title: Amram

text: In the Apocryphal "Testament of Levi", it is stated that Amram was born, as a grandson of Levi, when Levi was 64 years old. The Exodus Rabbah argues that when the Pharaoh instructed midwives to throw male children into the Nile, Amram divorced Jochebed, who was three months pregnant with Moses at the time, arguing that there was no justification for the Israelite men to father children if they were just to be killed; however, the text goes on to state that Miriam, his daughter, chided him for his lack of care for his wife's feelings, persuading him to recant and marry Jochebed again. According to the Talmud, Amram promulgated the laws of marriage and divorce amongst the Jews in Egypt; the Talmud also argues that Amram had extreme longevity, which he used to ensure that doctrines were preserved through several generations.


title: Amram

text: Despite the legend of his divorce and remarriage, Amram was also held to have been entirely sinless throughout his life, and was rewarded for this by his corpse remaining without any signs of decay. The other three ancient Israelites who died without sin, being Benjamin, Jesse and Chileab.


title: Amram

text: According to the Book of Jubilees, Amram was among the Israelites who took the bones of Jacob's sons (excluding those of Joseph) to Canaan for burial in the cave of Machpelah. Most of the Israelites then returned to Egypt but some remained in Canaan. Those who remained included Amram, who only returned somewhere up to forty years later.


title: Amram

text: One of the Dead Sea Scrolls (4Q544, Manuscript B) is written from Amram's point of view, and hence has been dubbed the "Visions of Amram". The document is dated to the 2nd century BC and, in the form of a vision, briefly discusses dualism and the Watchers:


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Coal mining in the United Kingdom dates back to Roman times and occurred in many different parts of the country. Britain's coalfields are associated with Northumberland and Durham, North and South Wales, Yorkshire, the Scottish Central Belt, Lancashire, Cumbria, the East and West Midlands and Kent. After 1972, coal mining quickly collapsed and had practically disappeared by the 21st century. The consumption of coal – mostly for electricity – fell from 157 million tonnes in 1970 to 18 million tonnes in 2016, of which 77% (14 million tonnes) was imported from Colombia, Russia, and the United States.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Employment in coal mines fell from a peak of 1,191,000 in 1920 to 695,000 in 1956, 247,000 in 1976, 44,000 in 1993, and to 2,000 in 2015.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in rocks of the Carboniferous era, some of which extend under the North Sea. Bituminous coal is present in most of Britain's coalfields and is 86% to 88% carbon. In Northern Ireland, there are extensive deposits of lignite which is less energy-dense based on oxidation (combustion) at ordinary combustion temperatures (i.e. for the oxidation of carbon – see fossil fuels).


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: The last deep coal mine in the UK closed on 18 December 2015. Twenty-six open cast mines still remained in operation at the end of 2015. Banks Mining said in 2018 they planned to start mining a new site in County Durham but in 2020 closed a major open cast site, Bradley mine, near Dipton in the county and the last open cast site then operating in England, Hartington at Staveley, Derbyshire, also closed. In 2020 Whitehaven coal mine became the first approved new deep coal mine in the United Kingdom in 30 years.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom's onshore coal resources occur in rocks of the Carboniferous age, some of which extend under the North Sea. The carbon content of the bituminous coal present in most of the coalfields is 86% to 88%.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Britain's coalfields are associated with Northumberland and Durham, North and South Wales, Yorkshire, the Scottish Central Belt, Lancashire, Cumbria, the East and West Midlands and Kent.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Stone and Bronze Age flint axes have been discovered embedded in coal, showing that it was mined in Britain before the Roman invasion. Early miners first extracted coal already exposed on the surface and then followed the seams underground.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: It is probable that the Romans used outcropping coal when working iron or burning lime for building purposes. Evidence to support these theories comes mostly from ash discovered at excavations of Roman sites.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: There is no mention of coal mining in the Domesday Book of 1086 although lead and iron mines are recorded. In the 13th century there are records of coal digging in Durham and Northumberland, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Lancashire, the Forest of Dean, Prestongrange in Lothian and North and South Wales. At this time coal was referred to as "sea cole", a reference to coal washed ashore on the north east coast of England from either the cliffs or undersea outcrops. As the supply of coal on the surface became used up, settlers followed the seam inland by digging up the shore. Generally the seam continued underground, encouraging the settlers to dig to find coal, the precursor to modern operations.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: The early mines would have been drift mines or adits where coal seams outcropped or by shallow bell pits where coal was close to the surface. Shafts lined with tree trunks and branches have been found in Lancashire in workings dating from the early 17th century and by 1750 brick lined shafts to depth were common.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Coal production increased dramatically in the 19th century as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace, as a fuel for steam engines such as the Newcomen engine, and later, the Watt steam engine. To produce firewood in the 1860s equivalent in energy terms to domestic consumption of coal would have required of land per year, nearly the entire farmland area of England ().


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: A key development was the invention at Coalbrookdale in the early 18th century of coke which could be used to make pig iron in the blast furnace. The development of the steam locomotive by Trevithick early in the 19th century gave added impetus, and coal consumption grew rapidly as the railway network expanded through the Victorian period. Coal was widely used for domestic heating owing to its low cost and widespread availability. The manufacture of coke also provided coal gas, which could be used for heating and lighting. Most of the workers were children and men.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: At the beginning of the 19th century methods of coal extraction were primitive and the workforce - men, women, and children - laboured in dangerous conditions. By 1841 about 216,000 people were employed in the mines. Women and children worked underground for 11 or 12 hours a day for smaller wages than men. The public became aware of conditions in the country's collieries in 1838 after an accident at Huskar Colliery in Silkstone, near Barnsley. A stream overflowed into the ventilation drift after violent thunderstorms causing the death of 26 children; 11 girls aged from 8 to 16 and 15 boys between 9 and 12 years of age. The disaster came to the attention of Queen Victoria who ordered an inquiry. This led to the Mines and Collieries Act 1842, commonly known as the Mines Act 1842, an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which forbade women and girls of any age to work underground and introduced a minimum age of ten for boys employed in underground work. However, the employment of women did not end abruptly in 1842; with the connivance of some employers, women dressed as men continued to work underground for several years. Penalties for employing women were small and inspectors were few and some women were so desperate for work they willingly worked illegally for less pay. Eventually, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (c. 65), another act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, was passed protecting women - and men - from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status, including regarding employment as miners. Also, children continued working underground at some pits after 1845. At Coppull Colliery's Burgh Pit, three females died after an explosion in November 1846; one was eleven years old. The Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900 was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that prevented boys under the age of thirteen from working, or being (for the purposes of employment) in an underground mine. (The act was repealed in full by the Mines and Quarries Act 1954 (c. 70); by such time the act was out of date and was no longer necessary due to the stronger provisions in the Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920.)


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: UK coal production peaked in 1913 at 287 million tonnes. Until the late 1960s, coal was the main source of energy produced in the UK, peaking at 228 million tonnes in 1952. Ninety-five per cent of this came from roughly 1,334 deep-mines that were operational at the time, with the rest from around 92 surface mines.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, around a hundred North East coal mines were closed. In March 1968, the last pit in the Black Country closed and pit closures were a regular occurrence in many other areas. Beginning with wildcat action in 1969, the National Union of Mineworkers became increasingly militant, and was successful in gaining increased wages in their strikes in 1972 and 1974. Closures were less common in the 1970s, and new investments were made in sites such as the Selby Coalfield. In early 1984, the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher announced plans to close 20 coal pits which led to the year-long miners' strike which ended in March 1985. The strike was unsuccessful in stopping the closures and led to an end to the closed shop in British Coal, as the breakaway Union of Democratic Mineworkers was formed by miners who objected to the NUM's handling of the strike. Numerous pit closures followed, and in August 1989 coal mining ended in the Kent coalfield.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: In 1986, Kellingley colliery near Pontefract achieved a record 404,000 tonnes in a single shift but nevertheless, since 1981 production fell sharply from 128 to 17.8 million tonnes in 2009.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Between 1947 and 1994, some 950 mines were closed by UK governments. Clement Attlee’s Labour government closed 101 pits between 1947 and 1951; Macmillan (Conservative) closed 246 pits between 1957 and 1963; Wilson (Labour) closed 253 in his two terms in office between 1964 and 1976; Heath (Conservative) closed 26 between 1970 and 1974; and Thatcher (Conservative) closed 115 between 1979 and 1990.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: In 1994, then-Prime Minister John Major privatised British Coal after announcing 55 further closures, with the majority of operations transferred to the new company UK Coal. By this time British Coal had closed all but the most economical of coal pits.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: The pit closures caused coal production to slump to the lowest rate in more than a century, further declining towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s. This coincided with initiatives for cleaner energy generation as power stations switched to gas and biomass. A total of 100 million tons was produced in 1986, but by 1995 the amount was around 50 million tons. The last deep mine in South Wales closed when the coal was exhausted in January 2008. The mine was closed by British Coal in the privatisation of the industry fourteen years earlier and re-opened after being bought by the miners who had worked at the pit.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Following the limitations to the National Union of Mineworkers' power, British coal-dependent industries have turned to cheaper imported coal. In 2001, production was exceeded by imports for the first time. In 2014, coal imported was three times more than the coal mined in Britain, despite large resources in the country. In 2009, companies were licensed to extract 125 million tonnes of coal in operating underground mines and 42 million tonnes at opencast locations.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: Coal mining employed 4,000 workers at 30 locations in 2013, extracting 13 million tonnes of coal. The UK Coal mines achieved the most economical coal production in Europe, according to UK Coal, with a level of productivity of 3,200 tonnes per man year as of 2012, at which point there were 13 UK Coal deep mines. The three deep-pit mines were Hatfield and Kellingley Collieries in Yorkshire and Thoresby in Nottinghamshire. There were 26 opencast sites in 2014, mainly in Scotland. Most coal is used for electricity generation and steel-making, with its use for heating homes decreased because of pollution concerns. The commodity is also used for fertilisers, chemicals, plastics, medicines and road surfaces. Hatfield Colliery closed in June 2015, as did Thoresby, and in December 2015, Kellingley, bringing to an end deep coal mining in the UK. The occasion was marked by a rally and march attended by thousands of people. The closure of coal mines left the affected communities economically deprived, unable to recover even in the long run.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: In 2020, the Woodhouse Colliery became the first approved new deep coal mine in the United Kingdom in 30 years. The plan was criticised by some MPs and environmentalists due to the incompatibility of coal mining with government commitments to reduce carbon emissions. The mine is proposed by West Cumbria Mining and plans to extract coking coal from beneath the Irish Sea for 25 years. The Cumbria County Council Development Control and Regulation Committee approved West Cumbria Mining plans for the mine in October 2020 for a third time. In January 2021 Secretary of State Robert Jenrick refused South Lakeland MP Tim Farron's request to call in the plans for review. Farron described the coal mine as a "complete disaster for our children's future". Greenpeace UK stated “claims that it will be carbon neutral are like claiming an oil rig is a wind turbine”.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: The demand for coal is likely to fall with increasing focus on renewable energy or low-carbon sources and loss of industry due to globalisation. Oil and gas reserves are predicted to run out long before coal, so gas could be produced from coal by gasification.


title: Coal mining in the United Kingdom

text: On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power to generate electricity for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, according to the National Grid. In May 2019, Britain went a full week without coal power. Later in the year a new record of 18 days, 6 hours and 10 minutes was set. In 2019, German utilities firm RWE announced that it planned to close all its UK coal power plants by 2020, leaving only four plants operating by March 2020; in 2018, eight were still in operation when the government announced plans to shut down all coal power plants in the UK by 2025. In June 2021, the government announced it was bringing forward the shutdown to 2024.


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: Aaron Gabriel Ehasz (born June 16, 1973) is an American screenwriter and television producer. His body of work primarily consists of animated series, including as head writer and co-executive producer of "", although he did serve as a producer on the live-action series "The Mullets" and "Ed". He is also co-founder and CEO of Wonderstorm, and co-creator of the Netflix series "The Dragon Prince". He has been involved in the video game industry, having served as creative director at Riot Games.


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: Ehasz began his writing career in the year 2000, working as a staff writer on "Ed" and on "Mission Hill". In 2001 he took a position as story editor on Matt Groening's animated Fox series "Futurama", where he worked until its cancellation in 2003. From 2005 until 2008 he served as a co-executive producer and head writer for the acclaimed Nickelodeon series "." When "Futurama" was revived by Comedy Central in 2009, he returned to the writing staff. In the same year he also wrote an episode of the American version of "Sit Down, Shut Up".


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: In 2017, Ehasz co-founded the multimedia studio "Wonderstorm" with video game director Justin Richmond ("Uncharted"). The studio's first work, the animated fantasy adventure series "The Dragon Prince", was released on Netflix on September 14, 2018.


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: "The Dragon Prince" garnered a reputation as "the best new Netflix show of 2018," according to Hypable writer Donya Abramo. The Mary Sue writer Caroline Cao hailed the "strong heroines" of the Dragon Prince, writing "[a]mong the show’s best assets are three multi-dimensional heroines who kick ass, have organic moments of weakness, and honestly, deserve a tribute." Notably, General Amaya, who is "a major step forward in portraying a deaf person as a badass military leader."


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: According to CBR writer Meagan Damore, in November 2019, a female former employee of Ehasz who never worked at Wonderstorm, alleged him of bringing "his children to work and leave them with female production staff members without asking", treating her "like his own personal assistant (..) transitioning her editorial duties to a group and shut down her ideas." Freelance writer Samantha Nelson in November 2019 reported that several women claimed "Ehasz had created an abusive environment for women (..) ignored, belittled, and gaslit his female employees".


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: While he is the head writer and plays a significant role in every episode of the series, his solo credits include:


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: In 2007 he was nominated for the Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) Emmy award for his work on the of "Avatar: The Last Airbender".


title: Aaron Ehasz

text: In 2008 he won a Peabody Award for his work as head writer and co-executive producer of "Avatar: the Last Airbender."


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: The shoe-banging incident occurred when Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest at a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York City on 12 October 1960.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: In 2003, American scholar William Taubman reported that he had interviewed some eyewitnesses who said that Khrushchev had brandished his shoe but not banged it. He also reported that no photographic or video records of the shoe-banging had been found. However, in his biography of Khrushchev, he wrote that he accepted that the shoe-banging had occurred. There is at least one fake photograph, where a shoe was added into an existing photograph.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: On 12 October 1960, head of the Filipino delegation Lorenzo Sumulong referred to "the peoples of Eastern Europe and elsewhere which have been deprived of the free exercise of their civil and political rights and which have been swallowed up, so to speak, by the Soviet Union". Upon hearing this, Khrushchev quickly came to the rostrum, being recognized on a point of order. There he demonstratively, in a theatrical manner, brushed Sumulong aside, with an upward motion of his right arm—without physically touching him—and began a lengthy denunciation of Sumulong, branding him (among other things) as "a jerk, a stooge, and a lackey", and a "toady of American imperialism" and demanded Assembly President Frederick Boland (Ireland) call Sumulong to order. Boland did caution Sumulong to "avoid wandering out into an argument which is certain to provoke further interventions", but permitted him to continue speaking and sent Khrushchev back to his seat.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: According to some sources, Khrushchev pounded his fists on his desk in protest as Sumulong continued to speak, and at one point picked up his shoe and banged the desk with it. Some other sources report a different order of events: Khrushchev first banged the shoe then went to the rostrum to protest. Sumulong's speech was again interrupted. Another point of order was raised by the highly agitated Romanian Foreign Vice-minister Eduard Mezincescu, a member of the Eastern Bloc. Mezincescu gave his own angry denunciation of Sumulong and then turned his anger on Boland, his provoking, insulting, and ignoring of the Assembly President leading to his microphone being eventually shut off. This prompted a chorus of shouts and jeers from the Eastern Bloc delegations. The chaotic scene finally ended when Boland, crimson-faced with frustration, abruptly declared the meeting adjourned and slammed his gavel down so hard he broke it, sending the head flying. On observing the shoe-banging, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan is said to have quipped "May we have a translation of that please?"


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: This incident was reported at the time by a number of newspapers, including "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "The Guardian", "The Times", and "Le Monde". "The New York Times" had a photo that pictured Khrushchev and Andrei Gromyko, with a shoe on Khrushchev's desk.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: Khrushchev was reported to be delighted with his performance, but other members of Eastern bloc delegations to the UN were embarrassed or displeased. Khrushchev was removed as leader in 1964, and he was criticized for the incident: "a shameful episode that he still presents as an act of valor".


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: In 1961, revolutionary philosopher Frantz Fanon commented: "And when Mr. Khrushchev brandishes his shoe at the United Nations and hammers the table with it, no colonized individual, no representative of the underdeveloped countries laughs. For what Mr. Khrushchev is showing the colonized countries who are watching is that he, the missile-wielding muzhik, is treating these wretched capitalists the way they deserve."


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: Khrushchev mentioned the shoe-banging in his memoirs, writing that he was speaking strongly against the Franco regime in Spain. A representative of Spain took the floor to reply and, after his speech, the delegates from Socialist countries made a lot of noise in protest. Khrushchev wrote: "Remembering reports I have read about the sessions of the State Duma in Russia, I decided to add a little more heat. I took off my shoe and pounded it on desk so that our protest would be louder." The footnote to this text says that Khrushchev's recollections are mistaken. "The Times", on 3 October 1960, had reported that Khrushchev launched an "angry tirade" against Franco on 1 October, and the article made no mention of shoe-banging.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: Khrushchev's granddaughter Nina L. Khrushcheva writes that, after years of embarrassed silence, her family explained their recollection of the event. According to Nina, Khrushchev was wearing new and tight shoes, so he took them off while sitting. He started pounding the table with his fist during his angry response, and his watch fell off. When he was picking it up, his discarded shoes caught his eye and he took the opportunity to pick one up and pound the desk with it. She also mentions that many versions of the incident have been in circulation, with various dates and occasions.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: Nina's account is very similar to that of Khrushchev's long-time interpreter Viktor Sukhodrev, who sat with him during the event and reported that his boss pounded on his delegate-desk so hard that his watch stopped, which only infuriated him further and prompted the switch to the shoe.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: Sergei Khrushchev (Nikita's son) stated that he could not find any photo or video evidence of the incident. Both NBC and CBC ran a search in their archives but were unable to find a tape of the event.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: In Sergei's opinion, it would be very unlikely that Nikita Khrushchev intentionally removed his shoe. There was little space under the desk, and the Soviet leader, being somewhat overweight, could not reach his feet. This specific issue was addressed in 2002 by a former UN staffer, who said that Khrushchev could not have spontaneously removed his shoe at his desk but had previously lost it after a journalist stepped on it. The UN staffer then retrieved the shoe, wrapped it in a napkin, and passed it back to Khrushchev, who was unable to put it back on and had to leave it on the floor next to his desk; the same staffer also confirmed that she saw him later bang the shoe on the desk, thus lending credence to the reports by Nina Khrushcheva and Viktor Sukhodrev.


title: Shoe-banging incident

text: According to German journalist Walter Henkels, a shoe producer in Pirmasens said he had seen a picture of the shoe in a newspaper and recognized it as being from his company. The Federal Ministry of Economics explained that West Germany had sent 30,000 pairs of shoes to the Soviet Union. Among them were 2,000 pairs of good low shoes, and one of them might have found its way to Khrushchev.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA), also known as the Korean National Police (KNP), is one of the national police organizations in South Korea. It is run under the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Its headquarters is 97, Tongil-ro, Seodaemun, Seoul. The agency is divided into 18 local police agencies, including the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency. Local police agencies are not independent of the national police.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The spiritual origins of Korean Police organization date to the Police Department of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. After the end of the decades-long Japanese colonial rule, the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) created a police administration bureau under U.S. military governance, and established a police department in every province, relying upon the police from the Japanese colonial era to maintain law and order. The present-day agency was created in 1991, reshuffling the National Security Headquarters in the Ministry of Home Affairs () to the National Police Agency.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The origins of the Korean Police organization is the Police Department () of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The bylaws of the Korean Provisional Government promulgated on April 25, 1919, stipulated the roles and responsibilities of the Police Bureau under the Provisional Government. The first Commissioner General of the Police Bureau was Kim Gu, who laid the foundation for the Korean police force. Police of the Provisional Government guarded key figures in the government and government office building, as well as maintaining public security in the oversea Koreans society.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1923, Kim Gu established the neighborhood patrol force () in the Shanghai group of overseas Koreans. Its mission was to maintain public security in the Korean society of Shanghai. This organization was later renamed to the Korean Patriotic Organization, a secret organization that aimed to assassinate prominent Japanese figures of the Empire of Japan.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered control over Korea and the southern part was occupied by the United States and established the United States Army Military Government in Korea. Under the U.S. military government, the Police Administration Bureau () was established, directed by Lawrence E. Schick, and established a police department in every province in 21 October. This police organization was formed with 2,000 officers, most were former police in the Japanese colonial government. The first Korean Director of the National Police Department was Chough Pyung-ok, with his term beginning on 21 October.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1946, the Police Administration Bureau () was promoted into the Department of Police Affairs. In March 5, the police department launched the Railway Provincial Police Division, which was eventually abolished in 1949. During this period, Korean police were deployed to conflicts such as the Autumn Uprising of 1946 and the Jeju uprising between 1948 and 1949. The First Republic of Korea was founded on 15 August 1948 after the transfer from the United States Army Military Government and Syngman Rhee became the first President of Korea following the May 1948 general election. The Bureau of National Security () is established under the Minister of the Internal Affair.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 14 November 1948, the Bureau of National Security is established after the transfer from the United States Police Administration Department. On November 18, the police agency is established in every South Korea city and province.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: When the Korean War broke out in 1950, Korean police were engaged in the war. The Police Battle Force headquarters was established in Taebaek and Jiri Mountain. On 25 June 1950, around 3:00 AM, a police officer of Gangneung city, Jeon Daeuk, became the first combat casualty of the Korean War. In the whole period of the war, 10,618 officers were killed and 6,760 were injured. Some police engaged in wartime massacres, like Bodo League massacre. Kim Tae Sun, the chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police, admitted to personally executing at least 12 "communists and suspected communists" after the outbreak of the war.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: After the Korean War armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. On 14 December 1953, the Policeman's Duties Execution Law was established, which regulated the duties of Korean police officers.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1955, the National Institute of Scientific Inspection Service is established, now known as the National Forensic Service. In 1967, the Combat Police Squads are launched in every city and province.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1972, the Police Special Academy was upgraded into the National Police College (not to be confused with the Korean National Police University).


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 24 December 1974, due to the new Government Organization Act, the Commissioner General of the Headquarter of National Security() was upgraded to the status of a government position and elevated the head of department into the position of a government official.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 24 December 1974, the Bureau of National Security was upgraded to the Headquarter of National Security, independent to the Minister of Internal Affairs. At the same time, as part of the reforms for the organizations of the National Security Headquarter, police abolished the Director General for Public Peace and Defense and installed the first, the second, the third department. In this period, South Korea president Park Chung-hee assumed dictatorial power in the October Restoration and took emergency measures. Korean police clashed with leading opposition members and protesters, like in the Bu-Ma Democratic Protests.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 26 October 1979, Park Chung-hee, the third President of South Korea, was assassinated. On 12 December, Republic of Korea Army Major General Chun Doo-hwan, commander of the Security Command, seized power in the coup d'état of December Twelfth. Next year, military power forced the Cabinet to extend martial law to the whole nation. In the city of Gwangju, protestors gathered to protest against the authoritarian government in the Gwangju Uprising. Initially, the South Korean police were deployed against the protests. An Boeng-ha, Commissioner General of the Jeonnam Provincial Police Agency, rejected the order of the military regime to shoot citizens. He was removed from his position and tortured by the Army Counterintelligence Corps (today the Defense Security Command).


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1982, police increased the number of security personnel by 3,292 due to the dismissal of curfews, abolished the National Police College Vice President system, and replaced the Deputy Dean of the National Police College with the Director General of the Faculty, Superintendent General.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On January 21, 1984, the first 12 Combat Police Corps are recruited. The same day, 88 Olympic Expressway (today Gwangju–Daegu Expressway) police personnel were recruited. In 1987, this combat squard are increased to five special mobile police forces, two mobile police forces and one airport defense company.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1987, Park Jong-chol, the president of the student council in the linguistics department of Seoul National University, was detained during an investigation into against Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorship and the aftermath of the 1980 Gwangju Massacre activities. Park refused to confess the whereabouts of one of his fellow activists. During the interrogation, authorities used waterboarding techniques to torture him, eventually leading to his death on 14 January 1987. Information surrounding the events of Park Jong-chol's death was initially suppressed. However, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice (CPAJ), revealed the truth to the public on 18 May, further inflaming public sentiment. CPAJ planned a June 10 demonstration in his honor. Due to this movement, called the June Struggle, the military regime of President Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo acceded to the key demands of direct presidential elections and restoration of civil liberties.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1990, due to Presidential Decree No. 12931, recruitment of police officers was increased by 2,133 including 1,256 C3 patrol officers.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 24 July 1991, as proclaimed by Presidential Decree No. 13431, the National Police Agency and its affiliated organizations were organized. On 26 July, the revised Government Organization Act (Law No. 4268) legislated the Police Law (Law No. 4369), organized the National Police Agency and other affiliated organizations (Presidential Decree No. 13431), regulated operations of the Police Committee (Presidential Decree No. 13432) and adjusted the capacity of police organizations. On 31 July, the Korea Coast Guard was organized by Presidential Decree No. 13431. The Headquarter of National Security was renamed to the National Police Agency on 1 August.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1995, police substation and police box names were integrated into police offices. The National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations were recognized by Presidential Decree No. 14823.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 8 August 81996, the National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations were reorganized (Presidential Decree No. 15136) in accordance with the transference of the position of the National Maritime Police Agency to the Ministry of the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 29 September 2000, the Korean National Police Agency established the Anti Cyber Terrorism Center, divided into four teams: the Co-operative Operation Team, the Report and Warning Team, the Inspection Service Team, and the Skill-Development Team.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On 27 March 2001, in order to enforce the Regulation on the National Police Agency and affiliated organization, Administration Order No. 128, the Incheon International Airport Police Squad under the Incheon Metropolitan Police Agency was established. Also, the Gimpo International Airport Police Squad was renamed to the Gimpo Airport Police Squad of Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 2006, Jeju Province became a Self-Governing Province. For this reason, the Korean National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations (Presidential Decree No. 19588) was recognized. Operation regulations (Ministry of Government Affairs and Home Affairs Decree No. 338) were amended. The Jeju Local Police Agency was changed to Jeju Special Self-Governed Local Police Agency according to the Jeju Special Self-Governing Law.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 2013, The Korean government organized the National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations by the Presidential Decree No. 24972. The Government Officials Act was enforced (No. 11530, enforced on 12 December 2012) that abolished contracted public officials etc. from the occupational categories of public officials and reduced the scope of public officials in special services. This change was reflected in the Organization of the National Police Agency and the affiliated organizations.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korean National Police Agency consists of one Deputy Commissioner General, eight bureaus, nine offices and thirty-two divisions. The Spokesperson (Director for Public Relations Division) is directly attached to the Commissioner General of the police. The nine offices are the Spokesperson's Office, the Planning and Coordination Office, the Police Administration and Human Resources Office, the Audit and Inspection Office, the ICT and Equipment Policy Office, the Scientific Investigation Office, and the Police Situation Control Center. The eight bureaus are Community Safety, Investigation Bureau, Traffic and Foreign Affairs Bureau, Public Security, Intelligence and National Security Bureaus.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Also, the Korean police have several affiliated institutions, including the Korean National Police University, Police Training Institute, Central Police Academy, Korean Police Investigation Academy and the National Police Hospital.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korean National Police is regionally divided over the 18 metropolitan cities and provinces, placing 255 stations, 518 precincts and 1,433 police boxes under metropolitan and provincial police agencies.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korea Police Agency have an academic organization for law enforcement education, Korean National Police University. Before enrolling in the school, the National Police University provides freshmen with a two-week orientation program to help them understand the organization of the university and the police. Freshmen are given insights on the police and the police university by participating in introductory programs such as the university curriculum, campus life, and lectures titled "History of the Police and the Police University" and "Future-oriented Ways as a Police Officer". Four majors of police law, criminal investigation, police administration, and 30 credits need to be taken for each course.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Training is undertaken at the Central Police Academy and Police Human Resources Development Institute. The Central Police Academy is specialist academic organization for new police officers. New enrolled police officers of all genders complete a 34-week program. The Police Human Resources Development Institute, which was previously called the Police Comprehensive Academy, was split from the Police University in 1984. In 2018, the Police Comprehensive Academy was renamed to the Police Human Resources Development Institute.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korean Police Investigation Academy is an academic organization for police officers to undertake training for the investigation bureau. When freshman police officers enroll in the investigation bureau, they need to complete the 63-task course.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The KNP SOU (), formerly known as KNP SWAT before it changed its name, is a specialized unit to perform dangerous operations. The unit's main mission is counter-terrorism, but it also can include serving high-risk arrest warrants, performing hostage rescue and/or armed intervention, and engaging heavily armed criminals.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korea Tourist Police of Seoul was launched in October 2013. Tourist Police offers diverse public order and security services for tourists. The Korea Tourist Police is affiliated with the Metropolitan Police Agencies in Seoul, Busan, and Incheon. , Tourist Police centers were set up in the Seoul Myeongdong, Dongdaemun, and Itaewon, Busan Nampo-dong, Incheon International Airport.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Combat Police division of the National Police Agency is an anti-riot paramilitary unit, of military conscripts. Its members deal with counterintelligence and riot policing. It was established in 1967, during the Third Republic. Each battalion is assigned to a municipal police agency in the country. In their riot gear, they were once identified by their signature metal riot shields which are numbered such as "1001" or "1011", and on their helmets with the NPA emblem. Now the police use modern tactical clear plastic shields and now deploy high-powered water cannons to minimize civilian injuries. Two weeks of training are taken by each draftee.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Instances of police brutality have in the past been raised against the South Korean anti-riot units in particular, by the Asian Human Rights Commission, citing police actions of a "brutal and violent manner" that cause deaths among protesters, including Jeon Young-Cheol on 24 November 2005. The South Korean President, Roh Moo Hyun, later apologised for this violence. The police force themselves reported that 117 officers were injured against 70 protesters, after being hit "with shards of broken bottles and flower vases". Injuries to the riot police officers have themselves become reason for protest, with one in every 53 officers being injured in 2005, the number of injuries having raised to 893 from 331 in 2000. Then, on 26 December 2011, 3,211 riot police were finally evacuated and abolished on 25 September 2013. Relevant tasks, including the suppression of protests by the combat police, were transferred to the Republic of Korea Auxiliary Police.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The symbol of the Korean National Police (KNP), which was newly created on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of their founding in 2006, takes the shape of Steller's sea eagle flying up to the sky with holding the rose of Sharon. Steller's sea eagle, the scales on the neck, and the rose of Sharon represents "police", "balance" and "the state and the people" respectively.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: On the shoulders of the eagle, there are a scale and a balance beam to configure the shape of balance, and stress "fairness." The taegeuk sign in the middle of the rose of Sharon is the origin of all things and signifies "the Republic of Korea and its people"


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The badge consists of two overlapping circles. The lower circle with a Taegeuk surrounded by other five Taegeuks engraved represents Mugunghwa. Each part of the badge represents as follows: The front circle represents "the sun or light." The Mugunghwa represents "the nation and people." The back circle represents "the moon or shade."


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Commissioner General is Chief of the Korean Police at most one may be appointed at a time. Chief Superintendent General are Deputy Chief of National Police Agency, Chief of local police agencies in Seoul, Busan, Gyeonggi and Incheon Province, Equivalent to dean of National Police College.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Newly commissioned officers are appointed as Policeman Assistant(순경시보) for a one-year probationary period. The uniform and insignia of an assistant is identical to those of a Policeman.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Police Agency, prefix of all rank is 'Self-Governing' such as "Self-Governing Police Officer".


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Police cars used by the National Police Agency include the semi-mid-size Hyundai Elantra, mid-size Hyundai Sonata and SsangYong Korando C SUV. On average, there are two or three police cars in each police district, though there can be up to seven in busy areas. Motorcycles in the 1,170–1,690cc range are used for traffic operations.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: South Korean police also use police buses. Currently used models are the Hyundai Universe and Hyundai Super Aero City, but all bus models will change to hydrogen vehicle like the Hyundai Elec-city Hydrogen electric vehicle.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: South Korean police uses various helicopters such as Bell 412, Bell 206L-3, AgustaWestland AW119 Koala, AgustaWestland AW109C, Bell 212, KAI KUH-1 Surion and Mil Mi-172.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: Service weapons for Korean National Police Agency are Smith & Wesson Model 10 and Smith & Wesson Model 60 chambered in .38 Special caliber. Additionally, police officers also utilize less-lethal weapons such as police batons and 5kV Tasers.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Autonomous Police System is one in which local governments are responsible for the installation, maintenance, and operation of police. In this system, The autonomous police mainly carry out life safety and crime prevention tasks, while the national police carry out the work on a national scale. This system is based on some legislation. Paragraph 1 of Article 117 of the South Korean constitution clarifies that the local governments are based on constitutional values, by stating local governments shall deal with administrative matters pertaining to the welfare of local residents, manage properties, and may enact provisions relating to local autonomy, within the limit of Acts and subordinate statutes.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In June 2006, Jeju Island started the autonomous police, but this police does not have authority to investigate. In 2018, It was discussed that introduction of the autonomous police would become nationwide. The autonomous police system has already been in effect on Jeju Island since 2006, and starting this year, it will be piloted in five cities and provinces, including Seoul and Sejong, and will gradually expand nationwide and go into full operation in 2020.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In history, Korean criminal procedure system is concentrated to prosecutor authority. Warrant is only issued by request of prosecutor. Many criticisms of this system have been raised. One of the alternative systems is reform of the criminal investigation authority.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In 1990, first debate of revision of investigation authority was started, but adjustment failed by gap of the Police and Prosecutors' Office. In 2011, revision of criminal procedure law recognized the authority of start and processing investigation to Police office, but executive order of investigation authority range of prosecutor reinforced power to prosecutor office. In 2019, collaboration relation adjustment of police office and prosecutor in investigation was sent to legislation commission.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: The Korean Police Agency cooperates with law enforcement organizations of other countries. In 2015, the Korean Police Agency create the "K-police Wave Center" () for exchange of police to other countries. Starting in 2016, Korean police began sending personnel and equipment to abroad police agencies. By 2019, this exchange has increased the eight-times compared to 2012. Typical countries include the United Arab Emirates, Chile, Vietnam and Guatemala. In 2019, the Seoul International National Commissioner General Conference was opened on the same day as the agency's 74-year anniversary. Participants of the conference included diplomats from 29 countries, including the United States, China and Russia.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: In addition, the Korean National Police has exchange agreements with European and North American law enforcement agencies. In 2015, the KNP concluded a cyber crime investigation cooperation MOU with the America Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In 2019, KNP dispatched officers to Croatia for tourism safety programs. In the "Croatia-South Korea Tourism safety cooperation MOU", six South Korean police officers patrolled Zagreb and Dubrovnik with Croatian police.


title: National Police Agency (South Korea)

text: South Korea has a lower crime rate than comparable industrialized countries. South Korea is considered one of the world's safest tourist destinations, with low crime rates and essentially no history of terrorist activity other than by the North. By this system, South Korean successful and safety open the international event like the 2018 Winter Olympics.


title: The Great Banyan

text: The Great Banyan is a banyan tree ("Ficus benghalensis") located in Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, Howrah, near Kolkata, India. The great banyan tree draws more visitors to the garden than its collection of exotic plants from five continents. Its main trunk became infected by fungi after it was struck by two cyclones, so in 1925 the main trunk of the tree was amputated to keep the remainder healthy. A road was built around its circumference, but the tree continues to spread beyond it.


title: The Great Banyan

text: Botanically known as "Ficus benghalensis", and belonging to the family Moraceae, the tree is a native of India. The fruit is like a small fig and is eaten by some people. It tastes sweeter than fig. The banyan plant is seen sometimes growing from the little wet dust deposits on buildings because birds carry them around for eating. The fruit is red and when ripe gets softer.


title: The Great Banyan

text: The Great Banyan tree is believed to be at least 250 years old, and has been referenced in many travel books, going back to at least the nineteenth century. Early travel writers found it to be noteworthy due to its large size and its unusually high number of prop-trunks. It has survived three great cyclones in 1864, 1867, and 2020 when some of its main branches were broken. With its large number of aerial roots, which grow from the branches and run vertically to the ground, The Great Banyan is said to appear more like a dense forest than as an individual tree.


title: The Great Banyan

text: The tree survives without its main trunk, which decayed and had to be removed in 1925. A monument has been erected to the dead trunk near the tree's center, but the marker is hardly accessible to visitors, who seldom venture within the tree's thick inner tangle of roots and branches. Visitors generally prefer to access only the perimeter of the tree. The area occupied by the tree is about square metres (about 1.89 hectares or 4.67 acres). The present crown of the tree has a circumference of 486 m. and the highest branch rises to 24.5 m; it has at present 3772 aerial roots reaching down to the ground as a prop root. Its height is almost equivalent to the Gateway of India.


title: Mithibai College

text: The Mithibai College of Arts, Chauhan Institute of Science & Amruthben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics is a college affiliated to the University of Mumbai. The college was established in 1961 in Vile Parle, Mumbai by Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal. In 2018 it was granted autonomous status by UGC.


title: Mithibai College

text: Mithibai College was established by Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal (SVKM) in 1961, as a part of the trust's silver jubilee celebration. The Mithibai College of Arts and Chauhan Institute of Science, commonly known as the main wing, was started first, and the Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce & Economics started 19 years later. Other courses including Bachelor of Management Studies, Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degree courses in biochemistry, biotechnology and computer science were subsequently introduced by the college. The college has grown to a student population of more than 32,000.


title: Mithibai College

text: There is a 50% reservation for Gujarati speaking community and the conventional SC/ST/OBC/females reservation as per the government norms.


title: Mithibai College

text: It has consistently featured on the top 5 ranks in India Today College rankings for years 2017, 2018 and 2019.


title: Mithibai College

text: The college won the Guru Nanak General Championship Trophy of the University of Mumbai for 12 consecutive years.


title: Mithibai College

text: Many of them are the recipients of the prestigious Shri Shivchhatrapati Award of the State and the Arjuna Award at the National level.


title: Mithibai College

text: Mithibai Kshitij is the college's annual cultural festival. It is a 4-day festival, with more than 500 colleges being invited every year. Events include competitions, workshops, seminars, exhibitions, amateur and professional shows which are conducted at various SVKM venues. Mithibai Kshitij is mainly known for its Pronights (Pro-Nites), Artists and bands like Juggy D, Raghu Dixit, Pentagram, Kailash Kher, Hard Kaur, Akriti Kakkar, Tochi Raina, Jazzy-B, Vishakha and many others have performed on the Jashoda Rang Mandir Ground's Stage in Mithibai Kshitij.


title: Mithibai College

text: In 2011, The Dirty Picture movie's crew including Vidya Balan, Bappi Lahiri, Vishal–Shekhar, Sunidhi Chauhan, Emraan Hashmi, Tusshar Kapoor and a few others enlightened the stage.


title: Mithibai College

text: In 2012, they had Punjabi International Artist Jazzy-B along with Ramji Gulati. On 12 December 2012, they had an Electronic Dance Music night, with a line up; DJ Anish Sood B2B Lost Stories (DJs), opened by DJ SHAAN.


title: Mithibai College

text: This festival is organized by the students of Mithibai College, The Core Committee, Committee Members and Volunteers (approximately 600 students) are a part of it. 19 Department's of Mithibai Kshitij are divided into two types; Admin and Events, which mainly consists of Marketing, Public Relations, Computers, Performing Arts, Literary Arts, Film Fest, Pro-nites etc.


title: Mithibai College

text: Mithibai Kshitij has started a trend of international female EDM artists since 2013. DJ Teri Miko (2013), DJ Da Candy (2014), DJ Sheherezade (2015). It has also promoted many Bollywood movies till date; The Dirty Picture, Jackpot (the 2013 film), Krrish 3, Heartless, Badlapur, Baaji, Brothers(2015), Shaandar, Angry Indian Goddesses are some of them.


title: Mithibai College

text: It was launched by Hrithik Roshan and Priyanka Chopra in 2013 and by Akshay Kumar, Siddharth Malhotra and Jacqueline Fernandez in 2015. Both the launches were in the form of a talk show which was hosted by film critic Rajeev Masand and broadcast by CNN IBN.


title: Mithibai College

text: The theme of the festival in 2015 was launched by Shahid Kapoor and Alia Bhatt along with the launch of their song "Shaam Shaandar" from the film Shaandaar.


title: Mithibai College

text: During the academic year 2002-2003 the enrolment was 20 for boys and girls. The college had 4 cadets in III year, 6 cadets II year and 10 cadets in the I year. Mithibai's girl cadets Ms. Simi Sound attended Group Selection Pre-RDC and RDC camp at Mumbai, Ahmednagar and Delhi. The five cadets attended various camps during the year. Almost all the cadets have cleared the B-Certificate or the C-Certificate examination of the NCC.


title: Mithibai College

text: The National Service Scheme, with its three pillars of "Seva, Sadbhavana and Satkarma", works with social projects and has also played a major role in upholding the down trodden and disaster stricken and instills moral values in its members. The motto of the scheme is to evoke in every individual the feeling of ‘Not me, But you' and involve college youth in social service.


title: Mithibai College

text: The college has duly constituted Students' Council with Principal as chairman, one lecturer nominated by the Principal, NCC officer, NSS programme officer, Director of Sports, One meritorious student from each class and outstanding student from each of the following activities NSS, Sports, NCC, cultural activities and two female students nominated by the Principal. Tenure of the Students' Council is one academic year.


title: Pat McCrory

text: Patrick Lloyd McCrory (born October 17, 1956) is an American businessman, politician and radio host who served as the 74th governor of North Carolina from 2013 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 53rd Mayor of Charlotte from 1995 to 2009. McCrory also served on the U.S. Homeland Security Advisory Council from 2002 to 2006 under President George W. Bush.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory was the Republican nominee for governor of North Carolina in the 2008 general election and was defeated by Lieutenant Governor Bev Perdue, the Democratic nominee. After the 2008 election loss, McCrory returned to the private sector. On January 31, 2012, he launched his second campaign for North Carolina Governor, winning the election later that year. McCrory became the first Mayor of Charlotte to win the state's highest office, as well as the first Republican North Carolina Governor since 1993.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 2016, McCrory came to national attention after signing the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act ("HB2"), sometimes called the transgender bathroom bill. Among other provisions, HB2 prevented local governing bodies from establishing their own anti-discrimination statutes. It declared that in government buildings, individuals may use only the restrooms that correspond to the sex on their birth certificates, preventing transgender people who have not altered their birth certificates from using the restroom consistent with their gender identity. The United States Department of Justice, in addition to several private citizens, filed lawsuits against McCrory and the state regarding HB2. Over 100 corporations voiced their opposition to HB2, notably to the elements that limited protections for LGBT individuals. In 2017, economists estimated that HB2 had negatively impacted GDP in the state of North Carolina by an amount between $450 and $630 million, or 0.1% of the state's annual gross domestic product. HB2 was partially repealed on March 30, 2017, after McCrory's reelection loss in 2016.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 2016, McCrory lost his reelection campaign to Democrat Roy Cooper, the Attorney General of North Carolina. In 2022, McCrory also lost the Republican nomination for the 2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Audrey Mona (née Herzberg) and Rollin John McCrory. His family moved to North Carolina when he was a child. He was raised Presbyterian and his family attended First Presbyterian Church of Greensboro. He graduated in 1974 from Ragsdale High School in Jamestown, North Carolina. He attended Catawba College in Salisbury, North Carolina, where he received degrees in political science and education in 1978. McCrory was active in the Student Government Association and was part of a conservative backlash to the growing "hippie" culture at Catawba in the mid-1970s.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 2001, McCrory gave the graduation keynote address at his alma mater, Catawba College. The college awarded him an honorary doctorate of legal letters. He has served as a member of Catawba College's Board of Trustees.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In January 2008, after 28 years with Duke Energy, he retired from the company to run full-time for governor.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In January 2009, McCrory was named a partner with Charlotte-based McCrory & Company, a sales consulting firm.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In January 2010, he was named a Senior Director of Strategic Initiatives for Charlotte-based law firm Moore & Van Allen PLLC. He is a 2014 Young Leader Alumni member of the American Swiss Foundation.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory began his political career in Charlotte in 1989 when he was elected an At-Large City Councilman. He was re-elected in 1991 and 1993; McCrory served as Mayor Pro Tem from 1993–1995.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 1995, he was elected mayor of the city of Charlotte, succeeding Richard Vinroot, who ran unsuccessfully for the 1996 Republican gubernatorial nomination. At the age of 39, McCrory was the city's youngest mayor. McCrory gained a reputation as a very popular, affable mayor. In the 2007 mayoral election, he defeated seven-term Democratic state Rep. Beverly Earle, 61 to 39 percent.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory announced in late 2008, shortly after his gubernatorial campaign, that he would not seek an eighth term. McCrory is the city of Charlotte's longest-serving mayor.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory helped develop Charlotte's 25-year transportation and land-use plan. Working closely with U.S. Senator Jesse Helms, McCrory made efforts to secure $200 million in federal funds for the city's new Lynx Light Rail system. The plan helped expand bus service in Charlotte as well as bringing light rail to the city. The light-rail line has been cited as McCrory's biggest achievement as mayor.


title: Pat McCrory

text: During McCrory's tenure (1995–2009), Charlotte's population grew by 20%, and the population of Uptown Charlotte increased to over 13,000 people. McCrory led the effort to recruit such companies as TIAA-CREF, General Dynamics Armament, The Westin Hotel, and Johnson & Wales University. The Charlotte Arena and the U.S. Whitewater Center were opened during his term. In 2005, "Money" magazine listed Charlotte in its Top 3 Best Places to Live and "Reader's Digest" named it one of the 20 Cleanest Cities in America.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory has also been involved in many national organizations, having served as president of the Republican Mayors and Local Officials (RMLO) organization; chairman of the U.S. Conference of Mayors (USCM) Committee for Housing and Community Development; six-term Chair of the USCM Environmental Committee; and founder and inaugural chairman of the North Carolina Metropolitan Coalition. McCrory was also the only elected official to serve on the national board of the Afterschool Alliance and was a featured Mayor in Harvard University's Faith-based Executive Session.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 2002, President George W. Bush appointed McCrory to the U.S. Homeland Security Advisory Council alongside Mitt Romney, Sonny Perdue and Lee H. Hamilton.


title: Pat McCrory

text: As mayor, McCrory spearheaded the effort with local business leaders, local officials, and NASCAR teams to bring the NASCAR Hall of Fame to Charlotte. On March 6, 2006, Charlotte beat out Atlanta, Daytona Beach, Kansas City, and Richmond, Virginia, to be home to the Hall of Fame.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory established a Residential Tree Ordinance in 2004, which required developers to save 10% of the trees in every new residential development. He also established a Sidewalk Policy, which required sidewalks in every new subdivision and provided funding for sidewalks in neighborhoods without them, in order to encourage walking. He also worked to integrate bike lanes into the city's transportation policy, establishing 42 miles of bike lanes throughout the city.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 2003, McCrory received the national Homeownership Hero Award, recognizing his work in leading Charlotte to have one of the highest homeownership rates in the country.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory founded the Mayor's Mentoring Alliance in 1995 and has personally served as a mentor to two youths. In 2005, Charlotte was named as one of the '100 Best Communities for Youth' by America's Promise. The Mayor's Mentoring Alliance has grown to include 40 youth-serving and mentoring organizations, among them Time Warner Cable's "Time To Read" program. An additional partnership with the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department initiated "Gang of One," an after-school gang-prevention and intervention program that works to keep children from joining gangs or helps lead them away from gang life.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory has served as the honorary chair for the Charlotte chapter of the Alzheimer's Foundation and the Arthritis Foundation.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory reportedly commissioned a poll to test the waters for a run for governor in November 2007, shortly after his seventh mayoral re-election victory, but well after other Republican gubernatorial candidates had begun campaigning. A 2007 Rasmussen Reports poll had McCrory leading both major Democratic candidates, Bev Perdue and Richard H. Moore, by three points each.


title: Pat McCrory

text: The Raleigh "News & Observer" reported on January 9, 2008, that McCrory had filed the necessary paperwork with the State Board of Elections to run for governor. He announced his candidacy in his hometown of Jamestown on January 15, 2008.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In the primary election on May 6, 2008, McCrory defeated four opponents, including State Senator Fred Smith, to win the Republican nomination for governor. During the primary, McCrory was criticized for lacking conservative credentials and for the high taxes and large debt accrued in Charlotte while he was mayor. McCrory countered with negative ads against his foremost opponent, Sen. Fred Smith, inaccurately accusing Smith of running up state debt while in the legislature.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In the general election, Democratic lieutenant governor Bev Perdue raised $5.6 million and ran attack ads against McCrory, criticizing him on various issues.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory later referred to the ads as "shameless, inaccurate, and negative". Perdue and McCrory remained close, with the two often polling in a statistical tie in what was the tightest race for governor in the nation. The McCrory campaign spent $3.4 million, and an independent expenditure funded by the Republican Governor's association assisted McCrory with a further $6.2 million in spending for attack ads on Perdue. Perdue ran slightly behind her opponent in polls released the week before the election. Pundits speculated that Perdue was hurt by belonging to the same party as the increasingly unpopular incumbent Governor Mike Easley, and by McCrory's efforts to tag her as part of corruption in Raleigh. Consultants also mentioned Perdue's "difficulty of being the candidate of continuity in a change election."


title: Pat McCrory

text: In October 2008, McCrory received the endorsement of most major newspapers in the state, which typically endorse Democrats. McCrory's candidacy for governor was endorsed by the "Raleigh News and Observer", the "Charlotte Observer", the "Greensboro News & Record", the "Winston-Salem Journal", and the UNC-Chapel Hill "Daily Tar Heel".


title: Pat McCrory

text: Even so, Perdue squeaked out a win with 2,146,083 votes (50.27%) to McCrory's 2,001,114 (46.88%), in what turned out to be the closest gubernatorial election in the United States in 2008. McCrory failed to win even in Charlotte, where he had been mayor for 14 years.


title: Pat McCrory

text: Following his defeat in the 2008 gubernatorial election, McCrory announced that he would not seek a record eighth term as Charlotte mayor in 2009. Having retired from Duke Energy after 29 years of service in early 2008 to run for governor, McCrory decided to return to the private sector. He went on to work for his brother's consulting firm, and also joined the law firm of Moore Van Allen. McCrory also began to pave the way for a possible 2012 gubernatorial campaign by remaining active in the North Carolina Republican Party. He spoke at numerous GOP county and district conventions and dinners, as well as the 2009, 2010 & 2011 State GOP conventions.


title: Pat McCrory

text: After being a centerpiece of the 2010 Republican takeover of the North Carolina Legislature, McCrory worked closely with Senate Leader Phil Berger and House Speaker Thom Tillis, both of whom hail from the Charlotte area and are close friends of McCrory's.


title: Pat McCrory

text: Governor Bev Perdue declined to seek re-election in 2012. McCrory then announced his candidacy for governor on January 31, 2012. On May 8, 2012, he won the Republican primary with 83.40% of the vote. McCrory went on to defeat Democratic Lieutenant Governor Walter Dalton in the general election, 55%–43%. It is the largest margin of victory for a Republican in an open-seat race for governor since Reconstruction.


title: Pat McCrory

text: When asked in a debate what further abortion restrictions he would sign into law if elected, he answered, "None."


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory publicized his positions on the economy and education in two white papers. One was called "The North Carolina Comeback" and focused on economic recovery. In it he stated that he would work to get the unemployment rate below South Carolina's and also to restructure the North Carolina's tax codes.


title: Pat McCrory

text: The other paper, "A Passion for Education," advocated several areas for reform: more classroom technology, such as virtual courses and hand-held technology; teacher merit-pay systems; and expansion of charter schools. McCrory also suggested stopping social promotion of some students and creating a new method of grading schools.


title: Pat McCrory

text: The Raleigh "News & Observer" reported that McCrory would declare adding $2.2 million in the second quarter, totaling $4.4 million available for campaign spending, with 98 percent of the donors from North Carolina. For 2012, the North Carolina Board of Elections required second-quarter campaign-finance reports to be filed by July 11. In the first-quarter campaign-finance reports, McCrory showed that his campaign added at least $1 million more to its bottom line than Dalton's campaign. In the first quarter McCrory reported outraising Dalton by more than $1 million. He also reported raising nearly $3 million more than Dalton for the election cycle to date. McCrory reported having $3.1 million cash on hand, and Dalton reported $670,356.14.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory faced Cooper in the hotly contested 2016 general election. On election night, McCrory narrowly trailed Cooper, with fewer than 5,000 votes separating the candidates out of more than 4.6 million cast.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On November 10, 2016, McCrory's campaign set up a legal defense fund in anticipation of a legal battle and potential recount. The campaign cited "grave concerns over potential irregularities" regarding 90,000 votes from Durham County. McCrory conceded the race to Cooper on December 5. The McCrory campaign filed election protests alleging that voter fraud helped Cooper in 50 counties. On December 5, 2016, McCrory conceded the race to Cooper. McCrory is the first sitting Governor of North Carolina to lose a bid for reelection since Charles Manly in 1850.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In November 2018, McCrory falsely claimed that there were many North Carolina students who committed voter fraud during the 2016 election. McCrory said that North Carolina students with out-of-state driving licenses were illegally voting and that voter ID laws would have stopped them; however, it is entirely legal for college students to vote in the state where they are attending college. "The News & Observer" noted that it is illegal to spread misinformation about people's voting eligibility; McCrory said he was simply "raising questions."


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory took office on January 5, 2013, the first Republican Governor of the state since James G. Martin left office on January 9, 1993. His swearing-in gave the Republicans complete control of state government for the first time since Reconstruction.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory's election marked the first time that Republicans controlled both houses of the General Assembly as well as the governorship since 1870. From taking office, McCrory had signed into law a number of bills promoting conservative governance.


title: Pat McCrory

text: He signed legislation which made North Carolina the 8th state to cut unemployment benefits since the 2007 start of the Great Recession. In addition to cutting maximum weekly unemployment benefits by 35%, the state reduced the maximum number of weeks of assistance to between 12 and 20, down from 26. The cut prevented 170,000 North Carolinians from benefiting from federal emergency extended benefits, which require a minimum of 26 weeks of state support, but also allowed the state's unemployment fund, which had become bankrupt over the course of the recession, to become solvent three years sooner. The move was criticized by some for passing up federal support and weakening the government safety net when the state had the nation's 5th-highest unemployment.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In March 2013, citing concerns about the sustainability of the program, McCrory signed a bill that opted the state out of the expanded Medicaid program of the Affordable Care Act of 2009, which would have provided healthcare coverage to 500,000 North Carolinians. He also proposed managing Medicaid accounts, by enrolling patients in managed-care programs run by private companies.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In May 2013, McCrory signed a North Carolina adaptation of Caylee's Law after receiving unanimous consent in the General Assembly. Caylee's Law had been enacted by several state legislatures in response to the verdict in the Casey Anthony trial, which garnered national attention. The law makes a parent/caregiver who deliberately fails to report their child missing guilty of a Class I Felony, among other felonious acts such as concealing the death of a child under the new law.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory signed into law a bill repealing the state's controversial Racial Justice Act of 2009. The law was unique in that it allowed inmates facing the death penalty to use broad statistics to challenge their sentences on the basis of alleged racial discrimination. Prior to repeal of the Racial Justice Act, nearly every death row inmate, regardless of race, used the law as a basis to file an appeal. The delays caused by those appeals still persist today. The state of North Carolina has not executed an inmate since 2006.


title: Pat McCrory

text: He signed legislation to require voters to present government-issued photo identification in order to vote, repeal same-day voter registration, and reduce the number of days of early voting. In July 2016, a three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the photo ID provisions, finding that they targeted African Americans "with almost surgical precision" and that the legislators had acted with "discriminatory intent" in enacting the strict election rules. McCrory said the three-judge panel had a liberal makeup, and that 33 states have enacted some form of voter ID requirement.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In July 2013, McCrory signed tax reform legislation that created a modified flat-tax system for the state by specifying a single income-tax rate and a larger standard deduction but eliminating the personal exemption. It also repealed North Carolina's estate tax.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In August 2013, McCrory signed into law the Regulatory Reform Act of 2013. The legislation, according to the bill, was "an act to improve and streamline the regulatory process in order to stimulate job creation, to eliminate unnecessary regulation, to make various other statutory changes, and to amend certain environmental and natural resource laws." The law requires all previous rules and regulations not mandated by federal law to be reviewed over ten years by the Rules Review Commission through a three-step process.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In June 2014, McCrory signed the Energy Modernization Act of 2014 into law. The bill allows hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," in the state, and criminalizes the disclosure of fracking chemicals, lifting a 2012 moratorium that blocked fracking permits. "We remain intensely focused on creating good jobs, particularly in our rural areas," McCrory said. "We have watched and waited as other states moved forward with energy exploration, and it is finally our turn. This legislation will spur economic development at all levels of our economy, not just the energy sector." Once the state completes its regulations, the law will allow for permits to be issued without additional approval. The bill also criminalizes the disclosure of chemicals or substances used by oil and gas companies during the fracking process. The legislation also bans local governments from interfering with oil and gas exploration, development, and production activities.


title: Pat McCrory

text: During a special session, after having conceded defeat in the 2016 election, McCrory signed legislation into law that would reduce the power of the North Carolina governorship. On December 30, 2016, a state judge temporarily blocked the law from going into effect, and a panel of judges extended the block on January 5, 2017.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory issued his first veto as governor in August 2013, of a bill that would have required people applying for welfare benefits to pass a drug test. He later also vetoed a bill that extended from 90 days to nine months the amount of time that an employee could work without undergoing a background check in the E-Verify system. Both vetoes were overridden by the General Assembly in September 2013, meaning that both bills became law.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In June 2014, McCrory vetoed a bill because of a provision altering the makeup of the Division of Employment Security Board of Review.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On May 28, 2015, McCrory vetoed a bill that would have allowed magistrates with religious objections to refuse to perform same-sex marriages. The next day, McCrory vetoed a variation on an "ag-gag" bill. Both of these vetoes were overridden by the legislature.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory signed the largest education budgets in North Carolina history in 2013 and 2015. A number of education changes were included in the state budget enacted in 2013 and 2016. McCrory supports merit-based pay in some cases. McCrory entered office in 2013 with teacher pay ranked 47th in the nation, and by 2016, the state's ranking moved up 41st in the nation. McCrory signed the largest teacher pay raise in the nation in 2016, which led to average teacher pay rising to $50,000 per year. The rankings for year 2017 will account for the 2016 pay raises. Those yet-to-be-released rankings are expected to move North Carolina up several slots. School districts are authorized to give $500-per-year raises to up to 25% of teachers. Low-income students are now eligible to receive vouchers up to $4,200 toward the cost of attending private schools. Teacher tenure has been replaced with a contract system. State funding for Teach for America has been increased to $6 million.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In a nationally broadcast radio interview with conservative talk-show host William Bennett, McCrory made a series of comments on the future of higher education in North Carolina that generated controversy. McCrory stated that "some of the educational elite have taken over our education where we are offering courses that have no chance of getting people jobs," and later responded to a comment Bennett made on gender studies courses by saying: "That's a subsidized course. If you want to take gender studies, that's fine, go to a private school and take it. But I don't want to subsidize that if that's not going to get someone a job."


title: Pat McCrory

text: Several bills signed into law by McCrory and multiple pieces of proposed legislation were the target of ongoing "Moral Monday" civil disobedience protests during his tenure, organized in part by local religious leaders including William Barber II, head of the North Carolina chapter of the NAACP at the time. Cited reasons for the protests included proposed changes to Medicaid, changes to voting regulations, school vouchers, and tax reform. McCrory criticized the protests as unlawful and a drain on state resources, and declined to meet with the protestors, later stating "outsiders are coming in and they're going to try to do to us what they did to Scott Walker in Wisconsin."


title: Pat McCrory

text: In July 2013, McCrory signed into law legislation which required abortion providers to meet the same standards as surgical centers, allowed health-care providers to decline to perform abortions, and prevented any public health-insurance policy from paying for abortions. Abortion-rights groups criticized McCrory, who had promised during his campaign that he would not sign new abortion restrictions. McCrory responded: "This law does not further limit access, and those who contend it does are more interested in politics than the health and safety of our citizens." WRAL stated that the legislation broke McCrory's campaign pledge.


title: Pat McCrory

text: Following a February 2, 2014, coal ash spill that was the third-largest of its kind in US history, the US Attorney's Office opened a grand-jury investigation into Duke Energy. McCrory had been an employee of Duke Energy for 28 years, and critics said his administration had intervened on Duke's behalf to settle lawsuits over environmental violations. The U.S. Attorney's office subpoenaed 23 officials of the McCrory administration and sought records of "investments, cash or other items of value" passed from Duke to McCrory administration officials, but produced charges only aimed at Duke Energy in February 2015. Duke Energy was fined $99,111 for leaks from ponds at two power plants; the amount was part of a deal made by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources' secretary, John E. Skvarla III, a McCrory appointee.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In August 2014, McCrory announced that he had previously owned more than $10,000 in Duke Energy stock and that he sold the stock after the coal-ash spill without disclosing the sale in state ethics filings. His lawyer stated that the mistake was based on the lawyer's misunderstanding of the timeframe covered by the earlier disclosures.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On March 8, 2015, the McCrory administration fined Duke Energy $25 million for years of groundwater pollution, the largest fine for environmental damage ever imposed by the state. The second-largest fine ever imposed by the state was in 1986 for $5.7 million.


title: Pat McCrory

text: McCrory appointed Dr. Randall W. Williams, an OB/GYN, as the state's Health Director. Williams became embroiled in controversy over the safety of household well water near coal ash ponds. In testimony in May 2016, related to a lawsuit, state toxicologist Ken Rudo said state health and environmental officials including Williams and former Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Assistant Secretary Tom Reeder, attempted to “play down the risk” of coal ash contamination of those wells. The two officials had rescinded a "do-not-drink" notice sent to some well owners in March 2016. Rudo said in his deposition in the case that the state was informing residents that their household water was safe to drink when it knew it wasn't. Williams contended that he had rescinded those warning notices because he felt they were unnecessarily stirring up alarms. The state's Department of Health and Human Services disagreed with Rudo's contentions. Megan Davies, a state Division of Public Health epidemiologist who was section chief and Rudo's supervisor, resigned because of the manner in which the department and McCrory's administration disputed Rudo's testimony. Davies and a co-worker testified regarding concerns they held about the state inappropriately rescinding the warning notices. On December 30, a day before McCrory was leaving office, he appointed Williams, one of his closest advisors, to the Oil & Gas Commission, a regulatory body that had been moribund since the governor won a legal battle with the legislature over appointments a year earlier. Six weeks later, Williams was appointed Health and Senior Services Director in Missouri by controversial Governor Eric Greitens.


title: Pat McCrory

text: Under McCrory, the NCDOT signed a 50-year contract with Cintra, a Spanish company, to add variable toll lanes to I-77 (a major, heavily congested trucking route and north-south corridor through the state) so as to provide a reliable travel speed of for those who pay the toll. The fee per mile will fluctuate in order to keep the toll lane from being over-crowded.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On March 23, 2016, McCrory signed the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly known as House Bill 2 or HB2). The law eliminated anti-discrimination protections including for gay and transgender people and barred municipalities from re-establishing them. It initially legislated that in government buildings, people could only use restrooms that correspond to the sex on their birth certificates, preventing transgender people who do not or cannot alter their birth certificates from using the restroom consistent with their gender identity. More broadly, the law eliminated municipal anti-discrimination policies concerning race, gender, and veteran status or military service, and prohibited municipalities from establishing local minimum wages, benefits, employee protections and leave policies. Senate Democratic Leader Dan Blue said "This bill essentially repeals 50 years of non-discrimination efforts and gives lawmakers in Raleigh unprecedented control over our city and local governments." "North Carolina Republicans want to pass what would potentially be the single most discriminatory act in the country. This is a direct affront to equality, civil rights, and local autonomy." McCrory stated that the law was passed in response to the Charlotte City Council on February 22, 2016, passing a non-discrimination ordinance prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity in public accommodations (including restrooms) or by passenger vehicles for hire or city contractors. McCrory had asked council members not to pass the ordinance. The speaker of the House and lieutenant governor invoked a rarely used constitutional provision to call themselves into session, without McCrory calling it, by collecting sufficient signatures from legislators. On March 23, 2016, the legislature sent the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act to the governor's desk for his signature and McCrory signed the bill on the same evening it passed.


title: Pat McCrory

text: The law sparked public protests and motivated entertainers such as Bruce Springsteen to cancel shows. Companies pulled jobs and investments out of the state: PayPal stopped a planned expansion that would have created 400 jobs, Lionsgate moved production of a television show out of North Carolina, Deutsche Bank halted plans to add 250 jobs in the state, and over 160 other companies called for the law's repeal. Several states and cities, including Atlanta, banned official travel to North Carolina. Time Warner Cable News estimated that as of April 22, the law had cost the state over 1750 jobs and over $77 million of investments and visitor spending. On July 21, 2016, the National Basketball Association (NBA) announced that it would move the 2017 All-Star game out of Charlotte. The NBA's decision to move the game away from Charlotte outraged Republicans who noted Charlotte was chosen for the All-Star game by the league after the city had voted down a similar ordinance itself. Republicans also noted HB2 had no jurisdiction over private facilities, meaning the league could set any bathroom policy it preferred for games it was to host in Charlotte. September 12, 2016, the NCAA announced that it would pull their championship games from the state due to the association's opposition to HB2.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On Tuesday, April 12, McCrory signed an executive order that "expands the state's employment policy for state employees to cover sexual orientation and gender identity" and "seeks legislation to reinstate the right to sue in state court for discrimination." McCrory's executive order also encouraged the General Assembly to reinstate the ability for residents to sue an employer in state court for discrimination. On July 28, 2016, the General Assembly officially restored that portion of the law.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On several occasions, McCrory pushed for a deal that would repeal HB2 in exchange for the City of Charlotte voting to repeal their ordinance. On September 19, 2016, a Charlotte news station reported a majority of Charlotte City Councilmen had agreed to repeal their ordinance, which would have led to the legislature repealing HB2. A Democratic member of the North Carolina legislature told the station a fellow member of the legislature personally lobbied Democratic members of the Charlotte City Council to keep the ordinance in place, which would, in turn, keep HB2 in place, creating a wedge issue to boost Democratic turnout in the November 2016 general election.


title: Pat McCrory

text: On July 1, 2016, WBTV reported members of the General Assembly had an agreement in place to come back into session and repeal some of the more controversial portions of HB2. In this case, an off-the-record source said then-Attorney General Cooper, played an integral role in killing the compromise bill. According to the report, 10 House Democrats had signed on to the plan to alter HB2 in a way that would satisfy the business community. The report said Cooper personally called the 10 Democrats and demanded they vote against the bill if they "wanted to be on the team in November." The state Carolina Republican Party said Cooper helped kill their modification bill in order to keep the controversial issue alive in his bid to unseat McCrory. A Cooper campaign spokesperson said the A.G. remained concerned about the damage HB 2 was doing to the North Carolina economy and, "...has consistently urged members to pursue a full repeal." "Unfortunately Governor McCrory and legislative Republicans have repeatedly offered so-called 'fixes' that fail the basic test of undoing the economic damage done by this discriminatory law. This isn't that complicated: instead of pointing fingers and holding secret negotiations, lawmakers should simply repeal HB 2 and send a message that North Carolina is open for business."


title: Pat McCrory

text: The United States Department of Justice, in addition to several private citizens, filed lawsuits against McCrory and the state challenging HB2. The Justice Department said that North Carolina was in violation of federal civil rights laws. Separately, McCrory filed suit against the federal government, asking a court to find the state law constitutional.


title: Pat McCrory

text: After McCrory was defeated in his 2016 bid for re-election, legislators repealed HB2 and passed a replacement on March 30, 2017. The repeal legislation passed the House 70-48 and the Senate by a 32-16 vote. Gov. Roy Cooper signed the repeal bill later that day, though he said the new law was "not a perfect deal and it's not my preferred solution. It stops short of many things we need to do as a state." Some repeal advocates opposed the compromise because of provisions they contended would still permit discrimination, specifically a three-year ban on passage of new local nondiscrimination ordinances, a provision that ended in December 2020.


title: Pat McCrory

text: According to polling by the Civitas Institute, McCrory's approval rating during his first year in office fell 15 percentage points to 49% between June and July 2013. A second poll conducted in July 2013 indicated that the governor's approval rating had fallen to 40%, down from 45% in June. The same poll indicated that only 35% of voters approved of the Republican-led state government. At the start of April 2015, the Public Policy Polling firm found McCrory to have an approval rating of 36% and a disapproval rating of 45%.


title: Pat McCrory

text: Towards the end of his term in office, in September 2016, a poll commissioned by Bloomberg Politics reported 49% of North Carolinians approving of his job performance, and 44% disapproved.


title: Pat McCrory

text: In 2022, McCrory ran for the Republican nomination in the U.S. Senate election to succeed the retiring Republican Richard Burr. During the campaign, McCrory mentioned "I was a huge defender -- and continue to be a huge defender -- of Trump policies." McCrory objected to Trump's efforts to overturn the election, acknowledging that Joe Biden had won the election. McCrory accused Trump of "destroying democracy." Trump endorsed U.S. Representative Ted Budd in the Republican primary for Senate. McCrory subsequently lost the primary.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Cyrus Roberts Vance Jr. (born June 14, 1954) is an American attorney and politician who served as the District Attorney of New York County, New York, also known as the Manhattan District Attorney. He was previously a principal partner at the law firm of Morvillo, Abramowitz, Grand, Iason, Anello, & Bohrer, P.C. He is the son of Cyrus Vance Sr., former Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter. Vance did not seek reelection as District Attorney in the 2021 election, and was succeeded by Alvin Bragg. He is currently a partner at Baker McKenzie.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Vance was born and raised in New York City. He is the son of Grace Elsie (Sloane) and Cyrus R. Vance, who served as Secretary of the Army under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, Deputy Secretary of Defense under President Johnson, and Secretary of State to President Jimmy Carter.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Vance attended the Buckley and Groton Schools, and then went on to graduate from Yale University. He then earned his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1982. While in law school, he planned campaign trips for Colorado Senator Gary Hart.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Upon graduating from Georgetown, Vance joined the Manhattan District Attorney’s office as an Assistant District Attorney, where he supervised grand jury investigations and prosecuted cases involving murder, organized crime, career criminals, political corruption, international art fraud, and white-collar crime.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: In 1988, Vance moved to Seattle because, according to Vance, he wanted to build a name for himself independent of his father's influence. In 1995, Vance co-founded McNaul Ebel Nawrot Helgren & Vance. During this time, Vance taught trial advocacy as an adjunct professor at Seattle University School of Law.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: In 2004, Vance returned to New York, where he joined Morvillo, Abramowitz, Grand, Iason, Anello & Bohrer, P.C. as a principal.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Vance is admitted to the bar in New York State, Washington state, and Washington, D.C., and to practice before the United States Supreme Court, the U.S. District Courts for the Southern District of New York and Western and Eastern Districts of Washington, and the U.S. Second and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeals.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Vance is a Fellow in the American College of Trial Lawyers, and is listed in "The Best Lawyers in America – The New York Area’s Best Lawyers" and "New York’s Superlawyers – Manhattan Edition".


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Vance was a consulting expert to the Office of Family and Children Ombudsman in its investigation of the Wenatchee child abuse prosecutions, and served as Special Assistant New York State Attorney General representing the state in investigations and litigation. He has served on sentencing commissions in two states, including New York, where he served on the Governor's Sentencing Commission, which helped overhaul New York's Rockefeller drug laws.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Vance also served, by appointment of the Governor of New York, as a member of the New York State Appellate Division, First Department, Judicial Screening Panel which makes recommendations on judicial appointments. Vance is a member of the Criminal Justice Council of the New York City Bar Association, the Federal Bar Council, and the New York Council of Defense Lawyers.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Fund for Modern Courts, the Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law, and the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: In 2008, Vance announced his intention to seek the District Attorney's office only if current District Attorney Robert Morgenthau decided to retire. On March 9, 2009, 10 days after Morgenthau made his decision to retire public, Vance officially announced his candidacy for the office. In an April 8, 2009, appearance on "Charlie Rose", Morgenthau said of Vance, "I think Vance is by far the best qualified. Good lawyer, fair." Morgenthau officially endorsed Vance on June 25.


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Other Democrats who endorsed Vance included former Mayor David Dinkins, Public Advocate Betsy Gotbaum, Gloria Steinem,


title: Cyrus Vance Jr.

text: Caroline Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer, and Innocence Project co-founders Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. "The New York Times", "New York Daily News", "New York Post", and "New York Amsterdam News" also endorsed Vance.