title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: On September 7, 2018 Tawanchai defeated Muay Thai Fighter of the Year 2017 Kulabdam Sor Jor Piekuthai. Kulabdam and his team were convinced that he could win a rematch and negotiated for another fight only weeks later, Tawanchai won again and went into the trilogy fight with confidence. Tawanchai would end up winning all three fights and the 6 million baht worth of side bet during the third fight, positioning himself as one of the best fighters in the country. For his results during the year 2018 he received multiple fighter of the year awards.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: He would confirm his status on March 26, 2019 with a stoppage win over Sangmanee Sor Tienpo at the Parunchai Birthday show, Sangmanee never had been stopped in his career. Sangmanee won the rematch by decision 3 months later, handing his first loss to Tawanchai in almost 2 years.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: On July 27, 2019 Tawanchai fought for the first time under kickboxing rules for the Wu Lin Feng World Cup in China, it was his first fight outside of Thailand and he won by decision.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: Tawanchai faced Sean Clancy at on May 15, 2021. He won the bout via head kick knockout at the beginning of the third round.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: Tawanchai was originally scheduled to face Saemapetch Fairtex at . However, Saemapetch was forced to withdraw from the event after one of his cornermen tested positive for COVID-19. He will now fight Sitthichai Sitsongpeenong at ONE Championship: Battleground 3 under Muay Thai rules. Their pre-recorded match will be aired on August 27, 2021. Tawanchai lost the fight by split decision.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: Tawanchai faced Saemapetch Fairtex at on January 14, 2022. He won the bout via right hook knockout in the first round.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: Tawanchai faced Niclas Larsen at on June 3, 2022. He won the bout after knocking out Larsen in the second round with a left cross.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: Tawanchai faced Petchmorakot Petchyindee Academy for the ONE Featherweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE 161 on September 29, 2022. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Tawanchai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym

text: Tawanchai is scheduled to make his first title defense against Jamal Yusupov on February 11, 2023, at ONE on Prime Video 7.


title: Dick and Dom

text: Dick and Dom (originally Richard and Dominic) are a British comedy double act consisting of the presenters Richard "Dick" McCourt and Dominic "Dom" Wood. They are primarily known for presenting 'the broom cupboard' presentation links on Children's BBC in the 1990s and early 2000s, before moving onto the double BAFTA Award winning "Dick & Dom in da Bungalow", a children's entertainment show that was broadcast live during weekend mornings on BBC One, CBBC and later BBC Two. The show ran for five series between 2002 and 2006.


title: Dick and Dom

text: Since 2005, the duo have been doing DJ sets at Students' unions in Universities all over the UK. They now DJ at all major festivals.


title: Dick and Dom

text: "Dick vs Dom" also known as 'Dick and Dom LIVE' is a live 60-minute gameshow which involves the whole audience. The stage show originated at Butlins where they headlined with Dick vs Dom in 2014 and 2016. The show has also toured UK theatres and Family Festivals.


title: Dick and Dom

text: In 2016 it was announced via Dick and Dom's official Twitter account that "Dick vs Dom" will go on its first full UK tour in 2017 The tour began on 10 April 2017 and ended on 29 October 2017, running for 22 shows. On 19 September 2017, it was confirmed that 'Dick & Dom's Circus Showdown' a new show to Butlins would launch in May and October half terms 2018. In 2018 they took Dick vs Dom to the Edinburgh Festival as part of Underbelly and received five-star reviews. In May 2019 they performed Dick vs Dom at the Eden Project in Cornwall and onboard P&O Cruises. They have also launched their new festival show Dick vs Dom DJ Battle.


title: Dick and Dom

text: They have appeared at many festivals including Camp Bestival, The Big Festival, Kendal Calling, CarFest, Jimmy's Festival, Chalfest, Wychwood, Standon Calling, Hay Festival and BST in Hyde Park. At festivals they have performed Dick vs Dom, hosted the main stage and most recently DJ with their new spin off show Dick vs Dom DJ Battle.


title: César Domboy

text: César Domboy (born 10 March 1990) is a French actor best known for "The Walk" and his recurring role as Fergus Claudel Fraser in the Starz television drama "Outlander."


title: César Domboy

text: Domboy was born on 10 March 1990 in France, the middle of three children born to his family. He did not attend formal drama school; instead he received private lessons from actress and drama coach Laurence Le Dantec, who has taught theatre for more than fifteen years. In addition to Domboy, her students include Nils Hugon and Gaspard Ulliel.


title: César Domboy

text: Domboy's first professional role, at age fourteen in 2004, was director Étienne Chatiliez's feature length comedy "Just Trust" ("La Confiance Règne"), opposite Vincent Lindon. The next year, he was featured in France 3's made for TV film "Let's Go Small Children" ("Allons Petits Enfants"), a war drama which centered on a young boy who was attempting to restore his family's honor after his father deserted. Raspail Production's thriller "Red Needles" ("Les Aiguilles Rouges"), about a group of boys lost on a hike near Brévent Lake, saw Domboy in the role of Guy. His next role was as Ferdinand in an episode of France 2's television mini-series "The Pasquier Clan" (""), a family drama set against the backdrop of early Twentieth Century France. From there he returned to feature films in 's 2008 adaptation of 's novel "Daddy Cool" ("15 Ans et Demi").


title: César Domboy

text: In 2009, Domboy starred in Canal+'s "Écrire Pour un Chanteur" in an episode entitled "Three Celestial Bodies (Les Astres Noirs)", opposite Julien Doré and Paul Schmitt. His next film, "Bus Palladium," a dramatic comedy from director Christopher Thompson, featured Domboy as a member of the band Lust as they pursued their musical aspirations. That same year saw him feature in Bertrand Tavernier's drama "The Princess of Montpensier," an adaptation of Madame de Lafayette's 1622 novella of the same name"."


title: César Domboy

text: Domboy went on to star in director Michaël Dacheux's 2011 film "On the Go" ("Sur le Départ)," a drama revolving around the lives of two young men who meet in their hometown regularly. In the series five episode "Vue sur Internet" of France 3's dramatic comedy "Familie D'accueli"(2012), Domboy portrayed guest character Stan"." That same year he featured in the YouTube mini-series "En Passant Pécho" and starred as Guy de Laval in series two of the TV series "Borgia", opposite Mark Ryder. He also featured in Bénédicte Pagnot's political activism based film "" and Stefan Liberski's feature length dramatic comedy "". In 2014, Domboy co-starred in "Week-ends", a drama based on the lives of two couples as told through what occurred during their weekends. He was then cast as The Kid in TF1's drama "Résistance", which was loosely based on the activities of the Groupe du musée de l'Homme, which operated as part of the French Resistance in World War II.


title: César Domboy

text: 2015 saw Domboy star in "Les Invisibles," a short film that followed a young man as he started work in the nuclear industry among the "invisible" workers. He finished out the year by co-starring in director Robert Zemeckis' feature film "The Walk", based upon the real-life story of Philippe Petit's high wire walk between the World Trade Center towers. He next featured in the romantic comedy "Up For Love" ("Un Homme À La Hauteur") and director Christian Duguay's "A Bag of Marbles (Un Sac de Billes)", the story of two Jewish boys caught in occupied France during World War II. In 2017, Domboy debuted in the recurring role of Fergus Claudel Fraser, opposite Lauren Lyle's Marsali MacKimmie Fraser, in Starz's hit time travel drama "Outlander", based upon Diana Gabaldon's best-selling book series of the same name.


title: César Domboy

text: Domboy is set to feature in two feature films in 2021, "Eugénie Grandet", based upon the novel of the same name by Honoré de Balzac, and "The Mad Woman's Ball (Le Bal des folles)", based upon the novel by Victoria Mas. In July it was announced that he would be joining the cast of BBC's upcoming series "" as Augustin Jordan, a six part drama based upon Ben Macintyre's book of the same name.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was a general-purpose electromechanical computer used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: One of the first programs to run on the Mark I was initiated on 29 March 1944 by John von Neumann. At that time, von Neumann was working on the Manhattan Project, and needed to determine whether implosion was a viable choice to detonate the atomic bomb that would be used a year later. The Mark I also computed and printed mathematical tables, which had been the initial goal of British inventor Charles Babbage for his "analytical engine" in 1837.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Mark I was disassembled in 1959, but portions of it were displayed in the Science Center as part of the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments until being moved to the new Science and Engineering Complex in Allston, Massachusetts in July 2021. Other sections of the original machine had much earlier been transferred to IBM and the Smithsonian Institution.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The original concept was presented to IBM by Howard Aiken in November 1937. After a feasibility study by IBM engineers, the company chairman Thomas Watson Sr. personally approved the project and its funding in February 1939.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: Howard Aiken had started to look for a company to design and build his calculator in early 1937. After two rejections, he was shown a demonstration set that Charles Babbage’s son had given to Harvard University 70 years earlier. This led him to study Babbage and to add references of the Analytical Engine to his proposal; the resulting machine "brought Babbage’s principles of the Analytical Engine almost to full realization, while adding important new features."


