavin Maloof's residence on December 31, 2007. The video premiered via BET's "Access Granted" on March 12, 2008. It also reached number one on "TRL" in April on MTV.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The limousine that Wayne and Static get into at the start of the video is based on an International XT pickup truck.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The final frame of the video is a picture of Static praying with the words "In memory of Stephen "Static Major" Garrett".


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: Static Major died unexpectedly during a medical procedure on February 25, 2008, sixteen days before the song was released. "Lollipop" jumped 76 spots from number 85 to number 9 on the March 28, 2008 issue of the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Lil' Wayne's highest-charting single as a lead artist, along with being his first top ten hit on the chart as a lead artist. His previous highest-charting position as a lead artist was with "Go D.J.", which peaked at number 14 in 2004. The following week, it reached a new peak of number 7 on the Hot 100. The single reached a new peak of number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on April 17, 2008, making it his highest-charting single as both a lead artist or as a featured performer. (Lil Wayne was a featured artist for Destiny's Child's number 3 (Hot 100) hit, "Soldier".) For the week of May 3, 2008, "Lollipop" reached the number-one spot on the Hot 100, his first number one on the chart. It is also Wayne's first number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and the Hot Rap Tracks chart. On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, it is the first rap song to reach number one since Ludacris' "Money Maker" in 2006. After one week, it slipped away from top spot, but returned three weeks later, making it the song with the longest break in between peaks in the Hot 100 since Usher's "U Got It Bad."


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The week after the release, Wayne and Mariah Carey became the number one most added and greatest gainer at both radio formats with a total of 138 adds. "Lollipop" has become a crossover hit on mainstream radio, as it became his first top 40 hit as a lead artist, entering at number 36, and has so far peaked at number 5. It is his first top ten on the Pop 100, where it has reached number two. It returned to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for the second time on May 22, 2008.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The song has become a top ten success in Canada, peaking at number 10 as of May 29, 2008, and his most successful song in the UK, where it reached number 26 on downloads alone. It reached number 3 on the New Zealand charts and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: In 2008, "Lollipop" was the best-selling ringtone in the United States with over 2.3 million copies sold and the second best-selling digital song with over 3.1 million copies.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The official remix features Static Major and Kanye West. There is an extended version of the remix that has Wayne talking over the original bridge and singing an altered hook, with Kanye singing adlibs, along with a guitar riff near the end. Other remixes feature Young Jeezy, Gorilla Zoe, Ace Hood, Kurupt, V.I.C., Nicki Minaj, Wiz Khalifa, Tekitek, Rasheeda and Khia, who made a popular female version of the song. Another remix was made commemorating the 2008 NBA champion Boston Celtics. It features the instrumental used in the main song.


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: David Banner's song "Shawty Say" samples the opening part of the Lil Wayne's second verse for its chorus. JJ uses elements of "Lollipop" in their song "Ecstasy". Drake samples this song on his song "In My Feelings" from his fifth studio album, "Scorpion".


title: Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)

text: The post-hardcore band Framing Hanley covered the song as a bonus track on their album "The Moment". It uses a slight bit of talkbox, but replaces almost all the other sound with electric guitar, and features a hard rock version of the lyrics sung by the band. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 units in the United States.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Ryan Barrow Succop ( "suck-up"; born September 19, 1986) is an American football placekicker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). Succop played college football at South Carolina and was the 2009 Mr. Irrelevant by virtue of being selected by the Kansas City Chiefs with the final pick of the 2009 NFL Draft. Succop was the Buccaneers starting placekicker in their 31–9 victory over the Chiefs in Super Bowl LV, becoming the first Mr. Irrelevant to play and win a Super Bowl as a starter and an active player.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop attended Hickory High School in Hickory, North Carolina. He was a four-time all-conference and two-time all-state performer, and was named a three-time conference special teams Player of the Year. Succop also played soccer, where he was a three-time all-state selection and scored 104 career goals. He was rated the fourth-best kicker in the nation and the sixteenth-best prospect in North Carolina by Rivals.com.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop attended the University of South Carolina. He performed kicking, punting, and kickoff duties for the Gamecocks. His 251 career points ranks 10th on South Carolina's all-time list.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In 2005, as a freshman, he was the kickoff specialist and backup placekicker behind Josh Brown. He kicked off fifty-nine times for a 62.3 yard average with twenty-nine touchbacks. He had two field goal attempts, missing both.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In 2006, as a sophomore, he was named SEC Special Teams Player of the Week after a game where he was 3-for-3 on field goals against Mississippi State. Succop handled the kicking and punting duties for the Gamecocks during his sophomore and senior seasons. He scored 85 points in 2006, which led the team and was the third-highest single-season total in school history. He also earned second-team All-SEC honors, and was named a semi-finalist for the Lou Groza Award.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In 2007, as a junior, Succop was named an "Associated Press" honorable mention All-SEC selection. He also earned SEC first-team preseason honors as a placekicker by the media. He was a second-team selection by the coaches and earned preseason second-team All-SEC honors as a punter by both the media and coaches. He was once again a Lou Groza Award candidate, and he was also named to the Ray Guy Award watch list. He went 13-for-17 in field goal attempts, earning SEC Special Teams Player of the Week honors after making all three field goals in a game. As a senior, Succop participated in all thirteen games and connected on twenty of thirty field goals which was good enough for fourth in the SEC in percentage but was the most in both attempts and makes.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In 2008, as a senior, Succop converted all 30 extra point attempts and was 20-of-30 on field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs as the final selection, 256th overall, of the 2009 NFL Draft, earning him the title of Mr. Irrelevant. He said of being drafted last, "I didn't choose to be Mr. Irrelevant. It just worked out that way. I'm just trying not to get caught up in it and focus more on the task at hand, which is trying to come in here and help the team. It's not one of those things I really think about too much, to be honest."


