title: Hybrid regime

text: The third wave of democratization has led to the emergence of hybrid regimes that are neither fully democratic nor fully authoritarian. Neither the concept of illiberal democracy, nor the concept of electoral authoritarianism fully describes these hybrid regimes.


title: Hybrid regime

text: Since the end of the Cold War, such regimes have become the most common among undemocratic. At the end of the process of transformation of authoritarian regimes, limited elections appear in one way or another when liberalization occurs. Liberal democracy has always been assumed while in practice this process basically froze "halfway".


title: Hybrid regime

text: In relation to regimes that were previously called "transitional" in the 1980s, the term "hybrid regime" began to be used and was strengthened because according to Thomas Carothers the majority of "transitional countries" are neither completely dictatorial nor aspiring to democracy and by and large they can not be called transitional. They are located in the politically stable gray zone, changes in which may not take place for decades". Thus, he stated that hybrid regimes must be considered without the assumption that they will ultimately become democracies. These hybrid regimes were called semi-authoritarianism or electoral authoritarianism.


title: Hybrid regime

text: One of the first to use the concept of "hybrid regime" was the sociologist Elemér Hankiss when analyzing the Goulash Communism of János Kádár's Hungary.


title: Hybrid regime

text: According to Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, Larry Diamond and Thomas Carothers, signs of a hybrid regime include:


title: Hybrid regime

text: There are various democratic freedom indices produced by non-governmental organizations that publish assessments of the worlds political systems, according to their own definitions.


title: Hybrid regime

text: According to the Democracy Index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit there are 34 hybrid regimes, representing approximately 20% of countries, encompassing 17.2% to 20.5% of the worlds population.


title: Hybrid regime

text: According to the V-Dem Institute compiled by the University of Gothenburg there are 65 hybrid regimes. V-Dem's "Regimes of the World" indicators identify four political regimes: closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracies with both electoral autocracies and electoral democracies grouped as hybrid regimes.


title: Hybrid regime

text: Freedom House "measures the level of democratic governance in 29 countries from Central Europe to Central Asia".


title: Hybrid regime

text: According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political systems today: democracies,


title: Hybrid regime

text: totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes with many different terms that describe specific types of hybrid regimes.


title: Hybrid regime

text: Academics generally refer to a full dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism over a "hybrid system". Authoritarian governments that conduct elections are in many scholars view not hybrids, but are successful well-institutionalized stable authoritarian regimes. Democratic elements can simultaneously serve authoritarian purposes and contribute to democratization.


title: Hybrid regime

text: Electoral authoritarianism means that democratic institutions are imitative and, due to numerous systematic violations of liberal democratic norms, in fact adhere to authoritarian methods. Electoral authoritarianism can be competitive and hegemonic, and the latter does not necessarily mean election irregularities. A. Schedler calls electoral authoritarianism a new form of authoritarian regime, not a hybrid regime or illiberal democracy. Moreover, a purely authoritarian regime does not need elections as a source of legitimacy while non-alternative elections, appointed at the request of the ruler, are not a sufficient condition for considering the regime conducting them to be hybrid.


title: Hybrid regime

text: The researchers conducted a comparative analysis of political regimes around the world (Samuel Finer 1970), in developing countries (Almond and Coleman, 1960), among Latin America (Collier 1979) and West Africa regimes (Zolberg, 1966). Types of non-democratic regimes are described (Linz, 2000, originally published in 1975 and Perlmutter, 1981). Huntington and Moore (Huntington and Moore, 1970) discuss the one-party system issue Hermet (Guy Hermet, Rose, & Rouquie 1978) explores how elections are held in such authoritarian regimes,which are nominally democratic institutions.


title: Hybrid regime

text: "Hybrid regimes" (Diamond 2002), "competitive authoritarianism" (Levitsky and Way 2002) and "electoral authoritarianism" (Schedler, 2006) as well as how officials who came to power in an undemocratic way form election rules (Lust-Okar and Jamal, 2002), institutionalize electoral frauds (Lehoucq 2003, Schedler 2002) and manipulate the economy (L. Blaydes 2006, Magaloni 2006) in order to win the election and stay in power.


title: Boise Airport

text: Boise Airport (Boise Air Terminal or Gowen Field) is a joint civil-military airport in the western United States, south of downtown Boise in Ada County, Idaho. The airport is operated by the city of Boise Department of Aviation and is overseen by an airport commission. It is the busiest airport in the state of Idaho, serving more passengers than all other Idaho airports combined and roughly ten times as many passengers as Idaho's second busiest airport, Idaho Falls Regional Airport.


title: Boise Airport

text: Boise is a landing rights airfield requiring international general aviation flights to receive permission from a Customs and Border Protection officer before landing.


title: Boise Airport

text: In addition to being a commercial and general aviation airport, Boise also functions concurrently as a USAF military facility as used by the 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW) of the Idaho Air National Guard on the Gowen Field Air National Guard Base portion of the airport. The 124 FW operates the A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft.


title: Boise Airport

text: The National Interagency Fire Center is based in the city of Boise and the Boise Airport is used for logistical support. The United States Forest Service (USFS) also uses Boise Airport as a base for aerial firefighting air tankers during the wildfire season.


title: Boise Airport

text: Boise Airport enplaned 2,059,935 passengers in 2019, an increase of 6% vs. 2018 when 1,938,416 passengers were enplaned (making it the 69th busiest airport in the country).


title: Boise Airport

text: Boise Airport currently has one terminal with two concourses and servicing nine airlines. The terminal is a three-story building containing four baggage carousels, rental car counters, all of the ticketing counters, a consolidated security checkpoint including TSA pre check, and some offices.


title: Boise Airport

text: The two concourses have a combined 24 gates with 13 total jet bridges. Concourse B has 13 gates and 11 jet bridges (with one jet bridge serving each of B21 a/b and B22a/b). Airline gate assignments are broken down as follows: B10, B11, B21a/b (United), B15, B17 (Southwest), B14, B16, B19 (Common Use), B18 (American), B20, B22a/b (Delta). The Common use gates are used as follows: B14 (United, Delta), B16 (Allegiant, southwest), B19 (American, Avelo, Spirit). Concourse C serves Alaska Airlines and has 11 gates; however, only gates C8a and C12 are equipped with jet bridges, with the rest having covered walkways.


title: Boise Airport

text: In 2016, Boise Airport released a new master plan outlining their short, medium, and long-term plans. Each of these terms would mark different stages of the airport's growth and renewal, with the largest projects being three new parking garages, upgrades to Concourse B, and a new Concourse A.


title: Boise Airport

text: The new Concourse A would sit on the other side of the main terminal from concourses B and C. Long terms for the airport call for ten new gates, all equipped with jet bridges. One of the new gates would be equipped to handle wide bodied aircraft, five equipped for narrowbody aircraft, and four equipped for regional jets up to an A220. Phase 1 of the new concourse is scheduled to begin construction by the end of 2022 and will include six gates, three for mainline aircraft and three for regional aircraft. The makeup of Phases 2 and 3 would depend on the needs of the airport and have not been determined yet.


title: Boise Airport

text: Increasing passenger traffic at BOI requires the addition of parking. To this end, the airport is building three new parking garages. One will be a public garage for passengers with 940 spaces. This will be built on an existing surface lot. The other two garages, an employee garage and a rental car center garage, are being relocated to make room for Concourse A. The new employee garage will have 680 spaces and the rental car garage will have 880 spaces.


title: Boise Airport

text: The airport has begun construction on its first two of the three parking garages. In late January 2022, it broke ground on the construction for the new employee parking garage after several delays, and its new public parking garage expansion. Both these projects plan to be finished in the upcoming years.


title: Boise Airport

text: Boise's first municipal airport, Booth Field, was built in 1926 on a gravel bed near the south bank of the Boise River, now the campus of Boise State University. The first commercial airmail flight in the United States passed through this airfield on April 26, 1926, carried by Varney Airlines. Varney began operating out of Boise in 1933, later merging with National Air Transport to become United Airlines. Since United traces its roots to Varney, United is recognized as the airline that has operated the longest out of Boise, years as of 2022. Less than four months after his historic transatlantic flight, the airfield hosted Charles Lindbergh and the "Spirit of St. Louis"


title: Boise Airport

text: The current airport has its origins in 1936 when Boise began buying and leasing land for the airport. By 1938, Boise had the longest runway in the United States at , built as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project under sponsorship of the city. The steel hangar for Varney Airlines was moved to the present field in 1939. As aircraft grew the hangar was no longer big enough and was converted into a passenger terminal. It was part of the modern terminal facility until the completion of a new terminal in 2004.


title: Boise Airport

text: During World War II, the U.S. Army Air Forces leased the field for use as a training base for B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator bomber crews. More than six thousand men were stationed there during the war.


title: Boise Airport

text: The field was named Gowen Field in 1941 on July 23, after 1st Lt Paul R. Gowen. Born and raised in Caldwell, he attended the University of Idaho for two years, then obtained an appointment to West Point in 1929, and graduated ninth in his class in 1933. While piloting a twin-engine B-10 bomber in the Army Air Corps, Gowen was killed instantly in a crash in Panama in July 1938. The right engine failed shortly after take-off from Albrook Field, near Panama City. The other two crew members, navigator and radio operator, survived and crawled from the wreckage with burns.


title: Boise Airport

text: After the war the part of the field used by the Army Air Forces was returned to the city. The Idaho Air National Guard began leasing the airfield after the war and continues to do so at the present time.


