title: Mortal Kombat Trilogy

text: The game's critical reception has varied considerably, depending on the platform and publication. Brazilian magazine "SuperGamePower" gave the Nintendo 64 version 4.8 out of 5, and regarded it as the best Mortal Kombat game. French magazine "Super Power" gave the N64 game 91%, favoring it over the PlayStation version. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" all gave the Nintendo 64 version their recommendation, citing the impressive amount of content and absence of load times, though Dan Hsu and Crispin Boyer found the graphics disappointing given the capabilities of the console. Both Boyer and Shawn Smith said the game had converted them to the Mortal Kombat fandom. "GamePro"s Major Mike likewise praised the amount of content, as well as the accurate recreation of the arcade games' graphics, the addition of the Aggressor meter, and the application of new mechanics to characters from older games in the series. He complained that the game suffers from some slowdown and muted music, but concluded it "delivers with all the fighters, secrets, and carnage that made the series the phenomenon it is today." Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot contradicted Major Mike, saying that the music is normal for a non-CD game and it is the sound effects (which Major Mike described as "arcade-perfect") that sound muffled. And while he complimented the Nintendo 64 version's large selection of play modes, he said it is conspicuously missing frames of animation from the arcade games, and that the characters left out of this version are "favorites". Peer Schneider of IGN contended that "all" of the audio aspects sound muffled. He said the Nintendo 64 version is a faithful conversion of the arcade games, though he compared it unfavorably to the PlayStation version. However, he held that the arcade games themselves are too aged to merit an appearance on the Nintendo 64, referring to them as five years old (in actuality, "Mortal Kombat 3" was barely a year old at the time, and even the oldest in the series was four years old). "Mortal Kombat Trilogy" was said to be a "particularly horrible game" among the Nintendo 64 library by "Forbes", but was honored in Nintendo Power Awards '96, coming second in the category "Best Tournament Fighting Game".


title: Mortal Kombat Trilogy

text: Reviewing the PlayStation version, Major Mike criticized the overly difficult opponent AI and the unbalanced nature of the playable boss characters, and said the music tracks "sound like a 45 record played at 33 RPM." He nonetheless concluded it to be "a must for any fighting gamer's library", due to the responsive controls and large amount of content. Though "Electronic Gaming Monthly" never reviewed the PlayStation version of "Mortal Kombat Trilogy", they ran a four-page feature comparing it to the Nintendo 64 version. Shawn Smith picked the Nintendo 64 version as the one to buy, saying that the major bugs in the PlayStation version outweigh the Nintendo 64 version's various shortcomings. The other three members of the review team all voted for the PlayStation version, particularly citing the additional characters and the lower price ($49.99 as compared to $69.99 for the Nintendo 64 version). They later named both versions runner-up for Fighting Game of the Year, behind "Tekken 2".


title: Mortal Kombat Trilogy

text: The Saturn version arrived nearly a year (over a year in some countries) after the PlayStation and Nintendo 64 versions and received comparatively little attention. "Sega Saturn Magazine" said the long wait for the conversion was baffling, since the game's 2D visuals fall within the Saturn's specialty and no new content had been created for the Saturn version, and damaging, since superior 2D Saturn fighters had since come out and home versions of "Mortal Kombat 4" were on the horizon, making "Mortal Kombat Trilogy" both graphically and stylistically outdated. "Sega Saturn Magazine", "Game Informer", and "GamePro" all concluded it to be a must-have for "Mortal Kombat" fans due to its comprehensive content and features, but advised non-fans to look to other fighting games on the Saturn, and described it as virtually identical to the PlayStation version. "GamePro" printed a warning to "think twice before purchasing this version of MK Trilogy" in a reader response section after they learned that Midway had deliberately omitted the animations for some fatalities in order to ship the game on time.


title: Mortal Kombat Trilogy

text: Released at a time when the Nintendo 64's popularity was burgeoning and there were few competing games for the system, the Nintendo 64 version of "Mortal Kombat Trilogy" saw impressive sales figures. According to a later IGN retrospective, "Mortal Kombat Trilogy" "offered something no fan could ignore: It brought every character from the series into the fold, along with most of the levels, making for one massive game that had enough to please everyone. Sure, some of the balance went out the window with the massive cast, but it was a small price to pay to make the "Mortal Kombat" family whole again, and it gave fans the closure they needed for Midway to move on to "Mortal Kombat 4"."


title: Lama (genus)

text: Lama is a genus containing four South American camelids, the wild guanaco and vicuña, and the domesticated llama and alpaca. Before the Spanish conquest of the Americas, llamas and alpacas were the only domesticated ungulates of the continent. They were kept not only for their value as beasts of burden, but also for their flesh, hides, and wool.


title: Lama (genus)

text: Although they were often compared to sheep by early writers, their affinity to the camel was soon perceived. They were included in the genus "Camelus" in the "Systema Naturae" of Linnaeus. In 1800, Cuvier moved the llama, alpaca, and guanaco to the genus "Lama", and the vicuña to the genus "Vicugna". Later, the alpaca was transferred to "Vicugna"; both were eventually returned to "Lama" by the American Society of Mammalogists in 2021. These camelids are, with the two species of true camels, the sole extant representatives of a distinct section of Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) called Tylopoda, or "hump-footed", from the peculiar bumps on the soles of their feet. This section consists of a single family, the Camelidae, the other sections of the same great division being the Suina or pigs, the Tragulina or chevrotains, and the Pecora or true ruminants, to each of which the Tylopoda have some affinity, standing in some respects in a central position between them, sharing some characters from each, but showing special modifications not found in any of the others.


title: Lama (genus)

text: Discovery of the extinct fauna of the American continent of the Paleogene and Neogene periods, starting with the 19th-century paleontologists Leidy, Cope, and Marsh, has revealed the early history of this family. Llamas were not always confined to South America; their remains are abundant in the Pleistocene deposits of the Rocky Mountains region, and in Central America; some of these extinct forms were much larger than any now living.


title: Lama (genus)

text: None of these transitional forms has been found in Old World strata; North America was the original home of the Tylopoda. Camelids invaded the Old World via Beringia, and South America via the Isthmus of Panama, as part of the Great American Interchange. The Old World forms were gradually driven southward, perhaps by changes of climate, and having become isolated, they have undergone further special modifications. Meanwhile, the New World members of the family became restricted to South America following the peopling of the Americas by Paleo-Indians and the accompanying extinction of the megafauna.


title: Lama (genus)

text: A possible variety is the hueque or chilihueque that existed in central and south-central Chile in pre-Hispanic and early colonial times. Two main hypotheses on their status among South American camelids are given: the first one suggests they are locally domesticated guanacos and the second suggests they are a variety of llamas brought from the north into south-central Chile. Chilihueques became extinct in the 16th or 17th century, being replaced by European livestock. The causes of its extinction are unknown. According to Juan Ignacio Molina, the Dutch captain Joris van Spilbergen observed the use of chilihueques by native Mapuches of Mocha Island as plough animals in 1614.


title: Lama (genus)

text: These characters apply especially to llamas. Dentition of adults:-incisors 1/3 canines 1/1, premolars 2/2, molars 3/2; total 32. In the upper jaw is a compressed, sharp, pointed laniariform incisor near the hinder edge of the premaxilla, followed in the male at least by a moderate-sized, pointed, curved true canine in the anterior part of the maxilla. The isolated canine-like premolar which follows in the camels is not present. The teeth of the molar series which are in contact with each other consist of two very small premolars (the first almost rudimentary) and three broad molars, constructed generally like those of "Camelus". In the lower jaw, the three incisors are long, spatulate, and procumbent; the outer ones are the smallest. Next to these is a curved, suberect canine, followed after an interval by an isolated minute and often deciduous simple conical premolar; then a contiguous series of one premolar and three molars, which differ from those of "Camelus" in having a small accessory column at the anterior outer edge.


title: Lama (genus)

text: The skull generally resembles that of "Camelus", the relatively larger brain cavity and orbits and less developed cranial ridges being due to its smaller size. The nasal bones are shorter and broader, and are joined by the premaxilla.


title: Lama (genus)

text: Ears are rather long and pointed. No dorsal hump is present. Feet are narrow, the toes being more separated than in the camels, each having a distinct plantar pad. The tail is short, and the fur is long and woolly.


title: Lama (genus)

text: The llama and alpaca are only known in the domestic state, and are variable in size and color, being often white, black, or piebald. The wild guanaco and vicuña are of a nearly uniform light-brown colour, passing into white below. The vicuña and guanaco share an obvious family resemblance and may be difficult to tell apart at a distance. The vicuña is smaller and slenderer in its proportions, and has a shorter head than the guanaco.


title: Lama (genus)

text: The guanaco has an extensive geographical range, from the high lands of the Andean region of Ecuador and Peru to the open plains of Patagonia, and even the wooded islands of Tierra del Fuego. It constituted the principal food of the Patagonian Indians, and they use its skin for the material from which their long robes are made. It is about the size of a European red deer, and is an elegant animal with a long, slender, gracefully curved neck and slim legs. The vicuña ranges throughout the Western Andes.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Denard Xavier Robinson (born September 22, 1990) is currently the Assistant Director of Player Personnel for the University of Michigan football program. Robinson is also a former American football running back who played for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fifth round of the 2013 NFL Draft. Robinson was the starting quarterback in all 26 games for the 2010 and 2011 Michigan Wolverines football teams and played at the same position as a senior for the 2012 team as well as running back and wide receiver in the second half of the season.


title: Denard Robinson

text: As a sophomore in 2010, Robinson set the single-season Division I FBS record for rushing yards by a quarterback and became the only player in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) history to both pass and rush for 1,500 yards. Robinson also broke the Big Ten Conference season record with 4,272 yards of total offense (2,570 yards passing and 1,702 yards rushing) and led the conference in rushing. In his second start at quarterback against Notre Dame, he set the Michigan single-game record with 502 yards of total offense. He was awarded the 2010 Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference and was selected by the Football Writers Association of America as a first-team All-American. He also set the Big Ten single-game record for rushing yards by a quarterback and became the only player in NCAA Division I FBS history to both pass for 200 yards and rush for 200 yards in a regular season game twice.


title: Denard Robinson

text: As a junior in 2011, Robinson led a resurgent Michigan team to an 11–2 record and a victory over Virginia Tech in the 2012 Sugar Bowl. He threw for a career-high 338 passing yards in a come-from-behind victory over Notre Dame in the first night game played at Michigan Stadium. At the end of the 2011 season, Robinson had eight of the top 10 single-game total offense totals in Michigan history, including 948 yards in two games against Notre Dame. His total offense output in 2010 (4,272 yards) and 2011 (3,348 yards) rank as the top two single-season totals in Michigan history. As a senior in 2012, he extended his record with a third game with both 200 yards rushing and 200 yards passing.


title: Denard Robinson

text: As a freshman and sophomore, he also competed as a sprinter for the Michigan men's track and field team. He has run the 40-yard dash in 4.32 seconds, and he recorded the fastest competition time in 2010 among Michigan's sprinters in the 60-meter dash.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson began playing pee-wee football by age 10 and played the game with his shoes untied, thus earning the nickname "Shoelace" as a child. Those who saw him play at Westside Park in Deerfield Beach recall


title: Denard Robinson

text: Kids would go for his shoes on tackles, and he'd come up to the huddle in just socks. His coach couldn't stand it at first and neither could his parents. They'd tie wristbands around his shoes. When that didn't work, they tried athletic tape. They even rolled his socks over his shoes. He was a marvel, and he wasn't even finished with the sixth grade.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson continued to play football without tying his shoelaces and became known as "Shoelace." One reporter who visited his family to watch a Michigan game noted, "To everyone in Deerfield Beach – everyone but his mother, that is – there is no Denard, just Shoelace." Robinson's high school coach, Art Taylor, explained his rationale for accepting the practice


title: Denard Robinson

text: After 25 years coaching, if the kid can throw it 90 yards in the air and is accurate and the kid can run as fast as he does ... as long as he feels comfortable, not lacing his shoes, fine with me. The kid's been doing it all his life, why mess with it?


title: Denard Robinson

text: At the college level, his coaches at the University of Michigan also accepted Robinson's practice. After learning that Robinson could run the 100 meters in 10.4 seconds with his shoes untied, Michigan quarterbacks coach Rod Smith called it "the damnedest thing I've ever seen" and added, "Anybody that runs that fast I'm not going to tell him how to tie his shoes." Robinson wears Adidas Reggie2 Superfly shoes with Velcro straps to secure them to his feet.


title: Denard Robinson

text: As a ninth grader, Robinson tried out for a spot as a defensive back for the varsity football team at Deerfield Beach High School in Deerfield Beach, Florida. The team's defensive coordinator at the time was former Buffalo Bills defensive back Manny Martin, who was also Robinson's algebra teacher. Martin later recalled that he had an experienced defensive backfield, but Robinson "was always in my ear: 'I can do it.'" Robinson did not win a spot on the varsity team and instead played quarterback for the junior-varsity team as a ninth grader.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson became the starting quarterback for the Deerfield Beach varsity team as a sophomore and filled that position for three years from 2006 to 2008. Deerfield Beach head coach Art Taylor recalled, "As soon as he stepped on that field his sophomore year playing varsity, we knew we had something special."


title: Denard Robinson

text: In a 2007 state semifinal game played at the Orange Bowl, Robinson led his team to within two points of upsetting Miami Northwestern, the top-ranked high school team in the country. While warming up, Robinson noticed that a Miami Northwestern lineman had taped a photograph of Robinson onto the front of his helmet. Robinson started laughing and told the player, "You think that scares us?" Robinson had Deerfield ahead in the game, 12–7, but Miami Northwestern completed a 99-yard touchdown drive with 18 seconds left to give them a 14–12 win.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In October 2008 against St. Thomas Aquinas High School, Robinson was responsible for six touchdowns in a single game, passing for 342 yards and five touchdowns and rushing for 54 yards and a touchdown. As a three-year starter for Deerfield Beach, Robinson totaled nearly 6,000 yards of total offense with 4,784 passing yards (262 for 576 passing) and 1,132 rushing yards (5.2 yards per carry).


title: Denard Robinson

text: In addition, Robinson competed in track for Deerfield Beach. In March 2009, he ran the 100 meters sprint in 10.44 seconds, and finished third in the 100-meter dash at the 2008 Florida 4A Track & Field State Championships. He also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.32 seconds. He was also a member of the 2008 Florida High School Athletic Association state champion 4 x 100 metres relay team.


title: Denard Robinson

text: As a high school senior, ESPN ranked Robinson seventh in the country as a general athlete and 101st regardless of position. Rivals.com ranked him 14th as a general athlete and 188th overall. Scout.com categorized him as a cornerback and ranked him 16th in the nation. Robinson received scholarship offers from Florida, Georgia, Kansas State, Michigan, and other programs. Michigan initially recruited Robinson as a defensive back, and Robinson declined. Robinson recalled that it was one of his goals to play quarterback at the college level. After observing his passing abilities, Michigan recruited Robinson as a quarterback. On February 4, 2009, Robinson announced that he had signed a National Letter of Intent to attend Michigan.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson enrolled in the University of Michigan's School of Kinesiology in the fall of 2009. During Michigan's 2009 summer training camp, Robinson was in competition for the starting quarterback position with fellow freshman Tate Forcier and junior Nick Sheridan. Forcier, who enrolled early and participated in spring practice, was named the starting quarterback, but Robinson saw significant playing time as a true freshman, appearing in all 12 games.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On September 5, 2009, in Michigan's season opener against Western Michigan, Robinson scored a touchdown on his first collegiate snap, which was fumbled. As the ESPN television broadcast focused on his untied shoelaces, Robinson took the snap in the shotgun formation, ran to the right, broke a tackle at the 40-yard line, then cut left and ran 43 yards for a touchdown.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Two weeks later against Eastern Michigan, he ran quarterback draw plays for touchdowns of 13 and 36 yards, though he also threw two interceptions.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In Michigan's October 10 game against Iowa, Robinson replaced Forcier in the fourth quarter with the team trailing 30–21. He led the team on a 59-yard scoring drive capped by his own 3-yard touchdown run with 3:16 left to cut the lead to 30–28. However, on the following drive, Robinson's threw an interception at Michigan's 31-yard line with 44 seconds remaining in the game.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson led the Wolverines on four scoring drives against Delaware State, throwing his first two collegiate touchdown passes and scoring a rushing touchdown as well. His only start of the season came on November 14 as a running back against Wisconsin.


title: Denard Robinson

text: During the 2009 season, Robinson completed 14-of-31 passes for 188 yards and two passing touchdowns. He also ran for 351 yards and five touchdowns in 69 attempts.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson also competed for the Michigan men's track and field team during his freshman year. In January 2010, Robinson told a reporter, "When I was getting recruited I always wanted to run track and play football. It helped me move faster on the football field." Michigan track coach Fred LaPlante said Robinson had one of the 10 fastest 100-meter high-school times in the United States in 2009 and described Robinson the sprinter as "one of the four or five best guys in the Big Ten." LaPlante emphasized Robinson's "quickness"


title: Denard Robinson

text: One thing in football that you don't see in track is quickness. He's incredibly quick and his lateral movement is unbelievable and his ability to go in one direction and get in another. The perception people have is that's speed. That's not speed, that's quickness."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson won the 60-meter dash in his college track debut in "The Dual" against Ohio State on January 16, 2010. His time of 6.81 stood up as the best by a Wolverine for the season. He finished fifth in the 60-meter dash at the Meyo Invitational on February 6, 2010. He finished ninth in the event at the 2010 Big Ten Indoor Championships in late February 2010, failing to qualify for the finals by four-thousandths of a second.


title: Denard Robinson

text: LaPlante recalled becoming panic-stricken during a practice race when Robinson was "running so fast he was having trouble holding the turn." Concerned about an injury to the football team's quarterback, LaPlante yelled out, "Denard! Please, don't do that again! I'll be fired in 2 seconds!" LaPlante recalled Robinson's reaction: "He had that great big smile on his face."


title: Denard Robinson

text: During spring practice in April 2010, Robinson impressed coaches and observers, leading to speculation that Robinson would overtake Forcier as the starting quarterback. The competition continued through late August and early September 2010. In early September 2010, Angelique Chengelis profiled Robinson in "The Detroit News": "The prevailing belief is that Robinson has worked hard enough and improved enough to earn the job. He took significant steps in spring practice, and from all accounts, he showed his teammates an incredible devotion to offseason conditioning and film viewing, all in the interest of honing his game and improving Michigan's chances."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Even on the morning of Michigan's season opener, the "Chicago Sun-Times" reported that "the mystery surrounding who would be the Wolverines' No. 1 quarterback was a major story line, with coach Rich Rodriguez keeping his decision secret until the very last minute."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson did start Michigan's season opener against Connecticut. In the first half, he rushed for 131 yards and a touchdown on 15 carries for an average of 8.7 yards per carry. He finished the game with 383 yards of total offense, including 186 passing yards (19 of 22 passing) and 197 rushing yards on 29 carries (6.9 yards per carry). Robinson's rushing yardage against UConn was the most ever by a Michigan quarterback. He also broke Michigan's single-game record for total offense with 383 yards. For his efforts Robinson earned Big Ten Conference Offensive Player of the Week, AT&T ESPN All-America Player of the Week, and Walter Camp Football Foundation National Offensive Player of the Week recognition.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Less than a week after his performance in the Connecticut game, the "New York Daily News" wrote that Robinson had acquired "cult hero" status: "He has started only one game at quarterback for Michigan, but Denard Robinson is already a cult hero to the Wolverine faithful."


