title: Order-State of Burgundy

text: The most outspoken proponent of re-creating a German-controlled Burgundian state was Heinrich Himmler. According to Himmler, Burgundy, which he called "an ancient economic and cultural center", had been "reduced to nothing more than a French appendage, known only for its wine production". This plan entailed the transformation of Burgundy into a model-state nominally located outside of the Greater German Reich, but nevertheless ruled by a Nazi government, and which would also have its own army, laws, and postal services. It was supposed to encompass Romandy, Picardy with Amiens, Champagne with Reims and Troyes, Franche-Comté with Dijon, Chalon, along with Nevers, Hainaut, Brabant, Limburg, Flanders, and Luxembourg (Belgium). Some depictions even include Upper Normandy with Rouen north of the River Seine. It was also to have a connection to both the Mediterranean Sea as well as the English Channel. The capital and administrative seat was tentatively proposed as either Dijon ("Tischau"), Lyon ("Lienhardstadt") or Nancy ("Nanzig"). Its official language was to become German, but would initially be also French.


title: Order-State of Burgundy

text: Whether these were merely the dreams of Himmler personally or, as he so claimed, enjoyed Hitler's full support is inconclusive from the historical record. Hitler's own objective towards France was to eliminate it permanently as a possible strategic threat to German security when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The 1940 campaign in Western Europe was carried out following Germany’s attack on Poland so that Germany's western flank could be secured. With this in mind, extensive plans were made so that France could be reduced to a minor state and a permanent German vassal kept firmly in the state of dependence that she had found herself in after the 1940 armistice.


title: Order-State of Burgundy

text: At Hitler's request German planners outlined how, after the fall of France in 1940, Germany would outright annex a large strip of Eastern France, returning to France's late medieval borders with the Holy Roman Empire. This memo, produced by the Reich Interior Ministry forms the basis for the "northeast line" which separated the 'forbidden zone' of German occupied France from the rest of the areas under military control. It proposed the settlement of a million German peasants, while the French speaking population was to become re-Germanized. He considered these areas, as well as Wallonia to be "in reality German", due to their historical German background, and should therefore be re-integrated into the German Reich.


title: Order-State of Burgundy

text: In 1942 Hitler also mentioned that the former area of the Kingdom of Burgundy, which France "had taken from Germany in her weakest moment" would also have to be annexed to Nazi Germany after the incorporation of the forbidden zone.


title: Order-State of Burgundy

text: There were also proposals for an independent Breton state, as a German vassal. Hitler himself mentioned this intention on at least one occasion to his military leaders, but ultimately seemed to have taken little interest in the project.


title: Maseru

text: Maseru is the capital and largest city of Lesotho. It is also the capital of the Maseru District. Located on the Caledon River, Maseru lies directly on the Lesotho–South Africa border. Maseru had a population of 330,760 in the 2016 census. The city was established as a police camp and assigned as the capital after the country became a British protectorate in 1869. When the country achieved independence in 1966, Maseru retained its status as capital. The name of the city is a Sesotho word meaning "red sandstones".


title: Maseru

text: Maseru was founded by the British as a small police camp in 1869, following the conclusion of the Free State–Basotho Wars when Basutoland became a British protectorate. Maseru is located at the edge of the "conquered territories" relinquished to the Orange Free State (now the Free State province of South Africa) as part of the peace terms. It was located west of Basotho King Moshoeshoe I's stronghold of Thaba Bosiu, the previous "de facto" capital. A bustling market town soon grew around the area.


title: Maseru

text: Maseru initially functioned as the state's administrative capital between 1869 and 1871, before administration of Basutoland was transferred to the Cape Colony. During their rule between 1871 and 1884, Basutoland was treated similarly to territories that had been forcefully annexed, much to the chagrin of the Basotho. This led to the Gun War in 1881 and the burning of many buildings in Maseru. In 1884, Basutoland was restored to its status as a Crown colony, and Maseru was again made capital. When Basutoland gained its independence and became the Kingdom of Lesotho in 1966, Maseru remained the country's capital.


title: Maseru

text: Prior to Lesotho's independence, Maseru had remained relatively small; it was contained within well-defined colonial boundaries and had little room for growth, while the British had little interest in developing the city. After 1966 Maseru experienced rapid expansion: its area increased around sevenfold, from around to the current area of , due to incorporation of nearby peri-urban villages to the city proper. The annual population growth rates remained around 7% for several decades, before tapering off to around 3.5% between 1986 and 1996.


title: Maseru

text: After the 1998 parliamentary elections in Lesotho led to suspicions of vote fraud and a military intervention by South Africa, much of the city was damaged by riots and pillaging. The cost of repairing the damage done to the city was estimated at around two billion rand (US$350 million), and until almost 2008, the effects of the riots could still be seen within the city.


title: Maseru

text: Maseru is located in northwest Lesotho by the South African border, denoted by the Mohokare River. Mohokare River is also known as Caledon River. The two countries are connected by a border post at the Maseru Bridge, which crosses the river. On the South African side, Ladybrand is the town closest to Maseru. The city lies in a shallow valley at the foot of the Hlabeng-Sa-Likhama, foothills of the Maloti Mountains. The elevation of the city is listed as above sea level. The city has an area of around .


title: Maseru

text: Maseru has a typical subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: "Cwb"), bordering on a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: "Cwa"), with the city being categorised by warm, rainy summers and cool to chilly, dry winters. The average mean daily temperature during summer — from December to March in the Southern Hemisphere — is . During winter, between June and September, the average temperature is . The hottest month is January, with temperatures between . During the coldest month, July, the temperatures range from . The average rainfall ranges from 3 mm in July to in January.


title: Maseru

text: The latest (2016) census lists the city's population at 330,760, or around a tenth of the entire population of the country, and half of the total urban population. The population of the city was at 98,017 by the 1986 census, and 137,837 by the 1996 census, demonstrating the early rapid expansion of the city after independence.


title: Maseru

text: A railway line, built in 1905, bridges the Mohokare River to connect Maseru with Marseilles on South Africa's Bloemfontein–Bethlehem main line.


title: Maseru

text: Kingsway, the road joining the former Leabua Jonathan Airport, now Mejametalana Airport and the Royal Palace in Maseru, was the first paved road in Lesotho. Having previously been just a dirt path, it was renovated in 1947 for the visit of members of the British Royal Family. It remained the only paved road in the country until Lesotho's independence in 1966. Two main roads lead outside of Maseru, Main North 1 to the northeast and Main South 1 to the southeast toward Mazenod and Roma. The South African N8 road leads from the Maseru Bridge border post west towards Ladybrand and Bloemfontein.


title: Maseru

text: An international airport called the Moshoeshoe I International Airport is nearby, at Thoteng-ea-Moli, Mazenod. The National University of Lesotho is located in Roma, from Maseru.


title: Maseru

text: The commerce in the city is centered on two neighboring central business districts, which have developed around Kingsway and serve as major employment centres. The western business district holds larger office buildings, department stores and several banks. The eastern business district hosts mainly smaller businesses, markets and street vendors. The central business districts are the largest employment centers within the city.


title: Maseru

text: Maseru's economy is one that is growing at a very rapid speed, which is notable particularly in terms of foreign investment and tourism since independence from Britain, and economic ruin when political violence broke out in 1998. Since the riots, the city has worked hard to undo the damage caused.


title: Maseru

text: Maseru's industry is split into two main areas. The one to the north of the central business districts along Moshoeshoe Road holds flour mills and other major companies. The other industrial sector lies to the south of the central business districts, at the Thetsane district, and houses mainly textile and footwear companies.


title: Maseru

text: Up until 2004 Maseru had a growing textile industry supported by and invested in by Chinese manufacturing concerns. Since the expiration of the Multi Fibre Arrangement the textile industry in Lesotho has diminished. The city's products once included candles, carpets and mohair products but these have been overshadowed by South African industries.


title: Maseru

text: Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, Zion Christian Church, Anglican Church of Southern Africa, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maseru, Our Lady of Victories Cathedra. There are also Muslim mosques.


title: Maseru

text: Most of the traditional thatched-roof mud-brick houses, called rondavels, have been replaced with modern housing and office blocks which have a tint of traditional architecture. There have recently been some new buildings in the center of the city, particularly the building across LNDC center which now houses Good times cafe, a Vodacom shop, offices and the new building of the Ministry of Health which was completed in late 2007.


title: Maseru

text: Buildings destroyed in the 1998 political uprising have been rebuilt and have shops like Fruits and Veg City, Woolworths and Mr Price to name a few. The New Lehakoe National sports center, which is in between the central Bank of Lesotho and the colonial parliament building is equipped with tennis courts, swimming pools, conference centers, bars and gymnasiums. In November 2009, Pioneer Mall opened, providing Maseru with a South African style shopping mall, with many stores,such as a four-screen cinema-which later closed- and restaurants. Pioneer Mall opened way for more modern buildings in the city, the likes of Maseru mall and City Square centre


title: Maseru

text: There are some colonial era buildings around the center of the city, most notably the Cathedral of Our Lady of Victories of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maseru, and the Anglican St. John's Church. Other sights include the Royal Palace, the Parliament building and the State House.


title: Maseru

text: Lesotho's national stadium, the multi-purpose Setsoto Stadium, is located in Maseru. It has a capacity of between 20,000 and 25,000 people. The stadium is mostly used for football matches and houses the Lesotho national football team, but also holds events in athletics.


title: Maseru

text: 12 out of 16 of the teams playing in the Lesotho Premier League reside in Maseru. , 36 out of the 51 championships contested in the league have gone to Maseru-based teams. Most successful of these have been Matlama FC with ten championship wins and the football team of the Royal Lesotho Defense Force, with eight championships wins.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: Banwarilal Purohit (born 16 April 1940) is an Indian politician who is the current and 29th Governor of Punjab, India and Administrator of Chandigarh as of 29 August 2021. He was the former Governor of Tamil Nadu from 2017 to 2021, and former Governor of Assam from 2016 to 2017. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a Member of Parliament from the Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency) three times, twice as an Indian National Congress member, once as a BJP member.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: Later he joined Congress. After Indira Gandhi split the Congress Party and formed Congress (Indira), Purohit was elected as MLA from Nagpur East constituency in 1978, contesting as member of Congress(I), and he was re-elected in 1980 from Nagpur South and became a Minister of State for Urban Development, Slum Improvement and Housing in 1982.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: In 1984, he was elected to the 8th Lok Sabha as member of Congress Party. He was re-elected in 1989 on Congress ticket.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: Later he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party when it launched a movement to build Ram Temple in Ayodhya and contested Lok Sabha elections in 1991 as the BJP candidate. But he lost to Datta Meghe of Indian National Congress. In 1996, he was elected to 11th Lok Sabha as BJP's candidate.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: In 1999, he quit the Bharatiya Janata Party to join the Indian National Congress after he developed serious differences with Pramod Mahajan. He contested the Lok Sabha elections from Ramtek in 1999 but lost.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: In 2003, he launched his own party called Vidarbha Rajya Party and contested the Lok Sabha elections from Nagpur in 2004 but lost.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: In 2009, he again contested on BJP's ticket but lost the election to Vilas Muttemwar of Indian National Congress.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: In August 2016, Purohit was appointed Governor of Assam by replacing Padmanabha Acharya who had additional in-charge of Assam.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: On 30 September 2017 he was appointed Governor of Tamil Nadu by President Ram Nath Kovind. It was the first time that the state has got a full time governor after K Rosaiah retired in August 2016.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: On August 27, 2021 President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind appointed Governor Purohit as a Governor of Punjab (Additional Charge) and Administrator of Chandigarh (Additional Charge).


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: On September 9, 2021 President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind appointed Governor Purohit as a 29th Governor of Punjab.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: Purohit gained ownership of the Nagpur daily newspaper The Hitavada from Servants of India Society in 1979. The newspaper was launched by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1911 and Purohit is its current managing editor. He is also the chairman of Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur.


title: Banwarilal Purohit

text: His father's name is Bhagwandas Purohit, he is married to Pushpa Devi Purohit, and he has three children. Two sons Rajendra Purohit and Rakesh Purohit, daughter Meena Purohit Joshi. He has six grandchildren and a great grandson. His eldest granddaughter, Archana Purohit Agrawal is present CEO of eYantra Industries, Hyderabad. He is also the chairman of Bhavans Bhagwandas Purohit Vidya Mandir Nagpur. He is the chairman of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan schools founded by late Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi in 1938.


Banwarilal Purohit


title: Supper club

text: A supper club is a traditional dining establishment that also functions as a social club. The term may describe different establishments depending on the region, but in general, supper clubs tend to present themselves as having a high-class image, even if the price is affordable to all. A newer usage of the term "supper club" has emerged, referring to underground restaurants.


title: Supper club

text: Supper clubs, when used in the newer context of underground restaurants, are also known as home bistros, guerrilla diners, secret restaurants, "paladares", "puertas cerradas", pop-up restaurants, guestaurants, speakeasies, and anti-restaurants.


title: Supper club

text: Supper clubs were common in the Roman Empire. One of the most notable clubs was that of Mithraism. These clubs often spanned social classes but primarily served all-male members. Supper Clubs served an important role in the division of labor, especially within in the Roman imperial administration and military. By pooling and specializing resources needed for basic nourishment, Rome was able to gain a productivity advantage over its neighbors and subjected peoples.


title: Supper club

text: In the U.S., a supper club is a dining establishment generally found across the United States, but currently concentrated in the Upper Midwestern states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois and Iowa. These establishments typically are located on the edge of town in rural areas.


title: Supper club

text: The first supper club in the United States was established in Beverly Hills, California, by Milwaukee, Wisconsin native Lawrence Frank. Supper clubs became popular during the 1930s and 1940s, although some establishments that later became supper clubs had previously gained notoriety as prohibition roadhouses.


title: Supper club

text: Traditionally, supper clubs were considered a "destination" where patrons would spend the whole evening, from cocktail hour to nightclub-style entertainment after dinner. Featuring a casual and relaxed atmosphere, they are now usually just restaurants rather than the all-night entertainment destinations of the past.


title: Supper club

text: Supper clubs generally feature simple menus with somewhat limited offerings featuring typical American cuisine. Dishes may include prime rib, steaks, chicken, and fish. An all-you-can-eat Friday night fish fry is particularly common at Wisconsin supper clubs. Relish trays with items such as crackers, carrots, green onions, pickles, radishes, and celery are typically served at the table on Lazy Susans.


title: Supper club

text: Supper clubs in the UK adopted the cabaret concept of the American 1930s and 1940s and aimed to bring the ambience of the underground New York jazz club to the UK entertainment scene, where people could enjoy a dinner without the formality of a ball, whilst enjoying live music. These clubs were often the centre of social networks in both rural communities and cities. Traditional supper club menus consisted of standard American fare, and in the UK there was a concerted drive to give the food and wine a British twist. Some supper clubs were purely informal dining societies whilst others incorporated musical acts to complement the atmosphere. There was also a form of supper club which acted as an informal dating platform. Both have largely been replaced by modern nightclubs.


title: Supper club

text: The term "supper club" is enjoying a revival with slightly different meaning – generally a small underground club (often with roving premises which are only revealed to the guests when they buy a ticket), where guests eat from a restricted or set menu, and are expected to fraternise with other guests whom they may not know.


title: Supper club

text: In the 2020s in the UK 'underground restaurants' and 'supper clubs' started to blossom, with reviews in leading newspapers such as "The Times" and "The Guardian". They range across the UK but are mainly concentrated in London. These are advertised by word of mouth and on social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook. There are a number of ways to find out about supper clubs including social media and the website "Eat My World", which lists events all over the UK. Some supper clubs in London are advertised on Grub Club, a London online supperclub platform.


title: Supper club

text: In Latin America, a supper club is typically an underground restaurant known as either a "paladar" or a "restaurante de puertas cerradas" (locked door restaurant). Although technically illegal, this type of restaurant is built into the culture, often with higher standards than many licensed establishments. They are becoming increasingly popular in the U.S.


title: Supper club

text: The attraction of the underground restaurant for the customer is the ability to sample new food at low prices outside the traditional restaurant experience. For the host, benefits are making some money and experimenting with cooking without having to invest in a restaurant proper. As one host told the "San Francisco Chronicle", "It's literally like playing restaurant... You can create the event, and then it's over."


title: Modern physics

text: Modern physics is a branch of physics that developed in the early 20th century and onward or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. Notable branches of modern physics include quantum mechanics, special relativity and general relativity.


title: Modern physics

text: Classical physics is typically concerned with everyday conditions: speeds are much lower than the speed of light, sizes are much greater than that of atoms, and energies are relatively small. Modern physics, however, is concerned with more extreme conditions, such as high velocities that are comparable to the speed of light (special relativity), small distances comparable to the atomic radius (quantum mechanics), and very high energies (relativity). In general, quantum and relativistic effects are believed to exist across all scales, although these effects may be very small at human scale. While quantum mechanics is compatible with special relativity (See: Relativistic quantum mechanics), one of the unsolved problems in physics is the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity, which the Standard Model of particle physics currently cannot account for.


title: Modern physics

text: Modern physics is an effort to understand the underlying processes of the interactions of matter using the tools of science & engineering. In a literal sense, the term "modern physics" means up-to-date physics. In this sense, a significant portion of so-called "classical physics" is modern. However, since roughly 1890, new discoveries have caused significant paradigm shifts: especially the advent of quantum mechanics (QM) and relativity (ER). Physics that incorporates elements of either QM or ER (or both) is said to be "modern physics". It is in this latter sense that the term is generally used.


title: Modern physics

text: Modern physics is often encountered when dealing with extreme conditions. Quantum mechanical effects tend to appear when dealing with "lows" (low temperatures, small distances), while relativistic effects tend to appear when dealing with "highs" (high velocities, large distances), the "middles" being classical behavior. For example, when analyzing the behavior of a gas at room temperature, most phenomena will involve the (classical) Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. However near absolute zero, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution fails to account for the observed behavior of the gas, and the (modern) Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einstein distributions have to be used instead.


title: Modern physics

text: Very often, it is possible to find – or "retrieve" – the classical behavior from the modern description by analyzing the modern description at low speeds and large distances (by taking a limit, or by making an approximation). When doing so, the result is called the "classical limit".


title: Modern physics

text: These are generally considered to be the topics regarded as the "core" of the foundation of modern physics:


title: Soccer mom

text: The term soccer mom broadly refers to an American, middle-class, suburban woman who spends a significant amount of her time transporting her school-age children to youth sporting events or other activities, whether or not they are soccer related. It came into widespread use during the 1996 United States presidential election and over time has come to take on an unfavorable connotation.


title: Soccer mom

text: The phrase "soccer mom" generally refers to a married, American, middle-class woman who lives in the suburbs and has school-age children. She is sometimes portrayed in the media as busy or overburdened and driving a minivan or SUV. She is also described as putting the interests of her family, and most importantly her children, ahead of her own. The phrase derives from the literal, specific description of a mother who transports and watches her children play soccer. It was also used in names of organizations of mothers who raised money to support their children's soccer teams.


title: Soccer mom

text: The first reference to the term "soccer mom" in the United States national media has been traced to 1982. In that year, the husband of the treasurer of the "Soccer Moms booster club" of Ludlow, Massachusetts, stole $3,150 raised for the benefit of a local soccer league ().


title: Soccer mom

text: Indices of American magazines and newspapers show relatively little usage of the term until 1995, when, during an election for Denver city council, Susan B. Casey ran with the slogan: "A Soccer Mom for City Council." Casey, who held a Ph.D. and managed presidential election campaigns, used the slogan as a way of assuring voters they could trust her to be "just like them," denoting herself as "everyneighbor." The phrase addressed anxiety about women's achievements, and the stereotype that smart, accomplished women were not able to manage professional careers while showing love for their family. Casey won the election with 51 percent of the vote.


title: Soccer mom

text: The term came into widespread use around the time of the 1996 Republican National Convention. Its first use in a news article about that election appeared in the July 21, 1996 edition of "The Washington Post". E. J. Dionne, the article's author, quoted Alex Castellanos (at the time a senior media advisor to Bob Dole) as suggesting that Bill Clinton was targeting a voting demographic whom Castellanos called the "soccer mom". The soccer mom was described in the article as "the overburdened middle income working mother who ferries her kids from soccer practice to scouts to school." The article suggested that the term "soccer mom" was a creation of political consultants. Castellanos was later quoted in "The Wall Street Journal" as saying: "She's the key swing consumer in the marketplace, and the key swing voter who will decide the election."


title: Soccer mom

text: Media interest in soccer moms picked up as the election approached. The number of articles on soccer moms in major newspapers increased from a combined total of 12 for the months of August and September to a total of 198 for October and November. The intense media focus stemmed in large part from the media's belief that soccer moms had become the most sought-after group of swing voters in the 1996 elections. In the end, suburban women favored Clinton by 53 to 39 percent, while suburban men voted for Dole.


title: Soccer mom

text: During the election, the soccer mom's most frequently mentioned attribute cited in major newspaper articles was that she was a mother or a woman who had children. The soccer mom's next most frequently mentioned characteristics were that "she lives in the suburbs (41.2% of the articles); is a swing voter (30.8%); is busy, harried, stressed out, or overburdened (28.4%); works outside the home (24.6%); drives a minivan, (usually a Volvo) station wagon or sport utility vehicle (20.9%); is middle-class (17.1%); is married (13.7%); and is white (13.3%)."


title: Soccer mom

text: Soccer moms received so much attention during the election that the American Dialect Society voted "soccer mom" Word of the Year for 1996. Columnist Ellen Goodman of "The Boston Globe" called 1996 "the Year of the Soccer Mom." The Associated Press named soccer moms, along with the Macarena, Bob Dole, and "Rules Girls" as four phenomena that would be forever associated with the year 1996.


title: Soccer mom

text: Soccer moms have been accused of forcing their children to participate in too many after-school activities, overparenting them in concerted cultivation rather than letting them enjoy their childhood. There have also been numerous unflattering stories about soccer moms going to extremes to help their children, such as cutting in line at restaurants or arguing with the referee.


title: Soccer mom

text: In 2003, the car manufacturer Nissan, who had for several years courted the "soccer-mom" image, started marketing their Quest minivan as "stylish, sexy and desirable".


title: Soccer mom

text: During the 2004 presidential campaign, pundits started talking about the security mom, which was deemed to be a powerful voting bloc. Security moms were supposed to be concerned primarily with issues such as the war in Iraq, domestic terrorism, and the security of their children.


title: Soccer mom

text: There is evidence, however, that security moms did not exist in great enough numbers to influence the 2004 election outcome. Democratic women tended to be most interested in healthcare, which Democratic front runner John Kerry abandoned as a talking point, and may explain Kerry's difficulty in garnering their support.


title: Soccer mom

text: Hockey mom is a term widely used in Canada and northern United States (including Alaska), in which mothers often take their children to hockey rinks. The first article in "The New York Times" that used "hockey mom" as a demographic term was a 1999 review of the Chevrolet Silverado, a full-size pickup truck. In the article, the truck is described as a "smooth and gutsy" vehicle that "ought to please everyone from hockey mom to cattle hauler".


title: Soccer mom

text: Former Alaska governor Sarah Palin, the US Republican vice-presidential candidate in 2008, described herself as a "hockey mom" as far back as her 2006 gubernatorial race. In her speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention and in stump speeches following the convention, she joked that the only difference between a hockey mom and a pit bull was lipstick, suggesting that hockey moms are tough. "Hockey partisans" on the Internet claim that hockey moms are "a bit more intense than their soccer counterparts, both in terms of the commitments they make to the sport and the intensity with which they cheer their kids."


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia ( – 8 May 1981) was the first son and second child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was also the eldest nephew of Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Born and raised in Imperial Russia during the reign of his uncle Nicholas II, his military career in the Russian navy and the Chevalier guards was cut short by the Russian Revolution. He escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks, fleeing to his parents' estate in Crimea. For a time, he was under house arrest there with a large group of family members. He married there.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: In December 1918, he left Russia with his wife and his father. They lived for a couple of years in Paris, France, which had a large population of Russian refugees. Eventually he settled in England in the household of his mother. His wife died during World War II, a victim of the London Blitz. He remarried in 1942. He moved to Provender House in Faversham, Kent, which was owned by the family of his second wife. Alexandrovich lived quietly there as an English country squire until his death. His son, Prince Andrew Andreevich, was claimant to the headship of the Romanov Family until his death in 2021.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich was born at the Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg, the second child and first son of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. Although an Imperial Romanov Family Dynast and a grandson of Emperor Alexander III through his mother, he did not receive the title "Grand Duke of Russia" because he was a great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I in the male line through his father. Due to the insistence of his grandmother, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, he was honoured with a 21 gun salute at birth (which was usually reserved for Grand Dukes), although he was only a Prince of Russia (to be honoured with a 15-gun salute).


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: In his youth, before World War I, Prince Andrei toured Europe with his parents. At Biarritz, he joined his great uncle King Edward VII of the United Kingdom at the Palace Hotel. Prince Andrei joined the Russian navy and served under his father Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia. Later he became lieutenant in the Chevalier guards, whose colonel-in-chief was his uncle, Emperor Nicholas II. Just before the Russian revolution, he was the only member of his family to accompany the Empress Alexandra and her four daughters on their last visit to the churches of Novgorod. It was the last time he saw them.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: At the fall of the Russian monarchy with the February Revolution in 1917, Prince Andrei moved with his siblings and their parents to his father's property in Crimea, Ai-Todor. A large group of members of the Romanov family gathered there, trying to escape the disturbances in the rest of the country. At first they lived undisturbed while the Russian Provisional Government was in power.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: It was during this turbulent period that Prince Andrei began a relationship with Elisabetta Ruffo-Sasso (1886–1940) dei duchi di Sasso-Ruffo dei principi di Sant' Antimo, a young divorcée. They had met in St Petersburg in 1916. She was a daughter of Fabrizio Ruffo, Duke of Sasso-Ruffo, and Princess Natalia Alexandrovna Mescherskaya (a descendant of a famous family of the Stroganovs), and distantly related to the Romanovs. Elisabetta had a daughter, (Elisabeth Alexandrovna Friederici), from her first marriage to Major General Alexander Alexandrovitch Friederici (1878–1916) (they had married in 1907). Elisabetta, from the noble house of Ruffo di Calabria, was a cousin of Queen Paola of Belgium.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: After Elisabetta became pregnant, the couple married on 12 June 1918 in the family chapel at Ai-Todor in the presence of his family, including his grandmother the Dowager Empress. Prince Andrei was twenty-one years old and his grandmother had thought him too young for marriage, but his parents, Grand Duchess Xenia and Grand Duke Alexander, gave their permission. During this time they could not contact Prince Andrei's uncle, the last reigning Emperor, Nicholas II of Russia, who was being held in captivity in internal exile. A month later, Nicholas II was killed with his wife and children while they were held captive in Yekaterinburg on 16/17 July 1918. In later life Prince Andrei rarely spoke of them, as he found the memories too painful.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: The situation of the Romanovs in Crimea deteriorated after the successful Bolshevik coup of November 1917. For a time Prince Andrei was imprisoned along with his parents, grandmother the Dowager Empress, and a large number of other Romanov relatives, at Dulber, a palace in Crimea that belonged to Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia. In 1918 Russia and Germany were still at war. When German troops invaded the peninsula, they liberated the Romanovs in captivity. In December 1918, Prince Andrei left Russia with his wife, who was pregnant with their first child, and his father, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich aboard the Royal Navy ship "HMS Marlborough" in order to attend the Paris Peace Conference. He and his father were seeking support in western Europe for the White Army.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Prince Andrei spent the first couple of years in exile in France. For a time he lived in the French Riviera in a property that belonged to his aunt Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia. The two eldest children of Prince Andrei and his wife, who was called Elsa within the family, were born in France and the youngest one in London:


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Short of money and without a steady occupation, Prince Andrei eventually settled permanently in England at Frogmore, where his mother Grand Duchess Xenia had a grace-and-favour residence named Wilderness House. They later moved to Hampton Court. They were living there during World War II when Elisabetta, already near death from cancer, died following an air raid in October 1940. One bomb hit very close to their house, causing a ceiling beam to fall onto Elisabetta. She died shortly thereafter.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Two years later, while staying in Balmoral, Prince Andrei met his second wife Nadine McDougall (1908–2000). She was the eldest of three daughters of Lieutenant Colonel Herbert McDougall and his Finnish wife Sylvia Borgström. They became engaged on 18 June 1942 and married at Norton, Kent church, near Provender on 21 September 1942. The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple, officiated the Anglican service. The Russian Orthodox wedding was presided by Archimandrite Nicholas who, as Sydney Gibbes, had been tutor of the children of Tsar Nicholas II.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: In 1949, Prince Andrei moved into Provender House in Faversham, Kent, which was owned by the family of his second wife. The house was noted as having been a hunting lodge of Edward, the Black Prince.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: He spent his time gardening, entertaining, and cooking, which he had learnt from the French chefs in his parents' palaces. He was an artist and had several exhibitions of his works in Paris before World War II. He designed the cover of "Let's Light the Candles", a memoir by his mother-in-law. Over the years he came to enjoy his role as an English country squire, opening church fetes and sporting charitable causes, particularly in the village where he lived.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: He had some outside interests as well. After the death of his mother Grand Duchess Xenia, he inherited her position as President of the Legat Ballet. His nephew, the Marquess of Milford Haven, appointed him as president of the Chaine des Rotisseurs for London and the Home Counties.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Prince Andrei was the protector of the Sovereign Order of the Orthodox Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem.


title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich lived quietly until his death at home in Faversham on 8 May 1981, aged 84. He was buried in the church at Norton. His widow died in 2000.


title: Marc Rissmann

text: Marc Rissmann (also spelled Rißmann, born 1980) is a German actor. He has appeared in films like "Overlord," and TV series like "The Last Kingdom", "Game of Thrones", and "The Man in the High Castle".


title: Marc Rissmann

text: Marc Rissmann studied at the College of Dramatic Arts "Ernst Busch" Berlin. On stage, Rissmann performed at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin in "Danton's Death" In 2009, under the direction of Kay Voges, he played Lysander in the Shakespeare comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream. From 2009 to 2011, he was a permanent member of the Theater Magdeburg ensemble.


title: Marc Rissmann

text: Rissmann has appeared in numerous German series early in his career, including "Der letzte Bulle", "SOKO – Der Prozess", and "Binny and the Ghost". He then broke into the international market, with roles in "The Last Kingdom", "Riviera", and "Into the Badlands".


title: Marc Rissmann

text: In 2019, he appeared in the eighth season of "Game of Thrones" as Harry Strickland, the commander of the mercenary company the Golden Company, and as Wilhelm Goertzmann in season four of "The Man in the High Castle".


title: Marc Rissmann

text: Rissmann also works as a director – his recent works include the Please Tell Rosie music video for "Alle Farben", and a commercial campaign for the German National Lotto.


title: María Becerra

text: María de los Ángeles Becerra (born 12 February 2000) is an Argentine singer and former YouTuber. She has been dubbed as "a leading voice in Argentina's urban pop movement".


title: María Becerra

text: Becerra began her career at twelve years of age on the platform Facebook. In 2015, she posted a five-minute-long parody monologue which was seen over one million times in just hours. This encouraged her to create a YouTube channel in which she would later post videos of her talking and singing, vlogs, and dance tutorials.


title: María Becerra

text: In September 2019, she released her debut EP "222" in which she fused elements of urban pop and hip hop. In November, she released her single "High", which would later gain a remix version with Argentine singer Tini and Spanish singer Lola Indigo and reached the number-two position on the "Billboard" Argentina Hot 100. In 2020 and 2021, Becerra was featured in multiple remixes, including "En Tu Cuerpo" with Lyanno, Rauw Alejandro and Lenny Tavárez, "AYNEA" with FMK and Beret, and "Además de Mí" with Rusherking, Khea and Duki, Lit Killah and Tiago Pzk. "Además de Mí (Remix)" became Becerra's first number-one single on the Argentina Hot 100.


title: María Becerra

text: In 2020, Becerra became the first Latin artist to be signed to the indie record label 300 Entertainment. In 2021, Becerra released her second EP, "Animal, Pt. 1" which included the Cazzu-assisted "Animal" and the solo "Acaramelao". Both singles became hits in Argentina, where they peaked at number five and seven, respectively. The EP shifts genres between hip-hop, reggaeton, trap, hip-hop, R&B and hints of salsa, and explores the themes of women empowerment, love and lust.


title: María Becerra

text: According to Becerra herself, her major personal influence was her mother. As for her artistic influences, María's work is mostly influenced by Amy Winehouse, Ariana Grande, Shakira, Whitney Houston and Natti Natasha, while she has stated that she always admired Rihanna and Cardi B.


title: María Becerra

text: Becerra is bisexual. In an interview for MTV News, she stated, "When I understood and accepted that I also liked girls, that was a difficult time. There was a lot of confusion and prejudice, and I had to think about how my family would take it. It was something very heavy that marked my life". Becerra is a vegan.


title: Bill Frisell

text: William Richard Frisell (born March 18, 1951) is an American jazz guitarist, composer and arranger. Frisell first came to prominence at ECM Records in the 1980s, as both a session player and a leader. He went on to work in a variety of contexts, notably as a participant in the Downtown Scene in New York City where he formed a long working relationship with composer and saxophonist John Zorn. He was also a longtime member of veteran drummer Paul Motian's groups from the early 1980s until 2011 (upon Motian’s death). Since the late 1990s, Frisell's output as a bandleader has also integrated prominent elements of folk, country, rock ‘n’ roll and Americana. He has six Grammy nominations, and one win.


title: Bill Frisell

text: Frisell was born in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, but spent most of his youth in the Denver, Colorado, area. He studied clarinet with Richard Joiner of the Denver Symphony Orchestra as a youth, but by his teens was more interested in guitar. He graduated from Denver East High School, and went to the University of Northern Colorado to study music. At UNC he took a class taught by guitarist Johnny Smith, though Frisell later reported the class effectively became private lessons from Smith because the emphasis on music theory "was too much for everyone else--they didn't want to be learning scales and inversions."


title: Bill Frisell

text: His original guitar teacher in the Denver-Aurora metropolitan area was Dale Bruning, with whom Frisell released the 2000 duo album "Reunion". After graduating from Northern Colorado, Frisell went to the Berklee College of Music in Boston, where he studied with Jon Damian and Jim Hall.


title: Bill Frisell

text: Frisell's major break came when guitarist Pat Metheny was unable to make a recording session, and recommended Frisell to Paul Motian, who was recording "Psalm" (1982) for ECM Records. Frisell became ECM's in-house guitar player, and worked on several albums, most notably Jan Garbarek's 1982 "Paths, Prints". Frisell's first solo release was "In Line", which featured solo guitar as well as duets with bassist Arild Andersen.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In the 1980s, Frisell moved to Hoboken, New Jersey and was active in the New York jazz scene. He forged an early partnership with John Zorn—including as a member of avant garde jazz band Naked City—and performed or recorded with many others. He also played in Paul Motian's trio, along with saxophonist Joe Lovano.


title: Bill Frisell

text: Frisell organized a regular working group in the mid-1980s consisting of Kermit Driscoll on bass, Joey Baron on drums, and Hank Roberts on cello (later reduced to a trio when Roberts left). For studio projects, this group was regularly joined by other musicians.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 1988 Frisell left New York City and moved to Seattle, Washington. In the early 1990s Frisell made two of his best-reviewed albums: first, "Have a Little Faith", an ambitious survey of Americana of all stripes, from Charles Ives and Aaron Copland (the entirety of "Billy the Kid") to John Hiatt (the title song), Bob Dylan ("Just Like a Woman") and Madonna (a lengthy, psychedelic rock-tinged version of "Live to Tell"); and second, "This Land", a complementary set of originals. During this time he performed with many musicians, including up and coming performers such as Douglas September on the album "10 Bulls". He also branched out by performing soundtracks to silent films of Buster Keaton with his trio, and contributed to Ryuichi Sakamoto's album "Heartbeat".


title: Bill Frisell

text: In the mid-1990s, Frisell disbanded his trio. He continued the trend marked by "Have a Little Faith" by more explicitly incorporating elements of bluegrass and country music into his music. His friendship with Gary Larson led him to provide music for the TV version of "The Far Side" (released on the album "Quartet" along with music written for Keaton's "Convict 13"). Since 2000, Frisell has lived on Bainbridge Island, Washington, near Seattle.


title: Bill Frisell

text: Several of Frisell's songs, including his recording of "Over the Rainbow" and "Coffaro's Theme", originally composed in 1995 for an Italian movie, "La scuola", were featured in the movie "Finding Forrester" in 2000.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 1999 Frisell was commissioned by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to compose "Blues Dream", which he premiered on November 15, 1999. He later recorded the work for a 2001 release on Nonesuch.


title: Bill Frisell

text: Also in 1999 he released "The Sweetest Punch", which featured a seven-piece jazz ensemble reworking the tunes written and recorded by Elvis Costello and Burt Bacharach on "Painted from Memory".


title: Bill Frisell

text: Between 2003 and 2005 Frisell acted as musical director for "Century of Song," a series of concerts at the German Ruhrtriennale arts festival (produced by Lee Townsend). Frisell invited artists including Rickie Lee Jones, Elvis Costello, Suzanne Vega, Arto Lindsay, Loudon Wainwright III, Vic Chesnutt, Van Dyke Parks, Buddy Miller, Ron Sexsmith and Chip Taylor to perform their favorite songs in new arrangements.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 2003 Frisell's "The Intercontinentals" was nominated for a Grammy award; he won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album for his album "Unspeakable". His 2008 album "History, Mystery" was nominated for a 2009 Grammy award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group. Frisell was also a judge for the sixth annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.


title: Bill Frisell

text: Frisell has united with Matt Chamberlain, Tucker Martine, and Lee Townsend in the Floratone band, and they released an album on Blue Note (2007), featuring guest performance of Viktor Krauss, Ron Miles and Eyvind Kang.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 2008 Frisell performed as a featured guest on Earth's album "The Bees Made Honey in the Lion's Skull".


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 2009 Frisell featured in a duet rendition of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" with singer-songwriter Sam Shrieve. The recording was released on Shrieve's debut album "Bittersweet Lullabies".


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 2010 Frisell started working with the Savoy Jazz label and released "Beautiful Dreamers" in August 2010, then a second release of "Sign of Life" in April 2011. Also, on January 25, 2011, Frisell and Vinicius Cantuária released "Lágrimas Mexicanas" on the E1 label.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In June 2011 Frisell, Lee Townsend, and their frequent collaborator, Vinicius Cantuaria, participated in TEDx GoldenGateED's program, "Teaching Compassion" in Oakland, California. Frisell and Cantuaria performed separately, and Townsend assisted with technical aspects of the event.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In September 2011 Frisell released "All We Are Saying", a full-length offering of his interpretations of John Lennon's music. Frisell's quintet includes violinist Jenny Scheinman, pedal steel and acoustic guitarist Greg Leisz, bassist Tony Scherr, and drummer Kenny Wollesen. In 2017, Frisell received an honorary doctorate of music from his alma mater, Berklee College of Music.


title: Bill Frisell

text: In 2021 a video was recorded at the Village Vanguard in NY and has been published by Blue Note Records on youtube.


title: Steam Link

text: Steam Link is a hardware and software solution made by Valve Corporation for streaming Steam content from a personal computer or Steam Machine wirelessly to a mobile device or other monitor. Steam Link was originally released as a hardware device alongside the debut of Steam Machines in November 2015. Valve discontinued the Steam Link hardware device in November 2018, in favor of supporting its software-based Steam Link application for mobile devices and smart televisions, as well as providing Steam Link as a software package for the Raspberry Pi microcomputer.


title: Steam Link

text: Steam Link, whether in hardware or software form, supports the streaming of content from a personal computer running Steam to the video device (a connected television or monitor for the hardware unit, the mobile device's screen for the software version). In this setup, the device acting as the Steam Link (the hardware unit or the mobile device in software form) enables a game controller connected to it to be used to control the game over the connection to the home computer.


title: Steam Link

text: Prior to March 2019, both the personal computer and the Steam Link hardware device or mobile device using Steam Link software had to be on the same internal network. With an update in March 2019, Valve introduced the Steam Link Anywhere update that allows one to stream across the internet, though the performance of the streaming will be strongly affected by the bandwidth and latency between the personal computer and device with Steam Link.


title: Steam Link

text: Steam Link is a stand-alone hardware device to enable streaming of Steam content from a personal computer or a Steam Machine wirelessly to a television set, including integration of Steam Controller gamepad. The device was released along with the debut of Steam Machines in November 2015. Valve quietly discontinued the Steam Link in November 2018, in favor of supporting its software-based Steam Link application for mobile devices, smart televisions, and a software package for the Raspberry Pi.


title: Steam Link

text: The Steam Link uses a modified version of Linux based on version 3.8 of the Linux kernel. It is possible to enable root SSH access to the system.


title: Steam Link

text: One month after release, support was added to the Steam Link to have Steam Link apps, which can be created using an SDK. A number of such apps have been created, such as apps for accessing Kodi, but no database or store for them exists as of November 2017.


title: Steam Link

text: Any Steam game that can run on the host computer can be streamed to the Steam Link. On Linux host it is also possible to stream a Windows game using the Proton beta (released August 2018). Non-Steam games can be played as well.


title: Steam Link

text: Valve announced in November 2018 that they are no longer manufacturing the Steam Link hardware device, and will sell off the remaining stock. Valve will continue to support software and device updates to existing Steam Link hardware, but are directing users towards the mobile app to provide the same functionality.


title: Steam Link

text: In May 2018, Valve announced it would release the Steam Link application for iOS, Android, tvOS, and Android TV devices that will allow users to play streaming games to these devices, without the need for the Link hardware. However, Apple rejected the application from its App Store because of "business conflicts with app guidelines". The app was eventually released on iOS in May 2019. In 2018, Steam Link also released on Samsung smart TVs. In March 2021, Valve released the app for Linux and macOS.


title: Steam Link

text: Valve provides a free application for single board computers Raspberry Pi 3, 3 B+, and Raspberry Pi 4 running Raspbian Stretch that provides the same functionality as the original Steam Link hardware. Valve published a beta version of the Steam Link package for Raspberry Pi on December 3, 2018. The official version was released on December 13, 2018.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: Joshua Tree is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 7,414 at the 2010 census. At approximately above sea level, Joshua Tree and its surrounding communities are located in the High Desert of California. The center of the business district in Joshua Tree is on California State Route 62.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total land area of 95.9 km (37.0 mi). Joshua Tree is home to Joshua Tree National Park.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: Joshua Tree shares its eastern border with Twentynine Palms, its western border with Yucca Valley, and its northwestern border with Landers; it is bordered on the south by the Coachella Valley.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: At the 2010 census Joshua Tree had a population of 7,414. The population density was . The racial makeup of Joshua Tree was 6,176 (83.3%) White (73.9% Non-Hispanic White), 234 (3.2%) African American, 84 (1.1%) Native American, 104 (1.4%) Asian, 18 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 368 (5.0%) from other races, and 430 (5.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,308 persons (17.6%).


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: The census reported that 7,263 people (98.0% of the population) lived in households, 30 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 121 (1.6%) were institutionalized.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: There were 3,088 households, 862 (27.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,209 (39.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 431 (14.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 162 (5.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 237 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 30 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,018 households (33.0%) were one person and 358 (11.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35. There were 1,802 families (58.4% of households); the average family size was 2.97.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: The age distribution was 1,626 people (21.9%) under the age of 18, 813 people (11.0%) aged 18 to 24, 1,756 people (23.7%) aged 25 to 44, 2,056 people (27.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,163 people (15.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 38.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: There were 3,808 housing units at an average density of 102.8 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,872 (60.6%) were owner-occupied and 1,216 (39.4%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.8%. 4,178 people (56.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 3,085 people (41.6%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Joshua Tree had a median household income of $39,492, with 21.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: At the 2000 census there were 4,207 people, 1,765 households, and 1,057 families in the CDP. The population density was 265.4/km (687.5/mi). There were 2,112 housing units at an average density of 133.2/km (345.1/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.38% White, 1.76% African American, 1.57% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.62% Pacific Islander, 4.61% from other races, and 3.95% from two or more races. 12.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: Of the 1,765 households 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 33.3% of households were one person and 15.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: The age distribution was 27.5% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: The median household income was $26,535 and the median family income was $33,333. Males had a median income of $27,465 versus $29,375 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,856. 21.2% of the population and 18.0% of families were below the poverty line. 31.5% of those under the age of 18 and 5.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Joshua Tree is located in California's 8th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of R+10 and is represented by .


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: The Joshua Tree Visitor Center for Joshua Tree National Park is located at the junction of Highway 62 and Park Boulevard in downtown Joshua Tree and the park's west entrance is located south. The community of Joshua Tree is unincorporated and is represented by the Joshua Tree Municipal Advisory Counsel (MAC) as the official liaison between the community and the San Bernardino County government.


title: Joshua Tree, California

text: Noah Purifoy Desert Art Museum of Assemblage Art is of sculptures, assemblages, and installations mostly made from found material by Noah Purifoy.


title: Luxor massacre

text: The Luxor massacre was the killing of 62 people, mostly tourists, on 17 November 1997, at Deir el-Bahari, an archaeological site and major tourist attraction across the Nile from Luxor, Egypt.


title: Luxor massacre

text: Deir el-Bahari is one of Egypt's top tourist attractions, notable for the spectacular Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, an 18th Dynasty pharaoh. The temple is also known as Djoser-Djeseru (Holy of Holies in ancient Egyptian).


title: Luxor massacre

text: In the mid-morning attack, six gunmen killed 58 foreign nationals and four Egyptians. The assailants were armed with automatic firearms and knives, and disguised as members of the security forces. They descended on the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at around 08:45. They killed two armed guards at the site. With the tourists trapped inside the temple, the killing went on systematically for 45 minutes, during which many bodies, especially of women, were mutilated with machetes. The body of an elderly Japanese man was found mutilated. A leaflet was discovered stuffed into his body that read "no to tourists in Egypt" and was signed "Omar Abdul Rahman's Squadron of Havoc and Destruction - the Gama'a al-Islamiyya, the Islamic Group".


title: Luxor massacre

text: The dead included a five-year-old English child, Shaunnah Turner, and four Japanese couples on honeymoon. There were 26 survivors.


title: Luxor massacre

text: The attackers then hijacked a bus, but ran into a checkpoint of armed Egyptian National Police and military forces. One of the terrorists was wounded in the subsequent shootout and the rest fled into the hills where their bodies were found in a cave, apparently having committed suicide together.


title: Luxor massacre

text: One or more al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya leaflets were found calling for the release of Omar Abdel-Rahman from a U.S. prison, stating that the attack had been carried out as a gesture to exiled leader Mustafa Hamza, or declaring: "We shall take revenge for our brothers who have died on the gallows. The depths of the earth are better for us than the surface since we have seen our brothers squatting in their prisons, and our brothers and families tortured in their jails".


title: Luxor massacre

text: Most of the victims were foreign tourists. Most of the casualties were from Switzerland, with 36 of its citizens killed. The youngest victim was a 5-year-old British child.


title: Luxor massacre

text: It is thought to have been instigated by exiled leaders of al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya, an Egyptian Islamist organization, attempting to undermine the organization's July 1997 "Nonviolence Initiative", to devastate the Egyptian economy and provoke the government into repression that would strengthen support for anti-government forces. However, the attack led to internal divisions among the militants, and resulted in the declaration of a ceasefire. In June 2013, the group denied that it was involved in the massacre.


title: Luxor massacre

text: The attack took place an hour before the state visit of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and Prince-Consort Claus.


title: Luxor massacre

text: Following the attack, then president Hosni Mubarak replaced interior minister General Hassan Al Alfi with General Habib al-Adly. The Swiss Federal Police "later determined that bin Laden had financed the operation".


title: Luxor massacre

text: The tourist industry in Egypt, and particularly in Luxor, was seriously affected by the resultant slump in visitors and remained depressed until sinking even lower with the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001, the 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks, and the 2006 Dahab bombings.


title: Luxor massacre

text: The massacre marked a decisive drop in Islamist terrorists' fortunes in Egypt by turning public opinion overwhelmingly against them. Terrorist attacks declined dramatically following the backlash from the massacre. Organizers and supporters of the attack quickly realised that the strike had been a massive miscalculation and reacted with denials of involvement. The day after the attack, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya leader Refa'i Ahmed Taha claimed the attackers intended only to take the tourists hostage, despite the immediate and systematic nature of the slaughter. Others denied Islamist involvement completely. Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman blamed Israelis for the killings, and Ayman Zawahiri maintained the attack was the work of the Egyptian police.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In Islam, the belief that spiritual entities—particularly, jinn—can possess a person, (or a thing or location), is widespread; as is the belief that the jinn and devils can be expelled from the possessed person (or thing/location) through exorcism. This practice is called "al-'azm" or "ruqya" and exorcists are called "raqi".


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Belief in the supernatural -- witchcraft, sorcery, magic, ghosts, and demons—in the Muslim world is not marginalized as eccentric or a product of ignorance, but is pervasive among all social classes. Belief in the supernatural creatures known as "Jinn" is both an integral part of Islamic belief, and a common explanations in society "for evil, illness, health, wealth, and position in society as well as all mundane and inexplicable phenomena in between". Jinn are thought to be able to enter and possess people, with evil jinn causing various maladies in the humans they possess.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In the contemporary Muslim world (as of 2013), "throughout the Middle East and among Western Muslims", professional exorcism has developed into an industry. Qur'anic healing is advertised on Facebook and Twitter, and "thousands" of videos have been posted on YouTube. Thousands of Islamic exorcisms are also reportedly performed each year (as of 2018) in one country (the United Kingdom) alone.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Possession by spirits is usually defined as an unusual or altered state of consciousness and associated behaviors purportedly caused by the control of a human body by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods. In the Islamic context, such entities are referred to as "marrid" (demons), "bhut" (evil spirits), jinn (spirits or "lesser deities"), "shaytaan" (satanic beings). The whispering of demons ("waswās") is conceptually different from demonic possession in Islamic thought.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Symptoms of a need for exorcism in Islam may range from "yipping and howling", or "fits and screaming" by the possessed victim, to "vomiting, pain in the womb, insomnia, headaches and back-pain, and poor memory", seizures and speaking "in an incomprehensible language",


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: to much less obvious behavior, such as anything from "poor health to bad relationships", including homosexuality.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: "Jinn" is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root jinn (Arabic: , , singular "jinni"), also romanized as "djinn" or anglicized as "genie". The primary meaning of jinn is "to hide". Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, "beings that are concealed from the senses".


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In Islamic belief jinn—depending on source/context—may be described as supernatural creatures with specific traits and characteristics or have a broader meaning of spirit or daemon.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Some authors use of the word "jinn" in the Quran is for all supernatural creatures invisible (to humans). This includes angels, devils, and the interior of human beings. Accordingly, every devil and every angel is also a "jinn", but not every "jinn" is an angel or a devil. Al-Jahiz categorizes the jinn in his work "Kitab al-Hayawan" as follows: "If he is pure, clean, untouched by any defilement, being entirely good, he is an angel, if he is faithless, dishonest, hostile, wicked, he is devil, if he succeeds in supporting an edifice, lifting a heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven he is a marid and if he more than this, he is an ifrit."


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: More specifically described, jinn are a creature on their own and have both similarities to humans and differences from them. Like people they are not immortal, they eat,


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: drink, and procreate. They have free will to choose between good and evil, may be Muslims or unbelievers, have received messengers and prophets from God,


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: jinn are created from fire () or "smokeless fire"; they are invisible to humans but can see them, can also be visible and have the power to take on different shapes, may be able to travel extremely rapidly and lift great weights. Their food is bones, rotting flesh,


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: their animal's food is excrement, and their dwelling places are "ruins or unclean places like bathrooms, dunghills, garbage dumps and graveyards". They are able to possess animate and inanimate objects.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: One hadith divides them into three groups, with one type of jinn flying through the air; another type being snakes and dogs; and a third moving from place to place like human.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Jinn are not supernatural in the sense of being purely spiritual and transcendent to nature; while they are believed to be invisible (or often invisible) they also eat, drink, sleep, breed with the opposite sex, and produce offspring that resemble their parents. Intercourse is not limited to jinn alone, but is also possible between human and jinn.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: According to Pierre Lory, some jinn tend to have sexual intercourse with humans. There are some "hadiths", considered faricated ("maudhu") by some Sunni hadith scholars ("muhaddith"), in support of this view.:


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Although most accounts of possession and exorcism in Islam involve Jinn, Muslim cosmology features more creatures capable of possession, such as "marrid" (demons), "bhut" (evil spirits), and "shaytaan" (satanic beings).


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: The Quran and hadith indicate demons and devils infect the metaphorical heart (), turning the soul and thoughts away from that which is good. They are believed to engage in devilish whisperings to tempt humans that is compared to devil-possession.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Most Muslim scholars accept that jinn can possess people. A few argue jinn can not physically possess someone, but only influence people.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: According to the conservative fatwa site Islam-web, the "ability of the jinn to possess humans is unanimously agreed upon by Ahlus-Sunnah Wal-Jamaa'ah" [the formal name for Sunni Muslims]. It gives as evidence the verse


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: adding the commentary of Al-Qurtubi: "This verse serves as evidence of the falseness of the view held by those who deny jinn possession and claim that it is the work of human dispositions and that the devil does not flow within the human body and cannot possess him." The fatwa also cites Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote, "The entrance of the jinn into the human body is confirmed by the consensus of the Imaams of Ahlus-Sunnah Wal-Jamaa'ah."


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: According to traditional Islamic sources, possession by a jinni can happen for various reasons. Ibn Taymiyyah asserted a Jinni might sometimes haunt an individual, because the person had harmed the jinni—urinating or throwing hot water on it, or even killing a related jinni—without intending to or even realizing it. In this case the jinni will try to take revenge on the person.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Another cause for jinn possession, according to Moiz Ansari, is that a jinni falls in love with a human and thereupon possesses the human. Some women have reported that during the time (they believed) they were being possessed by a jinn, the jinn tried to have sexual intercourse from inside their bodies.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Thirdly, it occurs when a jinni, who is evil, simply wants to harm a human for no specific reason, according to Moiz Ansari. Such a jinn will possess that person, if it gets the opportunity, while the human is in a very emotional state or unconsciousness.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In his book "Rahe Belayet", Abdullah Zahangir states that, evil jinn get chances to influence human mind, when it is in a sinful (or bodily impure) state or in deep emotions such as deep joy, deep sorrow, deep anger, deep frustration, deep obsession and deep sexual urge, but they avoid people who ere extremely pious.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Alizeh Kohari, in a story about UK-based internet Raqi Abu Tharr, writes that "a jinn can take over our mind or body for a number of reasons: it may be evil or infatuated, or simply bored."


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: There are even, according to some sources, "intended possessions", were there is a covenant with the "jinn". Since not all "jinn" intend to do harm, they are distinguished from cultural concepts of possession by devils/demons.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: To protect against jinn possession some people have employed talismans to prevent possession (and other supernatural harm). Pew Research Center states that "Islamic tradition also holds that Muslims should rely on God alone to keep them safe from sorcery and malicious spirits rather than resorting to talismans, which are charms or amulets bearing symbols or precious stones believed to have magical powers, or other means of protection". Scholars differ in opinion on this issue and some maintaining amulets are permitted, provided they are composed of verses from the Quran. Their prohibition in Islam comes from being considered "shirk"—the sin of practicing idolatry or polytheism— arguing the amulet wearer is asking help from the amulet and not God.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Da'wah activist and scholar of religious studies Shabir Ally, who claim not doubt the traditional belief of jinn as invisible beings, questions the scriptural support for jinn possession and exorcism, stating, "as far as I can see there is nothing in the Quran that says that jinn possess people". Q.2:275, the verse quoted to support belief in possession, does state "Those who consume Riba (interest) cannot stand except as one whom the devil has driven to madness by his touch. That is because they say, 'Trade is no different than interest' ..." However there is a big difference between knocking someone to the ground, and possessing a person, speaking through their voice, moving through and using their body. Furthermore, the verse is talking about the effect of charging interest, not a danger of the devil, or jinn, inhabiting a person.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: ( ), according to its proponents, summons jinn and demons by invoking the names of God, and commands them to abandon their mischief, and is believed to repair damage believed to have been caused by jinn possession, witchcraft () or the evil eye.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: One kind of Islamic exorcism is "al-ruqya al-sharʿiyya". Academic Christian Suhr describes a successful result of it as providing "healing, not in the sense of immediate 'well-being' or 'relief from pain' but in the sense of moral witnessing". "Ruqya" is part of a wider body of Islamic medicine called "prophetic medicine".


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: At least a few Muslim exorcists have claimed to treat non-Muslims—Imam Ayoub Sayed in Sheffield England: ('Most of our patients come from the Islamic faith. However we have also helped Christians, Sikhs, Hindus and atheists'); "Ali" in Glasgow ('I work with Muslims and non-Muslims alike ... More and more people are getting into alternative healing'). And at least one Christian priest exorcist (as of 2014) has been frequented by Muslims—Father Sama'an Ibrahim at Cairo's St. Sama'an Cathedral in Egypt.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Al-Jzari (1987) and Al-Daramdash (1991) list several characteristics for a Quranic-Healer of possession. These include belief in God, following the prophet Muhammad's practice as personified by Islamic saints, belief that the Quran can influence evil spirits, must be a righteous person and doing nothing that is forbidden, have knowledge of the world of evil spirits, know which Surahs to use for specific types of spirits, have a sense of good-will to help people attacked by evil spirits, resistance to any distraction from sexual dynamics during the process, and mindfulness of God during throughout the process in order to avoid infiltration by evil spirits.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Alizeh Kohari writes that "in a typical exorcism, you lie down, while the raqi places their palm on your head and recites verses."


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: At an exorcism at Masjid Mohammed mosque in Sheffield, South Yorkshire by Imam Ayoub Sayed, a young woman sought help to rid herself of what she believed were spirits caused by black magic. The woman, dressed in a burqa with a face covering, blamed possession by spirits for symptoms of vomiting, pain in the womb, insomnia, headaches and back-pain, and poor memory, and for inability to find a husband. During the exorcism the woman rocked backwards and forwards shouting and screaming while the exorcist, Imam Ayoub Sayed used a microphone to amplify recitation of Quran and shouts in English of 'can you find God, can you find him?' to banish the jinni. The woman "screams out uncontrollably while thrashing around on a couch before picking up a nearby table", at which point the exorcist spits in her face. (The article did not indicate whether the exorcism was successful.)


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Exorcisms that did not end successfully were those of Latifa Hachmi (found dead on 5 August 2004), and Naila Mumtaz (found dead 8 July 2009).


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Hachmi's body was "covered with bruises and her lungs filled with water". She had undergone "month-long sessions" of exorcism in Brussels Belgium involving beatings, swallowing "dozens of liters of 'holy' water, "according to Belgian media reports". She was "fed two spoons of yogurt every day and always had earphones playing verses from the Quran." She was thought to be possessed at least in part because she could not become pregnant. (The exorcist, Abdelkrim Aznagui, and five others were charged in the killing.)


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In Naila Mumtaz's case, three of her inlaws and her husband were found guilty of murder. The judge believed the most likely reason for the killing of the 21-year-old Pakistani brought to England in an arranged marriage was that "the defendants believed that Naila had been possessed by a djinn, which had been sent from Pakistan by Naila's parents, and that they ... smothered her in order to get rid of the djinn." The exorcist or "healer" is thought to have been "in the room" when Mumtaz died, but has "never been traced", something that "has happened in other cases".


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Shabir Ally states that deaths from beatings administered to people in the belief that this would drive the jinn out of the possessee, have become so frequent as to no longer be big news.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In one Muslim country, Afghanistan, a common exorcism practice as of 2013 that has been criticized as inhumane, was to secure


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Some Muslims find "no scriptural support" for exorcism. According to one source (the modernist site alhakam), there is "no trace" of support for exorcism in the Quran, and among the traditions of Muhammad (hadith) there is only one story of exorcism, and it is classified as "da'eef", (i.e. "weak", it was narrated by an untrusted narrator).


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: The BBC quotes a woman (Yasmin Ishaq) who "became a healer herself because she saw peoples' beliefs being exploited", and complaints of domestic abuse being dismissed as the rantings of a possessing spirit,


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: "If somebody was saying I was being abused, or I'm living in horrific conditions, they would automatically silence them by saying 'she's possessed'. I'm talking from personal experiences - family members, neighbours, community members - where women were beaten on the premise that they were possessed when really it was just violence against women."


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: Secularists note that mental illness "has been attributed to demonic possession" throughout history, the oldest known attribution coming from the Sumerians, "who believed that all diseases of the body and mind were caused by 'sickness demons' called "gidim" or "gid-dim"".


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: According to some Islamic sources, cases of 'pseudopossession', where the origin of someone's seizure or speaking in tongues is "physical or psychological", greatly outnumber cases of true spiritual possession, and it is unfortunate that faith healers have taken money to treat such cases. (A concern shared by Shabir Ally.)


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: A study of why patients from "ethnic minority backgrounds" in Britain, "particularly Pakistanis", "were often reaching mental health services in a more severely ill state than the rest of the population", found ethnic families first sought help "through the mosque," when confronted with a member who was hearing voices, suffering from delusions or some other serious mental illness.


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: A paper published in 2015 by Elspeth Guthrie, Seri Abraham, Shahzada Nawaz, noted a review "of 47 case reports of patients presenting with symptoms they attributed to jinn found that a biomedical diagnosis was provided in 66% of cases, of which schizophrenia was the most common (45.2%)";


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: a delay meaning not only unnecessary suffering but opportunity for the mental illness to progress and worsen. Another study, of university educated school teachers and undergraduates in Saudi Arabia, found "jinn possession is still believed to be a cause of epilepsy in Saudi society, even among fairly well-educated people". 40% of the teachers and half the students surveyed believed possession to be the cause of epilepsy. (A number of medical journals have urged practitioners to seek greater understanding of possession states "through a combination of biological, anthropological, sociological, psychopathological and experimental perspectives"; "increase awareness among physicians about the possible association of delirious mania with jinn possession by conducting training, continuing medical education, workshops, and the like"; develop "collaborative working


title: Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam

text: In reply, one Raqi (Abou Mohammed) reverses the charge, alleging that "some illnesses are unnecessarily dealt with by doctors when they are actually spiritual problems", and that "some people have operations they do not need because the Jinn has tricked doctors".


title: Compression release engine brake

text: A compression release engine brake, compression brake, or decompression brake, frequently called a Jacobs brake or Jake Brake, is an engine braking mechanism installed on some diesel engines. When activated, it opens exhaust valves to the cylinders, right before the compression stroke ends, releasing the compressed gas trapped in the cylinders, and slowing the vehicle.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: Clessie Cummins was granted a patent for the engine compression brake in 1965, and the first company to manufacture them was Jacobs Vehicle Systems. The terms "Jacobs brake" and "Jake Brake" properly refer to compression brakes manufactured by Jacobs, though the terms have now become generic trademarks, and are often used to refer to compression brakes in general, especially on large vehicles and heavy equipment.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: When the driver releases the accelerator on a moving vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, the vehicle's forward momentum continues to turn the engine's crankshaft. Most diesel engines do not have a throttle body, so regardless of the throttle setting, air is always drawn into the cylinders (excluding the valve fitted to certain diesels, such as fire appliances and generators on oil and gas platforms, to prevent diesel engine runaway). The fuel-free air only mix that is compressed on the compression stroke now starts to act as an air spring. After the piston reaches maximum compression, the compressed air mixture returns its energy to the piston by pushing the piston back down. The end result is that even if the fuel supply to the cylinder is stopped, some energy absorbed during the compression stroke is still returned to the crankshaft. Because of this returned energy, there is very little engine braking applied to the vehicle.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: The typical compression brake consists of a hydraulic system using engine oil which transfers the motion of the fuel injector rocker arm to the engine's exhaust valve(s). When activated, the exhaust valve opens very briefly near the engine's top dead center, and releases the compressed air in the cylinder so that the air compression energy is not returned to the crankshaft. A compression release engine brake can assist a vehicle to maintain or even reduce speed with minimal use of friction brakes. The power of this type can be around the same as the engine power.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: In contrast, a gasoline engine under deceleration runs with a closed throttle that prevents free flow of air into the cylinders, resulting in little pressure to release at the top of the compression stroke. The closed throttle provides engine braking by forcing the engine to generate a vacuum between the throttle and the cylinders.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: Typically, the controls for a compression brake consist of an on/off switch and often a selector that controls the number of cylinders on which the brake is active. Throttle and clutch switches are integral with the system. Activation occurs when both the clutch and the throttle are released with the transmission in gear. It is the driver's job to ascertain the correct transmission gear to use, depending on factors such as the steepness of the grade and the vehicle's load.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: The use of engine compression brakes may cause a vehicle to make a loud "growling", "machine gun", or "jackhammer" like exhaust noise, especially vehicles having no mufflers, which has led many communities in the United States, Canada, and Australia to prohibit compression braking within municipal limits. Drivers are notified by roadside signs with legends such as "Brake Retarders Prohibited," "No Engine Brake," "No Jake Brakes," "Compression Braking Prohibited," "Please No Engine Brake," "Avoid Using Engine Brakes," or "Unmuffled Engine Braking Prohibited," and enforcement is typically through traffic fines. Such prohibitions have led to the development of new types of mufflers and turbochargers to better silence braking noise.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: Jacobs claims that the use of the term "Jake Brake" on signs prohibiting engine retarding brakes violates their trademark and discriminates against Jacobs brand products.


title: Compression release engine brake

text: In the U.S. state of Ohio, state law allows a board of county commissioners or township trustees to prohibit the use of compression brakes within unincorporated areas. These local regulations apply to all state- and locally-maintained roads except Interstate highways. The state's standard "No Engine Brake" sign is designed to avoid discriminating against the Jacobs brand name.


title: Pamela Brown (journalist)

text: Pamela Ashley Brown (born November 29, 1983) is an American television reporter and newscaster. Brown works as a weekend anchor and senior Washington Correspondent for CNN. She formerly worked for ABC Washington, D.C., affiliate WJLA-TV, and she is also fill-in and substitute anchor for CNN's "At This Hour With Kate Bolduan", "The Lead With Jake Tapper", "The Situation Room With Wolf Blitzer", and "Erin Burnett OutFront". Brown occasionally provided the lead-in to "Politico's Video Playback"—a daily recap of the previous night's U.S. late-night talk shows.


title: Pamela Brown (journalist)

text: Brown was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the daughter of businessman and former Governor of Kentucky John Y. Brown Jr. and former Miss America and businesswoman Phyllis George (1949-2020). George took maternity leave from her duties on CBS' NFL pregame show, "The NFL Today", to give birth to Pamela. Brown is the granddaughter of politician John Y. Brown Sr. and the half-sister of former Kentucky Secretary of State John Y. Brown, III. Her parents divorced in 1996 after 17 years of marriage, when Brown was 13.


title: Pamela Brown (journalist)

text: Brown graduated from Henry Clay High School in Lexington and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a degree in broadcast journalism. While at the University of North Carolina, Brown was a reporter on the university's "Carolina Week". After college, she worked for ABC-affiliate WJLA-TV in Washington. Brown is currently pursuing a Master of Laws (LL.M) degree from the George Washington University School of Law.


title: Pamela Brown (journalist)

text: In January 2021, CNN announced that Brown would move to Senior Washington Correspondent and would host three hours of "CNN Newsroom" on weekends.


title: Pamela Brown (journalist)

text: Brown has an older brother, Lincoln (born 1980) and three half-siblings from her father's prior marriage. Brown was named after her aunt Pamela Brown, who died in 1970 at the age of 28 together with her husband Rod Anderson and balloonist Malcolm Brighton, in an ill-fated attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a Rozière balloon, "Free Life".


title: Pamela Brown (journalist)

text: Brown married Adam Wright on June 5, 2017. In June 2018, their son Ben was born, followed by daughter Vivienne in February 2020.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: "War" is a counterculture era soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song – an obvious anti–Vietnam War statement – with The Temptations as the original vocalists. After Motown began receiving repeated requests to release "War" as a single, Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist, with the label deciding to withhold the Temptations' version from single release so as not to alienate their more conservative fans. Starr's version of "War" was a No. 1 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in 1970, and is not only the most successful and well-known record of his career, but it is also one of the most popular protest songs ever recorded. It was one of 161 songs on the no-play list issued by Clear Channel following the events of September 11, 2001.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: The Temptations' version of "War", featuring Paul Williams and Dennis Edwards on lead vocals, was less intense than the Edwin Starr version and begins with marching band drums a la the 20th Century Fox logo. Williams and Edwards deliver the song's anti-war, pro-peace message over a stripped-down instrumental track, with bass singer Melvin Franklin chanting a repeated recruit training-like "hup, two, three, four" in the background during the verses.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: The song was included as a track on the March 1970 "Psychedelic Shack" album, which featured the title track as its only single. The track's direct message, summarized by its chorus ("War, what is it good for? Absolutely nothin'!"), struck a chord with the American public and resonated with growing public opposition to the war in Vietnam. Fans from across the country, many of them college students and other young people, sent letters to Motown requesting the release of "War" as a single. The label did not want to risk the image of its most popular male group, and the Temptations themselves were also apprehensive about releasing such a potentially controversial song as a single. The label decided not to release "War" as a single, a decision that Whitfield fought until the label came up with a compromise: "War" would be released, but it would have to be re-recorded with a different act.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Edwin Starr, who had become a Motown artist in 1968 after his former label, Ric-Tic, was purchased by Motown founder Berry Gordy, became "War's" new vocalist. Considered among Motown's "second-string" acts, Starr had only one major hit, 1968's No. 6 hit "Twenty-Five Miles", to his name by this time. He heard about the conflict surrounding the debate of whether or not to release "War", and volunteered to re-record it. Whitfield re-created the song to match Starr's James Brown-influenced soul shout: the single version of "War" was dramatic and intense, depicting the general anger and distaste the anti-war movement felt towards the war in Vietnam. Unlike the Temptations' original, Starr's "War" was a full-scale Whitfield production, with prominent electric guitar lines, clavinets, a heavily syncopated rhythm accented by a horn section, and with The Originals and Whitfield's new act The Undisputed Truth on backing vocals.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Upon its release in June 1970, Starr's "War" became a runaway hit, and held the No. 1 position on the "Billboard" Pop Singles chart for three weeks, in August and September 1970. It replaced "Make It With You" by Bread, and was itself taken out of the spot by another Motown single, "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Diana Ross. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 5 song of 1970.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Notable as the most successful protest song to become a pop hit, earning compliments from contemporary protester John Lennon, "War" became Edwin Starr's signature song. Rather than hindering his career (as it might have done for the Temptations), "War" buoyed Starr's career, and he adopted the image of an outspoken liberal orator for many of his other early-1970s releases, including the similarly themed "Stop the War Now" from 1971. It and another 1971 single, "Funky Music Sho' 'Nuff Turns Me On", continued Starr's string of Whitfield-produced psychedelic soul hits. After 1971, Starr's career began to falter, and, citing Motown's reliance on formulas, he departed the label in the mid-1970s. Edwin Starr re-recorded the song in 1992 produced by Simon Harris.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Later in his career, after moving to the United Kingdom, Starr re-recorded several of his hits with British band Utah Saints. Starr's new version of "War" in 2003 was his final piece. He died on April 2 of the same year of a heart attack.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Starr earned a Grammy nomination in 1971 for "War" for best R&B Male Vocal. In 1999, Starr's recording of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Starr's version of the song was used as the basis for a cover version by Ugly Rumours, a group formed by Tony Blair while at university. The song was released by the Stop the War Coalition and credited to Ugly Rumours, with the band being fronted by a lookalike of Blair. It peaked at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart in March 2007.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: The song's power was reasserted when Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band took their rendition into the U.S. Top 10 in 1986. It was also covered and released as a single by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Frankie Goes to Hollywood followed their debut 1983 UK number one single Relax with Two Tribes. The principal B-side for 12-inch single was a cover version of "War". To build on the chart success of "Two Tribes", "War" became the subject of an accomplished extended remix in its own right (subtitled "Hidden") for the third version of single's UK 12-inch. For the release "War" was promoted as a double-A-side with the "Carnage" mix of "Two Tribes" on the reverse. The 12-inch double-A-side single was released in standard and picture disc versions, both with the ZTT Records catalog number WARTZ 3.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Versions of both "Two Tribes" and "War" would later appear on the group's 1984 debut album "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" as well as numerous Frankie Goes to Hollywood and ZTT Records compilation albums.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: The release of "War" / "Two Tribes" also coincided with an extensive and iconic T-shirt marketing campaign for the band during the summer of 1984, featuring such slogans as "Frankie Say WAR! Hide Yourself", as pictured on the 12" single cover.


title: War (The Temptations song)

text: Several lines of spoken dialogue were added to the Temptations/Edwin Starr version of the song. Impressionist Chris Barrie voiced the long soliloquy about war and love, while impersonating the American President Ronald Reagan; a role he would later reprise in the hit UK TV Show Spitting Image. Born in Germany, Barrie translated and subversively quoted Adolf Hitler from his failed 1924 putsch trial, in the first new lines added to the song.