title: Air Liquide

text: At the end of 2018, Air Liquide announced its climate objectives and aims to reduce its carbon emissions by 30% by 2025. Among the measures stated: increase renewable electricity purchases by nearly 70%, improve the energy efficiency of production units and reduce the carbon footprint of products by 10%, by influencing both production and transport.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air Liquide generates about a third of its sales revenue by supplying the large industry (26% in 2017): chemicals, petrochemicals, metallurgy and refining. Air Liquide supply them with gas and energy by direct pipeline. Its pipeline network in the largest industrial basins is the longest in the world (more than 9000 km).  In 2018, the group's largest hydrogen production unit is located in the industrial zone of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, and has a capacity of 340,000 Nm3/hour thanks to its two production sites.


title: Air Liquide

text: In February 2018, Air Liquide launched the world's largest oxygen production unit for Sasol, an international energy and chemicals company.


title: Air Liquide

text: In 2018, this activity was ensured by 52 hydrogen production units, 19 cogeneration units and 369 air separation units. This specialty represents 27% of the 2019 turnover of Air Liquide Gas and Services activities.


title: Air Liquide

text: Small and Medium Enterprises use gas in small and medium quantities, in very diversified sectors (food, heat treatment of metals, manufacture of glass or welding-cutting of metal parts, etc.). These gases are delivered and stored in liquid form, packaged in bottles or produced directly on the customers' site. Air liquide also produces solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) under the name "Carboglace" (in France). Air Liquide GIS (Industrial Gas Services) and Air Liquide Santé hold a fleet of over twelve thousand tankers worldwide.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air Liquide's activities in the health sector, through Air Liquide Healthcare, represented 18% of its gas and services sales revenue in 2016. The group provides medically prescribed home and hospital treatments for patients with chronic illnesses such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), sleep apnea or diabetes.


title: Air Liquide

text: The group also provides hygiene and disinfection solutions, through its German subsidiary (Germany), as well as sterilization of surgical instruments, to fight against nosocomial diseases. Finally, through its subsidiary Air liquide Medical Systems, Air Liquide is also a manufacturer of medical equipment (ventilation, anesthesia, valve regulator).


title: Air Liquide

text: For its activities in research and development in the health sector, Air Liquide formed partnerships with several international research centers such as MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA), ICM (Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, France), Pasteur Institute, (France) or Leuven University (Belgium). Air Liquide Healthcare employs over 250 researchers for its R&D activities.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air liquide allocates part of its research activities to the development of e-health solutions, particularly in remote medical monitoring and remote support of patients through connected measurement devices, for patients with COPD, diabetes or sleep apnea.


title: Air Liquide

text: In 2017, the Group said it provided  more than 15,000 hospitals and clinics with gases and equipment, and 1,6 million patients around the world.


title: Air Liquide

text: In 2020, Air Liquide along with Schneider Electric, Groupe PSA, and Valeo were asked to produce ventilators for intensive care units (COVID-19) by the Health Department. 85% of the models produced are primarily intended for short-term use.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air Liquide has a plant located just outside Kennedy Space Center that provides gaseous nitrogen via two systems, an air separation system for standard daily needs and a launch support system for periods of higher demand. During the Artemis 1 wet dress rehearsal the level of flow was insufficient, something that will be solved by a planned upgrade of separation equipment.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air liquide supplies semiconductor manufacturers, flat panel displays and the photovoltaic industry with ultra-high purity gases, also called "carrier gases", chemical liquids and equipment for the application of these fluids. For its activity in the electronic sector, the group employs more than 3,000 people.


title: Air Liquide

text: Initiated in 2015, the activity brings together all the activities related to the energy transition, particularly in terms of clean transport and biogas, the space industry and hydrogen energy. It includes all the activities  developing the use of gases in offshore energy production and the transport of high value-added molecules.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air Liquide developed a helium cooling process for the ITER experimental reactor, an experimental fusion reactor located in Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France, built in the early 2010s.


title: Air Liquide

text: In June 2016, Air Liquide set up its first multi-energy service station offering alternative fuels and, more generally, natural fuels: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Liquid Nitrogen (N). This alternative now allows road drivers to refill their refrigerated vehicles with refrigerant gas through a pump delivering liquid nitrogen. Hydrogen could later supplement this panel of energies.


title: Air Liquide

text: The control of the hydrogen chain, from production to distribution and storage, is a priority focus of Air Liquide's research, which focuses on the applications of hydrogen energy in transportation, from the space domain to the automobile. The group is involved in the development of hydrogen stations around the world, and is at the initiative of the group of multinationals who participated in the launch of the "Hydrogen Council", created at the World Economic Forum in Davos 2017 to promote this new energy.


title: Air Liquide

text: For space missions, Air Liquide creates cryogenic equipment for launchers, orbital systems, firing points and sensors cooled at very low temperatures. In Sassenage, France, it builds liquid oxygen tanks for Ariane 5, and in Les Mureaux, the propellant tanks of the launcher's first level.


title: Air Liquide

text: In early 2018, Air Liquide commissioned three new biomethane production units, in the United States, in France, and in the United Kingdom. Its new units doubled Air Liquide's biomethane capacity, reaching 60MW, the equivalent of 500 GWh for a full year of production.


title: Air Liquide

text: The main activity of Air Liquide Engineering & Construction is the design, engineering and construction of processing facilities and associated infrastructure. It is the primary engineering partner for plants operated by the Air Liquide Group, but also a technology provider and engineering partner to third parties as well.


title: Air Liquide

text: Air Liquide Engineering & Construction employs more than 3,000 workers across 15 engineering centers around the world, and owns over 1,600 technology and process patents. This portfolio includes both the historical Air Liquide cryogenics and related technologies, as well as the acquired Lurgi AG technologies, notably syngas, methanol, Rectisol, and other licensed technologies.


title: Air Liquide

text: Run by the founding family until 1945, the company has known 6 presidents since its creation. Between 2001 and 2006, Alain Joly (chairman of the supervisory board) and Benoît Potier (chairman of the executive board) led the management team in pairs, before Benoît Potier took charge of the group. In 2022, François Jackow became CEO and joined the board of directors. Benoît Potier remains chairman of the board of directors.


title: Air Liquide

text: By 29 February 2016, the company had a share value of 33,434 million euros, distributed in 344,222,603 shares.


title: Idiophone

text: An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air flow (as with aerophones), strings (chordophones), membranes (membranophones) or electricity (electrophones). It is the first of the four main divisions in the original Hornbostel–Sachs system of musical instrument classification (see List of idiophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number). The early classification of Victor-Charles Mahillon called this group of instruments "autophones". The most common are struck idiophones, or concussion idiophones, which are made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand (like the wood block, singing bowl, steel tongue drum, triangle or marimba) or indirectly, with scraping or shaking motions (like maracas or flexatone). Various types of bells fall into both categories. A common plucked idiophone is the Jew's harp.


title: Idiophone

text: The word is from Ancient Greek, a combination of "idio-" ("own, personal" or "distinct") and "-phone" ("voice, sound").


title: Idiophone

text: Most percussion instruments that are not drums are idiophones. Hornbostel–Sachs divides idiophones into four main sub-categories. The first division is the struck idiophones (also known sometimes as concussion idiophones). This includes most of the non-drum percussion instruments familiar in the West. They include all idiophones made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand (like the wood block, singing bowl, steel tongue drum, triangle or marimba) or indirectly, by way of a scraping or shaking motion (like maracas or flexatone). Various types of bells fall into both categories.


title: Idiophone

text: The other three subdivisions are rarer. They are plucked idiophones, such as the Jew's harp, amplified cactus, kouxian, dan moi, music box and mbira (lamellophone or thumb piano); blown idiophones, of which there are a very small number of examples, the Aeolsklavier being one; and friction idiophones, such as the singing bowl, glass harmonica, glass harp, turntable, verrophone, daxophone, styrophone, musical saw, and nail violin (a number of pieces of metal or wood rubbed with a bow).


title: Idiophone

text: For example, a pop toob is a brand name for a noisemaker or musical instrument consisting of tubes that are extendable, bendable, and connectable, with the noise being created concussively by the bending and unbending, or popping, of the tube's corrugation, whereas a whirly tube uses corrugated tubing and the difference in speed and thus air pressure to create an aerophone when spun in a circle.


title: Idiophone

text: Most idiophones are made of glass, metal, ceramics, and wood. They are considered part of the percussion section in an orchestra.


title: Idiophone

text: A number of idiophones that are normally struck, such as vibraphone bars and cymbals, can also be bowed.


title: Nuchal scan

text: A nuchal scan or nuchal translucency (NT) scan/procedure is a sonographic prenatal screening scan (ultrasound) to detect chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus, though altered extracellular matrix composition and limited lymphatic drainage can also be detected.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Since chromosomal abnormalities can result in impaired cardiovascular development, a nuchal translucency scan is used as a screening, rather than diagnostic, tool for conditions such as Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edwards Syndrome, and non-genetic body-stalk anomaly.


title: Nuchal scan

text: There are two distinct measurements: the size of the nuchal translucency and the thickness of the nuchal fold. Nuchal translucency size is typically assessed at the end of the first trimester, between 11 weeks 3 days and 13 weeks 6 days of pregnancy. Nuchal fold thickness is measured towards the end of the second trimester. As nuchal translucency size increases, the chances of a chromosomal abnormality and mortality increase; 65% of the largest translucencies (>6.5mm) are due to chromosomal abnormality, while fatality is 19% at this size. A nuchal scan may also help confirm both the accuracy of the pregnancy dates and the fetal viability.