title: Denard Robinson

text: In his second start at quarterback, Robinson led Michigan to a 28–24 win over Notre Dame against its traditional rival. He finished the game with 502 of Michigan's 532 yards of total offense (258 rushing yards and 244 passing yards), breaking the Michigan record he set in his first start. The record stood until Devin Gardner totaled 584 yards of total offense on October 19, 2013, against Indiana. In the first half, Robinson had an 87-yard touchdown run that at the time (surpassed on September 19, 2015, by C. J. Prosise) ranked as the longest run from scrimmage in Notre Dame Stadium's 80-year history, but remains as the longest run by a visitor in Notre Dame Stadium. He also scored the winning touchdown with 27 seconds remaining on a two-yard run, capping a 12-play, 72-yard drive. Robinson broke Mike Kafka's Big Ten Conference record for rushing yards by a quarterback and became the ninth quarterback in NCAA history (and the first since Pat White in 2006) to rush and pass for more than 200 yards in a single game. His rushing total also ranks as the all-time best in a road game by any Michigan player, regardless of position.


title: Denard Robinson

text: After the game, Brandon Graham, who played with Robinson at Michigan in 2009 and also played with Michael Vick on the Philadelphia Eagles told reporters that Robinson is even quicker than Vick: "Both of them are pretty fast, I just think Vick's older; he's not really that fast like how Shoelace is. I think Shoelace is more quick than Vick, but Vick, he gets away. He's pretty fast still. I think Shoelace might have got him by a couple steps."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson's performance drew praise from the national media. "The Wall Street Journal" called Robinson "the breakout star of the young 2010 season" and drew attention to his "absurd rushing totals." Columnist Mitch Albom wrote: "Denard Robinson redefined the term 'offensive weapon' on Saturday against Notre Dame." "ESPN" college football analyst Kirk Herbstreit noted the "confident aura" around Robinson


title: Denard Robinson

text: The body language he exudes is, "I'm a winner." He's small in stature, but his heart you can almost see it pounding through his jersey. And then he has, like all the great ones, he plays with a swagger like, "You can't stop me."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Gregg Doyel, national columnist for CBSSports.com, proclaimed Robinson the front-runner for the Heisman Trophy: "Denard Robinson has earned the right to pole position in the Heisman race. It's not close. And if he stays healthy, I fully expect him to walk across a stage in New York City in December and take that trophy home."


title: Denard Robinson

text: For his performance against Notre Dame, Robinson was selected for the second consecutive week as the Walter Camp Football Foundation National Offensive Player of the Week, the AT&T ESPN All-America Player of the Week, the Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week, and the CBSSports.com Player of the Day. He is the first player to earn the Walter Camp honor two weeks in a row, and the fourth to do so twice in a season. He was also named the Capital One Cup Impact Performance of the Week. CBS Sports' Verne Lundquist joked: "He might become the first guy to win both the Davey O'Brien and the Doak Walker."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson totaled 455 rushing yards and 885 yards of total offense in the first two games of the 2010 season, which led Division I FBS. Through the first two weeks of the season, Robinson had by himself outgained 87 of the 120 FBS teams in total offense.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Playing against Indiana in the fifth game of the season, Robinson totaled 494 yards of total offense, the second-highest single-game total in Michigan history. He completed 10 of 16 passes for 277 yards and three touchdowns, and he gained 217 rushing yards on 19 carries for an average of 11.4 yards per carry. On Michigan's second play from scrimmage, Robinson ran 72 yards for a touchdown. On the second play of the second half, Robinson threw a 70-yard touchdown pass to Junior Hemingway, the longest of his career, to give Michigan a 28–21 lead. On Michigan's next drive, Robinson aggravated the knee injury sustained the prior week against Bowling Green and came out of the game for the remainder of the drive. He returned to the game and led Michigan on a game-winning, 65-yard touchdown drive in the final minute of the game. With 21 seconds remaining, Robinson completed a 32-yard pass to the 4-yard line. On the next play, Robinson scored on a 4-yard touchdown run with 17 seconds remaining.


title: Denard Robinson

text: With his performance against Indiana, Robinson became the first player in Division I FBS history to have two regular season games with 200 yards rushing and 200 yards passing. Seven others have accomplished the feat (including Pat White, Vince Young and Antwaan Randle El), but none have done so more than once in the regular season. Vince Young accomplished this feat once in the regular season and once in the Rose Bowl.


title: Denard Robinson

text: After the Indiana game, Dari Nowkhah wrote in ESPN's "Heisman Watch" column that Robinson was "running away with the Heisman Trophy" and compared him to 1988 Heisman Trophy winner Barry Sanders


title: Denard Robinson

text: We haven't seen this type of college football playmaker since ... Barry Sanders? I'm not saying Robinson reminds me of Sanders. (How could a quarterback remind me of a running back?) But there is a shocking resemblance between the diminutive playmakers in their speed, elusiveness and quickness. So is the effect the two have on my sense of what is right and wrong. Being that dominant on a football field somehow feels wrong. It's unfair.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On October 4, 2010, Robinson was named the Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week (for the third time in five weeks), and also received the Davey O'Brien Quarterback of the Week award (for the second time in four weeks). After five games, Robinson remained the nation's leading rusher in both total yards (905) and yards per game (181). He also ranked fourth in the country with a quarterback rating of 180.


title: Denard Robinson

text: After leading Michigan to a 5–0 record and breaking the school's total offense records, Robinson was the front-runner for the Heisman Trophy. His Heisman prospects suffered after three consecutive losses to Michigan State, Iowa and Penn State.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In a 34–17 loss to Michigan State in the Paul Bunyan Trophy game, Robinson completed 17 of 29 passes for 215 passing yards but threw three interceptions. He was also limited to 86 rushing yards on 21 carries. Despite a "lackluster" performance against the Spartans, "Sports Illustrated" selected Robinson for its "September Heisman" following the Michigan State game. He was also selected by Mark Schlabach as the Offensive MVP in ESPN.com's Mid-Season Awards.


title: Denard Robinson

text: One week after the loss to Michigan State, the Wolverines lost to Iowa, 38–28. Robinson was limited to 96 passing yards and 105 rushing yards and threw his fifth interception of the season. In the third quarter, Robinson suffered a shoulder injury and did not return to the game.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Michigan's record dropped to 5–3 with a 41–31 loss to Penn State. Despite the loss, Robinson's offensive output rebounded against the Nittany Lions. He rushed for 191 yards on 27 carries (an average of 7.1 yards per carry) and passed for another 190 yards, including a 60-yard touchdown pass to Kevin Koger. With 191 rushing yards against Penn State, Robinson's season rushing total reached 1,287 yards, breaking Antwaan Randle El's Big Ten record of 1,270 rushing yards by a quarterback.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In his ninth start, Robinson passed for a career-high 302 yards and ran for 62 yards against Illinois. On the first play from scrimmage, Robinson threw a 75-yard touchdown pass to Roy Roundtree. In the second quarter, Robinson also threw a 33-yard touchdown pass to Roundtree and another 75-yard pass to Roundtree to set up Michigan's third touchdown. Robinson set a school single-half record with 262 passing yards in the first half. Robinson came out of the game at the end of the third quarter after reporting concussion-like symptoms, including dizziness and headaches. Michigan went on to win the game 67–65. Robinson and substitute Tate Forcier combined to break Michigan's all-time, single-game record with 419 passing yards, surpassing the prior record of 396 yards by Tom Brady and Drew Henson against Michigan State in 1999. The following week, Robinson, was named as one of sixteen Maxwell Award semifinalists.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson's shot at the Heisman Trophy was lost with a disappointing performance against Purdue and consecutive blowout losses to Wisconsin and Ohio State.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In the Purdue game, Robinson turned the ball over four times (two interceptions and two lost fumbles) in heavy rain and gusting wind. Robinson was also held to a season-low 68 rushing yards against Purdue.


title: Denard Robinson

text: One week later, Michigan suffered a 48–28 loss to Wisconsin. Robinson passed for 239 yards and two touchdowns, rushed for 121 yards and two touchdowns, set the Division I FBS record for rushing yards by a quarterback and become the first NCAA player with 1,500 rushing yards and 2,000 passing yards in the same season. However, Robinson's individual performance was overshadowed by the 20-point loss to the Badgers.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In the final game of the regular season, Michigan lost by a 30-point margin (37–7) against Ohio State in The Game. Robinson failed to register a passing or rushing touchdown for the first time all season. Although he rushed for 105 yards on 18 carries, he was limited to 87 passing yards. After sustaining two dislocated fingers on his non-throwing hand, Robinson was replaced in the second half by Tate Forcier.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Michigan finished its 2010 season with a 52–14 loss to Mississippi State in the 2011 Gator Bowl, the worst defeat ever suffered by Michigan in a bowl game. Robinson completed 27 of 41 passes for 254 yards, two touchdowns and one interception. He added 59 rushing yards on 11 carries for 313 yards of total offense, enough to break Drew Brees' Big Ten single-season total offense record of 4,189 yards.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson finished the 2010 season with 1,702 rushing yards (130.9 yards per game), which stood as an FBS single-season record for a quarterback until it was surpassed two years later by Jordan Lynch. He also passed for 2,570 yards and compiled 4,272 yards of total offense (328.6 yards per game). In the 10th game of the season against Purdue, Robinson passed John Navarre's Michigan single-season total offense record of 3,240 yards set in 2003. Against Wisconsin one week later, he broke the Division I FBS single-season quarterback rushing record of 1,494 yards previously held by Beau Morgan of Air Force. He also became the first person in NCAA (all divisions) history to record 1,500 yards rushing and passing in the same season.


title: Denard Robinson

text: At the end of the regular season, Robinson received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference. He was also named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year by the Big Ten coaches and media and by the "College Football News". Robinson was also selected as a first-team All-American by the Football Writers Association of America as a running back, a third-team All-American by the Associated Press as an all-purpose player, and an honorable mention quarterback selection by "Sports Illustrated" and "College Football News". He finished sixth in the 2010 Heisman Trophy voting, and was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten quarterback by both the Big Ten media and "College Football News".


title: Denard Robinson

text: With 313 yards of total offense in the 2011 Gator Bowl, Robinson broke Drew Brees' Big Ten single-season total offense record of 4,189 yards. He fell 116 yards short of Tim Biakabutuka's Michigan school record of 1,818 rushing yards. However, he led the conference in both total offense and rushing yards per game.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Following Michigan's season-ending loss in the 2011 Gator Bowl, head coach Rich Rodriguez was fired and replaced by Brady Hoke. As Robinson had thrived in Rodriguez's spread offense, the coaching change led to speculation that Robinson may transfer. On January 17, 2011, Robinson ended the speculation when he issued a statement confirming that he would stay at Michigan. In the video statement released by the University of Michigan, Robinson said he seriously considered transferring and noted that Rodriguez was one of the few coaches willing to give him the chance to play quarterback at the next level. Robinson explained his decision to stay at Michigan: "This is my family. This is my home now. ... I couldn't let it go." He also noted that he talked to his teammates and told them, "'You know, I can't just leave you out there.' I've been around these guys two years and we've bonded and it's like a family here. There's nothing like this."


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson entered the 2011 season on watchlists for the Maxwell Award, the Davey O'Brien Award, the Walter Camp Award, the Paul Hornung Award, and the Manning Award. In the weeks leading up to the 2011 season, the media focused on questions surrounding Robinson's ability to adapt to the pro-style offense being implemented by new offensive coordinator, Al Borges and also on Borges' willingness to adjust his game plan to take advantage of Robinson's running capability. Robinson noted that the running game would remain an option even in passing situations, adding, "If nobody's open, the broken play is probably the hardest play to stop in college football – in any football."


title: Denard Robinson

text: In Michigan's 2011 season opener against Western Michigan, Robinson completed 9 of 13 passes for 98 yards and had 46 rushing yards on eight carries. The game was ended with 1:27 left in the third quarter due to inclement weather.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In Michigan's next game against Notre Dame, Robinson completed 11 of 24 passes for 338 yards with four touchdowns and had 108 yards rushing on 16 carries with a touchdown on a recovered fumble near the goal line. He threw the game-winning touchdown pass to Roy Roundtree with two seconds left in the fourth quarter to defeat the Irish 35–31. The performance moved Robinson into third place in Big Ten history for rushing yards by a quarterback. In recognition of his performance during the game, the Big Ten named Denard Robinson its Offensive Player of the Week, while the Davey O'Brien Award named him its Quarterback of the Week. He was also named Rivals.com's Big Ten and National Player of the Week and was nominated for the Capital One Cup Impact Performance of the Week, which he won by fan vote.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In Michigan's third game, against Eastern Michigan, Robinson posted 198 rushing yards giving him five of the top ten quarterback single-game rushing outputs in conference history.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In Michigan's fourth game, against San Diego State, Robinson tallied three touchdowns in the first half on his way to a 200-yard rushing effort. The effort moved him into second place in Big Ten history in career rushing yards by a quarterback, behind only Antwaan Randle El. He also earned Big Ten Conference Co-Offensive Player of the Week recognition.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On October 8, against Northwestern, Robinson contributed 454 yards of total offense with 337 yards passing and 117 rushing. He scored two rushing touchdowns and had two passing.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On October 15, against Michigan State Robinson was shut down by the Spartan defense throwing for just 123 yards completing 9 of 24 attempts and a costly interception that was returned for a touchdown with 4:31 left in the game. Robinson stated after the game "I got a little beat up," as he was knocked out of the game in the 28–14 loss, his third straight loss in the rivalry.


title: Denard Robinson

text: During Michigan's November 19 victory over Nebraska, Robinson posted 180 yards passing and 83 rushing yards with two rushing touchdowns and two passing touchdowns to earn Co-Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week honors from the conference. He also won the Rivals.com Big Ten Player of the Week and was a nominee for the Capital One Cup Impact Performances of the Week.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On November 26, in a victory over Ohio State, Fitzgerald Toussaint joined Robinson with 1,000 yards for the season, marking the first time since the 1975 team that Michigan had two 1,000-yard rushers. Robinson posted a five-touchdown performance (three passing and two rushing) and became the fourth player in NCAA history to gain 2,000 yards passing and 1,000 yards rushing in a season twice in his career. Robinson totalled 170 yards rushing and earned a share of his fourth Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week recognition for the season. He also repeated as the Rivals.com Big Ten Player of the Week and was a College Football Performance Awards honorable mention as the National Quarterback of the Week.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Following the 2011 Big Ten Conference football season, he earned second-team All-Conference recognition from the media. He was voted team MVP for the second year in a row. He was a "Sports Illustrated" All-American honorable mention selectee.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In August 2012, Robinson and teammate Taylor Lewan were selected by the media among the five "Players to Watch" in Big Ten Legends Division. Robinson was elected team captain.


title: Denard Robinson

text: loss to Alabama (27 rushing yards, 200 passing yards, and two interceptions), Robinson rebounded in Michigan's second game against Air Force. Robinson contributed 426 yards of total offense against Air Force (208 passing yards, 218 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, and two passing touchdowns). For his performance, he was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week and received College Football Performance Award honors as National Player of the Week and National Quarterback of the Week. He became the first NCAA athlete to both rush and pass for 200 yards in a game on three separate occasions. It marked the first time since the 1993 Rose Bowl performance by Tyrone Wheatley that a Michigan player had two rushing touchdowns of over 50 yards.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On September 15, 2012, playing against UMass, Robinson tallied 397 yards of total offense in three quarters of play, including 291 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, and 369 yards of total offense in the first half. With the performance against UMass, Robinson passed Tom Brady on Michigan's all-time passing yardage list.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On September 22, Robinson was responsible for five turnovers, four first-half interceptions and a lost fumble on the opening drive of the second half, in a 13–6 loss to Notre Dame. The "Detroit Free Press" called it "the worst game of his Michigan career."


title: Denard Robinson

text: On October 7, Robinson rushed for 235 yards on 24 carries and threw for 105 yards against Purdue. His performance gave him 3,905 career rushing yards, moving past Antwaan Randle El as the Big Ten career leader in rushing yards by a quarterback. He also tied Mike Hart's Michigan school record with his fifth career 200-yard rushing game. The 235 yards rushing was also a personal best for Robinson in a Big Ten game. The performance won him recognition as the Maxwell Award Player of the Week and a Manning Award "Star of the Week". It also earned him his ninth Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week award, tying a career record set in 1999 by Ron Dayne. Robinson was named a semifinalist for the Davey O'Brien Award and a finalist for the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award.


title: Denard Robinson

text: After suffering an injury and being knocked out of Michigan's game with Nebraska (a 23–9 loss to the Cornhuskers) on October 27, Robinson returned to the lineup for the last home game of the 2012 season, a 42–17 victory over Iowa. Playing in his final game at Michigan Stadium, Robinson split his playing time between the tailback, quarterback, and wide receiver positions. He accounted for 122 yards, including 98 rushing yards on 13 carries and 24 receiving yards on two receptions. With the injury to the ulnar nerve in his right elbow, Robinson did not throw the ball during the game and was forced to carry the ball in his right hand.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In his final regular season game, the annual Michigan–Ohio State rivalry game, Robinson rushed for 122 yards on 10 carries, including a 67-yard touchdown run with a minute to go in the first half. He was a 2012 All-Big Ten honorable mention selection by the media for the 2012 Wolverines. Denard played his final game at Michigan on January 1, 2013, in the Outback Bowl against South Carolina. In the game, he surpassed Pat White's FBS record for career rushing yards by a quarterback by 15 yards to reach a total of 4,495. On December 28, 2015, Keenan Reynolds achieved a total of 4,559, surpassing Robinson.


title: Denard Robinson

text: As Michigan's starting quarterback, Robinson has seven of the top ten single-game performances in total yards in Michigan history, as reflected in the following list of the all-time, single-game leaders.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Michigan's top five single-season performances in total offense are set forth below. Robinson holds the single-season record for total yards with 4272, set in 2010.


title: Denard Robinson

text: After Robinson's successful collegiate career, he was voted as the next athlete to be on the cover of "NCAA Football 14". The contest achieved over six million votes making Robinson the first Michigan quarterback to be on the cover and third Wolverine overall. He is the first since Heisman Trophy winner Desmond Howard in 2006, with the other being Charles Woodson on the 1999 version of the game. The voting, which took place on social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter opened in mid December 2012, lasted until March 8, 2013. During this time, the contest had gone through several rounds of voting, until finally being shrunken down to the final two, where Robinson faced off against Texas A&M wide receiver Ryan Swope. Robinson lasted through all voting rounds, and outlasted Alabama Crimson Tide running back Eddie Lacy, and possible National Football League 1st round draft selections Jarvis Jones of the Georgia Bulldogs and standout tight end Tyler Eifert of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. The contest gained attention worldwide, with former students and athletes vouching support for their former schools. Decorated Olympian Michael Phelps was one of many celebrities to publicly show his support for his former school (he attended the University of Michigan as a non-degree candidate while his coach Bob Bowman served as the university's swimming coach), as well as rap artist/celebrity Snoop Dogg, who does not have any ties to the university itself.


title: Denard Robinson

text: After his final season at Michigan, Robinson stated that he was open to playing any position in the National Football League. Some suggested that he would have a better chance of being drafted by an NFL team if he switched to cornerback, receiver, running back or kick returner because of his quickness – 4.35 in the 40 yard dash. CBS Sports' Mike Freeman said his talents would be wasted on the defensive side of the ball. Doug Flutie (Buffalo Bills) and Dieter Brock (Los Angeles Rams) were relatively successful quarterbacks similar in stature to Robinson. Russell Wilson who currently plays starting quarterback for the Denver Broncos is also similar in stature to Robinson.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson participated in the 2013 Senior Bowl at wide receiver. In the game, Robinson caught two passes for 21 yards and rushed the ball once for a three-yard loss. His performance in the game and the preceding week of practice was regarded as unimpressive and his draft stock fell to the late rounds.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson was the only Wolverine from the 2012–2013 team who was invited to participate in the NFL combine. He was not invited as a quarterback, but rather as a wide receiver, but he did intend to throw and return kickoffs and punts on his Pro Day. On the Pro Day, he did not do quarterback drills, but he did return punts, made catches while running routes, and also did running back drills. Scouts concluded he should become a running back first before developing into a wideout.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson's 40-yard dash official time of 4.43 was the tenth fastest on February 24 (quarterback, running back and wide receiver day). After disappointing as a receiver at the Senior Bowl, Robinson caught every pass during the gauntlet drill.


title: Denard Robinson

text: Robinson was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 5th round of the 2013 NFL Draft with the 135th overall selection. He was selected as a running back when his name was finally called. His position is referred to by the team as "offensive weapon", which involves playing running back, wide receiver, and kickoff returner. He was also to contribute as a quarterback in the Wildcat formation. In midseason, they moved Robinson to the number two position on the depth chart at running back. On November 24, he attempted a forward pass to Cecil Shorts III, but it was broken up by Johnathan Joseph of the Houston Texans. This was the first of only two total career pass attempts for Robinson in the NFL. As a rookie, Robinson played in all 16 games and totaled 66 yards rushing on 20 carries but no receptions for the 2013 Jacksonville Jaguars.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On September 7, in week 1 of the season, Robinson had his first reception. On September 28, Robinson made his first career NFL start against the San Diego Chargers. On October 19 in week 7 of 2014, Robinson made his first start at running back in place of an injured Toby Gerhart. He had an NFL-career-high 127 yards rushing on 22 carries against the Cleveland Browns to help the 2014 Jacksonville Jaguars end a nine-game losing streak. It was the first 100-yard rushing game for the team for the season and the most rushing yards by a Jaguar in two seasons. He posted career highs in yards and carries and also scored his first NFL touchdown. When Robinson had 108 on 18 carries the following week against Miami, he became the first Jaguar to have back-to-back 100-yard games since Maurice Jones-Drew in 2011. On December 7, Robinson endured a foot sprain against the 2014 Houston Texans and he was placed on season-ending injured reserve on December 10. He finished 2014 with 135 carries, 582 yards, and 4 touchdowns.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On September 20, in the second week of the 2015 NFL season, Robinson endured a medial collateral ligament (MCL) sprain in his left knee against the Miami Dolphins while serving as a backup to T. J. Yeldon. The injury caused him to miss the next three games. On December 13, Yeldon suffered the same injury against the Indianapolis Colts making way for Robinson to tally 75 yards on 14 carries and his first and only touchdown of the season that day.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In July 2016, Robinson was found passed out in a partially submerged vehicle. In May 2017, Robinson tried out with the Chicago Bears during their rookie minicamp. In June 2017, he tried out at the New York Jets minicamp.


title: Denard Robinson

text: In 2018, Robinson signed with the Atlanta Legends of the Alliance of American Football for the 2019 season as a backup running back. He was placed on injured reserve on April 1, 2019. The league ceased operations in April 2019. Prior to injury, Robinson played in 7 games and had 24 rushes for 66 yards and a touchdown, as well as catching 7 passes for 37 yards.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On July 29, 2019, the Jacksonville University Dolphins hired Robinson as an offensive analyst and assistant to special teams coordinator Steven Sylvester. Jacksonville University discontinued their football program after the 2019 season on December 3, 2019.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On June 12, 2020, the Jacksonville Jaguars hired Robinson as an offensive quality control coach. After Urban Meyer was hired as the new Jaguars head coach, Robinson moved to the front office, where he served as a college scouting assistant.


title: Denard Robinson

text: On February 23, 2022, the University of Michigan hired Robinson as the Assistant Director of Player Personnel for the Michigan Wolverines football team.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: The Audition is a 2015 short film directed by Martin Scorsese. It stars Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio, playing fictionalized versions of themselves, who travel through Asia and compete against each other for a potential role in Scorsese's next film.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: The short film was created as a promotional piece for the Studio City Macau Resort and Casino. It is Scorsese's first film to feature both De Niro and DiCaprio. While both actors had individually worked with Scorsese several times in the past (De Niro with eight films when the short was released, DiCaprio with five), and De Niro and DiCaprio had appeared together in two films (for the films "This Boy's Life" and "Marvin's Room"), the three had never collaborated on a project together. The three are slated to collaborate again on their first full-length feature film together for "Killers of the Flower Moon". Brad Pitt, also playing a fictionalized version of himself, makes a cameo appearance.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio meet with Martin Scorsese at the City of Dreams Resort in Manila to audition for his newest film. Despite their long histories of working with Scorsese, the two actors learn they are competing against one another for the same role.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: Scorsese explains the potential role to his two longtime collaborators as they continue to Studio City in Macau. As De Niro and DiCaprio listen, both exhaust Scorsese with their personal cases as to why they are right for the part. While the three have dinner in the hotel, Scorsese becomes inspired when he sees a billboard featuring Brad Pitt.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: The three then make their way towards Japan. Scorsese announces that neither are right for the role, and quickly parts ways with the two. As De Niro and DiCaprio wonder why they were not selected, they catch Scorsese meeting with Pitt, who had arrived in Japan on short notice. Pitt delivers a few line readings, but Scorsese looks unimpressed.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: De Niro and DiCaprio realize that Pitt was chosen for the role, and the two walk off in disappointment. With the audition over, the two decide to enjoy their evening in Japan with one another.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: "The Audition" was financed by the Melco Crown Entertainment Limited to commission the opening of its Studio City Macau Resort and Casino. As advertisements for casinos are banned in mainland China, speculation arose that Melco used the short to exploit a loophole to promote the casino. With the short film's budget around $70 million, each actor was reportedly paid $13 million for less than two days' work.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: The script was written by Terence Winter, with whom Scorsese had previously collaborated on "The Wolf of Wall Street" and "Boardwalk Empire". Scorsese described the writing process for a short as being "tougher in a way" than for a feature film, as a short had to be self-contained rather than preluding to a larger work. He also said his aim for the script was to create a heightened sense of reality-based humor based on the actors in the film. Shooting lasted for less than one week and was done in New York City. The casino was not built during the short film's production, so 3D renderings had to be done in order to recreate the location during filming.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: De Niro, DiCaprio and Scorsese relished the opportunity to collaborate on the project. Scorsese acknowledged the strong bond between the three of them, as he first learned of DiCaprio through De Niro. DiCaprio said the short film's premise felt humorous for himself and De Niro due to their long histories of working with Scorsese. He took great joy in finally being on set with both De Niro and Scorsese; he described the years of collaboration between the two as "the greatest relationship in cinema history".


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: On October 27, 2015, "The Audition" made its official world premiere at the Studio City casino and resort in Macau, China in conjunction with the resort's grand opening. Scorsese, De Niro, DiCaprio and producer Brett Ratner were each in attendance for the premiere.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: A prior screening had taken place earlier that month at the 20th Busan International Film Festival in South Korea on October 3, 2015. The short was also supposed to screen at the Venice Film Festival on September 7, 2015 but was reportedly cancelled due to technical problems. Rumors also floated that the reason behind the cancellation was due to some perceiving the film as a promotional piece rather than one of artistic merit.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: "The Audition" has never had a commercial release to date. However it was placed as an advertisement before feature film screenings in cinemas across Hong Kong and China in order to further promote Studio City.


title: The Audition (2015 film)

text: Elizabeth Kerr of "The Hollywood Reporter" called "The Audition" a "keenly self-aware pop culture nugget" that blurred the line between art and advertising. She noted that the short's contents thrived off this tension, saying ""The Audition" works on the strength of its (surprise!) strong cast and an awareness that they’re all shilling for a casino chain. But Scorsese and his A-list cast pull it off with aplomb, having a good time at their own expense".


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: The World War II Victory Medal is a service medal of the United States military which was established by an Act of Congress on 6 July 1945 (Public Law 135, 79th Congress) and promulgated by Section V, War Department Bulletin 12, 1945.


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: The World War II Victory Medal was established by an Act of Congress on 6 July 1945 (Public Law 135, 79th Congress) and promulgated by Section V, War Department Bulletin 12, 1945. The medal was designed by Thomas H. Jones and approved by the Secretary of War on 5 February 1946. Consequently, it did not transition from a ribbon to a full medal until after World War II had ended. The World War II Victory Medal was first issued as a service ribbon, referred to as the “Victory Ribbon.”


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: The Congressional authorization for the medal specified that it was to be awarded to any member of the United States military, including members of the armed forces of the Government of the Philippine Islands, who served on active duty, or as a reservist, between 7 December 1941 and 31 December 1946.


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: On 8 August 1946, the separate Merchant Marine World War II Victory Medal was established for members of the United States Merchant Marine who served during World War II.


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: The World War II Victory Medal was awarded for service between 7 December 1941 and 31 December 1946, both dates inclusive, with no minimum time in service requirement. The National Personnel Records Center has reported some cases of service members receiving the award for only a few days of service. As hostilities during the Second World War ended on 2 September 1945, there may be cases of service members who had enlisted, entered officer candidate school, or had been a cadet or midshipman at the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy or the U.S. Coast Guard Academy between 3 September 1945 and any date in 1946, receiving the medal without having been a veteran of the period of active hostilities during the war; the reason for this late date is that President Harry S. Truman did not declare an official end to hostilities until the last day of 1946.


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: As every member of the United States Armed Forces who served from 7 December 1941 to 31 December 1946 was eligible for the medal, there were over twelve million eligible recipients, making the World War II Victory Medal the second most widely awarded military award of the United States, after the National Defense Service Medal.


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: The bronze medal is 1 inches in width. The obverse is a figure of Liberation standing full length with head turned to dexter looking to the dawn of a new day, right foot resting on a war god's helmet with the hilt of a broken sword in the right hand and the broken blade in the left hand, the inscription "WORLD WAR II" placed immediately below the center. On the


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: reverse are inscriptions for the Four Freedoms: "FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND WANT" and "FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND RELIGION" separated by a palm branch, all within a circle composed of the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1941 1945".


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: The suspension and service ribbon of the medal is 1 inches wide and consists of the following stripes: inch double rainbow in juxtaposition (blues, greens, yellows, reds (center), yellows greens and blues); inch White 67101; center inch Old Glory Red 67156; inch White; and inch double rainbow in juxtaposition. The rainbow on each side of the ribbon is a miniature of the pattern used in the World War I Victory Medal.


title: World War II Victory Medal

text: Although the World War I Victory Medal included clasps, the World War II Victory Medal did not. This was because campaign medals were awarded instead.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Protein secondary structure is the three dimensional form of "local segments" of proteins. The two most common secondary structural elements are alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. Secondary structure elements typically spontaneously form as an intermediate before the protein folds into its three dimensional tertiary structure.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone. Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: The concept of secondary structure was first introduced by Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang at Stanford in 1952. Other types of biopolymers such as nucleic acids also possess characteristic secondary structures.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Other helices, such as the 3 helix and π helix, are calculated to have energetically favorable hydrogen-bonding patterns but are rarely observed in natural proteins except at the ends of α helices due to unfavorable backbone packing in the center of the helix. Other extended structures such as the polyproline helix and alpha sheet are rare in native state proteins but are often hypothesized as important protein folding intermediates. Tight turns and loose, flexible loops link the more "regular" secondary structure elements. The random coil is not a true secondary structure, but is the class of conformations that indicate an absence of regular secondary structure.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Amino acids vary in their ability to form the various secondary structure elements. Proline and glycine are sometimes known as "helix breakers" because they disrupt the regularity of the α helical backbone conformation; however, both have unusual conformational abilities and are commonly found in turns. Amino acids that prefer to adopt helical conformations in proteins include methionine, alanine, leucine, glutamate and lysine ("MALEK" in amino-acid 1-letter codes); by contrast, the large aromatic residues (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) and C-branched amino acids (isoleucine, valine, and threonine) prefer to adopt β-strand conformations. However, these preferences are not strong enough to produce a reliable method of predicting secondary structure from sequence alone.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Low frequency collective vibrations are thought to be sensitive to local rigidity within proteins, revealing beta structures to be generically more rigid than alpha or disordered proteins. Neutron scattering measurements have directly connected the spectral feature at ~1 THz to collective motions of the secondary structure of beta-barrel protein GFP.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Hydrogen bonding patterns in secondary structures may be significantly distorted, which makes automatic determination of secondary structure difficult. There are several methods for formally defining protein secondary structure (e.g., DSSP, DEFINE, STRIDE, ScrewFit, SST).


title: Protein secondary structure

text: The Dictionary of Protein Secondary Structure, in short DSSP, is commonly used to describe the protein secondary structure with single letter codes. The secondary structure is assigned based on hydrogen bonding patterns as those initially proposed by Pauling et al. in 1951 (before any protein structure had ever been experimentally determined). There are eight types of secondary structure that DSSP defines:


title: Protein secondary structure

text: 'Coil' is often codified as ' ' (space), C (coil) or '–' (dash). The helices (G, H and I) and sheet conformations are all required to have a reasonable length. This means that 2 adjacent residues in the primary structure must form the same hydrogen bonding pattern. If the helix or sheet hydrogen bonding pattern is too short they are designated as T or B, respectively. Other protein secondary structure assignment categories exist (sharp turns, Omega loops, etc.), but they are less frequently used.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Secondary structure is defined by hydrogen bonding, so the exact definition of a hydrogen bond is critical. The standard hydrogen-bond definition for secondary structure is that of DSSP, which is a purely electrostatic model. It assigns charges of ±"q" ≈ 0.42"e" to the carbonyl carbon and oxygen, respectively, and charges of ±"q" ≈ 0.20"e" to the amide hydrogen and nitrogen, respectively. The electrostatic energy is


title: Protein secondary structure

text: According to DSSP, a hydrogen-bond exists if and only if "E" is less than . Although the DSSP formula is a relatively crude approximation of the "physical" hydrogen-bond energy, it is generally accepted as a tool for defining secondary structure.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: SST is a Bayesian method to assign secondary structure to protein coordinate data using the Shannon information criterion of Minimum Message Length (MML) inference. SST treats any assignment of secondary structure as a potential hypothesis that attempts to explain (compress) given protein coordinate data. The core idea is that the best secondary structural assignment is the one that can explain (compress) the coordinates of a given protein coordinates in the most economical way, thus linking the inference of secondary structure to lossless data compression. SST accurately delineates any protein chain into regions associated with the following assignment types:


title: Protein secondary structure

text: SST detects π and 3 helical caps to standard α-helices, and automatically assembles the various extended strands into consistent β-pleated sheets. It provides a readable output of dissected secondary structural elements, and a corresponding PyMol-loadable script to visualize the assigned secondary structural elements individually.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: The rough secondary-structure content of a biopolymer (e.g., "this protein is 40% α-helix and 20% β-sheet.") can be estimated spectroscopically. For proteins, a common method is far-ultraviolet (far-UV, 170–250 nm) circular dichroism. A pronounced double minimum at 208 and 222 nm indicate α-helical structure, whereas a single minimum at 204 nm or 217 nm reflects random-coil or β-sheet structure, respectively. A less common method is infrared spectroscopy, which detects differences in the bond oscillations of amide groups due to hydrogen-bonding. Finally, secondary-structure contents may be estimated accurately using the chemical shifts of an initially unassigned NMR spectrum.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Predicting protein tertiary structure from only its amino sequence is a very challenging problem (see protein structure prediction), but using the simpler secondary structure definitions is more tractable.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Early methods of secondary-structure prediction were restricted to predicting the three predominate states: helix, sheet, or random coil. These methods were based on the helix- or sheet-forming propensities of individual amino acids, sometimes coupled with rules for estimating the free energy of forming secondary structure elements. The first widely used techniques to predict protein secondary structure from the amino acid sequence were the Chou–Fasman method and the GOR method. Although such methods claimed to achieve ~60% accurate in predicting which of the three states (helix/sheet/coil) a residue adopts, blind computing assessments later showed that the actual accuracy was much lower.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: A significant increase in accuracy (to nearly ~80%) was made by exploiting multiple sequence alignment; knowing the full distribution of amino acids that occur at a position (and in its vicinity, typically ~7 residues on either side) throughout evolution provides a much better picture of the structural tendencies near that position. For illustration, a given protein might have a glycine at a given position, which by itself might suggest a random coil there. However, multiple sequence alignment might reveal that helix-favoring amino acids occur at that position (and nearby positions) in 95% of homologous proteins spanning nearly a billion years of evolution. Moreover, by examining the average hydrophobicity at that and nearby positions, the same alignment might also suggest a pattern of residue solvent accessibility consistent with an α-helix. Taken together, these factors would suggest that the glycine of the original protein adopts α-helical structure, rather than random coil. Several types of methods are used to combine all the available data to form a 3-state prediction, including neural networks, hidden Markov models and support vector machines. Modern prediction methods also provide a confidence score for their predictions at every position.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Secondary-structure prediction methods were evaluated by the Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiments and continuously benchmarked, e.g. by EVA (benchmark). Based on these tests, the most accurate methods were Psipred, SAM, PORTER, PROF, and SABLE. The chief area for improvement appears to be the prediction of β-strands; residues confidently predicted as β-strand are likely to be so, but the methods are apt to overlook some β-strand segments (false negatives). There is likely an upper limit of ~90% prediction accuracy overall, due to the idiosyncrasies of the standard method (DSSP) for assigning secondary-structure classes (helix/strand/coil) to PDB structures, against which the predictions are benchmarked.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Accurate secondary-structure prediction is a key element in the prediction of tertiary structure, in all but the simplest (homology modeling) cases. For example, a confidently predicted pattern of six secondary structure elements βαββαβ is the signature of a ferredoxin fold.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: Both protein and nucleic acid secondary structures can be used to aid in multiple sequence alignment. These alignments can be made more accurate by the inclusion of secondary structure information in addition to simple sequence information. This is sometimes less useful in RNA because base pairing is much more highly conserved than sequence. Distant relationships between proteins whose primary structures are unalignable can sometimes be found by secondary structure.


title: Protein secondary structure

text: It has been shown that α-helices are more stable, robust to mutations and designable than β-strands in natural proteins, thus designing functional all-α proteins is likely to be easier that designing proteins with both helices and strands; this has been recently confirmed experimentally.


title: West Philadelphia

text: West Philadelphia, nicknamed West Philly, is a section of the city of Philadelphia. Alhough there are no officially defined boundaries, it is generally considered to reach from the western shore of the Schuylkill River, to City Avenue to the northwest, Cobbs Creek to the southwest, and the SEPTA Media/Wawa Line to the south. An alternate definition includes all city land west of the Schuylkill; this would also include Southwest Philadelphia and its neighborhoods. The eastern side of West Philadelphia is also known as University City.


title: West Philadelphia

text: The topography of West Philadelphia is composed of rolling hills rising slowly from the Schuylkill River toward Cobbs Creek in the west and toward Belmont Plateau in the northwest. This gradual elevation makes the skyline of Center City visible from many points in West Philadelphia. The Wynnefield neighborhood is a location frequently used by photographers and organizers of civic events.


title: West Philadelphia

text: According to the 2010 census, 216,433 people live among the ZIP codes of 19104, 19131, 19139, 19143 and 19151.(Map)


title: West Philadelphia

text: Starting with the first wave of Irish immigrants in the early 19th century, West Philadelphia was home to large numbers of European immigrants and their descendants. The area's African American population began growing in the 1880s through the migration of blacks from the southern states; white flight in the early 1960s completed the transition to a majority-black population.


title: West Philadelphia

text: Since the 1980s, gentrification, immigration, and the Urban Indian relocation movement have brought more racial diversity. Arrivals from East Asia and Latin America, mainly Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexicans, have given the area small Hispanic and Asian American populations. The community has a fair number of Afro-Caribbean/Caribbean American residents, from the Jamaica, Haiti, Barbados, and other areas of the West Indies, as well as a growing number of African immigrants.


title: West Philadelphia

text: The Woodlands Cemetery, which is located near the west bank of the Schuylkill River, was originally the estate of Andrew Hamilton who bought the property in 1735 from descendants of Blockley Township's founder, William Warner, who hailed from Brockley, England. Warner was the first known European west of the Schuylkill. In 1840, the property was transformed into a cemetery with an arboretum of over 1,000 trees. It holds the graves of many famous Philadelphians.


title: West Philadelphia

text: Satterlee Hospital, one of the largest Union Army hospitals of the Civil War, operated from 1862 to 1865; part of its grounds are now the northern section of Clark Park.


title: West Philadelphia

text: West Philadelphia's population expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thanks in large part to horsecars, then streetcars, and Schuylkill River bridges that allowed middle-class breadwinners to commute into the Central Business District a few miles to the east. West Philadelphia was among the early streetcar suburbs, and a portion of it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the West Philadelphia Streetcar Suburb Historic District.


title: West Philadelphia

text: The western portion of the neighborhood was once home to some of the most expensive real estate in the country (and much striking Victorian-era architecture remains). The area has declined in prominence over the last 50 years, thanks in part to increasing crime and the migration of many middle and upper-class residents to suburbs and other sections of the city.


title: West Philadelphia

text: West Philadelphia drew national attention in 1978 and 1985 for violent clashes between police and an Afro-centric, back-to-nature group called MOVE. During the latter confrontation, police firebombed the group's headquarters, killing 11 people and destroying an entire block of Osage Avenue and Pine Street.


title: West Philadelphia

text: In recent years, parts of West Philadelphia have undergone "Penntrification," a term that reflects the University of Pennsylvania's role in gentrification of the neighborhood; including a campaign to rename part of the area University City (the designation now appears on maps as well as public street signs and government listings). Many young professionals and families have moved into the area.


title: West Philadelphia

text: In 2008, the area around the Please Touch Museum, Philadelphia Zoo, and the Mann Music Center was designated the Centennial District: an area to be revitalized by the country's 250th birthday in 2026.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Mount Nyiragongo ( ) is an active stratovolcano with an elevation of in the Virunga Mountains associated with the Albertine Rift. It is located inside Virunga National Park, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, about north of the town of Goma and Lake Kivu and just west of the border with Rwanda. The main crater is about wide and usually contains a lava lake. The crater presently has two distinct cooled lava benches within the crater walls – one at about and a lower one at about .


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Nyiragongo's lava lake has at times been the most voluminous known lava lake in recent history. The depth of the lava lake varies considerably. A maximum elevation of the lava lake was recorded at about prior to the January 1977 eruption – a lake depth of about . Following the January 2002 eruption, the lava lake was recorded at a low of about , or below the rim. The level has gradually risen since then. Nyiragongo and nearby Nyamuragira are together responsible for 40 per cent of Africa's historical volcanic eruptions.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: The volcano partly overlaps with two older volcanoes, Baruta and Shaheru, and is also surrounded by hundreds of small volcanic cinder cones from flank eruptions.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Nyiragongo's cone consists of pyroclastics and lava flows. Nyiragongo's lavas are low-silica, alkali-rich, ultramafic extrusive rocks essentially free of feldspars. They range from olivine-rich melilitites through leucites to nephelinites, containing, in various proportions mainly the minerals nepheline, leucite, melilite, kalsilite, and clinopyroxene. This very low silica composition results in eruptions with unusually fluid flows. Whereas most lava flows move rather slowly and rarely pose a danger to human life, Nyiragongo's lava flows may race downhill at up to .


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Not much is known about how long the volcano has been erupting, but since 1882, it has erupted at least 34 times, including many periods where activity was continuous for years at a time, often in the form of a churning lava lake in the crater. The existence of the lava lake had been suspected for some time but was not scientifically confirmed until 1948. At that time, it was measured at nearly . Subsequent expeditions showed that the lake fluctuated in size, depth, and temperature over time.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: The lava lake activity is ongoing. , the lake is mostly confined within a broad, steep-sided cinder cone (roughly high by wide) on the crater floor.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Between 1894 and 1977 the crater contained an active lava lake. On 10 January 1977, the crater walls fractured, and the lava lake drained in less than an hour. The lava flowed down the flanks of the volcano at speeds of up to on the upper slopes, the fastest lava flow recorded to date, overwhelming villages and killing at least 600 people. Within 30 minutes, the lava lake had emptied, flowing north, south, and west of the volcano. Nowhere else in the world does such a steep-sided stratovolcano contain a lake of such fluid lava. Nyiragongo's proximity to heavily populated areas increases its potential for causing a natural disaster. The 1977 eruption raised awareness of the unique dangers posed by Nyiragongo, and because of this, in 1991 it was designated a Decade Volcano, worthy of particular study.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: The 1977 eruption was preceded by the creation of a new small volcanic vent, Murara, a short distance away on the slopes of Nyamuragira.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Lava lakes reformed in the crater in eruptions in 1982–1983 and 1994. Another major eruption of the volcano began on 17 January 2002, after several months of increased seismic and fumarolic activity. A fissure opened in the south flank of the volcano, spreading in a few hours from elevation and reaching the outskirts of the city of Goma, the provincial capital on the northern shore of Lake Kivu. Lava streamed from three spatter cones at the end of the fissure and flowed in a stream wide and up to deep through Goma. Warnings had been given and 400,000 people were evacuated from the city across the Rwandan border into neighbouring Gisenyi during the eruption. Lava covered the northern end of the runway at Goma International Airport, leaving the southern two-thirds usable, and reached Lake Kivu. This raised fears that the lava might cause gas-saturated waters deep in the lake to suddenly rise to the surface, releasing lethally large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane – similar to the disaster at Lake Nyos in Cameroon in 1986. This did not happen, but volcanologists continue to monitor the area closely.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: About 245 people died in the eruption from asphyxiation by carbon dioxide and buildings collapsing due to the lava and earthquakes. Lava covered 13 per cent of Goma, about , and nearly 120,000 people were left homeless.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Immediately after the eruption stopped, a large number of earthquakes were felt around Goma and Gisenyi. This swarm activity continued for about three months and caused the collapse of more buildings.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: Localized carbon dioxide toxicity, known locally as 'mazuku', has killed children even more recently. In locations where the gas seeps from the ground at relatively high levels, without the dispersing effects of wind, its effects can be deadly. On 8 March 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory discovered a new vent that opened in the northeast edge of the crater, following local reports of rumblings coming from the volcano. Some fear that this could lead to a flank eruption. Observers in 2020 witnessed a rise in the lava lake and other signs of an impending eruption.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: An eruption began on 22 May 2021. Lava approached the Goma airport and moved towards the city centre of eastern Goma. It was later confirmed by the North Kivu province's military governor that the eruption was at around 17:00 GMT. A highway to Beni was cut off by lava, and authorities urged residents from the city of Goma to evacuate, causing thousands of people to leave their homes. There was also an electricity cut across large areas following the eruption. As of 27 May 2021, 37 people were missing and presumed dead, after a lava flow reached the outskirts of the city of Goma. The eruption resulted in at least 32 deaths, mostly caused by car crashes in the ensuing evacuation.


title: Mount Nyiragongo

text: The volcano is monitored by a team of scientists at the Goma Volcanic Observatory (GVO). It is continuously monitored, with seismic data produced every four minutes and temperature data produced every ten minutes. Continued funding for the GVO is in doubt, as the World Bank decided in 2020 to terminate its contributions.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: Manikarnika Ghat (Hindi: मणिकर्णिका घाट) is one of the holiest cremation grounds among the sacred riverfronts (ghats), alongside the river Ganges, in the city of Varanasi in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. In Hinduism, death is considered a gateway to another life marked by the result of one's karma. It is believed that a human's soul attains moksha, and hence breaks the cycle of rebirth when cremated here. Thus, scores of the elderly across the whole country seek to walk up to its edges, and spend their last days absorbing the charisma of the ghat making death painless and insignificant to be pondered upon.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: The ghat is named after Sati's earrings which fell here. The Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi are kept here.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: The Manikarnika Ghat is flanked by the Dashashwamedh Ghat and the Scindia Ghat. It is situated in Varanasi, Kashi region, India.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: The Manikarnika Ghat is one of the oldest ghats in Varanasi. It is mentioned in a Gupta inscription of 5th century. It is revered in Hindu religion. When Mata Sati (Adi Shakti) sacrificed her life and set her body ablaze after Raja Daksh Prajapati (one of the sons of Lord Brahma) tried to humiliate Lord Shiva in a Yagya practiced by Daksh, Lord Shiva took her burning body to the Himalaya. On seeing the unending sorrow of Lord Shiva, Vishnu sent the Divine chakra to cut the body into 51 parts, which then fell to earth. These are called "Ekannya Shaktipeeth". Lord Shiva established Shakti Peeth wherever Sati's body had fallen. Mata Sati's ear ornament fell at Manikarnika Ghat.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: The Manikarnika shrine is an important place of worship for Shaktism sect of Hinduism. It is near to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. "The mythology of Daksha yaga and Sati's self immolation" is the mythology behind the origin of Shakti Peethas. The etymology of the place is due to this mythology. It is believed that Sati Devi's Ear Rings has fallen here. Manikarna in Sanskrit means Ear Rings.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: Shakti Peethas are shrines that are believed to be enshrined with the presence of Shakti due to the falling of body parts of the corpse of Sati Devi, when Lord Shiva carried it and wandered. There are 51 Shakti Peeth linking to the 51 letters or akshar in Sanskrit. Each temple have shrines for Shakti. The Shakti of Manikarnika is addressed as Vishalakshi & Manikarni.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: Hindu mythology teaches that the ghat is especially sacred and that people cremated there receive moksha.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: As the myth goes, Vishnu, after several thousand years of tapasya, trying to please Shiva, to convince him to not destroy the holy city of Kashi when he destroys the world, managed to do so.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: Lord Shiva along with Parvati came to Kashi before Vishnu to grant him his wish. Vishnu dug a kund (well) on the bank of Ganges for the bath of the couple. When Lord Shiva was bathing a Mani (Jewel) from his earring fell into the kund, hence the name Manikarnika (Mani:Beads Karnam:Ear Angad: Ornament). There is another myth about the ghat : the ear jewel from lord Shiva fell down while he was dancing angrily, which fell on the earth and thus Manikarnika Ghat formed.


title: Manikarnika Ghat

text: A proposal for renovating the Manikarnika ghat has been proposed by Departments of Landscape Architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign (UIUC), USA, and Bhanubhen Nanavati College of Architecture for Women (BNCA), Pune, India A proposal for renovating and redevelopment the Manikarnika ghat is in progress by Eastern Infrastructure Fund of Varanasi, India.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Zeitgeist is the seventh studio album by American rock band the Smashing Pumpkins, released on July 10, 2007 on Martha's Music and Reprise Records. Recorded solely by returning band members Billy Corgan and Jimmy Chamberlin, the album was the band's first since reuniting in 2006, and was produced by Roy Thomas Baker and Terry Date, alongside Corgan and Chamberlin themselves.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Preceded by the single, "Tarantula", the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200, but sales soon decreased, and critical reception was mixed. It was certified Gold in the United States on February 1, 2008. To tour in support of the release, Corgan and Chamberlin recruited touring members, Jeff Schroeder (guitar), Ginger Reyes (bass) and Lisa Harriton (keyboards), with Schroeder eventually becoming a core member of the band. The album was the last to feature Chamberlin until 2018's ""


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: After the Smashing Pumpkins disbanded in 2000, Corgan and Chamberlin reunited for the short-lived supergroup Zwan, also featuring members of Slint, Chavez, and A Perfect Circle. The group released one album, "Mary Star of the Sea" in early 2003, before dissolving six months after the released. Chamberlin then formed Jimmy Chamberlin Complex, while Corgan would focus on a solo album. On June 21, 2005, the day of the release of his album "TheFutureEmbrace", Corgan took out full-page advertisements in the "Chicago Tribune" and "Chicago Sun-Times" to announce that he had "made plans to renew and revive the Smashing Pumpkins." Chamberlin soon announced that he would be rejoining the band, and the two began living together in north Scottsdale, Arizona in November 2005, writing and rehearsing new songs. Within three weeks of practicing, the pair decided they had recaptured the sound of the band and prepared to record a new album.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: On April 20, 2006, the band's website confirmed that the band had reunited and started work on a new album. The website later announced that the new album would be produced by Roy Thomas Baker. Chamberlin and Corgan were verified as participants in the reunion, but there was question as to whether other former members of the band would participate. In April 2007, James Iha and Melissa Auf der Maur separately confirmed that they were not taking part in the reunion.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: With the other band members absent, Chamberlin and Corgan decided to record the album alone, which Corgan claims is not a serious departure from how previous Pumpkins albums were made. After the songs were finalized, Chamberlin laid down all of the drum tracks. Notably, the drums for the ten-minute track "United States" were recorded in one live take. After the drums were completed, Chamberlin began the process of interviewing prospective touring band members, while Corgan went about recording the guitar, bass, keyboard, and vocal parts. Chamberlin described the recording sessions as a "long laborious process to greatness". For the first time on a Smashing Pumpkins record, Chamberlin served as one of the producers, and was present and influential through much more of the recording process than he typically has been.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: The band's insistence on recording live to tape, without click tracks or editing, was met with distaste by most producers they spoke to. One executive at Reprise suggested using "American Idiot" producer Rob Cavallo, in the name of commercial success. The band held out until they met someone willing to record analog, and with the right energy and philosophy, eventually choosing producer Roy Thomas Baker, whom they considered "a real soul mate." Terry Date also contributed, and, according to Corgan, Date's production style helped the songs "resonate on a physical level". The album was largely recorded in the home studio of former Catherine drummer (and D'arcy Wretzky's ex-husband) Kerry Brown, on the same 24-track tape recorder that 1995's "Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness" was recorded on—in fact, no computers were used for the recording of the album. As with the other Smashing Pumpkins albums, "Zeitgeist" was recorded in twelve-hour days, six or seven days a week, until it was finished. The mixing process also differed from previous albums'. According to Baker, "everything had sort of an on/off switch. So instead of having various degrees of volumes, we'd have the approach of, 'It's either on or it's not'".


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Corgan said the album's goals were threefold—to make an accessible, mainstream rock record, to comment on the "emerging fascist" political climate of the United States, and to explore the nature of his band and his friendship with Chamberlin. Although Corgan has, in the past, said a political slant from Smashing Pumpkins would be "not right", "Zeitgeist" stands as the most overtly political work ever released by the band or Corgan himself, which Chamberlin attributes to the band's interest in the music and life of Fela Kuti.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Corgan's mantra for the album's rhythm parts was "Shuffle!", which Jimmy Chamberlin resisted, but which eventually resulted in two songs on the albums with shuffle beats.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: The album is among the heavier releases by Smashing Pumpkins. Corgan attributes this to his perception that "people wanted to hear some energy, that they didn't want us rolling over and crying in our milk". He compared the mindset of the record to that of "Gish", which was to make a statement "without trying to make the next "The Wall"." Regarding the aggressive drumming on the album, Chamberlin observes that "the world is ready for something with some balls behind it."


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: The album has prominent vocal overdubs – nearly every song has multiple layers of Corgan's voice, a decision brought about by Baker's operatic production style as well as the knowledge that the new touring members would be able to sing harmonies.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: The song "Bleeding the Orchid," about the commercial exploitation of the early-90s alternative rock movement, was deliberately styled after the music of Alice in Chains, a band that Corgan now greatly admires. "Pomp and Circumstances" was set to have string arrangements by Danny Elfman, but when he amicably withdrew from the project, the band decided to create its own synthesized orchestration.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: "Tarantula" was announced and released as the album's first single on May 23, 2007. The track "Doomsday Clock" appeared on the of the film "Transformers". On June 19, 2007, the track was released to iTunes. On July 2, 2007, the entire album was posted on Muchmusic for free streaming.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Prior to the album's release, the reunited Smashing Pumpkins made their debut performing live for the first time on May 22, 2007 in Paris, France. There, the band unveiled new members Jeff Schroeder and Ginger Reyes, who took over rhythm guitar and bass duties, respectively. Lisa Harriton completed the line-up on keyboards and vocals.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Finishing their debut leg in Europe in June 2007, the band would continue touring, repeatedly jumping between Europe and North America. The band returned stateside for an American leg of their tour kicked off with a sold-out, nine-day residency at the Orange Peel in Asheville, North Carolina, on June 23, 2007. A similar residency at The Fillmore was chronicled for the DVD "If All Goes Wrong". The tour would also include an appearance at Al Gore's Live Earth festival on July 7, 2007, three days before the North American release of the album. Europe would see the band return on another European leg on August 12, 2007, in Stockholm, Sweden and when the band headlined Reading and Leeds Festivals on the August bank holiday weekend of 2007 in England. The Pumpkins returned in September 2007 to play shows in North America, and continued until mid-November. On January 28, 2008, the band returned to Europe to play shows in the Czech Republic and Austria and playing their first Belfast performance in February. They later went on to perform at London's O2 Arena in England, each show attracted a sell out crowd with the London concert attracting over 20,000 people to the O2. Apart from Europe, the band co-headlined the 2008 V Festival in Australia, and played three gigs in New Zealand.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: "Zeitgeist" debuted at #2 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 145,000 copies in its first week. It also reached the top spots on "Billboard's" Internet Albums and Rock Albums charts in its first week, and hit the top 10 in Canada (#1), New Zealand (#1), the United Kingdom (#4), Germany (#7), Australia (#7), and other countries. The album was certified gold by the RIAA with 500,000 copies shipped as of February 1, 2008.