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The ASCC was developed and built by IBM at their Endicott plant and shipped to Harvard in February 1944. It began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships in May and was officially presented to the university on August 7, 1944.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The ASCC was built from switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches. It used 765,000 electromechanical components and hundreds of miles of wire, comprising a volume of – in length, in height, and deep. It weighed about . The basic calculating units had to be synchronized and powered mechanically, so they were operated by a drive shaft coupled to a electric motor, which served as the main power source and system clock. From the IBM Archives:


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Mark I) was the first operating machine that could execute long computations automatically. A project conceived by Harvard University’s Dr. Howard Aiken, the Mark I was built by IBM engineers in Endicott, N.Y. A steel frame 51 feet long and 8 feet high held the calculator, which consisted of an interlocking panel of small gears, counters, switches and control circuits, all only a few inches in depth. The ASCC used of wire with three million connections, 3,500 multipole relays with 35,000 contacts, 2,225 counters, 1,464 tenpole switches and tiers of 72 adding machines, each with 23 significant numbers. It was the industry’s largest electromechanical calculator.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The enclosure for the Mark I was designed by futuristic American industrial designer Norman Bel Geddes at IBM's expense. Aiken was annoyed that the cost ($50,000 or more according to Grace Hopper) was not used to build additional computer equipment.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Mark I had 60 sets of 24 switches for manual data entry and could store 72 numbers, each 23 decimal digits long. It could do 3 additions or subtractions in a second. A multiplication took 6 seconds, a division took 15.3 seconds, and a logarithm or a trigonometric function took over one minute.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Mark I read its instructions from a 24-channel punched paper tape. It executed the current instruction and then read in the next one. A separate tape could contain numbers for input, but the tape formats were not interchangeable. Instructions could not be executed from the storage registers. This separation of data and instructions is known as the Harvard architecture (although the exact nature of this separation that makes a machine Harvard, rather than Von Neumann, has been obscured with the passage of time; see Modified Harvard architecture).


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The main sequence mechanism was unidirectional. This meant that complex programs had to be physically lengthy. A program loop was accomplished by loop unrolling or by joining the end of the paper tape containing the program back to the beginning of the tape (literally creating a loop). At first, conditional branching in the Mark I was performed manually. Later modifications in 1946 introduced automatic program branching (by subroutine call). The first programmers of the Mark I were computing pioneers Richard Milton Bloch, Robert Campbell, and Grace Hopper. There was also a small technical team whose assignment was to actually operate the machine; some had been IBM employees before being required to join the Navy to work on the machine. This technical team was not informed of the overall purpose of their work while at Harvard.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The 24 channels of the input tape were divided into three fields of eight channels. Each storage location, each set of switches, and the registers associated with the input, output, and arithmetic units were assigned a unique identifying index number. These numbers were represented in binary on the control tape. The first field was the binary index of the result of the operation, the second was the source datum for the operation and the third field was a code for the operation to be performed.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: In 1928 L.J. Comrie was the first to turn IBM "punched-card equipment to scientific use: computation of astronomical tables by the method of finite differences, as envisioned by Babbage 100 years earlier for his Difference Engine". Very soon after, IBM started to modify its tabulators to facilitate this kind of computation. One of these tabulators, built in 1931, was The Columbia Difference Tabulator.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: John von Neumann had a team at Los Alamos that used "modified IBM punched-card machines" to determine the effects of implosion. In March 1944, he proposed to run certain problems regarding implosion on the Mark I, and in 1944 he arrived with two mathematicians to write a simulation program to study the implosion of the first atomic bomb.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Los Alamos group completed its work in a much shorter time than the Cambridge group. However, "the punched-card machine operation computed values to six decimal places, whereas the Mark I computed values to eighteen decimal places". Additionally, Mark I "integrated the partial differential equation at a much smaller interval size [or smaller mesh] and so...achieved far greater precision".


title: Harvard Mark I

text: "Von Neumann joined the Manhattan Project in 1943, working on the immense number of calculations needed to build the atomic bomb. He showed that the implosion design, which would later be used in the Trinity and Fat Man bombs, was likely faster and more efficient than the gun design."


title: Harvard Mark I

text: Aiken published a press release announcing the Mark I listing himself as the sole “inventor”. James W. Bryce was the only IBM person mentioned, even though several IBM engineers including Clair Lake and Frank Hamilton had helped to build various elements. IBM chairman Thomas J. Watson was enraged, and only reluctantly attended the dedication ceremony on August 7, 1944. Aiken, in turn, decided to build further machines without IBM’s help, and the ASCC came to be generally known as the "Harvard Mark I". IBM went on to build its Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) to both test new technology and provide more publicity for the company's own efforts.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Mark I was followed by the Harvard Mark II (1947 or 1948), Mark III/ADEC (September 1949), and Harvard Mark IV (1952) – all the work of Aiken. The Mark II was an improvement over the Mark I, although it still was based on electromechanical relays. The Mark III used mostly electronic components—vacuum tubes and crystal diodes—but also included mechanical components: rotating magnetic drums for storage, plus relays for transferring data between drums. The Mark IV was all-electronic, replacing the remaining mechanical components with magnetic core memory. The Mark II and Mark III were delivered to the US Navy base at Dahlgren, Virginia. The Mark IV was built for the US Air Force, but it stayed at Harvard.


title: Harvard Mark I

text: The Mark I was disassembled in 1959, and portions of it went on display in the Science Center, as part of the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments. It was relocated to the new Science and Engineering Complex in Allston in July 2021. Other sections of the original machine had much earlier been transferred to IBM and to the Smithsonian Institution.


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: "Handbags and Gladrags" is a song written in 1967 by Mike d'Abo, who was then the lead singer of Manfred Mann. D'Abo describes the song as "saying to a teenage girl that the way to happiness is not through being trendy. There are deeper values."


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: The first released version of the song was by Chris Farlowe in 1967, and later interpretations by Rod Stewart (1969) and Stereophonics (2000) were also commercially successful. An arrangement by Big George was the theme for "The Office" starting in 2001.


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: The demo tape of the original version of the song was discovered in 2004 in a closet belonging to bassist Mo Foster. It was amongst a collection of studio recordings d'Abo had recorded in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The collection was eventually released in 2004, on the Angel Air label, under the title "Hidden Gems & Treasured Friends".


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In November 1967, singer Chris Farlowe was the first to release a version of the song, produced by Mike d'Abo. It became a #33 hit in the United Kingdom for Immediate Records. This arrangement of the song included Dave Greenslade's piano blues-scale riff. The song was included as track 13 (of 14) on Farlowe's 1969 compilation album "The Last Goodbye".


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In 1969, Rod Stewart recorded a version for the album "An Old Raincoat Won't Ever Let You Down". This version of the song was arranged by Mike d'Abo, who also played piano on the recording. The song failed to garner significant sales or airplay in the United States, but when it was re-released as a single in 1972, it charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at 42 in March. In 1993, Stewart recorded a live version of the song during his session for "MTV Unplugged". This version was included on the album "Unplugged...and Seated".


