title: Howrah

text: The Sailen Manna Stadium, also known as the Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium, is a multi-use stadium that hosts sporting events for association football and rugby.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: The following is a list of unproduced Kamal Haasan projects in roughly chronological order. During his long career, Indian film actor-director Kamal Haasan has worked on a number of projects which never progressed beyond the pre-production stage under his acting commitments or direction. Some of these projects fell into development hell or were officially cancelled.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: "Chamayam" is a 1981 Malayalam-language movie directed by Sathyan Anthikad and written by John Paul Puthusery. Kamal Haasan and Ambika were meant to star in the film, but the project was later shelved. The project was abandoned because of the death of producer Majendran, who has co-produced the 1981 film "Sambhavam".


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In 1982, C. Rudhraiya began a venture titled "Raja Ennai Mannithuvidu", with Kamal Haasan playing younger brother to Chandrahasan. Sujatha was cast as the latter's wife and Sumalatha was to play Kamal's heroine. The story dealt with the conflict between the peacenik older brother and the Naxal leanings of the Kamal character. The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu language. After 15 days shoot, this movie was shelved. One song recorded for the film by Ilaiyaraaja were later used in Mohan starrer "Anbin Mugavari" (1985).


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Directed by Bharathiraja, "Top Tucker" was to have starred Kamal Haasan and Radha. The project began in 1982 after the release of "Tik Tik Tik" (1981), and was briefly also referred to under the title of "Sivappu Sattai". After was canned, the film was shelved as Bharathiraja felt it was becoming too similar to his and Kamal's earlier film "Sigappu Rojakkal" (1978), and decided to collaborate with Kamal on a different film, which eventually became "Oru Kaidhiyin Diary" (1985).


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Director T. Rama Rao started working on the film in 1984, which was a social drama centred upon a terminally ill patient and a doctor, produced by Poornachandra Rao. Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan, Sridevi and Jaya Prada worked on the film which revolved around the notion of euthanasia. However, after shooting a substantial portion of the film, it was suddenly shelved.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In 1996, referring to the film under the working title of "Kanoon Ke Kathere Mein", Kamal Haasan revealed that he had completed most of his work on the film in a 25-day period. He was then told by the producers that they were unhappy with the output, and he mutually agreed to stop working on the project after receiving half his remuneration. In the early 1990s, the makers approached Kamal Haasan to finish the film but he refused citing other commitments. In 2020, K. Bhagyaraj stated that the film was stalled because Amitabh Bachchan had felt that the audiences would praise Kamal Haasan's portrayal rather than his, and subsequently asked to cancel the project.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In the mid-1980s, Muktha Srinivasan planned to direct a film based on the American film "The Godfather" (1972) with Sivaji Ganesan, Kamal Haasan and Amala. He paid them an advance and confirmed their dates; however the project was dropped after Kamal Haasan's then associate Ananthu felt that it would be a Ganesan-focused film and not a Kamal film.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In the late 1980s, Kamal Haasan and director Mani Ratnam worked together on adopting Kalki Krishnamurthy's historical novel "Ponniyin Selvan" into a film. Composer Ilaiyaraaja and cinematographer P. C. Sreeram became attached to the project, while actors including Sathyaraj and Prabhu were cast in pivotal roles. Ratnam revealed that he worked on a first draft of the film alongside Kamal Haasan, who had bought the rights of the novel from M. G. Ramachandran, but the pair shelved their plan as the project did not make financial sense at the time.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In an interview with "Filmfare" in January 1994, director Mani Ratnam stated that it remained one of his "dream projects" and that he had hoped to work on during his career. Kamal Haasan then attempted to make the story into a forty-part television series, and worked with writer Ra. Ki. Rangarajan on the screenplay, but the project was later stalled.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In the early 1990s, Gangai Amaran agreed terms to direct a film titled "Athi Veerapandiyan" starring Kamal Haasan in the lead role. The film was based on jallikattu and Aishwarya was signed to portray the leading female role. However Kamal Haasan later opted out of the film and instead began work on another rural drama, "Thevar Magan" (1992), directed by Bharathan. He later credited Gangai Amaran for the idea of the song "Sandhu Pottu" from the film, which was initially meant for "Athi Veerapandiyan".


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In 2016, Gangai Amaran alleged that his brother Ilaiyaraaja had effectively told Kamal Haasan to stop working on the project, during an ego clash between the two brothers.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Balachandra Menon wanted to remake his Malayalam film "Ammayane Sathyam" (1993) into Tamil, and turned down remake offers from other directors. Producer Raveendran signed on Kamal Haasan to do the film and recruited S. P. Balasubrahmanyam to take another role. The team initially approached Annie, who starred in the original to reprise her role as the lead female character, though her reluctance meant that the team picked newcomer Ruchita Prasad, who adopted a stage name of Jayasandhya.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: The makers abandoned the project due to creative differences. It was later alleged that Kamal Haasan had wanted his role to be more prominent than the character from the original version. Kamal Haasan subsequently moved on to begin work on "Avvai Shanmugi" (1996).


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: A remake of the Tamil film "Magalir Mattum" (1994), the film is yet to have a theatrical release for unknown reasons. Produced by Kamal Haasan, "Ladies Only" is the story of three women, Seema Biswas, Shilpa Shirodkar and Heera Rajagopal working in the same office. They are constantly harassed by their lecherous boss Randhir Kapoor. The three decide to gang up against him to teach a lesson, but a strange accident complicates things when the boss lands in a hospital and the three women end up with the dead body of a terrorist, played by Kamal Haasan.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In the mid-1990s, Kamal Haasan worked on the script of a film titled "Amaara Kaaviyam", while working on "Ladies Only" and "Avvai Shanmughi" (1996). His wife at the time, Sarika, was expected to direct the film, while Nagma and Shilpa Shetty were reported to be a part of the cast. Kamal Haasan took a trip to the United States to learn about more filmmaking technology during the pre-production process. The film was subsequently never made.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Kamal Haasan had been pondering directing a historical film for a period of four to five years, when writer Sujatha suggested that Kamal Haasan looked at a folk ballad edited by Tamil scholar Vanamamalai, which introduced them to the historical figure of Muhammed Yusuf Khan, an 18th-century warrior. Kamal Haasan immediately agreed at the prospect and felt that the story had all the potential of a good historical film, being appealed to by the elevation from the nadir to the top of Khan's life. Sujatha revealed that nearly 80% of the film would faithfully adapt Samuel Charles Hill's biography of Khan, also known as Marudhanayagam, and to only use imagination where no solid or substantial information is available.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: The producers and Kamal Haasan managed to rope in Queen Elizabeth II to appear as the chief guest at the launch of the project which took place in the MGR Film City on 16 October 1997. The launch also saw the inaugural shot canned with Kamal Haasan, in the persona of Marudhanayagam, hearing and reacting to an imperial announcement read out by the character played by Nassar, with Om Puri's character looking on. Official filming began several months later in Velangudi on 10 August 1998 with a scene of where a companion of the lead character, played by Kamal Haasan, is hanged prompting a brief altercation.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Works on "Marudhanayagam" suddenly ceased after a British company that had planned to co-produce the film backed out and the film has been indefinitely postponed since. Haasan had invested 8 crores of his own wealth into the project through and has since revealed that the film would be revived at a future date. Since 1999, Kamal Haasan has consistently spoken of plans to revive the film.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Kamal Haasan had written the script of "Londonil Kameshwaran" and wanted to play the lead role in the late 1990s, but never got down to making it because he felt it would not have been cost-effective. Through the project, he had aimed to reprise his character of the Palakkad Brahmin cook Kameshwaran from "Michael Madana Kama Rajan" (1990) and place him in funny situations when he visits London. He had briefly considered making the film in early 1999 after "Marudhanayagam" had run into production troubles, but instead chose to prioritise his commitments for "Hey Ram" (2000). After the profitable "Pammal K. Sambandam" (2002), Mouli asked Haasan to re-collaborate with this particular script but Haasan was uninterested. Madhavan was selected by Haasan to replace him, after the pair had shot for "Anbe Sivam" together in the period, and the project was made under Haasan's production house with the title of "Nala Damayanthi" (2003).


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Following the completion of his first directorial venture in Hindi, "Nayak" (2001), S. Shankar announced his next project, "Robot", which was to feature Kamal Haasan and Preity Zinta. The film was to be produced by the now-defunct company Media Dreams, a division of Pentamedia Graphics. The film was reported to be a futuristic techno-thriller set in Chennai in around 2200 or 3000 AD. Despite the completion of a photoshoot featuring Haasan and Zinta, the project was shelved as a result of scheduling conflicts with Haasan. Shankar consequently started work on "Boys" (2003). The film was eventually revived and released in 2010 as "Enthiran" starring Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: After completing the shoot of "Pammal K. Sambandam" (2002), Kamal Haasan signed on to appear in "Naran" directed by K. S. Ravikumar. Produced by Ravikumar's manager P. L. Thenappan and featuring music by A. R. Rahman, the film was launched with a small ceremony in November 2001. Kamal Haasan was reported to play the lead role of a character named Narayanan, abbreviated to "Naran". Reported to be a tale about a man and a beast, the team had also been in talks with Amitabh Bachchan to be a part of the film. Ravikumar noted the "get-up itself would be different one" and that the team were contemplating to make it simultaneously in Hindi and Telugu. The film was later put on hold due to budget issues and Kamal Haasan moved ahead to work on "Panchathanthiram" (2002) with Ravikumar and Thenappan.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: During the making of "Panchatanthiram" (2002), Kamal Haasan and K. S. Ravikumar contemplated making a sequel of the film, where the lead actors would be aboard a cruise liner. The project did not materialise owing to the actor's commitments, with the duo later setting "Manmadan Ambu" (2010) on a cruise liner instead.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Reports in May 2012 suggested that Aascar Ravichandran would produce a sequel to the film, which would begin production by October 2012, though it did not materialise. In August 2015, reports suggested that Moulee would make a sequel to the film. In August 2016, Ravikumar revealed that he had held discussions with Kamal Haasan about a potential sequel, where five women would take revenge on their mischievous husbands.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In February 2004, Kamal Haasan and Singeetham Sreenivasa Rao began pre-production works on a project titled "Krishna Leela". The film was set to narrate the story of an individual called Krishna Das, played by Kamal Haasan, and the women in his life. The project was described as a comedy entertainer, much like the actor and director's previous collaborations in the 1990s. Abhirami and Gautami were reported to feature alongside him in a leading role, while actresses Rohini and Vinodhini were also cast in roles. Comedians including Goundamani, Vadivelu, Senthil, Vivek and Chitti Babu were also added to the supporting cast. Seeking to cast two new actresses, Kamal Haasan scouted for talent in London. The film was later dropped, and Kamal Haasan and Rao considered working together for a different project, "Mumbai Xpress" (2005).