title: Boise Airport

text: The jet age arrived in Boise during the mid-1960s. In 1966, United Airlines was operating Boeing 727-100 jetliners into the airport with round trip routings of Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC)-Chicago (O'Hare, ORD)-Boston (BOS) and Seattle (SEA)-Portland (PDX)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC)-Denver (Stapleton, DEN)-Chicago (ORD)-New York (Newark, EWR). United was also serving the airport with Douglas DC-6 and DC-6B propliners at this time. West Coast Airlines introduced Douglas DC-9-10 jet service during the late 1960s and in 1968 was operating round trip routings of Seattle (Boeing Field, BFI)-Portland (PDX)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC) and Portland (PDX)-Seattle (BFI)-Boise (BOI)-Salt Lake City (SLC) West Coast was also serving Boise with Fairchild F-27 turboprops and Douglas DC-3 prop aircraft in 1968. The same year West Coast merged with Bonanza Air Lines and Pacific Air Lines to form Air West which was subsequently renamed Hughes Airwest which in turn continued to serve Boise with Douglas DC-9 (-10, -30) jets. In 1972, Hughes Airwest was operating nonstop DC-9 service from Boise to Portland and Salt Lake City and was also flying direct (no change of plane) DC-9 service to Los Angeles (LAX), Las Vegas (LAS), Phoenix (PHX), San Diego (SAN), Burbank (BUR), Santa Ana (SNA), Spokane (GEG) and other regional destinations.


title: Boise Airport

text: By 1976, Hughes Airwest and United were still the only two airlines operating jet service into Boise according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG). United had also expanded its Boise service by this time and was operating nonstop flights with Boeing 727 (-100, -200) and larger Douglas DC-8 jetliners to Chicago (O'Hare), Denver (Stapleton), Portland, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Reno, and Spokane as well as direct, no change of plane jet service to New York (LaGuardia), Los Angeles, Boston, Washington, D.C (National), San Diego, and Hartford, according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG). United and Hughes Airwest were operating all of their flights into Boise with jet aircraft at this time.


title: Boise Airport

text: Following the federal Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, a number of air carriers operated jet service into the airport at different times over the years from the late 1970s through the 1990s. The following list of airlines is taken from OAG editions from 1979 to 1999:


title: Boise Airport

text: Between 2001 and 2005, Boise Airport was remodeled with a new terminal and an elevated roadway for departures, constructed in two phases. Phase 1 considered amenities such as baggage claim, lobby, and food and beverage concession, which were completed in 2003. Phase 2 dealt with security checkpoints and a new concourse (Concourse C) and the remodeling of Concourse B, which were completed in 2005.


title: Boise Airport

text: The Boise Airport Passenger Terminal designed by CSHQA is a three-story, steel-framed state-of-the-art aviation facility. Curvilinear, steel trusses create the undulating ceiling plane of the ticket lobby and define the signature profile of the building. The terminal has garnered national attention for the beauty of its design and is considered a prototypical post-9/11 facility.


title: Boise Airport

text: The Boise Airport was fourth in passenger satisfaction in the J.D. Power and Associates 2004 Global Airport Satisfaction Index Study. Power no longer publishes a global listing, and the airport was not listed in the 2017 North American ranking.


title: Boise Airport

text: The Boise Airport was a hub for Horizon Air from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. Horizon Air was acquired by the Alaska Air Group, the parent company of Alaska Airlines, in 1986 and began code sharing flights for Alaska Airlines at that time. During the summer of 1990, Horizon Air was operating up to 36 departures a day from the airport to destinations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as well as direct one stop service to Salt Lake City. By 1999, Horizon Air was operating up to 22 departures a day from Boise with Fokker F28 Fellowship jets with additional flights being operated with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprops. The regional airline also previously operated Dornier 328, Fairchild F-27, and Swearingen Metroliner propjets. Boise is currently a focus city for Alaska Airlines service operated by both Horizon Air and code sharing partner SkyWest Airlines.


title: Boise Airport

text: Boise was also one of the primary destinations served by Cascade Airways which competed with Horizon Air. In 1985, Cascade was serving the airport with British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets and Swearingen Metroliner propjets with regional service in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Montana, as well as nonstop jet service to Reno, Nevada, and connecting flights to Canada at Calgary, Alberta.


title: Boise Airport

text: In the year ending January 1, 2019, the airport had 137,459 aircraft operations, average 376 per day: 49% general aviation, 36% airline, 7% air taxi, and 8% military. 269 aircraft were then based at this airport: 147 single-engine, 22 multi-engine, 37 jet, 17 helicopter and 46 military. Of the top 100 United States airports, BOI is among four airports that does not charge a PFC.


title: Boise Airport

text: The airport can handle minor maintenance and repairs through fixed-base operators Jackson Jet Center, Turbo Air and Western Aircraft.


title: Boise Airport

text: Law enforcement is handled by the Boise Police Department. In 2006, the Airport Division had an authorized strength of 1 lieutenant, 2 sergeants, and 28 officers, and there were five TSA certified K-9 units trained in explosive detection.


title: Boise Airport

text: The original layout was the primary runway (10R/28L) with two others at , both are retired but still visible as taxiways. The north–south runway (offset slightly northeast) was aligned with present-day S. Zeppelin Street (approximately with Owyhee Street to the north), and the east–west runway was offset slightly southwest. The intersection point of the two former runways was on today's main taxiway, near the terminal. The second parallel runway (10L/28R) was extended to the east in 1998.


title: Boise Airport

text: In 2008, city officials broke ground for Boise Air Terminal's a new airport traffic control tower, the latest facilities improvement. The tower's height at made it the tallest building in the state of Idaho until it was surpassed by the Zions Bank Idaho Headquarters Building in 2013 and the Northwest's tallest control tower. It was relocated to the south side of the airport in order to control an existing Guard assault strip, runway 09/27, south of Gowen Field. The tower was planned and constructed when it was believed that the radar functions would be moved to Salt Lake City in Utah. After it was decided to leave the radar positions in Boise, the facility at the base of the tower was redesigned and partially remodeled to house the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON).


title: Boise Airport

text: The tower and TRACON opened on September 16, 2013, with updated electronics and equipment, including the STARS radar system; improving services and safety for pilots and the flying public. With the expanded facilities and new equipment, the TRACON operates the approach control for Boise Airport, and also remotely operates the approach control for the Bozeman Airport in Montana. The TRACON was then renamed Big Sky Approach to reflect the broader geographical coverage. The consolidation of Boise and Bozeman approach control facilities into Big Sky Approach is part of the FAA's continuing plan to consolidate approach control services across the nation. Boise's TRACON was designed with the option of adding additional radar scopes, and may offer approach control services to other airports in the future.


title: Boise Airport

text: Gowen Field Air National Guard Base primarily refers to the military facilities on the south side of the runways, which includes Air National Guard, Army National Guard, and reserve units of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. The field is home to the 124th Fighter Wing (124 FW), Idaho Air National Guard, which consists of one flying squadron operationally-gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC) and 12 additional support units. The aircraft based at Gowen Field ANGB is the A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support attack aircraft of the 190th Fighter Squadron (190 FS).


title: Boise Airport

text: The 124 FW was previously designated as the 124th Wing (124 WG), a composite Air Combat Command (ACC) and Air Mobility Command (AMC) unit that also operated C-130H Hercules transport aircraft in the 189th Airlift Squadron (189 AS), the 189 AS being operationally-gained by AMC.


title: Boise Airport

text: BRAC 2005 directed that the Idaho Air National Guard divest itself of the C-130 mission by 2009, transferring its C-130s to the Wyoming Air National Guard, while retaining its A-10 fighter mission. This action was completed in 2009 and the 124 WG was redesignated the 124 FW at that time. The 124 FW is composed of over 1000 military personnel, consisting of just over 300 full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) and Air Reserve Technician (ART) personnel and over 700 traditional part-time Air National Guardsmen.


title: Boise Airport

text: In February 2011, FedEx donated a surplus Boeing 727-200 cargo jet (tail number N275FE) to the City of Boise for use as a training tool for emergency first responders. The aircraft—stripped of engines—is parked near the southeastern end of Boise's third runway—a location more than a mile southeast of, and not visible from, the main passenger terminal. Several agencies use the plane for training purposes.


title: State President of South Africa

text: The State President of the Republic of South Africa () was the head of state of South Africa from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic on 31 May 1961, albeit, outside the Commonwealth of Nations, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of South Africa was accordingly abolished. From 1961 to 1984, the post was largely ceremonial. After constitutional reforms enacted in 1983 and taking effect in 1984, the State President became an executive post, and its holder was both head of state and head of government.


title: State President of South Africa

text: The State President was appointed by both Houses of the Parliament of South Africa (Senate of South Africa and the House of Assembly of South Africa) in the form of an electoral college.


title: State President of South Africa

text: The office was abolished in 1994, with the end of Apartheid and the transition to democratic majority rule. Since then, the head of state and head of government is known simply as the President of South Africa.


title: State President of South Africa

text: Republicanism had long been a plank in the platform of the ruling National Party. However, it was not until 1960, 12 years after it took power, that it was able to hold a referendum on the issue. A narrow majority—52 percent— of the minority white electorate voted in favour of abolishing the monarchy and declaring South Africa a republic.


title: State President of South Africa

text: The Republic of South Africa was proclaimed on 31 May 1961. Charles Robberts Swart, the last Governor-General, was sworn in as the first State President. The title 'State President' was originally used for the head of state of the Boer Republics, and like them, the holder of the office wore a sash with the Republic's coat of arms. He was elected to a seven-year term by the Parliament of South Africa, and was not eligible for re-election.


title: State President of South Africa

text: The National Party decided against having an executive presidency, instead adopting a minimalist approach as a conciliatory gesture to English-speaking whites who were opposed to a republic. As such, the State President performed mostly ceremonial duties, and was bound by convention to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet.


title: State President of South Africa

text: In practice, the post of State President was a sinecure for retired National Party ministers, as the Governor-General's post had been since 1948. Consequently, all State Presidents from 1961 to 1984 were white, Afrikaner, male, and over 60.


title: State President of South Africa

text: Following constitutional reforms, in 1984, the office of State President became an executive post, as in the United States. The Prime Minister's post was abolished, and its powers were "de facto" merged with those of the State President. He was elected by an electoral college of 88 members — 50 Whites, 25 Coloureds, and 13 Indians – from among the members of the Tricameral Parliament. The members of the electoral college were elected by the respective racial groups of the Tricameral Parliament — the white House of Assembly, Coloured House of Representatives and Indian House of Delegates. He held office for the Parliament's duration—in practice, five years. The last Prime Minister, P. W. Botha, was elected as the first executive State President.