title: Nuchal scan

text: All women, regardless their age, have a small chance of delivering a baby with a physical or cognitive disability. The nuchal scan helps physicians estimate the chance of the fetus having Down syndrome or other abnormalities more accurately than by maternal age alone.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Overall, the most common chromosomal disorder is Down syndrome (trisomy 21). The likelihood rises with maternal age from 1 in 1400 pregnancies below age 25, to 1 in 350 at age 35, to 1 in 200 at age 40.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Until recently, the only reliable ways to determine if the fetus has a chromosomal abnormality was to have an invasive test such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, but such tests carry a risk of causing a miscarriage estimated variously as ranging between 1% or 0.06%. Based on maternal age, some countries offer invasive testing to women over 35; others to the oldest 5% of pregnant women. Most women, especially those with a low chance of having a child with Down syndrome, may wish to avoid the risk to the fetus and the discomfort of invasive testing. In 2011, Sequenom announced the launch of MaterniT21, a non-invasive blood test with a high level of accuracy in detecting Down syndrome (and a handful of other chromosomal abnormalities). As of 2015, there are five commercial versions of this screen (called cell-free fetal DNA screening) available in the United States.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Blood testing is also used to look for abnormal levels of alphafetoprotein or hormones. The results of all three factors may indicate a higher chance of Down Syndrome. If this is the case, the woman may be advised to have a more reliable screen such as cell-free fetal DNA screening or an invasive diagnostic test (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis).


title: Nuchal scan

text: Screening for Down syndrome by a combination of maternal age and thickness of nuchal translucency in the fetus at 11–14 weeks of gestation was introduced in the 1990s. This method identifies about 75% of affected fetuses while screening about 5% of pregnancies. Natural fetal loss after positive diagnosis at 12 weeks is about 30%.


title: Nuchal scan

text: In fetuses with a normal number of chromosomes, a thicker nuchal translucency is associated with other fetal defects and genetic syndromes.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Nuchal scan (NT procedure) is performed between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, because the accuracy is best in this period. The scan is obtained with the fetus in sagittal section and a neutral position of the fetal head (neither hyperflexed nor extended, either of which can influence the nuchal translucency thickness). The fetal image is enlarged to fill 75% of the screen, and the maximum thickness is measured, from leading edge to leading edge. It is important to distinguish the nuchal lucency from the underlying amniotic membrane.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Normal thickness depends on the crown-rump length (CRL) of the fetus. Among those fetuses whose nuchal translucency exceeds the normal values, there is a relatively high risk of significant abnormality.


title: Nuchal scan

text: An increased nuchal translucency increases the probability that the fetus will be affected by a chromosomal abnormality, congenital cardiac defects, or intrauterine fetal demise. Typically, nuchal translucency alone is not sufficient as a screening test for chromosomal abnormalities.


title: Nuchal scan

text: How to define a normal or abnormal nuchal translucency measurement can be difficult. The use of a single millimeter cutoff (such as 2.5 or 3.0 mm) is inappropriate because nuchal translucency measurements normally increases with gestational age (by approximately 15% to 20% per gestational week from 10 to 13 weeks). At 12 weeks of gestational age, an "average" nuchal thickness of 2.18mm has been observed; however, up to 13% of chromosomally normal fetuses present with a nuchal translucency of greater than 2.5mm. Thus for even greater accuracy of predicting risks, the outcome of the nuchal scan may be combined with the results of simultaneous maternal blood tests. In pregnancies affected by Down syndrome there is a tendency for the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to be increased and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) to be decreased.


title: Nuchal scan

text: The advantage of nuchal scanning over the previous use of just biochemical blood profiling is mainly the reduction in false positive rates.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Nuchal scanning alone detects 62% of all Down syndrome (sensitivity) with a false positive rate of 5.0%; the combination with blood testing gives corresponding values of 73% and 4.7%.


title: Nuchal scan

text: In another study values of 79.6% and 2.7% for the combined screening were then improved with the addition of second trimester ultrasound scanning to 89.7% and 4.2% respectively.


title: Nuchal scan

text: A further study reported detection of 88% for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and 75% for trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), with a 3.3% false-positive rate. Finally, using the additional ultrasound feature of an absent nasal bone can further increase detection rates for Down syndrome to more than 95%.


title: Nuchal scan

text: When screening is positive, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis testing is required to confirm the presence of a genetic abnormality. However this procedure carries a small risk of miscarriage so prior screening with low false positive rates are needed to minimize the chance of miscarrying.


title: Nuchal scan

text: The actual anatomic structure whose fluid is seen as translucency is likely the normal skin at the back of the neck, which either may become edematous or in some cases filled with fluid by dilated lymphatic sacs due to altered normal embryological connections.


title: Nuchal scan

text: The translucent area measured (the nuchal translucency) is only useful to measure between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, when the fetal lymphatic system is developing and the peripheral resistance of the placenta is high. After 14 weeks the lymphatic system is likely to have developed sufficiently to drain away any excess fluid, and


title: Nuchal scan

text: changes to the placental circulation will result in a drop in peripheral resistance. So after this time any abnormalities causing fluid accumulation may seem to correct themselves and can thus go undetected by nuchal scanning.


title: Nuchal scan

text: The buildup in fluid is due to a blockage of fluid in the developing fetal lymphatic system. Progressive increase in the width of the translucent area during the 11- to 14-week measurement period is thus indicative of congenital lymphedema.


title: Nuchal scan

text: Nuchal translucency testing is distinctly different from and should not be confused with nuchal thickness testing. At the end of the second trimester (26 weeks), the nuchal translucency can no longer be seen and instead the nuchal fold thickness is measured between 16 and 24 weeks gestation. The fold is more focal and at the level of the posterior fossa. This measurement has a higher threshold of normal, although the implications of increased thickness are similar to those of translucency. The nuchal fold thickness is considered normal if under 5mm between 16 and 18 weeks gestation and under 6mm between 18 and 24 weeks gestation. An increased thickness corresponds to increased risk for aneuploidy and other fetal abnormalities.


title: Cantharidin

text: Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless fatty substance of the terpenoid class, which is secreted by many species of blister beetles. It is a burn agent or a poison in large doses, but preparations containing it were historically used as aphrodisiacs (Spanish fly). In its natural form, cantharidin is secreted by the male blister beetle and given to the female as a copulatory gift during mating. Afterwards, the female beetle covers her eggs with it as a defense against predators.


title: Cantharidin

text: Poisoning from cantharidin is a significant veterinary concern, especially in horses, but it can also be poisonous to humans if taken internally (where the source is usually experimental self-exposure). Externally, cantharidin is a potent vesicant (blistering agent), exposure to which can cause severe chemical burns. Properly dosed and applied, the same properties have also been used therapeutically, for instance for treatment of skin conditions such as molluscum contagiosum infection of the skin.


title: Cantharidin

text: Cantharidin is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.


title: Cantharidin

text: Cantharidin, from the Greek "kantharis", for beetle, is an odorless, colorless natural product with solubility in various organic solvents, but only slight solubility in water. Its skeleton is tricyclic, formally, a tricyclo-[5.2.1.0]decane skeleton. Its functionalities include a carboxylic acid anhydride (−CO−O−CO−) substructure in one of its rings, as well as a bridging ether in its bicyclic ring system.


title: Cantharidin

text: The complete mechanism of the biosynthesis of cantharidin is unknown. Its framework formally consists of two isoprene units. However, feeding studies indicate that the biosynthetic process is more complicated and not a simple product of geranyl pyrophosphate or related ten-carbon parent structure as the seeming monoterpene nature would suggest. Instead, there is a farnesol (15-carbon) precursor from which certain carbon segments are later excised.


title: Cantharidin

text: The level of cantharidin in blister beetles can be quite variable. Among blister beetles of the genus "Epicauta" in Colorado, "E. pennsylvanica" contains about 0.2 mg, "E. maculata" contains 0.7 mg, and "E. immaculata" contains 4.8 mg per beetle; males also contain higher levels than females.


title: Cantharidin

text: Males of "Berberomeloe majalis" have higher level of cantharidin per beetle: 64.22 ± 51.28 mg/g (dry weight) and 9.10 ± 12.64 mg/g (d. w.). Cantharidin content in haemolymph is also higher in males (80.9 ± 106.5 µg/g) than in females (20.0 ± 41.5 µg/g).


title: Cantharidin

text: Preparations made from blistering beetles have been used since ancient times as an aphrodisiac, possibly because their physical effects were perceived to mimic those of sexual arousal, and because they can cause prolonged erection or priapism in men. These preparations were known as "cantharides", from the Greek word for "beetle".


title: Cantharidin

text: Cantharidin was first isolated as a chemically pure substance in 1810 by Pierre Robiquet, a French chemist then living in Paris. Robiquet isolated cantharidin as the active ingredient in pharmacological preparations of "Lytta vesicatoria", a.k.a. "Spanish fly", a species of blister beetle. This was one of the first historical instances of the identification and extraction of a simple active principle from a complex medicine.


title: Cantharidin

text: Robiquet found cantharidin to be an odorless and colorless solid at room temperature. He demonstrated that it was the active principle responsible for the aggressively blistering properties of the coating of the eggs of the blister beetle, and established as well that cantharidin had toxic properties comparable in degree to those of the most virulent poisons known in the 19th century, such as strychnine.


title: Cantharidin

text: Poisoning from cantharidin is a significant veterinary concern, especially in horses by "Epicauta" species; species infesting feedstocks depend on region—e.g., "Epicauta pennsylvanica" (black blisterbeetle) in the U.S. midwest and "E. occidentalis, temexia, and vittata" species (striped blister beetles) in the U.S. southwest—where the concentrations of the agent in each can vary substantially. Beetles feed on weeds and occasionally move into crop fields used to produce livestock feeds (e.g., alfalfa), where they are found to cluster and find their way into baled hay, e.g., a single flake (4-5 in. section) may have several hundred insects, or none at all. Horses are very sensitive to the cantharidin produced by beetle infestations: the for horses is roughly 1 mg/kg of the horse's body weight. Horses may be accidentally poisoned when fed bales of fodder with blister beetles in them.


title: Cantharidin

text: Great bustards, a strongly polygynous bird species, are not immune to the toxicity of cantharidin; they become intoxicated after ingesting blister beetles; however, cantharidin has activity also against parasites that infect them. Great bustards may eat toxic blister beetles of the genus "Meloe" to increase the sexual arousal of males.


title: Cantharidin

text: As a blister agent, cantharidin has the potential to cause adverse effects when used medically; for this reason, it has been included in a list of "problem drugs" used by dermatologists and emergency personnel.


title: Cantharidin

text: Despite being widely used, cantharidin has never been and is not currently FDA approved. It is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of molluscum. However, when compounded properly and applied in the clinic topically by a medical provider familiar with its effects and uses, cantharidin can be safely and effectively used to treat some benign skin lesions like warts and molluscum.


title: Cantharidin

text: When ingested by humans, the is around 0.5 mg/kg, with a dose of as little as 10 mg being potentially fatal. Ingesting cantharidin can initially cause severe damage to the lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and may also cause permanent renal damage. Symptoms of cantharidin poisoning include blood in the urine, abdominal pain, and rarely prolonged erections.


title: Cantharidin

text: The extreme toxicity of cantharidin makes any use as an aphrodisiac highly dangerous. As a result, it is illegal to sell (or use) cantharidin or preparations containing it without a prescription in many countries.


title: Cantharidin

text: Topical cantharidin is absorbed by the lipid membranes of epidermal cells, causing the release of serine proteases, enzymes that break the peptide bonds in proteins. This causes the disintegration of desmosomal plaques, cellular structures involved in cell-to-cell adhesion, leading to detachment of the tonofilaments that hold cells together. The process leads to the loss of cellular connections (acantholysis) and ultimately blistering of the skin. Lesions heal without scarring.


title: Cantharidin

text: VP-102, an experimental drug-device combination which includes cantharidin delivered via a single-use applicator, is being studied for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum, common warts, and genital warts.


title: Cantharidin

text: Cantharidin appears to have some effect in the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in animal models. In addition to topical medical applications, cantharidin and its analogues may have activity against cancer cells.


title: Cantharidin

text: Laboratory studies with cultured tumor cells suggest that this activity may be the result of PP2A inhibition.


The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library.


title: United States National Library of Medicine

text: Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health. Its collections include more than seven million books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts, microfilms, photographs, and images on medicine and related sciences, including some of the world's oldest and rarest works.


text: The precursor of the National Library of Medicine, established in 1836, was the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, a part of the office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and its Medical Museum were founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum. Throughout their history the Library of the Surgeon General's Office and the Army Medical Museum often shared quarters. From 1866 to 1887, they were housed in Ford's Theatre after production there was stopped, following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.


text: In 1956, the library collection was transferred from the control of the U.S. Department of Defense to the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and renamed the National Library of Medicine, through the instrumentality of Frank Bradway Rogers, who was the director from 1956 to 1963. The library moved to its current quarters in Bethesda, Maryland, on the campus of the National Institutes of Health, in 1962.


text: Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published the Index Medicus, a monthly guide to articles, in nearly five thousand selected journals. The last issue of Index Medicus was printed in December 2004, but this information is offered in the freely accessible PubMed, among the more than fifteen million MEDLINE journal article references and abstracts going back to the 1960s and 1.5 million references going back to the 1950s.


text: The National Library of Medicine runs the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which houses biological databases (PubMed among them) that are freely accessible on the Internet through the Entrez search engine and Lister Hill National Center For Biomedical Communications. As the United States National Release Center for SNOMED CT, NLM provides SNOMED CT data and resources to licensees of the NLM UMLS Metathesaurus. NLM maintains ClinicalTrials.gov registry for human interventional and observational studies. Additionally NLM runs ChemIDplus which is a chemical database of over 400,000 chemicals complete with names, synonyms, and structures. It includes links to NLM and other databases and resources, including links to federal, state and international agencies.


text: The Toxicology and Environmental Health Program was established at the National Library of Medicine in 1967 and is charged with developing computer databases compiled from the medical literature and from the files of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The program has implemented several information systems for chemical emergency response and public education, such as the Toxicology Data Network, TOXMAP, Tox Town, Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders, Toxmystery, and the Household Products Database. These resources are accessible without charge on the internet.


text: Radiation Emergency Management System is produced by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of Planning and Emergency Operations, in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services, with subject matter experts from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and many U.S. and international consultants.


text: The Extramural Division provides grants to support research in medical information science and to support planning and development of computer and communications systems in medical institutions. Research, publications, and exhibitions on the history of medicine and the life sciences also are supported by the History of Medicine Division. In April 2008 the current exhibition was launched.


text: National Center for Biotechnology Information is an intramural division within National Library of Medicine that creates public databases in molecular biology, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing molecular and genomic data, and disseminates biomedical information, all for the better understanding of processes affecting human health and disease.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The German Wirehaired Pointer is a medium to large-sized griffon type breed of dog developed in the 19th century in Germany for versatile hunting. It became a leading gun dog in Germany in the later part of the 20th century. It is the result of the careful mixing and crossing of the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Roughhaired Pointer, and the hunting Pudelpointer in the late 19th century.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The German Wirehaired Pointer is a well muscled, medium to large-sized dog of distinctive appearance. Balanced in size and sturdily built, the breed's most distinguishing characteristics are its weather resistant, wire-like coat and its facial furnishings. Typically pointer in character and style, the German Wirehaired Pointer (GWP) is an intelligent, energetic and determined hunter. The tail is typically docked to two-fifths of the natural length. In countries where docking is prohibited the tail should be of sufficient length to reach down to the hocks. Like all German pointers, they have webbed feet. This dog can have a similar appearance and therefore is sometimes confused with the Spinone Italiano, Český Fousek, or Wirehaired Pointing Griffon.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The functional wiry coat is the breed's most distinctive feature. A dog must have a correct coat to be of correct type. The coat is weather resistant and water-repellent. The undercoat is dense enough in winter to insulate against the cold but is so thin in summer as to be almost invisible. The distinctive outer coat is straight, harsh, wiry and flat lying, and is from one to two inches in length. The outer coat is long enough to protect against the punishment of rough cover, but not so long as to hide the outline of the dog. On the lower legs the coat is shorter and between the toes it is of softer texture. On the skull the coat is naturally short and close fitting. Over the shoulders and around the tail it is very dense and heavy. The tail is nicely coated, particularly on the underside, but devoid of feather. Eyebrows are of strong, straight hair. Beard and whiskers are medium length. The hairs in the liver patches of a liver and white dog may be shorter than the white hairs. A short smooth coat, a soft woolly coat, or an excessively long coat is to be severely penalized when showing. While maintaining a harsh, wiry texture, the puppy coat may be shorter than that of an adult coat. The coat of the puppy should be shorter than 1 inch the adult coat should be kept at 1 inch long.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The dog should be evaluated at a moderate gait. The breed standard is that the movement is free and smooth with good reach in the forequarters and good driving power in the hindquarters. The topline should remain firm.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The German Wirehaired Pointer (GWP) is affectionate, lively, very determined, active and intelligent. Eager to learn and loyal to its family, it needs a handler who is consistent in approach. They like to be occupied, are vigorous and enjoy working for their owners. They are friendly with those they know, but are sometimes aloof with strangers and should be socialized at an early age. They often don't do well in a kennel environment. German Wirehaired Pointers are happiest and most well behaved when they are part of the family and can spend time with their people. They can be rather willful. Some dogs have a tendency to roam. Powerful and energetic, they can become bored and hard to manage without enough exercise. The German Wirehaired Pointer is a good all-around gun dog, able to hunt any sort of game on any sort of terrain. This dog has a good nose and can track, point, and retrieve on both land and water. Loyal and playful, the GWP thrives on human companionship. However, they are still dogs, and all dogs may bite small children without adequate management and supervision. Although they are generally accepting of other dogs, they tend to focus upon the people in their family.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The Colors are: Liver (brown) and white or black and white ticked usually with some solid patches, and solid liver (brown) with or without a white chest patch.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: The German Wirehaired Pointer traces its origins back to 1880. The breed originated in Germany, where was a leading breeder, wanting to create a versatile hunting dog that would work closely with either one person or a small party of persons hunting on foot in varied terrain; from the mountainous regions of the Alps, to dense forests, to more open areas with farms and small towns. The breed the Germans desired had to have a coat that would protect the dogs when working in heavy cover or in cold water, yet be easy to maintain. Careful crosses of the German pointer with many other breeds. Sources differ on the exact lineage, though the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Pudelpointer, Stichelhaar, and Deutscher-Kurzhaar are commonly accepted as the most likely contributors. This is a dog that can fully respond to the needs of its hunter. The goal was to develop a wire-coated, medium-sized dog that could:


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: All "drahts" must meet rigorous hunt and physical evaluations before being eligible for breeding. In addition to searching and pointing, these tests include the tracking and recovery of all game including wounded game such as fox, rabbit, deer and boar, which may not be required of a dog that hunts birds predominantly.


title: German Wirehaired Pointer

text: For upland (i.e. non-waterfowl) bird work, many GWPs have distinguished themselves with all-breed Field Championships and Master Hunter titles. When purchasing a working GWP, attention needs to be paid to identifying breeders that place emphasis on all aspects of the versatile hunting dog. Among these breeders can be found accomplished dogs including Dual Championships (both field and show).


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: The Volvo D5 is a type of turbocharged diesel engine developed by Volvo Cars for use in its passenger cars. The D5 engine is based on the Volvo Modular petrol engine. The D5 displaces 2.4 liters; a smaller series of two-litre engines were developed in 2010 and marketed as the Volvo D3 and D4.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: It is an all aluminium five-cylinder engine with 20 valves and double overhead camshafts. In all but one late version it has a VGT turbocharger of the type VNT (variable nozzle turbine), common rail direct injection and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: Volvo has a special version of the D5 (D5244T8/T13) for use in the C30, S40, V50 and C70 models that produces and of torque, reduced to with automatic transmission. The engine compartments of these cars are smaller so among other things the engine has a different air intake system, different exhaust system, smaller charge air cooler and a smaller radiator.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: In 2009 Volvo, in conjunction with Polestar, launched software upgrades for many of its D5 engines. These upgrades have no impact on official emission or fuel consumption figures, but produce power and torque gains of typically a little over 10%. The first engine to have such an upgrade available was the D5244T4, and the upgrade increased the torque from , and power from . The same upgrade was available for the mechanically-identical D5244T5. Similar upgrades have since been launched for later engines.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: The D5244T is also offered as a marine engine by Volvo Penta under the name D3. The marinised engine is in large parts identical to D5244T. This includes crankshaft, pistons, camshafts, valves, cylinder block, cylinder head, turbo, injectors and the high pressure pump. The D3 ECU has a modified software, which e.g. gives a modified torque suited for marine applications and has a simplified starting sequence. The hardware differences between D5244T and D3 are: a water-cooled intercooler, a water-cooled exhaust manifold, a heavier monolithic crankwheel, a seawater-pump and a heat exchanger.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: Note: 'D5' is branding. All these engines share the five-cylinder block, although not all consistently used the 'D5' badge over time. This is due to changes in hardware and the specific model the engine was deployed in. E.g. On the S60 -05 range, the D5244T was labelled 'D5', and subsequently the D5244T5 was labelled '2.4D' as a (software) detuned version of the D5244T4 'D5' on the 05-09 range. The D5244T21 was even badged 'D4' when used in the S60 D4 AWD automatic between 2016 and 2018. Similarly the 2016 XC60 AWD branded the 190PS D5244T21 as 'D4', but the 220PS D5244T20 as 'D5', whilst the two wheel drive XC60 model of the same year used 'D4' to describe the different D4204T four-cylinder diesel engine developed in conjunction with Ford and PSA.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: In 2010 Volvo debuted a new series of two-liter engines based on the third generation D5 with all the features of that engine. Three models with different power outputs were available (internal model codes D5204T, D5204T2, and D5204T5), marketed as the D3 and D4 depending on output. The direct injection pump is a Bosch CP4 with two heads, helping to produce torque of around even at low engine speeds.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: The D3/D4 bore remains the same as in the D5, but with a stroke the displacement is brought down to , keeping it below the vital two-litre threshold in many countries. The D3 is the lower-powered series, with the higher output D5204T referred to as the D4.


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: In April 2011 the original D5204T2 was replaced by the upgraded D3 version, which featured Volvo's "Volvo Environment Diesel" (VED) technologies to lower emissions and consumption. Power and torque figures remained largely unchanged. In April 2012 a lower tuned engine, the D5204T7 was announced; it was marketed as a "D3" and meanwhile the version changed its name to "D4".


title: Volvo D5 engine

text: In autumn of 2013 the new Volvo Engine Architecture was introduced. The 5-cylinder D5 began a process of being gradually phased out along with the V70/XC70 and first generation XC60. Production of the D5 type engines ended in 2017.


title: Name That Tune

text: Name That Tune is an American television music game show. Originally created and produced by orchestra conductor Harry Salter and his wife Roberta Semple Salter, the series features contestants competing to correctly identify songs being played by an on-stage orchestra or band.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Name That Tune" premiered on the NBC Radio Network in 1952, where it aired until 1954, and made the move to television in 1953 on the same network. CBS picked up the television series in the summer of 1953 and carried it through 1959.


title: Name That Tune

text: A short-lived revival for syndication followed in 1970 with Richard Hayes as host, but a second revival in 1974 was much more successful. Airing weekly, the 1974 syndicated offering used a new show format and, beginning in 1976, offered a top prize of $100,000 to a lucky champion (after which the show became known as "The $100,000 Name That Tune"). Tom Kennedy hosted this series, which ran until 1981 and began airing twice weekly during its final season.


title: Name That Tune

text: During the course of Kennedy’s series, two attempts were made at reviving the series for network television, both on its original home at NBC. Dennis James hosted the first of these series, which ran daily for five months in daytime in 1974 and came to an end shortly after the new year in 1975. In 1977, a second daily daytime series with Kennedy hosting was conceived, but this too was short-lived and was cancelled after six months.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Name That Tune" returned in 1984 to syndication, again using the $100,000 prize in its branding. Hosted by Jim Lange, this revival was the first syndicated edition of "Name That Tune" not to air on a weekly basis from the start; instead, the show aired as a daily series with some changes to the format, including the tournament structure. It did not find the success that its predecessor had in syndication and came to an end after one season in 1985.


title: Name That Tune

text: In November 2020, Prestige Entertainment, Eureka Productions, and Fox announced a new primetime version of "Name That Tune" hosted by actress Jane Krakowski (with Randy Jackson of "American Idol" fame as bandleader), which premiered on January 6, 2021. The twelve-episode first season was filmed in Australia with American contestants. A second season of the revival premiered on March 29, 2022, which was filmed in Ireland; in this season, four of the eight episodes featured celebrity contestants. A third season of the revival, titled "Celebrity Name That Tune", will premiere on January 11, 2023.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Name That Tune" had its conceptual origins in an earlier radio and television series, "Stop the Music". "Stop the Music" was created by Mark Goodson, orchestra conductor Harry Salter, and advertising executive Howard Connell. "Stop the Music" relied on studio audience members and random telephone calls to potential viewers/listeners to identify melodies played by an orchestra. "Name That Tune" changed this idea to a head-to-head competition between two onstage contestants.


title: Name That Tune

text: Incarnations of "Name That Tune" over the years have maintained core concepts. These include an orchestra and/or a band, head-to-head contestant identification of songs played by that orchestra/band, and a bonus round known as the "Golden Medley", where the winner of the head-to-head competition plays on their own for the episode's grand prize. Previous winners would sometimes be invited back to identify songs for much larger prizes – in the 1950s television version the prize was $25,000, and by the 1970s–1980s, this grand prize was increased to $100,000.


title: Name That Tune

text: Bob Alberti was the conductor of the orchestra for the first season of the 1970s run, with Tommy Oliver replacing him in 1975 and Stan Worth replacing Oliver in 1978. The orchestra also featured a vocalist at times. Originally the position was held by Kathie Lee Gifford, then known as Kathie Lee Johnson, who performed from 1977 to 1978. She was replaced by Monica Burruss for the 1978–79 season, who remained with the series until its 1981 cancellation.


title: Name That Tune

text: Also for the 1978–79 season, the series brought in choreographers Dennon Rawles and Jerri Fiala, the latter of whom was already working for show producer Ralph Edwards as hostess on "The Cross-Wits", to serve as background dancers; and the Name That Tune Orchestra (with Burruss) was supplemented by The Sound System, a rock music ensemble led by Dan Sawyer with Steve March as its featured vocalist. The dancers only appeared for one season, but The Sound System and March stayed on for the rest of the show's run.


title: Name That Tune

text: The 2021 version sees musician, record executive and former "American Idol" judge Randy Jackson as bandleader. Jackson also performs announcing duties at the beginning of the show.


title: Name That Tune

text: In the 1950s version of "Name That Tune", the contestants stood across the stage from two large ship's bells as the orchestra started playing tunes. When a contestant knew the tune, they ran across the stage to "ring the bell and name that tune" Four tunes were played every game, and each tune was worth increasing dollar amounts. The first tune was worth $5 and each subsequent tune was worth double the previous tune, up to $40 for the fourth and final tune. The player with the most money after four tunes won the game and played the "Golden Medley" bonus round. From 1955 to 1959, only three tunes were played, worth $10, $20 and $30. If both players were tied at $30 each, both played as a team in the Golden Medley.


title: Name That Tune

text: In the original series, all the tunes played were selected by home viewers. Each correct tune won money for the winning contestant as well as the home viewers. The first correct answer was worth $25, and each subsequent correct answer doubled the money. Naming all seven won $1,600 and gave a home viewer a chance to come to the New York studio where the show was taped at that time, and play along with the studio contestant in a special round called the "Golden Medley Marathon".


title: Name That Tune

text: In the Golden Medley Marathon, the winning home viewer and the winning studio contestant worked as a team. This time, the two players had to correctly guess five tunes in 30 seconds, and if they did so they split $10,000 and returned the next week to try and do it again. They could keep coming back for up to four additional weeks, and potentially could win a combined $50,000.


title: Name That Tune

text: Two contestants selected from the studio audience compete in various song identification games to earn points as well as cash and prizes. Three rounds were played per game, typically beginning with Melody Roulette, followed by a second game which varied by-episode, and culminating with Bid-a-Note. Each of the first two games awarded 10 points to the winner, but Bid-a-Note was worth 20 points. A round's points were split between the players in the event of a tie. If the players were tied after the final competitive round, a single tiebreaker tune was played to determine who advanced to the Golden Medley bonus round for a chance at more prizes.


title: Name That Tune

text: A wheel was spun onstage to determine a cash prize for identifying the tune. Early in both the daytime and syndicated versions the wheel contained categories. Each contestant selected a category before each spin and received $100 if the wheel stopped on their choice. However, the categories were later replaced by money amounts ranging from $20 to $1,000 from 1974 to 1976, $50–$1,000 from 1976 to 1977, and $100–$1,000 from 1977 to 1981 on the syndicated series (and $50–$500 on the 1977 daytime series). Also, after the switch to dollar amounts on the wheel, each contestant selected a space on the wheel (a $100 space in daytime, a $200 space in the syndicated series). If the wheel landed on one of those spaces, that contestant won that amount automatically prior to the start of the tune; this was discarded in 1976.


title: Name That Tune

text: An outer wheel was added in 1976 which held two spaces marked "Double" and was spun in the opposite direction of the inner. From 1977 to 1980, it also featured a space offering a new car, but the car could be won only once per episode. In 1980, this was replaced by two generic "prize" spaces, which worked the same way, along with only one Double space. In order for a tune to be worth double the value or to have a prize on the line, the corresponding space had to be covering the space where the inner wheel had stopped.


title: Name That Tune

text: Bid-a-Note has typically been the final head-to-head round of the show, except from 1978 to 1981 and during the 1984–85 tournaments, when it was the penultimate round.


title: Name That Tune

text: After being given a clue towards the song, the two contestants alternate bidding as to how few notes they need to identify it, starting as high as seven. Bidding ends when one contestant challenges the other to name the tune, or a bid of one note is given by a player to end the auction. Correctly identifying the song earns the contestant a point, while missing it gives the point to the opponent. The first to reach three points wins the game.


title: Name That Tune

text: From 1978 to the end of the Kennedy run, players alternated choosing the tune to be played via displayed numbered packets.


title: Name That Tune

text: The main bonus round of "Name That Tune", where the contestant must identify seven tunes within 30 seconds. The champion stops the clock by hitting a buzzer, a cue for the band to stop playing, and can either give an answer or pass if they are not sure. Once all seven tunes are played, the contestant may return to tunes passed if time permits. The game ends when a contestant identifies all seven tunes, runs out of time, or gives an incorrect answer.


title: Name That Tune

text: On the 1974 daytime series, the winning player had to correctly identify six (later five) tunes. Each correct guess won $200, and $2,000 was awarded if the contestant guessed all six in 30 seconds. No matter what the result of the Golden Medley was, the champion returned the next day and played until s/he had won five times or had been defeated. Any champion that made it to a fifth day won a car.


title: Name That Tune

text: Later in the run, corresponding with the change to five tunes, a champion was required to win the Golden Medley in order to return the next day. The car was awarded if the champion successfully completed the Golden Medley four times.


title: Name That Tune

text: On the Tom Kennedy syndicated series, each tune was worth $500 in cash and/or prizes (usually, a contestant who got six won a car on the nighttime version), and any contestant who named all seven tunes won a $15,000 prize package. On the 1977 daytime version, each tune was worth $250, and all seven won a $2,500 prize package.


title: Name That Tune

text: From 1976 to 1978, Golden Medley winners on the syndicated series were given a chance to win an additional $100,000 in cash at the conclusion of the next week's episode by guessing the $100,000 Mystery Tune. A large metal safe filled with large manila envelopes was employed for the Mystery Tune, and one of them would be selected at random. The producers were responsible for this in 1976, but the choice shifted to the contestant the following year. Each envelope contained a packet of sheet music for a mystery tune that was from the past or present era, and was either classical or popular music (the title of each mystery tune was listed on the front of its envelope, but it was blacked out). Also inside each mystery tune envelope was a second smaller envelope containing the mystery tune's title, composition, and copyright information.


title: Name That Tune

text: Once an envelope was chosen, it was brought out onstage by the show's security guard and given to the orchestra's pianist. The contestant was placed in an isolation booth which was specially wired so he/she could only hear Kennedy and the pianist as he played the mystery tune. The pianist would then play twenty seconds of the mystery tune and then the contestant had ten seconds to guess the exact title, which was recorded on audiotape.


title: Name That Tune

text: Kennedy then opened the second envelope and read off the information contained inside. The contestant’s recorded guess was then replayed, and Kennedy finished by giving the title of the song. If the contestant's guess was exactly right, he/she won $100,000 ($10,000 a year for the next ten years).


title: Name That Tune

text: When "Name That Tune" returned to daytime in 1977, the Mystery Tune round was brought along with it and played according to the same rules as the syndicated version. The prize for correctly naming the tune was a lump sum of $25,000.


title: Name That Tune

text: On days when the Mystery Tune was played, the front game was abbreviated in order to leave time for it, such as by making Bid-a-Note a best-of-three round instead of best-of-five.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 1977, eleven Golden Medley winners who did not correctly identify the Mystery Tune were invited back to play in a three week tournament where the winner would receive $100,000 in cash and prizes. In the first two weeks, five or six players competed in an otherwise normal game, except that in "Melody Roulette", only the first two players to answer two tunes continued. "Sing a Tune" and "Bid a Note" were then played for ten points between the remaining two players.


title: Name That Tune

text: To determine the winner of the match, the Golden Medley became a competitive round of play instead of a bonus round and changed its name to the Golden Medley Showdown. Here, the two contestants tried to identify as many songs as they could within the thirty second time limit; a tune was discarded if neither player buzzed in within five seconds.


title: Name That Tune

text: The two winners came back on the third week, playing "Melody Roulette", "Sing a Tune", and "Bid a Note" for 10 points each, and "Golden Medley Showdown" for 30, to determine the $100,000 winner. Unlike the mystery tune prize, this $100,000 was in cash and prizes. Runners-up won $2,500.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 1978, the show (which had switched to a disco set and theme) discarded the Mystery Tunes and the entire season was set up to have four nine-week $100,000 tournaments. The first six weeks consisted of two-player games, featuring "Melody Roulette", "Bid-a-Note", and "Golden Medley Showdown". The six winners returned for a three-week tournament, played like the 1977 tournament, except that three players played Melody Roulette and two of those players played the remaining two games. Every ninth episode would be a tournament final. The winner of each tournament won $10,000 a year for the next ten years, while the runner-up won a car. A number of celebrity specials filled out the season.


title: Name That Tune

text: The show was revived in 1984 as a daily series, with some of the same elements of the '70s version. It launched with a two-week Super Champions tournament featuring fourteen winners from the Kennedy version, then segued into regular competition. Typical episodes featured Melody Roulette and the new game Tune Topics for 10 points each, and Bid-A-Note for 20; the day's winner advanced to the Golden Medley, which if won, qualified the player for a monthly tournament for the grand prize.


title: Name That Tune

text: Melody Roulette: The outer wheel had one Double space (except for the pilot week wheel, which had three). Initially, the wheels were spun before every tune to determine its value, with the inner wheel displaying amounts from $100 to $500 in increments of $100, and only the winner of the round kept their cash. The maximum number of tunes was seven in the earliest episodes, but was reduced to five shortly thereafter. In a further later change, the inner wheel displayed amounts from $250 to $1000 in increments of $250, and one spin determined the award for the winner of the round. The maximum number of tunes was increased back to seven with this change.


title: Name That Tune

text: Tune Topics: This was the second game of the day on all episodes except for the pilot week. The orchestra would play five tunes with a specific theme. Originally, one topic was exclusively shown, but it was quickly changed to a presentation where one of five categories was shown to be chosen at random; however, it was obvious that the category was simply pre-selected as before. Ten points were given to the contestant who identified the most tunes out of the five.


title: Name That Tune

text: Tune Countdown: This was the second round for the pilot week, and was basically a 20-second version of the Golden Medley Showdown.


title: Name That Tune

text: Bid-a-Note played the same, except the players no longer chose the clues by number. Bonus prizes were awarded to the winners of Tune Topics/Countdown and Bid-a-Note.


title: Name That Tune

text: Golden Medley: Each tune was worth at least $250 in prizes, with an unspecified amount in prizes - usually including a vacation - awarded for naming all seven tunes, along with an entry into the monthly tournament.


title: Name That Tune

text: $100,000 Tournament: Each tournament episode varied in the number of contestants playing, which depended on how many of them qualified for the tournament. If more than two players were competing on any particular episode, a qualifying round was played in lieu of Melody Roulette, and the first two players to identify two tunes advanced to the next round. The two players then played Tune Topics and Bid-a-Note for 10 points each and the Golden Medley Showdown for 20. For games with two players, they played Melody Roulette and Tune Topics for 10 points each, Bid-a-Note for 20, and the Golden Medley Showdown for 40. The player with the most points at the end of the Golden Medley Showdown advanced in the tournament, with a sudden death tune played if necessary.


title: Name That Tune

text: The winner of each month's tournament final received $10,000 in cash (one hundred hundred-dollar bills) and $90,000 in prizes (a Pontiac Fiero, a diamond emerald necklace, a Schafer & Sons grand piano, a Hitachi home entertainment center, a pair of his/hers diamond watches, a portable spa, a Caribbean cruise for two, and a guaranteed week's stay at a Palm Springs timeshare condominium resort every year for the rest of his/her life). The runner-up won a vacation package for two.


title: Name That Tune

text: For several weeks of non-tournament shows in late 1984, a "Home Viewer Sweepstakes" was held. The day's winner picked a name out of a drum, then randomly selected one of the above prizes. A Golden Medley win by the contestant earned that prize for the home viewer.


title: Name That Tune

text: Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games, with two new contestants per game playing for cash through two rounds. In each round, an incorrect response by one contestant gives the opponent a chance to steal the money. Bid-a-Note is always played as the second round; the high scorer at its end keeps their entire winnings total and advances to the Golden Medley for a chance to win up to $100,000 more. Tunes in all first-round games are played as toss-ups, open for either contestant to buzz in; one tune also awards a bonus prize, which the contestant keeps regardless of the final outcome of the game.


title: Name That Tune

text: Lyrics are sung in the first round, except for those that constitute the title. Six tunes are played in each game, with each worth $1,000 (in the first season, tunes increased from $1,000-$6,000). Some tunes missed by both contestants are edited out of the program.


title: Name That Tune

text: Bid-a-Note is played second, with a maximum bid of 10 notes. If the low bidder misses, the opponent gets to hear all notes before responding (rather than scoring by default as before). Four tunes are played, with the first one worth $5,000 and the value increasing by $5,000 per subsequent tune up to $20,000 ($10,000 - $25,000 in season 1).


title: Name That Tune

text: The high scorer advances to the Golden Medley, played as in earlier versions, with seven tunes to be named in 30 seconds and no vocals. The contestant wins $10,000 for each of the first six correct responses and $40,000 for the seventh, for a top prize of $100,000. A wrong answer at any time ends the round; the contestant may pass on a tune and return to it after hearing all seven if time permits.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Name That Tune" ran in prime time from 1953 to 1954 on NBC, with Red Benson hosting. It moved to CBS in Fall 1954, and hosting was taken up by Bill Cullen. George DeWitt took over in Fall 1955 until the end of its run in October 1959. Notable contestants during this period included the young singer Leslie Uggams and child actor Eddie Hodges who were followed by Betty Leary, a popular contestant whose 12 children filled the first row in the TV studio theater for seven consecutive shows. The series finished at #30 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1956–57 season. On October 18, 1959, CBS cancelled "Tune" in the wake of the quiz show scandals; its final episode aired on October 19, 1959.


title: Name That Tune

text: Richard Hayes also emceed a local edition from 1970 to 1971, which ran for 26 weeks in a small number of markets.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 1974, the best-remembered syndicated "Name That Tune" premiered, hosted by Tom Kennedy, and produced by Ralph Edwards in association with Sandy Frank Productions; it would become "The $100,000 Name That Tune" in 1976 and continue until 1981.


title: Name That Tune

text: Also in 1974, NBC picked up a weekday version of "Name That Tune" for its daytime lineup, which ran from July 29, 1974 to January 3, 1975, and was hosted by Dennis James. A second iteration of the daytime version, this time hosted by Kennedy, ran on NBC from January 3 to June 10, 1977 (replacing the Kennedy-hosted and Andrews-produced "50 Grand Slam" in its timeslot). Both were lower-paying versions of the concurrent syndicated version.


title: Name That Tune

text: "The New $100,000 Name That Tune" returned to syndication as a weekday series in 1984, hosted by Jim Lange and produced by Sandy Frank. It lasted one season.


title: Name That Tune

text: The 1950s version was likely wiped, given network practices. The March 10, 1955, episode (with Bill Cullen) and a highlight episode from the final season (with Johnny Olson announcing) are known to exist. Episodes from 1954, 1956, and 1957 are held by the Paley Center for Media.


title: Name That Tune

text: The status of the locally produced Richard Hayes series and the NBC daytime series hosted by Dennis James and Tom Kennedy are unknown. It is unclear whether any of the stations that aired Hayes' version kept their tapes, but the James and daytime Kennedy versions were likely destroyed given NBC's practices that continued into 1980. A clip from a James episode was used in a 1988 "Game Show Hosts Special" episode of FOX's "The Late Show", and a full episode from December 26 was discovered in February 2010, and uploaded to YouTube by James' son Brad in October 2019.


title: Name That Tune

text: The syndicated Kennedy run is intact. Since producer Ralph Edwards' death, the episodes are in the possession of his estate.


title: Name That Tune

text: The 1984 syndicated series is fully intact and was rerun on American television on a fairly heavy basis for almost a decade. Christian Broadcasting Network (now Freeform) was the first to air reruns of the series, from September 2, 1985, to August 29, 1986. USA Network picked it up on January 2, 1989, and ran it until September 13, 1991. It then returned to the renamed The Family Channel (again, now Freeform), which aired it from June 7, 1993, to March 29, 1996. Prestige Entertainment Group, the format's current distributor, holds the rights to the syndicated Kennedy and Lange versions.


title: Name That Tune

text: A pilot was hosted by Peter Allen in 1990; it was co-produced by Marty Pasetta and Orion Television, and used gameplay that varies greatly from any previous versions of the show. Although not picked up as a series in the U.S., this format did eventually air in New Zealand under the title "Face the Music".


title: Name That Tune

text: An attempt to revive the show in 2001 with producer Phil Gurin fell through. This would have been "a game-variety hybrid," such as incorporating live performances.


title: Name That Tune

text: In October 2006, CBS ordered a pilot for a revival with Donny Osmond as host, but it was not picked up for a series order. This attempt would have included a new bonus round where contestants guessed 15 songs in 60 seconds for a shot at $1 million.


title: Name That Tune

text: In October 2007, it was reported that MTV Networks had bought the rights to the series and planned to create concurrent versions of the show to air on MTV, VH1 and CMT in 2008. Their musical content was to be tailored to the networks' respective formats and audiences (for example, the CMT version would have focused on country music), and the show was to be "[reinterpreted] for the digital age" with new online elements. None of these efforts ultimately made it to air.


title: Name That Tune

text: In March 2012, it was reported that FremantleMedia had bought the rights and planned to revive the series. However, that plan never came to fruition.


title: Name That Tune

text: In October 2017, CBS ordered another pilot for a revival, this time with Elizabeth Banks as host. However, it was not ordered to series.


title: Name That Tune

text: In October 2020, it was reported that Eureka Productions and current rightsholder Prestige Entertainment were preparing to begin production of a new version of "Name That Tune" in Sydney, Australia for an unspecified network, with American Australians as contestants. It was filmed with a studio audience under local COVID-19 protocols. Filming began on November 17 at ICC Sydney.


title: Name That Tune

text: On November 18, 2020, Fox officially announced the series, with actress Jane Krakowski as host and former "American Idol" judge Randy Jackson as bandleader. Premiering on January 6, 2021 to accompany the "Masked Singer" spin-off "The Masked Dancer" on its Wednesday-night lineup, the series co-exists on Fox's programming slate with its similar series "Beat Shazam". It was co-produced by Eureka, Prestige, and Fox Alternative Entertainment.


title: Name That Tune

text: A second season premiered on March 29, 2022, which primarily features celebrity episodes. Production was moved to Dublin, Ireland at the RDS and Font Hill Studios. with BiggerStage (which had previously collaborated with Fox Alternative Entertainment on its new talent show format "The Big Deal") replacing Eureka as co-production partner.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Hast du Töne?" (Do you have sound?), hosted by Matthias Opdenhövel, aired daily on VOX from 1999 to 2001. Gameplay was somewhat different from the U.S. version, but the final round was the same as the Golden Medley.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Ugaday Melodiyu" (Guess the Tune), hosted by Valdis Pelšs, aired daily on Channel One Russia from 1995 to 1999. It was produced by the VIDigital. The version was presented like the German version. Later, the series was presented as "Ugadai i kompaniya" (Guess and company) called "Ugadaika" (Guessing), by Pelsh also, but it was not as successful as the first version. In 2003, the program was revived and aired for two years on Channel One Russia. Gameplay remained the same and the only difference was the size of prizes. On 2 January 2013 the program was again revived, now it's airing during winter Holidays.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Qual é a Música?" ("What Song Is It?" or "Which Song Is It?"), hosted by Silvio Santos, has been a hit on Sistema Brasileiro de Televisao for the past two decades. The show is currently placed on hiatus.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Il Musichiere" (The Musician) aired on Saturday from 1957 to 1960 on the then called National Program, but it ended after the conductor Mario Riva accidentally fell from the stadium and subsequently died. "Sarabanda" (Sarabanda), aired from 1997 to 2004 and 2005 on Italia 1 and presented by Enrico Papi, in 2009 on Canale 5 by Teo Mammucari with participation of Belen Rodriguez and in 2017 again on Italia 1 with the return of Enrico Papi, in some games he was inspired by the 70s and 80s versions of "Name That Tune". "Name That Tune – Indovina la canzone" is on air from September 2020 on TV8 in the first two editions with Papi, replaced in the third by with the participation of (both members of the comedy group of ""), focuses on the challenge between two teams of famous people in Italy. This formula mixes the variety and the quiz.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Jaka to melodia" (What tune is that?) airs 7 days a week on TVP1 and was first broadcast on September 4, 1997. The program was hosted from 1997 to 2018 by Robert Janowski, an actor and singer. From September 1, 2018 to June 12, 2019, the program was hosted by Norbi, but on September 7, 2019, that role was taken over by Rafał Brzozowski.


title: Name That Tune

text: The show is noted for starting and ending each episode with a musical performance by either the in-house band and singers, or guests, or sometimes both. Performances also occur at random points throughout the show, usually after a correct answer. These performances are usually shorter in length than the proper song's length to accommodate a 30-minute time slot. The game is played entirely for cash, with the show's winner playing for 10,000 zloty. During the final on the month/year the game is played entirely for cash, with the show's winner playing the Golden Medley for 80,000 zloty. On some occasions, the host of the show will sing.


title: Name That Tune

text: The Vietnamese version was called "Nốt nhạc vui" (Happy Notes). 272 episodes of the show was aired from January 14, 2004 to March 25, 2009. It became popular and it was among the most watched TV series of Ho Chi Minh City Television. Thanh Bạch is the host of that version.


title: Name That Tune

text: "Name That Video" was a variation of the series that aired in 2001 on VH1. The show was hosted by Karyn Bryant and featured contestants competing to name song titles by viewing the music video. The show's credits note the use of "Name That Tune (Video)" by permission.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 1986, a coin-operated arcade game based on the 1984 version of the show was released by Bally/Sente Technologies, created by Owen Rubin. The show's bandleader, Tommy Oliver, was hired as the game's music consultant. The player's task was to guess the tune being played from among four choices. It also featured a two-player mode.


title: Name That Tune

text: While playable, critics and players considered the machine's difficulty to be high due to the technical limits of the very basic synthesized music the machine was capable of generating, and songs being too difficult to name mostly because the wrong audience was targeted as teenage players of the arcade era simply weren't interested in trying to name songs from the 1940s through the 1970s. Critics also believed the game would have served better as a tabletop unit for bars and other adult-oriented entertainment establishments instead of as an arcade game.


title: Name That Tune

text: The game only utilized three of the six games shown in the 1984 version of the show, Tune Topics, Bid-a-Note, and The Golden Medley. The game required the player to score 18,000 points, playing five tunes apiece in the Tune Topics and Bid-a-Note rounds. In Tune Topics, the player scored up to 990 points per tune based on how quickly they named it. In Bid-a-Note, the value of each tune was determined by how many notes the player requested, starting at 100 for nine and increasing by 100 for each note below that threshold (to a maximum of 900 for one). For both rounds, the player had to correctly name at least three out of five tunes in order to score a bonus that started at 9,900 points and counted down throughout the round.


title: Name That Tune

text: If the player failed to score at least 18,000 points after both rounds, the game ended immediately. Reaching this minimum allowed the player to enter the Golden Medley, with the goal of naming five tunes in 15 seconds. Each tune had three choices instead of four; the fourth button could be used to pass. Tunes were scored as in Tune Topics, and successfully completing the round awarded a bonus as in the other two rounds. If time ran out or the player made an incorrect guess, the game ended and the bonus was forfeited.


title: Name That Tune

text: Sente had developed several different upgrade chips for the game containing different musical selections and game modes, but it is unknown if they were shelved or destroyed as the game was a flop.


title: Name That Tune

text: A game based on the show was released for the short-lived CD-i home console. This version was hosted by Bob Goen and was based on the unsold 1990 Peter Allen version of the show.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 2003, a mobile phone version of the game appeared on major U.S. cellular providers. The game follows the traditional format, with MIDI interpretations of popular and classic music played in short clips. The player then has several seconds to correctly identify the tune. Prizes such as free ringtones were available, a first in the mobile industry. The game is often mentioned as a pioneer in the emerging wireless entertainment industry.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 2005, Imagination Games released a DVD game called "Name That Tune: 80s Edition". The DVD game featured elements from the TV show, as well as "Name That Video", like the Bid-A-Vid round.


title: Name That Tune

text: In 2007, Imagination Games re-released "Name That Tune: 80s Edition", under the new name "Name That Tune Eighties".


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake the Dog is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists in the American animated television series "Adventure Time" created by Pendleton Ward. He also appeared in the spin-off series "". He is voiced by John DiMaggio. The character made his debut in the original pilot. During the events of the show, Jake says that he is 28 "magical dog years" old.


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake can stretch, shrink, or mold any part of his body to any shape and almost any size, ranging from becoming gigantic to becoming incredibly small. He acts as a confident mentor to his energetic adopted brother Finn the Human, though he tends to give somewhat questionable advice. His powers help Finn considerably in combat and transportation but are sometimes used as nothing more than pleasant forms of expression. He has a girlfriend named "Lady Rainicorn" (voiced by Niki Yang); they have five children together, as seen in "Jake the Dad". He is quite skilled at playing the viola, which houses a worm named "Shelby Butterson the Worm Who Lives in Jake's Viola".


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake has received generally positive reviews from critics. A gender-swapped version of Jake called Cake the cat appeared in the third-season episode "Fionna and Cake", and is the main character of the spinoff series "".


title: Jake the Dog

text: Series creator Pendleton Ward has stated that he wrote Finn and Jake, including "Adventure Time" as a whole, as though he were playing a session of "Dungeons & Dragons," a tabletop role-playing game. Ward commented that Finn and Jake's motivations are noble, with a desire to "slay monsters, explore dungeons, find loot." He further said that "Jake was more into the loot". Ward spent much of his childhood at home, describing his "[indoor] adventure experience" as inspiring Finn and Jake the Dog's adventures. Early on in the development of the show, Ward had intended for Finn and Jake to be nomads who lived in tents. However, this was changed to having them live in a permanent home at Cartoon Network's request. Jake has three, four, or five fingers on each hand, as well as both hands and paws, which means, according to Ward, that he has the ability to grow and be flexible. He first appeared in the short film "Adventure Time", which centers around rescuing Princess Bubblegum (Hynden Walch) from the evil Ice King (John Kassir). This short aired as part of Nickelodeon's "Random! Cartoons" showcase in 2008. John DiMaggio voiced the character, then called Jake, in short.


title: Jake the Dog

text: In 2018, when "Adventure time" was about to end, DiMaggio said "Until something's signed on the line there is no speculation ... this is it. It's over. It's done. And that's OK." He further said "A lot of me is in Jake, and I'll miss that part, that connection." "Adventure Time" composer Tim Kiefer said that the show had gradually became an exploration of the "Hero's journey" through the characters.


title: Jake the Dog

text: According to the series, Jake was conceived when his father, Joshua, was bitten by the shapeshifting extra-dimensional creature Warren Ampersand during a detective investigation with his wife Margaret, and was later born from a pustule on his father's head originating from the creature's bite. It is inferred that Jake's magical powers are a result of his biological relationship with Ampersand, though he is apparently unaware of the circumstances of his birth and instead believes his powers to be the result of having rolled around in a "magical mud puddle" as a pup. In one of the episodes that shows him as a pup, it shows that he had a best friend named Anna Spurrier that was a leaf bunny, but disappeared unexpectedly and was never seen again. After his birth, Jake was raised normally by Joshua and Margaret as their son, alongside their own biological son Jermaine and their adoptive human son Finn.


title: Jake the Dog

text: Little has been shown in the series about Jake's subsequent childhood life with his family, though in his youth, he was known to be a successful criminal and the leader of his own gang, a position he later retired from to take part in a more respectable life as an adventurer with Finn. Around this time, he also began a romantic relationship with Lady Rainicorn, with whom he has five children—daughters Charlie, Viola, and Jake Jr., and sons T.V. and Kim Kil Whan. The finale episode, "Come Along With Me", reveals that Jake's hybrid descendants will become the continent's dominant species in a thousand years.


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake the Dog is the main character of "Adventure Time" and often appears alongside his best friend and adopted brother Finn the Human.


title: Jake the Dog

text: In the series finale "Come Along With Me," Finn and Jake help Princess Bubblegum fight her dictatorial uncle Gumbald. Realizing that violence is not the answer to the conflict, they ally with Gumbald to defeat the evil deity GOLB, who is intent on destroying Ooo. GOLB is defeated, although Fern dies in the aftermath. Jake and Finn promises to plant Fern's seedling in the ruins of the treehouse, which has been destroyed. The seedling grows into a new treehouse, with a grass sword inside. Finn and Jake are shown relaxing on a beach.


title: Jake the Dog

text: The "" special "Together Again" takes place sometime after the end of the series, when Jake has died of old age. He then journeys through the Dead Worlds to be reunited with Finn, who is also deceased. After reuniting with Finn in the afterlife, the two choose to reincarnate back into the living world.


title: Jake the Dog

text: Since "Adventure Time"'s inception, Jake has appeared in various comic book series, video games, and other merchandise. Jake's first console game appearance was as a playable character in "", which was released on Nintendo DS and 3DS in 2012. He was subsequently a playable character in "" (2013), "" (2014), and "" (2018).


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake has also made crossover appearances in other franchises and media. He appeared in the seventh season "Futurama" episode "Leela and the Genestalk". In the "Futurama" episode, Jake had a minor dialouge, and was still voiced by DiMaggio, who also voiced one of the main characters in "Futuramama", Bender. The opening sequence couch gag in the 28th season "The Simpsons" episode "Monty Burns' Fleeing Circus", Homer Simpson appears as Jake in an extended couch gag parodying the opening sequence of "Adventure Time". He also appeared in the Uncle Grandpa episodes "Pizza Eve" and "Cartoon Factory". He also appeared in the "OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes" episode, "Crossover Nexus". Jake is a playable character in toys-to-life game "Lego Dimensions" (2015), beat 'em up game "" (2016), crossover game "Bloons Tower Defense: Adventure Time" (2018), and fighting game "Brawlhalla" (2019), and action-adventure game "Immortals Fenyx Rising" (2020). In November 2021, Jake was confirmed to appear as a playable character in the fighting game "MultiVersus" (2022).


title: Jake the Dog

text: A gender-swapped version of Jake called Cake the Cat appeared in the season 3 episode "Fionna and Cake", and was brought back in subsequent episodes. Cake is a main character in the spin-off series "Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake". The concept for Fionna and Cake came from drawings made by "Adventure Time" storyboard artist Natasha Allegri. Both Fionna and Cake the Cat became popular with "Adventure Time" fans. Cake later appeared in the fifth-season episode "Bad Little Boy", the sixth-season episode "The Prince Who Wanted Everything", the eighth-season episode "Five Short Tables", and the ninth season episode "Fionna and Cake and Fionna". Cake will star in the upcoming spin-off series "".


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake has received mostly positive reviews from critics. Brandon Zachary of "Comic Book Resources" claimed that Jake is the best character on TV, stating that "while Finn has experienced a strong character arc, Jake has proved to be far more fascinating." Dan Neilan of "The A.V. Club" claimed that "Jake is the ultimate sidekick," stating further that "Not only can he grow, shrink, and transform into any shape that might help his buddy Finn during battle, but he can also dance, sing, and make a mean plate of bacon pancakes." Richard Whittaker of "The Austin Chronicle" noted that he felt that the "strong but emotionally vulnerable" Cake was written in a way that successfully provided a female analog for Jake as a gender-swapped version. Cassidy Ward of "Syfy" mentioned of how "bizarre" the biology of Jake. Writing for "Vox", Emily VanDerWerff called the series "this era's finest coming-of-age story", mentioning how Jake "has moved from happy wanderer to something like adulthood."


title: Jake the Dog

text: Jake became popular among "Adventure Time"'s fanbase. In 2019, Rich Goldstein of "The Daily Beast" commented on Jake's popularity among cosplayers, saying "Halloween nights and comic conventions of the last few years have seen an increase in the number of children (and adults) all over the U.S. who wore Finn and Jake costumes." John DiMaggio recalled "walking around at conventions and seeing everybody wearing their Finn costumes and their Jake costumes and how the characters endeared themselves to people". A float in Jake's likeness was included in the 2013 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 (abbreviated PM md. 63 or simply md. 63) is a Romanian 7.62x39mm assault rifle. Developed in the late 1950s, the PM md. 63 was a derivative of the Soviet AKM produced under license. It was the standard issue infantry weapon of the Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania until the late 1980s, after which it was gradually superseded by the Pușcă Automată model 1986, a derivative of the Soviet AK-74.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: Beginning in 1965, Romania also produced the Pistol Mitralieră model 1965 (abbreviated PM md. 65 or simply md. 65), which is an md. 63 with a folding stock.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: During the late 1950s, the standard service rifle of the Romanian Army was the Soviet AK-47, as well as a variant of the same weapon with a folding stock, the AKS. Around the same period, however, the Soviet Union developed the AKM, an improved AK-47 design which utilized a stamped metal receiver and was cheaper to produce. With Soviet assistance, the Romanian government launched a program to manufacture a domestic AK rifle patterned directly after the AKM. The new weapon was to replace the AK-47 in Romanian service and was designated "Pistol Mitralieră". The first production model ain 1963 and was designated "Pistol Mitralieră model 1963" (PM md. 63). PM md. 63s produced for export were designated AIM md. 63. A semi-automatic variant of the PM md. 63 was produced solely for issue to the Patriotic Guards, a state militia; these were marked with a large "G" on either side of the trunnion. The PM md. 63 was initially indistinguishable from the Soviet AKM; however, during the mid 1960s a laminated wooden foregrip was added to the design. This was to allow Romanian riflemen to control the weapon's vertical muzzle climb during fully automatic fire. For the duration of its service life, the PM md. 63 and its derivatives were produced at the Cugir Arms Factory in Alba County.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: In 1965, a second production model appeared and was designated "Pistol Mitralieră model 1965" (PM md. 65). This was to replace the AKS in Romanian service and featured a folding stock; it resembled a modified AKMS with an older AKS-pattern stock. PM md. 65s produced for export were designated AIMS md. 65. The PM md. 65 was initially produced with traditional AKM pattern handguards due to the difficulty encountered in adding the PM md. 63's foregrip to the folding stock design; the stock was designed to fold flat against the base of the handguard. Adding a foregrip which pointed drastically rearwards was problematic because this would impede changing the magazine. Romanian engineers subsequently designed a shorter foregrip for the PM md. 65 with a slight rearward cant, allowing the folding stock to lock undearneath the handguard while also allowing enough space for a magazine to be removed or inserted.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The PM md. 65 initially required a separate production line from that of the PM md. 63, since the addition of a folding stock to the design necessitated a different receiver. In an attempt to streamline production, the Cugir Arms Factory subsequently replaced the traditional AKS under-folding stock with a side-folding stock copied directly from the East German MpiKMS, which was itself a licensed derivative of the AKMS. The side-folding MpiKMS stock could be fitted on AKM-pattern receivers designed for fixed stocks, making the receivers interchangeable. This modified PM md. 65 received the designation PM md. 90. The PM md. 90 was assembled with the same foregrip and handguards as the PM md. 63, since the side-folding stock meant that a different foregrip was no longer necessary.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: During the 1980s, the United States Army acquired a number of AIM md. 63s from an unidentified nation which had received Romanian military aid; these were used to simulate AKMs by its opposing force (OPFOR) units during training exercises. The AIM md. 63s were also used by the United States Marine Corps for weapons familiarization courses. Vast numbers of surplus or redundant PM md. 63/65s were disposed of from Romanian military stocks following the Romanian Revolution and sold overseas, making the weapon type increasingly prolific around the world.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The PM md. 63 was almost indistinguishable from an early Soviet AKM with a stamped receiver. It was issued with an early pattern AKM bayonet, also manufactured under license from the Soviet Union. The Romanian PM md. 63 bayonets were indistinguishable from early Soviet AKM bayonets, bar the unique serial numbers with a Latin letter prefix etched on the crossguard and scabbard face. They were also fitted with wrist straps of brown leather with three-slot buckles for attachment to the crossguard and a friction buckle for attachment to the hilt. The bayonet was suspended by a bayonet frog, rather than the more common hangar strap favored by some Eastern European armies of the era, from a rifleman's equipment. The PM md. 63 was also issued with a unique Romanian leather sling, which was later replaced by nylon slings that more closely resembled the late Soviet pattern.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: Early production PM md. 63/65s were not fitted with the same slanted muzzle brake as the Soviet AKM, but a simple muzzle nut which more closely resembled that of the original AK-47. Later PM md. 63s and PM md. 90s were fitted with the slanted muzzle brake.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: Each PM md. 63/65's receiver was marked on the left with the year of production and a serial number with a Latin letter prefix. There are three fire selector markings on the right side of the receiver: "S" ("Sigur", safety), "FA" ("Foc Automat", automatic fire), and "FF" ("Foc cu Foc", semi-automatic fire). The same fire selector markings on the AIM and AIMS export variants were "S", "A", and "R".


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The most-produced civilian export variation of this rifle is that of the 'Gardă' designation, produced for the Romanian Patriotic Guards. These rifles have a letter 'G' engraved on the left side of the rear sight block. The civil guard versions are modified by the removal of the sear and the modification of the disconnector to be semi-automatic only. Tens of thousands of these have been imported into the United States and sold as 'parts kits' (the receiver is destroyed by torch-cutting per BATF regulations – without the receiver, the kit is no longer legally considered a firearm). They are colloquially known among firearms enthusiasts as "Romy G's".


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The Pistol Mitralieră model 1980 is a short barreled AK variant, and the first side-folding stock version produced in Romania. It featured a shorter gas block and usually used 20 round magazines. The front sight post is combined with the gas-block to provide an overall short length. The side folder is straight and folds to the left. There are two types of muzzle brakes used: a cylindrical one, and more commonly a slightly conical one. It is also known as the AIMR.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The Pistol Mitralieră model 1990 also known as the PM md 90 is the 7.62mm response to the 5.45mm Pușcă Automată model 1986. It is internally identical to a PM md. 63/65, and outwardly differs in that it has a wire folding stock identical to the PA md. 86 stock, and that all of the rifles are fitted with slant brakes. It was extensively used in the Romanian Revolution along with the md. 63 and md. 65


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The carbine version of the model 90, called simply PM md. 90 cu țeavă scurtă ("short barreled PM md. 90"), has a 12-inch [305 mm] barrel, an overall length of 31.69 inches [805 mm] (or 23.81 inches [605 mm] with the stock folded), and weighs 6.83 lbs. (3.1 kg) empty. It was designed for tank crews and special forces. Apart from the stock and the shortened barrel, it features the same modifications as the PM md. 80.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: Several semi-automatic variants of the PM md. 63 have been produced for commercial export to the United States, namely the WASR-series rifles imported by Century Arms. Other semi-automatic PM md. 63 derivatives sold commercially in the United States were designated SAR-1, ROMAK 1, ROMAK 991, and WUM-1. A variant of the PM md. 90 carbine is also available in the United States as the Draco.


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: In Germany there are civilian versions on the market under the name / model Cugir WS1-63 (fixed wood stock), WS1-64 (underfolder stock), WS1-64SB (Short Barrel 314mm with the underfolder stock).


title: Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965

text: The WS1-63HO is the straight pull non semi auto version. The gun must be charged after every shot that is fired.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: Duke of Rothesay ( ; ; ) is a dynastic title of the heir apparent to the British throne, currently William, Prince of Wales. William's wife Catherine, Princess of Wales, is the current Duchess of Rothesay. Duke of Rothesay was a title of the heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707, of the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and now of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is the title mandated for use by the heir apparent when in Scotland, in preference to the titles "Duke of Cornwall" (which also belongs to the eldest living son of the monarch, when and only when he is also heir apparent, by right) and "Prince of Wales" (traditionally granted to the heir apparent), which are used in the rest of the United Kingdom and overseas. The Duke of Rothesay also holds other Scottish titles, including those of Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. The title is named after Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, but is not associated with any legal entity or landed property, unlike the Duchy of Cornwall.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, the son of King Robert III of Scots, first held the dukedom from its creation in 1398. After his death, his brother James, later King James I, received the dukedom. Thereafter, the heir apparent to the Scottish Crown held the dukedom; an Act of the Parliament of Scotland passed in 1469 confirmed this pattern of succession.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: The Earldom of Carrick existed as early as the 12th century. In 1306, Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, became King Robert I of Scotland, with the earldom merging in the Crown. In the following years, successive Kings of Scots created several heirs apparent Earl of Carrick. The Act of 1469 finally settled the earldom on the eldest son of the Scottish monarch.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: The office of the Great Steward of Scotland (also called High Steward or Lord High Steward) dates back to its first holder, Walter fitz Alan, in the 12th century. The seventh Great Steward, Robert, ascended the Scots throne as Robert II in 1371. Thereafter, only the heirs apparent to the Crown held the office. The 1469 Act also deals with this.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: Between the 1603 Union and Edward VII's time as heir apparent, the style "Duke of Rothesay" appears to have dropped out of usage in favour of "Prince of Wales". Queen Victoria mandated the title for use to refer to the eldest son and heir apparent when in Scotland, and this usage has continued since. This may have been as a result, direct or indirect, of the 1822 visit of King George IV to Scotland.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: Another of the non-peerage titles belonging to the heir apparent, that of "Lord of the Isles", merits special mention. The Lords of the Isles, of the MacDonald family, originally functioned as vassals of the Scottish, or Norwegian, kings who ruled the Western Isles. The ambitious John MacDonald II, fourth Lord of the Isles, made a secret treaty in 1462 with King Edward IV of England, by which he sought to make himself an independent ruler.


title: Duke of Rothesay

text: In 1475, James III discovered the Lord of the Isles' actions, and the Lordship became subject to forfeiture. MacDonald later regained his position, but James IV again deprived him of his titles in 1493 after his nephew provoked a rebellion. In 1540 James V of Scotland granted the Lordship to the heirs apparent to the Crown.