title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel and his family are introduced in the episode "Bloodletting", after Otis accidentally shoots Carl while hunting. Rick and Shane follow Otis back to Hershel's farm. Hershel tends to the wound with what he has available, but sends Otis and Shane to retrieve supplies for performing a surgery to remove the bullet. During this, Shane allows Otis to be taken by the walkers to manage his own escape, but lies about Otis' fate when he returns to the group. Hershel successfully removes the bullet. Hershel is wary of Rick's group but allows them to move onto a field distant from his home while Carl recovers and the group looks for Carol's missing daughter, Sophia, warning them to stay away from the barn.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel observes Glenn flirting with his daughter Maggie, and warns Glenn to stay away from her. Despite this, the two find ways to see each other, and Glenn inadvertently suggests meeting Maggie in the barn, where he discovers it is full of walkers ("Chupacabra"). Glenn tells the others, and Dale tries to talk privately with Hershel about the walkers; Hershel states they are his friends and family including his wife, and he believes they can be cured ("Secrets"). As the group starts to feel unsafe, this turns into a large argument between Hershel and Rick; to end the stalemate, Shane purposely bursts open the lock on the barns, allowing the walkers to escape, which the group methodically dispatch. One last walker emerges: that of Sophia. Carol breaks down into tears as Sophia is subdued, and Hershel storms off ("Pretty Much Dead Already").


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel initially demands Rick's group to leave, as Carl is now healthy enough to move, but when Rick goes to plead forgiveness, Hershel has gone missing. Rick and Glenn search for him and find him at a bar, having reverted to his alcoholism. Hershel admits Rick was right and that there is no cure, and accepts the need to protect his daughters ("Nebraska"). As they prepare to return to the farm, they are assaulted by another group, leading to a shootout that draws a horde of walkers. In their escape, the surviving member of the other group Randall gets his leg impaled on a fence, and Rick and Hershel help rescue him. They quickly realize they must keep the location of the farm a secret should Randall recover and return to his own group ("Triggerfinger"). What to do with Randall becomes a point of contention between Rick and Shane, the latter wanting to just kill him. Hershel thanks Glenn for his supportiveness, and grants his permission for him to continue to see Maggie, gifting him his pocketwatch ("Judge, Jury, Executioner"), and later allows Rick's group to stay at the farm proper ("Better Angels").


title: Hershel Greene

text: Shane eventually sneaks Randall off and kills him, which Rick later discovers. He accosts Shane one night at gunpoint, and when Shane shows no remorse, Rick kills him, and Carl protects Rick by firing on Shane's re-animated body. The gunshots lure a horde that overwhelm Hershel's farm, and while Hershel fights to protect his homestead, the battle becomes impossible, and he, Maggie, and Beth join with Rick's group as they flee the burning house and farm ("Beside the Dying Fire").


title: Hershel Greene

text: Eight months after fleeing Hershel's farm, Rick's group locates a nearly-intact prison that show promise as permanent shelter. However, many walkers still wander inside, and the group splits up to deal with them. Hershel is part of Rick's team when he is bitten by a walker on the ankle, and they race him to a safe area to amputate his foot ("Seed"). Hershel loses consciousness and they race him back to the main area to treat Hershel's leg while watching for any signs of turning ("Sick"). Hershel recovers, and eventually is able to walk with a set of crutches, but when he takes his first steps outside, the group is attacked by more walkers. During the fight, Rick loses his wife Lori while she gives birth to their daughter Judith, and falls into a fugue state ("Killer Within"). Hershel, along with Glenn and Daryl, take over making decisions for the group, as well as being a father figure for Carl.


title: Hershel Greene

text: The prison group ends becoming entangled with The Governor who runs the nearby Woodbury community. Hershel helps Rick overcome his depression to take action against the Governor, who has set his eyes on taking over the prison ("I Ain't a Judas"). Hershel participates in negotiations with the Governor alongside Rick and Daryl ("Arrow on the Doorpost"). Rick wants to turn over Michonne, whom they have taken in into the prison group, to the Governor as she had stabbed one of his eyes, but Hershel refused to be a part of that trade ("This Sorrowful Life"). Ultimately, Rick's group is forced to fight the Governor and his men. Hershel witnesses Carl killing a teenaged boy that had willingly surrendered during the battle, and later talks to Rick about it, fearing Rick's violent methods have rubbed off onto Carl. ("Welcome to the Tombs")


title: Hershel Greene

text: Six months after defeating the Governor, Hershel is part of the ruling council of the prison group along with Glenn, Carol, Daryl, and Sasha, and has become closer to Rick, who has backed off the leadership role and trying to help raise livestock for the group ("30 Days Without an Accident"). A lethal illness breaks out in the prison and those infected are isolated from the others ("Infected"). Hershel and Carl find herbs outside the prison that Hershel think can help stop the infection, and convinces Rick and Maggie to go to the infected cell block to help. One of the patients coughs blood on Hershel's face, and he considers himself infected and remains in the quarantine ("Isolation"). The infection leads to one death, the person's body reanimating and biting another in the block, starting a chain reaction. Hershel is cornered by some of the reanimated patients before Maggie breaks into the block and helps him to escape ("Internment").


title: Hershel Greene

text: Eventually the threat of the illness and reanimation is stopped. Hershel gives Glenn his approval to marry Maggie. Later, Hershel helps Michonne with taking the corpses out of the prison to bury far away. They are soon found by the Governor, who has taken over a band of raiders led by his former allies, and the two are taken into custody. Hershel tries to convince the Governor they could live together in peace in the prison, but the Governor is far too set on revenge to consider this option. The Governor brings his forces to the gates of the prison and demands Rick's group leave the prison, holding Michonne's katana at Hershel's neck. Rick attempts to reason with the Governor, but he had already had his mind set, and partially decapitates Hershel. A massive firefight breaks out, and Hershel attempts to crawl to safety, but the Governor finds him and finishes decapitating him ("Too Far Gone"). Rick's group eventually repels the Governor, and in the aftermath, Michonne finds Hershel's reanimated head and finishes him off remorsefully.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel appears in flashbacks in the season finale "A" as he helps convince Rick to pull away from violence, and spending time with his family.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Hershel appears in the ninth-season episode "What Comes After" as one of Rick's hallucinations as he makes his way, badly wounded, back to the Alexandria compound. Wilson's performance in this episode was his last onscreen appearance; he died on October 6, 2018, shortly after the episode was filmed, of leukemia.


title: Hershel Greene

text: The Telltale Games video game "The Walking Dead" takes place in the comic's storyline. Hershel and his son Shawn have taken in survivors of the zombie apocalypse, including the main player-character group of Lee Everett, Clementine, and others, though Hershel is worrisome about their presence. Hershel has long discussions with Lee, trying to work out his motives and trustworthiness. In exchange for shelter, Hershel asks the survivors to help Shawn with fortifying the farm's fences to keep walkers out. However, during these fortifications, Shawn is attacked by walkers and Lee and Kenny have the choice of whether to try to help Shawn or Kenny's young son Duck. Either way, Shawn dies, and Hershel kicks them off of the farm, although he expresses gratitude if they had attempted to save his son.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Scott Wilson was officially announced as being cast in June 2011, along with co-stars Lauren Cohan and Pruitt Taylor Vince.


title: Hershel Greene

text: On "Talking Dead", it was revealed that Hershel was initially scripted to be killed by Randall in the episode "Better Angels" during Randall's escape. However, the producers decided to allow the character to live so that they could explore the dramatic potential of losing his farm in "Beside the Dying Fire" and Season 3.


title: Hershel Greene

text: Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked Hershel Greene 8th in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "Around the same time that Dale died, Rick's bunch picked up a new voice of reason in the form of Hershel Greene, a gentleman farmer and veterinarian who initially stubbornly resisted the reality of the zombie apocalypse. Once the truth of his and his daughter Maggie's situation sunk in, he became a wizened pragmatist, cutting through the emotions of any moment to find compromises and options that others couldn't see."


title: 2025 Africa Cup of Nations

text: The 2025 Africa Cup of Nations (also referred to as AFCON 2025 or CAN 2025) is scheduled to be the 35th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the biennial international men's football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The tournament will take place in the summer window, having been moved from the previous January window since the 2019 edition to reduce scheduling conflicts with European club seasons.


title: 2025 Africa Cup of Nations

text: Guinea was the original host of the tournament but was stripped after CAF affirmed the nation wasn't adequately prepared to host.


title: 2025 Africa Cup of Nations

text: On 30 November 2018, CAF stripped Cameroon from hosting the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. However, former CAF President Ahmad Ahmad told Cameroon accepted to host the 2021 AFCON. Consequently, Ivory Coast, original hosts of 2021, became hosts of the 2023 Cup. On 30 January 2019, CAF President confirmed the timetable shift, after a meeting with Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Guinea was then also shifted from hosting the 2023 Cup to the 2025 AFCON.


title: 2025 Africa Cup of Nations

text: On 30 September 2022, the Confederation of African Football President announced Guinea was stripped of hosting the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. Consequently, a new process will be reopened.


title: 2025 Africa Cup of Nations

text: With the Africa Cup of Nations expanded to 24 teams, six venues are expected to be used. The CAF has established the following requirements for stadiums:


title: BVP M-80

text: The BVP M-80, is a tracked Yugoslavian-made infantry fighting vehicle, produced from the 1980s until the country's collapse in the 1990s.