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: Although it was never a hit single for Stewart in the UK, in recognition of its renewed popularity following its use for television series "The Office" and Stereophonics returning it to the charts, he performed "Handbags and Gladrags" (backed by Phil Collins on drums) as his only song at the Party at the Palace in 2002.


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In 1989, Rod Stewart's version of the song was used in the Season One episode of the TV series "Midnight Caller" entitled "No Exit".


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In 1971, Bill Chase and his jazz/rock fusion group Chase recorded a version as a single. It was included on their 1971 debut album "Chase". It was sung by Ted Piercefield.


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In 1973, English-born Australian musician Jon English released his version as his debut single, from his debut studio album "Wine Dark Sea".


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In 2001, Welsh rock band Stereophonics released a version of the song on single. It was subsequently added to their previous album's re-release "Just Enough Education to Perform" as track seven and on their as the final track. The band originally recorded their version as a demo "for a laugh", but after the record company heard it they saw the potential of it being a single and subsequently had it commissioned as one. Despite receiving criticism, it became one of their most successful singles; in Ireland it peaked at number three and was certified gold in the UK.


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: The song was released as a single on 3 December 2001. Four different releases were made available to the public, this included: two CDs, 7-inch vinyl, and cassette. The first CD released included two more covers, Ewan MacColl's "First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" and John Lennon's "How?". The second CD contained a live version of "Caravan Holiday" and "Nice to be Out", both from "Just Enough Education to Perform". The 7-inch vinyl only had "First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" for a B-side, as did the cassette format. A maxi-CD, released in Europe and Australia, includes all five songs but not the live version of "Handbags and Gladrags".


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: Following on from the "Mr. Writer" critical backlash, the song received a negative review from "Drowned in Sound" reviewer Anita Bhagwandas. Bhagwandas described it as the "final drop in the Stereophonics' inevitable descent into pop mediocrity" and criticised the group for "selling out."


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In 2000, a version of "Handbags and Gladrags" was specifically arranged by Big George as the theme song on the BBC series "The Office". Three versions were recorded:


title: Handbags and Gladrags

text: In Episode Four of Series One, a version performed by Ricky Gervais (in character as David Brent) was played over the end credits.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: Yahoo Serious (born Greg Gomez Pead; 27 July 1953) is an Australian film actor, director, and score composer. His films include the comedy films "Young Einstein" (1988), "Reckless Kelly" (1993), and "Mr. Accident" (2000). Serious writes, directs, produces, stars in, and has composed the scores for his movies.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: Pead was born on 27 July 1953 in Cardiff, City of Lake Macquarie in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia. He attended Glendale East Public School and Cardiff High School, then worked as a tyre fitter to pay for his tuition at the National Art School in Sydney, but was expelled.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: After being expelled from art school, Serious co-wrote, co-produced, edited and directed at age 21 his first film, "Coaltown", "with the assistance of the Australian Film Institute". Released in 1977, "Coaltown" explores the social and political history of coal mining.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: In 1988, Serious co-wrote, produced, directed, and played the title role in 'Young Einstein' as a young apple farmer in Tasmania who derives the formula E=mc² while trying to discover a means of creating beer bubbles, splitting the beer atom in the process. After leaving Tasmania for Sydney on the mainland to patent his discovery, he goes on to develop rock music and surfing, romances Marie Curie, and saves Paris from an atomic bomb. The film's popularity propelled Serious to stardom which saw him appear on the cover of "TIME" magazine and the Australian edition of "Mad" magazine, and even get his own primetime slot on MTV. The movie was a success in Australia but a critical and commercial flop upon receiving a wide release in the United States.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: In 1993, Serious released his next film, "Reckless Kelly", a satire about a modern descendant of the notorious Australian bank robber Ned Kelly who also becomes a movie star in Hollywood. While "Reckless Kelly" was a hit in Australia, it failed outside of the country and ended Serious's bid for mainstream international popularity. In 2000, Serious released his third film, "Mr. Accident", about the most accident-prone man in the world. Like "Reckless Kelly", the film was not a commercial success outside Australia.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: Serious is a director of the Kokoda Track Foundation, a humanitarian organisation focused on Papua New Guinea.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: In 2019 in a rare Q&A session at Sydney's Hayden Orpheum picture palace, Serious stated in response to a question about what he had been doing recently, “I have been writing and I hope to continue to make some more movies.”


title: Yahoo Serious

text: Shortly after the production of "Young Einstein", Serious married Lulu Pinkus. Their relationship ended in 2007.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: In July 2020, Serious was evicted from his Sydney rental property and ordered to pay $15,000 in rent arrears to the landlords. Serious stated that he was unable to pay due to the impacts of COVID-19, but was unable to substantiate this claim.


title: Yahoo Serious

text: In August 2000, Yahoo Serious sued the search engine Yahoo! for trademark infringement. The case was thrown out because Serious could not prove that he sells products or services under the name "Yahoo" and therefore could not prove that he suffered harm or confusion due to the search engine.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it splits into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: The superficial temporal artery is the smaller of two end branches that split superiorly from the external carotid. Based on its direction, the superficial temporal artery appears to be a continuation of the external carotid.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: It begins within the parotid gland, behind the neck of the mandible, and passes superficially over the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone; about 5 cm above this process it divides into two branches: "a. frontal", and "a. parietal".


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: The parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery (posterior temporal) is a small artery in the head. It is larger than the frontal branch and curves upward and backward on the side of the head, lying superficial to the temporal fascia; it joins with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the posterior auricular and occipital arteries.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery (anterior temporal) runs tortuously upward and forward to the forehead, supplying the muscles, skin, and pericranium in this region, and anastomosing with the supraorbital and frontal arteries. In an estimate of the path of the nerve in the soft tissue of the temporal frontal branch using landmarks by Pitanguy, he describes a line starting from a point 0.5 cm below the tragus in the direction of the eyebrow, passing 1.5 cm above the lateral extremity of the eyebrow.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: As it crosses the zygomatic process, it is covered by the auricularis anterior muscle and by a dense fascia; it is crossed by the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve and one or two veins, and is accompanied by the auriculotemporal nerve, which lies immediately behind it.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: The superficial temporal artery joins () with, among others, the supraorbital artery of the internal carotid artery.


title: Superficial temporal artery

text: The superficial temporal artery is often affected in giant-cell arteritis and biopsied if the diagnosis is suspected.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: Rashad Hasan Haughton (born August 6, 1977) is an American writer, film director and screenwriter. Haughton is the older brother of American singer and actress Aaliyah and nephew of Blackground Records founder Barry Hankerson.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: Rashad Hasan Haughton was born on August 6, 1977 in Brooklyn, New York to Diane and Michael Haughton (1951-2012). Haughton has African-American and Native American (Oneida) heritage. He and his younger sister Aaliyah (1979-2001) were born 17 months apart. When he was seven years old, the family moved to Detroit. He and Aaliyah attended a Catholic school, Gesu Elementary. Haughton graduated from Aquinas High School in 1995 and Hofstra University in 2000.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: Haughton appeared in a number of Aaliyah's music videos, including "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number", "If Your Girl Only Knew", "4 Page Letter" and "Hot Like Fire". When production started on the "4 Page Letter" video, Haughton completed the video synopsis within two hours, fitting it in between his studies at Hofstra University. The video was directed by Daniel Pearl.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: In February 2002, "Queen of the Damned", a film which starred Aaliyah as Queen Akasha, was released. The film debuted at number one and was dedicated to Aaliyah. Before its release, Haughton was called in to re-dub several of his sister's lines during the post-production ADR process.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: In 2006, Haughton released the short film "Chrysalis" which he wrote and directed. Additionally, Haughton wrote and directed "Love Like Aliens" in 2011 and "Muga Shozoku" in 2015.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: "Death of a Playa" appeared on the B-side of the "4 Page Letter" single, a track Haughton wrote and recorded with Aaliyah. It was produced by Timbaland. In 2004, Haughton was featured on "Fork In The Road" (with 1200 Techniques), which peaked at number 55 on Australian Charts.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: Haughton appeared at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards to pay tribute to his sister, alongside Aaliyah's role model Janet Jackson and her close friends/coworkers Ginuwine, Missy Elliott, and Timbaland. The awards were presented just 12 days after Aaliyah's death, on September 6, and originally she was booked as one of its presenters.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: On October 27, 2001, Aaliyah was scheduled to perform a duet with Seal at Breathe, a benefit concert for breast cancer treatment and research. Instead, Haughton presented the $41,000 check and introduced a tribute performance to Aaliyah by Seal.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: On February 10, 2002, at the Hollywood Black Film Festival's closing night, Haughton accepted the Inspirational Spirit Award given to Aaliyah posthumously for her lifetime of excellence in entertainment. On February 23, 2002, Haughton accepted the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist on Aaliyah's behalf.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: On August 24, 2017, MAC Cosmetics announced that an Aaliyah collection would be made available in the summer of 2018. The Aaliyah for Mac collection was released on June 20 online and June 21 in stores. Along with the MAC collection, MAC and i-D Magazine partnered up to release a short film titled "A-Z of Aaliyah" which coincided with the launch. Haughton dealt with the media promotion: "We wanted to create a line where the minimalism is there. You can re-create those archive looks from videos and film, but at the same time, mix, match, experiment, and imagine what Aaliyah’s style would look and feel like in 2018 and the future [...] My sister’s fans are so lovely and respectful [...] if they see something that is not approved by [the family], they attack it. They are very protective of my sister, which is heartwarming."