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Kamal Haasan, Singeetham Sreenivasa Rao and Ramesh Aravind discussed the script of a film titled "KG" in early 2004, usually during Kamal Haasan's visits to Bangalore. Described as a "cop thriller" to be shot in Tamil and Kannada around Bangalore, Kamal Haasan revealed that there would be no female lead and that it would be "quite a change" from his other films. In a turn of events, Kamal Haasan accepted an offer to star in Saran's "Vasool Raja MBBS" (2004), and put "KG" on hold. He later continued to work on "KG", which marked Ramesh Aravind's directorial debut, and Mumbai-based financier Bharat Shah agreed to fund the film. The trio later decided to indefinitely postpone work on the project.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Following the release of the Hindi film "Lage Raho Munna Bhai" in September 2006, Kamal Haasan and Saran contemplated remaking the film in Tamil. The pair had earlier made "Munna Bhai M.B.B.S." (2003), the first of the "Munna Bhai" film series, in Tamil as "Vasool Raja MBBS" (2004). The pair later felt that the film's story of theme of Gandhigiri would not work in Tamil and opted against making a sequel in Tamil. The production studio, Gemini Film Circuit, then passed on the script to director Mohan Raja and actor Jayam Ravi, but the project never took off.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: As the opportunity to remake "Lage Raho Munna Bhai" was passed upon, Saran and Kamal Haasan agreed to work on another project under the director's own studio, Gemini Productions. Kamal Haasan was paid an advance of two crore rupees for the project, but owing to financial issues, Saran decided to handover the production duties to Ayngaran International. Kamal Haasan later opted out of the project citing he was uncomfortable with the sudden change. Saran subsequently attempted to sue the actor for breach of contract.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: "Marmayogi" was first pondered by Kamal Haasan after the release of "Aalavandhan" (2001), however nothing proceeded. After a four-year sabbatical from directing films since "Virumaandi" (2004), Kamal Haasan announced "Marmayogi" as his next project after the completion of "Dasavathaaram" (2008). The film was planned as a bilingual Hindi-Tamil period film, set in the 7th century. Production house Pyramid Saimira along with Haasan's company Raaj Kamal Films International were set to produce the venture, and work began in late 2007. Early media reports suggested a box-office battle between "Marmayogi" and Shankar's "Enthiran" (2010), which was rebooted from the shelved "Robot".


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Pre-production on the film continued throughout 2008, with technicians such as Rajesh Selva and Sanu Varghese actively involved for close to a year. Meanwhile, Kamal Haasan grew a long, thick beard for the film. Mohanlal and Venkatesh were among the initial actors in the cast, as were actresses Hema Malini, Trisha, Shriya Saran and Sushmita Sen. Along with Trisha, Kamal Haasan held a photoshoot at the AVM Studios in August 2008. Following the failure of Rajinikanth's "Kuselan" (2008), Pyramid Saimira opted out of the project in November 2008, effectively shelving the film. Kamal Haasan subsequently moved on to begin work on "Unnaipol Oruvan" (2009), and later filed a legal complaint against Pyramid Saimira for loss of earnings.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: The project was first reported in the media in November 2008 as Kamal Haasan's next project, after his historical drama "Marmayogi" was shelved as a result of Pyramid Saimira's financial problems. Titled "Thalaivan Irukkiraan" and described by "The Times of India" as an "action adventure" film, it was said to be directed by Kamal Haasan and co-produced by Gemini Film Circuit and Sun Pictures, with A. R. Rahman working as the music composer. Pre-production works continued throughout late 2008, with actors such as Rishi Kapoor, Mohanlal and Venkatesh approached for leading roles. Actresses Trisha and Shriya Saran, who were originally a part of "Marmayogi", were expected to be retained for the film in order to use the dates they had allotted for the shelved film. Kamal Haasan's Raaj Kamal Films International registered the film's title but production was postponed after a deal could not be agreed with the proposed co-producers. During the period, Kamal Haasan also pitched the idea of financing the film to Udhayanidhi Stalin of Red Giant Movies, who did not take up the offer citing that he felt the script was too political. He later used the dates offered by Mohanlal and Venkatesh for another of his productions, "Unnaipol Oruvan" (2009), which was incorrectly reported in the media as being the same project as "Thalaivan Irukkiraan". In November 2010, Kamal Haasan revealed that he was busy writing the final draft of the film and would look to start production by March 2011 with American producers. Actress Anushka Shetty was also reported to have accepted to star in the film during the period, but the film was again stalled.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In January 2012, the film resurfaced with Kamal Haasan confirming tht the film would be simultaneously made in Hindi under the title of "Amar Hain". The media reported that the film would be produced by Aascar Ravichandran, with actors Mohanlal, Ajith Kumar, Ravi Teja and Katrina Kaif also in the cast, though this later proved to be untrue. Reports later in February 2012, suggested that Kamal Haasan had asked Shankar to direct the film, with Jackie Chan, Salman Khan, Prabhas and Asin amongst others speculated to be a part of the project. Chakri Toleti was also reportedly approached to be the film's director during July 2012, but the project still did not materialise. After three years of inactivity, in June 2015, Kamal Haasan announced that he was reviving the film and that Saif Ali Khan would feature alongside him in a leading role. Associating with Hindi producers Virender K. Arora and Arjun N. Kapoor, Kamal Haasan revealed that the project would be a "contemporary story, touching on politics, finance and the underworld" and "an action film with lots of emotion", while comparing the film to Brian De Palma's English film, "The Untouchables" (1987). He added that the film would be shot in Mumbai and Delhi in India, with schedules also planned in Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States, while also that he would finish scripting the film after he finished work on the production of "Thoongaa Vanam" (2015). Despite the announcements, the producers backed out of the project and the film was again stalled.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: After two more years of inactivity, in July 2017, Kamal Haasan suggested that he would revive the project after the release of "Vishwaroopam 2" (2018) and "Sabaash Naidu". Following a further period of quiet, where Kamal Haasan also revealed that he would stop acting, it was announced that composer A. R. Rahman and studio Lyca Productions became attached to the project in July 2019.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In mid-2008, Kamal Haasan agreed terms to be a part of an Indo-Japanese production titled "19 Steps" to be directed by Bharat Bala. The film was written by Malayalam scriptwriter, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and was set to tell the tale of a Samurai warrior trying to conquer the ancient Indian martial art of Kalaripayattu. Starring alongside Asin and Tadanobu Asano, Kamal Haasan was set to play the role of an Indian martial arts guru. The film was being produced by Walt Disney and pre-production work had begun with large portions set to be shot in Kerala. Twenty days before the film began shoot, Kamal Haasan dropped out and the film was subsequently reported to be shelved indefinitely. As recently as 2016, Bharat Bala and producer Phillip Lee have expressed their desire to continue the film with a different cast.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In mid-2009, Kamal Haasan agreed terms to work with Mysskin on a film about Buddha, titled "Buddham Sharanam". Following the cancellation of "Marmayogi" and "19 Steps", Kamal Haasan was keen to work on a historical film with a similar theme, with the project also referred to in the media as "500 BC". He travelled to the United States to seek out production companies who were willing to fund the film, but no studio eventually agreed. Mysskin was then forced to drop the project and revealed it took him six months to get over the disappointment of the project's sudden end.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Following the release of "Unnaipol Oruvan" (2009), Kamal Haasan signed on to appear on a venture produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin and directed by K. S. Ravikumar. Titled "Yavarum Kelir", Kamal Haasan had hoped to complete the comedy drama film before beginning work on his more time-consuming project, "Buddham Sharanam", by Mysskin. Trisha was selected to play the lead female role, while Kamal Haasan's daughter Shruti Haasan was signed as the music composer.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: The film was later dropped by March 2010, with Kamal Haasan, Trisha, Ravikumar and Udhayanidhi Stalin moving on to work on another project, "Manmadan Ambu" (2010), instead.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In September 2011, film producer Gokulam Gopalan announced that he would make a multilingual film on the life of Indian ruler Tipu Sultan. Featuring a script written by John Paul, Gopalan described Kamal Haasan as being the only choice for the titular role. The film was set to be directed by Vayalar Madhavan Kutty, and was scheduled to begin production in March 2012 and to be completed in a four-month long schedule. Set to be shot in Tamil and Malayalam, Gopalan announced that the story would also have extensive coverage of the warrior queen of North Malabar, Unniyarcha. Sridevi was amongst the actresses considered for the role.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In January 2012, Kamal Haasan confirmed that pre-production work was underway for the film, and that it would avoid taking a controversial political angle. However, the project was later shelved owing to inconsistencies with the script. Kamal Haasan consequently worked with producer Gopalan in "Thoongavanam" (2015) to settle the proposed agreement of working together on a film.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In late 2012, Hollywood producer Barrie Osborne expressed his interest in making an English film in association with Kamal Haasan, who would direct the project and feature in the lead role. The actor subsequently announced a project titled "Moo" in February 2013, which was said to be about three lives. A potential English title of "Triple Impact" was speculated, while other sources titled the film as "Yaavarum Kelir", with an English title of "All Are Kin". The project later failed to develop. In 2017, sources suggested that the film was still under consideration.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In December 2014, in a public interaction on social media with his daughter Shruti Haasan, Kamal Haasan announced that he was working on a project tentatively titled "Vaamamaargam". Transliterated into English as "left-hand path", he suggested that the film's title was inspired by the Tamil terms given to aghoris and communists, before stating the film would be about "business ethics". He later clarified that the film was separate from "Marudhanayagam", though the film eventually did not develop into production.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Director Moulee and Kamal Haasan announced plans of working together during August 2015. Titled "Paramapadham", the film was reported to be a comedy film on a bank heist. The film was set to be produced by Raaj Kamal Films International and have its script co-written by Crazy Mohan. Kamal Haasan had planned to shoot for the film alongside his commitments for "Sabaash Naidu", but production did not begin by March 2016, with a spokesman for the actor noting that the film was still at its "primitive stages". In November 2016, Moulee refuted rumours that the pair were set to work on another project for AVM Studios titled "Meyyappan".