title: BVP M-80

text: Early research and development of the M-80 began in 1969, with testing of the first completed prototype in 1974. It was first presented publicly in 1975. First examples of the BVP M-80 rolled out in 1979 but full entry to service happened in 1982.


title: BVP M-80

text: The first production variant was the M-80 which was only made in small numbers. The vehicle used a French-built engine with an output of 260 hp, the same engine as used in AMX-10P. After only a year, Yugoslavia started license production of Daimler-Benz's 315 hp engine in domestic FAMOS factories. This variant received a new designation as M-80A. Around 1000 vehicles were produced before the breakup of the country.


title: BVP M-80

text: At the time it was produced, M-80A had similar characteristics with existing IFVs like Russian BMP-1 or French AMX 10P. Although many foreign experts compare M-80A with Russian BMP-1, the Yugoslav IFV is a true original design. Unlike the BMP-1 which had 6 road wheels and was armed with 73 mm gun, M-80A had 5 road wheels and had 20 mm gun. M-80A incorporates numerous elements from the French AMX-10P giving it more power and better protection over its counterpart. All M-80s are amphibious and are equipped with twin AT-3 launchers.


title: BVP M-80

text: The standard versions (BVP M-80 and M-80A) mounted a Hispano-Suiza HS.804 20mm autocannon that has an effective range of about 1500 meters and, depending on ammunition type, is able to penetrate around 20mm of RHAe (Rolled Homogeneous Armour equivalency).


title: BVP M-80

text: In 1978 the technical-military council of Yugoslav People's Army decided that a larger caliber gun would be necessary to counter the increasingly heavy armor of possible enemy armored fighting vehicles and began development of a new turret to house the larger weapon. This requirement led to the development of the Zastava 30mm autocannon M86 in 1985 and a new turret ""Vidra"" – later designated: M91. In addition to the new gyro stabilized 30mm auto-cannon, the new turret was equipped with smoke grenade launchers, improved day/night sights, and the ability to fire SACLOS 9M14 Malyutka ATGMs. The turret is rotated by servo-hydraulics and the main gun is elevated and depressed by electric motor.


title: BVP M-80

text: Incremental improvements were made to the design of the Vidra turret throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. These improvements would eventually be standardized and incorporated into a thoroughly updated turret and designated M91E. Besides being able to mount the original M86 30mm autocannon, the M91E-I and MM91E-II turrets able to accommodate the dual feed Zastava M89 30mm autocannon.


title: BVP M-80

text: Development is ongoing on a further modernized turret incorporating more effective ATGM armament. Besides BVP M-80 versions, the Vidra turret is offered for modernization or production with other vehicles such as BTR-50.


title: BVP M-80

text: The M-80A is armed with one 20 mm gun, co-axial machine gun 7.62 mm and twin launcher for wire-guided anti-tank missiles. It is NBC protected, fire suppression system, inside heating and water ejecting system. It is fully amphibious and can perform crossing of any water barrier without previous preparations. Max. speed at water is 7 km/h. Crew consist of three, driver, commander and gun operator and in the after compartment, there is space for six fully equipped infantrymen who can engage the enemy with personal armament through six gun slits on both vehicle sides and back doors and one squad leader who commands infantry upon exiting the vehicle. Infantry leaves IFV through two doors at the back of the vehicle.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Joseph Anthony Flynn III (November 8, 1924 – July 19, 1974) was an American character actor. He was best known for his role as Captain Wallace Binghamton in the 1960s ABC television situation comedy "McHale's Navy". He was also a frequent guest star on 1960s TV shows, such as "Batman", and appeared in several Walt Disney film comedies.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Flynn was born in Youngstown, Ohio to a physician. He graduated from Rayen High School in Youngstown and attended Northwestern University. During World War II, he served in the Army Special Services Branch entertaining the troops before moving west in 1946 to pursue acting and complete his education. He majored in political science at the University of Southern California.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Flynn had an interest in theater before leaving northeastern Ohio. He established himself early as a ventriloquist and radio disc jockey. He gained local celebrity as a director by guiding the Canfield Players in such productions as "Harvey", "Antigone" and "Pursuit of Happiness".


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: He broke into television in pre-network days in Los Angeles. In 1948, he starred in his own local situation comedy, "Yer Old Buddy", produced and broadcast by pioneering television station KTLA.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: After appearing in a number of stage plays, Flynn returned to Youngstown, where in 1950 he conducted an unsuccessful campaign for a seat in the Ohio Senate as a Republican.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Following his electoral defeat, Flynn pursued his acting career and appeared in nearly 30 films, including many Disney films. He later recalled watching an audience's reaction to his performance in the 1956 horror film "The Indestructible Man" starring Lon Chaney, Jr. Although he played a serious part in the picture, people laughed, which convinced him that comedy was his forte.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Flynn starred in several episodes of the syndicated 1957–1958 series "The Silent Service", a show dedicated to the Navy's submarine service during World War II. He played Mr. Kelley in 15 episodes of "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" and appeared in other classic series such as "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show", "The Twilight Zone", "Gunsmoke" (S4E27 as Onie Becker) and "Make Room for Daddy". He was a regular on William Bendix's "The Life of Riley" and on "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet". He appeared at least twice on NBC's "The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford." His appearance on March 30, 1961, was a patriotic program set at sea on the aircraft carrier "USS Yorktown," to celebrate the 50th anniversary of naval aviation. He guest starred on Walter Brennan's ABC sitcom "The Real McCoys", Tab Hunter′s NBC sitcom "The Tab Hunter Show" and on the syndicated western "Pony Express".


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: In 1961, Flynn was cast as a regular on the first season of NBC's "The Joey Bishop Show", but left early, reportedly because he was stealing too many scenes from Joey Bishop. That same year, he guest starred on the Peggy Cass and Jack Weston series "The Hathaways", an unusual sitcom about a suburban Los Angeles couple who adopt three chimpanzees. He appeared on Jim Davis's syndicated adventure series "Rescue 8" and in Edmond O'Brien's syndicated 1960 crime drama "Johnny Midnight".


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: From 1962 to 1966, Flynn played the irascible Captain Wallace "Wally" Burton Binghamton (also known as "Old Leadbottom") on ABC's "McHale's Navy" in all but one episode, in which he became known for his exasperated catch phrases "What is it, What, WHAT, WHAT!?", "What in the name of the Blue Pacific/Halsey/Nimitz" and "I could just scream!" He also starred in two 1964 theatrical films spun off from the series, "McHale's Navy" and "McHale's Navy Joins the Air Force".


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: In the spring of 1970, Flynn co-starred with Tim Conway, with whom he had worked in "McHale's Navy" and the two "McHale's Navy" films, in the situation comedy "The Tim Conway Show" as the inept operators of the single-plane charter airline Triple A Airlines. The unsuccessful show ran for only 12 episodes.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Flynn's career in feature films included the 1963 comedy "Son of Flubber", in which he had a small part as a television announcer. Flynn later starred as Medfield College's Dean Higgins in a trio of Disney Studio films, "The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes" (1969), "Now You See Him, Now You Don't" (1972) and "The Strongest Man in the World" (1975), his final live-action film. Flynn also appeared in "Did You Hear the One About the Traveling Saleslady?" (1968), "The Love Bug" (1968), "The Barefoot Executive" (1971), "The Million Dollar Duck" (1971), "How to Frame a Figg" (1971) starring Don Knotts, "Superdad" (1973) starring Bob Crane and "The Girl Most Likely To..." (1973), a made-for-television dark comedy written by Joan Rivers.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: Throughout his life, Flynn maintained a strong connection to his hometown. From 1969 to 1974, he was involved in northeastern Ohio's Kenley Players. He often returned to Youngstown to visit family residing on Elm Street on the city's north side. In recognition of his contributions to the broadcasting field, Flynn became the ninth recipient of the Ohio Association of Broadcasters Award.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: In the early 1970s, Flynn spearheaded a movement on behalf of the Screen Actors Guild for more equitable distribution of TV residual payments.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: He made a dozen appearances on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" in 1972 and 1973. He hosted a revised edition of "It Pays to Be Ignorant" and was a guest panelist on the game show series "Match Game '74" on January 17, 1974 (recorded on January 5, 1974), his final game show appearance.


title: Joe Flynn (American actor)

text: On July 19, 1974, shortly after completing voice-over work as Mr. Snoops for Walt Disney's 23rd animated feature "The Rescuers" (released in 1977), Flynn's body was discovered by family members in the swimming pool of his Beverly Hills home, the victim of an apparent heart attack while swimming. Flynn's June 13, 1974, taping of "The Merv Griffin Show" had been announced for broadcast on July 19, prior to Flynn's death. He is interred in Culver City's Holy Cross Cemetery.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetic disorder. People with this syndrome experience a range of physical, cognitive, and medical challenges ranging from mild to severe. The syndrome has a widely varied phenotype, meaning people with the syndrome have varied features and challenges. The typical features of CdLS include thick or long eyebrows, a small nose, small stature, developmental delay, long or smooth philtrum, thin upper lip and downturned mouth.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: The syndrome is named after Dutch pediatrician Cornelia Catharina de Lange, who described it in 1933.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: It is often termed Brachmann de Lange syndrome or Bushy syndrome and is also known as Amsterdam dwarfism. Its exact incidence is unknown, but it is estimated at 1 in 10,000 to 30,000.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: The phenotype of CdLS is highly varied and is described as a spectrum; from Classic CdLS (with a greater number of key features) to mild variations with only a few features. Some people will have a small number of features but don't have CdLS.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Children with this syndrome are often found to have long eyelashes, bushy eyebrows and synophrys (joined eyebrows). Body hair can be excessive and affected individuals are often shorter than their immediate family members. They present a characteristic facial phenotype.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Children with CdLS often have gastrointestinal tract difficulties, particularly gastroesophageal reflux. Vomiting, intermittent poor appetite, constipation, diarrhea or gaseous distention are known to be a regularity in cases where the GI tract problems are acute. Symptoms may range from mild to severe.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: People with CdLS may exhibit behaviours that have been described as "autistic-like," including self-stimulation, aggression, self-injury or strong preference to a structured routine. Behavior problems in CdLS are not inevitable. Many behaviour issues associated with CdLS are reactive (i.e., something happens within the person's body or environment to bring on the behavior) and cyclical (comes and goes). Often, an underlying medical issue, pain, social anxiety, environmental or caregiver stress can be associated with a change behaviour. If pain or a medical issue is the cause, once treated, the behaviour diminishes.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: There is evidence for some features of premature aging including the early development of Barrett’s esophagus, osteoporosis present in the teenage years, premature greying of hair and some changes to the skin of the face causing a more aged appearance compared to chronological age.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: The vast majority of cases are thought to be due to spontaneous genetic mutations. It can be associated with mutations affecting the cohesin complex.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: As of 2018, it was confirmed that 500 genetic mutations have been associated with the condition; occurring on 7 different genes. In around 30% of cases of CdLS the genetic cause remains undiscovered. The wide variation in phenotype is attributed to a high degree of somatic mosaicism in CdLS as well as the different genes and type of mutations. For this reason people with CdLS can have very different appearance, abilities, and associated health issues.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: In 2004, researchers at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (United States) and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (England) identified a gene (NIPBL) on chromosome 5 that causes CdLS when it is mutated. Since then, additional genes have been found (SMC1A, SMC3 and HDAC8, RAD21) that cause CdLS when changed. In July 2012, the fourth "CdLS gene"—HDAC8—was announced. HDAC8 is an X-linked gene, meaning it is located on the X chromosome. Individuals with CdLS who have the gene change in HDAC8 make up just a small portion of all people with CdLS. Evidence of a linkage at chromosome 3q26.3 is mixed.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Genetic alterations associated with CdLS have been identified in genes "NIPBL", "SMC1A" and "SMC3" as well as the more recently identified genes "RAD21" and "HDAC8". All of these genetic alterations occurring in CdLS patients affect proteins that function in the cohesin pathway. SMC1A, SMC3 and RAD21 proteins are structural components of the cohesin ring complex. NIPBL is involved in the loading of the cohesin ring onto chromosomes, and HDAC8 deacylates SMC3 to facilitate its function. The cohesin pathway is involved in cohesion of sister chromatids during mitosis, DNA repair, chromosome segregation and the regulation of developmental gene expression. Defects in these functions are theorised to underlie some of the features of CdLS. In particular, defective DNA repair may underlie the features of premature aging.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: The diagnosis of CdLS is primarily based on clinical findings by a clinical geneticist; and in some cases may be confirmed through laboratory testing.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Often, an interdisciplinary approach is recommended to treat the issues associated with CdLS. A team for promoting the child's well-being often includes speech, occupational and physical therapists, teachers, physicians, and parents.


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) affects many different systems of the body, medical management is often provided by a team of doctors and other healthcare professionals. Treatment for this condition varies based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. It may include: [4] [5]


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Supplemental formulas and/or gastrostomy tube placement to meet nutritional needs and improve the growth delay,


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: Surgery to treat skeletal abnormalities, gastrointestinal problems, congenital heart defects and other health problems, and,


title: Cornelia de Lange syndrome

text: The first documented case was in 1916 by Winfried Robert Clemens Brachmann (1888–1969), a German physician who wrote about the distinct features of the disease from his 19-year-old patient, followed in 1933 by Cornelia Catharina de Lange (1871–1950), a Dutch pediatrician after whom the disorder has been named. CdLS was formerly known as Brachmann-de Lange Syndrome.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: Chișinău International Airport is Moldova's main international airport, located southeast of the centre of Chișinău, the capital city. It serves as headquarters for Air Moldova, the country's national airline. The IATA airport code KIV is derived from Kishinev (the Russian and former English name of the city).


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: The first scheduled flights to Chișinău started on 24 June 1926, on the route Bucharest–Galați–Chișinău and Iași. The flights were operated by CFRNA, later LARES. A commemorative plaque, describing the first flight to Chișinău, was placed in the airport.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: In 2002, following works by the Turkish company Akfen Holding, the airport was modernised. An annex terminal building with an area of was added to the renovated old terminal building of . The project covered the construction of curtain walls, composite panels, asphalt road, a treatment plant with a capacity of a day, complete mechanical heating, ventilation and electrical systems, along with the X-ray security, luggage handling, master clock, and flight information systems. The annual capacity of the airport had increased to 5.4 million passengers.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: The airport closed temporarily on the 24th of February 2022, as Moldovan airspace was closed in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. As of 05 May 2022, the airport has reopened.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: The project involves a €19 million loan to Chișinău International Airport for the rehabilitation and upgrade of the existing runway, taxiways, aprons, and ramps, engineering works, safety equipment and other connected core assets of Chișinău International Airport. The European Investment Bank ('EIB') is considering co-financing alongside the EBRD for up to an equal amount.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: There were ten check-in desks and five gates at the airport in 2009. VIP and CIP guests are offered special services at the VIP terminal. A visitors' terrace on the second floor opened in December 2006.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: Previously passengers had to present their passport, ticket and their registration (of foreigners – which used to be required). Passengers were allowed in the check-in hall. With the introduction of e-tickets and the abolition of the registration for foreigners, the airport reorganised in late 2006. This resulted in a bigger check-in hall and customs control is now after check-in.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: Towards the end of 2017, plans for a second runway were unveiled. This runway would take the place of the current taxiway just north of the existing runway. The project began in early 2017. Runway 09–27 started operations on 13 September 2018.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: On 22 March 2022, the Civil Aviation Authority of Moldova partially reopened the country's airspace after being closed since 24 February 2022 after growing concerns amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Regular operations have since resumed at Chișinău Airport. The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Chișinău International Airport.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: There are bus and trolleybus lines and rutierele frequently departing from the airport (aerogara). Rutieră line 165 passes through the Botanica district and continues to the city center. The 'AEROGARA' bus departs from Piața D. Cantemir and has intermediate stops in the city center on Stefan Cel Mare street. It also stops at the central railway station 'GARA' bus station.


title: Chișinău International Airport

text: A trolleybus with the route 30 operates with a 20-minute interval from June 2017. A single-ride ticket costs 6 MDL, which is 0.31 EUR or 0.31 USD as of September 2022. This is different from rutierele, which may stop at any time, given the driver is notified a few seconds prior. The nearest railway station is Revaca.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: James Blanco Martin (born July 21, 1961, in Hayward, California), known professionally as "Big" Jim Martin, is an American guitarist best known for his membership in the rock band Faith No More from 1983 to late 1993. He also played guitar with the groups EZ-Street, Vicious Hatred, Agents of Misfortune, Recluse, and Pigs of Death.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: Martin was known for his long hair, bushy beard, and trademark red-rimmed glasses that he wears alone or over another darker pair of glasses.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: In the early '80s, Martin was playing guitar in thrash band Vicious Hatred. During the '80s, he was an on-off member of the jamming band Spastik Children, also featuring schoolmate and close friend Cliff Burton and other members of Metallica.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: Martin joined Faith No More in 1983, four years after the group's formation. He played on their albums "We Care a Lot", "Introduce Yourself", their breakthrough album "The Real Thing" with new vocalist Mike Patton replacing Chuck Mosley, and "Angel Dust".


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: Following the release of "Angel Dust", Martin left the group for reasons that remain unknown. On his now-defunct website, Martin stated "The Real Thing" was FNM's ideal album, both in the creative process and the touring afterward. The musical about-face that the band took with "Angel Dust", including the change in focus from guitars to vocals, did not sit well with Martin. The extent to which Martin did or did not contribute to songwriting and recording on "Angel Dust" is a subject that the band for years never directly addressed, except to recognize his major influence on the track "Jizzlobber".


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: In an October 2016 "PopMatters" interview with Faith No More bassist Billy Gould, Gould addressed the controversy head-on about whether studio musicians or Martin played on "Angel Dust":


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: "Gould sets the record straight. 'No studio musicians. He played, but the writing process was extremely difficult because he wasn't really much of a fan of the music. He wasn't really behind it. He wasn't really into it. So it was a tough process. I mean, I think, really, we realized that he wasn't going to continue while we were making that record because he was just on a different musical page.' The dynamic the band was in was similar to that which led to Mosley's termination. 'It could not have continued the way it did,' Gould says seriously."


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: Martin said in an interview, "My publicized 'not being into' 'Angel Dust' was all about the way the whole process went down. There was a lot of weird pressure to follow up 'The Real Thing', and as a consequence, the album 'Angel Dust' was more contrived musically than I thought was necessary."


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: The band fired Martin by fax on November 30, 1993, after the band had not progressed as they would have liked in rehearsals and songwriting. As an indication of the gulf that had formed between Martin and the rest of the band, they had recorded and released "Another Body Murdered" (with Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. for the "Judgment Night" soundtrack) without his participation. Similarly, Martin produced and recorded material for the film "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" movie without the participation of other members of the band. Producer Matt Wallace later mentioned in "The Real Story" (a biographical book about Faith No More) that the death of Martin's father was a factor in the guitarist's departure.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: On February 18, 2009, Roadrunner Records announced that Martin would not be participating in the rumored Faith No More reunion tour. On February 23, 2009, it was announced as part of a press release by Mike Patton that Faith No More would be reuniting for a string of European tour dates. On February 25, shortly after Patton's press release, Bill Gould announced a Faith No More reunion tour and identified the line-up, which excluded Martin. On July 16, 2010, Sirius XM Liquid Metal DJ Troy Hinson, reported that while he was backstage at Faith No More's Philadelphia appearance, Patton told him that Jim Martin was offered a chance to play with the band at one of their three San Francisco reunion tour dates in order to play the album "Angel Dust" in its entirety, but he declined.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: Martin's solo project was originally called The Behemoth but he changed the moniker after finding out about a Polish death metal band already named Behemoth. His first and only solo album to date is entitled "Milk and Blood", on which he covers his former band's song "Surprise! You're Dead", from "The Real Thing".


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: He now lives in Castro Valley, California, with his wife, son, and daughter. He has gained fame in recent years for his non-musical endeavors in championship pumpkin growing.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: In 2011, Martin joined Metallica on stage with Gary Rossington, Pepper Keenan, and Jerry Cantrell to play "Tuesday's Gone" as part of Metallica's 30th anniversary shows. In 2013, he played guitar in the Infectious Grooves reunion at Orion Music + More festival at Belle Isle in Detroit, Michigan. In 2014, he once again joined Infectious Grooves on stage to celebrate the 50 year anniversary of the Whisky a Go Go. In November 2019, he returned to play with Infectious Grooves at the first Sick Bastards Festival organized by Mike Muir in São Paulo, Brazil.


title: Jim Martin (musician)

text: In 1991, Martin appeared in "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" as "Sir James Martin, head of the Faith No More Spiritual and Theological Center" in the future. Martin's only lines in the film were "Station!" and "What a shithead."


title: Flood fill

text: Flood fill, also called seed fill, is a flooding algorithm that determines and alters the area connected to a given node in a multi-dimensional array with some matching attribute. It is used in the "bucket" fill tool of paint programs to fill connected, similarly-colored areas with a different color, and in games such as Go and Minesweeper for determining which pieces are cleared. A variant called boundary fill uses the same algorithms but is defined as the area connected to a given node that does not have a particular attribute.


title: Flood fill

text: Note that flood filling is not suitable for drawing filled polygons, as it will miss some pixels in more acute corners. Instead, see Even-odd rule and Nonzero-rule.


title: Flood fill

text: The traditional flood-fill algorithm takes three parameters: a start node, a target color, and a replacement color. The algorithm looks for all nodes in the array that are connected to the start node by a path of the target color and changes them to the replacement color. For a boundary-fill, in place of the target color, a border color would be supplied.


title: Flood fill

text: In order to generalize the algorithm in the common way, the following descriptions will instead have two routines available. One called codice_1 which returns true for unfilled points that, by their color, would be inside the filled area, and one called codice_2 which fills a pixel/node. Any node that has codice_2 called on it must then no longer be codice_1.


title: Flood fill

text: Depending on whether we consider nodes touching at the corners connected or not, we have two variations: eight-way and four-way respectively.


title: Flood fill

text: The earliest-known, implicitly stack-based, recursive, four-way flood-fill implementation goes as follows:


title: Flood fill

text: Though easy to understand, the implementation of the algorithm used above is impractical in languages and environments where stack space is severely constrained (e.g. Microcontrollers).


title: Flood fill

text: Moving the recursion into a data structure (either a stack or a queue) prevents a stack overflow. It is similar to the simple recursive solution, except that instead of making recursive calls, it pushes the nodes onto a stack or queue for consumption, with the choice of data structure affecting the proliferation pattern:


title: Flood fill

text: It's possible to optimize things further by working primarily with spans, a row with constant codice_5. The first published complete example works on the following basic principle.


title: Flood fill

text: As a optimisation, the scan algorithm does not need restart from every seed point, but only those at the start of the next span. Using a stack explores spans depth first, whilst a queue explores spans breadth first.


title: Flood fill

text: This algorithm is the most popular, for both citations and implementations , despite testing most filled pixels three times in total.


title: Flood fill

text: Two common ways to make the span and pixel-based algorithms support pattern filling are either to use a unique color as a plain fill and then replace that with a pattern or to keep track (in a 2d boolean array or as regions) of which pixels have been visited, using it to indicate pixels are no longer fillable. "Inside" must then return "false" for such visited pixels.


title: Flood fill

text: Some theorists applied explicit graph theory to the problem, treating spans of pixels, or aggregates of such, as nodes and studying their connectivity. The first published graph theory algorithm worked similarly to the span filling, above, but had a way to detect when it would duplicate filling of spans. Unfortunately, it had bugs that made it not complete some fills. A corrected algorithm was later published with a similar basis in graph theory; however, it alters the image as it goes along, to temporarily block off potential loops, complicating the programmatic interface. A later published algorithm depended on the boundary being distinct from everything else in the image and so isn't suitable for most uses; it also requires an extra bit per pixel for bookkeeping.


title: Flood fill

text: A method exists that uses essentially no memory for four-connected regions by pretending to be a painter trying to paint the region without painting themselves into a corner. This is also a method for solving mazes. The four pixels making the primary boundary are examined to see what action should be taken. The painter could find themselves in one of several conditions:


title: Flood fill

text: Where a path or boundary is to be followed, the right-hand rule is used. The painter follows the region by placing their right-hand on the wall (the boundary of the region) and progressing around the edge of the region without removing their hand.


title: Flood fill

text: For case #1, the painter paints (fills) the pixel the painter is standing upon and stops the algorithm.


title: Flood fill

text: For case #2, a path leading out of the area exists. Paint the pixel the painter is standing upon and move in the direction of the open path.


title: Flood fill

text: For case #3, the two boundary pixels define a path which, if we painted the current pixel, may block us from ever getting back to the other side of the path. We need a "mark" to define where we are and which direction we are heading to see if we ever get back to exactly the same pixel. If we already created such a "mark", then we preserve our previous mark and move to the next pixel following the right-hand rule.


title: Flood fill

text: A mark is used for the first 2-pixel boundary that is encountered to remember where the passage started and in what direction the painter was moving. If the mark is encountered again and the painter is traveling in the same direction, then the painter knows that it is safe to paint the square with the mark and to continue in the same direction. This is because (through some unknown path) the pixels on the other side of the mark can be reached and painted in the future. The mark is removed for future use.


title: Flood fill

text: If the painter encounters the mark but is going in a different direction, then some sort of loop has occurred, which caused the painter to return to the mark. This loop must be eliminated. The mark is picked up, and the painter then proceeds in the direction indicated previously by the mark using a left-hand rule for the boundary (similar to the right-hand rule but using the painter's left hand). This continues until an intersection is found (with three or more open boundary pixels). Still using the left-hand rule the painter now searches for a simple passage (made by two boundary pixels). Upon finding this two-pixel boundary path, that pixel is painted. This breaks the loop and allows the algorithm to continue.


title: Flood fill

text: For case #4, we need to check the opposite 8-connected corners to see whether they are filled or not. If either or both are filled, then this creates a many-path intersection and cannot be filled. If both are empty, then the current pixel can be painted and the painter can move following the right-hand rule.


title: Flood fill

text: The algorithm trades time for memory. For simple shapes it is very efficient. However, if the shape is complex with many features, the algorithm spends a large amount of time tracing the edges of the region trying to ensure that all can be painted.


title: Flood fill

text: This algorithm was first available commercially in 1981 on a Vicom Image Processing system manufactured by Vicom Systems, Inc. A walking algorithm was published in 1994. The classic recursive flood fill algorithm was available on the Vicom system as well.


title: Flood fill

text: This is a pseudocode implementation of an optimal fixed-memory flood-fill algorithm written in structured English:


title: Flood fill

text: Version 0.46 of Inkscape includes a bucket fill tool, giving output similar to ordinary bitmap operations and indeed using one: the canvas is rendered, a flood fill operation is performed on the selected area and the result is then traced back to a path. It uses the concept of a boundary condition.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: Jay Jay the Jet Plane is an American live-action/CGI-animated musical children's television series which aired on The Learning Channel, PBS Kids, TBN and Smile. The series aired for a total of 4 seasons and has 62 episodes. The series is centered on a group of aircraft that live in the city of Tarrytown, New York and takes place at the Tarrytown Airport. The episodes were commonly distributed in 25-minute-long (without commercials) pairs, with one header sequence and one end credit for each pair. Each episode contains one or more songs.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: The theme song and many of the other songs were written by well-known children's singer/songwriter Stephen Michael Schwartz and sung by his popular musical group, Parachute Express. The series was created by David and Deborah Michel and was intended to be educational to teach life and moral lessons to children.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: In late 1994, a short live-action series was produced at AMS Production Company in Dallas, Texas, with real model plane characters, and handcrafted human characters; they had the same personalities as in the later series. This original series was narrated similarly to the first twelve seasons of "Thomas & Friends", or "Theodore Tugboat". Three videos were released: "Jay Jay's First Flight" in December 1994, "Old Oscar Leads the Parade" in February 1995, and "Tracy's Handy Hideout" in October 1996. This original series was narrated by and features the voices of John William Galt. These three were known as the "pilot series".


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: On November 2, 1998, the CGI-animated/live-action series premiered on The Learning Channel as part of the Ready Set Learn block. Voice actress Mary Kay Bergman provided the original voice of Jay Jay, Herky, Savannah, and Revvin' Evan. After her death, Debi Derryberry and Donna Cherry replaced her.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: In 2005, new episodes were produced featuring additional characters, including the red 4-year-old Latina monoplane Lina. Each episode begins featuring a "Jay Jay's Mysteries" segment in which Jay Jay and Lina explore things that may be mysteries to the intended age group, such as how planes fly, and how the five senses are used. The mysteries segment is followed by a story that comes from the third season episodes of the series, so in effect, the new series repackages previously broadcast content on the subchannel networks Qubo and Smile. It aired on Channel 5 and Tiny Pop in the UK.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: A new reboot of the series titled "The New Adventures of Jay Jay the Jet Plane" (originally titled "The New World of Jay Jay the Jet Plane") has been confirmed through Trilogy Animation Group's website. Unlike the original series, the characters' faces are completely redesigned, and made to look more cartoony, and like the original series, it will be CGI-animated.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: The series was produced by Venice, California-based production company Modern Cartoons at their soundstage in Oxnard, California, United States. Unlike "Thomas & Friends", this series used a variety of cutting edge animation techniques:


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: Relationship words for the airplane characters refer to being "in loco parentis" for purposes of upbringing, and education, not for biological parenthood. The story says that (some of) the airplane characters were made in factories.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: Some of the stories describe characters as doing actions offscreen that would need foldaway arms (e.g. Big Jake digging holes), but those arms are never seen onscreen.


title: Jay Jay the Jet Plane

text: Common Sense Media gave the series a four out of five stars, saying, "Parents need to know that this series offers young fans life lessons such as valuing friends, overcoming shyness, and learning to like yourself. Kids will enjoy the often funny antics of 6-year-old Jay Jay and his friends. Don't be surprised if you catch your preschooler singing along with the show's simple songs."


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Philosophical Investigations () is a work by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, published posthumously in 1953.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: "Philosophical Investigations" is divided into two parts, consisting of what Wittgenstein calls, in the preface, "Bemerkungen", translated by Anscombe as "remarks".


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: A survey among American university and college teachers ranked the "Investigations" as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: In its preface, Wittgenstein says that "Philosophical Investigations" can be understood "only by contrast with and against the background of my old way of thinking". That "old way of thinking" is to be found in the only book Wittgenstein published in his lifetime, the "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus". Many of the ideas developed in the "Tractatus" are criticised in the "Investigations", while other ideas are further developed.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: The "Blue and Brown Books", a set of notes dictated to his class at Cambridge in 1933–1934, contains the seeds of Wittgenstein's later thoughts on language and is widely read as a turning-point in his philosophy of language.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Norman Malcolm credits Piero Sraffa with breaking the hold on him of the notion that a proposition must literally be a picture of reality, by means of a rude gesture on Sraffa's part.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein develops this discussion of games into the key notion of a "language-game". For Wittgenstein, his use of the term language-game "is meant to bring into prominence the fact that the speaking of language is part of an activity, or of a life-form." A central feature of language-games is that language is used in context and that language cannot be understood outside of its context. Wittgenstein lists the following as examples of language-games: “Giving orders, and obeying them”; “[d]escribing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements”; “[c]onstructing an object from a description (a drawing)”; “[r]eporting an event”; “[s]peculating about an event." The famous example is the meaning of the word "game". We speak of various kinds of games: board games, betting games, sports, "war games". These are all different uses of the word "games". Wittgenstein also gives the example of "Water!", which can be used as an exclamation, an order, a request, or as an answer to a question. The meaning of the word depends on the language-game within which it is being used. Another way Wittgenstein puts the point is that the word "water" has no meaning apart from its use within a language-game. One might use the word as an order to have someone else bring you a glass of water. But it can also be used to warn someone that the water has been poisoned. One might even use the word as code by members of a secret society.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein does not limit the application of his concept of language games to word-meaning. He also applies it to sentence-meaning. For example, the sentence "Moses did not exist" (§79) can mean various things. Wittgenstein argues that, independent of use, the sentence does not yet 'say' anything. It is 'meaningless' in the sense of not being significant for a particular purpose. It only acquires significance if we fix it within some context of use. Thus, it fails to say anything because the sentence as such does not yet determine some particular use. The sentence is only meaningful when it is used to say something. For instance, it can be used so as to say that no person or historical figure fits the set of descriptions attributed to the person that goes by the name of "Moses". But it can also mean that the leader of the Israelites was not called Moses. Or that there cannot have been anyone who accomplished all that the Bible relates of Moses, etc. What the sentence means thus depends on its context of use.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: The "Investigations" deals largely with the difficulties of language and meaning. Wittgenstein viewed the tools of language as being fundamentally simple and he believed that philosophers had obscured this simplicity by misusing language and by asking meaningless questions. He attempted in the "Investigations" to make things clear: ""Der Fliege den Ausweg aus dem Fliegenglas zeigen""—to show the fly the way out of the fly bottle.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein claims that the meaning of a word is based on how the word is understood within the language-game. A common summary of his argument is that meaning is use. According to the use theory of meaning, the words are not defined by reference to the objects they designate, nor by the mental representations one might associate with them, but by how they are used. For example, this means there is no need to postulate that there is something called "good" that exists independently of any good deed. Wittgenstein's use theory of meaning contrasts with Platonic realism and with Gottlob Frege's notions of sense and reference. This argument has been labeled by some authors as "anthropological holism".


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Section 43 in Wittgenstein's "Philosophical Investigations" reads: "For a large class of cases—though not for all—in which we employ the word "meaning" it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language."


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein begins "Philosophical Investigations" with a quote from Augustine's "Confessions", which represents the view that language serves to point out objects in the world, and the view that he will be criticizing.The individual words in language name objects—sentences are combinations of such names. In this picture of language we find the roots of the following idea: Every word has a meaning. This meaning is correlated with the word. It is the object for which the word stands.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein rejects a variety of ways of thinking about what the meaning of a word is, or how meanings can be identified. He shows how, in each case, the "meaning" of the word presupposes our ability to use it. He first asks the reader to perform a thought experiment: to come up with a definition of the word "game". While this may at first seem a simple task, he then goes on to lead us through the problems with each of the possible definitions of the word "game". Any definition that focuses on amusement leaves us unsatisfied since the feelings experienced by a world class chess player are very different from those of a circle of children playing Duck Duck Goose. Any definition that focuses on competition will fail to explain the game of catch, or the game of solitaire. And a definition of the word "game" that focuses on rules will fall on similar difficulties.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: The essential point of this exercise is often missed. Wittgenstein's point is not that it is impossible to define "game", but that "even if we don't have a definition, we can still use the word successfully". Everybody understands what we mean when we talk about playing a game, and we can even clearly identify and correct inaccurate uses of the word, all without reference to any definition that consists of necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the concept of a game. The German word for "game", "Spiele/Spiel", has a different sense than in English; the meaning of "Spiele" also extends to the concept of "play" and "playing." This German sense of the word may help readers better understand Wittgenstein's context in the remarks regarding games.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein argues that definitions emerge from what he termed "forms of life", roughly the culture and society in which they are used. Wittgenstein stresses the social aspects of cognition; to see how language works for most cases, we have to see how it functions in a specific social situation. It is this emphasis on becoming attentive to the social backdrop against which language is rendered intelligible that explains Wittgenstein's elliptical comment that "If a lion could talk, we could not understand him." However, in proposing the thought experiment involving the fictional character, Robinson Crusoe, a captain shipwrecked on a desolate island with no other inhabitant, Wittgenstein shows that language is not in all cases a social phenomenon (although, they are for most cases); instead the criterion for a language is grounded in a set of interrelated normative activities: teaching, explanations, techniques and criteria of correctness. In short, it is essential that a language is shareable, but this does not imply that for a language to function that it is in fact already shared.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein rejects the idea that ostensive definitions can provide us with the meaning of a word. For Wittgenstein, the thing that the word stands for does "not" give the meaning of the word. Wittgenstein argues for this making a series of moves to show that to understand an ostensive definition presupposes an understanding of the way the word being defined is used. So, for instance, there is no difference between pointing to a piece of paper, to its colour, or to its shape; but understanding the difference is crucial to using the paper in an ostensive definition of a shape or of a colour.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Why is it that we are sure a particular activity—e.g. Olympic target shooting—is a game while a similar activity—e.g. military sharp shooting—is not? Wittgenstein's explanation is tied up with an important analogy. How do we recognize that two people we know are related to one another? We may see similar height, weight, eye color, hair, nose, mouth, patterns of speech, social or political views, mannerisms, body structure, last names, etc. If we see enough matches we say we've noticed a family resemblance. It is perhaps important to note that this is not always a conscious process—generally we don't catalog various similarities until we reach a certain threshold, we just intuitively "see" the resemblances. Wittgenstein suggests that the same is true of language. We are all familiar (i.e. socially) with enough things which "are games" and enough things which "are not games" that we can categorize new activities as either games or not.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: This brings us back to Wittgenstein's reliance on indirect communication, and his reliance on thought-experiments. Some philosophical confusions come about because we aren't able to "see" family resemblances. We've made a mistake in understanding the vague and intuitive rules that language uses, and have thereby tied ourselves up in philosophical knots. He suggests that an attempt to untangle these knots requires more than simple deductive arguments pointing out the problems with some particular position. Instead, Wittgenstein's larger goal is to try to divert us from our philosophical problems long enough to become aware of our intuitive ability to "see" the family resemblances.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein's discussion of rules and rule-following ranges from § 138 through § 242. Wittgenstein begins his discussion of rules with the example of one person giving orders to another "to write down a series of signs according to a certain formation rule." The series of signs consists of the natural numbers. Wittgenstein draws a distinction between following orders by copying the numbers following instruction and understanding the construction of the series of numbers. One general characteristic of games that Wittgenstein considers in detail is the way in which they consist in following rules. Rules constitute a family, rather than a class that can be explicitly defined. As a consequence, it is not possible to provide a definitive account of what it is to follow a rule. Indeed, he argues that "any" course of action can be made out to accord with some particular rule, and that therefore a rule cannot be used to explain an action. Rather, that one is following a rule or not is to be decided by looking to see if the actions conform to the expectations in the particular "form of life" in which one is involved. Following a rule is a social activity.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Saul Kripke provides an influential discussion of Wittgenstein's remarks on rules. For Kripke, Wittgenstein's discussion of rules "may be regarded as a new form of philosophical scepticism." He starts his discussion of Wittgenstein by quoting what he describes as Wittgenstein's sceptical paradox: "This was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule. The answer was: if everything can be made out to accord with the rule, then it can also be made out to conflict with it. And so there would be neither accord nor conflict here." Kripke argues that the implications of Wittgenstein's discussion of rules is that no person can mean something by the language that they use or correctly follow (or fail to follow) a rule.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein also ponders the possibility of a language that talks about those things that are known only to the user, whose content is inherently private. The usual example is that of a language in which one names one's sensations and other subjective experiences, such that the meaning of the term is decided by the individual alone. For example, the individual names a particular sensation, on some occasion, 'S', and intends to use that word to refer to that sensation. Such a language Wittgenstein calls a "private language".


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein presents several perspectives on the topic. One point he makes is that it is incoherent to talk of "knowing" that one is in some particular mental state. Whereas others can learn of my pain, for example, I simply "have" my own pain; it follows that one does not "know" of one's own pain, one simply "has" a pain. For Wittgenstein, this is a grammatical point, part of the way in which the language-game involving the word "pain" is played.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Although Wittgenstein certainly argues that the notion of private language is incoherent, because of the way in which the text is presented the exact nature of the argument is disputed. First, he argues that a private language is not really a language at all. This point is intimately connected with a variety of other themes in his later works, especially his investigations of "meaning". For Wittgenstein, there is no single, coherent "sample" or "object" that we can call "meaning". Rather, the supposition that there are such things is the source of many philosophical confusions. Meaning is a complicated phenomenon that is woven into the fabric of our lives. A good first approximation of Wittgenstein's point is that meaning is a "social" event; meaning happens "between" language users. As a consequence, it makes no sense to talk about a private language, with words that "mean" something in the absence of other users of the language.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein also argues that one couldn't possibly "use" the words of a private language. He invites the reader to consider a case in which someone decides that each time she has a particular sensation she will place a sign S in a diary. Wittgenstein points out that in such a case one could have no criteria for the correctness of one's use of S. Again, several examples are considered. One is that perhaps using S involves mentally consulting a table of sensations, to check that one has associated S correctly; but in this case, how could the mental table be checked for its correctness? It is "[a]s if someone were to buy several copies of the morning paper to assure himself that what it said was true", as Wittgenstein puts it. One common interpretation of the argument is that while one may have direct or privileged access to one's "current" mental states, there is no such infallible access to identifying previous mental states that one had in the past. That is, the only way to check to see if one has applied the symbol S correctly to a certain mental state is to introspect and determine whether the current sensation is identical to the sensation previously associated with S. And while identifying one's current mental state of remembering may be infallible, whether one remembered correctly is not infallible. Thus, for a language to be used at all it must have some public criterion of identity.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Often, what is widely regarded as a deep philosophical problem will vanish, argues Wittgenstein, and eventually be seen as a confusion about the significance of the words that philosophers use to frame such problems and questions. It is only in this way that it is interesting to talk about something like a "private language" — i.e., it is helpful to see how the "problem" results from a misunderstanding.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: To sum up: Wittgenstein asserts that, if something is a language, it "cannot" be (logically) private; and if something "is" private, it is not (and cannot be) a language.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Another point that Wittgenstein makes against the possibility of a private language involves the beetle-in-a-box thought experiment. He asks the reader to imagine that each person has a box, inside which is something that everyone intends to refer to with the word "beetle". Further, suppose that no one can look inside another's box, and each claims to know what a "beetle" is only by examining their own box. Wittgenstein suggests that, in such a situation, the word "beetle" could not be the name of a thing, because supposing that each person has something completely different in their boxes (or nothing at all) does not change the meaning of the word; the beetle as a private object "drops out of consideration as irrelevant". Thus, Wittgenstein argues, if we can talk about something, then it is not "private", in the sense considered. And, contrapositively, if we consider something to be indeed private, it follows that we "cannot talk about it".


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Wittgenstein's investigations of language lead to several issues concerning the mind. His key target of criticism is any form of extreme mentalism that posits mental states that are entirely unconnected to the subject's environment. For Wittgenstein, thought is inevitably tied to language, which is inherently social. Part of Wittgenstein's credo is captured in the following proclamation: "An 'inner process' stands in need of outward criteria." This follows primarily from his conclusions about private languages: similarly, a private mental state (a sensation of pain, for example) cannot be adequately discussed without public criteria for identifying it.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: According to Wittgenstein, those who insist that consciousness (or any other apparently subjective mental state) is conceptually unconnected to the external world are mistaken. Wittgenstein explicitly criticizes so-called conceivability arguments: "Could one imagine a stone's having consciousness? And if anyone can do so—why should that not merely prove that such image-mongery is of no interest to us?" He considers and rejects the following reply as well:


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: "But if I suppose that someone is in pain, then I am simply supposing that he has just the same as I have so often had." — That gets us no further. It is as if I were to say: "You surely know what 'It is 5 o'clock here' means; so you also know what 'It's 5 o'clock on the sun' means. It means simply that it is just the same there as it is here when it is 5 o'clock." — The explanation by means of "identity" does not work here.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Thus, according to Wittgenstein, mental states are intimately connected to a subject's environment, especially their linguistic environment, and conceivability or imaginability. Arguments that claim otherwise are misguided.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: In addition to ambiguous sentences, Wittgenstein discussed figures that can be seen and understood in two different ways. Often one can see something in a straightforward way — seeing "that" it is a rabbit, perhaps. But, at other times, one notices a particular aspect — seeing it "as" something.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: An example Wittgenstein uses is the "duckrabbit", an ambiguous image that can be "seen as" either a duck or a rabbit. When one looks at the duck-rabbit and sees a rabbit, one is not "interpreting" the picture as a rabbit, but rather "reporting" what one sees. One just sees the picture as a rabbit. But what occurs when one sees it first as a duck, then as a rabbit? As the gnomic remarks in the "Investigations" indicate, Wittgenstein isn't sure. However, he is sure that it could not be the case that the external world stays the same while an 'internal' cognitive change takes place.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Bertrand Russell made the following comment on the "Philosophical Investigations" in his book "My Philosophical Development":I have not found in Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations anything that seemed to me interesting and I do not understand why a whole school finds important wisdom in its pages. Psychologically this is surprising. The earlier Wittgenstein, whom I knew intimately, was a man addicted to passionately intense thinking, profoundly aware of difficult problems of which I, like him, felt the importance, and possessed (or at least so I thought) of true philosophical genius. The later Wittgenstein, on the contrary, seems to have grown tired of serious thinking and to have invented a doctrine which would make such an activity unnecessary. I do not for one moment believe that the doctrine which has these lazy consequences is true. I realize, however, that I have an overpoweringly strong bias against it, for, if it is true, philosophy is, at best, a slight help to lexicographers, and at worst, an idle tea-table amusement.Ernest Gellner wrote the book "Words and Things", in which he was fiercely critical of the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, Gilbert Ryle, Antony Flew, P. F. Strawson and many others. Ryle refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal "Mind" (which he edited), and Bertrand Russell (who had written an approving foreword) protested in a letter to "The Times". A response from Ryle and a lengthy correspondence ensued.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: Besides stressing the differences between the "Investigations"' and the "Tractatus", there are critical approaches which have argued that there is much more continuity and similarity between the two works than supposed. One of these is the New Wittgenstein approach.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: The discussion of private languages was revitalized in 1982 with the publication of Kripke's book "Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language". In this work, Kripke uses Wittgenstein's text to develop a particular type of skepticism about rules that stresses the "communal" nature of language-use as grounding meaning. Critics of Kripke's version of Wittgenstein have facetiously referred to it as "Kripkenstein," scholars such as Gordon Baker, Peter Hacker, Colin McGinn, and John McDowell seeing it as a radical misinterpretation of Wittgenstein's text. Other philosophers – such as Martin Kusch – have defended Kripke's views.


title: Philosophical Investigations

text: "Philosophical Investigations" was not ready for publication when Wittgenstein died in 1951. G. E. M. Anscombe translated Wittgenstein's manuscript into English, and it was first published in 1953. There are multiple editions of "Philosophical Investigations" with the popular third edition and 50th anniversary edition having been edited by Anscombe:


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: Pandora – The World of "Avatar" is a themed area inspired by James Cameron's "Avatar", located within Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Set a generation after the events of the "Avatar" films, the area is based upon the fictional exoplanetary moon, Pandora, and features Pandora's floating mountains, alien wildlife, and bioluminescent plants. Spanning , Pandora – The World of "Avatar" includes two major attractions, "Avatar" Flight of Passage and Na'vi River Journey, as well as retail and dining outlets.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: 20th Century Fox began development on Pandora – The World of "Avatar" in 2011, jointly with Cameron and his production company, Lightstorm Entertainment, with the intention of transforming Animal Kingdom into a full-day operation, complete with added attraction capacity and nighttime experiences. Construction on the area began on January 10, 2014, and the land opened to the public on May 27, 2017.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: In early 2011, "Avatar" creator and director James Cameron was approached by The Walt Disney Company executives Bob Iger and Tom Staggs, CEO and then-COO respectively, regarding the possibility of "Avatar"-themed attractions at Disney theme parks. Originally, discussions were held about creating an "Avatar" attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios, perhaps at the park's then-functioning Studio Backlot Tour. Staggs suggested incorporating the film into a newly designed "land" at Disney's Animal Kingdom to improve the park's attraction roster. Cameron was initially surprised at Disney's larger approach in scope, commenting that "Disney’s vision when they came to me was to create a land. I thought we were going to be talking about creating an attraction."


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: On September 17, 2011, Disney entered into an exclusive, long-term licensing agreement with Cameron's Lightstorm Entertainment and 20th Century Fox for the worldwide theme park rights to "Avatar"; Disney agreed to pay Cameron and 20th Century a licensing fee and a percentage of merchandise sales. The deal was officially announced to the public on September 20, 2011. The highlight of the announcement was that Disney's Animal Kingdom would receive a new themed area entirely devoted to "Avatar." While no specifics were announced, the new area was described as being several acres in size and costing an estimated $400 million to build, a scale similar to Cars Land at Disney California Adventure in California. The area was later estimated to cost approximately $500 million. Disney showcased a first look presentation of the land in October 2013 at the Japan D23 Expo.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: Construction began in January 2014, with an initially planned opening date in 2016. The deal could see "Avatar" attractions added to other Disney theme parks in the future—Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland are also in consideration—however, there are no immediate plans to do so. The opening date was later revised to summer 2017.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: In February 2017, the official opening day was confirmed to be May 27, 2017. The land received a dedication ceremony on May 24, 2017 with Iger, Cameron, producer Jon Landau, 20th Century chairman Stacey Snider, and cast members Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Sigourney Weaver, Stephen Lang, Joel David Moore, CCH Pounder, Wes Studi, and Laz Alonso attending the dedication. To promote the park's opening, ABC aired a series of special episodes of "The View" live from the park, including a special pre-opening preview featuring James Cameron, as well as a live episode on the park's opening day festivities, which included guests Sherri Shepherd, John Stamos, Ariel Winter, Eric Stonestreet, Audra McDonald, Mandy Moore, Tom Bergeron, and chefs Masaharu Morimoto and Art Smith, with musical performances by Andy Grammer and Train.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: Pandora – The World of "Avatar" is designed by Walt Disney Imagineering and Lightstorm Entertainment with Cameron and Landau acting as creative consultants. Imagineer Joe Rohde, creative executive of Disney's Animal Kingdom, served as creative director for the project. The area was constructed in the former location of Camp Minnie-Mickey, which was originally earmarked for the Beastly Kingdom, a never-built themed land which would have been based around mythological creatures. Instead of including characters or basing the land on existing plotlines from the films, the team emphasized issues such as conservation and environmental stewardship. Project manager Tim Warzecha described the land as a standalone experience from the films, focusing on "all about the people, the environment, the culture, the animals and the beauty of the world." Rohde cited the film's themes and environmental message as compatible to the park's established values. Rohde said: "If you think about the intrinsic value of nature, transformation through adventure, and personal call to action — these are the values of Animal Kingdom. But if you say them again, those are the themes of the film "Avatar". So "Avatar" and Animal Kingdom will nest into each other very, very neatly."


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: Disney and Lightstorm decided to set the land's timeline a generation after the warring conflict between the indigenous Na'vi and the Resources Development Administration (RDA) that sought to exploit Pandora for its unobtanium in the first film. According to the backstory, the Na'vi and humans have achieved peace and Alpha Centauri Expeditions (ACE)–a fictional tourism company–has partnered with the Na'vi to present Pandora as a new destination for ecotourism and scientific research. As a result, ACE established the Pandora Conservation Initiative to preserve and study the native Pandoran species.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: In September 2011, Cameron confirmed that a flying attraction featuring "3-D projections and creature designs that were cut from the original film" was a concept on the drawing board for the area. Pandora – The World of "Avatar" includes elements from the original "Avatar" film as well as its four, yet-to-be-released sequels. Rohde initially admitted difficulty in adapting the locations depicted in "Avatar" to the physical realm, as Pandora is portrayed in the films solely through computer-generated imagery. Therefore, Imagineering adapted the concept art and digital designs from the films and expanded upon it, with Rohde explaining that "there was not enough detail in those images for an actual place that you're really going to build."


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: A major visual feature of Pandora is the Valley of Mo'ara and its floating mountain ranges. The -tall mountains employ forced perspective to appear larger than they physically are, and are held aloft by steel beams concealed with rockwork and vinery. Designers were sent to Zhangjiajie National Forest Park to study the jagged pillar peaks of the Wulingyuan region for inspiration, as well as foliage studies in Hawaii. The steel foundations for the floating mountains required a year to complete. Pandora's bioluminescent species of flora are also found throughout the area. Imagineers created twenty species of Pandoran flora exclusively for the land. The landscaping consists of real Earth plant species mixed with sculpted Pandora flora, with each alien plant requiring its own concealed control box to create the necessary amount of illumination in bioluminesce during the evening hours. New motion sensor technology developed by Disney Research, allows the plant life to respond to tactile interaction from guests. Audio recordings of Pandoran animals create ambient noise throughout the land.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: Unlike previous themed lands and attractions in the company's history, Disney omitted traditional theme park attributes throughout Pandora – The World of "Avatar—"such as attraction marquees, Disney-branded merchandise, and Mickey Mouse images on the MyMagic+ scanners found in queues—as a way of maintaining the natural theming of the land. The parks' cast members play ACE field experts.


title: Pandora – The World of Avatar

text: The area features music composed by James Horner and Simon Franglen based on the original score from "Avatar", which was originally composed by Horner and arranged by Franglen. A soundtrack compilation album of Pandora – The World of "Avatar" was released by Walt Disney Records on January 4, 2019, containing complete ride-through music for "Avatar" Flight of Passage and Na'vi River Journey, atmospheric area sounds, and ambient music composed for the Windtraders Shop, Pongu Pongu and Sa'tuli Canteen. The music was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios in London. Sandra Benton provided the vocals for the Shaman of Songs in Na'vi River Journey.


title: Taxi medallion

text: A taxi medallion, also known as a CPNC (Certificate of Public Necessity and Convenience), is a transferable permit in the United States allowing a taxicab driver to operate. Several major cities in the US use these in their taxi licensing systems, including New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.


title: Taxi medallion

text: The medallion system is a government-created intentional constraint on the supply of taxicabs, and because cities have historically increased the number of medallions at a slower rate than the growth in demand for taxis, medallions have generally been considered a valuable investment, though recently the increased supply of cars for hire created by ridesharing companies has been eroding the value of medallions.


title: Taxi medallion

text: In 2013, the price of a medallion was $625,000. In 2014, that price had risen to around $700,000. Shortly thereafter, however, medallion prices began to sharply decline. According to the Boston Herald, by the end of 2018, the value of a Boston Taxi Medallion had collapsed; after reaching an all-time high in 2014, prices had fallen to around $40,000, representing a 95% loss.


title: Taxi medallion

text: The total value of all medallions and assets related to them had a value of $2.5 billion in Chicago in 2013.


title: Taxi medallion

text: In 2012, medallion prices ranged from $87,000 to $385,000. In 2015, Chicago's average medallion price was under $230,000, down 30% from 2014. In 2018, they had dropped to a range of $30,000 to $100,000.


title: Taxi medallion

text: The total value of all medallions and assets related to them had a value of $16.6 billion in New York City in 2013.


title: Taxi medallion

text: In 1962, the market value of a medallion was around $25,000. The price rose steadily. In 2005, an individual medallion was around $325,000 while a corporate medallion was approximately $375,000. Around 2010, the market value of a medallion was around $600,000. It peaked around 2013 at over $1,000,000. Between 2014 and 2015, New York City's non-corporate medallion price dropped 45%. In 2015, the price had fallen to approximately $650,000. As of 2018, one could purchase a medallion for less than $200,000. On July 11, 2019, sixteen medallions were offered at auction, three of which sold for $137,000, $136,000 and $138,000, while another thirteen medallions had no bidders. Since many cab drivers took out loans in order to afford medallions when values were high, many have subsequently been forced to declare bankruptcy. In September 2020, Marblegate Management LLC, the largest holder of NYC medallion loans, decided to write off $70 million in debt that indigent cab drivers still owed.


title: Taxi medallion

text: In 2005, the value of a medallion was roughly $65,000 to $80,000. As of 2018, the value was around $50,000.


title: Philosophy of self

text: The philosophy of self is the study of wisdom as self at a conceptual level. Many different ideas on what constitutes self have been proposed, including the self being an activity, the self being independent of the senses, the bundle theory of the self, the self as a narrative center of gravity, and the self as a syntactic construct rather than an entity. The self (or its non-existence) is also an important concept in Eastern philosophy, including Buddhist philosophy.


title: Philosophy of self

text: Most philosophical definitions of self—per Descartes, Locke, Hume, and William James—are expressed in the first person. A third person definition does not refer to specific mental qualia but instead strives for objectivity and operationalism.


title: Philosophy of self

text: To another person, the self of one individual is exhibited in the conduct and discourse of that individual. Therefore, the intentions of another individual can only be inferred from something that emanates from that individual. The particular characteristics of the self determine its identity.


title: Philosophy of self

text: Aristotle, following Plato, defined the "psyche" as the core essence of a living being, and while claiming that it did not exist apart from the body, he considered its so-called "intellect" part to be immortal and perpetual, in contrast to its organism-dependent vegetative/nutritive and perceptual functions. In his theory of causes and of act and potency, Aristotle emphasizes beings in relation to their actual manifestation, and in turn the soul was also defined by its actual effects. For instance, if a knife had a soul, the act of cutting would be that soul, because 'cutting' is part of the essence of what it is to be a knife. More precisely, the soul is the "first activity" of a living body. This is a state, or a potential for actual, or 'second', activity. "The axe has an edge for cutting" was, for Aristotle, analogous to "humans have bodies for rational activity," and the potential for rational activity thus constituted the essence of a human soul. He states: "Soul is an actuality or formulable essence of something that possesses a potentiality of being besouled", and also "When mind is set free from its present conditions it appears as just what it is and nothing more: this alone is immortal and eternal". Aristotle used his concept of the soul in many of his works; his main work on the subject is "De Anima" (On the Soul).


title: Philosophy of self

text: Aristotle also believed that there were four sections of the soul: the calculative and scientific parts on the rational side used for making decisions, and the desiderative and vegetative parts on the irrational side responsible for identifying our needs. A division of the soul's functions and activities is also found in Plato's tripartite theory. The problem of one in many is also remembered by Aristotle, nonetheless:If then the soul is of its very nature divisible, what holds it together? Not the body, certainly: much rather the contrary seems to be true, that the soul holds the body together; for when it departs, the body expires and decomposes. If there is some other thing which makes it one, this other is rather the soul. One would then have to ask, concerning this other, whether it be one or of many parts. If it is one, why not call it the soul straightway? But if it is divisible, reason again demands, what it is that holds this together? And so on "ad infinitum".


title: Philosophy of self

text: While he was imprisoned in a castle, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man" thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul. His thought experiment tells its readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argues that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. He thus concludes that the idea of the self is not dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. This argument was later refined and simplified by René Descartes in epistemic terms when he stated: "I can abstract from the supposition of all external things, but not from the supposition of my own consciousness."


title: Philosophy of self

text: David Hume pointed out that we tend to think that we are the same person we were five years ago. Although we have changed in many respects, the same person appears present as was present then. We might start thinking about which features can be changed without changing the underlying self. Hume, however, denies that there is a distinction between the various features of a person and the mysterious self that supposedly bears those features. When we start introspecting, "we are never intimately conscious of anything but a particular perception; man is a bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed one another with an inconceivable rapidity and are in perpetual flux and movement".


title: Philosophy of self

text: It is plain, that in the course of our thinking, and in the constant revolution of our ideas, our imagination runs easily from one idea to any other that resembles it, and that this quality alone is to the fancy a sufficient bond and association. It is likewise evident that as the senses, in changing their objects, are necessitated to change them regularly, and take them as they lie contiguous to each other, the imagination must by long custom acquire the same method of thinking, and run along the parts of space and time in conceiving its objects."


title: Philosophy of self

text: In Hume's view, these perceptions do not belong to anything. Rather, Hume compares the soul to a commonwealth, which retains its identity not by virtue of some enduring core substance, but by being composed of many different, related, and yet constantly changing elements. The question of personal identity then becomes a matter of characterizing the loose cohesion of one's personal experience. (Note that in the Appendix to the "Treatise", Hume said without elaboration that he was dissatisfied with his account of the self, yet he never returned to the issue.)


title: Philosophy of self

text: The paradox of the Ship of Theseus can be used as an analogy of the self as a bundle of parts in flux.


title: Philosophy of self

text: Daniel Dennett has a deflationary theory of the "self". Selves are not physically detectable. Instead, they are a kind of convenient fiction, like a center of gravity, which is convenient as a way of solving physics problems, although they need not correspond to anything tangible — the center of gravity of a hoop is a point in thin air. People constantly tell themselves stories to make sense of their world, and they feature in the stories as a character, and that convenient but fictional character is the self.


title: Philosophy of self

text: Aaron Sloman has proposed that words like "self", "selves", "herself", "itself", "themselves", "myself", etc. do not refer to a special type of entity, but provide powerful syntactical mechanisms for constructing utterances that repeatedly refer to the same thing without tedious and obscure repetition of names or other referring expressions.


title: Philosophy of self

text: The spiritual goal of many traditions involves the dissolving of the ego, in contrast to the essential Self, allowing self-knowledge of one's own true nature to become experienced and enacted in the world. This is variously known as enlightenment, nirvana, presence, and the "here and now".


title: Philosophy of self

text: Hume's position is similar to Indian Buddhists’ theories and debates about the self, which generally considers a bundle theory to describe the mind phenomena grouped in aggregates ("skandhas"), such as sense-perceptions, intellective discrimination ("saṃjñā"), emotions and volition. Since the beginning of Buddhist philosophy, several schools of interpretation assumed that a self cannot be identified with the transient aggregates, as they are non-self, but some traditions questioned further whether there can be an unchanging ground which defines a real and permanent individual identity, sustaining the impermanent phenomena; concepts such as Buddha-nature are found in the Mahayana lineage, and of an ultimate reality in dzogchen tradition, for instance in Dolpopa and Longchenpa. Although Buddhists criticize the immutable ātman of Hinduism, some Buddhist schools problematized the notion of an individual personhood; even among early ones, such as the Pudgala view, it was approached implicitly in questions such as "who is the bearer of the bundle?", "what carries the aggregates?", "what transmigrates from one rebirth to another?" or "what is the subject of self-improvement and enlightenment?".


title: Philosophy of self

text: The Buddha in particular attacked all attempts to conceive of a fixed self, while stating that holding the view "I have no self" is also mistaken. This is an example of the Middle Way charted by the Buddha and the Madhyamaka school of Buddhism. That absence of a self definition is directed to avoid clinging to the "I", seek reality and attain detachment, and it is found in many passages of the oldest Buddha sutras, recorded in the Pali Canon, such as this:"Bhikkhus, form is not-self. Were form self, then this form would not lead to affliction, and one could have it of form: 'Let my form be thus, let my form be not thus.' And since form is not-self, so it leads to affliction, and none can have it of form: 'Let my form be thus, let my form be not thus.'... Bhikkhus, feeling is not-self... Bhikkhus, perception is not-self... Bhikkhus, determinations are not-self... Bhikkhus, consciousness (vijñāna) is not self... is form permanent or impermanent?..."


title: Philosophy of self

text: Both Western and Eastern civilizations have been occupied with self-knowledge and underscored its importance particularly citing the paradoxical combination of immediate availability and profound obscurity involved in its pursuit. For Socrates, the goal of philosophy was to "know thyself". Lao Tzu, in his "Tao Te Ching", says "Knowing others is wisdom. Knowing the self is enlightenment. Mastering others requires force. Mastering the self requires strength." The case is the same for the seers of Upanishads, who maintained that the ultimate real knowledge involves an understanding of the essence of the self and the nature of God. Adi Shankaracharya, in his commentary on Bhagavad Gita says "Self-knowledge alone eradicates misery". "Self-knowledge alone is the means to the highest bliss." Absolute perfection is the consummation of Self-knowledge."


title: Philosophy of self

text: A theory about self-knowledge describes the concept as the capacity to detect that the sensations, thoughts, mental states, and attitudes as one's own. It is linked to other concepts such as self-awareness and self-conception. The rationalist theory, which Immanuel Kant has inspired, also claims that our ability to achieve self-knowledge through rational reflection is partly derived from the fact that we view ourselves as rational agents. This school rejects that self-knowledge is merely derived from observation as it acknowledges the subject as authoritative on account of his ability as an agent to shape his own states.


title: Peter Gabriel (1978 album)

text: Peter Gabriel is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Peter Gabriel, released on 3 June 1978 by Charisma Records. Gabriel started recording the album in November 1977, the same month that he had completed touring in support of his debut solo release. He employed former King Crimson guitarist Robert Fripp, who was part of Gabriel's early touring band, to produce the album and incorporated his use of Frippertronics effects on the co-written "Exposure".


title: Peter Gabriel (1978 album)

text: The album was released in the US as Peter Gabriel II. It later became known informally as Scratch, referring to the album's artwork by Hipgnosis.


title: Peter Gabriel (1978 album)

text: The influence of producer Robert Fripp is evident in the use of Frippertronics on the track "Exposure", which Fripp and Gabriel cowrote. Fripp recorded a version of the song as the title track of his 1979 solo album "Exposure".