title: Haunting Ground

text: The first enemy Fiona encounters is Debilitas, a large, mentally disabled groundskeeper who thinks of Fiona as one of his dolls. Fiona learns from a mysterious man named Lorenzo, that to escape the castle, she needs a staff from the chapel. However, upon taking the staff, Debilitas corners Fiona and Hewie, forcing a confrontation. They defeat Debilitas, but soon find their next enemy, Daniella, an icy maid. Daniella covets Fiona's ability to smell, taste, touch, feel, and "experience pleasure". She is especially jealous that Fiona can create life (via a fertile womb). Daniella is defeated when she is impaled with a shard from a ceiling window pane.


title: Haunting Ground

text: The third villain is Riccardo, who wields a flintlock pistol. For the majority of the game, Riccardo keeps his face hidden under a hood. Upon revealing himself however, Fiona is shocked to see her dead father's face. Riccardo reveals that he and her father, Ugo, are clones. He murdered Ugo in the car accident as revenge for leaving the castle and marrying Fiona's mother. He plans to use Fiona (by means of her womb and use of her Azoth) to bring about his own rebirth, so that he may live forever. As they fight atop a water tower, Hewie rescues Fiona by attacking Riccardo, causing him to fall from the summit.


title: Haunting Ground

text: The final enemy is Lorenzo, who seemed to be an ally, but who now menaces Fiona in several different forms. Fiona first meets him as an old, crippled man. He tells Fiona that Riccardo was always the problem child, and that he created both Riccardo and Ugo in an attempt to find a body with an Azoth which he could use to gain immortality. Ugo had the Azoth, but left the castle to marry Ayla. Now with Riccardo dead, Lorenzo believes that Fiona is his, so he can take the Azoth she inherited from her father. He chases after Fiona, but she is able to crush him in a rock press. However, she soon encounters a resurrected, youthful Lorenzo; the life energy he acquired from Riccardo's body has allowed him mastery over his own aging process. With the help of Hewie, Fiona causes Lorenzo to fall into a pit of lava. At this point, the castle begins to shake and collapse, and Lorenzo returns as a flaming skeleton. He chases Fiona as she heads for the exit, and attempts to block her escape, but as they reach the door, he finally dies, and Fiona and Hewie leave the castle.


title: Haunting Ground

text: The game features multiple endings based on decisions made by the player: if Debilitas survives, he encounters Fiona and Hewie at the castle gate and lets them leave peacefully, otherwise he does not appear. If the game has been completed at least once and Debilitas survives, Fiona and Hewie can leave the castle early in the game, leaving a frustrated Lorenzo within. If Hewie's relationship with Fiona is poor, he does not rescue her at a critical juncture in the game, resulting in Riccardo capturing and impregnating Fiona.


title: Haunting Ground

text: Capcom began development knowing they wanted to make a survival horror game with a lead female character. Believing that the female lead would not bode well with retailers and players alike, they added in a dog partner that could attack enemies. After this change, they further designed the gameplay around this partner mechanic. The cinematics were directed by actor and director, Naoto Takenaka. He directly supervised the motion capture performances used for all the characters, placing emphasis on dramatic performance. He took inspiration from Universal Monsters such as "Frankenstein" and Bela Lugosi's "Dracula". Takenaka played the motion capture role for Riccardo, and Japanese actors Yasue Sato and Jiro Sato played Fiona and Debilitas respectively. Rather than streaming audio files, the music for "Haunting Ground" was generated by using the PS2's built-in sounds. This way, the composers could easily change the tempo of the music during gameplay.


title: Haunting Ground

text: Capcom debuted "Haunting Ground" under its Japanese name "Demento" at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2004. The game was released in Japan on April 21, 2005, and later in PAL territories on April 29, and in North America on May 10. Critics described the game as a spiritual successor to the "Clock Tower" series, although it has never been officially declared as such.


title: Haunting Ground

text: In July 2012, "Haunting Ground" appeared to be slated for a PlayStation 3 re-release as a "PS2 Classic", having been rated by the ESRB with Sony Computer Entertainment named as the publisher. It was re-released for the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Store exclusively in Japan in April 2015.


title: Haunting Ground

text: "Haunting Ground" received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics were quick to compare it to the "Clock Tower" series, specifically its 2002 installment, "Clock Tower 3" (2002). The defenseless heroine elements and hide-and-chase gameplay were found to be highly derivative of the former titles. The dog companion was, for some, a well-received addition to the gameplay formula, with Eurogamer's Kristan Reed comparing it positively to "Ico". Others found the dog and other gameplay elements to be repetitive and contributors to poor pacing. The graphics, cinematics, and atmosphere were universally praised. The staff at 1UP.com described the environments as "some of the most detailed, lavish 3D environments Capcom has ever produced". Kill Screen's Astrid Budgor compared Haunting Ground's "psychological landscape" to Dario Argento's film "Suspiria" (1977) and also highlighted its grotesque expressionism. Despite these highlights, critics ultimately felt that "Haunting Ground" was too predictable and relied heavily on clichés previously established in the horror genre. For this reason, Reed said it "becomes stifled by its own eventual lack of ambition to break away from the norms instilled by two generations of Japanese horror adventures". The staff at 1UP.com felt the game was dated when compared with the recently released "Resident Evil 4" (2005), but said: ""Haunting Ground" isn't without merit, it's just that the merits are buried deep in an occasionally thrilling, mostly 'been there, done that' game of indistinct origin".


title: Haunting Ground

text: Some critics highlighted "Haunting Ground"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s sexual themes surrounding the objectification of Fiona as one of its best elements. Jeremy Dunham of IGN stated that ""Haunting Ground"'s success comes from making the player feel like a desired and endangered object". He found the plot was kept interesting due to the disturbing suggestive behaviors of Fiona's pursuers. Kill Screen's Budgor also found the drive for the enemies to kill Fiona creates a continuous tension, as its unclear nature lends to an uncomfortable confusion for both Fiona and the player. GameSetWatch's Leigh Alexander stated that "disparaging "Haunting Ground" for its copious objectification of women is a facile task...it’s precisely that off-putting sexuality that makes Daniela terrifying, that makes Fiona’s circumstances so explicitly repugnant, that sharpens Haunting Ground’s fear factor to a knife in the gut". Alexander praised the game's voyeuristic themes and presenting of Fiona as "an object of desire". She notes that "Fiona is both a sex object and a victim...a fragile little woman...both male and female players can distinctly feel the threat to her person, the disconcerting wickedness of her enemies, thanks to her overt sexualization throughout the game". Budgor found that removing the player's control at critical points highlights Fiona's subjectivity, with the sounds and images expressing ideas of "violation, transgression, and bodily autonomy". Alexander ultimately felt "Haunting Ground" to be a "perfect illustration of how sexuality can be used to great effect".


title: Haunting Ground

text: "Haunting Ground" has been a subject of game studies regarding the relationship between players and their avatars. It was found that the altering states of Fiona's subjectivity change the role of the player in the game. The player is never a spectator, nor do they take on the embodiment of Fiona, but float between these states of involvement.


title: Haunting Ground

text: Fiona appeared as a character card in "SNK vs. Capcom Card Fighters DS" (2006), and as a costume for Cammy in "Street Fighter V". Fiona, Hewie and Debilitas were also seen in a cutscene in "".


title: Paul Gallen

text: Paul Gallen (born 14 August 1981) is an Australian professional boxer and former professional rugby league footballer who played as a and forward and captained the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the NRL to their maiden NRL Premiership in 2016.


title: Paul Gallen

text: He is a former captain and representative of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He has also been the vice captain of Australia and played his whole NRL career with the Sharks, with whom he won the 2016 NRL Premiership. He was the NRL's oldest player playing in 2018. He shares the Australian first grade record for most seasons played in the NRL with Cameron Smith at 19 seasons.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Paul Gallen played his junior rugby league for the Wentworthville Magpies and was in the Parramatta Eels junior system playing the S. G. Ball Cup before being overlooked by the Eels. Gallen later signed with the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. Speaking about being let go by Parramatta, Gallen said "I was never really given a go, I wasn't really getting a look-in there and decided to go elsewhere. I wanted to move away from the area and I knew one of the Cronulla trainers at the time, I played SG Ball for them, that's it. I'm from the district but I wouldn't call myself an ex-Parramatta player, that's for sure".


title: Paul Gallen

text: In June 2001, Gallen made his NRL debut for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks against the Parramatta Eels in round 15 at Toyota Park. Cronulla lost the match 36 to 6. He made one more appearance that season in the final round, where the Sharks were victorious over the Brisbane Broncos 24–16.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen scored his first ever try at first-grade level during round 14 of the 2002 season - against the Canberra Raiders. Gallen made 21 appearances in his second season at first-grade level for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, scoring one try during the season.


title: Paul Gallen

text: During the round 11 match (in 2003) against the Newcastle Knights, Gallen was sent off by referee Paul Simpkins after a high shot on Sean Rudder. Gallen made a total of 17 first-grade appearances for the club in 2003, scoring five tries in the process.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In the opening round of the year, against the Wests Tigers, Gallen was involved in a fight which saw him suspended for two weeks after the NRL Judiciary found him guilty of a contrary conduct charge. The judiciary decided that he had "instigated and tried to go on with a fight involving Wests Tigers prop John Skandalis". He also sustained an elbow injury during the match which ruled him out until round six of the competition. Gallen was the only player in round one to contest his charge.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In round 11 against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Gallen scored an impressive two tries in his sides 30 points to 28 victory.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In round 24, Cronulla-Sutherland scored their biggest ever victory, scoring a 68 points to 6 win over the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, with Gallen scoring a try.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Cronulla finished in seventh place and therefore qualified to be involved in the finals series. They were drawn against the second placed side, which happened to be local rivals St. George-Illawarra. In the match Gallen managed to score a try for Cronulla, however it wasn't enough to save the Sharks from losing the match 28 points to 22.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was presented the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks chairman's Award in 2005 by the club's President Barry Pierce after his impressive season where he led the NRL in both hit ups and off loads. At the 2005 Dally M Awards, he was also nominated for the position of "Best Lock". However, he lost out to Manly lock Ben Kennedy.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In the 2005 NRL season, Gallen played a total of 25 games in first-grade for Cronulla-Sutherland and in the process scored six tries.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Before the season started it was discovered that Gallen was suffering from a bulging disc in his lower back. After having surgery he wanted to return to action just a week after having the surgery done. He ended up making his comeback within nine weeks which amazed Cronulla's medical staff as it was predicted it would take much longer than that.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen won his first ever representative jersey when he was selected to play for City in the annual City vs Country match. In June, Cronulla coach Stuart Raper pleaded with the New South Wales selectors to give Gallen an opportunity to prove his worth at State of Origin level. Raper stated that "Gallen's been consistent for us over the past 18 months and if NSW hiccup on Wednesday night...he'll certainly be knocking on the door." After missing out on selection in the first game, Gallen was again not selected for the second match. However, after New South Wales was thrashed by Queensland, the NSW selectors made drastic changes to their team. Gallen was selected to play in the third and last match, which was to be the State of Origin decider, where Queensland came from behind to win 16–14.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was selected to play in the annual Prime Minister's XIII squad to play Papua New Guinea at the end of September. The Prime Minister's XIII defeated Papua New Guinea 28 points to 8 at Port Moresby but Gallen failed to be selected for the Australian Tri Nations squad. At the end of the season, Paul Gallen won the Sharks' supporters player of the year award


title: Paul Gallen

text: In September 2006, just days after he was voted Cronulla supporters player of the year, Gallen announced that he was considering leaving Cronulla despite having a year left on his contract. Gallen stated that it wasn't the club or coaching staff that made him consider leaving the club but rather the fact that "I just want to play semi-final football". Gallen also stated that he was "looking for a fresh start and a fresh challenge".


title: Paul Gallen

text: In 2006, Gallen made 18 appearances in first-grade for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, scoring seven tries for the club.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Due to his claims at the end of the previous season that he wanted out of the club, there was much speculation about Gallen's future at the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks before the season started as his contract was set to expire at the back end of the 2007 season. There were rumours that he would walk out on the club after his contract expired as well as other reports in the media that Manly would sign him as a long-term replacement for a recently retired player, Ben Kennedy. However, Gallen decided to stay at the club, putting to rest the rumours in the media, by signing a four-year deal with Cronulla, meaning that he would stay at the club until 2011. Gallen reportedly turned down a $1.4 million offer from Manly in favour of a $1.1 million deal. Manly confirmed that they were interested in signing him, however Manly denied that they ever made an actual offer for him. Gallen stated that he decided to stay at the Sharks because he was inspired by Nathan Hindmarsh, who had recently signed a contract with the Eels in the aim to be a one-club man. Gallen also cited the fact that he wanted to win a premiership with the club because "you'd be remembered for your whole life here in Cronulla if you were part of that first-ever premiership" as well as the fact that his "old man also wanted me to stay at the Sharks."


title: Paul Gallen

text: In a pre-season trial against South Sydney, Gallen had to be taken from the field with an injury to his ankle. After undergoing an MRI scan on his ankle, Cronulla physio Matt Green stated that "the scans have revealed ligament damage but the injury is not as bad as first feared." The injury kept Gallen out until round four of the season when he made his return against the St. George-Illawarra Dragons and he made his first start of the NRL season a week later against the Wests Tigers but only because he was taking painkilling injections before the games. In round 6, against Canberra, Gallen set up a try for Ben Pomeroy before he was forced from the field due to injury during the second half. However, the injury wasn't serious and he was cleared to play in the following round against Newcastle.


title: Paul Gallen

text: It was announced that Gallen had been selected for City to play in the annual City vs Country match but he was later forced to withdraw due to another ankle injury which he sustained in round 7 against Newcastle. The injury was not serious enough to keep him out for the next NRL fixture against the New Zealand Warriors, but the club doctors believed that his right ankle could not handle playing in the City vs Country match as that would have meant playing three games in the space of six days.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In the match against the Brisbane Broncos in round 9, Gallen put in another impressive performance, setting up a try in the process. A week later in the match against Canterbury, Gallen sealed the 30–20 points victory with a try in the dying stages of the match. For his effort against Canterbury-Bankstown, Gallen was voted as the man of the match. The following week in round 11, Gallen again scored a try in a losing effort against the Sydney Roosters.


title: Paul Gallen

text: On 11 June, in round 13, Gallen sparked controversy in the local derby match against St. George Illawarra at Oki Jubilee Stadium in which Cronulla triumphed 20 points to 16. Gallen was accused of taking a dive after copping a high shot by Richie Williams. After the referee awarded the penalty Gallen rose to his feet and winked at his teammates. Gallen defended the incident claiming that he "was hit in the head and it hurt". St. George-Illawarra coach Nathan Brown hit out at Paul Gallen claiming that he "is a tough player, that wouldn't have knocked the top off him." Also in the match, Gallen was placed on report for a head high tackle on Ben Creagh. However, Gallen did manage to set up the first Sharks try for Mitch Brown.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In the days following the game, Gallen continued to come under scrutiny. Gallen explained "We've got a motto here at the Sharks: do whatever it takes to win. That's what I've always done. I'm never going to stop doing that." Gallen continued "we won the game. That's all I care about."


title: Paul Gallen

text: In round 14 against New Zealand, Gallen was again put on report by the referee after a head high tackle on Patrick Ah Van. The judiciary charged him with a grade one careless high tackle which in turn meant that he was suspended for the game against South Sydney in the following round. Cronulla had the bye in round 16 which meant that Gallen had not had the previous two weeks to prove himself for selection in the third game of the series in State of Origin. Despite this, Gallen was rewarded for his impressive season to date with a call-up to the New South Wales side for the third State of Origin match, although New South Wales were already 2–0 down in the three-game series.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Before the third game of the Origin series, Gallen declared that he "can't wait to be running out and getting booed, I love that sort of stuff. It would mean everything going up there and beating them." After New South Wales had lost the first two games, there was talk that New South Wales lacked passion and Gallen stated that "everybody was sick of hearing it." Just over ten minutes into the match, Gallen put a high shot on Tonie Carroll. Gallen, who was also helped out by his teammates, then preceded to get in a fight with the opposition. Speaking of the incident after the match, Gallen stated that he and Greg Bird "came here saying that if anyone touches any of us, we're putting it on. I knew it would be a penalty but I knew it would also fire the boys up – it's good for the game."


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was impressive in just his second State of Origin match. In the 55 minutes of the match that he was involved in, he made a total of 127 metres gained as well as making 15 tackles. But even after Queensland lost their lock in the first minute, both their wingers during the middle of the game and numerous other injuries to players who could not come off due to no more replacements, NSW could not get more than a two-point lead until the 72nd minute where they scored two tries, Gallen setting up the final New South Wales try for Hazem El Masri, which in the process capped off an 18 points to 4 New South Wales victory.


title: Paul Gallen

text: After the round 18 loss to the Sydney Roosters, Gallen was charged by the NRL judiciary for a "grade one contrary conduct offence" after he head-butted Roosters' player Shane Shackleton, and was subsequently banned for one match.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Round 22, against third-placed Parramatta Eels, saw the Cronulla club snap a seven-match losing streak in golden point extra time. It was later reported that after the match that Gallen was involved in an incident with Reece Williams at winger Dustin Cooper's house. After consuming what was said to be "too much alcohol", teammates and good friends Gallen and Williams were involved in a fight. Coach Ricky Stuart stated that although it should not have happened, that there was nothing serious about it as it was only "a scuffle".


title: Paul Gallen

text: At the conclusion of the NRL Premiership, Gallen was rewarded for his fine season with a call-up for the Australian squad in a one-off test match against New Zealand on 14 October. However, it was announced barely a week before the match that Gallen had to be pulled out of the squad due to a "shoulder injury", with his replacement being Melbourne Storm's Dallas Johnson.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen attracted attention after the round 3 clash with the Titans for "grubby" play. The "Sydney Morning Herald" even claimed Gallen should face jail time for his facial assault on Anthony Laffranchi, where he allegedly attempted to rip the stitches out of Laffranchi's head wound.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Titans player Josh Graham also claimed that Gallen clutched his testicles in a tackle on Graham. Photos of the incident supported the allegation, but no charge was laid against Gallen.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was selected for all three games in the annual State of Origin series. In the third and decisive game of the series Gallen gave away three penalties and came under heavy criticism from fans for his lack of discipline, in particular for his late hit on Johnathan Thurston. Gallen described the loss as the worst of his career but defended himself saying "they've been saying that those three penalties cost us the game. But there's no way in the world that anyone can say that." Due to his ill discipline in the deciding match, there were calls for Gallen to be sacked as captain of the Sharks but coach Ricky Stuart came out and backed Gallen by saying that he should remain the club captain.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In round 18, Gallen scored Cronulla's only try in the top of the table clash in which the Sharks lost to Manly by 34 points to 6. Gallen described the heavy defeat as embarrassing. In the following match against the Newcastle Knights, Gallen was put on report for a high shot on Cooper Vuna. He also gave away several other penalties and claimed that the referees were targeting him.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In August, Gallen was named in Australia's preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Although the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks sat on the bottom of the 2009 NRL ladder after six rounds, Gallen was named in the preliminary 40-man squad for NSW for 2009's State of Origin series. He was selected for Australia in the one-off test match against New Zealand on 8 May 2009.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In May 2009, Gallen attracted public outrage for racially abusing Mickey Paea. The incident gained attention initially, due to the angry reaction of Paea, who is normally a quiet reserved player with strong religious beliefs. After the event, there were reports Gallen would be stripped of his captaincy. However, pre-empting this, on 1 June 2009, Gallen voluntarily stepped down from his Cronulla captaincy.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In December 2009, Gallen was issued with an infringement notice for urinating in public near the head of a drunken friend.


title: Paul Gallen

text: For the 2010 ANZAC Test, Gallen was selected to play for Australia at lock forward in their victory against New Zealand. Gallen was left out of the first match of the State of Origin side but was selected for the two remaining matches. In the second game he was placed on report for a high shot on Nate Myles in the twenty-third minute. However, his performance was still impressive enough to lead Daily Telegraph Sports editor-at-large, New South Welshman Phil Rothfield, to postulate, that of all the NSW players, Gallen "possibly" would be the only one that Queensland would select if he was theoretically available for them (in place of Ashley Harrison). In the last match of the series, Gallen scored his side's first try just before half time and set up teammate Kurt Gidley for their second try just after the interval.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was selected for all three games of the 2011 State of Origin series, as well as for Australia. He scored his first try of the season in round 3, against the Panthers. The Sharks won that game 44–12. In State of Origin II Gallen was controversially selected to play prop and became the first prop to play 80 minutes in an Origin match since Steve Price (rugby league) in 2007. His performance earned him man of the match. Subsequently, there were claims that his performance was fueled by performance-enhancing substances, with journalist Andrew Webster linking these in an article; "State of Origin 2016: The tough question NSW Blues captain Paul Gallen does not want to answer".


title: Paul Gallen

text: On 3 November 2011, the annual RLIF Awards dinner was held at the Tower of London and Gallen was named forward of the year.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen again captained New South Wales for the 2012 State of Origin series, which was again won by Queensland. At the 2012 Dally M Awards, Gallen was named the NRL's lock forward of the year.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was selected for Australia in the 2013 ANZAC Test and played at lock forward. In what was the first test match ever played in Canberra, New Zealand were defeated. Gallen was named captain of the New South Wales Blues for the 2013 State of Origin series. Gallen led his team to victory in game one at ANZ Stadium in Sydney, however the win was not without controversy, and Gallen lodged a guilty plea to a striking charge for the undefended punches he landed on the head of Maroons forward, Nate Myles. Gallen had not been sent off for the infringement and this led to the introduction of a rule that players would be sin-binned for any punch thrown in future Origin matches.


title: Paul Gallen

text: On 22 August 2014, Gallen was one of the Cronulla players who pleaded guilty to having unknowingly used banned peptides, and in exchange was given a reduced, backdated ban from ASADA and Sports Minister Peter Dutton for his part in the 2011 supplements scandal.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen received nearly $80,000 from the NRL to cover legal fees, however, in late October, Gallen sent an offensive tweet aimed at the NRL, complaining of a lack of support to him regarding the issue. It was later deleted and replaced with a story which Gallen attempted to blame his father, which Gallen admitted lying about before taking responsibility.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Prior to pleading guilty, Gallen stated that he and the other players will "be labelled drug cheats if they accept reduced bans".


title: Paul Gallen

text: On the even of the 2014 State of Origin series, Gallen labelled Queensland fans as "Two Heads". Speaking at the 2014 team announcement, Gallen said "If you take it as it comes, and you enjoy the part of it and enjoy going up there and listening to what those two heads give you , we have got the job done on the field before and that is where it counts". Gallen captained the New South Wales team to victory over Queensland in the 2014 State of Origin series. The win marked the first time that New South Wales had won the series during the current decade and it put an end to Queensland's record of eight series wins in a row.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen again captained NSW in the State of Origin series. Gallen missed the first game due to an injury, and after the third game decider attracted considerable criticism by the media for displaying a lack of leadership; "We saw nothing of that from Gallen, nor from any of them... just meek acceptance of their fate, while on the superbly led, magnificent Queensland side, even when 40 points up, they just wanted more, more, more!"


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was again the captain of NSW for the series. After the second, and series losing, loss, highly respected rugby league pundit and former coach, Phil Gould, opined that NSW "have the wrong culture - and the wrong leaders". Despite this, Gallen retained the captaincy for the third game of the series, which was won by New South Wales 18–14. During the presentation ceremony after the match he was criticised by the Queensland media for allegedly walking away while the Queensland captain, Cameron Smith, was accepting the shield.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen captained Cronulla-Sutherland to the 2016 NRL Grand Final. After a closely contested game, the team went on to win the Premiership, defeating the Melbourne Storm 14–12, the Sharks' first premiership in their 49-year history. Gallen himself played a key role, setting up Ben Barba for the first try of the night to put his side ahead 8–0.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In 2017, Gallen was named in The City side in the last ever City v Country representative match. On 10 September 2017 Cronulla played against North Queensland in the elimination finals game. Cronulla were expected to win comfortably against a depleted NQ side but found themselves in a tight match at 14-14. With under a minute left, Gallen got within inches of the line for the match winning try but lost the ball. In extra time, Michael Morgan kicked a field goal for North Queensland to make it 15-14 which remained the final score and Cronulla were eliminated from the finals.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In 2018, Gallen became a panelist on Channel Nine's all new 100% Footy Monday night show. After round 3, Gallen became the first player in NRL History to achieve 50,000 running metres. His closest rival is Billy Slater with 39,439 running metres. Gallen made 21 appearances for Cronulla in 2018 as the club reached the preliminary final before losing to Melbourne 22–6. Gallen did not feature in the match as he suffered an injury the previous week in Cronulla's victory over Penrith.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In October, Gallen signed a one-year contract extension to stay at Cronulla for the 2019 season. The deal will make him the first man to play 19 consecutive seasons with an NRL club.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In November, Gallen spoke to the media in the aftermath of Valentine Holmes leaving the NRL in hopes of gaining an NFL contract. Gallen said “He's won a premiership with us, he's been our best player. But the way this has happened, I'm disappointed, Not only does he have a Sharks contract, he has an NRL contract. Now the NRL are always on about the integrity of the game, I don't see how this is good for the integrity of the game. A bloke breaking a contract with one year to go and just walking out on a club and the game. I think it's got to be a minimum two-years out of the game, if not out forever". Gallen's comments faced a negative reaction by former players such as Chris Walker and Mat Rogers. Rogers spoke to the media saying “I think Gal's overreacted,” Rogers told AAP.


title: Paul Gallen

text: “For someone who goes and cops money for fighting while he's contracted, it's unbelievable that he'd come out and say something so stupid. Oh mate, Gal, keep your mouth shut mate".


title: Paul Gallen

text: Walker attacked Gallen on social media claiming Gallen was pushing negativity into the NRL. Gallen responded to Walker's tweet saying "Yesterday's news from yesterday's hero, clubs moved on Chris you should try. The game hasn't left the papers since GF cause of issues like this & coaches they say any publicity is good publicity maybe that's why you keep involving yourself in something that doesn't concern you. Jog on".


title: Paul Gallen

text: On 10 March Gallen rebuked Melbourne Player Cameron Smith and his calls for Melbourne's 2007 and 2009 premierships to be reinstated after Smith accused the NRL over double standards in relation to Cronulla's salary cap breaches. Smith was upset that Melbourne had been stripped of the 2007 and 2009 premierships yet Cronulla were allowed to keep their premiership.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen responded by saying "We went in and self reported a $50,000 discrepancy, which the CEO thought was all it was. It turned out it was a $700,000 discrepancy. You maybe don't want the NRL going back and searching those books, particularly when they (Melbourne) were found to be $3.7 million over the salary cap over five years. Three of those years they were a million over the cap. Compared to the Sharks we were 750k over in intended third-party payments, the NRL found they were intended to be paid. Not all were paid".


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen then went on to say "If we got it taken off us, I would throw my ring away and I would quit the club immediately. It wouldn't sit well with me, The fact is we were under the salary cap in 2016, even with the intended third-party payments. We were under the salary cap. I have no issue with it".


title: Paul Gallen

text: 2019 was also the year that Gallen took over from Scott Prince (166 Losses) as the player with the most losses in NRL history.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In Round 9 against the Gold Coast Titans, Gallen scored his first try of the season and also kicked the first goal in his career on the full time siren as Cronulla won 26–18 at Suncorp Stadium. After kicking the goal, Gallen taunted the crowd with a hand gesture. In Round 11 against St George, Gallen kicked the second goal of his career as Cronulla won the match 22–9.


title: Paul Gallen

text: On August 21, 2019, Gallen was voted as one of the best players of the decade in the NRL team of the decade announcement which spanned from the 2010 to 2019 seasons. The panel who voted were made up of Premiership-winning coaches Phil Gould, Craig Bellamy, Trent Robinson and Ricky Stuart along with Hall of Famers Peter Sterling, Darren Lockyer, Danny Buderus and Laurie Daley.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Also in August 2019, it had been revealed that he had been offered to join the Newcastle Knights for twice as much as his current salary the previous year at $700'000. Gallen declined the contract offer, explaining that it would have a massive impact on him and his family and that he would want to stay loyal to Cronulla for the rest of his career.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In round 25 against the Wests Tigers, Gallen kicked a field goal as Cronulla-Sutherland won the match 25–8 at Leichhardt Oval. Both teams went into the game knowing that the winner would qualify for the finals.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen's final game as a player came the following week in the elimination final as Cronulla were defeated by Manly-Warringah 28–16 at Brookvale Oval.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen began his amateur boxing career in 2012 in part of a rugby league versus rugby union charity event in Auckland, New Zealand. It was announced he would fight New Zealand international rugby union player Hikawera Elliot. Gallen received a three-round unanimous points victory over Elliot on debut. The following year Gallen prepared for his second amateur fight against another fellow New Zealand international player Liam Messam. He defeated Messam in a split decision over three two-minute rounds in Auckland.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In 2014, Gallen turned professional after it was confirmed he would fight Australian-based Herman Ene-Purcell on the undercard of Daniel Geale versus Garth Wood. Gallen was awarded a technical knockout victory inside two rounds despite being dropped by a left hand in the first-round.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Gallen was later scheduled to fight Anthony Watts, a former Cowboys, Sharks and Roosters utility National Rugby League player. Prior to the event, Gallen reported he had been admitted to hospital due to experiencing severe pain after contracting golden staph in his groin and underwent surgery privately in Sydney. Gallen extended his professional record with a second consecutive win after a first-round technical knockout victory.


title: Paul Gallen

text: His next opponent was for the Footy Show Fight Night in January 2015 against Randall Rayment, a current mixed martial arts fighter. Gallen won with a unanimous four-round points win. His fourth fight was another points decision victory over fellow-rugby league forward Bodene Thompson in a charity event at SkyCity Auckland.


title: Paul Gallen

text: On 20 December 2018, Gallen agreed to return to the ring to fight former professional rugby league footballer John Hopoate with the match being scheduled for 9 February 2019. Hopoate was knocked out in the second round of the bout. He said afterwards “I got caught by a good punch and I can’t hide from that, I went to sleep and fell over".


title: Paul Gallen

text: In the middle of 2019, it was announced that Gallen would return to the ring again with the opponent this time being former Australian rules footballer Barry Hall. In the lead up to the fight, Hall said of Gallen “I know it’s been painted as a code war, but even the support I’ve been getting off rugby league people has been overwhelming, He’s not a very liked human being … so I’ve got a lot of support". Gallen and Hall went the full six rounds, ending in a 57–57 draw. After the bout was over, each fighter thought he would win the decision.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Two more victories over Mark Hunt and Lucas Browne had Gallen challenging Justis Huni for the Australian heavyweight title on 16 June 2021. In the ten round bout, Gallen would be defeated when the referee stopped the bout in the final round. It was Gallen's first loss in his career.


title: Paul Gallen

text: From 2013 until 2015, Gallen was a panelist on SportsFan Clubhouse alongside Renee Gartner and Mieke Buchan and hosted by Bill Woods. The show was a sports program that at aired on 7mate.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Since 2018, he has appeared on "100% Footy" alongside James Bracey and Phil Gould - a rugby league show that airs on Monday nights on Channel Nine. Gallen has appeared sometimes on Sports Sunday and Nine's Rugby League Coverage.


title: Paul Gallen

text: Before the start of the 2020 State of Origin series, Daily Telegraph journalist Dean Ritchie described the Queensland team as the worst Maroons side in origin history. Before Game 3, Gallen doubled down on this statement saying "I would much rather have played against this side than any of the teams I ever played (against). In the past 15-20 years, I'd probably say this is the worst team. There you go, let's fire them up even more". Queensland would go on to win Game 3 and shock New South Wales to win the series.


title: Paul Gallen

text: In the aftermath of the New South Wales loss, Gallen defended his comments saying that they were fair and justified. He went on to say "There was one person to come from Queensland and stick up for the current side and that was their coach from Wayne Bennett, There wasn't a single other person, these staunch Queenslanders come from nowhere. No one said a word after my comments on Monday or after the New South Wales journalist's comments from a couple of weeks ago. All of sudden, in hindsight and they've won the series, they come from everywhere.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: The Province of Quebec () was a colony in British North America which comprised the former French colony of Canada. It was established by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, following the conquest of New France by British forces during the Seven Years' War. As part of the Treaty of Paris, France gave up its claim to the colony; it instead negotiated to keep the small profitable island of Guadeloupe.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: Following the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada was renamed the Province of Quebec, and extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the Saint Lawrence River Valley to the Great Lakes and beyond to the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Portions of its southwest, those areas south of the Great Lakes, were later ceded to the newly established United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783) at the conclusion of the American Revolution; although the British maintained a military presence there until 1796. In 1791, the territory north of the Great Lakes was reorganised and divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: Under the Proclamation, Quebec included the cities of Quebec and Montreal, as well as a zone surrounding them, but did not extend as far west as the Great Lakes or as far north as Rupert's Land.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: In 1774, the Parliament of Great Britain, Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister, passed the Quebec Act that allowed Quebec to restore the use of French customary law () in private matters alongside the English common law system, and allowing the Catholic Church to collect tithes. The act also enlarged the boundaries of Quebec to include the Ohio Country and part of the Illinois Country, from the Appalachian Mountains on the east, south to the Ohio River, west to the Mississippi River and north to the southern boundary of lands owned by the Hudson's Bay Company, or Rupert's Land.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: Through Quebec, the British Crown retained access to the Ohio and Illinois Countries after the Treaty of Paris (1783) ceded control of this land to the United States. By well-established trade and military routes across the Great Lakes, the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a wide alliance of Native American nations through Detroit, Fort Niagara, Fort Michilimackinac, and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the Jay Treaty (1794).


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: Quebec retained its seigneurial system after the conquest. Owing to an influx of Loyalist refugees from the American Revolutionary War, the demographics of Quebec came to shift and now included a substantial English-speaking Protestant element from the former Thirteen Colonies. These United Empire Loyalists settled mainly in the Eastern Townships, Montreal, and what was known then as the pays d'en haut west of the Ottawa River. The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the colony in two at the Ottawa River, so that the western part (Upper Canada) could be under the English legal system, with English speakers in the majority. The eastern part was named Lower Canada.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: In 1760, following the capitulation of Montreal, the colony was placed under military government, with civil government only instituted beginning in 1764. The following were the governors:


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: There were also "lieutenant governors", but these were merely the deputies of the governors, and should not be confused with the subsequent to 1791 Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: The Province of Quebec did not have an elected legislature and was ruled directly by the governor with advice from counsellors. A council responsible to advise the governor (then James Murray) on all affairs of state was created in 1764. In 1774, the "Quebec Act" created a "Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec" to advise the governor on legislative affairs. The Legislative Council served as an advisory council to the governor until a legislative assembly was established after 1791.


title: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

text: The Trois-Rivières and Quebec districts continued after 1791 when Lower Canada came into existence, while Montreal District west of the Ottawa River became Upper Canada and east of the Ottawa River was partitioned into many electoral districts.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The term composition means "putting together". It can be thought of as the organization of the elements of art according to the principles of art. Composition can apply to any work of art, from music through writing and into photography, that is arranged using conscious thought.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: In the visual arts, composition is often used interchangeably with various terms such as "design, form, visual ordering," or "formal structure," depending on the context. In graphic design for press and desktop publishing, composition is commonly referred to as page layout.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The composition of a picture is different from its subject (what is depicted), whether a moment from a story, a person or a place. Many subjects, for example Saint George and the Dragon, are often portrayed in art, but using a great range of compositions even though the two figures are typically the only ones shown.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The central visual element, known as "element of design", "formal element", or "element of art," constitute the vocabulary with which the visual artist compose. These elements in the overall design usually relate to each other and to the whole art work.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Lines are optical phenomena that allow the artist to direct the eye of the viewer. The optical illusion of lines do exist in nature, and visual arts elements can be arranged to create this illusion. The viewer unconsciously reads near the continuous arrangement of different elements and subjects at varying distances. Such elements can be of dramatic use in the composition of the image. These could be literal lines such as telephone and power cables or rigging on boats. Lines can also derive from the borders of different colors or contrast or sequences of discrete elements. Movement is also a source of lines, where the blurred movement renders as a line.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Subject lines contribute to both mood and linear perspective, giving the viewer the illusion of depth. Oblique lines convey a sense of movement, and angular lines generally convey dynamism and possibly tension. Lines can also direct attention towards the main subject of the picture or contribute to the organization by dividing it into compartments. The artist may exaggerate or create lines, perhaps as part of their message to the viewer. Many lines without a clear subject point suggest chaos in the image and may conflict with the mood the artist is trying to evoke.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: A line's angle and its relationship to the frame's size influence the perspective of the image. Horizontal lines, commonly found in landscape photography, can give the impression of calm, tranquility, and space. An image filled with strong vertical lines tends to have the appearance of height and grandeur. Tightly angled convergent lines give a dynamic, lively, and active effect to the image. Firmly turned, almost diagonal lines produce tension in the picture. The viewpoint of visual art is fundamental because every different perspective views different angled lines. This change of perspective elicits a different response to the image. Changing the air only by some degrees or some centimeters lines in embodiments can vary tremendously, and a distinct feeling can be transported. Straight lines are also strongly influenced by tone, color, and repetition concerning the rest of the image.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Compared to straight lines, curves provide a greater dynamic influence in a picture. They are also generally more aesthetically pleasing, as the viewer associates them with softness. In photography, curved lines can give graduated shadows when paired with soft-directional lighting, which usually results in a very harmonious line structure within the image. There are two main types of curves, a simple "C" curve as well as a more sinuous "S" curve.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: There are three properties of color: hue, brightness or chroma, and value. Hue is the name of a color (red, yellow, and blue, etc.). Brightness and chroma refer to the intensity and strength of the color. A high chroma color is more pure and less greyed than a low chroma color. The lightness or darkness to a color is the value. Color also has the ability to work within our emotions. Given that, we can use color to create mood. It can also be used as tone, pattern, light, movement, symbol, form, harmony, and contrast.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Texture refers to how an object feels or how it looks like it may feel if it were touched. There are two ways we experience texture, physically and optically. Different techniques can be used to create physical texture, which allows qualities of visual art to be seen and felt. This can include surfaces such as metal, sand, and wood. Optical texture is when the illusion of physical texture is created. Photography, paintings, and drawings use visual texture to create a more realistic appearance.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Lightness and darkness are known as value in visual art. Value deals with how light reflects off objects and how we see it. The more light that is reflected, the higher the value. White is the highest or lightest value while black is the lowest or darkest value. Colors also have value; for example, yellow has a high value while blue and red have a low value. If you take a black and white picture of a colorful scene, all you are left with are the values. This important element of design, especially in painting and drawing, allows the artist to create the illusion of light through value contrast.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The term form can mean different things in visual art. Form suggests a three-dimensional object in space. It is also described as the physical nature of the artwork, such as sculptures. It can also be looked at as art form, which can be expressed through fine art. A form encloses volume, has length, width, and height, unlike a shape, which is only two-dimensional. Forms that are mathematical, a sphere, pyramid, cube, cylinder, and cone, are known as geometric forms. Organic forms are typically irregular and asymmetrical. This form can be found in nature, such as flowers, rocks, trees, etc., but can also be seen in architecture.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Forms in drawing and painting convey the illusion of three-dimensional form through lighting, shadows, value, and tone. The more contrast in value, the more pronounced the three-dimensional form is. Forms with little value appear flatter than those with greater variation and contrasting.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Space is the area around, above, and within an object. Photographers can capture space, architects build space, and painters create space. This element is found in each of the visual arts. It can be positive or negative, open or closed, shallow or deep, and two-dimensional or three-dimensional. In drawing or painting, space is not actually there, but the illusion of it is. Positive space is the subject of the piece. The empty spaces around, above, and within, is negative space.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The artist determines what the center of interest (focus in photography) of the art work will be, and composes the elements accordingly. The gaze of the viewer will then tend to linger over these points of interest, elements are arranged with consideration of several factors (known variously as the "principles of organization, principles of art," or "principles of design") into a harmonious whole which works together to produce the desired statement – a phenomenon commonly referred to as unity. Such factors in composition should not be confused with the elements of art (or elements of design) themselves. For example, shape is an "element"; the usage of shape is characterized by various "principles."


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The position of the viewer can strongly influence the aesthetics of an image, even if the subject is entirely imaginary and viewed "within the mind's eye". Not only does it influence the elements within the picture, but it also influences the viewer's interpretation of the subject.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: For example, if a boy is photographed from above, perhaps from the eye level of an adult, he is diminished in stature. A photograph taken at the child's level would treat him as an equal, and one taken from below could result in an impression of dominance. Therefore, the photographer is choosing the viewer's positioning.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: A subject can be rendered more dramatic when it fills the frame. There exists a tendency to perceive things as larger than they actually are, and filling the frame fulfills this psychological mechanism. This can be used to eliminate distractions from the background.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: In photography, altering the position of the camera can change the image so that the subject has fewer or more distractions with which to compete. This may be achieved by getting closer, moving laterally, tilting, panning, or moving the camera vertically.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: There are numerous approaches or "compositional techniques" to achieve a sense of unity within an artwork, depending on the goals of the artist. For example, a work of art is said to be aesthetically pleasing to the eye if the elements within the work are arranged in a balanced compositional way. However, there are artists such as Salvador Dalí who aim to disrupt traditional composition and challenge the viewer to rethink balance and design elements within art works.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The rule of thirds is a composition guide that states that arranging the important features of an image on or near the horizontal and vertical lines that would divide the image into thirds horizontally and vertically is visually pleasing. The objective is to stop the subjects and areas of interest (such as the horizon) from bisecting the image, by placing them near one of the lines that would divide the image into three equal columns and rows, ideally near the intersection of those lines.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The rule of thirds is thought to be a simplification of the golden ratio. The golden ratio is thought to have been used by artists throughout history as a composition guide, but there is little evidence to support this claim.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The "rule of odds" suggests that an odd number of subjects in an image is more interesting than an even number. Thus if you have more than one subject in your picture, the suggestion is to choose an arrangement with at least three subjects. An even number of subjects produces symmetries in the image, which can appear less natural for a naturalistic, informal composition.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: An image of a person surrounded/framed by two other persons, for instance, where the person in the center is the object of interest in that image/artwork, is more likely to be perceived as friendly and comforting by the viewer, than an image of a single person with no significant surroundings.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: The rule of space applies to artwork (photography, advertising, illustration) picturing objects to which the artist wants to apply the illusion of movement, or which is supposed to create a contextual bubble in the viewer's mind.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: This can be achieved, for instance, by leaving white space in the direction the eyes of a portrayed person are looking, or, when picturing a runner, adding white space in front of him rather than behind him to indicate movement. Studies with naive participants have confirmed this preference.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Images with clutter can distract from the main elements within the picture and make it difficult to identify the subject. By decreasing the extraneous content, the viewer is more likely to focus on the primary objects. Clutter can also be reduced through the use of lighting, as the brighter areas of the image tend to draw the eye, as do lines, squares and colour. In painting, the artist may use less detailed and defined brushwork towards the edges of the picture. Removing the elements to the focus of the object, taking only the needed components.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: In photography, and also (via software simulation of real lens limitations) in 3D graphics, one approach to achieving simplification is to use a wide aperture when shooting to limit the depth of field. When used properly in the right setting, this technique can place everything that is not the subject of the photograph out of focus.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: A similar approach, given the right equipment, is to take advantage of the Scheimpflug principle to change the plane of focus.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: Related to the rule of odds is the observation that triangles are an aesthetically pleasing implied shape within an image. In a canonically attractive face, the mouth and eyes fall within the corners of the area of an equilateral triangle. Paul Cézanne successfully used triangles in his compositions of still lifes. A triangular format creates a sense of stability and strength.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: It is generally thought to be more pleasing to the viewer if the image encourages the eye to move around the image, rather than immediately fixating on a single place or no place in particular. Artists will often strive to avoid creating compositions that feel "static" or "flat" by incorporating movement into the image. In image A the 2 mountains are equally sized and positioned beside each other creating a very static and uninteresting image. In image B the mountains are differently sized and one is placed closer to the horizon, guiding the eye to move from one mountain to the other creating a more interesting and pleasing image. This also feels more natural because in nature objects are rarely the same size and evenly spaced.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: These principles "can" be means of a good composition yet they "cannot" be applied separately but should act together to form a good composition.


title: Composition (visual arts)

text: These paintings all show the same subject, the Raising of Lazarus, and essentially the same figures, but have very different compositions:


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: Nymphaea nouchali" var. "caerulea, is a water lily in the genus "Nymphaea", a botanical variety of "Nymphaea nouchali".


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: It is an aquatic plant of freshwater lakes, pools and rivers, naturally found throughout most of the eastern half of Africa, as well as parts of southern Arabia, but has also been spread to other regions as an ornamental plant. It was grown by the Ancient Egyptian civilization, and had significance in their religion. It can tolerate the roots being in anoxic mud in nutritionally poor conditions, and can become a dominant plant in deeper water in such habitats. It is associated with a species of snail, which is one of the main hosts of the pathogen causing human schistosomiasis. The underwater rhizomes are edible. Like other species in the genus, the plant contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine (not to be confused with apomorphine, a metabolic product of aporphine).


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: "Nymphaea spectabilis", a purple form known from cultivation, and "N. capensis", found throughout eastern, central and southern Africa, as well as a number of other named taxa, were synonymised to "N. nouchali" var. "caerulea" in the 1989 addition to the "Flora of Tropical East Africa" (FTEA) series, a position which has generally been accepted, although some of the authorities in Bangladesh and in the United States disagree.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: In 2012 there was a phylogenetic study where "N. caerulea" was more related to "N. gracilis", an endemic of northern Mexico, than it was to "N. nouchali". The evolutionary tree was a consensus of ITS2 and matk. According to this study, "N. caerulea" should not be considered as a variety of "N. nouchali". When genomes from the water lily genus ("Nymphaea") were published in the journal "Nature" in 2020, "N. caerulea" was cited under that name, not as "N. nouchali" var. "caerulea". Another phylogenetic study from 2021 found "N. caerulea" (as "N. capensis") to be closest related to "N. colorata", an east African species.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: "Nymphaea nouchali" is itself a taxonomically challenging species, with a distribution that spans Australia, throughout southern Asia, across Africa to the Western Cape. It has many colour forms (with red-coloured forms generally called "N. stellata") and has a long history of cultivation. In Africa, following the 1989 FTEA publication, five different varieties are recognised: var. "caerulea", the most widespread, "ovalifolia", in parts of tropical Southern Africa, "petersiana", the same, "zanzibarensis", from tropical southern, central and East Africa, and "mutandaensis", which is an endemic of Uganda. One of these taxa, var. "petersiana", was found to be quite divergent in the 2012 study. If the 2012 study is to be accepted, this may indicate that the African populations of "N. nouchali" belong to another species than the Asian and Australian type populations, and should likely be renamed "N. caerulea" as this name has priority over "N. capensis".


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: It is classified in the "Nymphaea" subgenus "Brachyceras". This subgenus appears to be phylogenetically sound.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: This is an aquatic (euhydrophyte) herb with a tuberous rhizome. That is to say, it has small tubers that may develop into short vertical rhizomes. It is a perennial. One plant can spread over an area of about 1 metre.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The peltate leaves have long petioles and have leaf blades (lamina) which are by cm in size. The leaves are polymorphic, changing in form and texture depending if they are underwater or floating. These laminae have a chartaceous texture and can be glabrous or densely covered in pubescent hairs. The shape is incised-cordate and orbicular or subelliptic, with an acute or caudate apex. The two lobes can overlap somewhat or be slightly apart from each other. The upper surface of the lamina is smooth, but the underside has conspicuously raised, green or rarely reddish or reddish-purple veins. There are eight to eleven primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib. There are six to eight pairs of secondary veins arising from the midrib. The primary veins form a pattern of closed, elongated areas stretching to more than two thirds of the way to the margin of the leaf. The leaf margin is entire towards the apex or more-or-less irregularly sinuate-lobulate throughout its entirety. The petioles are thick, blackish green and spongy. They continue to lengthen as they age, pushing older leaves towards the margins of the plant.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The flowers can be blue, white, mauve or pinkish in colour, but are usually have pale bluish-white to sky-blue or mauve petals, smoothly changing to a pale yellow in the centre of the flower, and are in diameter. There are four sepals; these are coloured green and sometimes purple at the margins, and are by in size. There are 14–20 petals, of which the outermost are as long as the sepals. Their shape is oblong, and their apexes end in blunt or subacute tips. The stamens are densely congested and very numerous, numbering 100–200 or more. The outermost stamens have long appendages. There are 14–24 carpels, with a very short style. There are also carpellary appendages; these are what is known as 'osmophores', structures which serve to attract pollinators without actually rewarding them, thus by deceit. In this case they are visually attractive for bees and exude an odour mimicking food.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The flower buds rise to the surface over a period of two to three days, and when ready, open during the mid-morning, closing near dusk. This ability is controlled by the sepals; when these are cut off, the flower loses the ability to close. The flowers and buds do not rise above the water in the morning, nor do they submerge at night. The flowers last some four days before they start to wither, closing up each night.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The fruit are berries, 2.2 by 3.2 cm and flattened-round in shape. The seeds are ellipsoid and 1.2 mm long. They are smooth, and have a fleshy, bell-shaped aril.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: In Southern Africa the only other native species of water-lily is "N. lotus"; this has night-blooming, usually white flowers. "N. mexicana" is a mostly yellow-flowered invasive species in South Africa. Most plants are derived from US stock, but a significant number of samples were escaped garden cultivars or hybrids, some of which may be crossed with native species. These hybrids are often recognisable by their divergent flower colours and forms.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: In Australia it may be confused with the native "N. gigantea", but can be distinguished on the basis of "N. gigantea" lacking the petal-coloured appendages on the outer stamens in "N. caerulea".


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The native distribution covers North Africa along the Nile and south throughout central, East and Southern Africa. It is common in this range. The conservation status has not been evaluated by the IUCN, but it is considered a species of 'least concern' by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in their "Red List of South African Plants".


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: On the African continent, it occurs, from north to south, westwards to at least Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, the DRC (only in Katanga?), Angola and Namibia. In South Africa this plant is found in every province, as well as in eSwatini, but it is not native to Lesotho and the Western Cape. It also occurs on islands off the eastern African coast: Zanzibar, Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. It is native to Yemen and Oman (in Dhofar) in the southern Arabian Peninsula but, according to Moshe Agami in a 1980 paper, is thought to have become extinct in the wild in Israel.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: It has more recently been spread more widely around the world as an ornamental plant, and introduced populations are now found in Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Kerala and Assam in India, Fiji, Mauritius, North Island in New Zealand, New South Wales and Queensland in Australia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, and throughout eastern South America (in Brazil and Argentina).


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: There is an introduced population of blue water-lilies originally from East Africa in the US in the state of Florida. This was first identified as "N. zanzibarensis", then as "N. capensis" var. "zanzibarensis", but following the 1989 FTEA publication the taxon was moved to "N. nouchali" var. "zanzibarensis". Nonetheless the 1997 addition to the "Flora of North America" series decided to retain recognition of the local population under the name "N. capensis", and this population continues to be recognised under that name in the US.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The naturalised populations in eastern Australia were also thought to be "N. capensis" var. "zanzibarensis", then later "N. caerulea" var. "zanzibarensis", then in 2011 "N. capensis", but the plants in the wild are now thought to be "N. caerulea". It is considered an environmental weed in Australia.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: It has a habitat consisting of rivers, lakes and pools. As of 1921, it has been found at elevations of in South Africa.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: Although in cultivation it is said to be quite demanding of nutrients, in the quite nutrient-poor Lake Nabugabo in Uganda it is the dominant aquatic plant species, only being replaced by "N. lotus" in the eastern tip of the lake, and other aquatic genera where it is more shallow. The dense monospecific stands are associated with an "Utricularia" sp. and "Nymphoides indica" in one part of the lake, and with "Ceratophyllum demersum" in certain other bays. The waterlily stands in this lake are especially poor in invertebrate biodiversity, which may reflect the low levels of dissolved oxygen near the sediments in this habitat. In Lake Bisina, Uganda, "N. caerulea" is most clearly associated with "Utricularia reflexa"; this may be due to similar ecological niches, it may just mean the small, rootless, free-moving "Utricularia" simply get snagged on the petioles, but it may indicate some sort of a commensal relationship, with "U. reflexa" being shaded by the leaves of "N. caerulea". "Hydrilla verticillata" is another plant which seems to sometimes occur together with the waterlily in this lake, as well as in Lake Bunyonyi.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: Pollination is entomophilous. In Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, the flowers are visited by honey bees. In fact, the carpellary appendages in this type of water-lily appear to have evolved specifically to attract bee species in general. In a way, these waterlilies are parasites of the services of bees, attracting the insects by deceit, without actually rewarding them for their labours. In India plants bloom and fruit from May to October.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The fruit suddenly bursts when ripe, and the scattered seed float away. The seed soon sinks. Seeds often make it to the river's edge or lake shore, and can build up a significant seedbank here. These seeds only germinate when heavy rains flood the banks, and they are submerged under a layer of water. In cultivation, the plants take three to four years to flower from seed. In colder climates, the plants lose their leaves and go dormant during the winter, with the rhizomes remaining alive below the water.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: "Gomphonema gracile" is an epiphytic diatom found on "N. caerulea" in high elevation Lake Naivasha, Kenya. In Kenya, "N. caerulea" is positively associated with the freshwater snail "Biomphalaria pfeifferi", which is a main host of human schistosomiasis. The edible American crayfish "Procambarus clarkii" eliminates the mollusc, as well as feeding on the water-lily. The crayfish was first introduced to Kenya in 1966 as a species with which to enhance the local fisheries. In Lake Naivasha, "N. caerulea" was extremely common until the 1970s, and there is still a seedbank around the shores of the lake. "Procambarus clarkii" was introduced to the lake in 1970, and now supports an annual harvest of a few thousand kilograms, but it may have been responsible for eliminating not only the water-lily in the main lake by 1983, but "all" native aquatic plant species in this water body. It is not the only potential culprit; invasive mats of exotic floating vegetation have also taken over the lake, two different commercially fishable fish species have been introduced, and the new fisheries upon these three species could all be responsible, or a combination.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: The rootstock of the blue water lily was collected and eaten in western South Africa around 1800, either raw or in curries, in particular by the Cape Malays and farming communities in the Cape, although this practice has now died out.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: Some evidence indicates the effects of plants including "N. caerulea" that contain the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine were known to both the Maya and the Ancient Egyptians. The mildly sedating effects of "N. caerulea" makes it a candidate (among several) for the fruit of the lotus tree eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's "Odyssey".


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: It is grown as an ornamental plant for water gardens in tropical to subtropical regions around the world. It is easy to grow in ponds in any part of Southern Africa, including the highveld, and is hardy to -1 °C.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: 'Valentina's Pale Blue Eyes' is a registered cultivar of this species from 2018, bred in Italy partially from a clone known as 'Rwanda'.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: Along with the white lotus, "Nymphaea lotus", also native to Egypt, the plant and flower are very frequently depicted in Ancient Egyptian art. They have been depicted in numerous stone carvings and paintings, including the walls of the temple of Karnak, and may be associated with rites pertaining to the afterlife. A number of pharaohs' mummies were covered with the petals of the flower. There are indications it was grown in special farms over 4,000 years ago to produce enough flowers for votive offerings, although it was apparently also simply grown as an ornamental in traditional Egyptian garden ponds. "N. caerulea" was considered extremely significant in Egyptian mythology, regarded as a symbol of the sun, since the flowers are closed at night and open again in the morning. At Heliopolis, the origin of the world was taught to have been when the sun god Ra emerged from a lotus flower growing in "primordial waters". At night, he was believed to retreat into the flower again. Due to its colour, it was identified, in some beliefs, as having been the original container, in a similar manner to an egg, of Atum, and in similar beliefs Ra, both solar deities. As such, its properties form the origin of the "lotus variant" of the Ogdoad cosmogeny. It was the symbol of the Egyptian deity Nefertem.


title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

text: "Nymphaea caerulea" is illegal in Latvia since November 2009. It is a schedule 1 drug. Possession of quantities up to 1 gram are fined up to 280 euros, for second offences within a year period criminal charges are applied. Possession of larger quantities can be punished by up to 15 years in prison. The plant was banned in Poland in March 2009. Possession and distribution lead to a criminal charge. "N. caerulea" is illegal in Russia since April 2009 along with related products such as "Salvia divinorum, Argyreia nervosa" and others.


title: Sandy Pflueger

text: Helen Sandy Pflueger (born April 14, 1954) is an American equestrienne. She has competed successfully in both eventing and dressage, finishing second at the prestigious Badminton Horse Trials in 1981 and competing on the United States Dressage Team at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. She competed under the British flag at the World Equestrian Games in Rome 1998 and Aachen 2006 and the European Championships in Arnheim 1998.


title: Sandy Pflueger

text: She is the daughter of Nancy and James Pflueger, a Kauai landowner, auto dealer, philanthropist and self-made millionaire. On February 1, 1997, Sandy Pflueger married British Olympian and coach of the American Eventing team, Captain Mark Phillips, whose first wife was Princess Anne, the daughter of Queen Elizabeth II. Pflueger coached the US eventing team in dressage, alongside her husband. The couple lived in England with their daughter, Stephanie (b. October 2, 1997).


title: Sandy Pflueger

text: Pflueger was the co-owner of Hawaii's Ka Loko Dam, which collapsed after heavy rain on March 14, 2006, killing seven people. Unlicensed grading operations had been carried out, with the knowledge of the local authorities, who failed to enforce a stop-work order.


title: Sandy Pflueger

text: It emerged in May 2012 that Capt. Phillips had left Pflueger and intended to divorce her, having become involved with another woman, Lauren Hough.


title: Sandy Pflueger

text: In equestrian sport Sandy is still active as an FEI Level 3 international jury member in dressage and FEI Level 4 international jury member in eventing. She also coaches several riders and gives clinics worldwide. She was a member of the jury during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Eventing.


title: Fort Carson

text: Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs in El Paso County.


title: Fort Carson

text: Fort Carson is the home of the 4th Infantry Division, the 10th Special Forces Group, the 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade (SFAB), the 440th Civil Affairs Battalion (USAR), the 71st Ordnance Group (EOD), the 4th Engineer Battalion, the 759th Military Police Battalion, the 10th Combat Support Hospital, the 43rd Sustainment Brigade, the Army Field Support Battalion-Fort Carson, the 423rd Transportation Company (USAR) and the 13th Air Support Operations Squadron of the United States Air Force. The post also hosts units of the Army Reserve, Navy Reserve and the Colorado Army National Guard. Fort Carson was also home to the 5th Infantry Division, known as the Red Devils.


title: Fort Carson

text: Camp Carson was established in 1942, following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The city of Colorado Springs, Colorado purchased land south of the city and donated it to the War Department. Construction began immediately and the first building, the camp headquarters, was completed January 31, 1942. Camp Carson was named in honor of the legendary Army scout, General Christopher "Kit" Carson, who explored much of the West in the 1800s.


title: Fort Carson

text: At the construction's peak, nearly 11,500 workers were employed on various construction projects at the new camp. Facilities were provided for 35,173 enlisted men, 1,818 officers and 592 nurses. Nearly all of the buildings were of mobilization type construction, with wood sided exteriors. The hospital complex was constructed of concrete block, and considered to be semi-permanent, and had space for 1,726 beds, expandable to 2,000 beds.


title: Fort Carson

text: The 89th Infantry Division was the first major unit to be activated at Camp Carson. During World War II, over 100,000 soldiers trained at Camp Carson. Along with three other infantry divisions – the 71st Infantry Division, 104th Infantry Division and 10th Mountain Division – more than 125 units were activated at Camp Carson and more than 100 others were transferred to the mountain post from other installations.


title: Fort Carson

text: Nurses, cooks, mule packers, tank battalions, a Greek infantry battalion, and an Italian ordnance company trained at Camp Carson during the war years. Camp Carson was also home to nearly 9,000 Axis prisoners of war – mostly Italians and Germans. The internment camp at Camp Carson opened on the first day of 1943. These POWs alleviated the manpower shortage in Colorado by doing general farm work, canning tomatoes, cutting corn, and aiding in logging operations on Colorado's Western Slope.


title: Fort Carson

text: Between 1942 and 1956, pack mules were a common sight at Camp Carson. The first shipment arrived by train from Nebraska in July 1942. The mules were used by Field Artillery (Pack) battalions to carry equipment, weapons and supplies over mountainous terrain. The most famous of these animals was Hambone, the pride of the 4th Field Artillery Battalion. For 13 years, he carried first sergeants up Ute Pass to Camp Hale. Camp Hale, located near Leadville, Colorado, was where the Army conducted cold weather and mountain warfare training. Hambone died in March 1971 and was buried with full military honors.


title: Fort Carson

text: By April 1946, the post-war military strength at the camp was around 600 and on 16 December 1949, Strategic Air Command opened a survival school at Camp Carson for training in mountainous terrain (moved to Stead Air Force Base, Nevada, in 1952.)


title: Fort Carson

text: Camp Carson was designated Fort Carson in 1954. In the 1960s, mechanized units were assigned to the fort and it was expanded to the present . Butts Army Air Field at the fort was constructed between 1963 and 1966 with a runway for light fixed-wing aircraft (cf. USAF C-130s at the nearby Peterson Air Force Base.)


title: Fort Carson

text: Throughout its history Fort Carson has been home to nine divisions. An additional training area, comprising 235,000 acres (95,000 ha), was purchased in September 1983. Named the Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, this training area is located approximately road miles to the southeast, and is used for large force-on-force maneuver training. Comprehensive maneuver and live fire training also occurs downrange at Fort Carson.


title: Fort Carson

text: Exercises and deployments continually hone the skills of Fort Carson soldiers. When not deployed, soldiers train annually at Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site and the National Training Center near Barstow, California. Additionally, units participate in joint exercises around the world, including Central and South Africa, Europe, and Southwest Asia. In 2003, most Fort Carson units were deployed in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Troops from the 984th Military Police CO, 759th Military Police BN were also sent in support of the guard mission at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. President George W. Bush addressed soldiers and family members at the post on November 24, 2003, in praise of the soldiers' determination and the sacrifices their families have made.


title: Fort Carson

text: Construction in 2007 and 2008 preceded the return of the 4th Infantry Division (4ID) from Fort Hood after their 2008 Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment (~5,000 additional soldiers).


title: Fort Carson

text: On February 14, 2007, the U.S. Army announced it was moving forward with a plan to expand the Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado. If expanded, Piñon Canyon would be the Army's largest single training area in the nation, tripling the size of the current site by adding of private ranch land. At 650,000 acres (2630 km), it would be nearly the size of the state of Rhode Island.


title: Fort Carson

text: Many in the local civilian population are opposed to this plan, because much of the land in rural areas that would be added to the training site is civilian-owned ranch land, and many current landowners are unwilling to be supplanted, regardless of the compensation that may be offered. The Pinon Canyon Expansion Opposition Coalition, an activist group opposing the plans, says that former maps it obtained from the Army showed a "future expansion area" significantly greater than is now being contemplated. The Army's position is that expansion is essential for preparing soldiers for battle in evergrowing theaters such as Afghanistan and the Middle East.


title: Fort Carson

text: On November 25, 2013, the U.S. Army announced that its plan to expand the Piñon Canyon Maneuver site had been cancelled.


title: Fort Carson

text: In response to a Congressional ban on Army funding for an expansion plan, the United States Air Force moved in with a plan to use the area for V-22 Osprey flights.


title: Fort Carson

text: The Fort Carson census-designated place (CDP) includes the developed portion of Fort Carson located in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Colorado Springs post office (Zip Codes 80902 and 80913) serves Fort Carson postal addresses. At the United States Census 2010, the population of the Fort Carson CDP was 13,813, while the population of the 80902 ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) was 12,289 and the 80913 ZCAT was 2,988.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: John Sandford, real name John Roswell Camp (born February 23, 1944), is an American "New York Times" best-selling author, novelist, a former journalist and recipient of the Pulitzer Prize.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: Camp was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the son of Anne Agnes (Barron) and Roswell Sandford Camp. His mother's family was German and Lithuanian. He received a bachelor's degree in American history and literature and a master's in journalism, both from the University of Iowa.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: From 1971 to 1978, Camp wrote for "The Miami Herald". In 1978, he moved to Minneapolis and started writing for "The Saint Paul Pioneer Press" as a features reporter; in 1980 he became a daily columnist. That year, he was a Pulitzer finalist for a series of stories on Native American culture. In 1985, during the Midwest farm crisis, he wrote a series entitled "Life on the Land: an American farm family," which followed a typical southwest Minnesota farm family through the course of a full year. For that work, he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing and the American Society of Newspaper Editors award for Non-Deadline Feature Writing. He worked part-time at the "Pioneer Press" in 1989 and left the next year.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: Camp is an avid fiction reader himself. When asked in 2018 "What's your favorite book of all time?" by the New York Times, he responded, "An impossible question. If you put a gun to my head—say a .40-caliber Walther PPQ, or maybe a .45 ACP Colt Gold Cup—I'd say "The Once and Future King", by T. H. White." Both weapons he mentioned make appearances in many of his novels.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: In 1989, Camp wrote two novels that would each spawn a popular series. "The Fool's Run" (Kidd series) was published under his own name, but the publisher asked him to provide a pseudonym for "Rules of Prey" ("Prey" series), so it was published under the name John Sandford. After the "Prey" series proved to be more popular, with its charismatic protagonist Lucas Davenport, "The Fool's Run" and all of its sequels were published under John Sandford.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: In 2007, Camp started a third series (also under the name John Sandford), featuring Virgil Flowers, who is a supporting character in some of the "Prey" novels, including "Invisible Prey" and "Storm Prey".


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: Lucas Davenport is the protagonist of the "Prey" series. In the first three novels, he is a maverick detective with the Minneapolis Police Department. At the end of "Eyes of Prey", he's forced to resign to avoid excessive force charges, partly due to his knowledge of the connection of a senior police officer to that case. He returns in "Night Prey" as a deputy chief (a political appointment), running his own intelligence unit. Beginning with "Naked Prey", Davenport is an investigator for the Minnesota Department of Public Safety's Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA), acting occasionally as a special troubleshooter for the governor of Minnesota in politically sensitive cases. He serves in that capacity through "Gathering Prey", at the end of which he quits working for the BCA, later becoming a United States marshal.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: The novel "Mind Prey" was sold for a TV movie, and Davenport was portrayed by Eriq LaSalle. Another of the novels, "Certain Prey", was adapted into a movie in 2011 by USA Network starring Mark Harmon as Davenport.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: The protagonist of the series, Virgil Flowers, is described as tall, lean, late thirties, three times divorced, with long hair and often wears t-shirts featuring rock bands. Virgil works at the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA). Prior to the BCA he was in the Army and the military police, then the police in Saint Paul. Lucas Davenport, main character of the Prey series of books, recruited him into the BCA. Virgil is an avid outdoorsman who loves fishing, and is often towing his boat, even when on duty. He is also a writer for outdoor and hunting magazines, as well as a photographer.


title: John Sandford (novelist)

text: 1980, Pulitzer Prize Nomination. Series of articles on Native Americans. St Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch


title: Application for employment

text: An application for employment is a standard business document that is prepared with questions deemed relevant by employers. It is used to determine the best candidate to fill a specific role within the company. Most companies provide such forms to anyone upon request, at which point it becomes the responsibility of the applicant to complete the form and return it to the employer for consideration. The completed and returned document notifies the company of the applicant's availability and desire to be employed as well as their qualifications and background so that a determination can be made as to the candidate's suitability to the position.


title: Application for employment

text: From the employer's perspective, the application serves a number of purposes. These vary depending on the nature of the job and the preferences of the person responsible for hiring, as "each organization should have an application form that reflects its own environment". At a minimum, an application usually requires the applicant to provide information sufficient to demonstrate that he or she is legally permitted to be employed. The typical application also requires the applicant to provide information regarding relevant skills, education, and experience (previous employment or volunteer work). The application itself is a minor test of the applicant's literacy, penmanship, and communication skills. A careless job applicant might disqualify themselves with a poorly filled-out application.


title: Application for employment

text: The application may also require the applicant to disclose any criminal record and to provide information sufficient to enable the employer to conduct an appropriate background check. For a business that employs workers on a part-time basis, the application may inquire as to the applicant's availability at specific times and/or days and preferences in this regard. Employers may be prohibited from asking applicants about characteristics that are not relevant to the job, such as their political view or sexual orientation.


title: Application for employment

text: For white collar jobs, particularly those requiring communication skills, the employer will typically require applicants to accompany the form with a cover letter and a résumé. However, even employers who accept a cover letter and résumé will frequently also require the applicant to complete an application form, as the other documents may neglect to mention specific details of importance to the employer. In some instances, an application is effectively used to dissuade "walk-in" applicants, serving as a barrier between the applicant and a job interview with the person who has the authority to hire.


title: Application for employment

text: For many businesses, applications for employment can be filled out online, rather than submitted in person. However, it is still recommended that applicants bring a printed copy of their application to an interview.


title: Application for employment

text: Application forms are the second most common hiring instrument next to personal interviews. Companies will occasionally use two types of application forms, short and long. They help companies with initial screening . The answers that applicants choose to submit are helpful to the company because they can potentially become an interview question for that applicant.


title: Application for employment

text: The employment application is not a standardized form, so every company may create its own as long as regulations set by the government are adhered to.


title: Application for employment

text: At a minimum, applications usually ask the applicant for their name, phone number, and address. In addition, applications may also ask for previous employment information, educational background, emergency contacts, and references, as well as any special skills the applicant might have.


title: Application for employment

text: The three categories of information that application fields are very useful for discovering are physical characteristics, experience, and environmental factors.


title: Application for employment

text: If the company has a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) to ask regarding a physical condition, they may ask questions about it. For example:


title: Application for employment

text: Experience requirements can be separated into two groups on an application: work experience and educational background. Educational background is important because it allows a potential employer to evaluate an applicants' performance in school as well as make determinations as to personality and intelligence. Work experience is important because it will inform a potential employer if the applicant meets their specific needs. Companies are usually interested when applicants were unemployed, when/why the applicant left their previous job and their highest position at their previous job.


title: Application for employment

text: Companies may be interested in the applicant's social environment because it can inform them of their personality, interests, and qualities. For example, if they are extremely active within an organization, that may demonstrate their ability to communicate well with others. Being in management may demonstrate their leadership ability as well as their determination.


title: Application for employment

text: Customs vary from country to country when it comes to the inclusion or non-inclusion of a photograph of the applicant. In many English-speaking countries, notably the United States, this is not customary, and books or websites giving recommendations about how to design an application typically advise against it unless explicitly requested by the employer. In other countries (for instance, Germany), the inclusion of a photograph of the applicant is still common, and many employers would consider an application incomplete without it.


title: Application for employment

text: In France, the requires companies with more than 50 employees to request an anonymous application ("").


title: Application for employment

text: The job application is called "Bewerbung" in Germany and usually consists of three parts: the "Anschreiben" (cover letter), the "Lebenslauf" (curriculum vitae (CV)) and the "Zeugnisse" (references). The "Anschreiben" is used to convince the employer to submit an invitation for a job interview. It must be in paper size DIN A4, not exceed one page, a handwritten signature, and accompanied by a "Lebenslauf" and "Zeugnisse". The "Lebenslauf" is documented in reverse chronological order and should give information on work experience, education and professional training as well as an applicant's skills. In Germany, the "Lebenslauf" usually includes a photograph called "Bewerbungsfoto". Some employers, mainly governmental organisations, deliberately neglect the photograph to ensure a higher degree of objectivity in the course of assessment procedures. The "Lebenslauf" should be two pages long. In general, there are two options of submitting a job application in Germany: a job application folder ("Bewerbungsmappe") or online ("Onlinebewerbung"). According to a study, the "Onlinebewerbung" was more favored in Germany than the "Bewerbungsmappe" by 2012.


title: Application for employment

text: The CV is the most important part of the application and should not be longer than two to three pages. It is divided into three areas:


title: Application for employment

text: The cover letter ("La Lettera di accompagnamento al curriculum") is relatively short, polite and formal in Italian applications. Long versions and extensively explained motivations, as well as photos and copies of certificates, are presented only at the interview.


title: Application for employment

text: In Spain, the application consists of two parts: the cover letter ("Carta de Candidatura") and the CV. No work or training certificates are attached. The cover letter should be short and contain the reason for applying. The CV should be structured in a tabular form. In Spain, multiple job interviews with the same company are common.


title: Application for employment

text: Job applications are known to be used by hackers to get employees to open attachments or links or connect USB sticks with malware. As companies typically have more financial resources than private individuals, they are often a target of cyberextortion. Ransomware such as "Petya" and "GoldenEye" were discovered to exploit job applications. Cyberespionage and attacks on critical infrastructure-related companies may be other reasons for such attacks and other than ransomware attacks may leave employees in the dark about their computer or network infection. The best method for mitigating such risks would be to have the HR department use a separate computer for job applications that is entirely disconnected from the internal network, on which no confidential or valuable information is stored and to which no portable devices such as USB sticks that may get connected to other computers of the company are connected.


title: Ali Banat

text: Ali Banat (28 November 1982 – 29 May 2018) was an Australian businessman, later a humanitarian philanthropist, from the Sydney suburb of Greenacre and of Arab descent. He owned a security and electrical company before getting diagnosed with cancer in October 2015. After the cancer diagnosis, he donated everything he had for charitable causes.