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In January 2021, Moulee revealed that he did not know when the film would materialise owing to Kamal Haasan's involvement in politics.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In November 2015, Kamal Haasan and T. K. Rajeev Kumar agreed to collaborate on a project and announced that they were working on a family drama script to be titled "Amma Appa Vilayattu" in Tamil and "Amma Naana Aata" in Telugu. After initial discussions with Sridevi failed to materialise, Rajeev Kumar cast Amala Akkineni and Zarina Wahab in pivotal roles and announced that the film would be shot entirely across the United States, with schedules in New York and Georgia. The film was later postponed and by early 2016, Kamal Haasan chose to collaborate with Rajeev Kumar on a different project that he had written himself, "Sabaash Naidu".


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In early 2016, following the postponement of "Amma Appa Vilayattu", Kamal Haasan developed a story featuring the character of Balram Naidu, the RAW operative from his 2008 film "Dasavathaaram" for "Sabaash Naidu", and T. K. Rajeev Kumar was handed directorial duties. Kamal Haasan had nurtured ideas of making a film on the character since late 2011 after seeing the popularity of the role. Co-produced by Raaj Kamal Films International and Lyca Productions, the film was launched in three languages, while the film would be released in four languages including Tamil, Hindi, Telugu along with a Malayalam dubbed version with the title "Sabaash Naidu" used for the Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam versions, and "Shabhash Kundu" used for the Hindi version. Kamal Haasan's daughter Shruti Haasan was selected for a key acting role, while his younger daughter Akshara Haasan joined the team as an assistant director. Ramya Krishnan, Brahmanandam and Saurabh Shukla were selected for other acting roles in the production. The team commenced the shoot in Los Angeles, California during June 2016.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: The shoot of the film was initially put on hold in June 2016 after the original director T. K. Rajeev Kumar was diagnosed with Lyme disease, prompting Kamal Haasan to takeover as the director. Two days after Rajeev Kumar's exit, the film's editor James Joseph also withdrew from the project after his wife had met with an accident. After the completion of the film's schedule in the US, Kamal Haasan chose to replace the original cinematographer Jaya Krishna Gummadi after being unimpressed with his work. In July 2016, Kamal Haasan fractured his leg after falling at his home in Chennai, with the incident leading to an indefinite delay of the project.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: During the period of the production delay, in November 2016, Kamal Haasan split with his long time partner Gautami, who had also worked in the project as a costume designer. Delays meant that the actors in the project had committed to other films and it became difficult to coordinate all the cast members to partake in the shoot at short notice. In January 2017, plans to begin the film again were delayed following the death of Githamani, the wife of co-producer Chandrahasan. Two months after the death of his wife, Chandrahasan also died of a heart attack while visiting London. The film was further delayed as a result of Kamal Haasan's entry into politics, with the actor stating his final film could be "Indian 2" for Lyca Productions. After a period of inactivity, in June 2022, Kamal Haasan revealed that he may revisit the film citing his interest of doing a comedy project, and that he had the intellectual property rights for the film.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Following a month of speculation in September 2018, Kamal Haasan announced that he would make a sequel to "Thevar Magan" (1992) in mid-October 2018. Soon after the announcement, he revealed that Raaj Kamal Films International would produce the film, and that the project would likely undergo a change of title. The project created attention when political leader K. Krishnasamy of the Puthiya Tamilagam party objected to the film being titled as "Thevar Magan 2", citing the risk of caste-based violence. By the end of 2018, the future of the project was put into question after Kamal Haasan stated his final film could be "Indian 2" for Lyca Productions before moving on to be a full-time politician. In May 2019, it was reported that production may begin imminently in Pollachi following delays to "Indian 2", but the plan did not materialise.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In June 2020, media reports suggested Vijay Sethupathi would portray the son of Nassar's character from the original, while other reports suggested that the film may be based on "Thalaivan Irukkiraan", which Kamal Haasan had planned to restart during 2019 after a decade of delays. In August 2021, Kamal Haasan began collaborating with director Mahesh Narayanan on a script, said to be based on "Thevar Magan 2". Along with Vijay Sethupathi, the makers were said to be in discussions with Vikram and Fahadh Faasil for pivotal roles. In December 2022, a source close to Haasan told Hindustan Times that the project has been shelved over creative differences. Later, Mahesh Narayanan himself clarified that "Thevar Magan 2" had merely been put on hold for now.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: Gautham Vasudev Menon confirmed that he was working on a sequel to his action-thriller "Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu" (2006) in March 2020, and that he was in discussions with Kamal Haasan to reprise the lead character of Raghavan. He hinted that the character would be fifteen years older in the sequel, Jyothika's character of Aradhana would still be present, and that the pair would have a teenage daughter. He suggested that the film may take off in April 2020 and that Vels Film International would be the producers for the project. In June 2020, Menon revealed that he was still working on the script and that the climax of the film was still being considered. He also stated that he was unsure if Kamal Haasan would eventually accept terms to work on the film. The following month, the makers reportedly held discussions with Anushka Shetty and Keerthy Suresh for roles in the film. After a period of inactivity, media reports suggested that the team were still considering the project in August 2022.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In early 2021, during the promotional campaign for "Drishyam 2" (2021), director Jeethu Joseph revealed that he was interested in remaking the film in Tamil as "Papanasam 2" with Kamal Haasan. The director's earlier film, "Drishyam" (2013), was earlier remade as "Papanasam" (2015) by Joseph with Kamal Haasan in the lead role. Since the shoot of "Papanasam" in 2015, Kamal Haasan and his partner-at-the-time, the lead actress Gautami had split, prompting other actresses to be linked to the leading female role. Actresses including Meena, Nadhiya and Pooja Kumar were reported to be in discussions for the film.


title: Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects

text: In April 2021, Kamal Haasan announced that the film would not happen as he was not thinking about taking on any new acting projects after his commitments to "Vikram" (2022) and "Indian 2" (2023). In September 2021, Sripriya, the producer of "Papanasam", revealed that the film would not happen without Kamal Haasan but that his schedule was too busy for him to take up the project, citing his involvement in "Vikram", an untitled film with Vetrimaaran, his work as a host for "Bigg Boss Tamil" and his political commitments with Makkal Needhi Maiam.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Aircraft equipped with contra-rotating propellers, also referred to as CRP, coaxial contra-rotating propellers, or high-speed propellers, apply the maximum power of usually a single piston or turboprop engine to drive a pair of coaxial propellers in contra-rotation. Two propellers are arranged one behind the other, and power is transferred from the engine via a planetary gear or spur gear transmission. Contra-rotating propellers are also known as counter-rotating propellers, although counter-rotating propellers is much more widely used when referring to airscrews on separate non-coaxial shafts turning in opposite directions.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: When airspeed is low, the mass of the air flowing through the propeller disk (thrust) causes a significant amount of tangential or rotational air flow to be created by the spinning blades. The energy of this tangential air flow is wasted in a single-propeller design, and causes handling problems at low speed as the air strikes the vertical stabilizer, causing the aircraft to yaw left or right, depending on the direction of propeller rotation. To use this wasted effort, the placement of a second propeller behind the first takes advantage of the disturbed airflow.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: A well designed contra-rotating propeller will have no rotational air flow, pushing a maximum amount of air uniformly through the propeller disk, resulting in high performance and low induced energy loss. It also serves to counter the asymmetrical torque effect of a conventional propeller (see P-factor). Some contra-rotating systems were designed to be used at take off for maximum power and efficiency under such conditions, and allowing one of the propellers to be disabled during cruise to extend flight time.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Contra-rotating propellers have been found to be between 6% and 16% more efficient than normal propellers.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: However they can be very noisy, with increases in noise in the axial (forward and aft) direction of up to 30 dB, and tangentially 10 dB. Most of this extra noise can be found in the higher frequencies. These substantial noise problems limit commercial applications. One possibility is to enclose the contra-rotating propellers in a shroud. It is also helpful if the tip speed or the loading of the blades is reduced, if the aft propeller has fewer blades or a smaller diameter than the fore propeller, or if the spacing between the aft and fore propellers is increased.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: The efficiency of a contra-rotating propeller is somewhat offset by its mechanical complexity and the added weight of this gearing that makes the aircraft heavier, thus some performance is sacrificed to carry it. Nonetheless, coaxial contra-rotating propellers and rotors have been used in several military aircraft, such as the Tupolev Tu-95 "Bear".


