title: Clive Sinclair

text: Sinclair was a poker player and appeared in the first three series of the "Late Night Poker" on Channel 4. He won the first series final of the "Celebrity Poker Club" spin-off. Sinclair was an atheist. He had an IQ of 159, and was a member of British Mensa, and chairman from 1980 to 1997. He also participated in marathons including several New York City Marathons.


title: Clive Sinclair

text: Despite his involvement in computing, Sinclair did not use the Internet, stating that he does not like to have "technical or mechanical things around me" as it distracts from the process of invention. In 2010, he stated that he did not use computers himself, and preferred using the telephone rather than email. In 2014, he predicted, "Once you start to make machines that are rivalling and surpassing humans with intelligence, it's going to be very difficult for us to survive. It's just an inevitability."


title: Clive Sinclair

text: His first marriage with Ann of twenty years ended in divorce around 1985 due to the pressure from the ongoing financial issues he had with his companies. From his marriage with Ann, he had three children, Crispin, Bartholomew and Belinda. In 2010 Sinclair married Angie Bowness, a former dancer at a Stringfellows nightclub and who represented England for Miss Europe 1995. This second marriage lasted for seven years before also ending in divorce.


title: Clive Sinclair

text: On 16 September 2021, Sinclair died in London following an illness related to cancer that he had for over a decade. He was 81 years old. Sinclair was remembered on his death for his contributions towards computing and video games by numerous people, including Elon Musk, Satya Nadella, the Oliver Twins, Debbie Bestwick, Charles Cecil, and David Braben. A "Times" leader following his death described Sinclair as a tenacious inventor whose career was a triumph of perseverance similar to that of many of Britain's greatest inventors, such as Sir James Dyson and Alexander Graham Bell, 'who are a reminder that failure is an essential prelude to success'.


title: Binary file

text: A binary file is a computer file that is not a text file. The term "binary file" is often used as a term meaning "non-text file". Many binary file formats contain parts that can be interpreted as text; for example, some computer document files containing formatted text, such as older Microsoft Word document files, contain the text of the document but also contain formatting information in binary form.


title: Binary file

text: Binary files are usually thought of as being a sequence of bytes, which means the binary digits (bits) are grouped in eights. Binary files typically contain bytes that are intended to be interpreted as something other than text characters. Compiled computer programs are typical examples; indeed, compiled applications are sometimes referred to, particularly by programmers, as binaries. But binary files can also mean that they contain images, sounds, compressed versions of other files, etc. – in short, any type of file content whatsoever.


title: Binary file

text: Some binary files contain headers, blocks of metadata used by a computer program to interpret the data in the file. The header often contains a signature or "magic" number which can identify the format. For example, a GIF file can contain multiple images, and headers are used to identify and describe each block of image data. The leading bytes of the header would contain text like codice_1 or codice_2 that can identify the binary as a GIF file. If a binary file does not contain any headers, it may be called a flat binary file.


title: Binary file

text: A text file may consist partly or entirely of encoded binary information. When sending binary files over the network they may be encoded so that they use only printable characters. This is often necessary due to the limitations of network protocols used for internet browsing and e-mail communication. One such encoding is Base64. Also, files containing public-key and private-key information for use in systems employing asymmetric cryptography (such as website certificates) may also be stored with the binary information encoded in printable characters.


title: Binary file

text: To send binary files through certain systems (such as email) that do not allow all data values, they are often translated into a plain text representation (using, for example, Base64). Encoding the data has the disadvantage of increasing the file size during the transfer (for example, using Base64 will increase the file's size by approximately 30%), as well as requiring translation back into binary after receipt. The increased size may be countered by lower-level link compression, as the resulting text data will have about as much less entropy as it has increased size, so the actual data transferred in this scenario would likely be very close to the size of the original binary data. See Binary-to-text encoding for more on this subject.


title: Binary file

text: Microsoft Windows and its standard libraries for the C and C++ programming languages allow the programmer to specify a parameter indicating if a file is expected to be plain text or binary when opening a file; this affects the standard library calls to read and write from the file in that the system converts between the C/C++ "end of line" character (the ASCII linefeed character) and the end-of-line sequence Windows expects in files (the ASCII carriage return and linefeed characters in sequence). In Unix-like systems, the C and C++ standard libraries on those systems also allow the programmer to specify whether a file is expected to be text or binary, but the libraries can and do ignore that parameter, as the end-of-line sequence in Unix-like systems is just the C/C++ end-of-line character.


title: Binary file

text: A hex editor or viewer may be used to view file data as a sequence of hexadecimal (or decimal, binary or ASCII character) values for corresponding bytes of a binary file.


title: Binary file

text: If a binary file is opened in a text editor, each group of eight bits will typically be translated as a single character, and the user will see a (probably unintelligible) display of textual characters. If the file is opened in some other application, that application will have its own use for each byte: maybe the application will treat each byte as a number and output a stream of numbers between 0 and 255—or maybe interpret the numbers in the bytes as colors and display the corresponding picture. Other type of viewers (called 'word extractors') simply replace the unprintable characters with spaces revealing only the human-readable text. This type of view is useful for a quick inspection of a binary file in order to find passwords in games, find hidden text in non-text files and recover corrupted documents. It can even be used to inspect suspicious files (software) for unwanted effects. For example, the user would see any URL/email to which the suspected software may attempt to connect in order to upload unapproved data (to steal). If the file is itself treated as an executable and run, then the operating system will attempt to interpret the file as a series of instructions in its machine language.


title: Binary file

text: Standards are very important to binary files. For example, a binary file interpreted by the ASCII character set will result in text being displayed. A custom application can interpret the file differently: a byte may be a sound, or a pixel, or even an entire word. Binary itself is meaningless, until such time as an executed algorithm defines what should be done with each bit, byte, word or block. Thus, just examining the binary and attempting to match it against known formats can lead to the wrong conclusion as to what it actually represents. This fact can be used in steganography, where an algorithm interprets a binary data file differently to reveal hidden content. Without the algorithm, it is impossible to tell that hidden content exists.


title: Binary file

text: Two files that are binary compatible will have the same sequence of zeros and ones in the data portion of the file. The file header, however, may be different.


title: Binary file

text: The term is used most commonly to state that data files produced by one application are exactly the same as data files produced by another application. For example, some software companies produce applications for Windows and the Macintosh that are binary compatible, which means that a file produced in a Windows environment is interchangeable with a file produced on a Macintosh. This avoids many of the conversion problems caused by importing and exporting data.


title: Binary file

text: One possible binary compatibility issue between different computers is the endianness of the computer. Some computers store the bytes in a file in a different order.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: The Redbone Coonhound is an American breed of hunting dog. As a type of coonhound, it may be used to hunt raccoon, deer, bear, boar, cougar, or other large game. It originated in the Southern United States, and derives from foxhounds brought by immigrants from Scotland. It is characterized by its deep red coat.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: It has been registered with the United Kennel Club since 1902, and with the American Kennel Club since 2009.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: In the early 19th century, Scottish immigrants brought red-colored foxhounds to Georgia, which would later become the foundation stock of today's modern-day Redbone. Around 1840, Irish-bred Foxhound and Bloodhound lines were added. The Redbone name comes from an early breeder, Peter Redbone of Tennessee, though the United Kennel Club credits Redbone's contemporary, George F.L. Birdsong of Georgia, and Dr. Thomas Henry in the 19th century.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: Over time, breeders followed a selective program that led to a coonhound that was adept at treeing wild-game, was courageous against larger animals such as bear and mountain lions, agile enough to track in the mountains or in the marsh, and could swim if necessary (one of the few hounds with webbed feet). They are ideal for pack hunting of both small and larger prey. Originally, the Redbone had a black saddleback, but by the beginning of the 20th century, it was replaced by an uninterrupted red tone.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: The Redbone Coonhound was recognized by the United Kennel Club in 1902, becoming the second coonhound breed to gain recognition and was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 2010.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: The Redbone Coonhound has a lean, muscular, well proportioned build. The body type is typical to the coonhounds subgroup, with long straight legs, a deep chest, and a head and tail that are held high and proud when hunting or showing. The Redbone Coonhound has brown eyes and a face that is often described as having a pleading expression. The dog's eyes may be dark brown to hazel, but a darker color is preferred. The coat is short and smooth against the body, but coarse enough to provide protection to the skin while hunting through dense underbrush. Their large paws have especially thick pads, with webbed toes, and dewclaws are common. The nose is often black and prominent, with black on the muzzle and around the eyes, called "masking", not uncommon. The ears are floppy and will most likely extend to nearly the end of the nose if stretched out. The coat color is always a rich red, though a small amount of white on the chest, between the legs, or on the feet is sometimes seen. The white chest and feet markings that occasionally appear on Redbone Coonhound puppies today is most likely a throwback to the mixing of Bloodhound and Foxhound bloodlines.


title: Redbone Coonhound

text: Males tend to be 22-27 inches (56-68.5 cm) at the shoulder, with females slightly shorter at 21-26 inches (53–66 cm). Weight should be proportional to the size and bone structure of the individual dogs, with a preference towards leaner working dogs rather than heavier dogs. Generally, weights will range from 45 to 70 lb. (20.5 to 31.75 kg).


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Sodiq Olamide Yusuff (born May 19, 1993) is a Nigerian–American mixed martial artist who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in the Featherweight division. As of December 13, 2022, he is #12 in the UFC featherweight rankings.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Being born in Lagos, Nigeria, his father is from Ibadan while his mother was born in Lagos. He grew up in a polygamist community, with his father having four wives, and the four of them lived together as a unit. Yusuff claims he is one of 16 children in the family, with four siblings with his birth mother. When he was nine years old, his mother took him and his younger brother to the United States. His extended family has never visited the United States and is still living in Nigeria, having a hard time getting visas.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff attributed his fascination in battle during his formative years to anime, which led to his MMA career.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: At Shogun Fights 14, where he made his MMA debut, he defeated Alvin Mercer by second-round TKO. Yusuff won against his next three opponents, including Chuka Willis and John Ramirez. Then, in round one of CFFC 66, he eliminated Vladim Ogar. At Titan FC 47, he competed against Luis Gomez for the Featherweight Championship and was defeated in the opening frame. At Brave CF 10, Yusuff won his lone fight with Brave Combat Federation by first-round TKO over Ireland's Dylan Tuke.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff appeared on Dana White's Contender Series 14 on July 24, 2018, facing Mike Davis. He won the fight via unanimous decision. With this win, Yusuff was awarded a contract by the UFC.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff made his UFC debut on December 2, 2018 at against Suman Mokhtarian. He won the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff's second fight came on March 30, 2019 at Philadelphia, facing Sheymon Moraes, at UFC on ESPN 2. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff faced Gabriel Benítez on August 17, 2019 at UFC 241. He won the fight via knockout in round one.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff was expected to face Edson Barboza on October 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 179. However, Yusuff pulled out of the fight on September 22 for undisclosed reasons.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff faced Arnold Allen on April 10, 2021 at UFC on ABC 2. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff faced Alex Caceres on March 12, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 203. Utilizing leg kicks throughout the bout, Yusuff won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Yusuff was scheduled to face Giga Chikadze on September 17, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 210. However, the week before the event, Chikadze withdrew for due to injury and the bout was cancelled.


title: Sodiq Yusuff

text: Sodiq Yusuff faced Don Shainis October 1, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 211. He submitted Shainis via guillotine choke 30 seconds into the bout.


title: William Mulholland

text: William Mulholland (September 11, 1855 – July 22, 1935) was an Irish American self-taught civil engineer who was responsible for building the infrastructure to provide a water supply that allowed Los Angeles to grow into the largest city in California. As the head of a predecessor to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Mulholland designed and supervised the building of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, a system to move water from Owens Valley to the San Fernando Valley. The creation and operation of the aqueduct led to the disputes known as the California Water Wars. In March 1928, Mulholland's career came to an end when the St. Francis Dam failed just over 12 hours after he and his assistant gave it a safety inspection.


title: William Mulholland

text: William Mulholland was born in Belfast, Ireland, part of the United Kingdom. His parents Hugh and Ellen Mulholland were Dubliners and they returned to the city a few years after William's birth. His younger brother, Hugh Jr., was born in 1856. At the time of Mulholland's birth, his father was working as a guard for the Royal Mail. In 1862, when William was seven years old, his mother died. Three years later his father remarried. William was educated at O'Connell School by the Christian Brothers in Dublin. After having been beaten by his father for receiving bad marks in school, Mulholland ran off to sea.


title: William Mulholland

text: At 15, Mulholland was a member of the British Merchant Navy. He spent the next four years as a seaman on "Gleniffer", making at least 19 Atlantic crossings to ports in North America and the Caribbean. In 1874 he disembarked in New York and headed west to Michigan where he worked a summer on a Great Lakes freighter and the winter in a lumber camp.


title: William Mulholland

text: After nearly losing a leg in a logging accident, he moved to Ohio where he worked as a handyman. Mulholland reconnected with his brother Hugh, and in December 1876 they stowed away on a ship in New York bound for California. They were discovered in Panama and were forced to leave the ship. They then walked over 47 miles through jungle to Balboa. Mulholland arrived in Los Angeles in 1877.


title: William Mulholland

text: After arriving in Los Angeles, which at the time had a population of about 9,000, Mulholland quickly decided to return to life at sea, as work was hard to find. On his way to the port at San Pedro to find a ship, he accepted a job digging a well. After a brief stint in Arizona where he prospected for gold and worked on the Colorado River, he obtained a job from Frederick Eaton as Deputy Zanjero (water distributor) with the newly formed Los Angeles City Water Company (LACWC). In Alta California during the Spanish and Mexican administrations, water was delivered to Pueblo de Los Angeles in a large open ditch, the Zanja Madre. The man who tended the ditch was known as a "zanjero".


title: William Mulholland

text: In 1880, Mulholland oversaw the laying of the first iron water pipeline in Los Angeles. Mulholland left the employment of the LACWC briefly in 1884, but returned in mid-December. He left again in 1885 and worked for the Sespe Land and Water Company. As part of his compensation he was granted twenty acres on Sespe Creek. In 1886 he returned to the LACWC, and in October became a naturalized American citizen. At the end of the year he was made the superintendent of the LACWC. In 1898, the Los Angeles city government decided not to renew the contract with the LACWC.


title: William Mulholland

text: Four years later, the Los Angeles Water Department was established with Mulholland as its superintendent. In 1911, the Water Department was renamed the Bureau of Water Works and Supply with Mulholland named as its chief engineer. In 1937, two years after Mulholland's death, the Bureau of Water Works and Supply merged with the Bureau of Power and Light to form the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP); the agency continues to control, supply and maintain all the city's domestic services.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland envisioned Los Angeles growing much larger. The limiting factor to the growth of Los Angeles was its water supply, because it has a semi-arid climate with unreliable rainfall. "If you don't get the water, you won't need it," Mulholland famously remarked.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland shared the vision of a much larger Los Angeles with Frederick Eaton, the mayor of Los Angeles from 1898 through 1900. They both worked together in the private Los Angeles Water Company in the 1880s. In 1886, Eaton became City Engineer and Mulholland became superintendent of the Water Company. When Eaton was elected mayor of Los Angeles, he was instrumental in converting the Water Company to city control in 1902.


title: William Mulholland

text: When the company became the Los Angeles Water Department, Mulholland continued to be superintendent, due to his vast knowledge of the water system. Expansion rapidly followed as Mulholland's public works program began to irrigate large areas of previously arid land. Within a decade, the city's population had doubled from just 50,000 in 1890 to more than 100,000 in 1900. Ten years later it had tripled to almost 320,000.


title: William Mulholland

text: To create this expansion, Eaton and Mulholland realized that the large amount of runoff from the Sierra Nevada in Owens Valley could be delivered to Los Angeles through a gravity-fed aqueduct.


title: William Mulholland

text: From 1902 to 1905, Eaton, Mulholland, and others engaged in underhanded methods to ensure that Los Angeles would gain the water rights in the Owens Valley, blocking the Bureau of Reclamation from building water infrastructure for the residents in Owens Valley. While Eaton engaged in most of the political maneuvrings and chicanery, Mulholland misled Los Angeles public opinion by dramatically understating the amount of water then available for Los Angeles' growth. Mulholland also misled residents of the Owens Valley; he indicated that Los Angeles would only use unused flows in the Owens Valley, while planning on using the full water rights to fill the aquifer of the San Fernando Valley.


title: William Mulholland

text: In 1906, the Los Angeles Board of Water Commissioners appointed Mulholland the Chief Engineer of the Bureau of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. From 1907 to 1913, Mulholland directed the building of the aqueduct. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, inaugurated in November 1913. The project required 3900 workers at its peak, and involved the digging of 164 tunnels. Construction began in 1908. The complexity of the project has been compared to the building of the Panama Canal. Water from the Owens River reached a reservoir in the San Fernando Valley on November 5, 1913. At a ceremony that day, Mulholland spoke his famous words about this engineering feat: "There it is. Take it."


title: William Mulholland

text: The aqueduct carries water from the Owens Valley in the Eastern Sierra to irrigate and store water in the San Fernando Valley. When the aqueduct was built, the San Fernando Valley was not part of the city. From a hydrological point of view, the San Fernando Valley was ideal: its aquifer could serve as free water storage without evaporation. One obstacle to the irrigation was the Los Angeles City Charter, which prohibited the sale, lease, or other use of the city's water without a two-thirds approval by the voters. This charter limitation would be avoided through the annexation of a large portion of the San Fernando Valley to the city.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland realised that the annexation would raise the debt limit of Los Angeles, which allowed the financing of the aqueduct. By 1915, the initial annexations were completed, and by 1926 the land area of Los Angeles had doubled, making it the largest city in the United States by area. Areas that opted to join the municipal water network were Owensmouth (Canoga Park) (1917), Laurel Canyon (1923), Lankershim (1923), Sunland (1926), La Tuna Canyon (1926), and the incorporated city of Tujunga (1932). The historical relationship between water and the rapid urbanisation and growth of Los Angeles is the basis for the fictional plot of the 1974 film "Chinatown".


title: William Mulholland

text: The water from Mulholland's aqueduct also shifted farming from wheat to irrigated crops such as corn, beans, squash, and cotton; orchards of apricots, persimmons, and walnuts; and major citrus groves of oranges and lemons. These continued within the city environs until the next increment of development converted land use into suburbanization. A few enclaves remain, such as the groves at the Orcutt Ranch Park and CSUN campus.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland, who was self-taught, became the first American civil engineer to use hydraulic sluicing to build a dam while constructing the Silver Lake Reservoir in 1906. This new method attracted nationwide attention of engineers and dam builders. Government engineers adopted the method when building Gatun Dam, on which Mulholland was a consultant, in the Panama Canal Zone.


title: William Mulholland

text: In 1914, the University of California, Berkeley awarded Mulholland an honorary doctorate degree. The inscription on the diploma read, "Percussit saxa et duxit flumina ad terram sitientum" (He broke the rocks and brought the river to the thirsty land). Mulholland's public profile continued to grow. His offices were, at one point, on the top floor of Sid Grauman's Million Dollar Theater. He was even a favorite to become mayor of Los Angeles. When asked if he was considering running for office he replied, "I'd rather give birth to a porcupine backward".


title: William Mulholland

text: In May 1913, the Spring Valley Water Company (SVWC), which owned the water supply of San Francisco, authorized an executive committee to approve plans and direct construction of the original dam to create Calaveras Reservoir; the committee was also authorized to hire Mulholland as a consultant. That October, with construction of the dam underway, San Francisco's City Engineer, Michael O'Shaughnessy, wrote negatively of Mulholland in a letter to John R. Freeman, an engineer who had assisted the city in its pursuit of permission to construct the Hetch Hetchy reservoir and water system in Yosemite National Park. O'Shaughnessy expressed the view that Mulholland and F. C. Hermann, chief engineer for the SVWC, were "so intensely conceited that they imagine all they might do should be immune from criticism."


title: William Mulholland

text: Indicating construction details or practices that he thought incorrect, O'Shaughnessy wrote of what was, in his view, sloppiness and recklessness at Calaveras dam site; he said "another feature which made objectionable impressions" on him was "the flippant manner in which the young college boys in charge of the work and Mulholland, with his swollen ideas of accomplishment, have undertaken this very serious engineering project."


title: William Mulholland

text: On March 24, 1918, the dam suffered a partial collapse of the upstream slope. At the time, the water in the reservoir was fifty-five feet deep; no water was released.


title: William Mulholland

text: After the Los Angeles Aqueduct was completed, the San Fernando investors demanded so much water from the Owens Valley that it started to transform from "The Switzerland of California" into a desert. Mulholland was blocked from obtaining additional water from the Colorado River, so decided to take all available water from the Owens Valley. By exploiting personal bitterness of some of the Owens Valley farmers, Los Angeles managed to acquire some key water rights. After these water rights were secured, inflows to Owens Lake were heavily diverted, which caused the lake to dry up by 1924.


title: William Mulholland

text: By 1924, farmers and ranchers rebelled. A series of provocations by Mulholland were, in turn, followed by corresponding threats from local farmers, and the destruction of Los Angeles property. Finally, a group of armed ranchers seized the Alabama Gates and dynamited the aqueduct at Jawbone Canyon, letting water return to the Owens River.


title: William Mulholland

text: In 1927, when the conflict over the water was at its height, the Inyo County Bank collapsed, due to embezzlement. The economy of Owens Valley collapsed, and the attacks ceased. The city of Los Angeles sponsored a series of repair and maintenance programs for aqueduct facilities, that stimulated some local employment and the Los Angeles water employees were paid a month in advance to bring some relief.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland's career effectively ended on March 12, 1928, when the St. Francis Dam failed twelve hours after he and his assistant, Assistant Chief Engineer and general manager Harvey Van Norman, had personally inspected the site. Within seconds after the collapse, only what had been a large section of the central part of the dam remained standing and the reservoir's 12.4 billion gallons (47 million m) of water began moving down San Francisquito Canyon in a torrent at 18 miles per hour (29 km/h). In the canyon, it demolished the heavy concrete Powerhouse Number Two (a hydroelectric power plant) and took the lives of 64 of the 67 workmen and their families living there.


title: William Mulholland

text: The waters traveled south and emptied into the Santa Clara riverbed flooding parts of present-day Valencia and Newhall. Following the river bed, the water continued west, flooding the towns of Castaic Junction, Piru, Fillmore, Bardsdale and Santa Paula in Ventura County. It was almost two miles (3 km) wide, and still traveling at 5 miles (8 km) per hour when it reached the ocean at 5:30 am; emptying its victims and debris into the Pacific Ocean near Montalvo, 54 miles (87 km) from the reservoir and dam site. Many of the bodies that had been washed out to sea were recovered from the sea, some as far south as the Mexican border; others were never found.


title: William Mulholland

text: Santa Paula received some of the worst damage, especially the low-land areas nearer the riverbed. Here, in many areas, only foundations or rubble marked where many homes had been. Rescue efforts were hampered and walking was made hazardous by a thick layer of mud which carpeted the area.


title: William Mulholland

text: Recovery crews worked for days to dig out bodies and clear away the mud from the flood's path. The final death toll is estimated to be at least 431, of which at least 108 were minors.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland took full responsibility for what has been called the worst US man-made disaster of the 20th century and retired in November 1928. During the Los Angeles Coroner's Inquest, Mulholland said, "this inquest is a very painful for me to have to attend but it is the occasion of that is painful. The only ones I envy about this whole thing are the ones who are dead." In later testimony, after responding to a question he added, "Whether it is good or bad, don't blame anyone else, you just fasten it on me. If there was an error in human judgment, I was the human, I won't try to fasten it on anyone else."


title: William Mulholland

text: The inquest jury concluded that responsibility for the disaster lay in an error in engineering judgment about the suitability of the area's geology as a stable foundation for the dam, and in errors in public policy. They recommended that Mulholland not be held criminally responsible as they stated in their verdict, "We, the Jury, find no evidence of act of criminal act or intent on the part of the Board of Water Works and Supply of the City of Los Angeles, or any engineer or employee in the construction or operation of the St. Francis Dam..."


title: William Mulholland

text: Nonetheless, his critics pointed out that another dam on which Mulholland had acted as a consultant collapsed, and the city abandoned a dam project in San Gabriel before completion. Mulholland had increased the height of the dam by after construction had started, without specifying a corresponding increase in the width of the base.


title: William Mulholland

text: Mulholland spent the rest of his life in relative seclusion, devastated by the tragedy. In retirement, he began writing an autobiography but never completed it. Shortly before his death, he was consulted on the Hoover Dam and Colorado River Aqueduct projects. He died in 1935 from a stroke, and is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.


title: William Mulholland

text: In his book "Water and Power", author and historian William L. Kahrl summed up Mulholland's public legacy to the principle of public water development in writing:


title: William Mulholland

text: The harshest judgement of Mulholland's actions lay in the damage he had done to the principle of public water development. More than any other individual, William Mulholland, through the building of the aqueduct and the formation of the Metropolitan Water District, established the principle of public ownership of water indelibly on California's history. But the furor that followed upon the mistakes made in the last seven years of his public service discredited the man and thereby gave aid to the enemies of the ideal he had labored all his life to establish.


title: William Mulholland

text: In contrast to the author William Kahrl's opinion on this one subject, his overall character was summarized by one of his associates in the engineering profession, who described him in saying:


title: William Mulholland

text: A man with a mind remarkable for its breadth and brilliant wit. A man who can build an aqueduct, and man who can also, beside a mountain campfire, while he broils his trout, discourse on profound structural geology. A man whose life has been spent in public service for the benefit of the masses in the land of his adoption. Remarkable for his originality of thought and analysis, yet equally active in the practical application of these ideals. Original in the minute details of construction, yet brave to the limit of conceiving and assuming the responsibilities of the greatest projects. Kind, generous and true to the public welfare, he stands an example of what the applied scientist can do for his state when he holds his brief for the people.


title: William Mulholland

text: In Los Angeles, Mulholland Dam in the Hollywood Hills, Mulholland Drive, Mulholland Highway and Mullholland Middle School are named for Mulholland.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap () is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film written and directed by Puri Jagannadh in his second Hindi film after "". The film stars Amitabh Bachchan, Hema Malini, Sonu Sood, and Prakash Raj in the lead roles, while Sonal Chauhan, Charmy Kaur, Rajeev Verma, Subbaraju, and Makrand Deshpande play supporting roles, and Raveena Tandon in a guest appearance. The music of the film was composed by Vishal–Shekhar with cinematography by Amol Rathod and editing by S. R. Shekhar. The film released on 1 July 2011 to positive response from critics.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: ACP Karan has declared that he will eliminate all gangsters from Mumbai within two months. Gangster Kabir Bhai decides to eliminate Karan instead. In comes Vijju, a hitman who refuses to acknowledge that he is ageing, returns to Mumbai after a long exile in Paris, France, in order to perform one last job. While the gangsters and Vijju try to take down Karan, Karan is trying to woo his old college friend Tanya, and Tanya's friend Amrita is trying to figure out the relationship between Vijju and her mother, as she presumes that they must've had an affair many years ago, due to her mother's overly friendly nature to Vijju. Vijju later reveals that he is not the contract killer and is rather trying to protect his son, ACP Karan. Vijju was a gangster and his rowdyism ultimately leds to him and Sita, his wife get separated and he became separated from his son, Karan and Karan also had no idea about his father as his mother never told him. He also reveals that he didn't have an affair with Amrita's mother. Meanwhile, Vijju meets his estranged wife, Sita, but fails to patch the relationship, while Karan finally succeeds in winning over Tanya and her conservative father. Tedha attempts once again and is successful in pumping some bullets into Karan, failing Vijju's attempts to stop him from going to the place of the shootout. A hurt and angry Vijju then admits Karan to a hospital and visits Kabir's den. After reciting a short story and explaining three morals, Vijju informs that Karan is alive and that the den is surrounded by police, by accusing Tedha of being an undercover officer. A fierce shootout ensues in which Vijju kills all the confused gangsters at the den except Kabir and his aide Mac, who roped in Vijju to the underworld don. Tedha is killed by Kabir, who thinks he was lying. A surprised Kabir realises that Vijju is Karan's father, and that Tedha wasn't an undercover officer. He is shot in the head by Vijju, but Vijju spares Mac. At the hospital, Vijju, finally acknowledging that he is ageing, finally reconciles with his wife and asks her to decide whether he should reveal his identity to Karan. However, she forbids him from doing so, and he decides to go back to Paris, telling his wife Sita to bring Karan along when she is ready to do so.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: The director Jagannadh wanted to hire three leading heroines for the movie, which was originally titled "Buddah". Finally he zeroed down on Hema Malini, Raveena Tandon and Charmy Kaur, an actress from South India who will be making her Bollywood debut in this movie. Actress Neha Sharma was also interested in doing Kaur's role, but eventually the role went to Kaur. Tandon later said that she signed the movie to work with Bachchan and Jagannadh. For another role in the movie, both Sonal Chauhan and Kangana Ranaut were in discussion, but eventually the role went to Chauhan.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: The 'mahurat' shot of the movie was done in March 2011 at Khoja Bungalow in Versova. While Jagannadh broke the coconut, actor Sonu Sood featured in the mahurat shot. The event was also attended by Bachchan, his son Abhishek Bachchan, daughter-in-law Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, and actress Sonal Chauhan.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: On 26 April 2011, movie's shooting was disrupted, when Raj Thackeray led Maharashtra Navnirman Sena claimed that there were around 40 foreigners shooting in the movie without proper work permits and visas. MNS filed a police complaint in this regard and later stalled the shooting. Following day, director Jagannadh apologised to the outfit stating that there were indeed few junior foreign artists in the shoot without proper documentation, and assured to be more vigilant in future. Raveena Tandon has also shot for an item song in the film, titled "Main Chandigarh Di Star".


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: The first 60-second promo of the movie was revealed on 20 May 2011 on eight TV channels during IPL match of Mumbai Indians and Rajasthan Royals.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: Raja Sen of Rediff gave it four out of five stars and stated, "Bbuddah Hoga Tera Baap is not a particularly well-crafted film, but none of that matters as Amitabh Bachchan makes it work." Behindwoods gave a score of two out of five and said, "If Amitabh is all that matters, watch it." Nikhat Kazmi from the "Times of India" gave a three and a half stars and stated, "Bbuddah... is a high dose entertainer when the veteran actor never stops amazing you with the range of his histrionics. Despite his age, he grabs eyeballs with his action cuts, his comic cameos, his romantic ditties (with Hema), his libidinous encounters (with Raveena), his emotional bytes, his derring-do, and his over-the top sartorial sense." Critic Taran Adarsh gave a four out of five stars and noted, "On the whole, Bbuddah Hoga Terra Baap is a must-watch for Bachchan fans. Even if you're not a fan of this iconic actor, watch it for a simple reason: They don't make them like Amitabh Bachchan anymore. A masala entertainer all the way. Bachchan is truly the Baap, and this film reiterates this fact yet again. His character, his attitude and the dialogue he delivers will remain etched in your memory for a long, long time. Prakash Raj is super. In fact, it's a treat to watch powerful actors like Bachchan and Prakash Raj embroiled in a confrontation."


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: Filmfare gave a four star rating and said, "Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap is a feast for Amitabh Bachchan buffs. The film ends with a disclaimer saying it's a tribute to the phenomenon, and that says it all." Zee News also gave four stars and stated,"‘Bbuddah Hoga Terra Baap' is a typical Bollywood masala flick with all the ingredients to make it a Box Office hit. An out-an-out Amitabh Bachchan film, 'Bbuddah Hoga Terra Baap' presents Big B in never before seen role, something which reminds you of the exhilarating performance of the iconic star in his earlier films." Sify gave a two and a half star rating and explained, "Big B's presence is so overwhelming he makes the character— a violent, unlikable one—into a somewhat charismatic one. The altercations between Bachchan and the villain (Prakash Raj, fab) are to watch out for, especially towards the end. Also worth savoring are the Amitabh-Hema portions, where they create magic momentarily. It's an average story with archaic storytelling. If you're watching it, keep in mind that Big B is the only thing going for the film." Komal Nahta of Koimoi gave it 2 stars.


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: "Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap" was made at a controlled budget of approximately Rs. 100 million. The film had a slow start on the first day but picked up over the weekend with major patronage from family audiences and Amitabh Bachchan fans and declared a super Hit. The domestic opening weekend collection were around . In the overseas markets, the film collected from US, UK, UAE and Australia over the opening weekend. Within nearly a week post the release, the film collected net domestically and another net overseas. The film collected nett over its second weekend, bringing the two-week total to . BHTB Recovered all its production cost from theatrical revenues and additional non-theatrical earnings thus ensuring it to be a good profitable venture. The satellite rights fetched the producers approximately


title: Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap

text: The music of the film was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, while the lyrics were penned by Anvita Dutt Guptan, Vishal Dadlani and Swanand Kirkire.


title: Tunisha Sharma

text: Tunisha Sharma (born 4 January 2002) is an Indian television and film actress. She made her acting debut with "Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap" as Chand Kawar in 2015. Tunisha is best known for playing Rajkumari Ahankara in "Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat", Zara/Babli in "Ishq Subhan Allah" and Aadhya Verma in "Internet Wala Love".


title: Tunisha Sharma

text: She made her film debut with "Fitoor" playing Young Firdaus and later played Young Diya in "Baar Baar Dekho". In both these films she played Katrina Kaif's younger version.


title: Tunisha Sharma

text: Sharma started her career with Sony TV's "Maharana Pratap" as Chand Kanwar. She went on to play Rajkumari Ahankara in Colors TV's "Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat." In 2016, she made her film debut as Young Firdaus in "Fitoor". In the same year, she played Young Dia in "Baar Baar Dekho" and Mini in "".


title: Tunisha Sharma

text: In 2017, Sharma played Mehtab Kaur in "". From 2018 to 2019, she played Aadhya Verma in Colors TV's "Internet Wala Love".


title: Tunisha Sharma

text: In 2019, she appeared in Zee TV's Ishq Subhan Allah as Zara / Babli. In 2021, she was seen in season 2 of SAB TV's "Hero – Gayab Mode On" as ASP Aditi. Currently, she is playing the lead role in Sony SAB show "" opposite Sheezan Mohammed Khan.


title: FNaF World

text: FNaF World is an indie role-playing video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the first official spin-off to the "Five Nights at Freddy's" series and the fifth game overall. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on January 21, 2016, and Android on January 12, 2017, but came with unfinished gameplay and a large amount of bugs, leading to bad reception and ultimately the decision for the game's removal from digital storefronts. On February 8, 2016, the game was updated, and re-released on Game Jolt free of charge.


title: FNaF World

text: The player has two modes to play in: Adventure and Fixed Party. The game also has two difficulty levels to choose from, Normal and Hard. The player starts by choosing two parties consisting of four characters each. The starter characters, the original and toy versions of the first main games characters, can all be swapped in and out of the party. As the player continues, they collect more characters to place in their party, with there being 40 characters available in total from across the first four games. Along the way, a character known as Fredbear will give the player tips on what to do next. These tips frequently break the fourth wall due to Fredbear's seeming awareness of the situation he is placed in.


title: FNaF World

text: The gameplay consists of exploring through the game world and accessing new areas. Once new areas are revealed and a special button is pressed in them, the player can use "jumping" to teleport between each area through an overworld map. Initially, the world was depicted in a 2D Atari-like style, but as of Version 1.2 released in May 2016, the world has been redesigned into that of a pre-rendered 3D style. Many enemy characters can be found throughout the game, each exclusive to their own area, which can be battled with. Upon defeating an enemy, the player will gain experience points and "Faz Tokens", which are used to buy upgrades such as "chips" and "bytes" to aid the player during the game.


title: FNaF World

text: The battles consist of turn-based random encounters, with several boss battles. For each turn, the player is given choices for each character and must choose one of their three commands, which differ depending on the characters. The commands have different color tags and have different impacts, including healing the team (pink), providing status buffs (white), single-target attacks (orange), area attacks (red), poisonous attacks (green), and possible instant-kill attacks (black), among others. Once a turn is used, the player has to wait for some time until the next turn begins. The player can also swap the current party with the reserve at any time. After each battle, all characters, including those who may have been knocked out, are restored to full health.


title: FNaF World

text: The Game Jolt version upgraded the overworld's graphics to pre-rendered 3D. Version 1.2 added a new area where the player completes minigames such as "Foxy Fighters", "Chica's Magic Rainbow", "Foxy.EXE" and "FNAF 57: Freddy in Space" to unlock new characters.


title: FNaF World

text: "FNaF World" takes place in a world inhabited by enemies and various characters from the "Five Nights at Freddy's" series, who live in different biomes, including a snowy plain, a forest, a graveyard, a lake, a carnival, and a cave system. There also exists an inner dimension known as the "Flipside", in which there are several glitches that enable travel to otherwise unreachable places. The Flipside has four layers in total, although going beyond the third level is a point of no return, leading to an alternate ending. Update 2 added the Halloween Update area, from which various minigames can be accessed, along with the final area: a toxic maze where the final boss of Update 2 is located.


title: FNaF World

text: "FNaF World" was first announced on September 15, 2015, in a Steam post by Cawthon. Later, a trailer was uploaded to YouTube, depicting the characters of the four previous games as cute. The announcement was considered to be a hoax due to similar PR actions taken by Cawthon, however, it was not disproven until its release. Cawthon noted that the game is a spin-off, considering the main arc of "Five Nights at Freddy's" completed with the fourth game. Though originally planned for release on February 2, 2016, Cawthon rescheduled the release to January 22, 2016, but eventually launched yet another day earlier, on January 21, 2016, respectively, releasing it digitally through Steam.


title: FNaF World

text: On February 8, 2016, an updated version was released to Game Jolt as freeware, featuring a new overworld, as well as other new features.


title: FNaF World

text: Upon release, community and critics criticized the game for missing key features, being unstable and generally unfinished, which Cawthon later apologized for, stating that "[he] got too eager to show the things that were finished, that [he] neglected to pay attention to the things that weren't." He agreed with the community that he had rushed the release, and that the game's rough state was unacceptable. Cawthon stated that he would be working hard to get the game in order, but this eventually led to Cawthon temporarily taking the game off Steam, offering refunds to everyone who bought it. It was later announced that, once the game would be patched further, it would be released for free, first to Game Jolt, and stay free from that point on.


title: FNaF World

text: On May 13, 2016, a second update to "FNaF World" was released, featuring new characters and a new map, as well as voice acting.


title: FNaF World

text: On January 12, 2017, "FNaF World" was released on Android, but was removed the next day. On January 31, 2017, Cawthon dispelled any rumors of the highly speculated "Update 3", saying that no further updates will be made to the game. He expressed his dissatisfaction of the game, stating that most mistakes in development were made "very early", and that attempting to better the game would "be remaking the game from scratch". He later removed the game from Steam.


title: FNaF World

text: In 2018, Cawthon revealed that after making the first "Five Nights at Freddy's" games that were horrific in nature, he wanted to do something lighthearted with "FNaF World." It was originally designed to be a mobile game but halfway through development, it became a PC game, which was something he regretted. In hindsight, he felt the game should have been developed in later years as he felt it disrupted the series' canon and fans' expectations at the time. He described "FNaF World" as the least valuable game he has ever made (profit-wise) and as such, it served as the "gemstone" of quality control to the franchise. Despite the bad experience, Cawthon was grateful for the fanbase it had created.


title: FNaF World

text: "FNaF World" received generally mixed reception among critics and the community, with many YouTube gamers responsible for launching the franchise to its high popularity. However, popular content creator Markiplier, who is often credited with bringing the original game out of obscurity, opted not to play it, most likely influencing how critics responded to the spin-off. However, Angelo M. D'Argenio from "The Escapist" gave the game a decent review, stating that ""Five Nights at Freddy's World" is a retro parody JRPG that feels incomplete now, but is steadily getting better as patches come out", giving "FNaF World" 3 out of 5 stars. However, the game never reached the success that other "Five Nights at Freddy's" games did.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Miracle: Letters to the President () is a 2021 South Korean romantic drama film directed and co-written by Lee Jang-hoon for Blossom Pictures. Starring Park Jeong-min, Lee Sung-min, Im Yoon-ah and Lee Soo-kyung, the film is based on a true story of a high school mathematics genius Joon-kyeong. Set in 1980s in a remote township of North Gyeongsang Province, the film tells the story of establishing a simple, privately owned train station.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: The film was theatrically released on September 15, 2021, coinciding with Chuseok festival holidays. On box office it ranks 8th among the Korean films released in the year 2021 in South Korea, with gross of US$5.61 million and 715,608 cumulative admissions.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: This fictionalized film is based on the true story of a family in the 1980s living in a roadless remote area of North Gyeongsang Province.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Tae-yoon, an engineer, has as his life goal setting up a train station in his village, which has tracks but no station. His son Joon-gyeong is a high school math prodigy. He works with his girlfriend Ra-hee, his older sister Bo-gyeong and the village residents to establish in 1988 a small train station that is privately owned and the first of its kind.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: On 9 June 2020, it was reported that Park Jeong-min, Im Yoon-ah and Lee Sung-min were considering the proposal of appearing in the film positively. On 25 August 2020, the cast was confirmed.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Principal photography began on August 2, 2020 The filming location was Gangwon Province, South Korea. The film set in 1988, was shot in an open set and filmed around Yucheon-ri, Jeongseon, and various other places in the province such as a house in Nakcheon-ri, Dogye Dongdeok branch school in Samcheok, High1 Chuchu Park, Wonju Ganhyeon Tourist Site, and Wonju Rail Bike.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Lotte Entertainment released a special video clip and handwritten letters of Park Jeong-min and Im Yoon-ah to promote the film. It was scheduled to premiere in June 2021 but the release was postponed. It was released theatrically on September 15, 2021 coinciding with Chuseok festival.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: The film was also screened at 1st Ulsan International Film Festival on December 19, 2021. It was also selected at 24th edition of Far East Film Festival held from April 22 to 30 2022, where it won Golden Mulberry award.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: The film was released on September 15, 2021 on 1198 screens. As per Korean Film Council (Kofic) integrated computer network, the film ranks third on the Korean box office in opening weekend.


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Kang Min-kyung of "Star News" reviewing the film lauded the performance of ensemble, especially acting of Lee Soo-kyung, saying, "Soo-kyung is the trump card and core of "The Miracle"". She liked the scenic beauty of locales and wrote, "Their [Park Jeong-min, Lee Seong-min, Lim Yoon-ah, and Lee Su-kyung] ensemble and the beautiful background where you can feel the four seasons from spring to summer, autumn, and winter add to the immersion and leave a lasting impression in the heart." Kang wrote about the film in the opening of review, "It touches the hearts of the viewers slowly and permeates. A genius boy's 'miracle' brings laughter and sometimes tears. This is the story of the movie "The Miracle"." Kim Seong-Hyun reviewing the film for "YTN" wrote that the performance of the actors was excellent but, "despite the strong performances of these actors, the film story is overly dramatic and weakens the narrative link. The conflict structure in the film and the process of resolving it are to the point that it feels forced and artificial.." Concluding the review Seong-Hyun said, "" The Miracle" ends with Richard Sanderson's famous song "Reality", which was also used in the movie "La Boum" in the 80s. The lyrics of the song 'Dream is my reality' are as beautiful as Junkyung's dream, but it is not enough to erase the bitter taste."


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Park Jeong-min, Yoona Lim, Lee Seong-min and Lee Soo-kyung, writing, "The character shines with the strong performances of the actors." She opined that the film set in 1980s have "captured the nostalgic sensibility of that era", and "the sentimental atmosphere of a rural village without a train station, with beautiful scenery and colors." Kim wrote that the "warmth" of narrative softly pervaded "with the landscape in harmony with nature". She concluded, "It started out as a simple station, but in the end it is a story about a dream."


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Jung Yu-jin of News1 praised the performances of Park Jeong-min, Yoona Lim, Lee Seong-min and specially, Lee Soo-kyung, who in her opinion "is the heart of the film." Commenting on the mixing of filial relationship, first love of high school boy and fantasy, she said, "director Lee Jang-hoon mixed these familiar ingredients with a different seasoning called 'Fantasy' in an unfamiliar bowl based on a true story called 'Simple Station Making', and finished it well enough to eat. Jung felt that "the warm sensibility and humor that flows throughout the film" made ""The Miracle", a cute and moist growth narrative that brightens the heart."


title: Miracle: Letters to the President

text: Kim Ye-eun of Export News reviewing the film said, ""The Miracle", which started with laughter and flowed into emotion, stimulates the tear glands with the warm story of these families. A strong reversal appears and sometimes adds to the emotion."


title: Young Maylay

text: Christopher Bellard (born June 17, 1979), also known by his stage name Young Maylay, is an American rapper, record producer and actor based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for his portrayal of Carl "CJ" Johnson, the main character and protagonist of the 2004 video game "".


title: Young Maylay

text: Christopher Bellard was born and raised in Los Angeles, California amid gang violence and the peak of gangsta rap in a crime-riddled area in poverty which inspired his rapping career. Bellard is the younger cousin of actor and rapper Shawn Fonteno, who played Franklin Clinton, one of the protagonists of "Grand Theft Auto V".


title: Young Maylay

text: His rapping career eventually took off in 2000, at the age of 21. With help from King T, Maylay made his first appearance in Killa Tay's Thug Thisle, with the song "#1 Hottest Coast (Killa Cali)" in 2000. Later he appeared in Rodney O & Joe Cooley's Summer Heat in 2002. Since then, he has been featured on many releases across the West Coast. Maylay wrote the majority of King T's album "Ruthless Chronicles". He founded his independent label in 2005 with the money from GTA San Andreas and released his debut mixtape in the same year.


title: Young Maylay

text: In 2006, Maylay was featured in Deeyah's single "What Will It Be" with a music video. In the same year, he appeared in DJ Crazy Toones' CT Experience, it was the first collaboration of the trio "DJ Crazy Toones, WC and Young Maylay". In 2007 the trio began working in Maylay's album "The Real Coast Guard". The album was released in 2008 and later that year, WC signed Young Maylay to Bigg Swang/Lench Mob.


title: Young Maylay

text: Lench Mob Records were set in 2006 to put out Ice Cube's and WC's records, but later other artists were signed, like Young Maylay, who is considered a veteran by Ice Cube. DJ Crazy Toones created two blogs for Maylay, the first is called "Who's Young Maylay? Mix Blog" and the second is called "Young Maylay, WC & Bad Lucc Mix Blog".


title: Young Maylay

text: Young Maylay is working on three albums, by himself, WC and Crazy Toones. Young Maylay is featured on two tracks by Ice Cube called "Y'all Know Who I Am" and "Too West Coast" on the album "I Am the West".


title: Young Maylay

text: In 2010 Young Maylay was featured on two tracks on the album "DJ Premier Presents Year Round Records - Get Used To Us". The track "Temptation" is a solo performance, while the track "Ain't Nuttin' Changed (remix)" is a collaborative effort with Blaq Poet and MC Eiht.


title: Young Maylay

text: OBG Rider Clicc is Young Maylay's rap trio (with "Young Dre The Truth" and "Killa Polk") the group first appeared in "Young Dre's" album called "Revolution In Progress The Movement" with the single Let's Get The Game Bacc Right. and later appeared with "Compton Cavie", Dresta and BG Knocc Out with the song "Wes Indeed" in the Cali Luv mixtape.


title: Young Maylay

text: Maylay was working in New York when he received a phone call from DJ Pooh, who was in a meeting with staff from Rockstar Games. They started a regular conversation about music which, unknown to Maylay, occurred on speakerphone. Rockstar staff heard the conversation, and after the conversation between the two ended, they encouraged Pooh to bring Maylay in to audition. A few weeks after the audition, Rockstar reviewed the tapes and decided on Maylay for the role of the main character of "", Carl "CJ" Johnson.


title: Young Maylay

text: In the game, Maylay starred alongside celebrities such as actors Samuel L. Jackson, James Woods, Peter Fonda, Clifton Powell, Faizon Love, Big Boy, David Cross, Andy Dick, Chris Penn, Danny Dyer, Frank Vincent, Sara Tanaka, Charlie Murphy and William Fichtner, rappers Ice-T, MC Eiht, Chuck D, The Game, Kid Frost and Yo-Yo and musicians George Clinton, Axl Rose, Sly & Robbie, Michael Bivins, and Shaun Ryder. When asked if he would consider reprising the role of CJ in any future "Grand Theft Auto" titles if given the opportunity, Maylay stated that he would never play the role of CJ again due to conflicts with Rockstar Games.


title: Young Maylay

text: Malaynium Muziq is Young Maylay's own independent record label based in Studio City, California. His mixtapes were released on this label.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: The Woman in Me is the second studio album by Canadian country singer-songwriter Shania Twain and her first to be produced by long-time collaborator and then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange. Released on February 7, 1995, it went on to become her biggest-selling recording at the time, selling 4 million copies by the end of the year, and was eventually certified 12× Platinum by the RIAA on December 1, 2000, for 12 million shipments throughout the United States. The album has sold an estimated 20 million copies worldwide. It was ranked number 8 on CMT's list of "40 Greatest Albums in Country Music" in 2006. The album is credited with having influenced the sound of contemporary country music. Eight singles were released from the album for its promotion, including "Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?", "Any Man of Mine", "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!" and "You Win My Love", with each accompanied by a music video.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: By 1993, Shania Twain was promoting her self-titled debut album by singing at local gigs in the United States with little more than a backing track CD. While the album itself did not perform well in the charts, it attracted the attention of rock producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange, and the pair began having long-distance telephone conversations with each other. They bonded over Twain's love of rock music and Lange's love of American country music. After meeting with him at the CMA Music Festival/Fan Fair in June 1993, they began exchanging song ideas with each other and started doing songwriting together. During this time, they developed a romance that culminated in their wedding on December 28, 1993.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: It was at this time that Twain was pressed by her record company to return to the studio to start putting together her second album. Twain admitted in her "From This Moment On" memoir that although she was initially reluctant to do so, she told Luke Lewis that she had co-written some songs with Lange, and he agreed to let her record some demos for her album, even though he feared that Twain would deviate too much from the Nashville sound. Twain and Lange continued their songwriting after their wedding and in early 1994, constructed a demo tape produced by Lange of some of their songs which was played to record executives for the first time at Morin Heights Studio. Although some executives were worried because the "less country" sound was different from Twain's debut, Lewis decided to let Twain continue her collaboration with Lange, and hired Lange as the primary producer of the album.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: "Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?", a country-flavored song about a woman confronting her lover about his frequent infidelity, was released as the first single from the album. Originally, Twain wanted "Any Man of Mine", a song containing both heavy rock and heavy country influences, to be the first single, but was persuaded to change her mind and go with the safer option. While "Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?" slowly gained some attention on the country charts, it was "Any Man of Mine" which gave Twain her first country Top 10 and Number 1 hit, as well as her first appearance on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 31. The third single is Twain's sentimental ballad and the title track "The Woman in Me (Needs the Man in You)", and became her first adult contemporary hit, accompanied by a video shot in Egypt. It also peaked at number 74 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: "God Bless the Child", an a cappella prayer that Twain prayed to herself after her parents died, was originally the last track recorded for the album in 1994. However, in early 1995, just prior to the album release, Twain and Lange experimented with recording different versions of songs for both country audiences and pop-rock audiences. This meant that the two songs in consideration, the fourth single "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!", described by Twain as "a warning to pickup artists everywhere, set to a pulsating rock beat, and embroidered with slinky slide guitar" and fifth single "You Win My Love", a solely Lange-written love song involving car metaphors, actually had their country and pop-rock counterparts recorded at the same time. Just before the track-listing was finalised, separate country and pop-rock mixes were derived from the original masters, as Twain and Lange intended to release both mixes to the release formats of the album. The pop-rock mixes were shelved in favor of the country mixes during the album's release, but returned billed as "Mutt Lange Mix"es for both songs' single releases. "I'm Outta Here!" and "You Win My Love" became Twain's second and third No.1 hits at country radio, while "I'm Outta Here!" became Twain's first breakthrough hit in Australia. "I'm Outta Here" also peaked at number 74 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: After more success with another No.1 hit, sixth single "No One Needs to Know", which was selected for the soundtrack to the 1996 film "Twister", and a minor country hit, seventh single "Home Ain't Where His Heart Is (Anymore)", Twain decided to turn "God Bless the Child", the eighth and final single, into a full-length song. She and Lange co-wrote new verses touching on the turbulent lives in people's society, and Lange developed two new instrumentals for Twain to record her vocals on: a country version with a banjo and a pop version with a subtle electronic beat. Both versions contain the same acoustic drum set, guitars and chord arrangements, and also feature the Fisk University Jubilee singers and a local performing arts choir on backing vocals. "God Bless the Child" peaked at number 75 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, but was her least successful single from the album at country radio, peaking at number 48.


title: The Woman in Me (album)

text: On October 2, 2020, "The Woman in Me" was re-released as the "Diamond Edition", which is available in four variants: a limited edition clear crystal vinyl, standard vinyl, 2 CD set and a 3 CD set packaged with a 48 page hard cover book. It is also available as a digital download known as the "Super Deluxe Edition". The Diamond Edition is "remastered" with a bonus disc that includes live performances and the single mixes. The 3 CD Set (also the Super Deluxe Edition digital download) version includes a third disc with early recordings of "The Woman in Me", which were recorded 12 months prior to the release of the album.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Thiruvarutprakasa Vallalār Chidambaram Ramalingam (5 October 1823 – 30 January 1874), commonly known in India and across the world as Vallalār, Ramalinga Swamigal and Ramalinga Adigal, was one of the most famous Tamil Saints and also one of the greatest Tamil poets of the 19th century and belongs to a line of Tamil saints known as "gnana siddhars" (gnana means higher wisdom).


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: The "Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathiya Sangam" was spread and passed on by him not only in theory but mainly in practice by his own way of living which by itself is an inspiration for his followers. Through the notion of "Suddha Sanmarga Sangam", the saint endeavored to eliminate the caste system. According to Suddha Sanmarga, the prime aspects of human life should be love connected with charity and divine practice leading to achievement of pure knowledge.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Ramalinga advocated the concept of worshipping the flame of a lighted lamp as a symbol of the eternal power.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Rāmalingam's parents were Rāmayyā pillai and Chinnammai of Seer Karuneegar caste. She was his sixth wife, as all his previous wives had died childless and in quick succession. They were a family in Marudhur, a village in the old South Arcot district, near Chidambaram. Rāmalingam was their fifth child. The older ones were two sons Sabhapati and Parasu Rāman; and two daughters, Sundarammal and Unnamulai. They named their youngest child Rāmalingam.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Once, Rāmalingam's parents went to the Chidambaram Natarājar Temple with their five month old child, and the infant was joyous while the priest was offering Deepa aradhana (adoration by lighted lamp being brought close to the vigrahams); this was perceived by Rāmalingam as a deep spiritual experience. In later years he said of the experience: "No sooner the Light was perceived, happiness prevailed on me", and "The sweet nectar was tasted by me as soon as the Arut perun jothi (Supreme Grace Of Light) became visible".


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: In 1824, his father Rāmayyā pillai died. Because of his untimely demise, Chinnammai shifted her residence to her mother's place at Chinna kāvanam, Ponneri. Saint Rāmalingam was a small child when he relocated with his mother to Chennai in 1826. He and his mother lived with his eldest brother Sabhapati and his wife Pāppāthi at 31/14 Veerasamy Pillai Street at Sevenwells area of Chennai, which is in the area near Chennai Kandha kottam Kandha swāmi temple. After Rāmalingam reached five years of age, Sabhapati initiated his formal education. But the young child was not interested in that, instead he preferred trips to the nearby Kandha swāmi temple. Sabhapati thought that the child needed punishment as a form of discipline, and he told his wife not to give Rāmalingam his daily meal. His kind sister-in-law, however, secretly gave him food and persuaded him to study seriously at home. In return, Rāmalingam asked for his own room, lighted lamp and mirror. He placed the light in front of the mirror. He started meditation by concentrating on the light and thus began the young boy's spiritual life. He miraculously saw a vision of the Lord Muruga. Rāmalingam said:


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: At one time, Rāmalingam had to replace his elder brother Sabhapati at an upanyāsam (religious stories) session as upāsakar. His great discourse on verses from the `Periya purānam', an epic poem by Sekkizhar about the saintly '63 Nāyanārs', was appreciated by the devotees as being given by a very learned scholar. Rāmalingam's mental and spiritual growth progressed rapidly. Rāmalingam says thanks to the Divine by:


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Rāmalingam evolved in his spiritual journey from being a devout devotee of Lord Shiva to worshiping the formless.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Rāmalingam renounced the world at the young age of thirteen but he was forced to marry his niece (on his sister's side). Legends say that the bridegroom during his first night after marriage was reading devotional works like the Thiruvāsagam. He was not interested in money, and it is said that in later life he reduced or ignored eating and sleeping. But he seemed fit in body, which was believed to be due to his supposed "physical transformation".


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Rāmalingam left Chennai in the year 1858. First he went to Chidambaram where he had a debate with Kodakanallur Sundara Swāmigal. At the request of one Rāmakrishna Reddiyar he went to his house at Karunguzhi (near Vadalur) and stayed there for nine years. He was very much against the caste system because of the adverse impacts it had on society. Towards that end, he started the "Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam" in 1865. In 1872 it was renamed "Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam", meaning "Society for pure truth in universal self-hood".


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Rāmalingam was influenced by Valluvar and was drawn towards the teachings of the Tirukkural from a young age. He soon started teaching the Kural's message by conducting regular Kural classes to the masses. He vowed to follow the Kural's morals of compassion and non-violence and continued emphasizing on non-killing and meatless way of life throughout his life by his well-known concept of "Jeeva Karunyam". Staunchly shunning non-vegetarianism, he said:When I see men feeding on the coarse and vicious food of meat, it is an ever-recurring grief to me.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: In 1867, Rāmalingam established a facility named "The Sathya Dharma Salai" in Vadalur for serving free food to the poor. On the inaugural day he lit the fire of the stone stove, with a declaration that the fire be ever alive and the needy shall be fed forever. The facility, still in existence and run by volunteers, continues to serve free food to all people, without any caste distinction. The land for the facility was donated by kind, generous people and the registration documents are available for seeing by the visitors.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: On 25 January 1872, Rāmalingam opened the "Sathya Gnana Sabha" (Hall of True Knowledge) at Vadalur. One of the primary teachings of Valallar is "Service to Living Beings is the path of Liberation/ Moksha". He declared that death is not natural that our life's first priority should be to fight death. He declared religion in itself a darkness. He laid great emphasis on adhering to vegetarianism. He said God is "Arul Perum Jothi" who is personification of Grace or mercy and knowledge. He said the path of compassion and mercy are the only path to God.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Around 1872 he established the "Sathya Gnana Sabai", hall of True Wisdom Forum and ensuring it was entirely secular. This place is not a temple; fruits, flowers are not offered, and no blessings are given. It was open to people of all castes except those who ate meat, who were only allowed to worship from the outside. He wrote in detail about the "pooja" to be performed in Gnāna sabai. Those who are below 12 years or those who are above 72 years alone were expected to enter Gnāna sabai and do "poojas". The oil lamp lit by him is kept perpetually burning. He said that souls are blinded by seven veils.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: There are seven cotton fabric screens, representing the seven factors that prevent a soul from realizing its true nature. The entire complex is bound by a chain with 21,600 links, said to represent "21,600 inhalations" by a normal human being. He said the intelligence we possess is Maya intelligence which is not true and final intelligence. The path of final intelligence is "Jeeva Karunyam". He advocated a casteless society. Vallalār was opposed to superstitions and rituals. He forbade killing animals even for the sake of food. He advocated feeding the poor as the highest form of worship. He condemned inequality based on birth. Today there are spiritual groups spread out all over the world who practice the teachings of Rāmalingam and follow the path of Arul Perum Jothi.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Kandha kottam Kandaswāmi Temple is located in the Parry's Corner neighbourhood of Chennai city. Rāmalingam and his mother lived with his eldest brother Sabhapati and his wife Pāppāthi at 31/14 Veerasamy Pillai Street at Sevenwells area of Chennai, which is in the area near Chennai Kandha kottam Kandha swāmi temple. He spent a lot of his time at this temple. Rāmalingam composed 'Deiva mani malai' here. At this temple, there is a hall called the Mukha mandapam, where the idols of Sarva Siddhi Vinayakar, Meenakshi Sundareswarar, Idumban, Sri Rāmalinga swāmigal, and Pamban swāmigal are found. The locality where he lived, has been renamed as 'Vallalār nagar'.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: As a musician and poet, he composed 5818 poems teaching universal love and peace, compiled into 'Six Thiru Muraigal', which are all available today as a single book called "Thiruvarutpa" (tiru-arut-pa, holy book of grace).


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: Another work of his is the Manumurai Kanda Vāsagam, describing the life of Manu Needhi Cholan, and Jeeva Karunya Ozhukkam, a work emphasizing compassion towards all sentient forms and insisting on a plants-only diet.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: On 22 October 1873, Rāmalingam raised the "flag of Brotherhood" on his one-room residence "Siddhi Valāgam" in Mettukuppam. He gave his final and most popular lecture, about spiritual progress and, "nature of the powers that lie beyond us and move us," and recommended meditation using the lighted lamp from his room, which he then kept outside.


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: On 30 January 1874, Rāmalingam entered the room, locked himself inside and told his followers not to open it. After opening, he said, he will not be found there. (He will be "United with Nature & ruling the actions of 'all of the alls'," as told in his poem called 'Gnana Sariyai'). His seclusion spurred many rumors, and the Government finally forced the doors open in May. The room was empty, with no clues. In 1906, records about his disappearance were published in the South Arcot District's "Madras District Gazetteers".


title: Ramalinga Swamigal

text: The then chief minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi released postage stamps depicting Rāmalingam on 17 August 2007. After that writ petition was submitted against the portrayal of Rāmalingam with ‘Thiru neeru’ (sacred ash) on his forehead. But the Madras High Court has declined to entertain that writ petition.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (published as Holy Blood, Holy Grail in the United States) is a book by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The book was first published in 1982 by Jonathan Cape in London as an unofficial follow-up to three BBC Two TV documentaries that were part of the "Chronicle" series. The paperback version was first published in 1983 by Corgi books. A sequel to the book, called " The Messianic Legacy", was originally published in 1986. The original work was reissued in an illustrated hardcover version with new material in 2005.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: In "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail", the authors put forward a hypothesis that the historical Jesus married Mary Magdalene, had one or more children, and that those children or their descendants emigrated to what is now southern France. Once there, they intermarried with the noble families that would eventually become the Merovingian dynasty, whose special claim to the throne of France is championed today by a secret society called the Priory of Sion. They concluded that the legendary Holy Grail is simultaneously the womb of Mary Magdalene and the sacred royal bloodline she gave birth to.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: An international bestseller upon its release, "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail" spurred interest in a number of ideas related to its central thesis. Response from professional historians and scholars from related fields was negative. They argued that the bulk of the claims, ancient mysteries, and conspiracy theories presented as facts are pseudohistorical. Historian Richard Barber called the book "the most notorious of all the Grail pseudo-histories… which proceeds by innuendo, not by refutable scholarly debate."


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: In a 1982 review of the book for "The Observer", novelist and literary critic Anthony Burgess wrote: "It is typical of my unregenerable soul that I can only see this as a marvellous theme for a novel." The theme was later used by Margaret Starbird in her 1993 book "The Woman with the Alabaster Jar", and by Dan Brown in his 2003 novel "The Da Vinci Code".


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: One of the books that influenced the project was "L'Or de Rennes" (later re-published as "Le Trésor Maudit"), a 1967 book by Gérard de Sède, with the collaboration of Pierre Plantard. After reading it, Henry Lincoln persuaded BBC Two to produce a series of documentaries for their "Chronicle" series, which became quite popular and generated thousands of responses. Lincoln then joined forces with Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh for further research. This led them to the pseudohistorical "Dossiers Secrets" at the Bibliothèque nationale de France which, though alleging to portray hundreds of years of medieval history, were actually all written by Pierre Plantard and Philippe de Chérisey under the pseudonym of "Philippe Toscan du Plantier". Unaware that the documents had been forged, Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln used them as a major source for their book.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: Comparing themselves to the reporters who uncovered the Watergate scandal, the authors maintain that only through speculative "synthesis can one discern the underlying continuity, the unified and coherent fabric, which lies at the core of any historical problem." To do so, one must realize that "it is not sufficient to confine oneself exclusively to facts."


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: In "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail", Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln posit the existence of a secret society known as the Priory of Sion, which is supposed to have a long history starting in 1099 and had illustrious Grand Masters including Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton. According to the authors' claims, the Priory of Sion is devoted to restoring the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks from 457 to 751, on the thrones of France and the rest of Europe. The Priory is also said to have created the Knights Templar as its military arm and financial branch.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The authors re-interpreted the "Dossiers Secrets" "in the light of their own Biblical obsessions." Contrary to Plantard's initial Franco-Israelist claim that the Merovingians were only descended from the Tribe of Benjamin, they asserted that the Priory of Sion protects Merovingian dynasts because they are the lineal descendants of the historical Jesus and his alleged wife, Mary Magdalene, traced further back to King David. According to them, the legendary Holy Grail is simultaneously the womb of saint Mary Magdalene and the sacred royal bloodline she gave birth to, and the Church tried to kill off all remnants of this bloodline and their supposed guardians, the Cathars and the Templars, in order for popes to hold the episcopal throne through the apostolic succession without fear of it ever being usurped by an antipope from the hereditary succession of Mary Magdalene.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The authors also incorporated the antisemitic and anti-Masonic tract known as "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" into their story, concluding that it was actually based on the master plan of the Priory of Sion. They presented it as the most persuasive piece of evidence for the existence and activities of the Priory of Sion by arguing that the original text on which the published version of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" was based had nothing to do with Judaism or an "international Jewish conspiracy", as it issued from a Masonic body practicing the Scottish Rite which incorporated the word "Zion" in its name. Per Baigent "et al", the text was not intended to be released publicly, but was a program for gaining control of Freemasonry as part of a strategy to infiltrate and reorganise church and state according to esoteric Christian principles. After a failed attempt to gain influence in the court of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, Sergei Nilus was supposed to have changed the original text to forge an inflammatory tract in 1903 in order to discredit the esoteric clique around Papus by implying they were Judaeo-Masonic conspirators, but he ignored some esoteric Christian elements, which hence remained unchanged in the published antisemitic canard.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The 2003 conspiracy fiction novel "The Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown makes reference to this book, also liberally using most of the above claims as key plot elements; indeed, in 2005 Baigent and Leigh unsuccessfully sued Brown's publisher, Random House, for plagiarism, on the grounds that Brown's book makes extensive use of their research and that one of the characters is named Leigh, has a surname (Teabing) which is an anagram of Baigent, and has a physical description strongly resembling Henry Lincoln. In his novel, Brown also mentions "Holy Blood, Holy Grail" as an acclaimed international bestseller and claims it as the major contributor to his hypothesis. Perhaps as a result of this mention, the authors (minus Henry Lincoln) of "Holy Blood" sued Dan Brown for copyright infringement. They claimed that the central framework of their plot had been stolen for the writing of "The Da Vinci Code". The claim was rejected by High Court Judge Peter Smith on April 6, 2006, who ruled that "their argument was vague and shifted course during the trial and was always based on a weak foundation." It was found that the publicity of the trial had significantly boosted sales of "Holy Blood" (according to figures provided by Nielsen BookScan and Bookseller magazine). The court ruled that, in effect, because it was published as a work of (alleged) history, its premises legally could be freely interpreted in any subsequent fictional work without any copyright infringement.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The 2008 documentary film "Bloodline" by Bruce Burgess, a filmmaker with an interest in paranormal claims, expands on the "Jesus bloodline" hypothesis and other elements of "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail". Accepting as valid the testimony of an amateur archaeologist going under the pseudonym of "Ben Hammott" relating to his discoveries made in the vicinity of Rennes-le-Château since 1999; Burgess claims to have found the treasure of Bérenger Saunière: several mummified corpses (one of which is allegedly Mary Magdalene) in three underground tombs created by the Knights Templar under the orders of the Priory of Sion. During an interview on 21 March 2012, "Hammott", going by his real name of Bill Wilkinson, made an apologetic confession stating that everything to do with the tomb and related artifacts was a hoax, and revealed that the tomb was now destroyed, having been part of a set located in a warehouse in England.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: The claims made in "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail" have been the source of much investigation and criticism over the years, with many independent investigators such as "60 Minutes", "Channel 4", "Discovery Channel", "Time Magazine", and the BBC concluding that many of the book's claims are not credible or verifiable.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: There are no references to the Jesus bloodline in the "Priory of Sion documents" and the link exists only within the context of a hypothesis made by the authors of "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail". From the "Conspiracies On Trial: The Da Vinci Code" documentary:


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: While Pierre Plantard claimed that the Merovingians were descended from the Tribe of Benjamin, the Jesus bloodline hypothesis found in "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail" instead hypothesized that the Merovingians were descended from both the Benjamin line and the Davidic line of the Tribe of Judah, as embodied in the child of Mary Magdalen by virtue of a dynastic marriage.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: Historian Marina Warner commented on "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail" when it was first published:


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: In a 1982 review of the book for "The Observer", novelist and literary critic Anthony Burgess wrote: "It is typical of my unregenerable soul that I can only see this as a marvellous theme for a novel."


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: In 2005, Tony Robinson narrated "The Real Da Vinci Code", shown on Channel 4, a critical evaluation of the main arguments of Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln (and subsequently Dan Brown). The programme included lengthy interviews with many of the protagonists. Arnaud de Sède, son of Gérard de Sède, stated categorically that his father and Plantard had made up the existence of a 1,000-year-old Priory of Sion, and described the story as "piffle." The programme concluded that, in the opinion of the presenter and researchers, the claims of "Holy Blood" were based on little more than a series of guesses.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: Despite the "Priory of Sion mysteries" having been exhaustively debunked by journalists and scholars as France's greatest 20th-century literary hoax; some commentators express concern that the proliferation and popularity of pseudohistorical books, websites and films inspired by the Priory of Sion hoax contribute to the problem of unfounded conspiracy theories becoming mainstream; while others are troubled by how these works romanticize the reactionary ideologies of the far right.


title: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: Quoting Robert McCrum, literary editor of "The Observer" newspaper, about "The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail":


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: Kuldeep Yadav (born 14 December 1994) is an Indian international cricketer. He is a bowling all-rounder who bowls Left-arm Unorthodox spin bowler is and a capable Lower order batter who plays for India and for Uttar Pradesh in domestic cricket. He was signed by the Delhi Capitals for the Indian premiere league. He has played for the Indian Under-19 cricket team. On 18 December 2019, against the West Indies, he became the first bowler for India to take two hat-tricks in international cricket. On 17 January 2020, in the second ODI against Australia, Yadav became the fastest spin bowler for India, in terms of innings, to take 100 wickets in ODI cricket, in his 58th innings.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: Yadav was born and raised in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, the son of a brick kiln owner. In an interview, he revealed that it was his father who wanted him to continue playing cricket and even took him to a coach (Kapil Pandey). Inspired by bowling greats Wasim Akram and Zaheer Khan, he wanted to become a left-arm seamer. However, given his slight build, his coach insisted on him becoming a wrist-spin bowler as he was impressed with the turn and variations he was providing unknowingly at the trials. Since then, he started following and watching videos of Shane Warne's bowling and made him his role model.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: Yadav also revealed that earlier in his life, there was a dark phase in his life when he thought of giving up cricket and committing suicide, when he was not selected in the Uttar Pradesh’s under-15 team.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: Yadav was a member of the Mumbai Indians squad in 2012 and signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders in 2014, whom he represented at the 2014 Champions League Twenty20.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: In January 2018, Yadav was bought back by KKR in the 2018 IPL auction. In February 2022, he was bought by the Delhi Capitals in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: Yadav was selected in the Indian cricket team to play against West Indies in October 2014 but did not appear in any match. In February 2017, he was added to India's Test squad for their one-off match against Bangladesh. He made his Test debut for India against Australia on 25 March 2017, at the Dharamshala Cricket Stadium, taking four wickets in the first innings. Yadav is the first left-arm wrist spin bowler to represent India national cricket team in Test cricket. He is also only the third such bowler in Test cricket to take four wickets on debut.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: In June 2017, Yadav was named in India's squad for a limited overs tour to the West Indies. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut for India against the West Indies on 23 June 2017. However, during this game, he was unable to bowl a single delivery as the game ended with no result due to rain during the first innings while India was batting. He was ultimately able to bowl in the next match of the series, where he took three wickets. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut for India against the West Indies on 9 July 2017.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: On 21 September 2017, Yadav became the third bowler for India to take a hat-trick in an ODI after Chetan Sharma and Kapil Dev. He took the hat-trick at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, against Australia.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: On 3 July 2018, Yadav took his first five-for in a T20I and also became the first left-arm wrist-spin bowler to take five wickets in a T20I during the first T20I against England, in fact he also became only the third Indian after Yuzvendra Chahal and Bhuvneshwar Kumar to take a five-wicket haul in a T20I.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: On 12 July 2018, during the first ODI against England, Yadav grabbed his maiden five-wicket haul in an ODI and also set a new record for registering the best bowling figures by a left-arm spin bowler of any kind in an ODI (6/25). He also shattered the record of Shahid Afridi for registering the best bowling figures by a spinner against England in ODIs and also broke Afridi's record for recording the best ever bowling figures by a spinner in an ODI in England.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: On 6 October 2018, in the first test against West Indies, Yadav took his first five-wicket haul in Tests.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: After an impressive outing against Australia, in the T20I series of India tour of Australia 2018/19, Kuldeep jumped 20 places to claim a career-best third position in the MRF ICC T20I Bowlers Rankings, updated on 26 November 2018.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: On 6 January 2019, in the fourth Test against Australia at the SCG and in Yadav's first Test match on Australian soil, he took his second five-wicket haul (5/99) in Tests, in Australia's first innings.


title: Kuldeep Yadav

text: On 11 February 2019, Yadav moved to second position in the T20I Bowlers Rankings. In April 2019, he was named in India's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 30 June 2019, in the match against England, Kuldeep played in his 50th ODI. On 18 December 2019, against West Indies he became the first bowler for India to take two hat-tricks in ODIs.


title: ZB vz. 26

text: The ZB vz. 26 was a Czechoslovak light machine gun developed in the 1920s, which went on to enter service with several countries. It saw its major use during World War II, and spawned the related ZB vz. 27, vz. 30, and vz. 33. The ZB vz. 26 influenced many other light machine gun designs including the British Bren light machine gun and the Japanese Type 97 heavy tank machine gun. The ZB-26 is famous for its reliability, simple components, quick-change barrel and ease of manufacturing.


title: ZB vz. 26

text: This light machine gun in the Czechoslovak army was marked as the LK vz. 26 ("LK" means "lehký kulomet", light machine gun; "vz." stands for "vzor", "Model" in Czech). ZB vz. 26 is incorrect nomenclature because "ZB-26" is a factory designation (Československá zbrojovka v Brně), while "vzor 26" or "vz. 26" is an army designation.


title: ZB vz. 26

text: In around 1921 the military of the young Czechoslovakian state embarked on a quest for a light machine gun of their own. Early trials included foreign designs such as Berthier, M1918 Browning automatic rifle, Darne machine gun, Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun, Madsen machine gun, St. Étienne Mle 1907, and several domestic designs. Of these, the most important was the Praha II, a lightweight, belt-fed weapon built at Česka Zbrojovka (CZ) Praha (Czech Arms factory in Prague).


title: ZB vz. 26

text: Development of the ZB-26 began in 1923 after the Czechoslovak Brno arms factory was built. Since CZ-Praha was a relatively small factory with limited industrial capabilities, it was decided to transfer the production of the new automatic weapon to the more advanced Zbrojovka Brno, or ZB in short. This transfer resulted in a long series of court trials over royalties, between the owners of the design (CZ-Praha) and the manufacturer (ZB). Designer Václav Holek was charged by the Czechoslovak army with producing a new light machine gun. He was assisted by his brother Emmanuel, as well as two Austrian and Polish engineers, respectively named Marek and Podrabsky. Holek quickly began work on the prototype of the Praha II and within a year the quartet had created an automatic light machine gun that was later known as the ZB.


title: ZB vz. 26

text: Before long, the Holek brothers abandoned the belt feed in favor of a top-feeding box magazine and the resulting weapon, known as the Praha I-23, was selected. Despite the past legal troubles, manufacture of the new weapon had commenced at the ZB factory by late 1926, and it became the standard light machine gun of the Czechoslovak Army by 1928.


title: ZB vz. 26

text: The ZB-26 is a gas-operated, air-cooled, selective-fire machine gun. It has a finned, quick-detachable barrel and fires from an open bolt. Its action is powered by a long-stroke gas piston, located below the barrel. The gas block is mounted at the muzzle end of the barrel and also serves as the front sight base. The action is locked by tipping the rear of the bolt (breechblock) upwards, and into a locking recess in the receiver. The return spring is located in the butt of the weapon, and is connected to the bolt carrier/gas piston via a long rod; additionally, there is a short spring buffer located around the return spring at the juncture of the receiver and butt, which softens the impact of the bolt group at the end of its rearward stroke.