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop and the Chiefs agreed on a three-year deal worth up to $1.2 million on June 17, 2009. Succop competed with Connor Barth for the job until Barth was released in July 2009.


title: Ryan Succop

text: On November 22, 2009, Succop kicked a 22-yard field goal in overtime to give Kansas City a 27–24 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop finished his rookie season tying an NFL record for highest field goal percentage by a rookie in a season with 86.2%. He passed Hall of Famer Jan Stenerud for most field goals made by a rookie in Chiefs history. He earned the Chiefs' 2009 Mack Lee Hill Award and scored more points, 104, than any other rookie in the NFL that year, the most by a Chiefs rookie. Succop was named to NFL's All-Rookie team his rookie year.


title: Ryan Succop

text: On October 31, 2010, Succop made a 35-yard, game-winning field goal as time expired in overtime over the Buffalo Bills, 13–10. In the 2010 season, Succop converted all 42 extra point attempts and 20 of 26 field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In Week 4 of the 2011 season, Succop converted five field goal attempts and one extra point try in a 22–17 victory over the Minnesota Vikings. He earned AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his game against the Vikings. In Week 8, Succop made a field goal in overtime to beat the San Diego Chargers. In Week 14, against Green Bay, he converted all four field goal attempts and one extra point in the 19–14 victory. He earned AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his game against Green Bay. In the 2011 season, Succop converted all 20 extra point attempts and 24 of 30 field goal attempts. At the end of the 2011 season, Succop signed a five-year contract extension worth $14 million, which includes $2 million in guaranteed salary.


title: Ryan Succop

text: On September 23, 2012, Succop went 6-for-6 and became the Chiefs' all-time leader in field goals en route to a 27–24 OT win at the New Orleans Saints. In the 2012 season, Succop converted all 17 extra point attempts and 28 of 34 of field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In Week 8 of the 2013 season, Succop converted three of four field goal attempts and two extra point tries in the 23–17 victory over the Cleveland Browns. He earned AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his game against Cleveland. On December 29, 2013, Succop missed a 41-yard field goal against the San Diego Chargers with 4 seconds remaining in regulation. This caused the game to go into overtime and allowed the Chargers to win. Succop finished the 2013 season converting all 52 extra point attempts and 22 of 28 field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop was signed by the Tennessee Titans to a one-year contract on September 1, 2014. His first game for the Titans was on September 7 against the Kansas City Chiefs; he made four field goal attempts and converted two extra points as the Titans won by a score of 26–10. He was re-signed after the season to a three-year $7.2 million contract. In the 2014 season, Succop converted all 27 extra point attempts and 19 of 22 field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In the 2015 season, Succop went 29-of-31 on extra point attempts and 14-of-16 on field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In Week 15 of the 2016 season, Succop was named the AFC Special Teams Player of the Week after hitting a game-winning 53-yard field goal in the final seconds of a 19–17 win over the Kansas City Chiefs. In the 2016 season he converted 39-of-41 extra point attempts and 22-of-24 field goal attempts.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop won AFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September 2017 for going 10-of-11 on field goals, converting eight extra points, and leading the NFL with 38 points. In a Week 6 victory against the Indianapolis Colts, Succop converted all five field goal attempts and set a record for the most consecutive field goals inside 50 yards, earning him AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the fifth time in his career. In Week 7, the Titans won in overtime 12–9 against the Cleveland Browns when Succop kicked the game-winning field goal. Succop finished the 2017 season with career highs of 136 points and 35 field goals. His 42 field goal attempts led the league in 2017.


title: Ryan Succop

text: On February 20, 2018, Succop signed a five-year, $20 million contract extension with the Titans. Succop finished the 2018 season going 26-of-30 for field goals and 28-of-31 for extra points.


title: Ryan Succop

text: After offseason knee surgery, Succop was placed on injured reserve on September 4, 2019. His replacement was Cairo Santos, who replaced Succop in Kansas City in 2014. He was designated for return from injured reserve on October 23, 2019, and began practicing with the team. He was added to the active roster on November 2, 2019. He was placed on injured reserve on December 18, 2019, ending his season.


title: Ryan Succop

text: On September 1, 2020, Succop signed a one-year deal with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 8 against the New York Giants on "Monday Night Football", Succop was 4-for-4 on field goal attempts during the 25–23 win. On November 4, 2020, Succop was named the NFC Special Teams Player of the Week in Week 8. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on December 15, 2020, and activated three days later. In Week 17 against the Atlanta Falcons, Succop went 3-for-3 on field goals and 5-for-5 on extra point in a 44–27 win. Succop was named the NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his game against Atlanta. Overall, Succop finished 28 of 31 on field goals attempts and 52 of 57 on extra points attempts in the 2020 season. He set a franchise record for points scored in a season with 136, breaking Matt Bryant's mark of 131 from 2008.


title: Ryan Succop

text: In Super Bowl LV against his former team, the Kansas City Chiefs, Succop went 4-for-4 on extra points and 1-for-1 on field goal attempts in a 31–9 victory, becoming in the process the first Mr. Irrelevant to play and win a Super Bowl as a starter and an active player.


title: Ryan Succop

text: On March 25, 2021, Succop signed a three-year, $12 million contract extension with the Buccaneers. In week 1, he made the game-winning field goal in the final seconds for a 31–29 win over the Dallas Cowboys. He also had another game-winning field goal in week 4 against the New England Patriots, in a 19–17 win. Overall, Succop finished 25 of 30 on field goals attempts and 56 of 59 on extra points attempts in the 2021 season. His extra points made and attempted led the league in the 2021 season.


title: Ryan Succop

text: Succop married in 2011. The couple had their first child, a son, in 2015 and they also had a daughter. Succop is a Christian.


title: Dagwood sandwich

text: A Dagwood sandwich is a tall, multilayered sandwich made with a variety of meats, cheeses, and condiments. It is named after Dagwood Bumstead, a central character in the comic strip "Blondie", who is frequently illustrated making enormous sandwiches. According to "Blondie" scripter Dean Young, his father, Chic Young, began drawing the huge sandwiches in the comic strip during 1936.


title: Dagwood sandwich

text: Though the exact contents of Chic Young's illustrated Dagwood sandwich remain obscure, it appears to contain large quantities and varieties of cold cuts, sliced cheese, and vegetables separated by additional slices of bread. A whole small fish, presumably a sardine, is usually visible. An olive pierced by a toothpick or wooden skewer usually crowns the edible structure. "Dagwood sandwich" has been included in "Webster's New World Dictionary", and "Dagwood" (referring to the sandwich) has been included in the "American Heritage Dictionary".


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Muppets Haunted Mansion is a 2021 American puppet supernatural comedy Halloween special based on the Disney properties The Muppets and The Haunted Mansion. It was released on October 8, 2021 via Disney+. It is the Muppets' first Halloween special. The plot stars Gonzo and Pepe as they face the challenge of staying in a haunted mansion for one night. It received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Instead of attending the Muppets' annual Halloween party, Gonzo and Pepe are on their way to a fear challenge event in the same haunted mansion where Gonzo's favorite magician, The Great MacGuffin, disappeared one-hundred years ago. Upon being dropped off by their hearse driver (Yvette Nicole Brown), Gonzo and Pepe meet the Caretaker (Darren Criss), along with several ghosts and singing busts.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Their "Ghost Host" (Will Arnett) tells Gonzo that he has been summoned to the mansion to see if he can survive one night. If he cannot, he and Pepe will be trapped there forever. While Gonzo claims that he fears nothing, Pepe is easily scared by everything he sees in the mansion. After meeting Madam Pigota (Miss Piggy), Gonzo and Pepe come across a room full of several ghosts resembling their Muppet friends. The Host soon appears and informs Gonzo that in order to survive the mansion he must face his fears in Room 999.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: As Gonzo is led to the room, Pepe meets and becomes entranced by the ghost of Constance Hatchaway (Taraji P. Henson), who plans to marry and then kill him as he meets the ghosts of her past husbands. Gonzo is trapped in Room 999 (with the room's number sign turning upside down to read "666") and faces his biggest fear: that no one will like him if he does not do dangerous stunts. Gonzo starts to turn old as his reflection taunts him. Recalling a conversation with Kermit he had earlier, Gonzo realizes that he can be great by just being himself and the room de-ages and releases him.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: The Host congratulates Gonzo for facing his fears and tells him that he is free to go so long as he makes it out by sunrise. After realizing that Pepe is in trouble, Gonzo refuses to leave without him. With the help of the Host's candelabra, Gonzo is able to find Pepe and stop the wedding. The pair jump out the window and make it out of the mansion just as the sun rises.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: The Host meets them at the gate, revealing himself to be the Great MacGuffin, who is impressed that Gonzo was willing to do what he could not; face his fears. The hearse driver picks them up and Kermit calls asking to meet the pair for breakfast. He then comments that Gonzo and Pepe should bring their friends along, leading the two to turn and see the Hitchhiking Ghosts behind them.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Early attempts to produce a Halloween special centered on The Muppets date back to the early 1990s. Following Jim Henson's death, his son Brian planned to continue the franchise's presence on television by releasing a series of holiday specials, with the first one tentatively centered around Halloween. However, the project ultimately was cancelled, and the TV series "Muppets Tonight" was eventually released instead.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: In March 2009, it was announced during a special event at Disney's Hollywood Studios, that The Walt Disney Company, who acquired The Muppets in 2004, was developing a Halloween special based on the franchise. A 2010 release date was later announced. However, the special was postponed in order for The Muppets Studio to focus entirely on the 2011 film, and eventually cancelled.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: In May 2021, a Muppets Halloween special based on the Disney theme park attraction The Haunted Mansion, titled "Muppets Haunted Mansion", was announced to be in development. Filming took place in April 2021 during eighteen days. In August 2021, longtime Muppet director Kirk Thatcher revealed that he wrote and directed the special, and shared a teaser image from it.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Later that month, Geoff Keighley and Darren Criss were revealed to be part of the cast as Uncle Theodore and The Caretaker, respectively, while Kelly Younger was revealed as co-writer. The rest of the cast was announced the following September.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Ed Mitchell and Steve Morrell wrote the music for the special, including three new songs, titled "Rest In Peace", "Life Hereafter", and "Tie The Knot Tango", as well as a cover of King Harvest's "Dancing in the Moonlight".


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: According to Whip Media, "Muppets Haunted Mansion" was the 6th most streamed movie across all platforms in the United States, during the week of October 10, 2021, and the 10th during the week of 17, 2021.


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: John Serba of "Decider" praised the humor of "Muppets Haunted Mansion", saying, ""Muppets Haunted Mansion" is trifling silliness. It inspires some smiles, if not out-loud laughter." W. Andrew Powell of "The GATE" reviewed the show positively, stating, "Disney World’s "Haunted Mansion" meets The Muppets in one of the best, and most entertaining Muppet experiences in years." Victoria Rose Caister of "GameRant.com" complimented the series, stating that the "spooky elements are actually done in a very nice way," and the show is "a really solid watch that will be easy to throw on for kids or adults at Halloween time."


title: Muppets Haunted Mansion

text: Garrett Martin of "Paste" rated the Halloween special 8 out of 10 and stated that "Muppets Haunted Mansion" recalls of the "Muppet Show", saying, "It’s a silly, ultimately heartfelt hour destined to become a holiday favorite for fans of Disney parks, the Muppets, or just felt in general." Tara Bennett of "IGN" gave the series 8 out of 10, claiming, "The Muppets at their best are timeless, and this special captures much of that spirit." Polly Conway of "Common Sense Media" rated the Halloween special 4 out of 5 stars, stated the Halloween special promotes positive message and role models, such as being courageous and encouraging others, while complimenting the diverse representations across the portrayal of different origins.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Steve Jobs is the authorized self-titled biography of American business magnate and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs. The book was written at the request of Jobs by Walter Isaacson, a former executive at CNN and "TIME" who has written best-selling biographies of Benjamin Franklin and Albert Einstein.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Based on more than forty interviews with Jobs conducted over two years—in addition to interviews with more than one hundred family members, friends, adversaries, competitors, and colleagues—Isaacson was given "unprecedented" access to Jobs's life. Jobs is said to have encouraged the people interviewed to speak honestly. Although Jobs cooperated with the book, he asked for no control over its content other than the book's cover, and waived the right to read it before it was published.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Describing his writing, Issacson commented that he had striven to take a balanced view of his subject that did not sugarcoat Jobs's flaws.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: The book was released on October 24, 2011, by Simon & Schuster in the United States, 19 days after Jobs's death.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: A film adaptation written by Aaron Sorkin and directed by Danny Boyle, with Michael Fassbender starring in the title role, was released on October 9, 2015.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: The front cover uses a photo of Steve Jobs commissioned by "Fortune" magazine in 2006 for a portfolio of powerful people. The photograph was taken by Albert Watson.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: When the photograph was taken, he said he insisted on having a three-hour period to set up his equipment, adding that he wanted to make "[every shoot] as greased lightning fast as possible for the [subject]." When Jobs arrived he didn't immediately look at Watson, but instead at the equipment, focusing on Watson's 4×5 camera before saying, "wow, you're shooting film."