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: While several nations experimented with contra-rotating propellers in aircraft, only the United Kingdom and Soviet Union produced them in large numbers. The first aircraft to be fitted with a contra-rotating propeller to fly was in the US when two inventors from Ft Worth, Texas tested the concept on an aircraft.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Some of the more successful British aircraft with contra-rotating propellers are the Avro Shackleton, powered by the Rolls-Royce Griffon engine, and the Fairey Gannet, which used the Double Mamba Mk.101 engine. In the Double Mamba two separate power sections drove one propeller each, allowing one power section (engine) to be shut down in flight, increasing endurance.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Another naval aircraft, the Westland Wyvern had contra-rotating propellers. The Martin-Baker MB 5 test aircraft also used this propeller type.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Later variants of the Supermarine Spitfire and Seafire used the Griffon with contra-rotating props. In the Spitfire/Seafire and Shackleton's case the primary reason for using contra-rotating propellers was to increase the propeller blade-area, and hence absorb greater engine power, within a propeller diameter limited by the height of the aircraft's undercarriage. The Short Sturgeon used two Merlin 140s with contra-rotating propellers.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: The Bristol Brabazon prototype airliner used eight Bristol Centaurus engines driving four pairs of contra-rotating propellers, each engine driving a single propeller.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: The post-war SARO Princess prototype flying boat airliner also had eight of its ten engines driving contra-rotating propellers.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: In the 1950s, the Soviet Union's Kuznetsov Design Bureau developed the NK-12 turboprop. It drives an eight-blade contra-rotating propeller and, at , it is the most powerful turboprop in service. Four NK-12 engines power the Tupolev Tu-95 "Bear", the only turboprop bomber to enter service, as well as one of the fastest propeller-driven aircraft. The Tu-114, an airliner derivative of the Tu-95, holds the world speed record for propeller aircraft. The Tu-95 was also the first Soviet bomber to have intercontinental range. The Tu-126 AEW aircraft and Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraft are two more NK-12 powered designs derived from the Tu-95.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: The NK-12 engine powers another well-known Soviet aircraft, the Antonov An-22 Antheus, a heavy-lift cargo aircraft. At the time of its introduction, the An-22 was the largest aircraft in the world and is still by far the world's largest turboprop-powered aircraft. From the 1960s through the 1970s, it set several world records in the categories of maximum payload-to-height ratio and maximum payload lifted to altitude.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Of lesser note is the use of the NK-12 engine in the A-90 Orlyonok, a mid-size Soviet ekranoplan. The A-90 uses one NK-12 engine mounted at the top of its T-tail, along with two turbofans installed in the nose.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: In the 1980s, Kuznetsov continued to develop powerful contra-rotating engines. The NK-110, which was tested in the late 1980s, had a contra-rotating propeller configuration with four blades in front and four in back, like the NK-12. Its was smaller than the NK-12's diameter, but it produced a power output of , delivering a takeoff thrust of . Even more powerful was the NK-62, which was in development throughout most of the decade. The NK-62 had an identical propeller diameter and blade configuration to the NK-110, but it offered a higher takeoff thrust of . The associated NK-62M had a takeoff thrust of , and it could deliver of emergency thrust. Unlike the NK-12, however, these later engines were not adopted by any of the aircraft design bureaus.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: In 1994, Antonov produced the An-70, a heavy transport aircraft. It is powered by four Progress D-27 propfan engines driving contra-rotating propellers. The characteristics of the D-27 engine and its propeller make it a propfan, a hybrid between a turbofan engine and a turboprop engine.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: The United States worked with several prototypes, including the Northrop XB-35, XB-42 Mixmaster, the Douglas XTB2D Skypirate, the Curtiss XBTC, the A2J Super Savage, the Boeing XF8B, the XP-56 Black Bullet, the Fisher P-75 Eagle and the tail-sitting Convair XFY "Pogo" and Lockheed XFV "Salmon" VTOL fighters and the Hughes XF-11 reconnaissance plane. The Convair R3Y Tradewind flying boat entered service with contra-rotating propellers. However, both piston-engined and turboprop-powered propeller-driven aircraft were reaching their zenith and new technological developments such as the advent of the pure turbojet and turbofan engines, both without propellers, meant that the designs were quickly eclipsed.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: The US propeller manufacturer, Hamilton Standard, bought a Fairey Gannet in 1983 to study the effects of counter rotation on propeller noise and blade vibratory stresses. The Gannet was particularly suitable because the independently-driven propellers provided a comparison between counter and single rotation.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: An Austrian company, Sun Flightcraft, distributes a contra-rotating gearbox for use on Rotax 503 and 582 engines on ultralight and microlight aircraft. The Coax-P was developed by Hans Neudorfer of NeuraJet and allows powered hang-gliders and parachutes to develop 15 to 20 percent more power while reducing torque moments. The manufacturer also reports reduced noise levels from dual contra-rotating props using the Coax-P gearbox.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Torpedoes such as the Bliss-Leavitt torpedo have commonly used contra-rotating propellers to give the maximum possible speed within a limited diameter as well as counteracting the torque that would otherwise tend to cause the torpedo to rotate around its own longitudinal axis.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Recreational Boating: in 1982 Volvo Penta introduced a contra-rotating boat propeller branded DuoProp. The patented device has been marketed since.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: After the Volvo Penta patents ran out, Mercury has also produced a corresponding product, MerCruiser Bravo 3.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: Commercial ships: In traditional machinery arrangement contra-rotating propellers are rare, due to cost and complexity.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: In 2004 ABB produced a product for large-power installations: the forward propeller is on a traditional shaftline, while the aft propeller is in an ABB Azipod.


title: Contra-rotating propellers

text: At lower power levels, contra-rotating mechanical azimuth thrusters are one possibility, convenient for CRP due to their inherent bevel gear construction. Rolls-Royce and Steerprop have offered CRP versions of their products.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The rule of felony murder is a legal doctrine in some common law jurisdictions that broadens the crime of murder: when someone is killed (regardless of intent to kill) in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime (called a felony in some jurisdictions), the offender, and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators, may be found guilty of murder.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The concept of felony murder originates in the rule of transferred intent, which is older than the limit of legal memory. In its original form, the malicious intent inherent in the commission of any crime, however trivial, was considered to apply to any consequences of that crime regardless of intent.


title: Felony murder rule

text: While there is debate about the original scope of the rule, modern interpretations typically require that the offence be an inherently dangerous one, or one committed in an obviously dangerous manner. For this reason, the felony murder rule is often justified by its supporters as a means of deterring dangerous felonies.


title: Felony murder rule

text: According to some commentators, the common law rule dates to the twelfth century and took its modern form in the eighteenth century. The modern conception of the felony murder rule arose in 1716, with William Hawkins' "Treatise of Pleas of the Crown", during his work on English criminal law. Hawkins reasoned that malice was implicit in a crime that "necessarily tends to raise Tumults and Quarrels, and consequently cannot but be attended with the danger of personal hurt." Thus, "this rule should extend to killings in the course of felonies à fortiori."


title: Felony murder rule

text: In most jurisdictions, to qualify as an underlying offense for a felony murder charge, the underlying offense must present a foreseeable danger to life, and the link between the offense and the death must not be too remote. For example, if the recipient of a forged check has a fatal allergic reaction to the ink, most courts will not hold the forger guilty of murder, as the cause of death is too remote from the criminal act.


title: Felony murder rule

text: There are two schools of thought concerning whose actions can cause the defendant to be guilty of felony murder. Jurisdictions that hold to the "agency theory" admit only deaths caused by the agents of the crime. Jurisdictions that use the "proximate cause theory" include any death, even if caused by a bystander or the police, provided that it meets one of several proximate cause tests to determine if the chain of events between the offence and the death was short enough to have legally caused the death.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The merger doctrine excludes from the offenses that qualify as underlying offenses any felony that is presupposed by a murder charge. For example, nearly all murders involve some type of assault, but so do many cases of manslaughter. To count any death that occurred during the course of an assault as felony murder would obliterate a distinction that is carefully set by the legislature. However, merger may not apply when an assault against one person results in the death of a different person.


title: Felony murder rule

text: Felony murder is typically the same grade of murder as premeditated murder and carries the same sentence as is used for premeditated murder in the jurisdiction in question.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The felony murder rule has been abolished in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland. In Canada, it has been held to be unconstitutional, as breaching the principles of fundamental justice. In some jurisdictions, the common law felony murder (called constructive murder) rule has been abolished, but has been replaced by a similar statutory provision (such as in Victoria, Australia with the Crimes Act 1958). Similarly, in New South Wales, common law has been overridden and the question needs only be dealt with through statutory construction and application.


title: Felony murder rule

text: In New South Wales, § 18(1)(a) of the "Crimes Act 1900" provides the statutory definition of 'constructive murder'. The act or omission causing death must be "done in an attempt to commit or during or immediately after the commission, by the accused, or some accomplice with him or her, of a crime punishable by imprisonment for life or for 25 years". The rationale is to discourage acts of felony which are dangerous to human life.


title: Felony murder rule

text: "Ryan v R" clarifies the elements of constructive murder. The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt: (1) a base offence with 25 years' imprisonment or more; and that (2) the act causing death occurred in attempt, during, or immediately after this base offence. This means that the prosecution must prove both the "actus reus" and "mens rea" of this base offence. "R v Munro" confirmed that the "mens rea" of the act causing death is not required to prove constructive murder. For example, the accused may commit an act causing death in the course of robbery or armed robbery without any intention to kill, to inflict grievous bodily harm, or with reckless indifference to human life.


title: Felony murder rule

text: As Canadian criminal law aims to maintain proportionality between the stigma and punishment attached to a conviction and the moral blameworthiness of an offender, in "R v Martineau" the Supreme Court of Canada held that it is a principle of fundamental justice under sections 7 and 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that a conviction for murder requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt of a "subjective foresight of death". In so doing, the court declared sections 230 and 229(c) of the "Criminal Code" to be unconstitutional.


title: Felony murder rule

text: S. 230 provided that a conviction for murder would lie for any killing that was "objectively foreseeable as a result of the abominable nature of the predicate crimes ... "inter alia" ... coupled with intentional infliction of bodily harm". This largely equated with a Canadian form of felony murder, though it is technically closer to constructive murder in other jurisdictions. Similarly, according to s. 229(c) it was sufficient for a person to do anything that he ""ought to know" is likely to cause death".


title: Felony murder rule

text: Nevertheless, s. 229(c), as far as it provides for a form of constructive murder in situations where "an accused for an unlawful object did anything "knowing" that it was likely [on an objective standard] to cause someone's death" is still operative, as confirmed in a 1999 appellate court decision.


title: Felony murder rule

text: Like other common law jurisdictions, Canada's Criminal Code specifically enumerates offences to account for instances where (a) person(s) is/are unintentionally killed during the commission of a crime (for example, criminal negligence causing death and impaired driving causing death). In cases where multiple deaths are caused by the same criminal act, the accused will face a separate charge for each death caused. While such charges are not considered to be murder under Canadian law, the maximum penalty for such offences is still life imprisonment – although unlike murder this is not a mandatory sentence and is only very rarely imposed. The main difference between a sentence of life imprisonment for murder and a sentence of life imprisonment for an offence such as criminal negligence causing death is that in the latter case, the offender is eligible for parole after serving seven years.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The rule was abolished in the Republic of Ireland by section 4 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964 which codified the "mens rea" for murder as intention to kill or seriously injure another person.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The rule was abolished in England and Wales by section 1 of the Homicide Act 1957, and in Northern Ireland by section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966; but its effect is preserved by the application of the common law principle of joint enterprise. In England and Wales, the definition of murder requires only an intent to cause grievous bodily harm to the victim, rather than specific intent to kill; the effect is the same as that of the felony murder rule applied to crimes of personal violence, though not to all felonies.


title: Felony murder rule

text: There is no equivalent to the felony murder rule in Scots law, which has also never had a specific concept of "felonies" in the previous style of English law. However, the Scots equivalent of joint enterprise, known as "art and part", also has a similar effect.


title: Felony murder rule

text: , 46 states in the United States had a felony murder rule, under which felony murder is generally first-degree murder. In 24 of those states, it is a capital offense. When the government seeks to impose the death penalty on someone convicted of felony murder, the Eighth Amendment has been interpreted so as to impose additional limitations on the state power. The death penalty may not be imposed if the defendant is merely a minor participant and did not actually kill or intend to kill. However, the death penalty may be imposed if the defendant is a major participant in the underlying felony and exhibits extreme indifference to human life.


title: Felony murder rule

text: Most states recognize the merger doctrine, which holds that a criminal assault cannot serve as the predicate felony for the felony murder rule.


title: Felony murder rule

text: To avoid the need for reliance upon common law interpretations of what felony conduct merges with murder, and what offenses do and do not qualify for felony murder, many U.S. jurisdictions explicitly list what offenses qualify in a felony murder statute. Federal law specifies additional crimes, including terrorism, kidnapping, and carjacking.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The American Law Institute's Model Penal Code does not include the felony murder rule, but allows the commission of a felony to raise a presumption of extreme indifference to the value of human life. The felony murder rule is effectively used as a rule of evidence. The Model Penal Code lists robbery, rape or forcible deviant sexual intercourse, arson, burglary, and felonious escape as predicate felonies upon which a charge of felony murder can be maintained.


title: Felony murder rule

text: The Kentucky Legislature abolished the felony murder rule with the enactment of Kentucky Revised Statutes § 507.020. Recognizing that an automatic application of the rule could result in conviction of murder without a culpable mindset, the Kentucky Legislature instead allowed the circumstances of a case, like the commission of a felony, to be considered separately. The facts each case would be used to show the mental state of the defendant instead of using an automatic rule.


title: Felony murder rule

text: Some commentators regard the rule of transferred intent as a legal fiction whereby the law pretends that the person who intended one wrongful act also intends all the consequences of that act, however unforeseen. Others regard it as an example of strict liability whereby a person who chooses to commit a crime is considered absolutely responsible for all possible consequences of that action. Lord Mustill regards the historical rule as a convergence of those views.


title: Felony murder rule

text: Some critics of the felony murder rule argue that the rule is unjust because it requires no intent to kill. In the United States, for example, 20-year-old Florida resident Ryan Holle was convicted of first-degree murder for lending his car to a friend after his friend told him that he intended to go beat an 18-year-old woman. The friend took the car and beat the girl to death.


title: Felony murder rule

text: Negotiating away the felony murder charge as part of a plea bargain can result in sentences which are magnitudes of order longer than would be the case if all other charges were considered together, but isolated from the felony murder charge. A review of criminal convictions in Minnesota found that most white defendants convicted of felony murder were originally charged with more serious offenses, while for most Black defendants convicted of felony murder it was the most serious offense initially charged. Almost half of defendants charged with felony murder in Minnesota are under the age of 25. The average sentence is 24 years.


title: Felony murder rule

text: In the context of police shootings and Black Lives Matter, increasing attention has been focused on the issue of felony murder charges covering up the use of excessive force or careless use of extreme force by the police. This occurs because the death is interpreted as a consequence of a criminal act. As a result, liability for the death is transferred in its entirety away from the shooting officer, regardless of whether the victim of a police shooting was armed, or whether the officer in question had a record of previous excessive force. In such cases, there may be no incentive for a police officer or a police department to alter their standard procedures.


title: Felony murder rule

text: In favor of the rule, it can be argued that the rule affirms the principle of the sanctity of human life by imposing harsher penalties for crimes that destroy human life.


title: Ferrari 456

text: The Ferrari 456 and 456M (Type F116) are front-engine grand tourers which were produced by Ferrari from 1992 to 2003. The 456 was a replacement for the front-engine 412 as the company's V12-powered four seater. The updated 456M, which was the last Ferrari model to use pop-up headlamps, was replaced in 2004 by the 612 Scaglietti.


title: Ferrari 456

text: Pietro Camardella designed the original 456 Grand Tourer at Pininfarina. It was available in GT and (from 1996) GTA models. The former has a six-speed manual, and the latter has a four-speed automatic developed in partnership with FF Developments, in Livonia, MI (which was later purchased by Ricardo Engineering in the UK.) The automatic transmission used in the 456 was the second and last conventional hydraulic automatic transmission with a torque converter to be offered by Ferrari. (The transmission found its latest use in the 400/412 series.) The 5.5 L (5,473.91 cc) 65° V12 engine was derived from the Dino V6 rather than the more conventional 60° V12s used in the 412 and Daytona. It is rated at , with 4 valves per cylinder and Bosch Motronic M2.7 engine management. Ferrari claims it could push the car to a top speed of , making it the world's second fastest production four-seater automobile behind the Porsche 959. Acceleration from 0- takes 4.8 seconds, with a 13.3 second quarter-mile time. At the time of its development, it was the most powerful regular production road car ever developed by Ferrari. In 1996, the engine management system changed to Motronic M5.2 management and the engine with the updated system given the F116C code.


title: Ferrari 456

text: The name 456 is derived from the fact that each cylinder displaces 456 cubic centimeters. This was the last Ferrari to use this naming convention until the 488 GTB. Despite its exceptional performance, the 456 has a relatively unstressed engine, which has proven to be a very reliable unit. A further developed version of this engine was used in the front-engined 550 Maranello grand tourer that was introduced in 1996 and which became the most powerful naturally aspirated Ferrari road car aside from the 456.


title: Ferrari 456

text: The chassis is a tubular steel space-frame construction with a one-piece composite bonnet and body panels of aluminium. The body panels are welded to the chassis by using a special "sandwich filler" called "feran" that, when laid between, allows steel and aluminium to be welded. Pininfarina was responsible for the bodywork of the 456 until 1996 when production was moved to Ferrari. Total number of bodies made by Pininfarina amounts up to 1,435. All early cars have Pininfarina script and badge, whilst all "Modificatas" only have the "disegno Pininfarina" scripts.


title: Ferrari 456

text: The 456M (M standing for "Modificata") was unveiled in 1998, starting with chassis number 109589. Many changes were made to improve aerodynamics and cooling and the interior – still featuring Connolly Leather – was refreshed with new seats and other conveniences (fewer gauges on the dash, and a new Becker stereo fitted in front of the shifter rather than behind as in the very shallow and special Sony head unit in the 456 GT). The 456 had a smaller grille with fog lights outside the grille. The undercarriage spoiler on the 456M is fixed, where the older 456 had a motorised spoiler that began its deployment above . The bonnet was the first commercial application of carbon fibre, the previous being made of a composite material. Power output remained unchanged on the Modificata using Bosch Motronic M5.2 engine management at ; the cylinder firing order was changed for smoother running and the torque remained the same for later versions of the 456 GT.


title: Ferrari 456

text: In the final year of production 2002/3, customers could specify their vehicle using the Carrozzeria Scaglietti Program. Launched at the 2002 Geneva Motor Show using Michael Schumacher's own 456M GT as an example, customers could work with Ferrari personnel to create a highly individual car. Schumacher's car had a two-colour paint scheme, custom leather interior, re-worked instruments, an uprated handling pack, and cross-drilled Brembo brakes. Such cars would be thus designated as a Tipo 456M GT(A) Scaglietti. The car is also known as the 456M GT "Schumacher Edition" as Schumacher was the first to commission the car. A total of 30 cars were produced, with only 10 being made with the 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Ferrari 456

text: According to manufacturer estimates, the 456 GT can attain a top speed of and can accelerate from. 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.2 seconds. The GTA can attain the same acceleration at 5.5 seconds. The Modificata models had the same performance statistics as their respective predecessors.


title: Ferrari 456

text: While the 456 2+2 coupé was the only version offered to the general public, five other bodystyles were made on special request of specific customers:


title: Ferrari 456

text: The 5.5 L V12 engine used in the 456 won the "over 4-litre" class of the International Engine of the Year award for 2000 and 2001.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Thomas James Pham (born March 8, 1988) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Rays, San Diego Padres, Cincinnati Reds, and Boston Red Sox. He stands tall, and weighs .


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham was selected by the Cardinals in the 16th round of the 2006 MLB draft. He overcame a number of injuries and a vision impairment in 2008 related to keratoconus (which he overcame the following year with contact lenses that give him 20/15 vision in both eyes) to make his major league debut nine seasons after being drafted. In 2017, Pham became the first Cardinals batter since 1900 to record at least a .300 batting average, 20 home runs, 20 doubles, and 20 stolen bases in the same season.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, to Tawana (age 17) and Anhtuan (age 19). His twin sister Brittany was born two minutes later. At the time, his father was incarcerated, as he would be for most of their lives. His father was born in Vietnam to a Vietnamese mother and an African American father, and moved to the United States with his mother, brother, and sister. Pham's father was gifted in American football, but became entangled in drugs and street crime for decades.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham’s mother’s parents helped her raise her twins on the condition that she work. She had not finished high school, and took on jobs as a busser, a casino waitress, and at a bakery, and raised the twins in Spring Valley, Nevada. Between the ages of two years and years, Pham wore leg braces; his pediatrician feared that he had contracted rickets. Because his mother worked so much, Pham said he "can count on one hand" the number of his games that she attended throughout his life. When he was five years old, his mother married an electrician named Fred Polk, and they had a daughter named Mercedes. Pham "has had issues" with his stepfather, and says that once when Pham was 25 years old and in a fight with him, his stepfather stabbed him.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham attended Gorman High School, Centennial High School, and then Durango High School in Spring Valley, where he played baseball as a pitcher and infielder. As a senior, Pham was named the Class 4A All-State Player of the Year by the "Reno Gazette-Journal" and a second team All-American, after batting .581. With a fastball in the range, he drew some interest as a pitching prospect, but did not like to pitch and rarely pitched his senior year. He originally committed to play college baseball at Arizona, and then switched his commitment to Cal State Fullerton, though he did not attend Cal State either. Ultimately, after the St. Louis Cardinals selected him in the 16th round of the 2006 amateur draft, Pham opted for professional baseball over college. He received a $325,000 signing bonus, higher than most players drafted as late as the 16th round.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham began his minor league career in 2006 batting .231/.340/.324 with one home run in 216 plate appearances, with the Rookie League Johnson City Cardinals. He played shortstop, and made 22 errors in 37 games, for an .849 fielding percentage. In 2007 he was then shifted to the outfield, and batted .188/.272/.277 with two home runs in 303 plate appearances for the Class A- Batavia Muckdogs and Class A Swing of the Quad Cities.


title: Tommy Pham

text: In 2008 he hit .203/.272/.396 with a career-high 156 strikeouts in 438 plate appearances for Class A Quad Cities and the Class A+ Palm Beach Cardinals. In 2009 he batted .232/.313/.378 in 380 plate appearances in Class A+. In 2010 he suffered a small fracture in his wrist. In a June 2011 game, he tore a wrist ligament. He played 40 games and batted .294.


title: Tommy Pham

text: In early 2012, he suffered a torn left shoulder labrum, costing him most of the season. For the 2012 season, he batted .154 in 43 plate appearances for the AA Springfield Cardinals. After promotion to AAA Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) in 2013, he tore his other labrum. He returned to Springfield after rehabilitation. He batted .264 for Memphis in 30 games, and .301 for Springfield in 45 games. Pham played most of the 2014 season for Memphis, appearing in 104 games, and batted .324/.395/.491, with 63 runs scored, 16 doubles, six triples, 10 home runs and 44 runs batted in (RBI). In 2014-15 he played for Leones del Caracas in the Venezuelan Winter League, batting .143 in 63 plate appearances.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham was called up to the major leagues with the Cardinals for the first time on September 7, 2014. In 2014, he struck out in both of his only two plate appearances.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham opened the next season with Memphis, but missed the first two months with a strained left quadriceps. On June 9, Pham hit two home runs and a career-high five RBI against the Iowa Cubs. In his first 24 games after returning from the disabled list, he batted .338. Pham later was named the best defensive outfielder of the PCL for 2015 by "Baseball America".


title: Tommy Pham

text: The Cardinals recalled Pham to the major league club on July 3, 2015, and in a 2–1 victory over the San Diego Padres the next day, he doubled for his first major league hit, then later in the game pilfered his first stolen base and scored the winning run, his first major league run. On July 5, Pham hit his first major league home run, hit another double, and drove in all three of the Cardinals' runs – his first three major league RBI – as the Cardinals again defeated the Padres, 3–1.


title: Tommy Pham

text: On September 16, Pham tripled and had his first multi-home run game, against the Milwaukee Brewers in a 5–4 victory. He had homered in three consecutive plate appearances spanning his last at bat previous to the game, September 13 against the Cincinnati Reds. In the next game against the Brewers, Pham doubled and tripled, giving him six hits and eight RBI in consecutive games against Milwaukee. The Cardinals won the National League Central division. Pham made his major league postseason debut as a pinch hitter during the bottom of the eighth inning of Game 1 of the 2015 National League Division Series (NLDS) against the Cubs, and hit his first career home run against Jon Lester.


title: Tommy Pham

text: The Cardinals selected Pham for the Opening Day roster in 2016. He injured his left oblique during batting practice on Opening Day. He was the first player following the start of the regular season to be placed on the DL. The club reactivated him from the DL on May 17, and optioned him back to Memphis.


title: Tommy Pham

text: In 2016, he batted .226/.324/.440 in 183 plate appearances over 78 games. For the season, he had the highest strikeout percentage against left-handed pitchers (41.7%).


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham did not make the 2017 Opening Day roster out of spring training, and began the season at Memphis. After batting .283/.371/.500 at Memphis with four home runs and 19 RBIs in 25 games, he was recalled to the Cardinals on May 5.


title: Tommy Pham

text: On May 7, 2017, Pham homered twice versus the Atlanta Braves at SunTrust Park among a season-high four hits. His second home run provided the deciding runs in a 6−4, 14-inning victory. Pham eventually became the starting right fielder. He finished the season batting .306/.411/.520 with 23 home runs, 73 RBIs, 22 doubles, and 25 stolen bases in 128 games. He became the first Cardinals batter since 1900 to record at least a .300 average, 20 home runs, 20 doubles, and 20 stolen bases in the same season. He also was 3rd in the league in power-speed number (24.0). On the bases, he led the major leagues by being picked off six times, the most by a Cardinal in 29 years. Pham placed tenth in the majors in Fangraphs' Wins Above Replacement (WAR). He ranked 11th in the National League Most Valuable Player Award (NL MVP) voting, the only Cardinals player to receive votes.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham's at-times dominant performance led to the portmanteau "Pham-tastic," from others as well as himself. Pham said that he kept himself disciplined with intense workout regimens and used technology such as Statcast data to sharpen and increase his playing skills.


title: Tommy Pham

text: On April 25, while Pham practiced between his at bats in a batting cage, a resistance band contraption that Pham had designed himself failed, and his bat snapped off the band and cracked Pham in his forehead. It resulted in blunt trauma to Pham's head, and a significant contusion. Manager Mike Matheny removed him from the game. He was not placed on the disabled list, and returned to action a few games later. In 2018, he batted .248/.331/.399 for the Cardinals, in 396 plate appearances over 98 games.


title: Tommy Pham

text: On July 31, 2018, the Cardinals traded Pham to the Tampa Bay Rays along with $500,000 of international bonus pool money for minor leaguers Justin Williams, Génesis Cabrera, and Roel Ramírez. At the time of the trade, Pham was batting .248 with 14 home runs and 41 RBIs. Following the trade, he said, "I'm just disappointed… I wanted to give more, from a playing perspective. I got involved in the community. I really enjoyed being able to do that… I had an opportunity here. They gave me a chance."


title: Tommy Pham

text: In his second game as a Ray, Pham fractured his foot while being hit by a pitch, and went on the 10-day disabled list. The Rays activated Pham on August 16, and he recorded his first two hits as a Ray that night in a game against the New York Yankees. On August 25, Pham hit his first home run in a Rays uniform, a solo shot off Brandon Workman of the Boston Red Sox. Pham was named to the MLB team of the month for September after he hit .368/.407/.705 with five home runs and 17 runs batted in. In 39 games for the Rays, he hit .343/.448/.622 with seven home runs and 22 RBIs, while primarily playing left field.


title: Tommy Pham

text: On April 5, 2019, Pham reached base for the 40th straight game, the longest in Rays history. On April 6, Pham hit his first ever grand slam. In 2019 he batted .273/.369/.450, and led the major leagues in infield hits (25). On defense, he had the best fielding percentage of all major left fielders (1.000). A self-described student of the game, he said "I’m probably one of the one percent of the game that understands the sabermetrics."


title: Tommy Pham

text: On December 6, 2019, Pham and Jake Cronenworth were traded to the San Diego Padres in exchange for Hunter Renfroe, Xavier Edwards, and a player to be named later (PTBNL). The PTBNL, Esteban Quiroz, was named in March 2020.


title: Tommy Pham

text: In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Pham slashed .211/.312/.312 with 3 home runs and 12 RBIs in 125 plate appearances over 31 games. He hit ground balls 63.2% of the time, the third-highest percentage in the NL. On August 16, 2020, he suffered a fractured hamate bone in his left hand and underwent surgery, missing a month of action.


title: Tommy Pham

text: In October 2020, Pham was in an altercation outside a strip club in San Diego, and was stabbed in his lower back. He underwent surgery, in which he received 200 stitches. When fans later heckled him with profanity with regard to the incident, Pham said: "When someone comes up to me cursing at me like that, I could defend myself and, you know, I'm a very good fighter. I don't do Muay Thai, kung fu and box for no reason.”


title: Tommy Pham

text: Later in the 2020 offseason, he underwent his third surgery since August. The surgery was to address a tear in the cartilage on the small finger side of his left wrist.


title: Tommy Pham

text: In 2021, Pham batted .229 (the 7th-lowest batting average in the NL)/.340/.383(3rd-lowest) with 15 home runs, 49 RBIs, and 14 stolen bases in 561 plate appearances over 155 games. He led the major leagues with 30 pinch hitting appearances. On November 3, the Padres granted him free agency.


title: Tommy Pham

text: On March 26, 2022, Pham signed a one-year contract, with a mutual option for 2023, with the Cincinnati Reds. Speaking about his goals, he said: “I’m playing to get my numbers. There's nothing selfish about that... I don’t care about anything else. I got to look out for me.”


title: Tommy Pham

text: On April 19, after his former teammate Luke Voit collided with Pham's teammate Tyler Stephenson at home plate while unsuccessfully trying to score, Pham criticized Voit’s slide. He offered to fight Voit, and said: "If Luke wants to settle it, I get down really well. Anything, Muay Thai, whatever. I've got a (gym) owner here who will let me use his facility. So, fuck 'em."


title: Tommy Pham

text: On May 28, Pham was suspended three games and fined $5,000 for slapping Joc Pederson of the San Francisco Giants in the face prior to a game. Pham said his slap was prompted by a Pederson group text of a meme seven months prior, in a fantasy football league in which they both participated, and Pederson's interpretation of the fantasy league rules. Pham said he had no regrets about his slap. Pham explained: "It’s a matter of principle, man."


title: Tommy Pham

text: On August 1, 2022, Pham was traded to the Boston Red Sox for a player to be named later or cash considerations. In 53 games with Boston, Pham batted .234/.298/.374 with 6 home runs and 24 RBIs, completing the season batting .236 with a .312 on base percentage and .374 slugging percentage, with 17 home runs and 63 RBIs in 144 games. On November 10, 2022, the Red Sox announced that both the team and Pham declined a mutual option, making him a free agent.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham is of both African American and Vietnamese (25%) heritage. He is the first person of Vietnamese descent to play in MLB since pitcher Danny Graves in 2006.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham suffers from keratoconus, a rare eye disorder which causes degenerative vision. After Pham started experiencing vision issues in 2008, it was not until the next year when Pham began wearing contact lenses in 2009, that gave him 20/15 vision in both eyes, that he was able to track pitches to the best of his ability.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham had surgery at UC San Diego Health following a stabbing, which took place on October 11, 2020, during a fight in San Diego outside a local strip club.


title: Tommy Pham

text: Pham shared in 2022 that he is a gambler, saying: "I'm a big dog in Vegas. I'm a high roller at many casinos. You can look at my credit line."


title: Chiodos

text: Chiodos (, ) was an American post-hardcore band from Davison, Michigan. Formed in 2001, the group was originally known as “The Light-hearted Carpet Knights” before changing their name to "The Chiodos Bros," the band's name was a tribute to filmmakers Stephen, Charles, and Edward Chiodo, responsible for the film "Killer Klowns from Outer Space". Chiodos released their first full-length album, titled "All's Well That Ends Well", on July 26, 2005. Their second album, "Bone Palace Ballet", was released in North America on September 4, 2007 and debuted at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 1 on the Independent Albums. Warner Bros. Records released "Bone Palace Ballet" on January 26, 2009, as part of a new distribution deal in the UK. They released their third studio album, "Illuminaudio" in 2010, and it was the only studio album to feature Brandon Bolmer as lead vocalist and Tanner Wayne as drummer. The band released their fourth and final album, "Devil" on April 1, 2014, which marked the return of original vocalist Craig Owens and drummer Derrick Frost.


title: Chiodos

text: The original members of Chiodos assembled (under the name The Chiodos Brothers) while attending high school in their hometown of Davison, Michigan during 2001. Initially, they got their start playing shows at the Flint Local 432, an all-ages, substance free music venue located in Downtown Flint. The Flint Local 432 also helped develop other nationally recognized alternative acts such as The Swellers, and Empty Orchestra. The group changed their name the following years to Chiodos after releasing three EPs, one for each year until the coming of 2004 when the writing and preparation of their debut album, "All's Well That Ends Well" began. The debut record was released on July 26, 2005 through Equal Vision Records. It reached #3 on the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers chart and #164 on the "Billboard" 200 chart upon its release.


title: Chiodos

text: Chiodos headlined some shows on their own before joining Alternative Press's 2006 "Invisible Sideshow" tour, headlined by Armor for Sleep. Following that tour, they supported Matchbook Romance on the Sub City "Take Action" tour in Spring 2006. That summer, they toured with Fear Before the March of Flames, as well as appearing on the Warped Tour. In fall 2006, Chiodos appeared on Atreyu's World Championship Tour, alongside From First to Last and Every Time I Die, as well as 3 and 36 Crazyfists. Chiodos toured alongside Linkin Park and Coheed and Cambria in early 2008. The band also toured with Nine Inch Nails and Alice in Chains in Australia during early 2009. They played Warped Tour 2009 on the main stage alongside bands The Devil Wears Prada, Bad Religion, Silverstein, Saosin and Underoath. In March 2009, the band recorded a cover version of the song "Flagpole Sitta" by Harvey Danger for Fearless Records' Punk Goes Pop Volume 2 compilation album.


title: Chiodos

text: On September 24, 2009 the band announced on their MySpace page that they had "let go" of lead singer, Craig Owens.


title: Chiodos

text: People close to the band were apparently aware of the tension and acrimony between Owens and the other members but, in the days following this announcement, expressed both surprise at the firing, and curiosity about how Chiodos would proceed without Owens as the "face of the band."


title: Chiodos

text: On February 1, 2010, the band announced that they were set to record their third album with acclaimed producer, Machine, that month. "Entering the studio with Bell will be members Jason Hale (guitar), Pat McManaman (guitar), Matt Goddard (bass), and a recently added drummer, Tanner Wayne (ex-Underminded, ex-Scary Kids Scaring Kids).


title: Chiodos

text: The band planned to keep the identity of their new vocalist a secret until their performance at Bamboozle left, but on February 2, 2010 "Alternative Press" reported that former Yesterdays Rising singer Brandon Bolmer was the new vocalist. Bolmer later revealed to AP that he was the new Chiodos vocalist and he would no longer be a part of Yesterdays Rising.


title: Chiodos

text: In the May issue of "Alternative Press" the band stated they and Derrick Frost parted ways at the time due to his and Craig Owens inability to get along. The band let Frost go over Owens, and only months later let Owens go. They also stated they had considered bringing Frost back.


title: Chiodos

text: On June 9, 2010 a demo featuring Owens on vocals was leaked onto the internet, named "Thermacare". The demo was recorded in September, just before Owens parted ways from the band. The band released a version of this song on their new CD "Illuminaudio" renaming it "Stratovolcano Mouth", which features only the music portion of "Thermacare". Owens' band, D.R.U.G.S. released their version on their self-titled debut album. It features Owens's lyrics with new music, and is renamed "The Only Thing You Talk About"


title: Chiodos

text: On August 3, 2010, "Alternative Press" posted on their website that Chiodos' new album would be titled "Illuminaudio", and would be released on October 5. This was confirmed on August 9, 2010, in a press release from their label, Equal Vision. On January 21, 2011, the Australian version of "Illuminaudio" CD was released with a bonus track, "New Thought Movement". In 2011 Chiodos toured with Skindred to promote the Welsh ragga metallers' new album, "Union Black". This was followed by four American dates with The Color Morale, Close to Home and The Air I Breathe and the "Scream It Like You Mean It" tour 2011, a 39 date American tour which saw the band play directly underneath Breathe Carolina, with I See Stars, The Color Morale, MOD SUN and The Air I Breathe also on the bill.


title: Chiodos

text: On March 27, 2012 Chiodos announced that vocalist Brandon Bolmer and drummer Tanner Wayne had decided to depart from the band. On April 26, 2012, Chiodos released a video confirming that Craig Owens would be a part of Chiodos again for the first time in two and a half years. On May 14, 2012, Chiodos released another video confirming that Derrick Frost would be a part of Chiodos again after years of being away.


title: Chiodos

text: On November 8, 2012, while performing solo Owens and Bell both stated that they were writing a new Chiodos record. On November 23, 2012, Jason Hale announced that he was no longer a member of Chiodos. Thomas Erak, ex The Fall of Troy, replaced Jason for the remainder of the tour, and was soon after announced as a permanent replacement. The band toured the UK in February 2013 on the Kerrang! Tour 2013, as support to Black Veil Brides and featured on the Warped Tour 2013.


title: Chiodos

text: On June 21, 2013, during their run at Warped Tour in Pomona with The Fall of Troy, they announced they would start recording their fourth album upon completing their tour.


title: Chiodos

text: On September 11, 2013, the band entered Dreamland Studio in Woodstock, NY with producer David Bottrill, vocalist Craig Owens commented on the production of the new album, "We're excited to be working with Dave Bottrill on this new Chiodos record. So for the next two months, we'll be hiding out in the woods of upstate NY, in a hollowed out Church turned studio".


title: Chiodos

text: On September 25, 2013, Alternative Press released in an interview with Bradley Bell on what to expect on the new album. In the interview Bradley has stated that the album would be "...touching back toward the Bone Palace roots, but Thomas kind of brings us an All’s Well That Ends Well vibe with his playing. And then, there’s a new frontier that we’re exploring, as well." Bradley also mentioned how the band had been working outside of their comfort zone, with vocalist Craig Owens "...challenging himself on this record to sing in different ways. He’s been working on using his actual falsetto a lot instead of screaming his high notes just to bring it to a new dimension. He’s even singing lower on a lot of stuff than he has in the past."


title: Chiodos

text: They incorporated a new song into their "The Road To Warped Tour 2013" in Europe titled "Behvis Bullock." At the end of 2013, the band planned to tour Germany supporting Escape The Fate but the tour was cancelled at short notice, with Chiodos playing some headlining gigs instead. On January 27 the following year the album was announced as "Devil", set for release on April 1, 2014 through Razor & Tie. On the same day, the first single from the album, "Ole Fishlips Is Dead Now" was released. The band was set as a support act for A Day to Remember's tour titled "Parks & Devastation Tour" throughout September and October, while they also supported The Blackout in the UK throughout November.


title: Chiodos

text: On September 3, members Derrick Frost and Matt Goddard announced that they had decided to leave the band and were immediately replaced by Thomas Pridgen (ex-The Mars Volta) on drums and Joseph Troy (Rx Bandits) on bass. The band was announced as one of the acts to perform in the South by So What?! festival in March at QuikTrip Park in Grand Prairie. On December 9, 2014 Thomas Erak announced that he would be departing in order to focus on his band The Fall Of Troy.


title: Chiodos

text: On November 1, 2016 in an interview with Billboard, vocalist Craig Owens stated in regards to Chiodos that, "It's done, it just couldn't stay afloat. There were just kind of, not necessarily bad vibes, but we came to the realization that we can't do it full-time. I think it just stopped becoming a passion for most of us so we said, 'Alright, let's stop.'" This brought an end to Chiodos' fifteen-year career. Owens is now performing under the stage moniker badXchannels and also his previous band, Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows.


title: Maria McKee

text: Maria Luisa McKee (born August 17, 1964) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Lone Justice, her 1990 song "Show Me Heaven", and her song "If Love Is a Red Dress (Hang Me in Rags)" from the film "Pulp Fiction". She is the half-sister of Bryan MacLean, who was best known as a guitarist and vocalist in the band Love.


title: Maria McKee

text: Maria McKee was born in Los Angeles in 1964. She grew up in a bohemian family and is the half-sister of Bryan MacLean, the former guitarist of the band Love (he died in 1998 at age 51).


title: Maria McKee

text: McKee was a founding member of the cowpunk and proto Americana band Lone Justice, in 1982, with whom she released two albums. Several compilations of both previously released and unreleased material and a BBC Live in Concert album have been released since the group disbanded in 1987. Bob Dylan wrote the song "Go Away Little Boy" for the band's debut album, "Lone Justice", which later appeared as a B-side. The band opened for such acts as U2 and Tom Petty. During this period of her career she was managed by Jimmy Iovine.


title: Maria McKee

text: When she was 19, she wrote Feargal Sharkey's 1985 song, "A Good Heart", which she has since recorded and released on her album "Late December". Sharkey later also covered "To Miss Someone" (from her self-titled solo debut) on his third solo album, "Songs from the Mardi Gras". In 1987 she appeared in the Robbie Robertson music video "Somewhere Down the Crazy River" (directed by Martin Scorsese) and contributed back-up vocals to his debut solo album, which included the song. She released her first solo, self-titled album in 1989. On the album Richard Thompson played guitar and Steve Wickham from The Waterboys played fiddle. It received critical acclaim in Europe, prompting McKee to move to Ireland.


title: Maria McKee

text: Her song "Show Me Heaven", which appeared on the soundtrack to the film "Days of Thunder", was a number one single in the UK for four weeks in 1990. She rarely performed this song in public up until recently, when she sang it at Dublin Pride.


title: Maria McKee

text: Her song "If Love Is a Red Dress, Hang Me in Rags" was personally selected by Quentin Tarantino for his feature film "Pulp Fiction". It is the only original song on the soundtrack.


title: Maria McKee

text: In 1992 she released the song "Sweetest Child" which was produced by Youth and featured Robert "Throb" Young from the band Primal Scream.


title: Maria McKee

text: Following her debut, she has released five studio and two live albums. The album "Life Is Sweet" debuted her lead guitar work described as "feral" by "Mojo" magazine which listed it as runner up to album of the year in their critics poll. The raw postmodern album (produced by Mark Freegard) represented a smash up of her roots rock persona and is seen as a demarcation event in her career. The later three, "High Dive", "Peddlin' Dreams" and "Late December", were released independently via her own Viewfinder Records label (distributed in the UK via Cooking Vinyl).


title: Maria McKee

text: In 1995, Bette Midler recorded two of McKee's songs—"To Deserve You" and "The Last Time"—for her platinum album "Bette of Roses". In 1998, The Dixie Chicks recorded McKee's "Am I the Only One (Who's Ever Felt This Way?)" and included it on their Grammy-nominated album "Wide Open Spaces".


title: Maria McKee

text: McKee appears on the 2014 compilation "Songs from a Stolen Spring" that paired Western musicians with artists from the Arab Spring. On the album, her performance of the Tony Joe White song "Ol' Mother Earth" was meshed with "I Still Exist" by the Egyptian band Massar Egbari.


title: Maria McKee

text: She recorded a medley of "Ride a White Swan" and "She Was Born to Be My Unicorn" for the Marc Bolan tribute album "Angel Headed Hipster", produced by Hal Willner. The album also includes tracks by Gavin Friday, Father John Misty and Nick Cave.


title: Maria McKee

text: In addition to writing Sharkey's song, "A Good Heart", McKee has contributed to the Victoria Williams' tribute album "", on the song "Opelousas (Sweet Relief)". She has also provided backing vocals to U2's cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Fortunate Son" (B-side of 1992 "Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses" single from their "Achtung Baby" album), as well as to Counting Crows' 1993 debut "August and Everything After" on "Sullivan Street" and "Mr. Jones". On Robin Zander's 1993 solo album she sang backing vocals for the track "Reactionary Girl". She also sang backing vocals on Robbie Robertson's debut and self-titled solo album, on the track "American Roulette". Much lesser known is her contribution of lead and co-lead vocals on two tracks on a contemporary Christian praise and worship album called "Come As You Are".


title: Maria McKee

text: She also contributed a song, "Never Be You," for the soundtrack to the Walter Hill movie "Streets of Fire". She recorded a duet, "Friends in Time", with The Golden Horde on their eponymously titled album in 1991. She also recorded the duet "This Road is Long" with Stuart A. Staples of the band Tindersticks on his 2006 album "Leaving Songs." In addition she co-wrote a duet titled "Promise You Anything" with Steve Earle, which appeared on his 1990 album "The Hard Way". She teamed up with Dwight Yoakam for a duet on "Bury Me," from his 1986 debut, "Guitars, Cadillacs, Etc., Etc." She contributed the lyrics and vocals to the song "No Big Bang" on the only album by The Heads, "No Talking, Just Head", also playing guitar and synthesizer on the song together with the band, mostly ex-members of Talking Heads.


title: Maria McKee

text: In 2016, she performed the Blind Willie Johnson song "Let Your Light Shine On Me" on the tribute album "".


title: Maria McKee

text: In 2013, McKee and her husband, Jim Akin, self-released their first independent feature film, "After the Triumph of Your Birth", through their production company, Shootist Films. The film was written, directed, shot, recorded, and edited by Akin and features McKee (who co-produced) in her acting debut as an ensemble cast member. They scored the film together and the soundtrack was released in 2012.


title: Maria McKee

text: Shootist Films' second feature film "The Ocean of Helena Lee" (featuring her in a supporting role) was released May 2015 with accompanying soundtrack. The film played a week run at The American Cinematheque at The Egyptian Theater. Akin, McKee and drummer Tom Dunne (also an actor and lead player in the film) performed a set of music after each screening. The film screened in competition at The Indie Memphis Film Festival and The Pesaro International Film Festival as well as out of competition in The Fastnet Film Festival in Schull, Ireland. It received a four out of four star review on RogerEbert.com. Shootist Films' latest release "Beauty Majesty and Terror" will be released in 2019. It features her in the leading role.


title: Maria McKee

text: In 2009, McKee's short story, "Charcoal", was included in the Melville House Publishing short fiction anthology "Amplified: Fiction from Leading Alt-Country, Indie Rock, Blues and Folk Musicians". In 2018, an audio version of "Charcoal" was recorded by voice actor Patrice Gambardella and published on Bibliophone, a free audio book platform.


title: Maria McKee

text: McKee is married to musician and filmmaker Jim Akin. She came out in 2018 as pansexual, and referred to herself as a "dyke". She is also an advocate for queer and transgender rights.


title: Maria McKee

text: She is a dog lover, and she and Akin have had a range of breeds as pets over the years, including a pug, greyhound, and whippet. She also has volunteered with a greyhound adoption group. Her song "My First Night without You" was written after one of her pugs died.


title: Vaccinia

text: Vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbp in length, which encodes approximately 250 genes. The dimensions of the virion are roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, with a mass of approximately 5–10 fg. The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern smallpox vaccine, which the World Health Organisation used to eradicate smallpox in a global vaccination campaign in 1958–1977. Although "smallpox" no longer exists in the wild, "vaccinia" virus is still studied widely by scientists as a tool for gene therapy and genetic engineering.


title: Vaccinia

text: Smallpox had been an endemic human disease that had a 30% fatality rate. In 1796, the British doctor Edward Jenner proved that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus would also confer immunity to the deadly smallpox. Jenner referred to cowpox as "variolae vaccinae" (smallpox of the cow). However, the origins of the smallpox vaccine became murky over time, especially after Louis Pasteur developed laboratory techniques for creating vaccines in the 19th century. Allan Watt Downie demonstrated in 1939 that the modern smallpox vaccine was serologically distinct from cowpox, and "vaccinia" was subsequently recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that "vaccinia" is most closely related to horsepox, and the cowpox strains found in Great Britain are the "least" closely related to "vaccinia".


title: Vaccinia

text: In addition to the morbidity of uncomplicated primary vaccination, transfer of infection to other sites by scratching, and post-vaccinial encephalitis, other complications of vaccinia infections may be divided into the following types:


title: Vaccinia

text: Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox; historically the two were often considered to be one and the same. The precise origin of vaccinia virus is unknown due to the lack of record-keeping, as the virus was repeatedly cultivated and passaged in research laboratories for many decades. The most common notion is that vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) were all derived from a common ancestral virus. There is also speculation that vaccinia virus was originally isolated from horses, and analysis of DNA from an early (1902) sample of smallpox vaccine showed that it was 99.7% similar to horsepox virus.


title: Vaccinia

text: Poxviruses are unique among DNA viruses because they replicate only in the cytoplasm of the host cell, outside of the nucleus. Therefore, the large genome is required for encoding various enzymes and proteins involved in viral DNA replication and gene transcription. During its replication cycle, VV produces four infectious forms which differ in their outer membranes: intracellular mature virion (IMV), the intracellular enveloped virion (IEV), the cell-associated enveloped virion (CEV) and the extracellular enveloped virion (EEV). Although the issue remains contentious, the prevailing view is that the IMV consists of a single lipoprotein membrane, while the CEV and EEV are both surrounded by two membrane layers and the IEV has three envelopes. The IMV is the most abundant infectious form and is thought to be responsible for spread between hosts. On the other hand, the CEV is believed to play a role in cell-to-cell spread and the EEV is thought to be important for long range dissemination within the host organism.


title: Vaccinia

text: Vaccinia virus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation (MR). MR is the process by which two, or more, virus genomes containing otherwise lethal damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. Abel found that vaccinia viruses exposed to doses of UV light sufficient to prevent progeny formation when single virus particles infected host chick embryo cells, could still produce viable progeny viruses when host cells were infected by two or more of these inactivated viruses; that is, MR could occur. Kim and Sharp demonstrated MR of vaccinia virus after treatment with UV-light, nitrogen mustard, and X-rays or gamma rays. Michod et al. reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses, and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages.


title: Vaccinia

text: Vaccinia contains within its genome genes for several proteins that give the virus resistance to interferons: