title: Apadravya

text: An apadravya is usually done in one session, though sometimes in two; the first creating a Prince Albert and the second (after healing) completing the apadravya. Straight barbells are the usual jewelry for apadravya piercings. The barbell must be long enough to accommodate erection and initial swelling. The apadravya is usually pierced with a slightly longer barbell than required for a fully healed piercing, and downsizing the length can be required. The barbell can also end with the second ball inside the urethra. The diameter of the initial barbell is usually 2.0 or 2.4 mm (12 or 10 gauge).


title: Apadravya

text: The healing time of an apadravya piercing can vary greatly depending on healing rate and diligence of the aftercare. Usually one can have penetrative intercourse with a condom after about one month, although the person with the piercing will still feel pain. Normally it takes at least three to nine months for the piercing to fully heal. After initial healing the piercing can be gradually stretched and larger jewelry can be inserted, reaching sizes above 10 mm in diameter. The piercing should be done in three steps. First a catheter is inserted. Then the needle up from the bottom into the catheter to ensure straightness and that its actually going through the urethra. Then the catheter is removed and the needle pushed up to the top of the glans. Because it passes through the most sensitive part of the penis, the procedure is among the most painful of male genital piercings.


title: Apadravya

text: Apadravya is one of the functional genital piercings; it enhances sexual pleasure. Compared to the more common Prince Albert (and its counterpart Reverse Prince Albert piercing), apadravya has the advantage of stimulating in both rear entry and missionary. It is generally thought of as the most pleasurable for female sexual partners because, compared to Prince Albert, it reportedly allows stimulation of both the G-spot and A-spot in vaginal intercourse. Some men choose to wear special vibrating jewellery during sex, which further enhances pleasure. Sometimes the apadravya is referred to as "happydravya" because it is said that having sex with a person who has this piercing is highly pleasurable.


title: Apadravya

text: Variations include the "shaft apadravya" which pierces the shaft (uncommon, and not performed by many piercers); the magic cross which is a combination of the apadravya and the ampallang; and the apadydoe. If the penis has been subincised or meatotomized, the piercing is called a halfadravya.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Foxboro Stadium, originally Schaefer Stadium and later Sullivan Stadium, was an outdoor stadium in the New England region of the United States, located in Foxborough, Massachusetts. It opened in 1971 and served as the home of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) for 31 seasons (through January 2002) and also as the home venue for the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1996 to 2002. The stadium was the site of several games in both the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. Foxboro Stadium was demolished in 2002 and replaced by Gillette Stadium and the Patriot Place shopping center.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The stadium opened in August 1971 as Schaefer primarily as the home venue for the renamed New England Patriots of the National Football League. The team was known as the Boston Patriots for its first eleven seasons 1960–70, and had played in various stadiums in the Boston area. For six seasons, 1963–68, the Patriots played in Fenway Park, home of baseball's Boston Red Sox. Like most baseball stadiums, Fenway was poorly suited as a football venue. Its seating capacity was inadequate—only about 40,000 for football—and many seats had obstructed views. With the completion of the AFL–NFL merger in , the league required its teams to play in stadiums which seated more than 50,000, and no venue in Boston proper could accommodate a crowd this size with NFL amenities. Indeed, before the Patriots arrived, numerous previous attempts at pro football in Boston had been stymied by the lack of a pro-caliber stadium. (The Redskins left after the 1936 season, in which they hosted the NFL Championship Game, not in Boston but at the Polo Grounds in New York City.)


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The Boston Patriots played the 1969 season at Alumni Stadium at Boston College in Chestnut Hill, and the 1970 season, their first in the NFL, at Harvard Stadium in Boston's Allston neighborhood.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The site was selected when the owners of Bay State Raceway donated the land, midway between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. The general contractor who built the stadium was a Massachusetts-based company named J.F White Contracting Co.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Ground was broken in September 1970, and it cost $7.1 million, only $200,000 over budget. Even allowing for this modest cost overrun, it was still a bargain price for a major sports stadium even by 1970s standards. This was because the Patriots received no funding from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts or the town of Foxborough; indeed, it was one of the few major league stadiums of that era that was entirely privately funded.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Like the majority of outdoor sports venues built in North America in the 1970s, Foxboro Stadium was designed for the use of an artificial turf playing surface. The original field was Poly-Turf, succeeded by AstroTurf. A natural grass field was installed before the start of the 1991 season.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The original name in 1971 was Schaefer Stadium for the brewery of that name in an early example of the sale of naming rights. When this agreement expired after the 1982 season, Anheuser-Busch took over the rights. Instead of putting the name of one of its brands of beer on the stadium, Anheuser-Busch agreed to name it in honor of the Sullivan family, then the majority owners of the Patriots. The name Sullivan Stadium took effect on May 23, 1983. After Sullivan went bankrupt and Robert Kraft purchased the stadium, Kraft stripped Sullivan's name and renamed the venue "Foxboro Stadium". Although the official spelling of the town's name is "Foxborough", the shorter spelling was used for the stadium.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: During the ownership of Victor Kiam, ESPN anchor Chris Berman humorously referred to the facility as "Shaver Stadium", a pun on Kiam's fame from Remington razor commercials and the stadium's original name.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The venue hosted numerous significant soccer matches, including six games in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Foxboro Stadium was the last stadium where Diego Maradona scored a World Cup goal in a game against Greece, and where he last played in an official FIFA World Cup match against Nigeria on June 25, 1994.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The stadium hosted five games in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, the 1996 and 1999 MLS Cups, and the inaugural Women's United Soccer Association Founders Cup.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: During the final week of the 1971 season, Holy Cross moved its home game against rival Boston College to the newly-constructed Schaefer Stadium, due to a heavy snowstorm that rendered Fitton Field in Worcester unplayable.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: In the opening week of the 1975 season, Boston College hosted Notre Dame at Schaefer Stadium in their first ever meeting. From 1983 through 1987, BC used Schaefer/Sullivan Stadium as an alternate home venue to host crowds larger than could be accommodated on campus at Alumni Stadium.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The stadium hosted numerous other outdoor events, primarily concerts, along with music festivals, including The Monsters of Rock Festival Tour and The Vans Warped Tour, as well as the WWF King of the Ring tournament on July 8, 1985 and July 14, 1986.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: U2 played on The Joshua Tree Tour on September 22, 1987, and later performed three nights of their Zoo TV Tour on August 20, 22, and 23, 1992.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Schaefer Stadium hosted Elton John on July 4, 1976, as well as Boz Scaggs, The Eagles, and Fleetwood Mac on July 25, 1976.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: New Kids on The Block brought The Magic Summer Tour to the stadium on July 29 and July 31, 1990. An audience of 53,000 people attended one of two concert dates.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Metallica and Guns N' Roses brought the Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour to the stadium on September 11, 1992, with Faith No More as their opening act.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Elton John performed at the venue in front of 62,000 on US Bicentennial on July 4, 1976. John again appeared in a Face to Face concert with Billy Joel on July 18, 1994.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: Madonna performed her "Who's That Girl" tour there on July 9, 1987, to a sell-out crowd. Bob Dylan and the Grateful Dead recorded a portion of their collaborative live album, entitled "Dylan & the Dead", there on July 4, 1987. Pink Floyd played a two-night stand in May 1988 (on one of the nights their inflatable pig was torn to shreds). They also played a three-night sold-out stand in May 1994 on their The Division Bell Tour which was recorded and readily available on bootleg. (The second night was filmed by MTV for promotional purposes.) The Dave Matthews Band played seven shows at the stadium from 1998 to 2001.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: The Rolling Stones played three nights on September 27 and 29 and October 1, 1989, then two more nights on September 4 and 5, 1994 and lastly October 20 and 21, 1997.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: By the late 1990s, Foxboro Stadium had become functionally obsolete by modern NFL standards. Despite excellent sight lines to view game action or concerts and having fewer of the issues that multi-sport multi-purpose stadiums in other cities had, the stadium was otherwise outmoded. The facility was built in a low-cost "bare bones" manner with unexceptional architectural elements, and had very few modern amenities. The stadium's plumbing was not designed with NFL-sized crowds in mind, which became evident when a sewage issue overflowed the restroom facilities during its first game. Stadium officials were forced to augment the permanent toilets with rented portable toilets for the rest of the stadium's existence. It also lacked luxury boxes, an increasingly important source of revenue for other teams in the league. Most patrons had to sit on backless aluminum benches (or to cope, rent or bring in their own stadium cushions and portable chairbacks, especially in cold weather), as only a small fraction of the seats had permanent chairbacks (painted blue, red and white near the 50-yard line). During heavy rains, the numerous unpaved spots in the parking lot turned to mud. It frequently took an hour or more to leave after games, due to its location on a then-undivided four-lane portion of U.S. Route 1. In order to host the FIFA World Cup (and later, the New England Revolution), several rows of seats were removed to accommodate a soccer pitch with acceptable dimensions to FIFA.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: With a capacity of just over 60,000 (only 10,000 above the NFL's minimum seating capacity), it was one of the smallest stadiums in the NFL. It was also almost completely exposed to the elements, meaning that there was almost no protection for the fans in storms (outside of beneath the stands) or in extreme cold. Additionally, the Sullivan family had lost millions promoting the Jackson Victory Tour in 1984. Due to their relatively modest wealth compared to other NFL owners, they pledged the stadium as collateral for the tour. Knowing that the revenue from the Patriots would not be nearly enough to service the debt, the Sullivans quietly put the team and the stadium on the market. The Sullivans' financial picture was so dire that even when the Patriots made Super Bowl XX, the team didn't bring in nearly enough money to service the debt from the Victory Tour. With most of their money tied up in the team, they sold controlling interest in the Patriots to Victor Kiam in 1989. The stadium, however, lapsed into bankruptcy and was bought by paper magnate Robert Kraft.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: When Kiam and Sullivan tried to sell the team to interests in Jacksonville, Kraft effectively stymied the deal by refusing to let the team out of their lease, which contained an ironclad commitment to play in the stadium until 2001. As a result, when Kiam himself was crippled by financial troubles, he sold the Patriots to James Orthwein in 1992. After only two years, Orthwein tried to move the Patriots to his hometown of St. Louis. However, as in 1992, Kraft refused to let the Patriots out of their lease. Orthwein then put the team on the market, but the wording of the operating covenant required any potential buyer to negotiate with Kraft. With this in mind, Kraft swooped in and bought the team himself. Two years later, Kraft bought the parcel of land containing neighboring Bay State Raceway, allowing him to build a new and privately-financed stadium on the raceway property after proposals to build a new stadium in Hartford, Connecticut and South Boston failed.


title: Foxboro Stadium

text: After 31 NFL seasons, Foxboro Stadium was scheduled to be demolished on December 23, 2001, the day after the Patriots' final home game. However, the stadium would instead play host to the first season of the Tom Brady and Bill Belichick era, with the team making a run to get into the playoffs and going on to win their first Super Bowl. As a result, the stadium was not demolished until late January 2002, after the conclusion of the 2001 postseason. The last game played in the stadium, "The Tuck Rule Game", was played in a snow storm; a Patriots win against the Oakland Raiders, which famously featured an overturned fumble call based on the then-applicable tuck rule in the final minutes. The stadium's former site became parking lots for its successor, Gillette Stadium, before being developed into the open-air shopping center Patriot Place.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Maebashi is the capital and Takasaki is the largest city of Gunma Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōta, Isesaki, and Kiryū. Gunma Prefecture is one of only eight landlocked prefectures, located on the northwestern corner of the Kantō Plain with 14% of its total land being designated as natural parks.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: The ancient province of Gunma was a center of horse breeding and trading activities for the newly immigrated continental peoples. The arrival of horses and the remains of horse tackle coincides with the arrival of a large migration from the mainland. From this point forward, the horse became a vital part of Japanese military maneuvers, quickly displacing the older Yayoi tradition of fighting on foot.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: When Mount Haruna erupted in the late 6th century, Japan was still in the pre-historical phase (prior to the importation of the Chinese writing system during the Nara period). The Gunma Prefectural archaeology unit in 1994 was able to date the eruption through zoological anthropology at the corral sites that were buried in ash.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In the past, Gunma was joined with Tochigi Prefecture and called "Kenu Province". This was later divided into "Kami-tsu-ke" (Upper Kenu, Gunma) and "Shimo-tsu-ke" (Lower Kenu, Tochigi). The area is sometimes referred to as Jomo (上毛, "Jōmō"). For most of Japanese history, Gunma was known as the province of Kozuke.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In the early period of contact between western nations and Japan, particularly the late Tokugawa, it was referred to by foreigners as the "Joushu States", inside (fudai, or loyalist) Tokugawa retainers and the Tokugawa family symbol is widely seen on public buildings, temples, and shrines.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: The first modern silk factories were built with Italian and French assistance at Annaka in the 1870s.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In the early Meiji period, in what was locally called the Gunma Incident of 1884, a bloody struggle between the idealistic democratic westernizers and the conservative Prussian-model nationalists took place in Gunma and neighboring Nagano. The modern Japanese army gunned down farmers with new repeating rifles built in Japan. The farmers in Gunma were said to be the first victims of the Murata rifle.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In the twentieth century, the Japanese aviation pioneer Nakajima Chikushi of Oizumi, Gunma Prefecture, founded the Nakajima Aircraft Company. At first, he produced mostly licensed models of foreign designs, but beginning with the all-Japanese Nakajima 91 fighter plane in 1931, his company became a world leader in aeronautical design and manufacture, with its headquarters at Ota, Gunma Ken. The factory now produces Subaru motorcars and other products under the name of Subaru née Fuji Heavy Industries.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In the 1930s, German architect Bruno Julius Florian Taut lived and conducted research for a while in Takasaki.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: The Girard incident, which disturbed US-Japanese relations in the 1950s, occurred in Gunma in 1957, at Soumagahara Base near Shibukawa.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Four modern prime ministers are from Gunma, namely, Takeo Fukuda, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Keizo Obuchi, and Yasuo Fukuda, the son of Takeo.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: One of only eight landlocked prefectures in Japan, Gunma is the northwesternmost prefecture of the Kantō plain. Except for the central and southeast areas, where most of the population is concentrated, it is mostly mountainous. To the north are Niigata and Fukushima prefectures, while to the east lies Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies the Nagano Prefecture, and the Saitama Prefecture is to the south.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Some of the major mountains in Gunma are Mount Akagi, Mount Haruna, Mount Myōgi, Mount Nikkō-Shirane and Mount Asama, which is located on the Nagano border. Major rivers include the Tone River, the Agatsuma River, and the Karasu River.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: As of 1 April 2012, 14% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Jōshin'etsu-kōgen, Nikkō, and Oze National Parks and Myōgi-Arafune-Saku Kōgen Quasi-National Park.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Because Gunma is situated in inland Japan, the difference in temperature in the summer compared to the winter is large, and there is less precipitation. This is because of the karakkaze ("empty wind"), a strong, dry wind that occurs in the winter when the snow falls on the coasts of Niigata. The wind carrying clouds with snow are obstructed by the Echigo Mountains, and it also snows there, although the high peaks do not let the wind go past them. For this reason, the wind changes into the "kara-kaze".


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Gunma's modern industries include transport equipment and electrical equipment, concentrated around Maebashi and the eastern region nearest Tokyo. More traditional industries include sericulture and agriculture. Gunma's major agricultural products include cabbages and konnyaku. Gunma produces over 90% of Japan's konnyaku, and two-thirds of the farms in the village of Tsumagoi are cabbage farms. Also, the city of Ōta is famous for the car industry, notably the Subaru factory.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Gunma has a traditional card game called . It features people, places, and things of regional and/or cultural importance.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In 2007, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries held an event to find the top 100 best local dishes across all of Japan. Three dishes were featured from Gunma; yaki-manju, okkirikomi, and konnyaku.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: As of 2018, Gunma is home to eleven of Japan's over thirty Melody Roads. 2,559 grooves cut into a 175-meter stretch of the road surface in transmit a tactile vibration through the wheels into the car body. The roads can be found in Katashina, Minakami, Takayama, Kanna, Ueno, Kusatsu, Tsumagoi, Nakanojo, Takasaki, Midori, and Maebashi. Each is of a differing length and plays a different song. Naganohara also used to be home to a Melody Road playing “Aj, lučka lučka siroka”, though the road in question was paved over in 2013 due to noise complaints.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: Gunma has many hot spring resorts and the most famous is Kusatsu Onsen. Another draw to the mountainous Gunma is the ski resorts.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: The prefectural symbol consists of the first kanji of the word 'Gunma' surrounded by three stylized mountains symbolizing the three important mountains of Gunma Prefecture: Mount Haruna, Mount Akagi, and Mount Myōgi.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: For marketing, the Prefectural Government also uses Gunma-chan, a small super deformed drawing of a horse character wearing a green cap. It is used on promotional posters, banners, and other notable printed materials from the Prefectural Government. Other agencies and companies formally or informally use variations of its likeness and other horse-shaped characters when making signs or notices for work on buildings, roads, and other public notices.


title: Gunma Prefecture

text: In the Pokemon franchise, Kanto Region's Pewter City, Route 3, and Mt. Moon are thought to be based on places found in Gunma.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: Kim Louise Medcalf (born 8 December 1973) is an English actress and singer. She is best known for taking over the role of Sam Mitchell in the long-running BBC soap opera, "EastEnders", between 2002 and 2005 and from 2022 onwards.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: In late 2001, Medcalf took over the role of Sam Mitchell from Danniella Westbrook. She filmed her first scenes with Barbara Windsor in Spain, which aired in January 2002. She won the best newcomer award in 2002. Medcalf opted to leave "EastEnders" in 2005. Medcalf's final scenes were filmed in September 2005 and screened in November of that year. Her character escaped imprisonment as an accessory to the murder of Den Watts and left to join her brother, Grant Mitchell, in Brazil. Her final scenes aired on 17 November 2005. The role was again recast to Westbrook in 2009, with producer Diederick Santer opting to bring the original actress back.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: In January 2022, it was announced that Medcalf would reprise the role of Sam after 17 years, taking over from Westbrook once again. She filmed her return scenes in February 2022. Her return scenes aired on 18 April 2022.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: Medcalf's post-"EastEnders" work included a role in a dramatic staged reading of "The Penelopiad" directed by Phyllida Lloyd at St James's Church, Piccadilly on 23 October 2005, appearances for "Children in Need" on 18 November 2005 and in "South Pacific" at the Symphony Hall on 29 & 30 November 2005. In Spring 2006, she undertook a four-month run in the revival of "Hay Fever" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket alongside Judi Dench.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: Medcalf was the host of the "Mitchells Weekend" on the UKTV Gold network. On 23 January 2007, she appeared in an episode of BBC's "The Afternoon Play" called "Death Becomes Him". In February and March 2007, Medcalf appeared as the "guest star" in a short UK tour of the West end hit "The Play What I Wrote." On 2 April 2007, Medcalf took over the role of Sally Bowles from Anna Maxwell Martin in Rufus Norris' revival of "Cabaret" at the Lyric Theatre in the West End.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: From 25 February until 1 March 2008, Medcalf appeared in a run of "The Vagina Monologues" at the New Victoria Theatre, Woking, alongside Sue Holderness and Shobna Gulati. In March 2008, she appeared in an episode of "The Fixer" for ITV1, and then played a lead role in "Harley Street," a primetime series for ITV1. In early 2009, she returned to "The Vagina Monologues", this time in Nottingham,


title: Kim Medcalf

text: Medcalf appeared in two episodes of BBC One drama "Missing" in 2010. Medcalf made her London stage return in 2015 when she appeared in "Ruby in the Dust"'s production of "Gatsby". Medcalf appeared in three episodes of BBC Two drama "Collateral" written by David Hare in 2018.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: Medcalf is a mezzo-soprano. In 2003, she showcased her singing ability during the "EastEnders Christmas Party" TV special, where she sang "All I Want For Christmas Is You". Medcalf was invited to join the students of the "2005 Comic Relief does Fame Academy". She performed songs including "Don't Know Why" and "Perfect". The judges initially struggled with her performances but eventually she prevailed; helped by a performance of Delta Goodrem's "Born to Try" Medcalf finished in second place behind Radio One's Edith Bowman.


title: Kim Medcalf

text: On 11 September 2005, Medcalf performed at London's Hyde Park when she took part in the BBC Family Prom; performing "Over the Rainbow" accompanied by the BBC Orchestra. On 16 July 2006, she sang at "Love letter to Dan", a Gala tribute to Dan Crawford, the late founder of the King's Head Theatre.


title: Three Little Birds

text: "Three Little Birds" is a song by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It is the fourth track on side two of their 1977 album "Exodus" and was released as a single in 1980. The song reached the Top 20 in the UK, peaking at number 17. It is one of Marley's most popular songs and has been covered by numerous other artists. The song is often thought to be named "Don't Worry About a Thing" or "Every Little Thing is Gonna Be Alright", because of the prominent and repeated use of these phrases in the chorus.


title: Three Little Birds

text: The source of Marley's inspiration for the lyrics of "Three Little Birds" remains disputed. They are partly inspired by birds that Marley was fond of that used to fly and sit next to his home. Tony Gilbert, a long time friend of Marley, was present at the time he was writing the song and elaborated, "Bob got inspired by a lot of things around him, he observed life. I remember the three little birds. They were pretty birds, canaries, who would come by the windowsill at Hope Road." However, three female singers from the reggae group I Threes who did shows with Marley claim it is a reference to them. I Threes member Marcia Griffiths remarked, "After the song was written, Bob would always refer to us as the Three Little Birds. After a show, there would be an encore, sometimes people even wanted us to go back onstage four times. Bob would still want to go back and he would say, 'What is my Three Little Birds saying?


title: Three Little Birds

text: Monty Alexander recorded a cover of "Three Little Birds" in January 1992 and, in 1999, he released it as a hit single. The cover was also produced by him and, unlike the original, the Monty Alexander version is very Jazz-heavy.


title: Three Little Birds

text: "Three Little Birds" was covered by Ziggy Marley and Sean Paul, which was used for the soundtrack of "Shark Tale". The song was also used in the trailer of "Surf's Up".


title: Three Little Birds

text: "Three Little Birds" was released as the first single by British child singer Connie Talbot on 10 June 2008. It was taken from the 2008 re-release of her 2007 album, "Over the Rainbow". Talbot released a music video to publicise the single, which was filmed in Jamaica. The release reached number 3 on the UK Independent Singles Chart, and number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot Singles Sales chart in the United States.


title: Three Little Birds

text: After rising to fame on the first series of "Britain's Got Talent", Talbot signed with Rainbow Recording Company and began production of her debut album, "Over the Rainbow". The album initially featured several Christmas themed songs, and the first single, "Over the Rainbow"/"White Christmas", was planned be released on 3 December 2007. The single was then cancelled in favour of an album-first release. The album was rereleased with more general tracks to replace the Christmas songs, and one of the new tracks was a cover of Bob Marley's "Three Little Birds". The songs on the album were chosen with collaboration between Talbot and her management; first Talbot and her family wrote "a list of the songs that Connie would sing at her birthday party", and the management then thought "long and hard" about including the more adult songs, including "I Will Always Love You", but Talbot herself insisted. The album was recorded in a bedroom studio, nicknamed "the hut".


title: Three Little Birds

text: "Three Little Birds" was released as Talbot's first single on 10 June 2008 in the UK, and released alongside the album in the U.S. on 14 October. Rashvin Bedi, writing for Malaysian newspaper "The Star", said that "Three Little Birds" was her favourite song on "Over the Rainbow". The single peaked at number 3 on the Independent Singles Charts in the United Kingdom, and entered the "Billboard" Hot Singles Sales chart at number 2, dropping to 3 the next week. It then rose back to number 2, and, on the sixth week, reached number 1. Talbot received attention from the British press because of the single's success, with the "Daily Telegraph" attributing her success in America to her appeal to the Christian market. As of November 2008, the single has sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide.


title: Three Little Birds

text: The music video for the single was released on 19 June 2008. It was shot in Jamaica in late March/early April 2008.


title: Three Little Birds

text: The video begins with images of Talbot skipping through a garden, which is then replaced with an image of her singing on a beach. She then joins a child whose parents had been arguing and plays with them and others in a field, then dances with them on the beach. The children are then led to a stage, where Talbot performs as the others sing and play musical instruments. The video closes with Talbot in the garden, skipping away from the camera.


title: Three Little Birds

text: American band Maroon 5 collaborated with Hyundai, to record a cover version of "Three Little Birds", that was released as a single on 9 June 2018. It is featured in advertisements for three Hyundai vehicles, namely of the Santa Fe, Kona during 2018 FIFA World Cup and Nexo in the band's official music video.


title: Dueling Banjos

text: "Dueling Banjos" is a bluegrass composition by Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith. The song was composed in 1954 by Smith as a banjo instrumental he called "Feudin' Banjos," which contained riffs from Smith, recorded in 1955 playing a four-string plectrum banjo and accompanied by five-string bluegrass banjo player Don Reno. The composition's first wide-scale airing was on a 1963 television episode of "The Andy Griffith Show" called "Briscoe Declares for Aunt Bee," in which it is played by visiting musical family the Darlings (played by The Dillards, a bluegrass group) along with Griffith himself.


title: Dueling Banjos

text: The song was made famous by the 1972 film "Deliverance," which also led to a successful lawsuit by the song's composer, as it was used in the film without Smith's permission. The film version was arranged and recorded by Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandell, but only credited to Weissberg on a single subsequently issued in December 1972. It went to #2 for four weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1973, all four weeks behind Roberta Flack's "Killing Me Softly with His Song," and topped the adult contemporary chart for two weeks the same year. It reached No. 1 for one week on both the "Cashbox" and "Record World" pop charts. The song also reached No. 5 on the Hot Country Singles chart at the same time it was on the Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary Singles charts. It was also nominated for the 30th Golden Globe Awards in the Best Original Song category.


title: Dueling Banjos

text: In "Deliverance," a scene depicts Billy Redden playing it opposite Ronny Cox, who joins him on guitar and they end up having a guitar vs banjo duel. Redden plays "Lonnie," a mentally challenged and inbred but extremely gifted banjo player. Redden could not actually play the banjo and the director thought his hand movements looked unconvincing. A local musician, Mike Addis, was brought in to depict the movement of the boy's left hand. Addis hid behind Redden, with his left arm in Redden's shirt sleeve. Careful camera angles kept Addis out of frame and completed the illusion. The music itself was dubbed in from the recording made by Weissberg and Mandell and was not played by the actors themselves. Two young musicians, Ron Brentano and Mike Russo, had originally been signed to play their adaptation for the film, but instead it was performed by Weissberg and Mandell.


title: Dueling Banjos

text: "Dueling Banjos" was arranged and performed for the film by Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandell and was included on its soundtrack. When Arthur "Boogie" Smith was not acknowledged as the composer by the filmmakers, he sued and eventually won, receiving songwriting credit as well as royalties.


title: Inclinometer

text: An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument used for measuring angles of slope, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity's direction. It is also known as a "tilt indicator", "tilt sensor", "tilt meter", "slope alert", "slope gauge", "gradient meter", "gradiometer", "level gauge", "level meter", "declinometer", and "pitch & roll indicator". Clinometers measure both inclines and declines using three different units of measure: degrees, percentage points, and topos. The astrolabe is an example of an inclinometer that was used for celestial navigation and location of astronomical objects from ancient times to the Renaissance.


title: Inclinometer

text: In contrast, a full motion would use at least three axes and often additional sensors. One way to measure tilt angle with reference to the earth's ground plane, is to use an accelerometer. Typical applications can be found in the industry and in game controllers. In aircraft, the "ball" in turn coordinators or turn and bank indicators is sometimes referred to as an inclinometer.


title: Inclinometer

text: Inclinometers include examples such as Well's in-clinometer, the essential parts of which are a flat side, or base, on which it stands, and a hollow disc just half filled with some heavy liquid. The glass face of the disc is surrounded by a graduated scale that marks the angle at which the surface of the liquid stands, with reference to the flat base. The zero line is parallel to the base, and when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is horizontal; the 90 degree is perpendicular to the base, and when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is perpendicular or plumb. Intervening angles are marked, and, with the aid of simple conversion tables, the instrument indicates the rate of fall per set distance of horizontal measurement, and set distance of the sloping line.


title: Inclinometer

text: The Abney level is a handheld surveying instrument developed in the 1870s that includes a sighting tube and inclinometer, arranged so that the surveyor may align the sighting tube (and its crosshair) with the reflection of the bubble in the spirit level of the inclinometer when the line of sight is at the angle set on the inclinometer.


title: Inclinometer

text: One of the more famous inclinometer installations was on the panel of the Ryan NYP "The Spirit of St. Louis"—in 1927 Charles Lindbergh chose the lightweight Rieker Inc P-1057 Degree Inclinometer to give him climb and descent angle information.


title: Inclinometer

text: Hand-held clinometers are used for a variety of surveying and measurement tasks. In land surveying and mapping, a clinometer can provide a rapid measurement of the slope of a geographic feature, or used for cave survey. In prospecting for minerals, clinometers are used to measure the strike and dip of geologic formations. In forestry, tree height measurement can be done with a clinometer using standardized methods including triangulation. Major artillery guns may have an associated clinometer used to facilitate aiming of shells over long distances.


title: Inclinometer

text: Permanently-installed tiltmeters are emplaced at major earthworks such as dams to monitor the long-term stability of the structure.


title: Inclinometer

text: Certain highly sensitive electronic inclinometer sensors can achieve an output resolution to 0.0001°; depending on the technology and angle range, it may be limited to 0.01°. An inclinometer sensor's true or absolute accuracy (which is the combined total error), however, is a combination of initial sets of sensor zero offset and sensitivity, sensor linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, and the temperature drifts of zero and sensitivity—electronic inclinometers accuracy can typically range from ±0.01–2° depending on the sensor and situation. Typically in room ambient conditions the accuracy is limited to the sensor linearity specification.


title: Inclinometer

text: Tilt sensors and inclinometers generate an artificial horizon and measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft flight controls, automobile security systems, and speciality switches and are also used for platform leveling, boom angle indication, and in other applications requiring measurement of tilt.


title: Inclinometer

text: Important specifications to consider for tilt sensors and inclinometers are the tilt angle range and the number of axes. The axes are usually, but not always, orthogonal. The tilt angle range is the range of desired linear output.


title: Inclinometer

text: Common implementations of tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer, Liquid Capacitive, electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.


title: Inclinometer

text: Tilt sensor technology has also been implemented in video games. "Yoshi's Universal Gravitation" and "Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble" are both built around a tilt sensor mechanism, which is built into the cartridge. The PlayStation 3 and Wii game controllers also use tilt as a means to play video games.


title: Inclinometer

text: Inclinometers are also used in civil engineering, for example, to measure the inclination of land to be built upon.


title: Inclinometer

text: Some inclinometers provide an electronic interface based on CAN (Controller Area Network). In addition, those inclinometers may support the standardized CANopen profile (CiA 410). In this case, these inclinometers are compatible and partly interchangeable.


title: Inclinometer

text: Traditional spirit levels and pendulum-based electronic leveling instruments are usually constrained by only single-axis and narrow tilt measurement range. However, most precision leveling, angle measurement, alignment and surface flatness profiling tasks essentially involve a two-dimensional surface plane angle rather than two independent orthogonal single-axis objects. Two-axis inclinometers that are built with MEMS tilt sensors provides simultaneous two-dimensional angle readings of a surface plane tangent to earth datum.


title: Inclinometer

text: Typical advantages of using two-axis MEMS inclinometers over conventional single-axis "bubble" or mechanical leveling instruments may include:


title: Inclinometer

text: As inclinometers measure the angle of an object with respect to the force of gravity, external accelerations like rapid motions, vibrations or shocks will introduce errors in the tilt measurements. To overcome this problem, it is possible to use a gyroscope in addition to an accelerometer. Any of the abovementioned accelerations have a huge impact on the accelerometer, but a limited effect on the measured rotation rates of the gyroscope. An algorithm can combine both signals to get the best value out of each sensor. This way it is possible to separate the actual tilt angle from the errors introduced by external accelerations.


title: Inclinometer

text: Nintendo used tilt sensor technology in five games for its Game Boy series of hand-held game systems. The tilt sensor allows players to control aspects of the game by twisting the game system. Games that use this feature:


title: Inclinometer

text: Tilt sensors can also be found in game controllers such as the Microsoft Sidewinder Freestyle Pro and Sony's PlayStation 3 controller.


title: Inclinometer

text: However, unlike these other controllers in which the tilt sensor serves as a supplement to normal control methods, it serves as one of the central features of Nintendo's Wii Remote and the Nunchuk attachment. Along with accelerometers, the tilt sensors are a primary method of control in most Wii games.


title: Inclinometer

text: It is now being used in many different aspects, instead of just games like motocrossing and flight simulators. It can be used for sport gaming, first-person shooter, and other odd uses such as in ""


title: Inclinometer

text: Another example is a virtual version of a wooden maze with obstacles in which you have to maneuver a ball by tilting the maze. A homebrew tilt sensor interface was made for the Palm (PDA).


title: Bo Hines

text: Robert "Bo" Hines (born August 29, 1995) is an American former college football player from North Carolina. He played college football for the NC State Wolfpack and Yale Bulldogs. In 2022, he was the Republican nominee in North Carolina's 13th Congressional District.


title: Bo Hines

text: Hines was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He attended Charlotte Christian School, and played football as a wide receiver.


title: Bo Hines

text: Hines atte North Carolina State University to play college football for the NC State Wolfpack. He led NC State with 45 receptions and 616 receiving yards, including three passes for 79 yards in the 2014 St. Petersburg Bowl.


title: Bo Hines

text: In 2015, Hines transferred to Yale University because of his interest in politics. He played in four games for the Yale Bulldogs during the 2015 season, catching 11 passes for 134 yards, but missed the rest of the season and the 2016 season due to a separated shoulder that required surgery.


title: Bo Hines

text: In January 2021, Hines announced that he would run as a Republican for the United States House of Representatives in , held by Republican Virginia Foxx. Hines spent the majority of his time in 2021 campaigning in North Carolina's 6th congressional district.


title: Bo Hines

text: In April 2022, local Republicans campaigned against Hines through newspaper advertisements, email blasts and door-knocking because Hines did not live in the district in which he was running.


title: Bo Hines

text: In May 2022, after Ted Budd announced that he would run for the U.S. Senate, Hines announced that he would run in the newly-drawn , which Budd represented. Hines lost the election to Democrat Wiley Nickel.


title: Bo Hines

text: In May 2022, "Business Insider" reported that Hines was funding the majority of his campaign with a trust fund. While campaigning on "America-First economy", Hines faced criticism because his campaign hats were made in China.


title: Bo Hines

text: On the campaign trail, Hines said that abortion is murder and should be banned, although he is open to exceptions for a "10-year-old woman" if her parents ask a council of leaders for an exception and if these leaders grant it. Hines expressed belief that the 2020 election was stolen and promoted voter fraud conspiracy theories.


title: Bo Hines

text: Hines's father Todd played for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. Hines married Olivia Elizabeth Andretti in June 2017. The couple divorced in July 2019, and Hines married Mary Charles Bryson in July 2021.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Isometric video game graphics are graphics employed in video games and pixel art that use a parallel projection, but which angle the viewpoint to reveal facets of the environment that would otherwise not be visible from a top-down perspective or side view, thereby producing a three-dimensional (3D) effect. Despite the name, isometric computer graphics are not necessarily truly isometric—i.e., the , , and axes are not necessarily oriented 120° to each other. Instead, a variety of angles are used, with dimetric projection and a 2:1 pixel ratio being the most common. The terms "3/4 perspective", "3/4 view", "2.5D", and "pseudo 3D" are also sometimes used, although these terms can bear slightly different meanings in other contexts.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Once common, isometric projection became less so with the advent of more powerful 3D graphics systems, and as video games began to focus more on action and individual characters. However, video games using isometric projection—especially computer role-playing games—have seen a resurgence in recent years within the indie gaming scene.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: In the fields of computer and video games and pixel art, the technique has become popular because of the ease with which 2D sprite- and tile-based graphics can be made to represent 3D gaming environments. Because parallelly projected objects do not change in size as they move about an area, there is no need for the computer to scale sprites or do the complex calculations necessary to simulate visual perspective. This allowed 8-bit and 16-bit game systems (and, more recently, handheld and mobile systems) to portray large game areas quickly and easily. And, while the depth confusion problems of parallel projection can sometimes be a problem, good game and level design can alleviate this.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Further, though not limited strictly to isometric video game graphics, pre-rendered 2D graphics can possess a higher fidelity and use more advanced graphical techniques than may be possible on commonly available computer hardware, even with 3D hardware acceleration. Similarly to modern CGI used in motion pictures, graphics can be rendered one time on a powerful super computer or render farm, and then displayed many times on less powerful consumer hardware, such as on television sets, tablet computers and smartphones. This means that static pre-rendered isometric graphics often look better compared to their contemporary real-time-rendered counterparts, and may age better over time compared to their peers. However, this advantage may be less pronounced today than it was in the past, as developments in graphical technology equalize or produce diminishing returns, and current levels of graphical fidelity become "good enough" for many people.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Lastly, there are also gameplay advantages to using an isometric or near-isometric perspective in video games. For instance, compared to a purely top-down game, they add a third dimension, opening up new avenues for aiming and platforming. Secondly, compared to a first- or third-person video game, they allow you to more easily field and control a large number of units, such as a full party of characters in a computer role-playing game, or an army of minions in a real-time strategy game. Further, they may alleviate situations where a player may become distracted from a game's core mechanics by having to constantly manage an unwieldy 3D camera. I.e., the player can focus on playing the game itself, and not on manipulating the game's camera.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: In the present day, rather than being purely a source of nostalgia, the revival of isometric projection is the result of real, tangible design benefits.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Some disadvantages of pre-rendered isometric graphics are that, as display resolutions and display aspect ratios continue to evolve, static 2D images need to be re-rendered each time in order to keep pace, or potentially suffer from the effects of pixelation and require anti-aliasing. Re-rendering a game's graphics is not always possible, however; as was the case in 2012, when Beamdog remade BioWare's "Baldur's Gate" (1998). Beamdog were lacking the original developers' creative art assets (the original data was lost in a flood) and opted for simple 2D graphics scaling with "smoothing", without re-rendering the game's sprites. The results were a certain "fuzziness", or lack of "crispness", compared to the original game's graphics. This does not affect real-time rendered polygonal isometric video games, however, as changing their display resolutions or aspect ratios is trivial, in comparison.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: The projection commonly used in video games deviates slightly from "true" isometric due to the limitations of raster graphics. Lines in the and directions would not follow a neat pixel pattern if drawn in the required 30° to the horizontal. While modern computers can eliminate this problem using anti-aliasing, earlier computer graphics did not support enough colors or possess enough CPU power to accomplish this. Instead, a 2:1 pixel pattern ratio would be used to draw the and axis lines, resulting in these axes following a ≈26.565° () angle to the horizontal. (Game systems that do not use square pixels could, however, yield different angles, including "true" isometric.) Therefore, this form of projection is more accurately described as a variation of dimetric projection, since only two of the three angles between the axes are equal to each other, i.e., .


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: While the history of video games saw some three-dimensional games as early as the 1970s, the first video games to use the distinct visual style of isometric projection in the meaning described above were arcade games in the early 1980s.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: The use of isometric graphics in video games began with the appearance of Data East's DECO Cassette System arcade game "Treasure Island", released in Japan in September 1981, but it was not released internationally until June 1982. The first isometric game to be released internationally was Sega's "Zaxxon", which was significantly more popular and influential; it was released in Japan in December 1981 and internationally in April 1982. "Zaxxon" is an isometric shooter where the player flies a space plane through scrolling levels. It is also one of the first video games to display shadows.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Another early isometric game is "Q*bert". Warren Davis and Jeff Lee began programming the concept around April 1982, with the game's production beginning in the Summer and then released in October or November 1982. "Q*bert" shows a static pyramid in an isometric perspective, with the player controlling a character which can jump around on the pyramid.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: The following year in February 1983, the isometric platformer arcade game "Congo Bongo" was released, running on the same hardware as "Zaxxon". It allows the player character to move around in bigger isometric levels, including true three-dimensional climbing and falling. The same is possible in the arcade title "Marble Madness", released in 1984.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: In 1983, isometric games were no longer exclusive to the arcade market and also entered home computers, with the release of "Blue Max" for the Atari 8-bit family and "Ant Attack" for the ZX Spectrum. In "Ant Attack", the player could move forward in any direction of the scrolling game, offering complete free movement rather than fixed to one axis as with "Zaxxon". The views could also be changed around a 90 degrees axis. The ZX Spectrum magazine, "Crash", consequently awarded it 100% in the graphics category for this new technique, known as "Soft Solid 3-D".


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: A year later the ZX Spectrum saw the release of "Knight Lore", which is generally regarded as a revolutionary title that defined the subsequent genre of isometric adventure games. Following "Knight Lore", many isometric titles were seen on home computers – to an extent that it once was regarded as being the second most cloned piece of software after "WordStar", according to researcher Jan Krikke. Other examples out of those were "Highway Encounter" (1985), "Batman" (1986), "Head Over Heels" (1987) and "La Abadía del Crimen" (1987). Isometric perspective was not limited to arcade/adventure games, though; for example, the 1989 strategy game "Populous" used isometric perspective.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Throughout the 1990s several successful games such as "Syndicate" (1993), "SimCity 2000" (1994), "Civilization II" (1996), "X-COM" (1994), and "Diablo" (1996) used a fixed isometric perspective. But with the advent of 3D acceleration on personal computers and gaming consoles, games previously using a 2D perspective generally started switching to true 3D (and perspective projection) instead. This can be seen in the successors to the above games: for instance "SimCity" (2013), "Civilization VI" (2016), "" (2012) and "Diablo III" (2012) all use 3D polygonal graphics; and while "Diablo II" (2000) used fixed-perspective 2D perspective like its predecessor, it optionally allowed for perspective scaling of the sprites in the distance to lend it a "pseudo-3D" appearance.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Also during the 1990s, isometric graphics began being used for Japanese role-playing video games (JRPGs) on console systems, particularly tactical role-playing games, many of which still use isometric graphics today. Examples include "Front Mission" (1995), "Tactics Ogre" (1995) and "Final Fantasy Tactics" (1997)—the latter of which used 3D graphics to create an environment where the player could freely rotate the camera. Other titles such as "Vandal Hearts" (1996) and "Breath of Fire III" (1997) carefully emulated an isometric or parallel view, but actually used perspective projection.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Black Isle Studios and BioWare helped popularize the use of isometric projection in computer role-playing games in the late 1990s and early 2000s. These studios used the Infinity Engine game engine in several of their titles, developed by BioWare for "Baldur's Gate" (1998). This engine gained significant traction among players, and many developers since then have tried to emulate and improve upon it in various ways. The Infinity Engine itself was also revamped and modernized by Beamdog in preparation for "" (2012)—as well as their remakes of several other classic Infinity Engine titles.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Two other titles by Black Isle Studios, "Fallout" (1997) and "Fallout 2" (1998), used "trimetric projection".


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Isometric projection has seen continued relevance in the new millennium with the release of several newly-crowdfunded role-playing games on Kickstarter. These include the "Shadowrun Returns" series (2013-2015) by Harebrained Schemes; the "Pillars of Eternity" series (2015-2018) and "Tyranny" (2016) by Obsidian Entertainment; and "" (2017) by inXile Entertainment. Both Obsidian Entertainment and inXile Entertainment have employed, or were founded by, former members of Black Isle Studios and Interplay Entertainment. Obsidian Entertainment in particular wanted to "bring back the look and feel of the Infinity Engine games like "Baldur's Gate", "Icewind Dale", and """. Lastly, several pseudo-isometric 3D RPGs, such as "" (2014), "Wasteland 2" (2014) and "Dead State" (2014), have been crowdfunded using Kickstarter in recent years. These titles differ from the above games, however, in that they use "perspective projection" instead of "parallel projection".


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: The term "isometric perspective" is frequently misapplied to any game with an—usually fixed—angled, overhead view that appears at first to be "isometric". These include the aforementioned dimetrically projected video games; games that use trimetric projection, such as "Fallout" (1997) and "SimCity 4" (2003); games that use oblique projection, such as "Ultima Online" (1997) and "Divine Divinity" (2002); and games that use a combination of perspective projection and a bird's eye view, such as "Silent Storm" (2003), "Torchlight" (2009) and "" (2014).


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Also, not all "isometric" video games rely solely on pre-rendered 2D sprites. There are, for instance, titles which use polygonal 3D graphics completely, but render their graphics using parallel projection instead of perspective projection, such as "Syndicate Wars" (1996), "Dungeon Keeper" (1997) and "Depths of Peril" (2007); games which use a combination of pre-rendered 2D backgrounds and real-time rendered 3D character models, such as "The Temple of Elemental Evil" (2003) and "" (2017); and games which combine real-time rendered 3D backgrounds with hand-drawn 2D character sprites, such as "Final Fantasy Tactics" (1997) and "" (2003).


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: One advantage of top-down "oblique projection" over other near-isometric perspectives, is that objects fit more snugly within non-overlapping square graphical tiles, thereby potentially eliminating the need for an additional Z-order in calculations, and requiring fewer pixels.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: One of the most common problems with programming games that use isometric (or more likely dimetric) projections is the ability to map between events that happen on the 2d plane of the screen and the actual location in the isometric space, called world space. A common example is picking the tile that lies right under the cursor when a user clicks. One such method is using the same rotation matrices that originally produced the isometric view in reverse to turn a point in screen coordinates into a point that would lie on the game board surface before it was rotated. Then, the world x and y values can be calculated by dividing by the tile width and height.


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: Another way that is less computationally intensive and can have good results if the method is called on every frame, rests on the assumption that a square board was rotated by 45 degrees and then squashed to be half its original height. A virtual grid is overlaid on the projection as shown on the diagram, with axes virtual-x and virtual-y. Clicking any tile on the central axis of the board where (x, y) = (tileMapWidth / 2, y), will produce the same tile value for both world-x and world-y which in this example is 3 (0 indexed). Selecting the tile that lies one position on the right on the virtual grid, actually moves one tile less on the world-y and one tile more on the world-x. This is the formula that calculates world-x by taking the virtual-y and adding the virtual-x from the center of the board. Likewise world-y is calculated by taking virtual-y and subtracting virtual-x. These calculations measure from the central axis, as shown, so the results must be translated by half the board. For example, in the C programming language:


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: // some display systems have their origin at the bottom left while the tile map at the top left, so we need to reverse y


title: Isometric video game graphics

text: This method might seem counter intuitive at first since the coordinates of a virtual grid are taken, rather than the original isometric world, and there is no one-to-one correspondence between virtual tiles and isometric tiles. A tile on the grid will contain more than one isometric tile, and depending on where it is clicked it should map to different coordinates. The key in this method is that the virtual coordinates are floating point numbers rather than integers. A virtual-x and y value can be (3.5, 3.5) which means the center of the third tile. In the diagram on the left, this falls in the 3rd tile on the y in detail. When the virtual-x and y must add up to 4, the world x will also be 4.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick tracts are short evangelical gospel tracts, originally created by American publisher and religious cartoonist Jack Chick in the 1960s. His company Chick Publications has continued to print these tracts, in addition to those by new writers.


title: Chick tract

text: Although many of Chick's tracts express views that are generally accepted within mainstream Christian theology, several tracts have expressed controversial viewpoints. Most notably, Chick tracts express strong anti-Catholic views, as well as criticisms of other faiths, including Judaism, Islam, and Mormonism.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick Publications produces and markets the Chick tracts, along with other comic books, books, and posters. Chick Publications has its headquarters in Rancho Cucamonga, California, and a mailing address in Ontario, California.


title: Chick tract

text: The company estimates it has printed over 800 million tracts during its first 50 years of business. On its website they note that "Our ministry is primarily publishing the gospel tracts of Jack T. Chick, but we do occasionally publish a manuscript in book form." They state that if the content "educates Christians in one of the areas for which we have a tract, we would love to see it" and cite several examples; the online store lists nearly a dozen book categories.


title: Chick tract

text: As of January 2015, Chick Publications had produced over 250 different titles, about 100 of which are still in print, and are available in over 100 languages. The company will print an "out-of-print" title but a minimum of 10,000 copies must be ordered.


title: Chick tract

text: The tracts themselves are approximately , and approximately twenty pages in length. The material is written in comic book format, with the front panel featuring the title of the tract and the inside back panel devoted to a standard sinner's prayer. The back cover of the tract contains a blank space for churches to stamp their name and address; Chick Publications is willing to print custom back covers, but at least 10,000 tracts must be ordered.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick tracts end with a suggested prayer for the reader to pray to accept Jesus Christ. In most of these tracts it is a standard sinner's prayer for salvation. In the tracts dealing with "false religions", the prayer includes a clause to reject these religions. Included with the prayer are directions for converting to Christianity, which is also repeated on the inside back panel along with steps to take should the reader convert to Christianity.


title: Chick tract

text: "Strips, Toons, and Bluesies", written by Douglas Bevan Dowd and Todd Hignite, stated that "it's safe to assume Chick saw at least some" Tijuana bibles since the books and, according to Dowd and Hignite, Chick tracts were "strikingly similar" to Tijuana bibles; like Tijuana bibles the tracts mostly targeted youth of lower socioeconomic classes and "were loaded with stereotypes". The book stated that Chick tracts contained "way-out, wild" portrayals of recreational drug usage and portrayed "the sexual revolution". In addition the comics included supernatural elements, occult rituals, torture, and cannibalism.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick's critics (such as talk.origins, Hindu American Foundation, and Catholic Answers) have accused him of misrepresentation.


title: Chick tract

text: The Hindu American Foundation put out an electronic PDF paper called "Hyperlink to Hinduphobia: Online Hatred, Extremism and Bigotry Against Hindus" which contains a section on Chick's site; the paper ends with the statement "Chick Publications promotes hatred not just against Hindus, but also towards Muslims, Catholics, and others as is evidenced by the following titles of their tracts: 'Last Rites – When this Catholic dies, he learns that his church couldn't save him'; 'The Little Bride – Protect children against being recruited as Muslims. Li'l Susy explains that only Jesus can save them'; and 'Allah Had No Son – The Allah of Islam is not the God of creation.


title: Chick tract

text: The tracts' claims about conspiracies are based in large part on the testimony of people who claim to have been members of these groups before converting to Evangelical Christianity, most prominently Alberto Rivera and William Schnoebelen. Many of Chick's critics consider these sources to be frauds or fantasists. One such case was "The Prophet", a comic containing a fantastic tale related by Rivera of how the papacy helped start Islam that turned out to have no basis in reality.


title: Chick tract

text: Churches have been criticized for distributing Chick tracts. In October 2011, the Northview Baptist Church in Hillsboro, Ohio, gave out copies of the Chick tract "Mean Momma" along with candy at Halloween. The church received complaints from parishioners, and its pastor apologized for issuing the tracts, saying that, "Our church does not endorse this type of extreme methodology that was represented in this particular tract, and we can assure you that we will not let this happen again ... our church is a loving church that loves souls and wants to do all we can in our community to help as well as spread and share the Gospel message of Christ."


title: Chick tract

text: Chick tracts have also been subject to censorship and have been investigated for hate speech. For instance, Avon and Somerset Police investigated the distribution of Chick publications in Bristol in July 2020.


title: Chick tract

text: Catholicism is a frequent target of Chick tracts and other writings. No fewer than 20 of the tracts are devoted to Catholicism, including "Are Roman Catholics Christians?" (arguing that they are not), "The Death Cookie" (a polemic against the Catholic Eucharist), and "Why Is Mary Crying?" (arguing that Mary does not support the veneration Catholicism gives her). One notable tract, "Mary's Kids", focuses on an elderly Catholic member who disapproved of her son marrying a Pentecostal woman and then teaching their young daughter about the Virgin Mary. The mother convinces the elder that Mary was not a perpetual virgin after confronting her about the fact that her Catholic priests were sex offenders.


title: Chick tract

text: Elsewhere, Chick defended the controversial Alberto Rivera in at least one book and in an entire series of six full-length comics. Chick also asserted that the Catholic Church, in a grand conspiracy, created Islam, Communism, Nazism, and Freemasonry. In "The New Anti-Catholicism", religious historian Philip Jenkins describes Chick tracts as promulgating "bizarre allegations of Catholic conspiracy and sexual hypocrisy" to perpetuate "anti-papal and anti-Catholic mythologies". Michael Ian Borer, a sociology professor of Furman University at the time, described Chick's strong anti-Catholic themes in a 2007 American Sociological Association presentation and in a peer-reviewed article the next year in "Religion and American Culture".


title: Chick tract

text: "Catholic Answers" published a response to the claims of Chick Publications against Roman Catholics and a criticism of Chick tracts in general called "The Nightmare World of Jack T. Chick", detailing the inaccuracies, factual errors, and how a "typical tactic in Chick tracts is to portray Catholics as being unpleasant or revolting in various ways".


title: Chick tract

text: Islam is also regularly targeted by Chick tracts, and more than ten tracts have been published on the subject. The most notable of these is "Allah Had No Son," first published in 1994. In this tract, a Muslim is converted to Christianity when he is told that Allah has origins as a pagan moon god. "Camels in the Tent" claims that Muslim immigration will lead to the establishment of Sharia law in the United States and the forceful conversion of non-Muslims to Islam.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick tracts' depiction of Islam has been frequently criticized. In December 2008, a Singaporean couple was charged with sedition for distributing the Chick tracts "The Little Bride" and "Who Is Allah?". The tracts were said to "promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between Christians and Muslims in Singapore". The Chick Publications website has consequently been blocked in Singapore.


title: Chick tract

text: In 2014, the Chick tract "Unforgiven" was distributed by Bible Baptist Church in Garden City, Roanoke, Virginia, and drew outrage from the area's Muslim community. The tract tells the story of an African-American man who, while in prison, is coerced into joining the Islamic faith and changes his name to Muhammad. Upon his release he threatens his Christian grandmother. Hussain Al-Shiblawi, a local man interviewed by WDBJ-TV, explained that while the pamphlets he received from the church every Sunday were usually inspirational, this tract upset him: "It basically indicated that the people are violent, the religion itself is violent, and the facts in here are not true." Bible Baptist Church said that they did not write the tract and simply distributed it.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick tracts are unequivocal and explicit in their opposition to homosexuality, and repeatedly employ two anti-homosexual themes:


title: Chick tract

text: Chick's first tract on the subject, "The Gay Blade" was originally published in 1972. This tract warned of a gay agenda to push for same-sex marriage and urged homosexuals to repent so they could make it into heaven. "The Gay Blade" was revised in 1984 and is now out-of-print except by special order. According to Cynthia Burack, this tract borrowed several of its frames from a 1971 "Life" magazine photo-essay on the Gay Liberation movement, but with the images altered to make the gay men look more dissolute or stereotypically feminized.


title: Chick tract

text: Later tracts on homosexuality depict gay rights activists as aggressive and prone to violence. In "Doom Town", Chick claims that HIV-positive gay men plan to donate blood to protest lack of federal funding of AIDS research. In "Sin City", gay rights activists attack a pastor protesting a gay pride parade, beating him so badly he is subsequently hospitalized. Other tracts, such as "Home Alone" have pushed the beliefs that gay men convert otherwise heterosexual men into homosexuality and that gay and lesbian individuals are more promiscuous than heterosexual ones.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick's claims about homosexuality have angered gay activists. In 1974 the Iowa State University Christian Fellowship passed out copies of over twenty different Chick tracts, including copies of "The Gay Blade." Members of the Gay People's Liberation Alliance and the Women's Coalition protested the tracts' distribution, claiming that they provided an inaccurate representation of gay and bisexual people.


title: Chick tract

text: Chick published several anti-evolution tracts, but "Big Daddy?" (which also attempts to refute the existence of the strong nuclear force) remains "the most widely distributed anti-evolution booklet in history".


title: Chick tract

text: Critics point out that the "Big Daddy?" tract mainly uses Kent Hovind as a reference, despite the fact that Hovind has no degrees from accredited institutions in the relevant fields, that the thesis referred to is considered to be of very poor quality, and that his claims are at odds with the published statements of experts in the field.


title: Chick tract

text: "Big Daddy?" is presented in the 2007 book "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters" as a "typical of the genre" example of just how "misleading and dishonest" creationist presentations are. The examples of the "deceptive and misleading" distortions, misrepresentation, and fabrications presented in that work regarding "Big Daddy?" are "Nebraska Man" (the misinterpretation of which was corrected after only a year and its existence was debated from the beginning), "New Guinea Man" (which is actually "Homo sapiens"), and the implication "Cro-Magnon" man was viewed as different from "Homo sapiens".


title: Chick tract

text: The concept of malign influences led to the theme of spiritual warfare being frequently portrayed in the tracts. Chick considered all forms of witchcraft to be demonic, regardless of whether it was "white witchcraft" (i.e. purportedly using such gifts for good) or "black witchcraft" (i.e. purportedly using such gifts for evil). Chick Publications depicts Paganism and Neo-Paganism as forms of Satanism, a position Neo-Pagans and other observers strongly dispute. "Gladys" is an example of one of Chick's tracts on this issue.


title: Chick tract

text: Consistent with his views on demonic influence, Chick also considered Halloween to be "the devil's holiday" and opposed Christians celebrating it, with one notable exception – Chick did not oppose Christians engaging in the traditional Halloween custom of passing out candy to neighborhood children, considering it to be an opportunity to present the Gospel message via his tracts.


title: Chick tract

text: Based on Chick's views on Satanism and Satanic influence, "Catholic Answers" states that "Chick portrays a world full of paranoia and conspiracy where nothing is what it seems and nearly everything is a Satanic plot to lead people to hell."


title: Chick tract

text: Some cartoonists have published parodies that mimic Chick tracts' familiar layout and narrative conventions. Examples include:


title: Grudge Match

text: Grudge Match is a 2013 American sports comedy film directed by Peter Segal. The film stars Sylvester Stallone and Robert De Niro as aging boxers stepping into the ring for one last bout. Stallone and De Niro have both previously been in successful boxing films ("Rocky" and "Raging Bull", respectively) and worked together in "Cop Land". It was previously scheduled for a January 10, 2014 release, but was moved up to December 25, 2013.


title: Grudge Match

text: In their prime, Pittsburgh boxers Henry "Razor" Sharp and Billy "The Kid" McDonnen become rivals after two fights, one in which Kid beats Razor and one in which Razor beats Kid, the only defeats of their careers. Before they have a rematch, Razor announces his retirement without explanation, infuriating Kid and costing them a big payday.


title: Grudge Match

text: Years later, Razor is low on money and working in a shipyard when he is visited by promoter Dante Slate Jr., who wants Razor to provide a motion capture performance for a video game. It was Dante's father whose shady business dealings ended up leaving Razor in dire financial straits. The soft-spoken Razor wants no part of this stunt. Kid, a showoff who runs a bar and a car dealership, is all for it. Razor begrudgingly accepts $15,000 needed to care for his ailing former trainer Lightning Conlon and pay his overdue bills.


title: Grudge Match

text: At the recording studio, Razor is surprised and taunted by Kid, who was also invited by Dante. The two get into a fight and damage the studio before being arrested. Cellphone footage of the fight is uploaded on YouTube and goes viral, giving Dante the idea of organizing a final grudge match between Razor and Kid, which he will promote as "Grudgement Day".


title: Grudge Match

text: Kid eagerly accepts. Razor is forced to do so as well, not receiving his $15,000 and then learning he has been fired from the shipyard. At the press conference to announce the grudge match, Razor is approached by his ex-girlfriend Sally Rose, who cheated on him with Kid during their youth and ended up becoming pregnant. Now widowed, Sally wants to reconnect with Razor, but he is reluctant.


title: Grudge Match

text: Razor asks old trainer Lightning to get him back in shape. Kid expects gym owner Frankie Brite to train him, but Frankie mocks the fight and is of little help. Kid is approached by his estranged biological son, B. J., against Sally's wishes. The two begin to bond after B. J. gives Kid helpful advice regarding his technique, and is invited to be his trainer.


title: Grudge Match

text: Lightning finds out Razor is blind in one eye. Realizing that a fight could cause permanent damage, Lightning and Sally both implore Razor to call it off, but he decides to go through with the fight.


title: Grudge Match

text: Kid takes his grandson Trey to celebrate the news that the grudge match is sold out. B. J. believes they are going to a movie, but Kid takes the child to a bar, then leaves him on his own while hooking up with a groupie. Trey ends up accidentally starting Kid's car while he is in the backseat having sex. Kid prevents an accident, but he is arrested, and B. J. is infuriated that he endangered the boy. Kid apologizes to B. J. and gives him a scrapbook that he kept of B. J.'s sports career in school, proving he had not been disinterested in him throughout the years. B. J. forgives him.


title: Grudge Match

text: When the grudge match begins, Kid gains the upper hand, severely beating Razor by unknowingly exploiting his blind eye. Upon learning of Razor's condition, however, Kid stops focusing on the eye and helps Razor to his feet. Razor turns the fight to his favor, but likewise helps Kid on his feet after nearly knocking him out. The fight ends and the judges decide it on points. Razor is declared the winner by a very close split decision. He celebrates with Sally and Lightning, while a satisfied Kid enjoys the company of B. J. and Trey, who are proud of what he has accomplished.


title: Grudge Match

text: In a post-credits scene, Razor has a new TV, on which he and Lightning view a performance by Kid on "Dancing with the Stars" and quickly deduce that he is having sex with his partner. In another, Dante tries to set up another grudge match between Mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield. Holyfield refuses several increasingly higher offers to fight Tyson before showing interest when Slate offers Holyfield a role in a fourth "Hangover" film. Tyson, frustrated by this, approaches Dante angrily before the scene ends.


title: Grudge Match

text: Jim Lampley, Steve Levy, John Buccigross, Mike Goldberg, Chael Sonnen, Larry Merchant, Roy Jones Jr., Michael Buffer, Mike Tyson, and Evander Holyfield appear as themselves. Kim Basinger's daughter, Ireland Basinger Baldwin, appears as Young Sally.


title: Grudge Match

text: Filming commenced in New Orleans, Louisiana, in late 2012 and wrapped in March 2013, while several different establishing shots of Downtown Pittsburgh and the Edgar Thomson Steel Works were shot in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.


title: Grudge Match

text: "Grudge Match" grossed only $7 million in its opening weekend, finishing in 11th place at the box office. Made on a $40 million budget, the film made only $45 million worldwide, making it a box office disappointment.


title: Grudge Match

text: "Grudge Match" received generally negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 31% based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Grudge Match" is sporadically funny but meandering, and its strong cast is largely mired in a plot that's overrun with cliches." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 35 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Grudge Match

text: Andrew Barker of "Variety" wrote: "Essentially recasting 'Grumpy Old Men' with the senescent specters of Rocky Balboa and Jake LaMotta, the result is sporadically amusing, with some chucklesome sight gags and crowdpleasing supporting turns from Alan Arkin and Kevin Hart, yet it's all so overcooked that it defeats its own purpose."


title: Grudge Match

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "Watching De Niro and Stallone piss all over their most iconic roles provides no pleasure. It made me feel – Sad. Sad. Sad."


title: Grudge Match

text: John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The movie only wakes up when Hart or Arkin are on screen (preferably together)."


title: Grudge Match

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" called the film "A preposterous, worthless mediocrity. ... Never have I yearned more passionately to climb into my time machine and journey back to before my memory of Raging Bull was needlessly trashed by this incredibly depressing and worthless mediocrity".


title: Grudge Match

text: In a 2018 chat with "Interview", Kim Basinger briefly disclosed that she didn't personally enjoy her experience filming "Grudge Match".


title: Grudge Match

text: Stallone was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance in the film (along with "Bullet to the Head" and "Escape Plan"), but he lost to Jaden Smith for "After Earth". (It was Stallone's 14th bid for the "prize", a record, which he has "won" four times, also a record.)


title: Candy Barr

text: Juanita Dale Slusher (July 6, 1935 – December 30, 2006), better known by her stage name Candy Barr, was an American stripper, burlesque dancer, actress, and adult model in men's magazines of the mid-20th century.


title: Candy Barr

text: During the 1950s, she received nationwide attention for her stripping career in Dallas, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas, her encounters with the law, the death of her second husband, and her sentence to a prison term for drug possession. Barr was also in relationships with Mickey Cohen and Jack Ruby.


title: Candy Barr

text: After serving three years in prison, Barr went to South Texas. She returned to stripping in the late 1960s, and posed for "Oui" magazine in the 1970s, then retired. In the early 1980s, Barr was acknowledged in the magazine "Texas Monthly" as one of history's "perfect Texans", along with other Texans, including Lady Bird Johnson.


title: Candy Barr

text: Candy Barr was born Juanita Dale Slusher on July 6, 1935, in Edna, Texas, the youngest of five children of Elvin Forest "Doc" Slusher (August 19, 1909 – May 2, 1969) and Sadie Mae Sumner (October 1, 1908 – March 11, 1945). She had four siblings: Leota (born 1927), Keleta Pauline "Kay" (born 1928), Gary (1931–72), and Forest Slusher (1933–2003).


title: Candy Barr

text: Juanita was nine years old when her mother was killed falling from a moving car on the highway in nearby Victoria County. Her father then married Etta Agnes Holden (June 18, 1908 – January 19, 1989). Etta was divorced from Guy Goggans (1905–78) and had four children: Solon (born 1927), Nila Fae (1929–2003), Ruby Yvonne (1933–2005), and Charles Edward Goggans (1937–2003). Doc and Etta Slusher had two children together, Travis Leroy (born 1946) and Katherine Pauline "Kay" Slusher (born 1948).


title: Candy Barr

text: Juanita's early years were reportedly scarred by the trauma of sexual abuse from a neighbor and babysitter. At 13, she ran away from home and went to Dallas, where she worked in a motel. It was there that Slusher began working as a prostitute. At the age of 14, she reportedly married her first husband, Billy Joe Debbs (or Dabbs), but the marriage came to a stop after Debbs was imprisoned for safecracking. She also worked as a waitress before becoming an exotic dancer.


title: Candy Barr

text: At age 16, Slusher appeared in one of the most famous and widely circulated of the early underground pornographic films, "Smart Alec" (1951). Because of the widespread "underground" distribution and popularity of the film, she has been called "the first porn star" by the media.


title: Candy Barr

text: She originally told a men's magazine that she did the film for the money, as at the time, she said, she had a dollar. Years later, Slusher instead said that she was drugged and coerced into appearing in the movie without her consent. Shortly after the release of "Smart Alec," and while still underage, she was hired as a stripper at the Theater Lounge in Dallas by Barney Weinstein for $85 a week. She was given the stage name "Candy Barr" at this time (given to her by Weinstein, reportedly because of her fondness for Snickers bars), bleached her hair platinum blond, and became famous.


title: Candy Barr

text: She worked at Weinstein's Colony Club during her career as a porn star. Barr established herself in burlesque and striptease with her costume of a cowboy hat, pasties, scant panties, a pair of pearl-handled cap six-shooters in a holster strapped on her hips, and cowboy boots. When the Theater Lounge would close, she would go to the after-hours Vegas Club, where she became acquainted with the owner and operator, Jack Ruby, in 1952. Their friendship was very casual, however, as she never worked for him and never associated with him outside the Vegas Club and the Silver Spur Inn, which he also operated.


title: Candy Barr

text: Barr reportedly married her second husband, Troy B. Phillips, around 1953 and had a daughter about 1954. In January 1956, Barr shot her husband when he kicked in the door of her apartment in Dallas. She was charged with assault with a deadly weapon, but the charges were later dropped. Phillips was not fatally wounded.


title: Candy Barr

text: Barr performed for the only time on the legitimate stage in 1957, playing the role of Rita Marlowe in the Dallas Little Theater production of "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" In late October of that year, in another criminal case, Dallas police raided her apartment and found four-fifths of an ounce of marijuana, which was hidden in her bra. She was then arrested for drug possession, convicted, and given a 15-year prison sentence, However, Candy has stated it was set up and she was only holding the marijuana for a friend.


title: Candy Barr

text: While the marijuana case turned into a series of appeals, her fame was spread nationwide and Barr became the most famous person of the strip club she worked in, earning $2,000 a week in Las Vegas and Los Angeles, as well as at the Sho-Bar Club on Bourbon Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans.


title: Candy Barr

text: While stripping at the Largo Club on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, she met gangster Mickey Cohen and became his girl. According to Cohen in his autobiography, "In My Own Words", he helped her make bail after Gary Crosby told him, "One thing about that broad, she can make ya feel like a real man." Barr accompanied Cohen to the Saints and Sinners testimonial for Milton Berle in April 1959.


title: Candy Barr

text: The mobster, who insisted he wanted to marry her, eventually sent her and her four-year-old daughter to Mexico so she could evade arrest. He arranged for her hair to be dyed by "hairdresser to the stars" Jack Sahakian, provided her with a fake birth certificate and Social Security card, and gave her $1,200 cash. He later sent her $500 after she was established in a Mexican hideaway. She became restless there, however, and returned to the United States. During this time, her interest in Cohen foundered.


title: Candy Barr

text: Also in 1959, she was hired by 20th Century Fox Studios as a choreographer for "Seven Thieves" (1960). She taught actress Joan Collins how to "dance" for her role as a stripper and was given a credit as technical advisor. Barr was quoted as saying, "Anytime Miss Collins wants to leave the movies, she has it made in burlesque." In the first of her two autobiographical books, "Past Imperfect", Collins describes Barr as "a down-to-earth girl with an incredibly gorgeous body and an angelic face... [who had] taught me more about sensuality than I had learned in all my years under contract".


title: Candy Barr

text: Barr won another chance at reversing her 15-year sentence that October when the district attorney in Dallas said the U.S. Supreme Court had informed his office that her lawyers would be given 20 days to file a motion for a rehearing.


title: Candy Barr

text: She and hairdresser Jack Sahakian were married on November 25, 1959, in Las Vegas while she was headlining at the El Rancho Vegas Hotel. Days later, despite rumors that her arrest had been a setup designed to punish the stripper for her wantonness in conservative Dallas, Barr was arrested by the FBI when the Supreme Court denied her appeal of the marijuana conviction.


title: Candy Barr

text: On December 4, 1959, Barr entered the Goree State Farm for women near Huntsville, Texas to serve her prison term. During her imprisonment, she was a witness in Los Angeles in mid-1961, of the tax evasion trial of her former boyfriend Mickey Cohen. She testified that he paid $15,000 to her attorneys and gave gifts to her during their engagement in 1959. She said that among the other gifts she received from him were jewelry, luggage, and a poodle. It was her understanding, she said, that Cohen was to settle a clothing bill of hers for $1,001.95.


title: Candy Barr

text: After serving over three years of her fifteen-year sentence, Barr was paroled from the Goree Women's Unit on April 1, 1963. She left the prison, having requested that no pictures be taken and no interviews arranged. Barr had intended to return to Dallas, but her parole stipulations were too strict, so it was not permitted. Instead, she returned to her hometown of Edna, where her father and stepmother still lived. At this time, she became closer to Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby in telephone conversations. As she was having health problems when she was released from prison, she decided the best way to earn a living was by raising animals for profit. Ruby went down to Edna and gave her a pair of dachshund breeding dogs from his prized litter to help.


title: Candy Barr

text: Twelve hours after Ruby murdered Lee Harvey Oswald, the leading suspect in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, live on national television, the FBI arrived in Edna to interview Candy. She made a statement, as Juanita Dale Phillips, regarding her knowledge of Ruby prior to Oswald being accused of the assassination of Kennedy, and Ruby's subsequent murder of Oswald. Candy later said "They thought Ruby had told me names and places and people, which he didn't."


title: Candy Barr

text: Texas Governor John Connally pardoned her for the marijuana conviction in 1968. Barr said, "I really don't know why, unless he studied the case and knew it was an injustice whether I was a victim or not."


title: Candy Barr

text: Barr returned to the stripping circuit in early 1966, including appearances at the Largo Club in Los Angeles and the Bonanza Hotel in Las Vegas. She also returned to the Colony Club in Dallas, Texas. She then moved to Brownwood, Texas because her father was ill in Kerrville. She was arrested and charged with marijuana possession again in 1969 in Brownwood. Barr later said, "While my father was in the process of dying, they decided to take advantage of my situation there and busted me. I knew the marijuana wasn't there, I hadn't had any around me for three years." The district attorney in Brown County eventually dismissed the case against her for lack of evidence.


title: Candy Barr

text: In 1972, 56 poems that she wrote while in prison were published with the title "A Gentle Mind...Confused." The 41-year-old grandmother was featured in the June 1976 issue of "Oui" magazine. She gave an interview in "Playboy" soon afterward. During this period, she had a casual sexual encounter with Hugh Hefner, who characterized their affair in a 1984 interview as "a sort of Sex King and Queen kind of thing. She was wonderful." The film rights to Barr's early life story were purchased by producer Mardi Rustam in 1982. In 1984, "Texas Monthly" listed Barr alongside other Texans like Lady Bird Johnson as one of history's "perfect Texans".


title: Candy Barr

text: In March 1988, it was announced that Ryan O'Neal would direct Farrah Fawcett in a biographical film about Barr based on a script by George Axelrod, who wrote the Broadway play "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" However, the biopic was never produced.


title: Candy Barr

text: In 1992, Barr moved from Brownwood back to Edna. Living in quiet retirement with her animals at her rural home, she was content not to exploit or relive her past. She said she was never interested in arousing men, she just wanted to dance. On December 30, 2005, Barr died, at the age of 70, from complications from pneumonia at a hospital in Victoria, Texas.


title: Candy Barr

text: Candy Barr is among the inductees in the Hall of Fame of Exotic World Burlesque Museum, formerly located in Helendale, California, and now on Main Street in Las Vegas, Nevada. Her lip prints are part of the museum's display.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: Lebanese Maronite Christians (; ) are adherents of the Maronite Church in Lebanon, which is the largest Christian denomination in the country. The Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The Lebanese Maronite Christians are believed to constitute about 30% of the total population of Lebanon according to election results. Lebanon's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation's ethno-religious groups.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the president of the country must be a Maronite.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator of the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another."


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The followers of Jesus Christ first became known as "Christians" in the ancient Greek city of Antioch (Acts 11:26), and the city became a center for Christianity - especially after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. According to Catholic tradition, the first Bishop was Saint Peter before his travels to Rome. The third Bishop was the Apostolic Father Ignatius of Antioch. Antioch became one of the five original Patriarchates (the Pentarchy) after Constantine recognized Christianity.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The Maronite Christianity derived its name and religious identity from Saint Maron whose followers migrated to the area of Mount Lebanon (present day Republic of Lebanon) from their previous location of residence around the area of Antioch (an ancient Greek city within present day Hatay Province, Turkey), establishing the nucleus of the Maronite Church.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: More specifically, Maron, a fourth-century monk and the contemporary and friend of St. John Chrysostom, left Antioch for the Orontes River to lead an ascetic life, following the traditions of Anthony the Great of the Desert and Pachomius. Many of his followers also lived a monastic lifestyle. Following the death of Maron in 410, his disciples built a monastery in his memory and formed the nucleus of the Maronite Church.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The Maronites held fast to the beliefs of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. When the Monophysites of Antioch slew 350 monks, the Maronites sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon. Correspondence concerning the event brought the Maronites papal and orthodox recognition, which was solidified by Pope Hormisdas (514–523) on February 10, 518. A monastery was built around the shrine of St. Maro (Marun) after the Council of Chalcedon.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The martyrdom of the Patriarch of Antioch in the first decade of the seventh century, either at the hands of Persian soldiers or local Jews, left the Maronites without a leader, a situation which continued because of the final and most devastating Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628. In the aftermath of the war, the Emperor Heraclius propagated a new Christological doctrine in an attempt to unify the various Christian churches of the east, who were divided over accepting the Council of Chalcedon. This doctrine, monothelitism, was meant as a compromise between supporters of Chalcedon, such as the Maronites, and opponents, such as the Jacobites. To win back the Monophysites, Monoenergism was first advocated by Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople. Pope Honorius I (625–638) of Rome naively called for an end to dispute and interpreted Sergius' view as true since Christ exhibited only one will insofar as His sinless human will never disagreed with His divine will.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: Instead, the Patriarch of Constantinople's doctrine and subsequent Monothelitism caused greater controversy and was declared a heresy at the Sixth Ecumenical Council in 680-681. Contemporary Greek, Latin and Arab sources indicate that the Maronites accepted monothelitism, rejected the sixth council, and continued to maintain a belief in the largely discredited monothelite doctrine for centuries, only moving away from monothelitism in the time of the crusades in order to avoid being branded heretics by the crusaders. The modern Maronite Church, however, rejects the assertion that the Maronites were ever monothelites separated from the rest of the universal Church. The question remains a cause of significant offence to this day.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: In 687, the Emperor Justinian II agreed to evacuate many thousand Maronites from Lebanon and settle them elsewhere. The chaos and utter depression which followed led the Maronites to elect their first Patriarch, John Maroun, that year. This, however, was seen as a usurpation by the then undivideded Orthodox Catholic church. Thus, at a time when Islam was rising on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and a united front was necessary to keep out Islamic infiltration, the Maronites were focused on a struggle to retain their independence against imperial power. This situation was mirrored in other Christian communities in the Byzantine Empire and helped facilitate the Muslim conquest of most of Eastern Christendom by the end of the century.