title: Rashad Haughton

text: On August 21, 2019, the Madame Tussauds Las Vegas revealed a wax figure of Aaliyah. The lifesize figure was modelled on Aaliyah's iconic "Try Again" outfit and makeup. It was unveiled by Haughton to an invited audience.


title: Rashad Haughton

text: In August 2021, it was reported that the "One in a Million" album and Aaliyah's other recorded work with Blackground (since rebranded as Blackground Records 2.0) would be re-released on physical, digital, and streaming services in a deal between the record label and Empire Distribution. However, Aaliyah's estate, run in part by Haughton, issued a statement preempting Blackground 2.0's announcement, denouncing an "unscrupulous endeavor to release Aaliyah's music without any transparency or full accounting to the estate". "One In A Million" was reissued on August 20, 2021 and re-entered the UK Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart Top 40 at number eight and reached the top ten for on the "Billboard" 200 in the US for the first time at number ten, selling 26,000 album-equivalent units in the week ending of August 26. After the album's re-release, "Aaliyah" re-entered the UK Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart Top 40 at number seven and reentered the US Billboard 200 chart at number 13, charting at number four for high pure sales. In celebration of the reissue, Blackground released an animated commercial titled "It's Been A Long Time" (in a similar style to the album's original 2001 commercial), directed by Takahiro Tanaka, showing Aaliyah resurrecting her music from out of a large underground vault.


title: Polarizer

text: A polarizer or polariser is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can filter a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam of well-defined polarization, that is polarized light. The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers are used in many optical techniques and instruments, and polarizing filters find applications in photography and LCD technology. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides visible light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.


title: Polarizer

text: "Linear polarizers" can be divided into two general categories: absorptive polarizers, where the unwanted polarization states are absorbed by the device, and beam-splitting polarizers, where the unpolarized beam is split into two beams with opposite polarization states. Polarizers which maintain the same axes of polarization with varying angles of incidence are often called "Cartesian polarizers", since the polarization vectors can be described with simple Cartesian coordinates (for example, horizontal vs. vertical) independent from the orientation of the polarizer surface. When the two polarization states are relative to the direction of a surface (usually found with Fresnel reflection), they are usually termed "s" and "p". This distinction between Cartesian and "s"–"p" polarization can be negligible in many cases, but it becomes significant for achieving high contrast and with wide angular spreads of the incident light.


title: Polarizer

text: Certain crystals, due to the effects described by crystal optics, show dichroism, preferential absorption of light which is polarized in particular directions. They can therefore be used as linear polarizers. The best known crystal of this type is tourmaline. However, this crystal is seldom used as a polarizer, since the dichroic effect is strongly wavelength dependent and the crystal appears coloured. Herapathite is also dichroic, and is not strongly coloured, but is difficult to grow in large crystals.


title: Polarizer

text: A Polaroid polarizing filter functions similarly on an atomic scale to the wire-grid polarizer. It was originally made of microscopic herapathite crystals. Its current "H-sheet" form is made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) plastic with an iodine doping. Stretching of the sheet during manufacture causes the PVA chains to align in one particular direction. Valence electrons from the iodine dopant are able to move linearly along the polymer chains, but not transverse to them. So incident light polarized parallel to the chains is absorbed by the sheet; light polarized perpendicularly to the chains is transmitted. The durability and practicality of Polaroid makes it the most common type of polarizer in use, for example for sunglasses, photographic filters, and liquid crystal displays. It is also much cheaper than other types of polarizer.


title: Polarizer

text: A modern type of absorptive polarizer is made of elongated silver nano-particles embedded in thin (≤0.5 mm) glass plates. These polarizers are more durable, and can polarize light much better than plastic Polaroid film, achieving polarization ratios as high as 100,000:1 and absorption of correctly polarized light as low as 1.5%. Such glass polarizers perform best for short-wavelength infrared light, and are widely used in optical fiber communications.


title: Polarizer

text: Beam-splitting polarizers split the incident beam into two beams of differing linear polarization. For an ideal polarizing beamsplitter these would be fully polarized, with orthogonal polarizations. For many common beam-splitting polarizers, however, only one of the two output beams is fully polarized. The other contains a mixture of polarization states.


title: Polarizer

text: Unlike absorptive polarizers, beam splitting polarizers do not need to absorb and dissipate the energy of the rejected polarization state, and so they are more suitable for use with high intensity beams such as laser light. True polarizing beamsplitters are also useful where the two polarization components are to be analyzed or used simultaneously.


title: Polarizer

text: When light reflects (by Fresnel reflection) at an angle from an interface between two transparent materials, the reflectivity is different for light polarized in the plane of incidence and light polarized perpendicular to it. Light polarized in the plane is said to be "p"-polarized, while that polarized perpendicular to it is "s"-polarized. At a special angle known as Brewster's angle, no "p"-polarized light is reflected from the surface, thus all reflected light must be "s"-polarized, with an electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence.


title: Polarizer

text: A simple linear polarizer can be made by tilting a stack of glass plates at Brewster's angle to the beam. Some of the "s"-polarized light is reflected from each surface of each plate. For a stack of plates, each reflection depletes the incident beam of "s"-polarized light, leaving a greater fraction of "p"-polarized light in the transmitted beam at each stage. For visible light in air and typical glass, Brewster's angle is about 57°, and about 16% of the "s"-polarized light present in the beam is reflected for each air-to-glass or glass-to-air transition. It takes many plates to achieve even mediocre polarization of the transmitted beam with this approach. For a stack of 10 plates (20 reflections), about 3% (= (1 − 0.16)) of the "s"-polarized light is transmitted. The reflected beam, while fully polarized, is spread out and may not be very useful.


title: Polarizer

text: A more useful polarized beam can be obtained by tilting the pile of plates at a steeper angle to the incident beam. Counterintuitively, using incident angles greater than Brewster's angle yields a higher degree of polarization of the "transmitted" beam, at the expense of decreased overall transmission. For angles of incidence steeper than 80° the polarization of the transmitted beam can approach 100% with as few as four plates, although the transmitted intensity is very low in this case. Adding more plates and reducing the angle allows a better compromise between transmission and polarization to be achieved.


title: Polarizer

text: Because their polarization vectors depend on incidence angle, polarizers based on Fresnel reflection inherently tend to produce "s"–"p" polarization rather than Cartesian polarization, which limits their use in some applications.


title: Polarizer

text: Other linear polarizers exploit the birefringent properties of crystals such as quartz and calcite. In these crystals, a beam of unpolarized light incident on their surface is split by refraction into two rays. Snell's law holds for both of these rays, the "ordinary" or "o"-ray, and the "extraordinary" or "e"-ray, with each ray experiencing a different index of refraction (this is called double refraction). In general the two rays will be in different polarization states, though not in linear polarization states except for certain propagation directions relative to the crystal axis.


title: Polarizer

text: A Nicol prism was an early type of birefringent polarizer, that consists of a crystal of calcite which has been split and rejoined with Canada balsam. The crystal is cut such that the "o"- and "e"-rays are in orthogonal linear polarization states. Total internal reflection of the "o"-ray occurs at the balsam interface, since it experiences a larger refractive index in calcite than in the balsam, and the ray is deflected to the side of the crystal. The "e"-ray, which sees a smaller refractive index in the calcite, is transmitted through the interface without deflection. Nicol prisms produce a very high purity of polarized light, and were extensively used in microscopy, though in modern use they have been mostly replaced with alternatives such as the Glan–Thompson prism, Glan–Foucault prism, and Glan–Taylor prism. These prisms are not true polarizing beamsplitters since only the transmitted beam is fully polarized.


title: Polarizer

text: A Wollaston prism is another birefringent polarizer consisting of two triangular calcite prisms with orthogonal crystal axes that are cemented together. At the internal interface, an unpolarized beam splits into two linearly polarized rays which leave the prism at a divergence angle of 15°–45°. The Rochon and Sénarmont prisms are similar, but use different optical axis orientations in the two prisms. The Sénarmont prism is air spaced, unlike the Wollaston and Rochon prisms. These prisms truly split the beam into two fully polarized beams with perpendicular polarizations. The Nomarski prism is a variant of the Wollaston prism, which is widely used in differential interference contrast microscopy.


title: Polarizer

text: Thin-film linear polarizers (also known as TFPN) are glass substrates on which a special optical coating is applied. Either Brewster's angle reflections or interference effects in the film cause them to act as beam-splitting polarizers. The substrate for the film can either be a plate, which is inserted into the beam at a particular angle, or a wedge of glass that is cemented to a second wedge to form a cube with the film cutting diagonally across the center (one form of this is the very common MacNeille cube).


title: Polarizer

text: Thin-film polarizers generally do not perform as well as Glan-type polarizers, but they are inexpensive and provide two beams that are about equally well polarized. The cube-type polarizers generally perform better than the plate polarizers. The former are easily confused with Glan-type birefringent polarizers.


title: Polarizer

text: One of the simplest linear polarizers is the "wire-grid polarizer" (WGP), which consists of many fine parallel metallic wires placed in a plane. WGPs mostly reflect the non-transmitted polarization and can thus be used as polarizing beam splitters. The parasitic absorption is relatively high compared to most of the dielectric polarizers though much lower than in absorptive polarizers.


title: Polarizer

text: Electromagnetic waves that have a component of their electric fields aligned parallel to the wires will induce the movement of electrons along the length of the wires. Since the electrons are free to move in this direction, the polarizer behaves in a similar manner to the surface of a metal when reflecting light, and the wave is reflected backwards along the incident beam (minus a small amount of energy lost to Joule heating of the wire).


title: Polarizer

text: For waves with electric fields perpendicular to the wires, the electrons cannot move very far across the width of each wire. Therefore, little energy is reflected and the incident wave is able to pass through the grid. In this case the grid behaves like a dielectric material.


title: Polarizer

text: Overall, this causes the transmitted wave to be linearly polarized with an electric field completely perpendicular to the wires. The hypothesis that the waves "slip through" the gaps between the wires is incorrect.


title: Polarizer

text: For practical purposes, the separation between wires must be less than the wavelength of the incident radiation. In addition, the width of each wire should be small compared to the spacing between wires. Therefore, it is relatively easy to construct wire-grid polarizers for microwaves, far-infrared, and mid-infrared radiation. For far-infrared optics, the polarizer can be even made as free standing mesh, entirely without transmissive optics. In addition, advanced lithographic techniques can also build very tight pitch metallic grids (typ. 50‒100 nm), allowing for the polarization of visible or infrared light to a useful degree. Since the degree of polarization depends little on wavelength and angle of incidence, they are used for broad-band applications such as projection.


title: Polarizer

text: Analytical solutions using rigorous coupled-wave analysis for wire grid polarizers have shown that for electric field components perpendicular to the wires, the medium behaves like a dielectric, and for electric field components parallel to the wires, the medium behaves like a metal (reflective).


title: Polarizer

text: "Malus's law" (), which is named after Étienne-Louis Malus, says that when a perfect polarizer is placed in a polarized beam of light, the irradiance, "I", of the light that passes through is given by


title: Polarizer

text: where "I" is the initial intensity and "θ" is the angle between the light's initial polarization direction and the axis of the polarizer.


title: Polarizer

text: A beam of unpolarized light can be thought of as containing a uniform mixture of linear polarizations at all possible angles. Since the average value of formula_2 is 1/2, the transmission coefficient becomes


title: Polarizer

text: In practice, some light is lost in the polarizer and the actual transmission will be somewhat lower than this, around 38% for Polaroid-type polarizers but considerably higher (>49.9%) for some birefringent prism types.


title: Polarizer

text: If two polarizers are placed one after another (the second polarizer is generally called an "analyzer"), the mutual angle between their polarizing axes gives the value of θ in Malus's law. If the two axes are orthogonal, the polarizers are "crossed" and in theory no light is transmitted, though again practically speaking no polarizer is perfect and the transmission is not exactly zero (for example, crossed Polaroid sheets appear slightly blue in colour because their extinction ratio is better in the red). If a transparent object is placed between the crossed polarizers, any polarization effects present in the sample (such as birefringence) will be shown as an increase in transmission. This effect is used in polarimetry to measure the optical activity of a sample.


title: Polarizer

text: Real polarizers are also not perfect blockers of the polarization orthogonal to their polarization axis; the ratio of the transmission of the unwanted component to the wanted component is called the "extinction ratio", and varies from around 1:500 for Polaroid to about 1:10 for Glan–Taylor prism polarizers.


title: Polarizer

text: where formula_5 – frequency of the polarized radiation falling on the polarizer, formula_6 – frequency of the radiation passes through polarizer, formula_7 – Compton wavelength of electron, formula_8 – speed of light in vacuum.


title: Polarizer

text: "Circular polarizers" ("CPL" or "circular polarizing filters") can be used to create circularly polarized light or alternatively to selectively absorb or pass clockwise and counter-clockwise circularly polarized light.


title: Polarizer

text: They are used as polarizing filters in photography to reduce oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces, and are the lenses of the 3D glasses worn for viewing some stereoscopic movies (notably, the RealD 3D variety), where the polarization of light is used to differentiate which image should be seen by the left and right eye.


title: Polarizer

text: There are several ways to create circularly polarized light, the cheapest and most common involves placing a quarter-wave plate after a linear polarizer and directing unpolarized light through the linear polarizer. The linearly polarized light leaving the linear polarizer is transformed into circularly polarized light by the quarter wave plate.


title: Polarizer

text: The transmission axis of the linear polarizer needs to be half way (45°) between the fast and slow axes of the quarter-wave plate.


title: Polarizer

text: In the arrangement above, the transmission axis of the linear polarizer is at a positive 45° angle relative to the right horizontal and is represented with an orange line. The quarter-wave plate has a horizontal slow axis and a vertical fast axis and they are also represented using orange lines. In this instance the unpolarized light entering the linear polarizer is displayed as a single wave whose amplitude and angle of linear polarization are suddenly changing.


title: Polarizer

text: When one attempts to pass unpolarized light through the linear polarizer, only light that has its electric field at the positive 45° angle leaves the linear polarizer and enters the quarter-wave plate. In the illustration, the three wavelengths of unpolarized light represented would be transformed into the three wavelengths of linearly polarized light on the other side of the linear polarizer.


title: Polarizer

text: In the illustration toward the right is the electric field of the linearly polarized light just before it enters the quarter-wave plate. The red line and associated field vectors represent how the magnitude and direction of the electric field varies along the direction of travel. For this plane electromagnetic wave, each vector represents the magnitude and direction of the electric field for an entire plane that is perpendicular to the direction of travel. (Refer to these two images in the plane wave article to better appreciate this.)