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Jobs gave Watson an hour—longer than he had given most photographers for a portrait session. Watson reportedly instructed Jobs to make "95 percent, almost 100 percent of eye contact with the camera," and to "think about the next project you have on the table," in addition to thinking about instances when people have challenged him.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: The back cover uses another photographic portrait of Jobs taken in his living room in Woodside, California in February 1984 by Norman Seeff. In a "Behind the Cover" article published by "TIME" magazine, Seeff recalls him and Jobs "just sitting" on his living room floor, talking about "creativity and everyday stuff," when Jobs left the room and returned with a Macintosh 128K (the original Macintosh computer). Jobs "[plopped] down" in the lotus position holding the computer in his lap when Seeff took the photograph.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: The book's working title, "iSteve: The Book of Jobs", was chosen by publisher Simon & Schuster's publicity department. Although author Walter Isaacson was "never quite sure about it", his wife and daughter reportedly were. However, they thought it was "too cutesy" and as a result Isaacson persuaded the publisher to change the title to something "simpler and more elegant."


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: The title "Steve Jobs" was allegedly chosen to reflect Jobs's "minimalist" style and to emphasize the biography's authenticity, further differentiating it from unauthorized publications, such as "" by Jeffrey Young.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Many of the chapters within the book have sub-headings, which are matched in various audiobook versions resulting in listings showing 150+ chapters when there are only 42 chapters. The audiobook contains a mistake on one chapter title, listing Chapter 41 as "Round Three, A Never-ending Struggle" instead of "Round Three, Twilight Struggle" as published.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Janet Maslin's review of the book for "The New York Times" mixed mild criticisms with praise. Maslin wrote that Isaacson's biography presented "an encyclopedic survey of all that Mr. Jobs accomplished, replete with the passion and excitement that it deserves."


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: A number of Steve Jobs's family and close colleagues expressed disapproval, including Laurene Powell Jobs, Tim Cook and Jony Ive. Cook remarked that the biography did Jobs “a tremendous disservice", and that "it didn’t capture the person. The person I read about there is somebody I would never have wanted to work with over all this time.” Ive said of the book that “my contempt couldn’t be lower.”


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Commercially, the biography was a notable success, selling more than three million copies in the United States alone by 2015.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: "Steve Jobs" is a drama film based on the life of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, starring Michael Fassbender in the title role. The film is directed by Danny Boyle, produced by Scott Rudin, and written by Aaron Sorkin (with a screenplay adapted both from Isaacson's "Steve Jobs" as well as from interviews conducted by Sorkin).


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: Extracts from the biography have been the feature of various magazines, in addition to interviews with the author, Walter Isaacson.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: To memorialize Jobs's life after his death on October 5, 2011, "TIME" published a commemorative issue on October 8, 2011. The issue's cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer. The portrait was published in "Rolling Stone" in January 1984 and is featured on the back cover of "Steve Jobs". The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of "Time".


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of "Steve Jobs" and described Jobs pitching the book to him.


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: "Bloomberg Businessweek" also released a commemorative issue of its magazine remembering the life of Jobs. The cover of the magazine features Apple-like simplicity, with a black-and-white, up-close photo of Jobs and his years of birth and death. In tribute to Jobs's minimalist style, the issue was published without advertisements. It featured extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. Similarly to "Time"<nowiki>'s commemorative issue, Isaacson's essay served as a preview of </nowiki>"Steve Jobs".


title: Steve Jobs (book)

text: "Fortune" featured an exclusive extract of the biography on October 24, 2011, focusing on the "friend-enemy" relationship Jobs had with Bill Gates.


title: Thermal diffusivity

text: In heat transfer analysis, thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure. It measures the rate of transfer of heat of a material from the hot end to the cold end. It has the SI derived unit of m/s. Thermal diffusivity is usually denoted by lowercase alpha (), but , , (kappa), , and are also used.


title: Thermal diffusivity

text: one way to view thermal diffusivity is as the ratio of the time derivative of temperature to its curvature, quantifying the rate at which temperature concavity is "smoothed out". In a sense, thermal diffusivity is a contrasting measure to thermal inertia. In a substance with high thermal diffusivity, heat moves rapidly through it because the substance conducts heat quickly relative to its volumetric heat capacity or 'thermal bulk'.


title: Thermal diffusivity

text: Thermal diffusivity is often measured with the flash method. It involves heating a strip or cylindrical sample with a short energy pulse at one end and analyzing the temperature change (reduction in amplitude and phase shift of the pulse) a short distance away.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Topsy-Turvy is a 1999 British musical period drama film written and directed by Mike Leigh, starring Allan Corduner as Sir Arthur Sullivan and Jim Broadbent as W.S. Gilbert, along with Timothy Spall, Lesley Manville and Ron Cook. The story concerns the 15-month period in 1884 and 1885 leading up to the premiere of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Mikado". The film focuses on the creative conflict between playwright and composer, and their decision to continue their partnership, which led to their creation of several more Savoy operas.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: The film received very favourable reviews, film festival awards and two Academy Awards for design. While it is considered an artistic success as an in-depth illustration of British life in the theatre during the Victorian era, the film did not recover its production costs. Leigh cast actors who did their own singing in the film, and the singing performances were faulted by some critics, while others lauded Leigh's strategy.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: On the opening night of "Princess Ida" at the Savoy Theatre in January 1884, composer Sir Arthur Sullivan (Allan Corduner), ill from kidney disease, is barely able to make it to the theatre to conduct. He goes on a holiday to Continental Europe hoping that the rest will improve his health. While he is away, ticket sales and audiences at the Savoy Theatre wilt in the hot summer weather. Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte (Ron Cook) has called on Sullivan and the dramatist W.S. Gilbert (Jim Broadbent) to create a new piece for the Savoy, but it is not ready when "Ida" closes. Until a new piece can be prepared, Carte revives an earlier Gilbert and Sullivan work, "The Sorcerer".


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Gilbert's idea for their next opera features a transformative magic potion, which Sullivan feels is too similar to the magic lozenge and other magic talismans used in previous operas and mechanical in its reliance on a supernatural device. Sullivan, under pressure from the British musical establishment to write more serious music, says he longs for something that is "probable", involves "human interest", and is not dependent on magic. Gilbert sees nothing wrong with his libretto and refuses to write a new one, resulting in a standoff. The impasse is resolved after Gilbert and his wife visit a popular exhibition of Japanese arts and crafts in Knightsbridge, London. When the katana sword he purchases there falls noisily off the wall of his study, he is inspired to write a libretto set in exotic Japan. Sullivan likes the idea and agrees to compose the music for it.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte work to make "The Mikado" a success, and many glimpses of rehearsals and stressful backstage preparations for the show follow: Cast members lunch together before attempting to negotiate their salaries. Gilbert brings in Japanese girls from the exhibition to teach the ladies' chorus how to walk and use fans in the Japanese manner. The principal cast react to the fittings of their costumes designed by C. Wilhelm. The cast objects to Gilbert's proposed cut of the title character's Act Two solo, "A more humane Mikado," persuading the playwright to restore it. The actors face first-night jitters in their dressing rooms. Finally "The Mikado" is ready to open. As is usual for him, Gilbert is too nervous to watch the opening performance and paces the streets of London. Returning to the theatre, he finds that the new opera is a resounding success.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Film professor Wheeler Winston Dixon wrote that the film "uses the conventions of the biographical narrative film to expose the ruthlessness and insularity of the Victorian era, at the same time as it chronicles, with great fidelity, the difficulties of a working relationship in the creative arts. ... "Topsy-Turvy" is an investigation into the social, political, sexual and theatrical economies of the Victorian era".


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: While the film deals primarily with the production of "The Mikado", it depicts many aspects of 1880s British life and society, some based on historical episodes. Scenes show George Grossmith's use of morphine; Leonora Braham's alcoholism and single motherhood; Jessie Bond's health issues, including an abscess on her leg that does not heal; Sullivan's visit to a French brothel and his relationship with his longtime mistress, Fanny Ronalds, implying that she obtains an abortion; three actors' discussion of the destruction of the British garrison at Khartoum by the Mahdi; a private salon concert; a conversation about the use of nicotine by women; and Gilbert being accosted outside the theatre on opening night by an elderly prostitute. The film also depicts the Savoy Theatre as having electric lighting; it was the first public building in Britain, and one of the first of any kind, to be lit entirely by electricity. Another scene shows an early use of the telephone. During costume fittings, the actors protest at having to perform without their corsets for the sake of accuracy.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Principal photography took place at 3 Mills Studios in London beginning 29 June 1998 and completed shooting on 24 October. Location shooting took place in London and Hertfordshire, and scenes which took place at the Savoy Theatre were filmed at the Richmond Theatre in Richmond, London. The film's budget was $20,000,000.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £610,634 in total and £139,700 on its opening weekend. In the United States, the film grossed $6,208,548 in total, and $31,387 on its opening weekend.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: The film received very positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 90% "Fresh" score based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's consensus states: "Dressed to the nines in exquisite production value and buoyed by Mike Leigh's sardonic wit, "Topsy-Turvy" is rich entertainment that is as brainy as it is handsome." Metacritic reports a 90 out of 100 rating based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" found "Topsy-Turvy" "grandly entertaining", "one of those films that create a mix of erudition, pageantry and delectable acting opportunities, much as "Shakespeare in Love" did". She continued:


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: "Topsy-Turvy" ... is much bigger than their story. Its aspirations are thrilling in their own right. Mr. Leigh's gratifyingly long view of life in the theatre (Gilbert has a dentist who tells him "Princess Ida" could have been shorter) includes not only historical and biographical details but also the painstaking process of creating a Gilbert and Sullivan production from the ground up. The film details all this with the luxury of a leisurely pace, as opposed to a slow one.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: Richard Schickel in "Time" magazine described the film as "one of the year's more beguiling surprises" and a "somewhat comic, somewhat desperate, very carefully detailed" story given "heartfelt heft" in the way it depicts how rehearsing and putting on a comic opera "takes over everyone's life". According to Philip French in "The Observer", ""Topsy-Turvy" is not a conventional biographical film. ... [It] is an opulently mounted, warm-hearted celebration of two great artists and of a dedicated group of actors, backstage personnel and front-of-house figures working together." French also calls the film "a rare treat, thanks to Dick Pope's photography, Eve Stewart's production design and Lindy Hemming's costumes", with "great music orchestrated by Carl Davis." For Roger Ebert, it was "one of the year's best films."


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: At the 72nd Academy Awards, "Topsy-Turvy" received the Academy Award for Best Costume Design and the Academy Award for Best Makeup, and was nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Original Screenplay.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: The film also won Best Make Up/Hair at the 53rd British Academy Film Awards and was nominated for Best British Film, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Jim Broadbent), Best Supporting Actor (Timothy Spall) and Best Original Screenplay. Broadbent also won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 56th Venice International Film Festival, and the film was nominated for the Golden Lion at the same festival.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: "Topsy-Turvy" won the Best British Film Award at the Evening Standard British Film Awards, Best Film (shared with Spike Jonze's "Being John Malkovich") and Best Director at the 1999 National Society of Film Critics Awards, and Best Picture and Best Director at the 1999 New York Film Critics Circle Awards.


title: Topsy-Turvy

text: A digitally restored version of the film, released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection in March 2011, includes an audio commentary featuring director Leigh; a new video conversation between Leigh and musical director Gary Yershon; Leigh's 1992 short film "A Sense of History", written by and starring actor Jim Broadbent; deleted scenes; and a featurette from 1999 including interviews with Leigh and cast members.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo de Carvalho (born 26 June 1983), known as Felipe Melo, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Fluminense.


title: Felipe Melo

text: He began his career with Campeonato Brasileiro Série A teams Flamengo, Cruzeiro and Grêmio, before moving to Spain in 2005, where he represented Mallorca, Racing Santander and Almería in La Liga. After one year at Fiorentina, he signed for Juventus for €25 million in 2009. Felipe Melo spent four seasons at Galatasaray, playing 154 total games and winning eight honours, including three Süper Lig titles. After a spell back in Serie A with Inter Milan, he returned to Brazil in 2017 by signing for Palmeiras, where he soon won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 2018.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo was a Brazilian international from 2009 to 2010, earning 22 caps and scoring two goals. He was part of their squads that won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and reached the quarter-finals of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo began his career for Flamengo, where he made 69 appearances and scored no goals in his two-season spell with the club. Following impressive performances with Flamengo, Melo transferred to Cruzeiro in the summer of 2003, but would remain for just one season. In his single season with Cruzeiro, Melo managed to make 31 league appearances, scoring two goals. Following yet another impressive season in Brazil, he was sold to Grêmio.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Following his transfer to Grêmio, Melo managed to make an additional 19 appearances and adding three goals to his tally in his native Brazil. He would only remain in Porto Alegre for 2004, because Grêmio was relegated that year and the team was dismantled.


title: Felipe Melo

text: In January 2005, Felipe Melo moved abroad for the first time, joining Spanish La Liga club Mallorca, who released Andrija Delibašić to give him a place. He played only eight times for the Balearic team, his season ending through knee ligament injury against Valencia in March; they narrowly avoided relegation.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Ahead of the 2005–06 season, Melo moved to fellow league team Racing de Santander. He scored his first goal for them on 21 December, in a 2–1 win away to Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 3 July 2007, Felipe Melo became Almería's first signing ahead of their debut top-flight season. The transfer, which involved buying some of his rights from a third-party owner, was the most expensive in the club's history. He was a regular in midfield for Unai Emery's team, contributing seven goals as the Andalusians finished 8th.


title: Felipe Melo

text: After a successful first season at Almería, Felipe Melo agreed to transfer to Italian side Fiorentina in a reported €13 million transfer for the 2008–09 season. Having held Spanish nationality since the 2007–08 season, he was not counted as a non-EU player in the Italian Serie A.


title: Felipe Melo

text: He made his debut in the first leg of the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League against Slavia Prague, and scored his first goal in a "Viola" shirt against Atalanta in the Serie A. After a very impressive debut season in the Serie A, which included 29 appearances and two goals, the Brazilian transferred to Juventus in Turin.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 30 June 2009, following a lauded performance with Brazil at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, Felipe Melo signed a new five-year contract with Fiorentina, with a release clause of €25 million. At this point, Arsenal was reportedly in negotiations to sign the player. Within days, however, Melo was the subject of a bid from Juventus. The two rival clubs eventually agreed a fee of €25 million in total and Juve's Marco Marchionni joined Fiorentina on 15 July 2009 for a tagged price of €4.5 million. Later, Cristiano Zanetti, tagged for €2 million, re-joined Fiorentina. This allowed Juve to pay Fiorentina €18.5 million in three instalments.


title: Felipe Melo

text: The first half of the 2009–10 season was one to forget despite a bright start to his Juve career. He scored his first Juve goal against top-of-the-table rivals Roma in a 3–1 win. In the December Derby d'Italia fixture at home, he was controversially sent off for a supposed elbow at Internazionale's Mario Balotelli. The incident sparked a fiery argument between his teammate Gianluigi Buffon and Inter midfielder Thiago Motta, and both had to be separated by Inter and Juve players. Due to his poor performances throughout the season, he won the Bidone d'Oro Award in 2009, which was given to the worst Serie A player during a particular season. Melo was instrumental in his side's win over Milan at the San Siro in the 2010–11 season, and was later voted man of the match.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 22 July 2011, Felipe Melo joined Galatasaray in Turkey on a season-long loan deal for €1.5 million, with an option to transfer permanently at the end of the season for €13 million. He agreed on a contract with a net annual salary of €3.3 million plus a per-appearance bonus of €30,000, replacing departed Lorik Cana as the club's new central midfielder. He was attributed to the nickname "Pitbull" by the team supporters because of his passionate playing style, which also helped him become a fans favourite quickly; it is said that he displayed the mutual respect back with his tattoo of the club's mascot, a lion, on his arm. This is not true, however, because in his own statement, he states that this is a coincidence and that he got the tattoo due to the fact that in Brazil, a lion is a symbol for Jesus Christ.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo scored his first goal on 18 September 2011 from a 35-metre-long shot against Samsunspor. He scored 12 goals in 36 league matches, and at the end of the season, he was among the champion squad.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo had been expected to make a permanent move to Galatasaray, but on 24 July, transfer fee negotiations between the club and Juventus broke down due to the Turkish club requesting a lower fee for the player. On 14 August, the two clubs were able to agree another loan deal sending Melo to Turkey for the 2012–13 season, for €1.75 million, with the agreement including "the option, to be exercised by Galatasaray by 30 April 2013, for the permanent acquisition of the player for a price of €6.5 million". Melo also had a wage cut to €2.9 million with an appearances-based bonus of €25,000.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 24 November, in a game between Galatasaray and Elazığspor in the Süper Lig, Felipe Melo went in goal and saved a penalty, after regular keeper Fernando Muslera had committed a foul and been sent off after Galatasaray had already used all their substitutions.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 20 July 2013, Felipe Melo made a permanent move to Galatasaray on a three-year contract worth €3.1 million plus bonuses, while the transfer fee was reduced to €3.75 million plus bonuses of a maximum €500,000, which the club activated. He made his 100th appearance for the club on 2 February 2014 in Süper Lig encounter against Bursaspor in a 6–0 home win.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 13 August 2015, Melo signed a four-year contract extension; during the first season of said contract, the yearly salary remained unchanged at €3.1 million, but was set to be reduced to €2.6 million for next three seasons. As of 2015, he is the most decorated Brazilian player in Turkish domestic competitions, winning seven cups, beating the record of his fellow countryman and ex-Galatasaray goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 31 August 2015, Felipe Melo returned to Italy to sign with Internazionale on a 2-year contract and a €3.7 million transfer fee, plus €500,000 bonuses for each UEFA Champions League group stage qualification of the club, up to the 2017–18 season. Melo also received €657,500 from Galatasaray. He officially returned to Serie A play on 23 September 2015 against Hellas Verona, against which he also scored his first goal for Inter.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 8 January 2017, Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras announced the signing of Felipe Melo on a 3-year contract. Four days later Inter Milan announced that it was a loan until 30 June, with Melo's contract with Inter set to expire on the same day.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo made his senior international debut for Brazil on 10 February 2009 against Italy in a friendly, a match Brazil won 2–0. On 1 April 2009, he scored his first goal for his country against Peru in a 3–0 World Cup qualification victory.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo was named to the Brazilian squad for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa, playing in every match of the tournament for his side and scoring the opener in a 3–0 group stage win against the United States. Brazil would again beat the U.S. in the final to win a third consecutive Confederations Cup title.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo was named in Brazil's final 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In Brazil's quarter-final against the Netherlands in Port Elizabeth, he provided the assist for Robinho's tenth-minute opener, before Melo himself slightly touched a Wesley Sneijder cross, which at first was recorded as an own goal, but later credited to Sneijder. Sneijder then put the Dutch 2–1 ahead, before Melo was then sent off by referee Yuichi Nishimura in the 73rd minute for a violent stamp on Dutch winger Arjen Robben. On Brazil's return home after the World Cup, Felipe Melo took the brunt of the criticism of the fans as they threw insults, pushed and shoved towards the players.


title: Felipe Melo

text: A quick, strong, tenacious, yet talented midfielder, Felipe Melo is known in particular for his hard-working, energetic, physical, and hard-tackling playing style, which has earned him the nicknames "Pitbull" and "Gladiator", while in 2015 his Inter manager at the time, Roberto Mancini, described Melo and his teammate Gary Medel as "warriors". He is able to play as a central or box-to-box midfielder, but is usually deployed as a defensive midfielder, where his stamina, power, tactical intelligence, and ball-winning abilities aid him in breaking down opposing plays, while his good all-round skills, first touch, and passing allow him subsequently to distribute the ball to his more offensive-minded teammates. In addition to his defensive attributes, he is also known for his dynamism and ability to make late runs into the area from midfield, which occasionally enables him to provide an additional attacking outlet to his teams. Throughout his career, Melo has stood out for his leadership on the pitch, although he has also equally been criticised for his aggression and tendency to pick up cards.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo is married to Roberta, and they have one daughter (Pietra) and three sons, Davi, Linyker (who he named after the English centre forward Gary Lineker), and Bernardo.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 18 June 2013, through Twitter and Facebook, Felipe Melo offended Renato Maurício Prado, a pundit of the Fox Sports channel. Among another names callings, Melo called Prado "coward", "arsehole" and "the most famous cuckold of sporting journalism". Prado sued Melo in August.


title: Felipe Melo

text: On 4 June 2014, Felipe Melo was on vacation with his family and friend in Las Vegas. Whilst enjoying dinner with his family and friends, a former football player and his friend handed Melo a hand-written paper stating "Sampiyon Fenerbahçe – which means Champion Fenerbahçe". Fenerbahçe, the main opponent of Galatasaray, had finished as Turkish Süper Lig champions for the 2013–14 season, which had just concluded. Melo responded to the note by showing the two his middle finger and by kicking one of them. The case was taken to American police.


title: Felipe Melo

text: Felipe Melo endorsed Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election. He dedicated his winning goal against Chapecoense in October 2019 to the president, a fan of Palmeiras.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: My Cousin Rachel is a Gothic novel written by English author Daphne du Maurier, published in 1951. Bearing thematic similarities to her earlier and more famous novel "Rebecca", it is a mystery-romance, set primarily on a large estate in Cornwall.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: The story has its origins in a portrait of Rachel Carew at Antony House in Cornwall, which du Maurier saw and took as inspiration.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: Ambrose Ashley is the owner of a large country estate on the Cornish coast and has been guardian to his orphaned cousin Philip since Philip was three years old. On Sundays, Philip's godfather Nick Kendall and his daughter Louise come to lunch with them, as do the Reverend Mr Pascoe and his family. Life is good apart from a few health problems that require Ambrose to spend the winter in warmer climates. As the damp weather approaches, he sets off for his third winter abroad and chooses Italy.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: By the time he has reached his 20s, Philip misses Ambrose on his sojourns in Italy but regularly receives letters from him. Ambrose writes that he has met a cousin of theirs called Rachel — the widowed Contessa Sangalletti — in Florence. In the spring, Ambrose says that he and Rachel are married and have no immediate plans to return to Cornwall. Gradually, the tone of Ambrose's correspondence changes. He complains of the sun, the stuffy atmosphere of the Villa Sangalletti, and terrible headaches. In a letter that reaches Philip in July, Ambrose says that a friend of Rachel named Rainaldi has recommended that Ambrose see a different doctor. Ambrose says he can trust no one and claims that Rachel watches him constantly.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: Philip discusses the contents of the letter with his godfather Nick, who is his guardian until his coming of age at 25. Nick suggests that Ambrose may be suffering from a brain tumour. Philip travels to Italy and reaches the Villa Sangalletti, where he learns that Ambrose is dead and that Rachel has left the villa. When Philip returns to Cornwall, Nick tells Philip that he has received a communication from Rainaldi, containing two pieces of information: the death certificate confirms that Ambrose's cause of death was a brain tumour, and as Ambrose had never changed his will in Rachel's favour, Philip is still heir to the estate.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: Two weeks later, Nick receives word from Rachel that she has arrived by boat at Plymouth. Philip invites her to stay with him, and a harmony develops between them. One day, a tenant from East Lodge gives Philip a letter from Ambrose, written three months before his death. In it, Ambrose tells Philip about his illness and talks of Rachel's recklessness with money and her habit of turning to Rainaldi rather than himself. Finally, he wonders if they are trying to poison him, and he asks Philip to come to see him. Rachel later shows Philip an unsigned will that Ambrose wrote in which he leaves his property to Rachel. Philip begins to trust Rachel again.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: On the day before Philip's 25th birthday, he prepares to transfer Ambrose's estate to Rachel. He also gives her the family jewels, and they make love. The next day, Philip announces that he and Rachel are getting married, but she denies this in front of friends. Not long afterward, Philip falls ill for many weeks, and Rachel nurses him. Philip searches her room and finds the seeds of the poisonous laburnum tree in a packet, a tree that he had noticed in the Italian villa. When he is well enough to go outside, he finds that the terraced gardens are complete and that work has begun on a sunken garden. The foreman tells Philip that the bridge over the garden is a framework and will not bear any weight.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: Philip suspects that Rachel tried to poison him, and with Louise's help, searches her room. They find nothing to incriminate Rachel and wonder if they are misjudging her. Meanwhile, Rachel has walked to the terraced garden and stepped onto the bridge over the sunken garden. Philip finds her broken body among the timber and stone. He takes her in his arms, and she looks at him, calling him Ambrose before she dies.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: The book's title reflects Philip's consistent references to Rachel as "my cousin Rachel" until the moment he realises that he is in love with her.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: The first film adaptation, Henry Koster's "My Cousin Rachel" starring Richard Burton and Olivia de Havilland, was released in 1952. Du Maurier and original director George Cukor reviewed a screenplay draft and found it unfaithful to the novel, with du Maurier declaring it "Quite desperate." Nevertheless, critics Bosley Crowther and Leonard Maltin stated it was a worthy adaptation.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: A four-part television adaptation, starring Christopher Guard and Geraldine Chaplin, was broadcast in 1983. Professor Nina Auerbach judged it as "superficially" more faithful, including a more complex treatment of Rachel.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: A radio adaptation of "My Cousin Rachel" by BBC Radio 4, aired in 4 December 1993 (19:50), starring Francesca Annis and Adam Godley. It was dramatised by Bryony Lavery and directed by Claire Grove.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: Another radio adaptation of "My Cousin Rachel" by BBC Radio 4, first aired in April 2011, starring Damian Lewis and Lia Williams. It aired again May 2013 on Radio 4's sister channel Radio 4 extra.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: On 17 April 2012, a dramatic adaptation by Joseph O’Connor of "My Cousin Rachel" premièred at the Gate Theatre, Dublin, starring Hannah Yelland as Rachel.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: Roger Michell's "My Cousin Rachel", starring Rachel Weisz, Sam Claflin and Iain Glen, was released in June 2017.


title: My Cousin Rachel

text: The novel is commemorated by the My Cousin Rachel Walk, which stretches five miles in the Barton lands in Cornwall, where some of the action in the novel takes place.


title: Canon (music)

text: In music, a canon is a contrapuntal (counterpoint-based) compositional technique that employs a melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration (e.g., quarter rest, one measure, etc.). The initial melody is called the leader (or "dux"), while the imitative melody, which is played in a different voice, is called the follower (or "comes"). The follower must imitate the leader, either as an exact replication of its rhythms and intervals or some transformation thereof. Repeating canons in which all voices are musically identical are called rounds—"Row, Row, Row Your Boat" and "Frère Jacques" are popular examples.


title: Canon (music)

text: An accompanied canon is a canon accompanied by one or more additional independent parts that do not imitate the melody.


title: Canon (music)

text: During the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Baroque—that is, through the early 18th century—any kind of imitative musical counterpoints were called fugues, with the strict imitation now known as canon qualified as "fuga ligata", meaning "fettered fugue". Only in the 16th century did the word "canon" begin to be used to describe the strict, imitative texture created by such a procedure. The word is derived from the Greek "κανών", Latinised as "canon", which means "law" or "norm". In contrapuntal usage, the word refers to the "rule" explaining the number of parts, places of entry, transposition, and so on, according to which one or more additional parts may be derived from a single written melodic line. This rule was usually given verbally, but could also be supplemented by special signs in the score, sometimes themselves called "canoni". The earliest known non-religious canons are English rounds, a form first given the name "rondellus" by Walter Odington at the beginning of the 14th century; the best known is "Sumer is icumen in" (composed around 1250), called a "rota" ("wheel") in the manuscript source. The term "round" only first came to be used in English sources in the 16th century.


title: Canon (music)

text: Canons featured in the music of the Italian Trecento and the 14th-century ars nova in France. An Italian example is "Tosto che l'alba" by Gherardello da Firenze. In both France and Italy, canons were often featured in hunting songs. The medieval and modern Italian word for hunting is "caccia", while the medieval French word is spelled "chace" (modern spelling: "chasse"). A well-known French chace is the anonymous "Se je chant mains". Richard Taruskin describes "Se je chant mains" as evoking the atmosphere of a falcon hunt: "The middle section is truly a tour de force, but of a wholly new and off-beat type: a riot of hockets set to 'words' mixing French, bird-language, and hound-language in an onomatopoetical mélange." Guillaume de Machaut also used the 3-voice "chace" form in movements from his masterpiece "Le Lai de la Fontaine" (1361). Referring to the setting of the fourth stanza of this work, Taruskin says "a well-wrought chace can be far more than the sum of its parts; and this particular chace is possibly Machaut's greatest feat of "subtilitas"."


title: Canon (music)

text: An example of late 14th century canon which featured some of the rhythmic complexity of the late 14th century "ars subtilior" school of composers is "La harpe de melodie" by Jacob de Senleches. According to Richard Hoppin, "This virelai has two canonic voices over a free and textless tenor."


title: Canon (music)

text: In many pieces in three contrapuntal parts, only two of the voices are in canon, while the remaining voice is a free melodic line. In Dufay's song "Resvelons nous, amoureux", the lower two voices are in canon, but the upper part is what David Fallows describes as a "florid top line":


title: Canon (music)

text: Both J. S. Bach and Handel featured canons in their works. The final variation of Handel's keyboard Chaconne in G major (HWV 442) is a canon in which the player's right hand is imitated at the distance of one beat, creating rhythmic ambiguity within the prevailing triple time:


title: Canon (music)

text: An example of a classical strict canon is the Minuet of Haydn's String Quartet in D Minor, Op. 76, No. 2. "Throughout its sinewy length, between upper and lower strings. Here is the superbly logical fulfilment of the two-part octave doubling of Haydn's earliest divertimento minuets":


title: Canon (music)

text: Beethoven's works feature a number of passages in canon. The following comes from his Symphony No. 4:


title: Canon (music)

text: Antony Hopkins describes the above as "a delightfully naïve canon". More sophisticated and varied in its treatment of intervals and harmonic implications is the canonic passage from the second movement of his Piano Sonata 28 in A major, Op. 101:


title: Canon (music)

text: Beethoven's most spectacular and dramatically effective use of canon occurs in the first act of his opera "Fidelio". Here, four of the characters sing a quartet in canon, "a sublime musical wonder", accompanied by orchestration of the utmost delicacy and refinement. "Each of the four participants delivers his or her quatrain", "The use of canon to embody the differing perspectives of the participants a first glance seems odd, but the rigid form allows for some character differentiation and does in fact make a dramatic point". "Everyone sings the same music to very different words, sinking their private thoughts into musical or at least linear anonymity". "The softly padding gait, the dove-tailed perfection of the counterpoint, induce a trance that, carrying the protagonists outside Time, hints that there are realms of truth beyond the masks they pathetically or comically present to the world."


title: Canon (music)

text: In the Romantic era, the use of devices such as canon was even more often subtly hidden, as for example in Schumann's piano piece "Vogel als Prophet" (1851).


title: Canon (music)

text: According to Nicholas Cook, "the canon is, as it were, absorbed into the texture of the music—it is there, but one doesn't easily hear it." Peter Latham describes Brahms' Intermezzo in F minor, Op. 118, No. 4 as a piece "rich in canons". In the following passage, the left hand shadows the right at the time distance of one beat and at the pitch interval of an octave lower: