title: Emmy Clarke

text: Clarke was born in Mineola, New York, but at the age of one she moved with her parents to Houston, Texas. At age six, she moved to Woking, UK, where she attended TASIS England before moving to New York City at age 11. The nickname "Emmy" is derived from her first two initials. She has two siblings, Patrick (older) and Bridget (younger). She now lives in Fairfield County, Connecticut.


title: Emmy Clarke

text: Clarke's first acting role was in the 2003 television film "My House in Umbria", for which she won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries, or Special – Supporting Young Actress in 2004. Beginning with the season three episode "Mr. Monk and the Red Herring", Clarke had a recurring role on the TV series "Monk" as Julie Teeger, the daughter of Adrian Monk's second assistant Natalie. She also had a role in "Fur", a film released on November 10, 2006.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: In philosophy, psychology, sociology, and anthropology, intersubjectivity is the relation or intersection between people's cognitive perspectives.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: is a term coined by social scientists to refer to a variety of types of human interaction. For example, social psychologists Alex Gillespie and Flora Cornish listed at least seven definitions of intersubjectivity (and other disciplines have additional definitions):


title: Intersubjectivity

text: The term has also been used to refer to shared (or partially shared) of meaning. Self-presentation, lying, practical jokes, and social emotions, for example, all entail not a shared definition of the situation but partially shared divergences of meaning. Someone who is telling a lie is engaged in an intersubjective act because they are working with two different definitions of the situation. Lying is thus genuinely "inter"subjective (in the sense of operating between two subjective definitions of reality).


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Among the early authors who explored this conception in psychoanalysis, in an explicit or implicit way, were Jacques Lacan, Heinz Kohut, Robert Stolorow, George E. Atwood, Jessica Benjamin in the United States, and in Italy.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Psychoanalyst Jessica Benjamin, in "The Bonds of Love", wrote, "The concept of intersubjectivity has its origins in the social theory of Jürgen Habermas (1970), who used the expression 'the intersubjectivity of mutual understanding' to designate an individual capacity and a social domain." Psychoanalyst Molly Macdonald argued in 2011 that a "potential point of origin" for the term was in Jean Hyppolite's use of "l'inter-subjectivité" in an essay from 1955 on "The Human Situation in the Hegelian Phenomenology". However, the phenomenologist Edmund Husserl, whose work Habermas and Hyppolite draw upon, was the first to develop the term, which was subsequently elaborated upon by other phenomenologists such as Edith Stein, Emmanuel Levinas, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Contemporarily, intersubjectivity is the major topic in both the analytic and the continental traditions of philosophy. Intersubjectivity is considered crucial not only at the relational level but also at the epistemological and even metaphysical levels. For example, intersubjectivity is postulated as playing a role in establishing the truth of propositions, and constituting the so-called objectivity of objects.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: A central concern in consciousness studies of the past 50 years is the so-called problem of "other minds," which asks how we can justify our belief that people have minds much like our own and predict others' mind-states and behavior, as our experience shows we often can. Contemporary philosophical theories of intersubjectivity need to address the problem of other minds.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: In the debate between cognitive individualism and cognitive universalism, some aspects of thinking are neither solely personal nor fully universal. Cognitive sociology proponents argue for "intersubjectivity"—an intermediate perspective of social cognition that provides a balanced view between personal and universal views of our social cognition. This approach suggests that, instead of being individual or universal thinkers, human beings subscribe to "thought communities"—communities of differing beliefs. Thought community examples include churches, professions, scientific beliefs, generations, nations, and political movements. This perspective explains why each individual thinks differently from another (individualism): person A may choose to adhere to expiry dates on foods, but person B may believe that expiry dates are only guidelines and it is still safe to eat the food days past the expiry date. But not all human beings think the same way (universalism).


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Intersubjectivity argues that each thought community shares social experiences that are different from the social experiences of other thought communities, creating differing beliefs among people who subscribe to different thought communities. These experiences transcend our subjectivity, which explains why they can be shared by the entire thought community. Proponents of intersubjectivity support the view that individual beliefs are often the result of thought community beliefs, not just personal experiences or universal and objective human beliefs. Beliefs are recast in terms of standards, which are set by thought communities.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, recognized the importance of intersubjectivity, and wrote extensively on the topic. In German, his writings on intersubjectivity are gathered in volumes 13–15 of the "Husserliana". In English, his best-known text on intersubjectivity is the "Cartesian Meditations" (it is this text that features solely in the Husserl reader entitled "The Essential Husserl"). Although Husserlian phenomenology is often charged with methodological solipsism, in the fifth Cartesian Meditation, Husserl attempts to grapple with the problem of intersubjectivity and puts forward his theory of transcendental, monadological intersubjectivity.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Husserl's student Edith Stein extended intersubjectivity's basis in empathy in her 1917 doctoral dissertation, "On the Problem of Empathy" ("Zum Problem der Einfühlung").


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Intersubjectivity also helps to constitute objectivity: in the experience of the world as available not only to oneself, but also to the other, there is a bridge between the personal and the shared, the self and the others.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Discussions and theories of intersubjectivity are prominent and of importance in contemporary psychology, theory of mind, and consciousness studies. Three major contemporary theories of intersubjectivity are theory theory, simulation theory, and interaction theory.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Simulation theorists, on the other hand, claim that we explain and predict others' behaviour by using our own minds as a model and "putting ourselves in another's shoes"—that is, by imagining what our mental states would be and how we would behave if we were in the other's situation. More specifically, we simulate what the other's mental states could have been to cause the observed behaviour, then use the simulated mental states, pretend beliefs, and pretend desires as input, running them through our own decision-making mechanism. We then take the resulting conclusion and attribute it to the other person. Authors like Vittorio Gallese have proposed a theory of embodied simulation that refers to neuroscientific research on mirror neurons and phenomenological research.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Spaulding noted that this debate has stalled in the past few years, with progress limited to articulating various hybrid simulation theories—"theory theory" accounts. To resolve this impasse, authors like Shaun Gallagher put forward interaction theory. Gallagher writes that an "... important shift is taking place in social cognition research, away from a focus on the individual mind and toward ... participatory aspects of social understanding..." Interaction theory is put forward to "galvanize" the interactive turn in explanations of intersubjectivity. Gallagher defines an interaction as two or more autonomous agents engaged in co-regulated coupling behavior. For example, when walking a dog, both the owner's behavior is regulated by the dog stopping and sniffing, and the dog's behavior is regulated by the lead and the owner's commands. Ergo, walking the dog is an example of an interactive process. For Gallagher, interaction and direct perception constitute what he terms "primary" (or basic) intersubjectivity.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Studies of dialogue and dialogism reveal how language is deeply intersubjective. When we speak, we always address our interlocutors, taking their perspective and orienting to what we think they think (or, more often, don't think). Within this tradition of research, it has been argued that the structure of individual signs or symbols, the basis of language, is intersubjective and that the psychological process of self-reflection entails intersubjectivity. Recent research on mirror neurons provides evidence for the deeply intersubjective basis of human psychology, and arguably much of the literature on empathy and theory of mind relates directly to intersubjectivity.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Colwyn Trevarthen has applied intersubjectivity to the very rapid cultural development of new born infants. Research suggests that as babies, humans are biologically wired to "coordinate their actions with others". This ability to coordinate and sync with others facilitates cognitive and emotional learning through social interaction. Additionally, the most socially productive relationship between children and adults is bidirectional, where both parties actively define a shared culture. The bidirectional aspect lets the active parties organize the relationship how they see fit—what they see as important receives the most focus. Emphasis is placed on the idea that children are actively involved in how they learn, using intersubjectivity.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: The ways intersubjectivity occurs varies across cultures. In certain Indigenous American communities, nonverbal communication is so prevalent that intersubjectivity may occur regularly amongst all members of the community, in part perhaps due to a "joint cultural understanding" and a history of shared endeavors. This "joint cultural understanding" may develop in small, Indigenous American communities where children have grown up embedded in their community's values, expectations, and livelihoods—learning through participation with adults rather than through intent verbal instruction—working in cohesion with one another in shared endeavors on a daily basis. Having grown up within this context may have led to members of this community to have what is described by some as a "blending of agendas", or by others as a "dovetailing of motives". If community or family members have the same general goals in mind they may thus act cohesively within an overlapping state of mind. Whether persons are in each other's presence or merely within the same community this blending of agendas or dovetailing of motives enables intersubjectivity to occur within these shared endeavors.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: The cultural value of "respeto" may also contribute to intersubjectivity in some communities; unlike the English definition of 'respect', "respeto" refers loosely to a mutual consideration for others' activities, needs, wants, etc. Similar to "putting yourself in another's shoes" the prevalence of "respeto" in certain Indigenous American communities in Mexico and South America may promote intersubjectivity as persons act in accordance with one another within consideration for the community or the individual's current needs or state of mind.


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Shared reference during an activity facilitates learning. Adults either teach by doing the task with children, or by directing attention toward experts. Children that had to ask questions in regard to how to perform a task were scolded for not learning by another's example, as though they were ignoring the available resources to learn a task, as seen in Tz'utujil Maya parents who scolded questioning children and asking "if they had eyes".


title: Intersubjectivity

text: Children from the Chillihuani village in the Andean mountains learned to weave without explicit instruction. They learned the basic technique from others by observing, eager to participate in their community. The learning process was facilitated by watching adults and by being allowed to play and experiment using tools to create their own weaving techniques.


title: Commendatori

text: "Commendatori" is the seventeenth episode of the HBO original series "The Sopranos" and the fourth of the show's second season. It was written by David Chase and directed by Tim Van Patten, and originally aired on February 6, 2000.


title: Commendatori

text: Tony goes to Naples with Paulie and Christopher to negotiate the smuggling of stolen luxury cars to Italy with a local Camorra family distantly related to the Sopranos. His contact there is Furio Giunta, a local mobster who speaks English. Tony learns that Don Vittorio, boss of the Naples family, is senile. His son-in-law, Mauro Zucca, had been in charge but is now serving life in prison. It is hard for Tony to accept that Annalisa—Vittorio's daughter and Mauro's wife—is the "de facto" head of the family.


title: Commendatori

text: Tony negotiates with Annalisa, naming his price for the cars, asking that Furio be sent to work for him in the United States, and asking that others be sent in the future as he requires. Annalisa scoffs at his proposition. Later, Annalisa comes on to him but he tells her he wishes to keep their relationship professional. Tony then lowers his price for the cars in exchange for Furio and any subsequent men; she agrees. Meanwhile, Paulie tries to rediscover his roots only to uncover a distaste for Italy, while Christopher is high on heroin almost all the time.


title: Commendatori

text: Carmela is resentful that Tony has not taken her to Italy. She has lunch with Rosalie Aprile and Angie Bonpensiero, where Angie shares how unhappy she is that Pussy has returned. He is indifferent to her even though she is awaiting the result of a biopsy. She says she has thought of suicide and that she intends to divorce him. Carmela later visits her and urges her not to break the sacrament of marriage.


title: Commendatori

text: While with his FBI handler, Skip Lipari, Pussy runs into Jimmy Bones, a Soprano associate. They concoct a cover story, but Pussy is afraid that Jimmy does not believe it. He goes to Jimmy's home and beats him to death with a ball-peen hammer. Pussy then goes home with a bouquet for Angie. When she told him earlier that her tumor was benign, he hardly listened. Now he gives her the flowers, but after a short pause, she beats him with them.


title: Commendatori

text: Tony returns home. Carmela is upstairs, doing housework. He calls her. After a short pause, she goes to greet him.


title: Commendatori

text: The episode's title is a plural of the Italian language word commendatore, which is an honorable title in Italian society. Tony and his crew are given this greeting in Italy, which Paulie hears and then tries to use throughout the episode.


title: Temple (TV series)

text: Temple is a British medical crime drama television series. Created by Mark O'Rowe, and starring Mark Strong, Carice Van Houten and Daniel Mays, it is based on the Norwegian drama "Valkyrien", and premiered 13 September 2019 on Sky One.


title: Temple (TV series)

text: In a labyrinth of abandoned service tunnels below Temple Underground Station, Daniel Milton (Mark Strong), a highly respected surgeon, runs an illegal medical clinic that treats criminals and other desperate patients who cannot or will not seek help from regular medical facilities. Daniel sets up the clinic to find a cure for his wife, Beth (Catherine McCormack), who suffers from a terminal illness. Lee (Daniel Mays), a Temple station staff member, and Anna (Carice van Houten), a medical researcher, help him run the clinic. The series focuses on the secrecy, exits and issues of trust as the clinic treats its patients as well as Daniel's need for money to fund his research.


title: Temple (TV series)

text: On 13 February 2020, "Temple" was picked up by the video on-demand services of U.S. cable provider Charter Communications via its "Spectrum Originals" banner. The second series was made available in its entirety to Spectrum subscribers on 1 November 2021.


title: 2023 UEFA Super Cup

text: The 2023 UEFA Super Cup will be the 48th edition of the UEFA Super Cup, an annual football match organised by UEFA and contested by the reigning champions of the top two European club competitions, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. The match will feature the winners of the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League and the 2022–23 UEFA Europa League. It is currently scheduled to be played at the Ak Bars Arena in Kazan, Russia, on 16 August 2023. However, the venue is uncertain due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and UEFA is considering alternative venues.


title: 2023 UEFA Super Cup

text: The Ak Bars Arena was selected as the final host by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting in Amsterdam, Netherlands on 2 March 2020. The Albanian Football Association also had bid for the match to be hosted in Tirana, but withdrew the candidature prior to the vote.


title: 2023 UEFA Super Cup

text: The match will be the first UEFA Super Cup to be held in Russia, and the second UEFA club competition final to be held in the city after the 2009 UEFA Women's Cup Final. The stadium was previously a venue for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, where it hosted three group stage matches and a semi-final, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, where it hosted four group stage matches, a round of 16 fixture and a quarter-final.


title: 2023 UEFA Super Cup

text: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine it seems likely that the venue will be rescheduled. Russia is currently suspended from UEFA and FIFA, and the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final, scheduled for Saint Petersburg, was also changed to Paris. Tatarian officals have called for UEFA to leave the competition in Kazan.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Winston Churchill received numerous honours and awards throughout his career as a British Army officer, statesman and author.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Perhaps the highest of these was the state funeral held at St Paul's Cathedral, after his body had lain in state for three days in Westminster Hall, an honour rarely granted to anyone other than a British monarch or consort. Queen Elizabeth II also broke protocol by giving precedence to a subject, arriving at the cathedral ahead of Churchill's coffin. The funeral also saw one of the largest assemblages of statesmen in the world.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Throughout his life, Churchill also accumulated other honours and awards. He was awarded 37 other orders and medals between 1895 and 1964. Of the orders, decorations and medals Churchill received, 20 were awarded by the United Kingdom, three by France, two each by Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg and Spain, and one each by the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Libya, Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United States. Ten were awarded for active service as a British Army officer in Cuba, India, Egypt, South Africa, the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. The greater number of awards were given in recognition of his service as a minister of the British government.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill was not a peer, never held a title of nobility, and remained a commoner all his life. As the grandson of 7th Duke of Marlborough, he bore the quartered coat of arms of the Spencer and Churchill families. Paul Courtenay observes that "It would be normal in these circumstances for the paternal arms (Spencer) to take precedence over the maternal (Churchill), but because the Marlborough dukedom was senior to the Sunderland earldom, the procedure was reversed in this case." In 1817 an augmentation of honour was granted commemorating the victory of Blenheim by the 1st Duke.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: As Churchill's father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was the surviving second son of the 7th Duke of Marlborough, his arms should have been differenced, by strict heraldic rules, with a mark of cadency. Traditionally, this would have been a heraldic crescent. Those differenced arms would have been inherited by Winston Churchill. This never seems to have been used by Lord Randolph or Winston. As arms are used to differentiate two bearers, there doesn't seem to have been any confusion between Churchill's arms as a gentleman with many decorations and later Knight of the Garter, those of his brother as a plain gentleman, and his cousin, the Duke of Marlborough, which were adorned with the insignia of a duke. As a Knight of the Garter, Churchill was also entitled to supporters in his achievement. But, he never seems to have got around to applying for them.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: The resulting heraldic achievement is: "quarterly 1st and 4th, Sable a lion rampant Argent on a canton of the second a cross Gules (Churchill); 2nd and 3rd, quarterly Argent and Gules, in the second and third quarters a fret Or, over all on a bend Sable three escallops of the first (Spencer); in chief, on an escutcheon Argent a cross Gules surmounted by an inescutcheon Azure charged with three fleurs-de-lys Or".


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: When he became a Knight of the Garter in 1953, his arms were encircled by the garter of the order, and at the same time the helms were made open, which is the mark of a knight. His motto was that of the Dukes of Marlborough, "Fiel pero desdichado" (Spanish for "Faithful but unfortunate").


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: On 9 April 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy, acting under authorization granted by an Act of Congress, proclaimed Churchill the first honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was physically incapable of attending the White House ceremony, so his son and grandson accepted the award for him.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: He had previously been made an honorary citizen of the City of Paris on 12 November 1944 while visiting the city following the liberation. During the ceremony at the Hôtel de Ville he received the Nazi flag that once flew from the Hôtel de Ville.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1945, King George VI offered Churchill to make him the "Duke of Dover" – the first non-royal dukedom to be created since 1874 – as well to become a Knight of the Garter; however, Churchill turned down both. Since 1900, only members of the British royal family have been made dukes, so the offer was exceptional.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1955, after retiring as prime minister, Churchill was again offered elevation to the peerage in the rank of duke by Queen Elizabeth II. By custom, prime ministers retiring from the Commons were usually offered earldoms, so a dukedom was a sign of special honour. One title that was considered was "Duke of London", a city whose name had never been used in a peerage title. Churchill had represented divisions of three different counties in Parliament, and his home, Chartwell, was in a fourth, so the city in which he had spent most of his time during fifty years in politics was seen as a suitable choice. Churchill considered accepting the offer of a dukedom but eventually declined it; the lifestyle of a duke would have been expensive, and accepting any peerage might have cut short a renewed career in the Commons for his son Randolph, and in due course, might also have prevented one for his grandson Winston. At the time, there was no procedure for disclaiming a title; the procedure was first established by the Peerage Act 1963. Upon inheriting a peerage, either Randolph or Winston would immediately be unseated from the House of Commons.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1913, Churchill was appointed an "Elder Brother" of Trinity House as result of his appointment as First Lord of the Admiralty.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1922 he was invested as a Companion of Honour and in 1946 he became a member of the Order of Merit. In 1953 he was invested as a Knight of the Garter, the highest ranking British order of knighthood.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: On 4 April 1939, Churchill was made an Honorary Air Commodore of No. 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron ("Churchill's Own") in the Auxiliary Air Force. In March 1943, the Air Council awarded Churchill honorary wings. He retained the appointment until 11 March 1957 when 615 Squadron was disbanded. He did, however, continue to hold the rank of Honorary Air Commodore. He frequently wore his uniform as an Air Commodore during World War II.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: He was the Colonel of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars (his old regiment) and, after its amalgamation, the first Colonel of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, which he held until his death in 1965. He was also Honorary Colonel of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: From 1941 to his death, he was the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, a ceremonial office. In 1941, Canadian Governor General Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, swore him into the King's Privy Council for Canada. Although this allowed him to use the honorific title "The Honourable" and the post-nominal letters "PC", both of these were trumped by his membership in the Imperial Privy Council, which allowed him the use of "The Right Honourable". He was also appointed Grand Seigneur of the Hudson's Bay Company in December 1955.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1945, he was mentioned by Halvdan Koht among seven candidates that were qualified for the Nobel Peace Prize. However, he did not explicitly nominate any of them. Actually, he nominated Cordell Hull.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: On 4 July 1947, Churchill was admitted as an hereditary member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati. He was presented with his insignia and diploma when he visited Washington, D.C. on January 16, 1952.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: A prolific painter in oils, in 1948 he was elected as an Honorary Academician Extraordinary by the Royal Academy: a highly unusual honour for an amateur artist.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1953, he was made a Knight of the Garter, which gave him the title Sir Winston Churchill, KG. He also won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending high human values."


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: He was Chancellor of the University of Bristol, as well as, in 1959, "Father of the House", the MP with the longest continuous service.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1956, Churchill received the Karlspreis (known in English as the Charlemagne Award), an award by the German city of Aachen to those who most contribute to the European idea and European peace.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: The Royal Society of Literature made Churchill one of the first five authors to be named a Companion of Literature in 1961.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Also in 1961, the Chartered Institute of Building named Churchill as an Honorary Fellow for his services and passion for the construction industry.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 1964, Civitan International presented Churchill with its first World Citizenship Award for service to the world community.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: When Churchill was 88, he was asked by the Duke of Edinburgh how he would like to be remembered. He replied with a scholarship like the Rhodes scholarship but for the wider masses. After his death, the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust was established in the United Kingdom and Australia. A Churchill Trust Memorial Day was held in Australia, raising $4.3 million. Since that time, the Churchill Trust in Australia has supported over 3,000 scholarship recipients in a diverse variety of fields, where merit, either on the basis of past experience or potential, and the propensity to contribute to the community, have been the only criteria.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: One of the four sets of false teeth that Winston Churchill wore his whole life to keep his unique way of speaking is now in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons in England.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Two Royal Navy warships have been named HMS "Churchill": the destroyer (I45) (1940–1944) and the submarine (1970–1991).


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: On 10 March 2001, the "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyer was commissioned into the United States Navy. The launch and christening of the ship two years earlier had been co-sponsored by Churchill's daughter, Lady Soames.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In addition, the Danish DFDS line named a car ferry "Winston Churchill," and the Corporation of Trinity House named one of their lighthouse tenders similarly. A sail training ship was named "Sir Winston Churchill".


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In September 1947, the Southern Railway named a Battle of Britain class steam locomotive, No. 21C151, after him. Churchill was offered the opportunity to perform the naming ceremony, but he declined. Later, the locomotive was used to pull his funeral train, and it is now kept in York's National Railway Museum.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: The Churchill tank, or Infantry Tank Mk IV; was a British Second World War tank named after Churchill, who was Prime Minister at the time of its design.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: The Winston Churchill Range in the Canadian Rockies was named in his honour. Also in Canada, Sir Winston Churchill Provincial Park and Churchill Lake in Saskatchewan were named after him, and Churchill Falls on the Churchill River in Newfoundland and Labrador.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: The Churchill National Park in Australia, which was established on 12 February 1941 as the Dandenong National Park, was renamed in 1944 in his honour. Churchill Island and Churchill Island Marine National Park in Victoria, Australia were also named after him.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: The Churchill Park (Danish: Churchillparken) located in central Copenhagen, Denmark, is named after Churchill in commemoration of Churchill and the British help to Denmark in the liberation of Denmark during World War II.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Ten schools in Canada are named in his honour: one each in Vancouver, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Hamilton, Kingston, St. Catharines, Lethbridge, Calgary, Toronto (Scarborough) and Ottawa also in London,Ont. Churchill Auditorium at the Technion is named after him.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: At least four American high schools carry his name; these are located in Potomac, Maryland; Livonia, Michigan; Eugene, Oregon and San Antonio, Texas.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: He appeared on the 1965 crown, the first commoner to be placed on a British coin. He made another appearance on a crown issued in 2010 to honour the 70th anniversary of his Premiership.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Pol Roger's prestige cuvée Champagne, "Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill", is named after him. The first vintage, 1975, was launched in 1984 at Blenheim Palace. The name was accepted by his heirs as Churchill was a faithful customer of Pol Roger. Following Churchill's death in 1965, Pol Roger added a black border to the label on bottles shipped to the UK as a sign of mourning. This was not lifted until 1990.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill has been included in numerous polls, mostly connected with greatness. "Time" named him its Man of the Year for 1940, and "Man of the Half-Century" in 1949. A BBC survey, of January 2000, saw Churchill voted the greatest British prime minister of the 20th century. In 2002, BBC TV viewers and web site users voted him the greatest Briton of all time in a ten-part series called Great Britons, a poll attracting almost two million votes.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Many statues have been created in likeness and in honour of Churchill. Numerous buildings and squares have also been named in his honour. The most prominent example of a statue of Churchill is the official statue commissioned by the government and created by Ivor Roberts-Jones which now stands in Parliament Square. It was unveiled by Churchill's widow, Lady Churchill, on 1 November 1973, and was Grade II listed in 2008. In June 2020 when anti-racism protests occurred in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests, the statue of Sir Winston Churchill located in Parliament Square was vandalised when a protester painted graffiti on the statue reading “was a racist” underneath Churchill’s name which was crossed out by the same vandal who wrote the sentence. A couple of days after this event took place the statue was cleaned and it did not sustain any permanent damage.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Another Roberts-Jones statue of Churchill displaying the V sign is prominently placed in New Orleans (erected in 1977).


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In addition several other statues have also been made, including a bronze bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein (1947), several statues by David McFall at Woodford (1959), William McVey outside the British embassy in Washington, D.C. (1966), Franta Belsky at Fulton, Missouri (1969), at least three from Oscar Nemon: one on the front lawn of the Halifax Public Library branch on Spring Garden Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia (1980); one in the British House of Commons (1969); a bust of his head along with that of Franklin Roosevelt commemorating the Quebec Conference, 1943 next to Port St. Louis in Quebec City (1998); and one in Nathan Phillips Square outside of Toronto City Hall (1977), and Jean Cardot beside the Petit Palais in Paris (1998). A statue of Churchill and Roosevelt, sculpted by Lawrence Holofcener is located in New Bond Street, London. There is an oversized bust of Churchill at the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site in Hyde Park, New York. It is paired with a similar bust of President Roosevelt.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: After Churchill was declared the greatest Briton of all time in the BBC poll and television series Great Britons (see above), a statue was erected in his honour and now stands at the BBC television studios. Churchill is also memorialised by many statues and a public square in New York, in recognition of his life, and also because his mother was from New York. His maternal family is also memorialised in streets, parks, and neighbourhoods throughout the city.


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: In 2012, a statue of Churchill was erected in Jerusalem in recognition of his "staunch and unwavering support of the Jewish cause and their desire for a homeland".


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill received many honorary doctorates from British universities as well other universities in the world, e.g.:


title: Honours of Winston Churchill

text: Churchill received a worldwide total of 42 Freedoms of cities and towns, in his lifetime a record for a lifelong British citizen.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Louise Daphne Mensch ("née" Bagshawe; born 28 June 1971) is a British blogger, novelist, and former Conservative Member of Parliament. In the 1990s she became known as a writer of chick lit novels under her maiden name Louise Bagshawe. She was elected Conservative MP for Corby at the 2010 UK general election.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch resigned as an MP in August 2012 to move to New York City to live with her second husband, American music manager Peter Mensch. She began working for News Corp in 2014, and co-launched its "Heat Street" website in February 2016. Since leaving "Heat Street" in December 2016, she has published primarily on her blog "Patribotics", which she launched in January 2017, and her Twitter account. She left News Corp entirely in March 2017.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch and "Heat Street" have since courted controversy by promoting unverified claims, hoaxes, and conspiracy theories about the Trump administration and its ties to the Russian Federation. Among other allegations she has posted online, Mensch claimed that she had obtained evidence that Russian president Vladimir Putin had American conservative commentator Andrew Breitbart, the founder of "Breitbart News" who died of a heart attack in 2012, murdered so his job would go to his deputy, Steve Bannon. She has stated that the 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting, which was perpetrated by Abdulkadir Masharipov on behalf of the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, was a Russian false flag operation with Russia posing as ISIL. She has stated that "Bannon and his team" were behind the 2017 Jewish Community Center bomb threats that were committed by two people, American Juan M. Thompson and Israeli-American Michael David Kadar, with no ties to Bannon. She has claimed Russian intelligence planted inflammatory emails implicating former U.S. Senator and 2016 Democratic Party presidential candidate Hillary Clinton on disgraced former U.S. House member Anthony Weiner's computer. Mensch has also, without evidence, accused numerous people, including Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and venture capitalist Peter Thiel, of being Russian "shills", "moles" and "agents of influence". Zack Beauchamp, a reporter for "Vox" who has written at length about Mensch, has said she was the equivalent of an Alex Jones of the right: "I would say the closest analog would be Infowars", he said. "BuzzFeed" called Mensch an "anti-Russian influence crusader" and one of a number of "anti-Trump public figures [who] share unreliable information".


title: Louise Mensch

text: Louise Daphne Bagshawe was born in Westminster, London, daughter of Nicholas Wilfrid Bagshawe and Daphne Margaret (Triggs) Bagshawe, and was raised a Roman Catholic. Her father is descended from the recusant (Catholic) Bagshawe family, of Wormhill Hall, near Buxton, Derbyshire, and of Oakes-in-Norton. She was educated at Beechwood Sacred Heart School, Tunbridge Wells, and Woldingham School, a Catholic girls' boarding school in Surrey. She read English Language and Literature at Christ Church, Oxford, and was Secretary of the Oxford Union. She has a brother and two sisters, one of whom, Tilly Bagshawe, is a freelance journalist and author.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch won a 'Young Poet of the Year' award in 1989, at the age of 18. Following a six-month internship at MTV Europe, she worked as a press officer with EMI Records and then as a marketing official for Sony Music.


title: Louise Mensch

text: She went on to a long career writing novels in the chick lit fiction genre, publishing seventeen works in all – fifteen of which have appeared under her maiden name. They sold a total of over two million copies. Her first novel, "Career Girls", was published in 1995. Her sister Tilly has also published novels of that type. Mensch is an outspoken advocate of the genre, and has stated that it encourages girls to be ambitious. Before her run for parliament, she said: "There was so much sex in the first novel, I thought, there is no way I am ever going to be an MP. How will I get past the blue rinse brigade?" Reflecting further on her books, she stated: "All of them feature feminist heroines making it on their own. I simply couldn't write about some drippy Cinderella because I don't admire those women."


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch joined the Conservative Party when she was 14; her parents supported the party. Subsequently, in 1996, she switched to the Labour Party, saying she believed Tony Blair to be "socially liberal but an economic Tory". By 1997, she returned to the Conservatives, helping her mother Daphne win a seat on East Sussex County Council from the Liberal Democrats; and campaigned in the 1997, 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2001, Mensch co-founded the Oxonian Society, later renamed the Hudson Union Society, with Joseph Pascal and Princess Badiya bint El Hassan of Jordan.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Conservative party leader David Cameron placed Mensch on his "A-List" of Conservative candidates in 2006. In October 2006, she was selected to stand in the constituency of Corby, which she won at the 2010 general election with a majority of 1,951, defeating Labour incumbent Phil Hope. In June 2010, she was elected by other Conservative MPs to serve on the Select Committee for the Department of Culture, Media and Sport.


title: Louise Mensch

text: On 19 July 2011, in the hearings of the House of Commons Select Committee for Culture, Media and Sport, Mensch interrogated James and Rupert Murdoch concerning their roles in the "News of the World" phone hacking scandal.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Political blogger Bagehot in "The Economist" named Mensch as the "surprise star" of the hearing, writing that her "sharp, precise, coolly scornful questions" contrasted with her "waffling, pompous" fellow committee members, and citing her clever confrontation of the Murdochs.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In the course of the hearings, Mensch erroneously stated that Piers Morgan had written in his autobiography about conducting phone hacking while he was the editor of the "Daily Mirror". When challenged on CNN by Morgan, Mensch cited the protection of parliamentary privilege and declined either to withdraw the allegation or to repeat it. She later apologised to Morgan, and stated that she had misread a newspaper report about his book.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Three days after the hearing, Mensch received an email that alleged, among other things, that she had taken drugs and danced while drunk with violinist Nigel Kennedy at a club in Birmingham in the 1990s. Mensch publicly released the email, stating that the allegations were "highly probable" but said that she regretted only that others had to see her dancing and that she would not be deterred from asking further questions about phone hacking. Members of the Parliamentary committee denounced the attempt to intimidate Mensch, who subsequently admitted in "The Sunday Times" that she had used class A drugs.


title: Louise Mensch

text: On 6 August 2012, Mensch resigned as the MP for Corby in order to move with her second husband, American music manager Peter Mensch, to New York City. Mensch had appeared likely to be promoted in the expected September government reshuffle. She was appointed to the nominal position of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead on 29 August 2012, thus vacating her seat.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Following the rioting in England in 2011, Mensch called for social media services Twitter and Facebook to be shut down or to "take an hour off" during disturbances to stop the spread of false rumours wasting police resources. She compared the action with brief interruptions to road and rail networks during emergencies. However, some other Twitter users compared such action to the online censorship of regimes such as Iran and China, whilst Sussex police said they had used Twitter to stop rumours.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In June 2012, a man was given a 26-week prison sentence suspended for two years for sending Mensch an offensive and threatening email including threats against her children. Following his conviction, Mensch called for networking sites to identify anonymous bullies saying it was impossible for the victim to ascertain the seriousness of the threat posed, while the bullies felt they could do as they pleased without fear of retribution.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In May 2012, Mensch used her Twitter account to condemn abusive and threatening tweets that she had received, describing them as "misogyny and bullying". The tweets were subsequently reported in the mainstream press, and she drew praise and support from Twitter users for drawing attention to the issue, as well as from public figures such as Jeremy Vine and Isabel Hardman.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In May 2015, after that year's general election, Mensch herself was accused of cyberbullying Abby Tomlinson, the teenaged leader of the 'Milifandom'. Former Labour party deputy leader John Prescott "tweeted that Mensch's behaviour breached the Independent Press Standards Organisation's code on harassment," the "Guardian" reported at the time. Mensch stated that she would be deleting many of her tweets “as I do not wish to be accused of 'harrassing’." Mensch denied the accusation, asserting that she had only criticised Tomlinson. Shortly afterwards, she wrote a 4,000-word blog entry to reiterate that she had not bullied Tomlinson and made new assertions about the sixth-form student.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Most recently, Mensch is alleged to have harassed a number of individuals who have taken issue with the veracity of the various conspiracy theories she has espoused online about Russia. Mensch, the "Daily Beast" has reported, has "resorted to ad hominem attacks on people with whom she disagrees," the website reported, "notably accusing Naval Reserve intelligence officer and former FBI double agent Naveed Jamali of disseminating 'what can only be described as pro-Kremlin propaganda,' she said. Mensch added that she was especially incensed by Jamali’s suggestion on Twitter that the Russians didn’t recruit top-secret leaker Edward Snowden "as Mensch has claimed" and initially weren’t even sure that he was on the level."


title: Louise Mensch

text: In June 2012, Mensch joined forces with former Labour digital adviser Luke Bozier to set up a social networking website – a politics-based rival to Twitter. The site, named Menshn – pronounced "mention" – allowed users to select their topic of interest. Mensch hoped to raise venture capital finance. The site was initially criticised by IT industry experts for using "http" instead of secure "https" to communicate passwords. Bozier disputed this claim, but the site switched to the secure protocol. Menshn closed in February 2013.


title: Louise Mensch

text: After leaving Parliament and moving to the US in 2012, Mensch began working as an independent journalist and also wrote articles for several newspapers, including "The Times", and "The Guardian". In "The Guardian" she wrote two articles advocating "reality-based feminism", in particular "Conservative feminism" or "Tory feminism", and critical of Britain's "modern feminist movement" (including equality impact assessment), which she called "ultra-feminism" and contrasted unfavourably with "American feminism".


title: Louise Mensch

text: In May 2014, she started developing new digital projects for News Corporation. In February 2016 she co-launched "Heat Street", a libertarian news, opinion and commentary website, with television executive Noah Kotch. On "Heat Street", Mensch interviewed Adam Baldwin regarding the movement involved in the Gamergate controversy, claiming that it was Baldwin who created the Gamergate hashtag to "describe the scandal of falsely accused young men", and suggesting it is a hashtag that "divided the feminists – like me – and the fauxminists".


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch left "Heat Street" in mid-December 2016, and launched her own political blog, "Patribotics", in January 2017. The blog is controversial, and cites unnamed sources in the intelligence community, publishing numerous conspiracy theories that have either remained unverified or debunked altogether. Mensch has stated that she prefers the freedom of self-publishing, which having her own blog affords; she told "The Guardian", "I didn't want to be subject to an editing process. Editors would ask: who are your sources? And I can't tell them."


title: Louise Mensch

text: In November 2016, "Heat Street" published an article titled "Exclusive: FBI 'Granted FISA Warrant' Covering Trump Camp's Ties To Russia", written by Mensch. Although ultimately it turned out that U.S. law enforcement agencies did utilise a FISA warrant against one former Trump aide, most of Mensch's claims were later thoroughly debunked.


title: Louise Mensch

text: According to Mensch's article, the FISA warrant giving permission to investigate the Trump campaign was granted in October 2016, in "connection with the investigation of suspected activity between the server [in Trump Tower<nowiki>]</nowiki> and two banks, SVB Bank and Alfa Bank." The article also claimed that "it is thought in the intelligence community that the warrant covers any 'US person' connected to this investigation, and thus covers Donald Trump and at least three further men." In January 2017, Paul Wood on BBC News reported a FISA warrant issued on 15 October 2016 to intercept the electronic records from two Russian banks in relation to the Trump campaign; a week later, "McClatchy" independently confirmed the BBC report, and in February 2017 "The Guardian" wrote that "former officials said they believed that the Mensch and BBC account of the Fisa warrants was correct."


title: Louise Mensch

text: However, Glenn Kessler, writing in "The Washington Post", wrote that "McClatchy"s article ", like that of the BBC, differed significantly from the "Heat Street" account. Despite this, Mensch often cited the "McClatchy" article as evidence that her story was true.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In March 2017, the Trump administration cited the "Heat Street" and BBC stories as evidence for Trump's claims on Twitter that President Barack Obama had illegally wiretapped his phones. According to Kessler the BBCs account differed substantially from that of Mensch, the BBC alleging that: "Neither Mr Trump nor his associates are named in the FISA order, which would only cover foreign citizens or foreign entities — in this case the Russian banks." Kessler stated: ""The Washington Post" for months has sought to confirm this report of a FISA warrant related to the Trump campaign but has been unable to do so. Presumably, other major news organisations have tried to do so as well. So one has to take this claim with a huge dose of skepticism." Kessler added that the assertion that the FISA warrant was to examine possible activity between two Russian banks and a computer server in Trump Tower had not been confirmed by U.S. news organisations, and that the Trump Organisation server communicating with Russian banks may have actually been located in Philadelphia, not Trump Tower. Moreover, according to the FBI as reported by "The New York Times" in October 2016, "there could be an innocuous explanation [for the server traffic], like a marketing email or spam."


title: Louise Mensch

text: In April 2017, "The Washington Post" reported that, during the summer of 2016, the FBI obtained a FISA warrant to monitor Carter Page, an advisor to the Trump campaign; the story was later corrected to show the warrant was obtained in October 2016, after Page had left the Trump campaign. The warrant was granted as part of an investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign. Although Mensch claimed that and similar reports vindicated her own report on purported FISA warrants, the FISA warrants on Page did not entail the surveillance of the two Russian banks Mensch claimed in her story, and Mensch's report, in turn, mentioned nothing at all about Carter Page.


title: Louise Mensch

text: During and after the 2016 US presidential election, Mensch's political commentary and social media accounts promoted numerous various conspiracy theories about the Russian government, Donald Trump and various individuals in Trump's circle. Mensch claims that she has seen evidence that Vladimir Putin had Andrew Breitbart murdered to make room for Steve Bannon at "Breitbart". She has stated that the 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting was a Russian false flag operation, with Russian intelligence operatives posing as ISIL terrorists; that onetime Trump chief political strategist Steve "Bannon and his team" were behind bomb threats to Jewish community centres; and that Russian intelligence operatives planted Hillary Clinton's emails on Anthony Weiner's laptop just before the 2016 presidential election. Mensch has also accused numerous people and organizations of being Russian "shills", "moles" and "agents of influence", including Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, Peter Thiel, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and elements of Mossad (Israel's intelligence service).


title: Louise Mensch

text: In April 2017, Mensch claimed that "sources with links to the intelligence community" told her that it "is believed that Carter Page," [the former campaign aide and foreign policy adviser, to President Trump] went to Moscow in early July carrying with him a pre-recorded tape of Donald Trump offering to change American policy if he were to be elected, to make it more favorable to Putin. In exchange, Page was authorised directly by Trump to request the help of the Russian government in hacking the election." No evidence has ever surfaced or been published to corroborate any of these allegations either. When others have questioned her claims, she has often attacked them on social media as being witting or unwitting agents of Russia.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In May 2017, Mensch wrote that then-Senator Orrin Hatch, Republican of Utah, who was named as "the ‘Designated Survivor’ at the inauguration of Donald Trump ... is likely to become President if charges" against President Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, and then-Speaker of the House Paul Ryan" were soon brought, "according to the evidence, of illegal collusion with Russia, money laundering, and obstruction of justice". Federal authorities had gathered "voluminous evidence" that "Donald Trump... knowingly colluded with the Russian state in the hacking of the U.S election, and laundered Russian money through shell companies". Mensch added that federal authorities had uncovered evidence that Pence had "obstructed justice, conspired to obstruct justice.. and violated the Logan Act." She also claimed that conversations of Paul Ryan had "been legally intercepted", were on tape, and included Ryan admitting that he knew Russian money was being laundered into the Republican Party. Because Trump, Pence, and Ryan might be removed from office at any moment after facing criminal charges, Mensch said, Senator Hatch would likely be named President. None of these claims turned out to be true, and none of these events that Mensch forecast ever occurred.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch claimed that former U.S. Representative (D-NY) Anthony Weiner was brought down as the result of a Russian intelligence operation to put the Clinton emails back in the news in the final days of the 2016 presidential election, saying: "I can exclusively report that there is ample evidence that suggests that Weiner was sexting not with a 15 year old girl but with a hacker, working for Russia, part of the North Carolina hacking group ‘Crackas With Attitude’, who hacked the head of the CIA, and a great many FBI agents, police officers, and other law enforcement officials." When the 15-year-old girl went public with her story for a "BuzzFeed" article, Mensch continued to state that Weiner was speaking to hackers posing as underage girls, while he also happened to also be in touch with a real 15-year-old girl at the same time.


title: Louise Mensch

text: In 2000, she married Italian-American real estate developer Anthony LoCicero. They have three children, but separated in 2009 and later divorced. In June 2011, she married American music manager Peter Mensch, whom she first met 20 years earlier, and resided with him in New York City until their divorce in August 2019.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch disclosed in May 2016 that she was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which made her realise she was "self medicating" with wine for stress, and as a result, has thus almost completely given up alcohol.


title: Louise Mensch

text: Mensch has also commented, on BBC TV's "Question Time" during a debate on calls to decriminalise hard drugs, about taking hard drugs in her twenties, and subsequently told the press, in 2012: "It is something that I regret incredibly, that, in my youth, I messed with my brain. I said 'we all do stupid things when we are young'." "It's had long-term mental health effects on me. My mind is messed up after taking hard drugs."


title: Charlie Dick

text: Charles Allen Dick (May 24, 1934 – November 8, 2015) was an American Linotype operator who was best known as the widower of Patsy Cline.


title: Charlie Dick

text: Dick was born on May 24, 1934 near Whitehall, Virginia. He later moved to Winchester and worked as a Linotype operator for a local newspaper after high school.


title: Charlie Dick

text: Dick met Patsy Cline during a dance in Winchester in 1956, and they started dating. Dick married Patsy Cline in Winchester on September 15, 1957. After their marriage, they moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina where Dick was working as a Linotype operator at Fort Bragg. They moved back to Winchester in 1959 and remained married until 1963 when Cline died in a plane crash.


title: Charlie Dick

text: They had two children together, Julie Sidamore (a misspelling of Simadore) and Allen Randolph (Randy).


title: Charlie Dick

text: After Cline's death, even though money wasn't a problem as royalty checks were still coming in, Dick went back to work, this time as a record promotor for Starday Records, a record label that was based in Nashville, Tennessee. Dick married country singer Jamey Ryan in 1965 and they divorced in 1970, having one child together. He later took part in many documentaries on Patsy Cline.


title: Charlie Dick

text: According to "Rolling Stone", "Throughout his life, Dick worked to preserve the legacy of Cline." "Wide Open Country" called Dick "a lifelong champion of [Cline's] music" and "dedicated to keeping Patsy's legacy alive". "The Tennessean" referred to Dick as "a champion of her legacy for the last five decades."


title: Charlie Dick

text: After "Coal Miner's Daughter" came out in 1980, spurring interest in Cline, Dick played a part in having her albums re-released as "The Patsy Cline Collection" in 1991. In 1997, he worked on the release of "Patsy Cline: Live at the Cimarron Ballroom", a recording of a 1961 concert. This recording placed on the Billboard Country Albums Top 40 chart.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: My Man Godfrey is a 1936 American screwball comedy film directed by Gregory La Cava and starring William Powell and Carole Lombard, who had been briefly married years before appearing together in the film. The screenplay for "My Man Godfrey" was written by Morrie Ryskind, with uncredited contributions by La Cava, based on "1101 Park Avenue", a short novel by Eric S. Hatch. The story concerns a socialite who hires a derelict to be her family's butler, and then falls in love with him.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: In 1999, the original version of "My Man Godfrey" was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. The film was remade in 1957 with June Allyson and David Niven in the starring roles.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: During the Great Depression, Godfrey "Smith" Parke is unemployed, living with other homeless men down on their luck at a New York City dump in a Hooverville on the East River near the 59th Street Bridge. One night, a spoiled socialite named Cornelia Bullock offers him $5 to be her "forgotten man" for a scavenger hunt. The annoyed Godfrey refuses, causing Cornelia to retreat and fall on a pile of ashes, much to the glee of her younger sister and rival Irene. After talking with Irene, Godfrey finds her to be kind and offers to go with her to help her beat Cornelia, as well as satisfy his own curiosity regarding their scavenger hunt.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: In the ballroom of the Waldorf-Ritz Hotel, Irene's businessman father Alexander Bullock waits resignedly as his wife Angelica and her mooching protégé Carlo play the game. Godfrey arrives and is authenticated as a "forgotten man", allowing Irene to win the game. However, Godfrey takes the opportunity to address his contempt for the audience's antics before leaving in a huff. Realizing what she brought him into, an apologetic Irene offers Godfrey to be her protégé by hiring him as the new family butler, which he gratefully accepts.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: On his first day as the new butler, Godfrey is warned by the Bullocks' maid Molly that he is merely the latest in a long line of butlers who didn't last long due to the Bullocks' conflicting personalities and antics. Despite this, Godfrey proves to be surprisingly competent and resourceful in his duties, but Cornelia holds a grudge against him, intending to get him in trouble and have him dumped back into the streets. In the meantime, Irene proves herself to be far kinder and more empathetic than her family, particularly her sister, but just as spoiled and altogether naïve, becoming infatuated with Godfrey through no more than basic interaction and general allure. She even goes as far as to kiss him, causing a job-anxious Godfrey to politely but firmly outline the boundaries of their employee-employer relationship.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: Eventually, Godfrey is recognized by his longtime friend Tommy Gray at a tea party thrown by Irene. Godfrey makes up a story that he was Tommy's valet at Harvard, to which Tommy plays along by embellishing Godfrey's story with a nonexistent wife and five children. Upon hearing this, a dismayed Irene impulsively announces her engagement to the surprised Charlie Van Rumple but breaks down in tears and flees after being congratulated by Godfrey. Over lunch the next day, Tommy is curious to know what one of the elite "Parkes of Boston" is doing as a servant. Godfrey explains that a broken love affair left him broke and considering suicide, but the undaunted attitude of the homeless men living at the dump rekindled his spirits.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: Eventually, Irene breaks her engagement with Charlie. Cornelia attempts to seduce Godfrey on his day off, but when he rebuffs her, she plants her pearl necklace under Godfrey's mattress and calls the police, intending to have him arrested. However, the police couldn't find the pearls inside the mattress, and Mr. Bullock (having deduced what Cornelia did) furiously informed Cornelia that the pearls are not insured and that she will lose a great deal of money if she doesn't find the necklace, distressing her. The Bullocks send their daughters to Europe to get Irene away from her now-broken engagement, but when they return, Cornelia implies that she intends to seduce Godfrey again. A worried Irene stages a fainting spell and swoons into Godfrey's arms, but he rebuffs her after realizing that she's faking. Having enough of Irene's behavior, Godfrey announces his resignation as the butler.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: Before Godfrey is about to leave, Mr. Bullock throws Carlo out (literally), and announces to the family that their business is failing and that he tried to recoup the losses with his stockholders' money behind their backs, which will land him in prison on embezzlement charges and leave the rest of the family penniless. However, Godfrey provides good news: he had sold short, using some of the money raised by pawning Cornelia's pearl necklace to buy up the stock that Bullock had sold. He gives the stock back to Mr. Bullock, saving the family from financial ruin. Godfrey also returns the necklace to Cornelia, who concedes defeat by confessing to planting the necklace in the mattress and humbly expressing her gratitude and remorse for her behavior. As Godfrey leaves, the grateful Molly and the Bullocks are saddened to see him go, but Irene is determined to follow him.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: With Godfrey's remaining profits, Godfrey and Tommy become business partners as they convert the now-filled-in dump into a fashionable nightclub called "The Dump", creating new jobs for the other homeless men, with a housing plan for new SRO apartments for them. Upon hearing of Godfrey's new occupation during The Dump's grand opening, a determined Irene finds Godfrey and convinces him to marry her by persuading the Mayor (who is the guest of honor) to perform a civil wedding while her chauffeur serves as a witness.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: The film was based on a 1935 novel by Eric S. Hatch. Charles Rogers, head of Universal, called it "a sure-fire laugh-getting novel". That studio purchased the film rights and assigned Hatch to write the script with Morrie Ryskind, who received top billing for the screenplay. Rogers hired Gregory La Cava to direct, "the best comedy director in Hollywood."


title: My Man Godfrey

text: It was the first major film from Universal after that studio had been taken over by new management, including head of production Charles Rogers. However the studio did not have any major stars under contract apart from Buck Jones, Boris Karloff and Edward Everett Horton, and needed to borrow some from other studios.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: The studio's original choice to play Irene, the part eventually played by Carole Lombard, was Constance Bennett, and Miriam Hopkins also was considered, but the director Gregory La Cava would only agree to Bennett if Universal borrowed William Powell from MGM. Powell, for his part, only would take the role if Carole Lombard played Irene. Powell and Lombard had divorced three years earlier.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: Powell's casting was announced in January 1936. Universal borrowed Lombard from Paramount. As part of the deal, Universal loaned Paramount Margaret Sullavan for the film "I Love a Soldier" and Lombard's clothes designer, Travis Banton, accompanied her. Alice Brady joined the cast in March.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: "My Man Godfrey" was in production from April 15 to May 27, 1936, and then had retakes in early June of the year. Its budget was $575,375, and Powell was paid $87,500 and Lombard $45,645. The film was one of the first under the new regime of Charles Rogers at Universal, although it had been developed under his predecessor Carl Laemmle Jr.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: La Cava, a former animator and freelancer for most of his film career, held studio executives in contempt and was known to be a bit eccentric. When he and Powell hit a snag over a disagreement about how Godfrey should be portrayed, they settled things over a bottle of Scotch. The next morning, La Cava showed up for shooting with a headache, but Powell didn't appear. Instead, the actor sent a telegram stating: "WE MAY HAVE FOUND GODFREY LAST NIGHT BUT WE LOST POWELL. SEE YOU TOMORROW."


title: My Man Godfrey

text: Due to insurance considerations a stand-in stuntman (Chick Collins) was used when Godfrey carried Irene over his shoulder up the stairs to her bedroom.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: When tensions hit a high point on the set, Lombard had a habit of inserting four-letter words into her dialogue, often to the great amusement of the cast. This made shooting somewhat difficult, but clips of her cursing in her dialogue and messing up her lines can still be seen in blooper reels.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: It was the first film released under the aegis of Charles Rogers and was given a big premiere. "My Man Godfrey" premiered on September 6, 1936, and was released in the United States on the 17th of September. It was a runaway hit and earned huge profits for the studio.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: The movie was one of the most acclaimed comedies of 1936. Writing for "The Spectator" in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a moderately positive review, characterizing it as "acutely funny [for three-quarters of its way]". Particularly praising the scene of the scavenging party, Greene finds it to be "perhaps the wittiest, as well as noisiest, sequence of the year". Considering the end of the film, however, he notes that "the social conscience is a little confused" and he wishes for a more "dignified exit".


title: My Man Godfrey

text: "My Man Godfrey" was the first movie to be nominated in all four acting categories, in the first year that supporting categories were introduced. It's also the only film in Oscar history to receive a nomination in all four acting categories and not be nominated for Best Picture and was the only film to be nominated in these six categories and not receive any award until 2013's "American Hustle".


title: My Man Godfrey

text: In 1999, the film was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 2000, the film was ranked #44 on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 funniest comedies, and "Premiere" voted it one of "The 50 Greatest Comedies Of All Time" in 2006. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 100% with an average rating of 8.3/10 with the consensus stating: "A class satire in a class of its own, My Man Godfrey's screwball comedy is as sharp as the social commentary is biting."


title: My Man Godfrey

text: The original film is generally thought to have lapsed into the public domain due to a failure to renew the film's copyright after 28 years. However the underlying work, the 1935 book "1101 Park Avenue" – re-titled "My Man Godfrey" with the film's release – had its copyright renewed in 1963 and is thus still in copyright. According to Stanford University Library, and under rulings of "Stewart v. Abend", in so-called multilayered works, the rights holder of the original work can claim ownership of the film script, though not the pictures, if the original book is still in copyright. "Films are often based on books ... that may maintain copyright. If the pre-existing work is protected, then rightly or wrongly, it has generally been determined that the derived film is also protected."


title: My Man Godfrey

text: In 2002, a restored print was made available on DVD by The Criterion Collection, which featured a new cover art illustrated by Michael Koelsch. In 2005, 20th Century Fox Home Video released a colorized version.


title: My Man Godfrey

text: "My Man Godfrey" was twice adapted as a one-hour radio broadcast on "Lux Radio Theatre": on May 9, 1938, with David Niven playing the part of Tommy Gray; and on November 9, 1954, with Jeff Chandler and Julie Adams. It was also adapted to radio in a half-hour version on the October 2, 1946 episode of "Academy Award Theater", again starring William Powell. When the film was remade in 1957, David Niven played Godfrey opposite June Allyson, directed by Henry Koster. A stage musical version of "My Man Godfrey", produced by Allan Carr and written by librettists Alan Jay Lerner and Kristi Kane and composer Gerard Kenny, was intended for Broadway in 1985, but remained uncompleted at the time of Alan Jay Lerner's death in 1986.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya () (714/717/718 — 801 CE) was an Arab Muslim saint and Sufi mystic and carried her life out as an influential religious figure. She is known in some parts of the world as Hazrat Rabia Basri, Rabia Al Basri or simply Rabia Basri. She set an example respected by Muslims throughout history and is a small piece in the complicated founding of Islam.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rābiʻa is said to have been born between 714 and 718 CE (95 and 98 Hijri) in Basra, Iraq, of the Qays tribe. Farid ud-Din Attar, a later Sufi saint and poet, recounted much of her early life.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: According to Fariduddin Attar, whose account is more myth than a narrative of a historical Rābiʿa: when Rābiʻa was born, her parents were so poor that there was no oil in the house to light a lamp, nor even a cloth to wrap her with. Her mother asked her husband to borrow some oil from a neighbor, but he had resolved in his life never to ask for anything from anyone except God. He pretended to go to the neighbor's door and returned home empty-handed. At night Muhammad appeared to him in a dream and told him,"Your newly born daughter is a favorite of the Lord, and shall lead many Muslims to the right path. You should approach the Amir of Basra and present him with a letter in which should be written this message: 'You offer Durood to the Holy Prophet one hundred times every night and four hundred times every Thursday night. However, since you failed to observe the rule last Thursday, as a penalty you must pay the bearer four hundred dinars'".


title: Rabia of Basra

text: However, after the death of her father, famine overtook Basra. She parted from her sisters. Rabia went into the desert to pray and became an ascetic, living a life of semi-seclusion. She is often cited as being the queen of saintly women, and was known for her complete devotion as "pure unconditional love of God." As an exemplar among others devoted to God, she provided a model of mutual love between God and His creation; her example is one in which the loving devotee on earth becomes one with the Beloved.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rābiʻa died in her 80s in Basra in 185 AH/801 CE, where her tomb was shown outside the city. However, Rābiʿa's main modern biographer, Rika Elaroui Cornell, says the datings of Rābiʿa's birth and death "come from a much later period and the ultimate source of these dates is unclear." Her life records stem mainly from historical narratives. Rabi’a is thought of today as a saint because of her contributions to Sufism and her devotion to God. In Islamic literature, oral words are seen as valid as written words are. Additionally, with surviving works by other authors confirming her story, she was both a real and impactful Sufi.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Often noted as having been the single most famous and influential renunciant women of Islamic history, Rābiʻa was renowned for her extreme virtue and piety. A devoted ascetic, when asked why she performed a thousand ritual prostrations both during the day and at night, she answered:"I desire no reward for it; I do it so that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and give him peace, will delight in it on the day of Resurrection and say to the prophets, 'Take note of what a woman of my community has accomplished'".


title: Rabia of Basra

text: She was intense in her self-denial and devotion to God. She never claimed to have achieved unity with Him; instead, she dedicated her life to getting closer to God. As an explanation of her refusal to lift her head toward the heavens [to God] as an act of modesty, she used to say: "Were the world the possession of a single man, it would not make him rich ... [B]ecause it is passing away."


title: Rabia of Basra

text: She was the one who first set forth the doctrine of Divine Love known as "Ishq-e-Haqeeqi" and is widely considered being the most important of the early renunciant, one mode of piety that would eventually become labeled as Sufism.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Contrary to the name, Rabi’a was never appointed a saint because Muslims do not have such titles. However, through years of reinterpretation and westernization, Rabi’a has been donned with the title.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rabi’a’s teachings had a lasting impact on the religious world, as noted by many religious scholars. One non-Sufi account by Abu ‘Uthman al-Jahiz referred to her as highly respected, and someone people went to for guidance. Another reference by Abi Tahir Tayfur of Bhagdad remembers her always having something important to say.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: She was well known for having a powerful love for God and devoting her life to him. She was beloved not only by many for her spiritual guidance but for her ethics as well. She pushed the idea of loving God for being God, not for reward or anything.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Among her most notable qualities besides her devotion to God are her humility and celibacy. Living alone and in love with only God, she is idolized by many for her religious passion and the example she set for the growing Muslim population. She is also said to be the founder of Islamic love mysticism.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Much of the poetry that is attributed to her is of unknown origin. There is no evidence in the historical archive that Rābiʿa ever met Hasan al-Basri; however the following myth, first appearing in Fariduddin Attar's "Tadhkirat al-Awliya`", is a common trope in the modern period: After a life of hardship, she spontaneously achieved a state of self-realization. She was chosen by Allah to perform divine miracles. When asked by Shaikh Hasan al-Basri, how she discovered the secret, she responded by stating:"You know of the how, but I know of the how-less."


title: Rabia of Basra

text: One of the many myths that surround her life is that she was freed from slavery because her master saw her praying while surrounded by light, realized that she was a saint and feared for his life if he continued to keep her as a slave.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rābiʿa's main modern biographer, Rika Elaroui Cornell, discovered four main tropes of mythologization, Rābiʿa the Teacher, Rābiʿa the Ascetic, Rābiʿa the Lover, and Rābiʿa the Sufi.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya is often mythologized as an "essential ascetic", where "the ascetic attains the Nonworld not by rejecting the World but by treating it as unimportant. The essential ascetic avoids the World not because it is evil per se but because it is a distraction from God."


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rabi’a was said to have a circle of disciples, including Maryam of Basra. Besides her disciples, she is regarded as a mentor to many emerging Muslims and guided people in their journey toward God and Sufi practices.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: While nothing physical is left, her impact on the lives of the people around her can be seen in the stories still told about her. For someone whose physical existence is unproved, the fact that her name is still known and respected today speaks volumes.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Several aspects of Sufism suggest that Sufi ideologies and practices have stood as counters to dominant society and its perception of women and the relationships between men and women. The stories detailing the life and practices of Rabi'a al-Adawiyya show a countercultural understanding of the role of gender in society. Her role as a spiritual and intellectual superiority is depicted in several narratives. In a Sufi narrative, Sufi leader Hasan al-Basri explained, "I passed one whole night and day with Rabi'a ... it never passed through my mind that I was a man nor did it occur to her that she was a woman...when I looked at her I saw myself as bankrupt [i.e. as spiritually worth nothing] and Rabi'a as truly sincere [rich in spiritual virtue]." However, she decided to stay celibate in order to leave her womanhood behind and devote herself completely to God.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: One day, she was seen running through the streets of Basra carrying a pot of fire in one hand and a bucket of water in the other. When asked what she was doing, she said, "I want to put out the fires of hell, and burn down the rewards of paradise. They block the way to Allah. I do not want to worship from fear of punishment or for the promise of reward, but simply for the love of Allah."


title: Rabia of Basra

text: There are no artifacts found written by or about Rabi’a during her lifetime. While there are various poems and pieces of writing under her name, the legitimacy of their origin is highly debated. Since there are no primary sources confirming her existence or writing, historians rely on the literature of other religious philosophers that came after her time and who wrote about her legacy.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Because of the lack of eyewitness accounts and surviving evidence of her life, the “true” Rabi’a is unknown. However, Rabi’a’s importance and legacy remain prominent through tales of her life, modern references, and her standing in Muslim culture. While no physical evidence was found of her, Rabi’a’s story and poetry remain an inspiration to women and Muslim people today.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rabi’a’s teachings and example are influential for people of her time and Sufis today. It helps narrate what Islam looked like throughout time and shows what influential roles women played in it.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Dilras Banu Begum (1622 – 1657) was the first wife and chief consort of Emperor Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor. She was given the posthumous title "Rabia-ud-Daurani" ("Rabia of the Age") in her honour.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: The life of Rabia has been the subject of several motion pictures by Turkish cinema. One of these films, "Rabia", released in 1973, was directed by Osman F. Seden, and Fatma Girik played the leading role of Rabia.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: "Rabia, İlk Kadın Evliya" (Rabia, The First Woman Saint), another Turkish film on Rabia, also released in 1973 was directed by Süreyya Duru and starred by Hülya Koçyiğit.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Rabia's quote became song in Indonesia, called "Jika Surga dan Neraka tak pernah ada" sung by Ahmad Dhani and Chrisye in Senyawa Album 2004.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: The final episode of the comedy show, The Good Place, refers to 8th century Sufi mystic poet Hazrat Bibi Rabia Basri, as one of the many worthies who gets into heaven.


title: Rabia of Basra

text: Like any tale, small pieces of information can spiral and be elaborated upon by different people through the ages. While what we know about Rabi’a is few and far between, it is crucial to be mindful of the human exaggeration or modifications possibly made through the passage of time.


title: Araku Valley

text: Araku Valley is a hill station in Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, lying 111 km west of Visakhapatnam city. This place is often referred to as "Ooty of Andhra". It is a valley in the Eastern Ghats inhabited by different tribes, mainly Araku Tribes.


title: Araku Valley

text: Araku is located in the Eastern Ghats about from Visakhapatnam, close to the Odisha state border. The Anantagiri and Sunkarimetta Reserved Forest, which are part of Araku Valley, are rich in biodiversity and are mined for bauxite. Galikonda hill rising to a height of is amongst the highest peaks in Andhra Pradesh. The average rainfall is , the bulk of which is received during June–October.


title: Araku Valley

text: Coffee was introduced in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh in 1898 by British in Pamuleru valley in East Godavari district. Subsequently, it spread over to Araku Valley in the early 19th century. After independence, the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department developed coffee plantations in the valley. In 1956, Coffee Board appointed Andhra Pradesh Girijan Cooperative Corporation Limited (GCC) for promoting coffee plantations in the valley through local tribal farmers. In 1985, the plantations were handed to A.P. Forest Development Corporation and GCC promoted Girijan Coop. Plantation Development Corporation (GCPDC) exclusively to develop coffee plantations in tribal areas. All the plantations developed by GCC and GCPDC were handed over to the tribal farmers at two acres per family.


title: Araku Valley

text: Apiculture farms have been widely spread in Araku, several types of flavoured honey is being made commercially.


title: Araku Valley

text: Araku is connected through both rail and road to Visakhapatnam. Araku railway station is located on the Kothavalasa-Kirandul railway line of Visakhapatnam division of the East Coast Railway, on the Indian Railways network.


title: Araku Valley

text: Many Telugu films including "Happy Days", "Katha", "Darling", "Life Is Beautiful" and "Parugu", were shot in Araku.


title: Pam Ayres

text: Pamela Ayres MBE (born 14 March 1947) is a British poet, comedian, songwriter and presenter of radio and television programmes. Her 1975 appearance on the television talent show "Opportunity Knocks" led to appearances on other TV and radio shows, a one-woman touring stage show and performing before The Queen.


title: Pam Ayres

text: Pam Ayres was born in Stanford in the Vale, Berkshire (now administered as part of Oxfordshire), the youngest of six children (having four elder brothers and a sister) of Stanley and Phyllis Ayres. Her father worked for 44 years as a linesman for the Southern Electricity Board, having been a Sergeant in the Grenadier Guards during the Second World War. Ayres considered her upbringing "a country childhood"; she was raised in one of a row of small council houses.


title: Pam Ayres

text: After leaving Faringdon Secondary School at the age of 15, she joined the Civil Service as a clerical assistant and worked at the Army (RAOC) Central Ordnance Depot in Bicester. She soon left and signed up for the Women's Royal Air Force, where she trained as a Plotter Air Photographer, working at JARIC in a drawing office dealing with operational maps. Whilst serving in the air force, she gained O-level passes in English language and English literature and began her career as an entertainer. On leaving the WRAF, she went through a number of jobs, before ending up at Smiths Industries, Witney, where she spent six years, working as a 'Confidential Secretary'. While at Smiths, Ayres began performing at a local folk club, and this led eventually to an invitation to read on BBC Radio Oxford in 1974. Her reading of her poem "The Battery Hen" was re-broadcast as "Pick of the Week" on the "Today" programme on BBC Radio 4, leading to a six-month contract with Radio Oxford. Her recital went on to feature as an item in the BBC's "Pick of the Year". In February 1976, she left Smiths to pursue poetry full-time.


title: Pam Ayres

text: In September 2006, the BBC's "Magazine Monitor"'s ""10 Things..."", claimed, though without providing details, to have learnt that week ("1-8 Sep") that Bob Dylan inspired Ayres to write poetry. However, although Ayres has often spoken of her admiration of Dylan, in a 2015 interview, she stated that "I don't know that he [Dylan] ever was the inspiration to start writing poetry... I certainly loved him."


title: Pam Ayres

text: In a 2006 interview (aired on Radio New Zealand's Nine To Noon programme, 24 October 2006), she stated that, at the age of twelve, she enjoyed writing parodies of the Lonnie Donegan songs popular at that time.


title: Pam Ayres

text: In 1975, Ayres appeared on the television talent show "Opportunity Knocks". This led to a wide variety of guest appearances on TV and radio shows. Since then she has published six books of poems, toured in a one-woman stage show, hosted her own TV show and performed her stage show for the Queen.


title: Pam Ayres

text: Her poetry has a simple style and deals with everyday subject matter. Her poem "Oh, I Wish I'd Looked After Me Teeth", was voted into the Top 10 of a BBC poll to find the nation's 100 Favourite Comic Poems. In the UK Arts Council's report on poetry, Ayres was identified as the fifth best-selling poet in Britain in 1998 and 1999.


title: Pam Ayres

text: From 1996, Ayres has appeared frequently on BBC Radio: from 1996 until 1999 Ayres presented a two-hour music and chat show every Sunday afternoon on BBC Radio 2; this was followed by two series of "Pam Ayres' Open Road", in which she visited various parts of the United Kingdom, interviewing people with interesting stories to tell about their lives and local areas. More recently Ayres has become a regular contributor to BBC Radio 4, appearing in programmes such as "Just a Minute", "Say the Word", "That Reminds Me", and six series of her own show, "Ayres on the Air", a radio show of her poetry and sketches.


title: Pam Ayres

text: In 2007, Ayres acted in a radio sitcom, "Potting On" for Radio 4, co-starring Geoffrey Whitehead. She wrote and recorded six series of her Radio 4 programme "Ayres on the Air", the latest of which was broadcast in 2018.


title: Pam Ayres

text: Since 2002 Ayres has appeared a number of times on Channel 4 in "Countdown"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Dictionary Corner alongside Susie Dent.


title: Pam Ayres

text: In 2009, she made her first appearance on the BBC TV programme, "QI". In 2011 she said in a "Daily Telegraph" magazine interview that she was "about to go on my 14th tour of Australia".


title: Pam Ayres

text: Her autobiography, "The Necessary Aptitude: A Memoir", was published in 2011. It traces her life and career from growing as the youngest of six children in a council house in the Vale of the White Horse, Berkshire, her time in the Women's Royal Air Force and the string of events that led to "Opportunity Knocks". The title refers to the number of times she was told in her life she "did not have the necessary aptitude".


title: Pam Ayres

text: In September 2021, her TV series "The Cotswolds with Pam Ayres" premiered on Channel 5. Each episode features a special guest and ends with Pam reciting a short, uplifting verse summing up her adventures. In 2022, the programme was recommissioned as "The Cotswolds and Beyond with Pam Ayres", as the programme expanded its remit to have Ayres visit the market town of Pershore to meet Toyah Willcox, as well as going to the Henley Regatta with Steve Redgrave, the Dean Forest Railway and the gardens at Highgrove, where she met King Charles III in an episode filmed at the time when he was still the Prince of Wales.


title: Pam Ayres

text: The poet John Cooper Clarke has cited Ayres' early success on "Opportunity Knocks" as being highly influential on his career.


title: Pam Ayres

text: Ayres is married to theatre producer Dudley Russell, and they have two sons, William and James. They live in the Cotswolds and keep rare breeds of cattle, as well as sheep, pigs, chickens, and guinea fowl. Ayres is a keen gardener and beekeeper. She is a patron of the British Hen Welfare Trust, Cheltenham Animal Shelter and Oak and Furrows Wildlife Rescue Centre.


title: Integral symbol

text: The notation was introduced by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1675 in his private writings; it first appeared publicly in the article "" (On a hidden geometry and analysis of indivisibles and infinites), published in "Acta Eruditorum" in June 1686. The symbol was based on the ſ (long s) character and was chosen because Leibniz thought of the integral as an infinite sum of infinitesimal summands.


title: Integral symbol

text: The integral symbol is in Unicode and codice_1 in LaTeX. In HTML, it is written as codice_2 (hexadecimal), codice_3 (decimal) and codice_4 (named entity).


title: Integral symbol

text: The original IBM PC code page 437 character set included a couple of characters ⌠ and ⌡ (codes 244 and 245 respectively) to build the integral symbol. These were deprecated in subsequent MS-DOS code pages, but they still remain in Unicode (U+2320 and U+2321 respectively) for compatibility.


title: Integral symbol

text: In other languages, the shape of the integral symbol differs slightly from the shape commonly seen in English-language textbooks. While the English integral symbol leans to the right, the German symbol (used throughout Central Europe) is upright, and the Russian variant leans slightly to the left to occupy less horizontal space.


title: Integral symbol

text: Another difference is in the placement of limits for definite integrals. Generally, in English-language books, limits go to the right of the integral symbol:


title: Integral symbol

text: By contrast, in German and Russian texts, the limits are placed above and below the integral symbol, and, as a result, the notation requires larger line spacing, but is more compact horizontally, especially when longer expressions are used in the limits:


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: Legislative elections were held in South Korea on 15 April 2020. All 300 members of the National Assembly were elected, 253 from first-past-the-post constituencies and 47 from proportional party lists. They were the first elections held under a new electoral system. The two largest parties, the liberal Democratic Party and the conservative United Future Party, set up new satellite parties (also known as bloc parties) to take advantage of the revised electoral system. The reforms also lowered the voting age from 19 to 18.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: The Democratic Party and its satellite, the Platform Party, won a landslide victory, taking 180 of the 300 seats (60%) between them. The Democratic Party alone won 163 seats — the highest number by any party since 1960. This guarantees the ruling liberal alliance an absolute majority in the legislative chamber, and the three-fifths super-majority required to fast-track its procedures. The conservative alliance between the United Future Party and its satellite Future Korea Party won only 103 seats, the worst conservative result since 1960.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: 300 members of the National Assembly were elected in the 2016 elections, of whom 253 (84%) were elected from single-member constituencies on a first-past-the-post basis, and 47 (16%) from closed party lists through proportional representation (PR) by the Hare quota largest remainder method. To win seats through proportional representation, parties needed to pass an election threshold of either 5 single-member districts or 3% of the total list vote.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: An election reform bill was introduced in February 2019, which would change the allocation of part of PR seats with an additional member system.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: The legislative process utilised the 85th Article of the National Assembly law, called the 'Fasttrack' system, which does not require agreement between all parties. This was opposed by the main opposition Liberty Korea Party and Bareunmirae Party member Yoo Seong-min. The decision by Sohn Hak-kyu, leader of the Bareunmirae, to approve the Fasttrack, and his dismissal of his fellow standing committee member Oh Shin-hwan, stirred legal controversy. The Prosecution Service declared that Sohn's actions did not merit criminal charges.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: The Liberty Korea Party physically disrupted the National Assembly Secretariat in April 2019, to interrupt the Fastrack legal maneuver. The Prosecution Service then opened an investigation into the violence in the National Assembly, and possible violation of the National Assembly law. Several leading members of the LKP were indicted, including leader Hwang Kyo-ahn and then-floor leader Na Kyung-won. The criminal charges included violence and violation of order. Several Democratic Party members were also charged.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: The bill was passed on 27 December 2019, despite physical obstruction in the Assembly voting area by the Liberty Korea Party.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: The National Assembly continues to have 300 seats, with 253 constituency seats and 47 proportional representation seats, as in previous elections. However, 30 of the PR seats were assigned on additional member system, while 17 PR seats continue to use the old parallel voting method. The voting age was also lowered from 19 to 18 years old, expanding the electorate by over half a million voters.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: In response to the new system, the main opposition Liberty Korea Party set up a satellite party (called the Future Korea Party) to maximise the number of PR seats it would gain. The Democratic Party responded by setting up their own satellite party, the Platform Party. In both cases, the main party stood candidates only in the constituency seats, whilst the satellite party stood only in the PR lists. This meant that the satellite party would receive the maximum number of compensatory seats, regardless of how over-represented the parent parties were in the constituencies. Smaller parties did not set up satellites, because the advantage only appears if the party is over-represented in the constituencies.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: The 2020 election for the National Assembly was held on 15 April, in accordance with Article 34 of the Public Official Election Act, which specifies that Election Day for legislative elections is on "the first Wednesday from the 50th day before the expiration of the National Assembly members term of office". Eligible voters were required to be registered and at least 18 years old on the day of the election, and to show an approved form of identification at the polling place. Polls on Election Day were open from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Korea Standard Time.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: Since 2009, voters have been entitled to vote from overseas. However, due to COVID-19 quarantine measures, voting from over 50 foreign countries was restricted or cancelled. Voters could also cast early votes at any polling stations in Korea without prior notice.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: Both major parties split to take advantage of the new electoral system, with the main party only running in the constituencies, and the satellite party only running for the proportional seats. They are listed together in the table below, which is sorted by the number of seats prior to the election.


title: 2020 South Korean legislative election

text: In the run-up to the election, the Liberty Korea Party absorbed the New Conservative Party and several smaller parties, forming the United Future Party.