title: State President of South Africa

text: The State President was vested with sweeping executive powers — in most respects, even greater than those of comparative offices like the President of the United States. He had sole jurisdiction over matters of "national" concern, such as foreign policy and race relations. He was chairman of the President's Council, which resolved disputes between the three chambers regarding "general affairs" legislation. This body consisted of 60 members – 20 members appointed by the House of Assembly, 10 by the House of Representatives, five by the House of Delegates and 25 directly by the State President.


title: State President of South Africa

text: Although the reforms were billed as a power-sharing arrangement, the composition of the electoral college and President's Council made it all but impossible for the white chamber to be outvoted on any substantive matter. Thus, the real power remained in white hands — and in practice, in the hands of the National Party, which had a large majority in the white chamber. As Botha was leader of the National Party, the system placed nearly all governing power in his hands.


title: State President of South Africa

text: Botha resigned in 1989 and was succeeded by F. W. de Klerk, who oversaw the transition to majority rule in 1994.


title: State President of South Africa

text: Under South Africa's first non-racial constitution, adopted in 1994, the head of state (and of government) is known simply as the President. However, since the declaration of the republic in 1961, most non-South African sources had referred to the State President as simply the "President". The leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, was sworn in as President on 10 May 1994.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: Founded in 1948 by Vittorio Bertazzoni as an enameling and metalworking company, the Smeg company preserves the memory of the activity originally carried out in the acronym Smalterie Metallurgiche Emiliane Guastalla.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: During the 1950s the company’s metalworking background was accompanied by the production of its first cooking appliances. In 1956, the company presented "Elisabeth", one of the first gas cookers equipped with automatic ignition, a safety valve in the oven and a cooking programmer.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: In the 1960s, Smeg introduced its first ever washing machine, the Leda, and then introduced the 60 cm Niagara dishwasher, known for its unprecedented load capacity of 14 place settings.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: Having started in the residential sector, Smeg later entered the commercial market. Smeg Food Service manufactures appliances for the hotel, restaurant and catering market and Smeg Instruments supplies disinfection equipment to hospitals and dental surgeries.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: The design and manufacture of Smeg appliances is concentrated in four factories based in Northern Italy, each specialising in a specific type of appliance. Smeg has subsidiaries worldwide, overseas offices and an extensive sales network.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: Smeg has developed a product collection in collaboration with architects and designers, including Guido Canali (who also designed the company headquarters in Guastalla), Mario Bellini, Renzo Piano, Marc Newson and deepdesign.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: In 1997, Smeg released their retro-style refrigerators. Produced in several colours, the FAB28 bore the distinctive SMEG lettering, deep curved doors and a chunky handle evocative of the 1950s.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: Fridge-freezer versions followed and colour options expanded to include pink, yellow, orange and lime plus special editions, including a Union Jack door.


title: Smeg (appliances)

text: In 2014, Smeg extended the FAB 50s style range further, with a collection of small domestic appliances such as toasters and kettles.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Daniel Peter Seraphine (born August 28, 1948) is an American drummer, record producer, theatrical producer and film producer. He is best known as the original drummer and founding member of the rock band Chicago, a tenure which lasted from February 1967 to May 1990.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Daniel Peter Seraphine was born in Chicago to John and Mary Seraphine. The family lived in the Dunning neighborhood on Chicago's northwest side. He started playing drums at the age of nine while attending St. Priscilla Catholic grade school. When he was 15 years old, Seraphine withdrew from Steinmetz High School. Outside of school he joined a local gang called the JPs.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: In December 1965, after deciding to quit as a professional drummer, he was invited to join Jimmy Ford and the Executives, Dick Clark's road band. Already in the band were Terry Kath on bass and Walter Parazaider on saxophone. After being let go from Jimmy Ford and the Executives when it merged with another local band, Little Artie and the Pharaohs (under the new name, The Mob) the three of them were invited to join a cover band called The Missing Links.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: He studied privately with percussionist Bob Tilles at DePaul University, where future members of Chicago were also studying. Seraphine cites his influences as Buddy Rich, Tony Williams, Elvin Jones, Grady Tate, Ringo Starr, Mitch Mitchell, and Hal Blaine.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: He continued his education with big band drummer Chuck Flores, followed by two years of study under jazz drummer Jo Jones (also known as Papa Jo Jones) in the mid-1970s.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Early in 1967, Seraphine approached his two new friends Walter Parazaider (saxophone and woodwinds) and Terry Kath about leaving the cover band they were in and starting a new band with a horn section. Kath switched from bass guitar to guitar, his first love. After the addition of Lee Loughnane (trumpet), James Pankow (trombone), Robert Lamm (keyboards) and Peter Cetera (bass), the band began performing initially as a cover band called The Big Thing (sometimes called The Big Sound), before settling on Chicago Transit Authority, which was soon shortened to "Chicago" because of threatened legal action by the actual Chicago Transit Authority.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Their producer and manager, James William Guercio, moved the group to Los Angeles where they landed a regular gig at the Whisky a Go Go. They subsequently obtained a contract with Columbia Records and recorded their first album — a double album — in two weeks. This eponymous album "Chicago Transit Authority" was released in 1969. Second only to the Beach Boys in terms of "Billboard" singles and albums chart success among American bands, Chicago is one of the longest-running and most successful pop and rock groups.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Seraphine co-wrote several songs for the band: "Lowdown" (a Top 40 hit for the band); the instrumentals "Prelude to Aire", "Aire", and "Devil's Sweet" from the album "Chicago VII"; "Little One" and "Take Me Back to Chicago" from "Chicago XI"; "Greatest Love on Earth" from "Hot Streets"; "Street Player" from "Chicago XIII"; "Thunder and Lightning" and "Birthday Boy" from "Chicago XIV"; and "Sonny Think Twice" from "Chicago XVI". His writing partner was often David "Hawk" Wolinski, the keyboardist for Rufus featuring Chaka Khan although Seraphine has occasionally co-written with other members of the band like Peter Cetera, Robert Lamm and Bill Champlin. In 2013 "Street Player" was sampled by The Bucketheads for the dance hit "The Bomb! (These Sounds Fall into My Mind)", and later by rapper Pitbull for the hit "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" from the album "Rebelution". The song samples "75, Brazil Street" by Nicola Fasano versus Pat Rich, which itself samples "Street Player". "I Know You Want Me" has also been featured in "Dance Central", the dancing game for Kinect, "Dance Dance Revolution X2" for PlayStation 2, and "SingStar Dance", the dancing game for PlayStation Move.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Seraphine and Wolinski also started a production company called Street Sense. Seraphine used his home studio to record demos. A deal was signed with Epic Records with the idea of fostering new talent.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: In 1974, during the peak of the band's career, Seraphine co-founded B'Ginnings, a music venue with capacity of almost 1,000, in the northwest suburbs of Chicago.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Seraphine was let go from Chicago in May 1990, after disagreements with the band that were chronicled in his book "Street Player: My Chicago Story". After his departure, veteran session drummer Tris Imboden joined the band in time for "Twenty 1".


title: Danny Seraphine

text: In early 2006, after about 15 years of hiatus from actively playing music, Danny Seraphine debuted a new band, California Transit Authority (CTA), featuring himself on drums, Marc Bonilla on lead guitar, Mick Mahan on bass guitar, Ed Roth and Peter Fish on keyboards, Mike Wallace on guitar, and Tower of Power singer Larry Braggs on vocals. Seraphine and Bonilla initially put the band together to play charity benefit shows. Their repertoire included several Chicago songs. The response from the public was strong enough to persuade Seraphine to continue and write original material with the other band members. Bill Champlin's son, Will Champlin, later joined the band as vocalist.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: CTA released their first studio album, "Full Circle", on August 14, 2007, followed by a tour of the United States. The band's second album "Sacred Ground" was released on March 21, 2013. Former Chicago members like Bill Champlin, Jeff Coffey, Donnie Dacus and Laudir de Oliveira occasionally sat in with the band. As of 2022 former Coffey has joined the band on a permanent basis.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: The current lineup (2022) is: Danny Seraphine - Drums, Marc Bonilla - Guitar/Vocals, Travis Davis - Bass/Guitar/Vocals, Ed Roth - Keyboards, Jeff Coffey - Bass/Guitar/Vocals


title: Danny Seraphine

text: 2009 saw the release of "Lonely Street", a film for which Seraphine served as an executive producer and the music supervisor. In 2010 he published his aforementioned autobiography "Street Player: My Chicago Story". In the same year, he released the biographical and instructional DVD "The Art of Jazz Rock Drumming" produced by The Drum Channel.


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Seraphine has been ranked by "Rolling Stone" magazine as one of the top 100 drummers of all time. In 2010, Seraphine received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Cape Breton Drum Festival. In 2011, he also won a Lifetime Achievement Award, Montreal Drum Festival. Additionally, he was recognized by the ASCAP as a co-writer of Pitbull's "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)".


title: Danny Seraphine

text: On May 9, 2015, the City of Chicago dedicated the 3500 block of North Normandy Avenue on Chicago's northwest side "Honorary Danny Seraphine Way".


title: Danny Seraphine

text: Seraphine plays DW drums, pedals & hardware, Aquarian drumheads, Zildjian cymbals and drumsticks. He had previously endorsed Rogers, Slingerland and Yamaha drums in the past prior to endorsing DW in 1988. With Chicago, Seraphine used Rogers and Slingerland drums; and in the 1970s, he used an array of Slingerland drum kits in both recording and touring and in a variety of configurations. He switched to Yamaha Drums around 1984 before the departure of singer and bassist Peter Cetera. In 1988, he switched to Drum Workshop, which he has been with ever since. He had previously used Pro-Mark drumsticks, but eventually switched to using Danny Seraphine signature drumsticks, a line created for him by Zildjian, and for many years, he used Remo heads.


title: Seasoning

text: Seasoning is the process of supplementing food via herbs, spices, salts, and/or sugar, intended to enhance a particular flavour.


title: Seasoning

text: Seasonings include herbs and spices, which are themselves frequently referred to as "seasonings". However, "Larousse Gastronomique" states that "to season and to flavor are not the same thing", insisting that seasoning includes a large or small amount of salt being added to a preparation. Salt may be used to draw out water, or to magnify a natural flavor of a food making it richer or more delicate, depending on the dish. This type of procedure is akin to curing. For instance, sea salt (a coarser-grained salt) is rubbed into chicken, lamb, and beef to tenderize the meat and improve flavour. Other seasonings like black pepper and basil transfer some of their flavors to the food. A well-designed dish may combine seasonings that complement each other.


title: Seasoning

text: In addition to the choice of herbs and seasoning, the timing of when flavors are added will affect the food that is being cooked or otherwise prepared.


title: Seasoning

text: In some cultures, meat may be seasoned by pouring seasoning sauce over the dish at the table. A variety of seasoning techniques exist in various cultures. Seasoning means bringing out or intensifying the natural flavor of the food without changing it. Seasonings are usually added near the end of the cooking period. The most common seasonings are salt, pepper, and acids (such as lemon juice). When seasonings are used properly, they cannot be tasted; their job is to heighten the flavors of the original ingredients.


title: Seasoning

text: Researchers have found traces of garlic mustard seeds in prehistoric pots that also contained traces of other animals, making this the earliest recording of seasoning food.


title: Seasoning

text: Infused oils are also used for seasoning. There are two methods for doing an infusion—hot and cold. Olive oil makes a good infusion base for some herbs, but tends to go rancid more quickly than other oils. Infused oils should be kept refrigerated. It is important to note that butter is not considered a seasoning.


title: Seasoning

text: In "Le Guide culinaire", Auguste Escoffier divides seasoning and condiments into the following groups:


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. The data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, or, increasingly, cryo-electron microscopy, and submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are freely accessible on the Internet via the websites of its member organisations (PDBe, PDBj, RCSB, and BMRB). The PDB is overseen by an organization called the Worldwide Protein Data Bank, wwPDB.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The PDB is a key in areas of structural biology, such as structural genomics. Most major scientific journals and some funding agencies now require scientists to submit their structure data to the PDB. Many other databases use protein structures deposited in the PDB. For example, SCOP and CATH classify protein structures, while PDBsum provides a graphic overview of PDB entries using information from other sources, such as Gene ontology.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: Two forces converged to initiate the PDB: a small but growing collection of sets of protein structure data determined by X-ray diffraction; and the newly available (1968) molecular graphics display, the Brookhaven RAster Display (BRAD), to visualize these protein structures in 3-D. In 1969, with the sponsorship of Walter Hamilton at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Edgar Meyer (Texas A&M University) began to write software to store atomic coordinate files in a common format to make them available for geometric and graphical evaluation. By 1971, one of Meyer's programs, SEARCH, enabled researchers to remotely access information from the database to study protein structures offline. SEARCH was instrumental in enabling networking, thus marking the functional beginning of the PDB.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The Protein Data Bank was announced in October 1971 in Nature New Biology as a joint venture between Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, UK and Brookhaven National Laboratory, US.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: Upon Hamilton's death in 1973, Tom Koeztle took over direction of the PDB for the subsequent 20 years. In January 1994, Joel Sussman of Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science was appointed head of the PDB. In October 1998,


title: Protein Data Bank

text: the PDB was transferred to the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB); the transfer was completed in June 1999. The new director was Helen M. Berman of Rutgers University (one of the managing institutions of the RCSB, the other being the San Diego Supercomputer Center at UC San Diego). In 2003, with the formation of the wwPDB, the PDB became an international organization. The founding members are PDBe (Europe), RCSB (USA), and PDBj (Japan). The BMRB joined in 2006. Each of the four members of wwPDB can act as deposition, data processing and distribution centers for PDB data. The data processing refers to the fact that wwPDB staff review and annotate each submitted entry. The data are then automatically checked for plausibility (the source code for this validation software has been made available to the public at no charge).


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The PDB database is updated weekly (UTC+0 Wednesday), along with its holdings list. , the PDB comprised:


title: Protein Data Bank

text: Most structures are determined by X-ray diffraction, but about 10% of structures are determined by protein NMR. When using X-ray diffraction, approximations of the coordinates of the atoms of the protein are obtained, whereas using NMR, the distance between pairs of atoms of the protein is estimated. The final conformation of the protein is obtained from NMR by solving a distance geometry problem. After 2013, a growing number of proteins are determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Clicking on the numbers in the linked external table displays examples of structures determined by that method.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: For PDB structures determined by X-ray diffraction that have a structure factor file, their electron density map may be viewed. The data of such structures is stored on the "electron density server".


title: Protein Data Bank

text: Historically, the number of structures in the PDB has grown at an approximately exponential rate, with 100 registered structures in 1982, 1,000 structures in 1993, 10,000 in 1999, and 100,000 in 2014.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The file format initially used by the PDB was called the PDB file format. The original format was restricted by the width of computer punch cards to 80 characters per line. Around 1996, the "macromolecular Crystallographic Information file" format, mmCIF, which is an extension of the CIF format was phased in. mmCIF became the standard format for the PDB archive in 2014. In 2019, the wwPDB announced that depositions for crystallographic methods would only be accepted in mmCIF format.


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The structure files can be downloaded in any of these three formats, though an increasing number of structures do not fit the legacy PDB format. Individual files are easily downloaded into graphics packages from Internet URLs:


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The "codice_5" is the PDB identifier. Each structure published in PDB receives a four-character alphanumeric identifier, its PDB ID. (This is not a unique identifier for biomolecules, because several structures for the same molecule—in different environments or conformations—may be contained in PDB with different PDB IDs.)


title: Protein Data Bank

text: The structure files may be viewed using one of several free and open source computer programs, including Jmol, Pymol, VMD, Molstar and Rasmol. Other non-free, shareware programs include ICM-Browser, MDL Chime, UCSF Chimera, Swiss-PDB Viewer, StarBiochem (a Java-based interactive molecular viewer with integrated search of protein databank), Sirius, and VisProt3DS (a tool for Protein Visualization in 3D stereoscopic view in anaglyph and other modes), and Discovery Studio. The RCSB PDB website contains an extensive list of both free and commercial molecule visualization programs and web browser plugins.


title: Tell No One

text: Tell No One () is a 2006 French thriller film directed by Guillaume Canet and based on the 2001 novel of the same name by Harlan Coben. Written by Canet and Philippe Lefebvre and starring François Cluzet, the film won four categories at the 2007 César Awards in France: Best Director (Guillaume Canet), Best Actor (François Cluzet), Best Editing and Best Music Written for a Film.


title: Tell No One

text: Dr. Alexandre Beck has been slowly putting his life back together since his wife, Margot, was apparently murdered by a serial killer eight years previously. However, Alex finds himself implicated in a double homicideeven though he knows nothing of the crimes. The same day, he receives an email that appears to be from Margot, which includes a link to surveillance footage that shows his wife looking alive and well; the message warns Alex that they are both being watched. As Alex struggles to stay one step ahead of the law, henchmen intimidate his acquaintances into telling them whatever they might know about him, eventually killing a friend named Charlotte. In the meantime, Alex's lesbian sister Anne persuades her well-off partner Hélène to hire a respected attorney, Élisabeth Feldman, to handle his case.


title: Tell No One

text: Margot attempts to arrange a meeting with Alex by sending him an email that he must read in an internet café to avoid being spied on. Before this meeting can take place, a warrant is issued for Alex's arrest for Charlotte's murder. Alex goes on the run whilst his friends and lawyers struggle to find out the truth about the murder and Margot's reappearance. As he is being pursued by police, Alex is rescued by Bruno, a gangster from a rough part of the city who feels he owes Alex a favor. The mysterious henchmen reappear to prevent Alex's meeting with his wife, but he is rescued once again by Bruno. Margot is seen almost escaping on a flight to Buenos Aires. Élizabeth proves that Alex has an alibi for Charlotte's murder thanks to eyewitness accounts at the internet café.


title: Tell No One

text: Alex notes the numerous mysteries about his wife's deathmysterious photos of her covered in bruises and traces of heroin in her body. He soon discovers that Margot's father faked her death: she had discovered that Philippe Neuville, the young son of a local aristocrat, was a pedophile rapist whose activities were covered up with help from the police; when she confronted him, Philippe beat her, causing the bruises. Margot's father explains that he walked in on the beating and shot Philippe. The elder Neuville hired thugs to kill Margot; having tapped the phone call, Margot's father doubled the payout for one of the thugs to fake her murder instead, kill the other thug, and knock out Alex in the process. After shooting the second thug and burying both, Margot's father used the body of a dead heroin addict to stand in for Margot's.


title: Tell No One

text: Police, listening in on the father's confession, attempt to arrest him, but he shoots himself dead before they can do so. It is revealed that Margot's father knew Alex was wearing a wire, and that during a moment in which he had blocked the bug's transmission had told Alex one last thing: it was in fact Margot who shot Philippe after he beat her; her father was covering up her crime, not his. His actions have ensured that she will never be suspected. Philippe's father is arrested, and Alex and Margot reunite at the lake where they fell in love as children.


title: Tell No One

text: The script made several alterations to the book; a torture expert changed from an Asian male to a white female, and the identity of the killer was switched. The book's author was quoted in an interview as saying that the film's ending was better than his original ending.


title: Tell No One

text: Academy Award-winning British actor Michael Caine said of the film it was the best he had seen in 2007 on the BBC's "Film 2007" programme. He also included it among his Top Ten movies of all time in his 2010 autobiography, "The Elephant to Hollywood".


title: Tell No One

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives "Tell No One" a "Certified Fresh" rating of 94% based on reviews from 104 critics. Metacritic give the film 82/100 based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Tell No One

text: The film generated $17million in ticket sales during its first four weeks at the French box office. In total, the film grossed $22,194,261 in France becoming the 12th highest-grossing film of the year with 3,111,809 tickets sold. Music Box Films acquired the rights to the film and gave it a limited theatrical release on July 2, 2008. The film opened in eight theaters grossing $169,707 during its opening weekend. In total, the film grossed $6,177,192 in North America.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed rice and popped rice (or pop rice) are types of puffed grain made from rice commonly eaten in the traditional cuisines of Southeast Asia, East Asia, and South Asia. It has also been produced commercially in the West since 1904 and is popular in breakfast cereals and other snack foods.


title: Puffed rice

text: Traditional methods to puff or pop rice include frying in oil or salt. Western commercial puffed rice is usually made by heating rice kernels under high pressure in the presence of steam, though the method of manufacture varies widely. They are either eaten as loose grains or made into puffed rice cakes.


title: Puffed rice

text: While the terms "puffed rice" and "popped rice" are used interchangeably, they are properly different processes. Puffed rice refers to pre-gelatinized rice grains (either by being parboiled, boiled, or soaked) that are puffed by the rapid expansion of steam upon cooking. Puffed rice retains the shape of the rice grain, but is much larger. Popped rice, on the other hand, refers to rice grains where the hull or the bran is intact. When cooked, the kernel explodes through the hard outer covering due to heating. Popped rice has an irregular shape similar to popcorn. There are various methods, both modern and traditional, for making puffed and popped rice.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed rice or other grains are occasionally found as street food in China (called ""mixiang"" 米香), Taiwan (called ""bí-phang"" 米芳), Korea (called ""ppeong twigi"" 뻥튀기), and Japan (called ""pon gashi"" ), where hawkers implement the puffing process using an integrated pushcart/puffer featuring a rotating steel pressure chamber heated over an open flame. The great booming sound produced by the release of pressure serves as advertising.


title: Puffed rice

text: The earliest mention of puffed rice in China mainland is in Zhejiang Province, from a book by Fan Chengda written in the Song Dynasty (c. 1100). It was part of the rituals of the Spring Festival and was made in large cooking pots known as "fǔ" (釜) which was heated with woodfire. Puffed rice, known as "bào chǎo mǐ huā lou" (爆炒米花), is still a traditional street food in Shanghai where it is made by frying rice in oil and sugar.


title: Puffed rice

text: Traditional puffed rice cakes in Japanese cuisine are known as 'thunder cakes' or simply . In Edo Japan, the name okoshi was related to good luck, as the similar word okosu means to establish or set up. It is made by deep-frying sun-dried rice grains until they pop. It is then mixed with syrup (and other ingredients like peanuts or sesame seeds), pressed into trays, and dried. They are cut up into squarish or rectangular blocks before being sold. Traditional okoshi boxes feature images of Raijin, the Japanese god of thunder and lightning. Its earliest attestation was during the middle of the Edo Period, where it was sold as a snack outside the Sensō-ji of Asakusa, Tokyo. Modern "okoshi" can use a variety of other ingredients and flavors and are usually factory-made.


title: Puffed rice

text: Another type of Japanese puffed rice snack is , which are loose puffed rice grains. Its name literally means "carrot" because it is sold in a carrot-shaped cone.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed rice is also used in 'brown rice tea', a traditional Japanese tea beverage consisting of green tea mixed with roasted puffed brown rice.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Taiwan, puffed rice is known as "Bí-phang" or "pōng-bí-phang" (, the word ""pōng"" is the sound of the explosion when the pressure furnace is opened) in Taiwanese, "Mi-hsiang" () in Mandarin.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Korea, puffed rice is known as "twibap" () and is used to make "yeot-gangjeong" or to coat "gangjeong".


title: Puffed rice

text: Korea also has a tea beverage made with puffed rice called "hyeonmi-nokcha" (현미녹차, literally "brown rice green tea") made with green tea and roasted puffed brown rice.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Filipino cuisine, traditional puffed rice is known as "ampaw" or "ampao" (a term which also became applied to popcorn). It is made with cooked white rice (usually leftovers). It is dried in the sun for around four hours. They are then fried in hot oil to make them puff up. The oil is drained thoroughly after frying. The sugar glazing is cooked separately using muscovado sugar or molasses (or corn syrup), salt, butter, and vinegar or calamansi juice. The glazing is poured unto the puffed rice and mixed until the grains are evenly coated. It is then allowed to cool and shaped into the desired form before it fully hardens. They are usually cut into square or rectangular blocks or molded into balls.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Thai cuisine, a traditional popped rice snack is "krayasaat" (กระยาสารท). It is associated with the Buddhist "Saat" festival which is celebrated in autumn. It can be made with regular rice or glutinous rice. It is roasted directly in a dry pan like popcorn until they pop. It is mixed with caramelized palm sugar, coconut milk, peanuts, sesame seeds, and "khao mao" (pounded green rice).


title: Puffed rice

text: In Malay cuisine, traditional puffed rice is known as "bepang pulut" especially in Terengganu state. Glutinous rice is dried under sunlight and cooked with palm sugar. It is different from regular "bepang" which uses ground nuts instead of glutinous rice. Bepang pulut is famous as a gift from the host during wedding ceremony to visitors.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed Rice is a popular snack in Nepal which is known as ""Bhuja"-भुजा". It is used in a wide variety of recipes from simply eating it directly to making other dishes. Some people also refer to rice as "bhuja" which can be a little confusing.


title: Puffed rice

text: In India, puffed rice is known as "muri". Other regional names includes parmal, "puri", "mudhi", "murmura, murmuri", "borugulu" in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and "pori" in Tamil Nadu. It is a staple food in Odisha and West Bengal.


title: Puffed rice

text: It has been made since ancient times using a technique called hot salt frying in which parboiled rice (i.e. steamed and then dried) is puffed by preheated salt. Salt is heated in a pan until it is hot enough to pop rice added to it within seconds. Parboiled or dried pre-cooked rice is added to the heated contents of the pan and stirred. Puffing starts almost immediately and completes in less than a minute and the rice is scooped out by a sieve.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed rice is an ingredient of bhel puri, a popular Indian "chaat" (snack). It is offered to Hindu gods and goddesses in all poojas in the southern Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Pilgrims of Sabarimala often pack puffed rice in their Irumudikettu along with jaggery meant to be offered to Lord Ayyappan. Tamil saints say that Lord Ganesh loves pori, so it should be offered to him without fail. "Pori" has been mentioned in various Tamil literatures as an offering to Hindu deities. Offerings of pori and jaggery made to Vinayagar (Lord Ganesh) are mentioned in the Tiruppugazh, a 15th-century anthology of Tamil religious songs, written by Tamil poet Arunagirinathar. In Gujarati cuisine it is called 'Mamra' and are often used to make a dry snack by shallow frying in oil with spices or made into sweet balls using jaggery and ghee.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Telangana, as a snack typically given to children, puffed rice or borugulu is made into ball with jaggery sugar syrup or bellam pakam.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Karnataka, puffed rice is mixed with carrots, tomatoes, spices and coriander leaves to make churumuri, a popular evening snack.


title: Puffed rice

text: Under the initiative of Make in India, the Central Government of India decided that muri from Odisha would be part Indian traditional food among 12 traditional dishes from different states that would be launched globally.


title: Puffed rice

text: In Mithila and Bengal area, puffed rice is had with "kachari"-fried potato/onion chops, fried fish or with mutton curry. "Jhal-muri" and "Murhi-Bhuja" are also very popular snacks in this area. In Madhya Pradesh, this is referred to as Parmal and its very often eaten with Sev as a snack and also used in Bhel.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed Rice is a popular snack in Bangladesh. Mostly used to make "Jhalmuri," it is the most common and cheapest snack in Bangladesh. They use the same ancient method as India to prepare the puffed rice. This snack can be found anywhere in Bangladesh. In Old Dhaka, the "jhalmuri -wala" ("Jhalmuri-seller)" is still often seen dressed in colourful clothes, wearing anklet bells and calling out to the residents. Puffed rice is also mixed with jaggery and shaped into a rounded ball snack called "murir moa".


title: Puffed rice

text: In 1960s Czechoslovakia, state firm Vitana was the first to begin the production of 'expanded rice', as plain flavoured or sweetened snack. The product became popular under the names burizony () or arizonky. These continue to be produced to this day in Pardubice or Sereď.


title: Puffed rice

text: Puffed rice is formed by the reaction of both starch and moisture when heated within the shell of the grain. Unlike corn, rice kernels are naturally lacking in moisture and must first be conditioned with steam. Puffed rice can be created by heating the steam-conditioned kernels either with oil or in an oven. Rice puffed in this way is crisp, and known as "crisped rice". Oven-crisped rice is used to produce the Rice Krispies breakfast cereal as well as the crisped rice used in Lion Bars, Nestlé Crunch, Krackel, and similar chocolate bars. Though not as dramatic a change when compared to popcorn, the process and end result are the same.


title: Puffed rice

text: Another method of puffing rice is "gun puffing", where the grain is conditioned to the correct level of moisture and pressurized to around . When the pressure is suddenly released, the pressure stored inside the kernel causes it to puff out. This method produces a puffed rice which is spongy in texture.


title: Puffed rice

text: Rice can also be puffed by making a rice dough, and extruding small pellets which are then rapidly heated. The moisture in the dough flash boils and puffs the rice up. A cereal such as Cap'n Crunch is extruded, cooked, cut, pressurized, puffed and dried in a continuous process.


title: Puffed rice

text: The method of modern industrial puffed rice production is attributed to American inventor Alexander P. Anderson, who stumbled across puffing while trying to ascertain the water content of a single granule of starch, introduced the first puffing machine at the World's Fair in Saint Louis, Missouri, in 1904. His eight "guns" that puffed grains for Fair goers were dubbed "The Eighth Wonder of the World" by an advertising billboard poster. Once the puffing principle, technique and technology had been discovered by Anderson, the competition to puff ready-to-eat American breakfast cereal took over the economy of Battle Creek, Michigan, with Kellogg's and Quaker Oats being two memorable and still active names to endure through the early puffing frenzy.


title: Puffed rice

text: In the United States and Europe, puffed rice is served with milk as a breakfast cereal, a popular brand of this is Rice Krispies. Some chocolate bars, such as the Nestlé Crunch, include puffed rice, and puffed rice cakes are sold as low-calorie snacks.


title: Don Martindale

text: Don "Wink" Martindale (born May 19, 1963) is an American football coach who is the defensive coordinator for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). From 2018 to 2021, he held the same position for the Baltimore Ravens after spending the previous six seasons as the team's linebackers coach.


title: Don Martindale

text: Don Martindale was born on May 19, 1963, in Dayton, Ohio. Martindale attended Trotwood-Madison High School where he played linebacker for the Trotwood-Madison Rams and was an All-State selection his senior year.


title: Don Martindale

text: He is an alumnus of Defiance College, where he played on the football team. He got his nickname during his freshman year, when one of his teammates called him "Wink" after the longtime TV game show host, Wink Martindale.


title: Don Martindale

text: Right after college, Martindale took a job with his family's trucking company, hauling brake parts every day from Dayton, Ohio, to Detroit. It was a grueling six hour drive round-trip and he hated it, so he quit after a year to pursue his passion for coaching football.


title: Don Martindale

text: Martindale started his coaching career in the late 1980s at his alma mater, Defiance College, as an assistant for the Yellow Jackets. Martindale also coached for three seasons at Western Kentucky University on the staff of Jack Harbaugh. He also coached for three years at the University of Cincinnati, and in 1994 and 1995 was a defensive assistant at Notre Dame for teams that went to the Fiesta Bowl and Orange Bowl.


title: Don Martindale

text: From 2004 to 2008 he was the linebackers coach for the Oakland Raiders and was at one time under consideration to be their defensive coordinator.


title: Don Martindale

text: In 2009, Martindale was hired by the Denver Broncos as their linebackers coach. He was promoted to defensive coordinator in 2010.


title: Don Martindale

text: On February 2, 2012, the Ravens signed Martindale as linebackers coach. He had worked for Ravens head coach John Harbaugh's father, Jack, when he was an assistant at Western Kentucky.


title: Don Martindale

text: Martindale was part of the Ravens' coaching staff that won Super Bowl XLVII. In 2018, he was promoted to defensive coordinator. On January 21, 2022, Martindale and the Ravens parted ways.


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: Michael Roy Bates (born 2 August 1952), also known as Prince Michael of Sealand, is a British businessman and self-published author. He operates a micronation called the Principality of Sealand, which he inherited from his parents Paddy Roy Bates and Joan Bates. He has claimed the title "Prince of Sealand" since 2012.


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: Michael Bates was born to Roy and Joan Bates on 2 August 1952. On 24 December 1966, at the age of 14, Michael joined his father Roy in occupying HM Fort Roughs, where they established a pirate radio station. Michael left his boarding school to visit the platform and ended up never going back, stating, "I thought it was a six-week adventure, not 34 years." On 2 September 1967, Roy declared sovereignty over the platform, and moved his family permanently to Sealand, including wife Joan, son Michael, and daughter Penelope. Michael was a key participant in the battle to retake Sealand from the perpetrators of an attempted coup.


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: On whether Sealand is a sovereign state, Bates stated, "We have never asked for recognition, and we’ve never felt the need to ask for recognition. You don't have to have recognition to be a state, you just have to fulfill the criteria of the Montevideo Convention which is population, territory, government and the capacity to enter into negotiation with other states. We can and we have done all these things. We've had the German ambassador visit at one point to discuss something: that was defacto recognition. We've had communication with the president of France many years ago, but we have never asked for recognition and we don’t feel we need it."


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: In 2015, Bates published a memoir about his experiences with Sealand called "Principality of Sealand: Holding the Fort". Bates presented a discussion of his book at Estuary 2016, an art, literature, music and film festival.


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: In September 2017, Bates held a dinner to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Sealand, stating, "We're perhaps the most undemanding state in the world. We don't force anybody to worship any god or religion or anything. Maybe that's why we've lasted so long. Hopefully I'll be around for the next 50!"


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: Bates resides in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, within the United Kingdom. He wanted his three children to attend English schools.


title: Michael Bates (Sealand)

text: Bates runs a shellfish company that harvests cockles mainly for the Spanish market. The business, called Fruits of the Sea, is run by Bates and his sons James and Liam. He also has a daughter named Charlotte. All three children are with his former wife, Lorraine Wheeler. As of 2017, Bates's partner is Mei Shi.


title: Edward

text: Edward is an English given name. It is derived from the Anglo-Saxon name "Ēadweard", composed of the elements "ēad" "wealth, fortune; prosperous" and "weard" "guardian, protector”.


title: Edward

text: The name Edward was very popular in Anglo-Saxon England, but the rule of the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties had effectively ended its use amongst the upper classes. The popularity of the name was revived when Henry III named his firstborn son, the future Edward I, as part of his efforts to promote a cult around Edward the Confessor, for whom Henry had a deep admiration.


title: Edward

text: The name has been adopted in the Iberian peninsula since the 15th century, due to Edward, King of Portugal, whose mother was English. The Spanish/Portuguese forms of the name are Eduardo and Duarte. Other variant forms include French Édouard, Italian Edoardo and Odoardo, German, Dutch, Czech and Romanian Eduard and Scandinavian Edvard.


title: Sally Meen

text: Meen has a degree in Catering and Institutional Management, and latterly qualifications in Art and Design. Her TV career started out as a dancer on Benny Hill, then a continuity announcer on TSW, before becoming a weather presenter on GMTV. She then moved to become the hostess for two years on BBC TV's "Jim Davidson's The Generation Game" in 1995.


title: Sally Meen

text: She has presented on Talk Radio and 963 Liberty Radio in London, as well as appearing on satellite TV stations: TV Travel Shop, Thomas Cook TV, Carlton Food Network.


title: Sally Meen

text: Meen became engaged to Caron Keating's widower Russ Lindsay on Christmas Day 2005. The couple married in September 2006. They have two daughters Tilly Jennifer Lindsay (born 14 March 2008) and Fiona Lottie Lindsay (born 8 July 2010). Lindsay has two sons, Charlie and Gabriel, from his marriage to Keating. Meen is the maternal half-sister of actor Matthew Goode.


title: Jay Underwood

text: Jay Underwood (born October 1, 1968) is an American actor and pastor. Beginning a prolific career as a teen actor in the mid-1980s, he is perhaps best known for his starring feature film roles; portraying Eric Gibb in "The Boy Who Could Fly", Chip Carson in "Not Quite Human", Grover Dunn in "The Invisible Kid", Sonny Bono in "The Sonny and Cher Story", and Bug in "Uncle Buck". He also portrayed the Human Torch in the 1994 unreleased film "Fantastic Four".


title: Jay Underwood

text: In 2001, Underwood was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award for his role in "The Boy Who Could Fly". Recently, Underwood appeared in the feature film "No Greater Love", released in 2010.


title: Jay Underwood

text: Underwood worked for Calvary Bible Church in Burbank, California as junior high pastor from August 2005 to June 2007 while attending The Master's Seminary, and was the full-time pastor of First Baptist Church of Weaverville, California from 2007 to 2020. As of January 1, 2021, Jay returned to Calvary Bible Church in Burbank and is currently Interim Pastor-Teacher.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Villette () is an 1853 novel written by English author Charlotte Brontë. After an unspecified family disaster, the protagonist Lucy Snowe travels from her native England to the fictional French-speaking city of Villette to teach at a girls' school, where she is drawn into adventure and romance.


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Villette" was Charlotte Brontë's third and last novel published during her life. It was preceded in writing by "The Professor" (her posthumously published first novel, of which "Villette" is a reworking, though still not very similar), "Jane Eyre", and "Shirley".


title: Villette (novel)

text: In 1842 Charlotte Brontë, at the age of 26, travelled to Brussels, Belgium, with her sister Emily. There they enrolled in a "pensionnat" (boarding school) run by M. and Mme. Constantin Héger. In return for board and tuition, Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music.


title: Villette (novel)

text: The sisters' time at the "pensionnat" was cut short when their aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, died in October 1842. Elizabeth had joined the Brontë family to care for the children after the death of her sister, their mother Maria Brontë, née Maria Branwell.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Charlotte returned, alone, to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the "pensionnat". Her second stay in Brussels was not a happy one. She became lonely and homesick, and fell in love with M. Héger, a married man. She finally returned to her family's rectory in Haworth, England, in January 1844.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Charlotte drew on this source material for her first (albeit unsuccessful) novel "The Professor". After several publishers had rejected it, Brontë reworked the material and made it the basis of "Villette". Most literary historians believe that the character of M. Paul Emanuel is closely based upon that of M. Héger. Furthermore, the character of Graham Bretton is widely acknowledged to have been modelled upon Brontë's publisher, George Murray Smith.


title: Villette (novel)

text: The novel is initially set in the English countryside, and later follows Lucy Snowe, the main character to the fictional Belgian town of Villette, a Gothic town where the majority of the action takes place. Villette is modelled upon the city of Brussels and is set in the fictional kingdom of Labassecour (modelled on Belgium). "La basse-cour" is French for "the farmyard".


title: Villette (novel)

text: Lucy Snowe: The narrator and main character of "Villette". A quiet, self-reliant, intelligent, 23-year-old woman. Lucy has, as Miss Ginevra Fanshawe asserts, "no attractive accomplishments – no beauty" as Lucy does her best not to stand out or form attachments. Although she seems to lack any living relatives, she is the god-daughter of Mrs. Bretton.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Though usually reserved and emotionally self-controlled, Lucy has strong feelings and affections for those whom she really values. She even sincerely cares for the giddy Ginevra, albeit in a blunt, curmudgeonly fashion. She is a firm Protestant and denounces Roman Catholicism as false ("God is not with Rome"). She falls in love with M. Emanuel and consents to marry him someday. With his help Lucy leaves Mme Beck's and establishes her own school.


title: Villette (novel)

text: M. Paul Emanuel: An irascible, autocratic professor at Mme. Beck's "pensionnat". He is also a relative of Mme. Beck. Although he insults Lucy frequently, Lucy comes to relish his good qualities. He is generous; he delights in giving Lucy secret presents. He is kind and magnanimous, as is shown by his supporting and sheltering the elderly grandmother of his dead fiancée, Justine Marie, together with his former tutor (Père Silas) and a servant. He is a devout Catholic and tries to convert Lucy, a Protestant, to Catholicism but fails. As he grows closer to Lucy and falls in love with her everyone in his life attempts to keep them apart, and he is eventually banished to a family-owned plantation in Guadeloupe for three years. At the end of the novel, it is strongly hinted that he dies in a shipwreck attempting to return to Labassecour.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Dr. John Graham Bretton: A handsome young English gentleman who is a physician. He is the son of Lucy's godmother, Mrs. Bretton. He is described as "cheerful," "benignant," and "bland." Lucy, when young, showed no particular fondness for him. However, when they meet again ten years later, their cool friendship is more than rekindled, and Lucy secretly begins to cherish an affection for him. Graham does not return this affection, however, and calls her "quiet Lucy Snowe" and "a being inoffensive as a shadow." He has, at first, a passion for Ginevra Fanshawe, until her love of money and a sneer at Mrs. Bretton quenches his love at last. He then falls in love with Polly de Bassompierre. Lucy conquers her love for him and buries all his treasured letters to her, saying, "Good-night, Dr. John; you are good, you are beautiful but you are not mine. Good-night, and God bless you!" John and Polly eventually marry and live a happy life together.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Mrs. Bretton: Dr. John Graham Bretton's mother and Lucy's godmother. She is a widow and has "health without flaw, and her spirits of that tone and equality which are better than a fortune to the possessor." She is immensely proud of her son but is not above teasing him.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Polly Home/Countess Paulina Mary de Bassompierre: A 17-year-old English girl who is a cousin of Ginevra Fanshawe. She is first introduced to the story as a very young girl, who is called Polly. As a child, she was very fond of Graham Bretton. She grows to be a beautiful young lady who is delicate and intelligent. Upon meeting Graham again, their friendship develops into love, and they eventually marry. She is somewhat prideful. Lucy says of her, "She looked a mere doll," and describes her as shaped like "a model." She and Lucy are friends. Although Lucy is often pained by Polly's relationship with Graham, she looks upon their happiness without a grudge.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Mr. Home/Count de Bassompierre: Polly's father, who inherited his noble title within recent years. He is a sensitive and thoughtful man who loves his daughter. When he notices Polly's relationship with Graham, he has difficulty recognizing and accepting that his daughter is now a grown woman. He regards her as a mere child and calls her his "little treasure" or "little Polly." He at last relinquishes Polly to Graham, saying, "May God deal with you as you deal with her!" He lives to a ripe old age.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Ginevra Fanshawe: A beautiful but shallow and vain 18-year-old English girl with a light, careless temperament. She is an incorrigible coquette and has a relish for flirtation. Although related to the Homes/Bassonpierres her own family is not wealthy, and she expects others to finance her lavish tastes. Lucy meets her on a ship journeying to France. Ginevra is a student at Madame Beck's, and it is her passing remark, "I wish you would come to Madame Beck's; she has some marmots [Fr. "kids"] you might look after: she wants an English gouvernante, or was wanting one two months ago," which prompts Lucy to go to Villette. Despite Ginevra's faults, Lucy has a certain fondness for her. Ginevra thinks of Lucy as "caustic, ironic, and cynical," calling her "old lady," "dear crosspatch," and most frequently "Timon" (after a Greek misanthrope who lived during the 5th century BC). Ginevra uses Graham shamelessly until he loses interest in her. She eventually elopes with a man named Count Alfred de Hamal and keeps in touch with Lucy via letters.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Count Alfred de Hamal: A colonel-count, Ginevra's suitor, has a Continental appearance with delicate features. Ginevra Fanshawe states "Colonel de Hamal is a gentleman of excellent connections, perfect manners, sweet appearance, with pale interesting face, and hair and eyes like an Italian. Then too he is the most delightful company possible—a man quite in my way; not sensible and serious like the other[Dr John]; but one with whom I can talk on equal terms". Lucy disagrees with her and says “The doll—the puppet—the manikin—the poor inferior creature[The colonel-count]! A mere lackey for Dr. John his valet, his foot-boy!"


title: Villette (novel)

text: Madame Beck: The owner and headmistress of the boarding school for girls where Lucy is employed. She is short and stout, but not uncomely. Her complexion is described as fresh. "She looked well, though a little bourgeois … ." She has good sense and is an excellent administrator, though that is because she spies on everyone and goes through their possessions frequently. Lucy says, "[S]he had no heart to be touched: it reminded her where she was impotent and dead." Lucy further describes her as "wise, firm, faithless; secret, crafty, passionless; watchful and inscrutable; acute and insensate — withal perfectly decorous — what more could be desired?" She seems attracted to Graham at first, but that dies away quickly. She then seeks to marry M. Paul Emanuel to keep him and his fortune under her thumb. She does all she can to keep Lucy and Paul apart, including conspiring with Père Silas.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Rosine: The pretty but unprincipled portress at Madame Beck's boarding school. She is "smart, trim, and pert" and "not a bad sort of person," according to Lucy. She likes to be bribed.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Père Silas': An elderly Catholic priest who makes it his mission, and later M. Emanuel's, to convert Lucy. He is the mentor of Paul Emanuel, and uses the latter's love of the late Justine Marie to manipulate him. He is instrumental in keeping M. Paul and Lucy apart.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Justine Marie: A deceased noviciate nun, the former love of Paul Emanuel. She had originally hoped to marry him, but her family's objections led her to join a convent. During her time at Mme Beck's, Lucy suspects she is being haunted by Justine's ghost.


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Villette" begins with its famously passive protagonist, Lucy Snowe, age 14, staying at the home of her godmother Mrs. Bretton in "the clean and ancient town of Bretton", in England. Also in residence are Mrs. Bretton's teenaged son, John Graham Bretton (whom the family calls Graham), and a young visitor, Paulina Home (who is called Polly). Polly is a serious little girl who soon develops a deep devotion to Graham, who showers her with attention. But Polly's visit is cut short when her father arrives to summon her to live with him abroad.


title: Villette (novel)

text: For reasons that are not stated, Lucy leaves Mrs. Bretton's home a few weeks after Polly's departure. Some years pass, during which an unspecified family tragedy leaves Lucy without family, home, or means. After some initial hesitation, she is hired as a caregiver by Miss Marchmont, a rheumatic crippled woman. Lucy is soon accustomed to her work and has begun to feel content with her quiet, frugal lifestyle.


title: Villette (novel)

text: The night of a dramatic storm, Miss Marchmont regains all her energy and feels young again. She shares with Lucy her sad love story of 30 years ago, and concludes that she should treat Lucy better and be a better person. She believes that death will reunite her with her dead lover. The next morning, Lucy finds Miss Marchmont died in the night.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Lucy then leaves the English countryside and goes to London. At the age of 23, she boards a ship for Labassecour (Belgium) despite knowing very little French. She travels to the city of Villette, where she finds employment as a "bonne" (nanny) at Mme. Beck's boarding school for girls (based upon the Hégers' Brussels "pensionnat"). After a time, she is hired to teach English at the school, in addition to having to mind Mme. Beck's three children. She thrives despite Mme. Beck's constant surveillance of the staff and students.


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Dr. John," a handsome English doctor, frequently visits the school at the behest of Mme Beck, and deepens his love for the coquette Ginevra Fanshawe. In one of "Villette"'s famous plot twists, "Dr. John" is later revealed to be John Graham Bretton, a fact that Lucy has known since he asked her why she was staring at him once, but has deliberately concealed from the reader. Graham recognises Lucy only after she is brought to Mrs. Bretton's new home after collapsing from fever and mental exhaustion during the Christmas break. After Dr. John (i.e., Graham) discovers Ginevra's classless character while at the theatre, he turns his attention to Lucy, and they become close friends. She values this friendship highly despite her usual emotional reserve.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Lucy and Graham meet Polly (Paulina Home) again at the same theatre; her father has inherited the title "de Bassompierre" and is now a Count. Thus her name is now Paulina Home de Bassompierre. Polly and Graham soon discover that they knew each other in the past and slowly renew their friendship. They fall in love and eventually marry.


title: Villette (novel)

text: Lucy becomes progressively closer to a colleague, the irascible, autocratic, and confrontational professor, M. Paul Emanuel, a relative of Mme. Beck. Lucy gradually realises that his apparent antagonism is actually helping her to overcome her weaknesses and to grow. She and Paul eventually fall in love.


title: Villette (novel)

text: However, a group of conspiring antagonists, including Mme. Beck, the priest Père Silas, and the relatives of M. Paul's long-dead fiancée, work to keep the two apart, on the grounds that a union between a Catholic and a Protestant is impossible. They finally succeed in forcing M. Paul's departure for the West Indies to oversee a plantation there. He nonetheless declares his love for Lucy before his departure and arranges for her to live independently as the headmistress of her own day school, which she later expands into a "pensionnat" (boarding school).


title: Villette (novel)

text: During the course of the novel, Lucy has three encounters with the figure of a nun — which may be the ghost of a nun who was buried alive on the school's grounds as punishment for breaking her vow of chastity. In a highly symbolic scene near the end of the novel, she discovers the "nun's" habit in her bed and destroys it. She later finds out that it was a disguise worn by Ginevra's amour, Alfred de Hamal, placed in Lucy's bed as a prank. The episodes with the nun no doubt contributed substantially to the novel's reputation as a gothic novel. Ginevra keeps in contact with Lucy through letters that show the young coquette has not changed and expects to live off of her uncle's (Basompierre's) good graces.


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Villette"'s final pages are ambiguous. Although Lucy says that she wants to leave the reader free to imagine a happy ending, she hints strongly that M. Paul's ship was destroyed by a storm during his return journey from the West Indies. She says that, "M. Emanuel was away three years. Reader, they were the three happiest years of my life." This passage suggests that he was drowned by the "destroying angel of tempest."


title: Villette (novel)

text: Brontë described the ambiguity of the ending as a "little puzzle" (quoted in Chapter XII of part 2 of Gaskell's "Life").


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Villette" is noted not so much for its plot as for its acute tracing of Lucy's psychology. The novel, in a gothic setting, simultaneously explores themes of isolation, doubling, displacement and subversion, and each of their impacts upon the protagonist's psyche.


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Villette" is sometimes celebrated as an exploration of gender roles and repression. In "The Madwoman in the Attic", critics Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar have argued that the character of Lucy Snowe is based in part on William Wordsworth's Lucy poems. Gilbert and Gubar emphasise the idea of feminine re-writing. Some critics have explored the issues of Lucy's psychological state in terms of what they call "patriarchal constructs" which form her cultural context.


title: Villette (novel)

text: "Villette" also explores isolation and cross-cultural conflict in Lucy's attempts to master the French language, as well as conflicts between her English Protestantism and Catholicism. Her denunciation of Catholicism is unsparing: e.g. "God is not with Rome."


title: Villette (novel)

text: ""Villette" is a still more wonderful book than "Jane Eyre". There is something almost preternatural in its power."—George Eliot


title: Villette (novel)

text: "It is her finest novel. All her force, and it is the more tremendous for being constricted, goes into the assertion, 'I love. I hate. I suffer.'"—Virginia Woolf


title: Villette (novel)

text: "The Daily Telegraph"'s Lucy Hughes-Hallett argues that "Villette" is greater than Brontë's most famous work, "Jane Eyre." She states that the novel is "an astonishing piece of writing, a book in which phantasmagorical set pieces alternate with passages of minute psychological exploration, and in which Brontë’s marvellously flexible prose veers between sardonic wit and stream-of-consciousness, in which the syntax bends and flows and threatens to dissolve completely in the heat of madness, drug-induced hallucination and desperate desire.".


title: Villette (novel)

text: Claire Fallon of "The Huffington Post" notes that "Villette" shares many themes with Brontë's previous works such as "Jane Eyre" yet highlights the dichotomy between the two novels' protagonists. "V"illette" bears a certain Brontëan resemblance to "Jane Eyre" -- gothic mysticism, spiritual intensity, bursts of passionate lyricism, a plain heroine making her way in an unfriendly world -- but is in many other ways its inverse. "Jane Eyre" works in sharp black and white, while "Villette" works in psychological and even factual grey areas. Where Jane’s specialness is stipulated, despite her poverty and plain looks, the heroine of Villette, Lucy Snowe, is an unassuming figure who spends the majority of the novel as a quiet observer. Jane insists on her own agency, while Lucy is reactive at best. Yet it is Lucy who truly breaks free of the expected domestic fate."


title: Villette (novel)

text: Jamaica Kincaid's novel "Lucy" (1990) draws numerous themes, character names, and plot elements from "Villette", both echoing its concern of female repression while also offering an implicit postcolonial critique of the novel's slave-owning love interest.


title: Villette (novel)

text: In 1970, the BBC produced a television miniseries based on "Villette", directed by Moira Armstrong and written by Lennox Phillips. It starred Judy Parfitt as Lucy Snowe, Bryan Marshall as Dr. John Graham Bretton, Peter Jeffrey as Paul Emanuel, and Mona Bruce as Mme. Beck.


title: Villette (novel)

text: In 1999, the novel was adapted as a three-hour radio serial for BBC Radio 4. It was broadcast in February 1999 with Catherine McCormack as Lucy Snowe, Joseph Fiennes as Dr. Graham Bretton, Harriet Walter as Mme. Beck, James Laurenson as M. Paul Emanuel, and Keira Knightley as Polly. It was directed by Catherine Bailey and written by James Friel. "Villette" went on to win a Sony Award.


title: Villette (novel)

text: In August 2009, the novel was adapted as a two-week-long serial by Rachel Joyce for BBC Radio 4, directed by Tracey Neale and with Anna Maxwell Martin as Lucy Snowe.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Nike, Inc. has been accused of using sweatshops and worker abuse to produce footwear and apparel in East Asia.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: After rising prices and the increasing cost of labor in Korean and Taiwanese factories, Nike began contracting in countries elsewhere in Asia. It sub-contracted factories without reviewing the conditions, based on lowest bid. It wasn't until 1991, when a report by Jeff Ballinger was published detailing their insufficient payment of workers and the poor conditions in their Indonesian factories, that these sweatshops came under the media and human rights scrutiny that continues to today.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: In 1996, Life magazine ran a reportage on child labor that included a shocking photo of a 12-year-old Pakistani boy sewing a Nike football. Nike has strongly denied the claims in the past, suggesting the company has little control over sub-contracted factories. Beginning in 2002, Nike began auditing its factories for occupational health and safety.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Backlash and its public relations impact forced the company to change methods, improve conditions, and begin implementing social responsibility reports in 2005. Nike has since began initiatives to improve their factory conditions.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Since March 2021, a coalition of over 200 unions and labour rights organizations called upon brands to negotiate directly with unions in the sector on an enforceable agreement on wage assurance, severance, and basic labour rights to fill the pandemic-era wage gap, ensure workers who are terminated receive their full severance, support stronger social protections for all workers, and to ensure basic labour rights are respected.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Early in Nike's production, it made use of factories in South Korea, Mainland China, and Taiwan. As their economies developed, the cost of labor in these countries rose, leading Nike to open additional factories in less developed countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam. Continuing to the 1990s, Nike experienced rapid growth after they moved their primary branches of production overseas. Record-breaking profits were reported and the number of factories increased to fulfill the consumers’ demand for Nike products.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: After initial reports, advocacy groups began looking at the conditions of the factories in which Nike, Inc. products were made. They found that the employees were commonly the poor inhabitants of the area surrounding the factory.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: The heads of the factories were typically American or European Nike contractors, who lived outside of the factory country and did not have any sort of relations with their employees. The duty of supervision was given to an upper-level factory worker. The authority of the supervisor included enforcing factory rules and maintaining efficiency standards.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: The findings of factory investigations show that the supervisor often oversteps their duties. The laws protecting the workers are ignored in favor of cutting costs and lowering health standards. This is possibly because inspectors and politicians are paid off by factory supervisors in order to limit governmental interference. The leaders relayed messages to military and police units to overlook the conditions in factories so that the illegal environment could remain open and functioning. They also were warned to watch for signs of labor activism near the factories to prevent workers from aligning with one another for better conditions.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: In 1991, activist Jeff Ballinger began publicizing the conditions of the Indonesian factories, which lead to larger media coverage of Nike's overseas operations. His reports included claims that an Indonesian worker was illegally working for 14-cents an hour, below national minimum wage.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: In 2005, protesters at over 40 universities demanded that their institutions endorse companies who use "sweat-free" labor. Many anti-sweatshop groups were student-led, such as the United Students Against Sweatshops. At Brown University, Nike went so far as to pull out from a contract with the women’s ice hockey team because of efforts by a student activist group that wanted a code of conduct put in place by the company.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Several universities, unified by the Worker Rights Consortium, organized a national hunger strike in protest of their school using Nike products for athletics. Feminist groups mobilized boycotts of Nike products after learning of the unfair conditions for the primarily female workers. In the early 1990s, when Nike began a push to increase advertising for female athletic gear, these groups created a campaign called "Just Don’t Do It" to bring attention to the poor factory conditions where women create Nike products.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Team Sweat is one of the largest groups that specifically tracks and protests about Nike. Team Sweat is "an international coalition of consumers, investors, and workers committed to ending the injustices in Nike’s sweatshops around the world" founded in 2000 by Jim Keady. While Keady was conducting his research about Nike at St. John’s University, the school signed a $3.5 million deal with Nike, forcing all athletes and coaches to endorse Nike. Keady publicly refused to support Nike and was forced to resign his position as soccer coach in 1998. Since resigning, Keady has done original research into the conditions in Nike's Sweatshops. He travelled to Indonesia and for a month lived among the Nike factory workers, surviving on $1.25 per day as the workers do.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: In 2016, the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) and Fair Labor Association (FLA) issued reports on working conditions at the Hansae Vietnam factory complex. The reports detailed various violations of labor standards. In response, students at Georgetown University held a sit-in in December to protest their school's contract with Nike. The university allowed the contract to expire. In July 2017, USAS organized a Global Day of Action Against Nike on which protests were held at numerous Nike stores. In August, Nike reached a new agreement with Georgetown University which granted the WRC full access to Nike's factories.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: In 2019, Nike received the worst rating in Tailored Wages UK report, published by The Clean Clothes Campaign. The report stated: "The brand can show no evidence of a Living Wage being paid to any workers". Moreover, in 2020, the "Washington Post" reported that Nike purchases from a factory that relies on forced labor from Uyghurs.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Later, Nike director Todd McKean stated in an interview that Nike originally did not claim the factories were their own as they had be subcontracted, and admitted the company engaged in irresponsible practices and could have done more to address the issue before.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Nike began to monitor working conditions in factories that produce their products. During the 1990s, Nike installed a code of conduct for their factories. This code is called SHAPE: Safety, Health, Attitude, People, and Environment. The company spends around $10 million a year to follow the code, adhering to regulations for fire safety, air quality, minimum wage, and overtime limits. In 1998, Nike introduced a program to replace its petroleum-based solvents with less dangerous water-based solvents. A year later, an independent expert stated that Nike had, "substituted less harmful chemicals in its production, installed local exhaust ventilation systems, and trained key personnel on occupational health and safety issues." The study was conducted in a factory in Vietnam.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Nike created a non-governmental organization called the Global Alliance for Workers and Communities that became aligned with several other groups including the International Youth Foundation. The organization releases reports about the corporation and its plans to improve current conditions. The Global Alliance received backlash in 2001 when a report about the Nike Inc. did not include recent events such as strikes, worker terminations, and the lack of collective bargaining in their Indonesian factories.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: Between 2002 and 2004, Nike audited its factories approximately 600 times, giving each factory a score on a scale of 1 to 100, which is then associated with a letter grade. Most factories received a "B", indicating some problems, or a "C", indicating that serious problems are not being resolved quickly enough. If a factory receives a "D", Nike threatens to stop producing in that factory unless the conditions are rapidly improved. Nike had plans to expand their monitoring process to include environmental and health issues beginning in 2004.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: The company has since allowed human rights groups and organizations to come into factories and inspect the working conditions, wages and speak personally with the workers.


title: Nike sweatshops

text: A study by the Nike-founded Global Alliance for Workers and Communities found that 70% of Nike factory workers in Thailand rated their supervisors as good and 72% thought their income was fair. In Vietnam, most workers "thought the factory was a 'good place to work' and planned to continue at least three years," and 85% of those polled felt safe there. Further, they felt that the factory offered a more stable career and higher income than farm work.