title: Polarizer

text: Light and all other electromagnetic waves have a magnetic field which is in phase with, and perpendicular to, the electric field being displayed in these illustrations.


title: Polarizer

text: To understand the effect the quarter-wave plate has on the linearly polarized light it is useful to think of the light as being divided into two components which are at right angles (orthogonal) to each other. Towards this end, the blue and green lines are projections of the red line onto the vertical and horizontal planes respectively and represent how the electric field changes in the direction of those two planes. The two components have the same amplitude and are in phase.


title: Polarizer

text: Because the quarter-wave plate is made of a birefringent material, when in the wave plate, the light travels at different speeds depending on the direction of its electric field. This means that the horizontal component which is along the slow axis of the wave plate will travel at a slower speed than the component that is directed along the vertical fast axis. Initially the two components are in phase, but as the two components travel through the wave plate the horizontal component of the light drifts farther behind that of the vertical. By adjusting the thickness of the wave plate one can control how much the horizontal component is delayed relative to vertical component before the light leaves the wave plate and they begin again to travel at the same speed. When the light leaves the quarter-wave plate the rightward horizontal component will be exactly one quarter of a wavelength behind the vertical component making the light left-hand circularly polarized when viewed from the receiver.


title: Polarizer

text: At the top of the illustration toward the right is the circularly polarized light after it leaves the wave plate. Directly below it, for comparison purposes, is the linearly polarized light that entered the quarter-wave plate. In the upper image, because this is a plane wave, each vector leading from the axis to the helix represents the magnitude and direction of the electric field for an entire plane that is perpendicular to the direction of travel. All the electric field vectors have the same magnitude indicating that the strength of the electric field does not change. The direction of the electric field however steadily rotates.


title: Polarizer

text: The blue and green lines are projections of the helix onto the vertical and horizontal planes respectively and represent how the electric field changes in the direction of those two planes. Notice how the rightward horizontal component is now one quarter of a wavelength behind the vertical component. It is this quarter of a wavelength phase shift that results in the rotational nature of the electric field. It is significant to note that when the magnitude of one component is at a maximum the magnitude of the other component is always zero. This is the reason that there are helix vectors which exactly correspond to the maxima of the two components.


title: Polarizer

text: In the instance just cited, using the handedness convention used in many optics textbooks, the light is considered left-handed/counter-clockwise circularly polarized. Referring to the accompanying animation, it is considered left-handed because if one points one's left thumb "against" the direction of travel, ones fingers curl in the direction the electric field rotates as the wave passes a given point in space. The helix also forms a left-handed helix in space. Similarly this light is considered counter-clockwise circularly polarized because if a stationary observer faces "against" the direction of travel, the person will observe its electric field rotate in the counter-clockwise direction as the wave passes a given point in space.


title: Polarizer

text: To create right-handed, clockwise circularly polarized light one simply rotates the axis of the quarter-wave plate 90° relative to the linear polarizer. This reverses the fast and slow axes of the wave plate relative to the transmission axis of the linear polarizer reversing which component leads and which component lags.


title: Polarizer

text: In trying to appreciate how the quarter-wave plate transforms the linearly polarized light, it is important to realize that the two components discussed are not entities in and of themselves but are merely mental constructs one uses to help appreciate what is happening. In the case of linearly and circularly polarized light, at each point in space, there is always a single electric field with a distinct vector direction, the quarter-wave plate merely has the effect of transforming this single electric field.


title: Polarizer

text: Circular polarizers can also be used to selectively absorb or pass right-handed or left-handed circularly polarized light. It is this feature which is utilized by the 3D glasses in stereoscopic cinemas such as RealD Cinema. A given polarizer which creates one of the two polarizations of light will pass that same polarization of light when that light is sent through it in the other direction. In contrast it will block light of the opposite polarization.


title: Polarizer

text: The illustration above is identical to the previous similar one with the exception that the left-handed circularly polarized light is now approaching the polarizer from the opposite direction and linearly polarized light is exiting the polarizer toward the right.


title: Polarizer

text: First note that a quarter-wave plate always transforms circularly polarized light into linearly polarized light. It is only the resulting angle of polarization of the linearly polarized light that is determined by the orientation of the fast and slow axes of the quarter-wave plate and the handedness of the circularly polarized light. In the illustration, the left-handed circularly polarized light entering the polarizer is transformed into linearly polarized light which has its direction of polarization along the transmission axis of the linear polarizer and it therefore passes. In contrast right-handed circularly polarized light would have been transformed into linearly polarized light that had its direction of polarization along the absorbing axis of the linear polarizer, which is at right angles to the transmission axis, and it would have therefore been blocked.


title: Polarizer

text: To understand this process, refer to the illustration on the right. It is absolutely identical to the earlier illustration even though the circularly polarized light at the top is now considered to be approaching the polarizer from the left. One can observe from the illustration that the leftward horizontal (as observed looking along the direction of travel) component is leading the vertical component and that when the horizontal component is retarded by one quarter of a wavelength it will be transformed into the linearly polarized light illustrated at the bottom and it will pass through the linear polarizer.


title: Polarizer

text: There is a relatively straightforward way to appreciate why a polarizer which creates a given handedness of circularly polarized light also passes that same handedness of polarized light. First, given the dual usefulness of this image, begin by imagining the circularly polarized light displayed at the top as still leaving the quarter-wave plate and traveling toward the left. Observe that had the horizontal component of the linearly polarized light been retarded by a quarter of wavelength twice, which would amount to a full half wavelength, the result would have been linearly polarized light that was at a right angle to the light that entered. If such orthogonally polarized light were rotated on the horizontal plane and directed back through the linear polarizer section of the circular polarizer it would clearly pass through given its orientation. Now imagine the circularly polarized light which has already passed through the quarter-wave plate once, turned around and directed back toward the circular polarizer again. Let the circularly polarized light illustrated at the top now represent that light. Such light is going to travel through the quarter-wave plate a second time before reaching the linear polarizer and in the process, its horizontal component is going to be retarded a second time by one quarter of a wavelength. Whether that horizontal component is retarded by one quarter of a wavelength in two distinct steps or retarded a full half wavelength all at once, the orientation of the resulting linearly polarized light will be such that it passes through the linear polarizer.


title: Polarizer

text: Had it been right-handed, clockwise circularly polarized light approaching the circular polarizer from the left, its horizontal component would have also been retarded, however the resulting linearly polarized light would have been polarized along the absorbing axis of the linear polarizer and it would not have passed.


title: Polarizer

text: To create a circular polarizer that instead passes right-handed polarized light and absorbs left-handed light, one again rotates the wave plate and linear polarizer 90° relative to each another. It is easy to appreciate that by reversing the positions of the transmitting and absorbing axes of the linear polarizer relative to the quarter-wave plate, one changes which handedness of polarized light gets transmitted and which gets absorbed.


title: Polarizer

text: A homogeneous circular polarizer passes one handedness of circular polarization unaltered and blocks the other handedness. This is similar to the way that a linear polarizer would fully pass one angle of linearly polarized light unaltered, but would fully block any linearly polarized light that was orthogonal to it.


title: Polarizer

text: A homogeneous circular polarizer can be created by sandwiching a linear polarizer between two quarter-wave plates. Specifically we take the circular polarizer described previously, which transforms circularly polarized light into linear polarized light, and add to it a second quarter-wave plate rotated 90° relative to the first one.


title: Polarizer

text: Generally speaking, and not making direct reference to the above illustration, when either of the two polarizations of circularly polarized light enters the first quarter-wave plate, one of a pair of orthogonal components is retarded by one quarter of a wavelength relative to the other. This creates one of two linear polarizations depending on the handedness the circularly polarized light. The linear polarizer sandwiched between the quarter wave plates is oriented so that it will pass one linear polarization and block the other. The second quarter-wave plate then takes the linearly polarized light that passes and retards the orthogonal component that was not retarded by the previous quarter-wave plate. This brings the two components back into their initial phase relationship, reestablishing the selected circular polarization.


title: Polarizer

text: Linear polarizing filters were the first types to be used in photography and can still be used for non-reflex and older single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). However, cameras with through-the-lens metering (TTL) and autofocusing systems – that is, all modern SLR and DSLR – rely on optical elements that pass linearly polarized light. If light entering the camera is already linearly polarized, it can upset the exposure or autofocus systems. Circular polarizing filters cut out linearly polarized light and so can be used to darken skies, improve saturation and remove reflections, but the circular polarized light it passes does not impair through-the-lens systems.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Black Friday is a 2021 American horror comedy film written by Andy Greskoviak and directed by Casey Tebo. It stars Devon Sawa, Ivana Baquero, Ryan Lee, Stephen Peck, Michael Jai White, and Bruce Campbell (who serves as producer).


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: A parasitic organism attacks All-Mart employee Monty as he prepares the store for its Black Friday sale. Monty mutates into a monster and attacks two coworkers.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Because he has to work on Thanksgiving, Ken Bates drops off his daughters Lyla and Gracie for dinner with their mother and her new husband Grant. Ken then picks up his nebbish coworker Chris Godecki and drives to their late shift at We Love Toys. While anxious shoppers assemble outside, Ken and Chris join coworkers Marnie, Brian, Archie, Ruth, Emmett, Anita, and Bircher as they get ready to open the store for Black Friday. Bircher accidentally locks himself outside the building while smoking a cigarette. Possessed by a parasite, a rabid shopper mauls Bircher, causing him to transform into a creature too.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Store manager Jonathan Wexler has his employees open the doors. Shoppers pour in, but they gradually turn violent as the parasitic mutation spreads. Everyone eventually realizes that the shoppers are transforming into murderous creatures as they are attacked and forced to fight back. Possessed by a parasite, Emmett emits a tentacle that kills Anita. Emmett turns into a creature before fleeing toward the store's Santa's Village display.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Ruth holes up in the office while Archie leads Chris and Brian through a mutant horde to close an exit door before more shoppers get inside. Jonathan and Ken battle a creature in the bathroom. Marnie sneaks into Santa's Village and sees that transformed shoppers are being assimilated into a growing sac. Once the exit door is secured, Jonathan, Ken, Chris, Marnie, Brian, Archie, and Ruth regroup on the store floor. Driven by a possessed officer, a speeding police car crashes through the front window. The car runs over Ruth. Mutating shoppers begin pouring inside again. After he rescues Chris, one of the monsters kills Archie.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Ken, Marnie, Chris, Brian, and Jonathan barricade themselves in the storeroom. While talking about their various tenures at the store, the coworkers bond over sliced turkey meat. However, the group conversation turns confrontational when Ken and Chris argue about their disappointing stations in life and Marnie calls out Ken for not having a real romance with her. A mutant breaches the storeroom. Ken gets bitten in the commotion. Presuming he is now infected and will soon transform, Ken stays behind while Chris, Marnie, Jonathan, and Brian go to the loading dock to obtain a truck for escaping. With Chris unable to start the truck, he and the others fight off another mutant before making their way to the roof. Meanwhile, the building catches fire as the main sac continues growing into a massive monster that soon fills the entire store. Jonathan sacrifices himself to a horde so Chris, Marnie, and Brian can escape back down to the ground.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Brian confesses he bit Ken in the earlier commotion, so Ken is not actually infected. Having assimilated all of the mutated shoppers, the massive monster breaks through the store's roof. Brian tries to confront the creature, but it kills him. Ken rejoins Chris and Marnie outside. Ken acts as a distraction while Chris tricks the monster into swallowing a forklift, which causes the injured creature to collapse into the fire. Ken, Chris, and Marnie escape in Ken's car. However, more massive monsters are seen emerging from other stores in the distance.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: On November 17, 2020, Bruce Campbell, Devon Sawa and Michael Jai White joined the cast. Filming took place between November 16December 16, 2020, in Boston, Massachusetts.


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Brian Tallerico from "RogerEbert.com" gave it two stars out of four and wrote, "It's an easy watch in a B-movie marathon but you'll have forgotten it by the time you're done with the Thanksgiving leftovers." Lena Wilson, writing for "The New York Times", said "this is exactly the kind of thing horror lovers should watch with like-minded friends as the holidays roll".


title: Black Friday (2021 film)

text: Worldwide, "Black Friday" was the seventh most pirated film online between November 22 and November 28.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The 2000 United States Senate elections were held on November 7, 2000. The elections coincided with other federal and state elections, including the presidential election which was won by Republican George W. Bush. It featured a number of fiercely contested elections that resulted in a victory for the Democratic Party, which gained a net total of four seats from the Republican Party. This election marked the first election year since 1990 where Democrats made net gains in the Senate.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: These elections took place six years after Republicans had won a net gain of eight seats in Senate Class 1. Despite George W. Bush's victory in the presidential election, the GOP lost 4 senate seats, the most a winning president's party has lost since the passage of the 17th amendment. Democrats defeated incumbent Republicans in Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Washington, and they won an open seat in Florida. In Missouri, the winner was elected posthumously. The Republicans defeated a Democratic incumbent in Virginia, and won an open seat in Nevada.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: These elections resulted in an equal 50–50 split between Republicans and Democrats, so the Vice President would cast the tie-breaking votes in organizing the Senate. This was the third tied Senate, after the results in the 1880 elections and a brief period in 1953. Democrats thereby held Senate control briefly for only 17 days, since Al Gore was still Vice President and President of the Senate at the beginning of the new term on January 3, 2001. The Republicans regained control of the chamber when the new Vice President Dick Cheney was inaugurated on January 20. The Republican majority would last until June 6, 2001, when Republican Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont became an independent and caucused with the Democrats.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Until 2020, this was the last time that Democrats would win a Senate seat in Georgia, and that the result would be a 50–50 split with control decided by the Vice President's tie-breaking vote. This is the last election with only Republicans and Democrats in the Senate, and the last election in which Republicans won seats in Rhode Island and Vermont.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Jon Kyl won re-election to a second term, as no candidate was nominated from the Democratic Party. Independent Bill Toel, Green party nominee Vance Hansen, and Libertarian party nominee Barry Hess each got more than 5% of the vote, a strong third party performance.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The heavily financed and popular senator Dianne Feinstein (D) easily won re-election to her second full term defeating the underfunded and underdog candidate Representative Tom Campbell (R) by over 19 points. Campbell even lost his own congressional district by almost 15 points.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Despite touting his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, Campbell was underfunded and a decided underdog against the popular, heavily financed Feinstein. By February, he spent barely $1 million without any PAC money. Campbell has generally supported gay rights and abortion. He also opposes the War on Drugs and calls himself a "maverick", similar to U.S. senator John McCain. Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Joe Lieberman won re-election to a third term over Republican Philip Giordano, Mayor of Waterbury and former State Representative. While running for re-election, he was also Al Gore's running mate in the 2000 presidential campaign. With Gore losing the presidency to George W. Bush, Lieberman returned to the Senate and remained there for another 13 years, when he retired. Had the Gore–Lieberman ticket won, Lieberman would have become U.S. Vice President and forced to resign his Senate seat, which would have led to a 2002 special election. It would also have led Republican Governor John G. Rowland to temporarily appoint an interim replacement.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Lieberman, a very popular centrist incumbent, focused on his vice presidential campaign. He refused to show up at the debates. Giordano was a heavy underdog, as he was ignored by the press and as he debated alone.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican William Roth ran for re-election to a sixth term, but was defeated by Governor Tom Carper.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: For 16 years the same four people had held the four major statewide positions. Because of term limits on the Governor's position Thomas Carper could not run again. Both he and U.S. Representative Michael Castle wanted to be U.S. senator. Roth would not retire, and fellow Republican Castle decided against a primary.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Roth, 79, was in the U.S. Senate for 30 years. He was the Chairman of the Finance Committee. Carper, 53, was a popular Governor and former U.S. Congressman of Delaware's At-large congressional district, who announced his major candidacy against Roth back in September 1999. Both candidates were moderates. Roth was one of the few Republicans to vote for the Brady Bill. Although Roth started the campaign with a 2-to-1 spending advantage, Carper went into the final month with more than $1 million on hand. In a contest between two popular and respected politicians, the issue seemed to be Roth's age versus Carper's relative youth.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Carper defeated Roth by over ten points. However, Roth received more votes than Presidential candidate George W. Bush, suggesting the strength of the Democratic turnout was a boon to Carper's candidacy and a key element of his victory. Many consider Roth's defeat due to his age and health, as he collapsed twice during the campaign, once in the middle of a television interview and once during a campaign event.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Connie Mack III decided to retire instead of seeking a third term. Democrat Bill Nelson, State Treasurer and former U.S. Representative, won the open seat over Republican Congressman Bill McCollum.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: This election was in conjunction to the presidential election, where Bush narrowly defeated Gore after an intense recount. The senate election was evenly matched with two U.S. Congressmen named Bill in their mid-50s. Both parties heavily targeted this senate seat. The election became very nasty as Nelson called his opponent "an extremist who would sacrifice the elderly, the poor, and the working class to coddle the rich." McCollum called the Democrat "a liberal who would tax everything that moves, and some things that don't." The election advertisements were very negative, as both candidates talked more about each other than themselves.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Nelson raised only soft money, but had help from President Bill Clinton and VP Al Gore. Two days before the election, McCollum predicted he would win by a 6-point margin. On election day, he lost by a 5-point margin.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Zell Miller, who was appointed by Democrat Governor Roy Barnes to replace the late Republican Paul Coverdell, won re-election to serve the remainder of the term, beating Republican Mack Mattingly, former Ambassador to Seychelles and former U.S. senator. Until 2020, when Raphael Warnock won this seat, and Jon Ossoff won the other Senate seat, this is the last Senate election in Georgia won by a Democrat and also until 2020, this is the last time the Democrats have won the Class III Senate seat from Georgia.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: One of the biggest campaign issues was Social Security. Miller attacked Mattingly for supporting a raise in the retirement age. The Republican fought back by connecting him to liberal Democrat Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, and on his vote to block legislation aimed at protecting Social Security. Mattingly said he would vote for Texas Governor George W. Bush for president, who was very popular in the state and led Vice President Al Gore in many Georgia polls. Mattingly then asked Miller who he was supporting in the presidential election. Miller conceded he would vote for Gore because he helped him when he was governor including drought relief, welfare reform, and the Atlanta Olympics. "That does not mean I agree with all of his policies," he concluded. In early October, a poll showed Miller leading with 59% of the vote, despite the fact that Bush was leading Gore by a double-digit margin.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: "Note: This election was a non-partisan election due to it being a special election. Each candidate ran without a party. The parties below reflect which party label each candidate would have run under if given the option."


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Daniel Akaka won re-election to his second full term, over Republican John Carroll, former State senator and former State Representative.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Richard Lugar was re-elected to his fifth six-year term over Democrat David Johnson.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Lugar easily won re-election taking 66.5% one of the largest margins in a statewide race in Indiana history. Johnson only took one county, Lake County, a Democratic stronghold which borders Chicago.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Olympia Snowe was re-elected to a second term, defeating Democratic candidate Mark Lawrence, former President of the Maine State Senate.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Snowe, a popular moderate incumbent, outpolled and outspent Lawrence. The two candidates agreed to debate on October 15 and 25.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Paul Sarbanes won re-election to a fifth term over Republican Paul Rappaport, former Howard County police chief and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 1994.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Rappaport won the Republican primary against S. Rob Sobhani, Ross Zimmerman Pierpont, Robin Ficker, Kenneth R. Timmerman, Kenneth Wayman and John Stafford through a grassroots movement with a plurality of just 23%. Rappaport, a major underdog, pushed for three debates. The four term incumbent actually agreed to one debate on October 26.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Ted Kennedy won re-election to his eighth (his seventh full) term. The election was notable for a strong third-party performance from Libertarian Carla Howell, who finished with less than a percent behind Republican Jack E. Robinson.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Spencer Abraham ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democrat Debbie Stabenow.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Abraham, who was first elected in the 1994 Republican Revolution despite never running for public office before, was considered vulnerable by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. Major issues in the campaign included prescription drugs for the elderly. By September 4, Abraham still had failed to reach 50% in polls despite having spent over $6 million on television ads. In mid-October, he came back and reached 50% and 49% in two polls respectively.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The election was very close with Stabenow prevailing by just over 67,000 votes. Stabenow was also likely helped by the fact that Al Gore won Michigan on the presidential level. Ultimately, Stabenow pulled out huge numbers out of the Democratic stronghold of Wayne County, which covers the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Stabenow also performed well in other heavily populated areas such as Ingham County home to the state's capital of Lansing, and the college town of Ann Arbor. Abraham did not concede right after major news networks declared Stabenow the winner; He held out hope that the few outstanding precincts could push him over the edge. At 4:00AM, Abraham conceded defeat. Senator Abraham called Stabenow and congratulated her on her victory. A historic election, Stabenow became the first woman to represent Michigan in the United States Senate.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The race pitted incumbent Republican senator Rod Grams against former Minnesota State Auditor Mark Dayton.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Trent Lott won re-election to a third term over perennial Democratic candidate Troy Brown.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican John Ashcroft lost the election to Governor Mel Carnahan, despite Carnahan's death three weeks before election day.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: In 1998, Ashcroft briefly considered running for president. On January 5, 1999, he announced that he would not seek the presidency and would instead defend his Senate seat in the 2000 election. Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan announced he would contest the Senate election as a Democrat.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: In the general election for the state's seat in the U.S. Senate, Ashcroft was facing then-Governor Mel Carnahan in a "tight" race, despite the senator having a larger budget than Carnahan, a war chest that included significant contributions from corporations such as Monsanto Company, headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, which gave five times more to Ashcroft's campaign fund than to the fund of any other congressional hopeful at the time.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Carnahan was killed in a plane crash three weeks before the November election date. Nonetheless, Carnahan's name remained on the ballot due to Missouri's election laws. Lieutenant Governor Roger B. Wilson became Governor upon Carnahan's death, to serve the remaining term of Carnahan's governorship. Ashcroft suspended all campaigning on the day of the plane crash in light of the tragedy and resumed it eight days before the election date.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The voters of Missouri, by a margin of approximately fifty thousand votes, chose for the U.S. Senate Mel Carnahan, their Governor who had died two weeks before the election. No one had ever posthumously won election to the Senate, though voters on at least three other occasions had until then chosen deceased candidates for the House of Representatives: Clement Woodnutt Miller (D) in California in 1962; Nick Begich (D) in Alaska, 1972; and Hale Boggs (D) in Louisiana, 1972. Hence, John Ashcroft became the first U.S. Senate candidate to be defeated by a dead opponent.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Governor Roger B. Wilson appointed Carnahan's 66-year-old widow, Jean Carnahan, to fill her husband's vacant seat until the next cycle of Senate elections when a successor could be elected to serve out the remaining four years of the deceased Carnahan's would-be term. Ashcroft stated that he hoped the appointment would be "a matter of comfort for Mrs. Carnahan."


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Though Sam Rankin won the Reform Party's nomination for the United States Senate, he dropped out of the race over the summer and was replaced by Gary Lee.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Conrad, in a poll released September 21, was leading Schweitzer 48% to 39% that went down from 49% in November 1999. Schweitzer had his polls go up by 11 points.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Burns faced a surprisingly difficult re-election campaign in 2000. In February 1999, he announced that he would break his 1988 promise to only hold office for two terms, claiming "Circumstances have changed, and I have rethought my position." Later that same month, while giving a speech about U.S. dependence on foreign oil to the Montana Equipment Dealers Association, he referred to Arabs as "ragheads". Burns soon apologized, saying he "became too emotionally involved" during the speech.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Burns faced Brian Schweitzer, a rancher from Whitefish, Montana. While Burns attempted to link Schweitzer with presidential candidate Al Gore, whom Schweitzer never met, Schweitzer "effectively portrayed himself as nonpolitical". Schweitzer primarily challenged Burns on the issue of prescription drugs, organizing busloads of senior citizens to take trips to Canada and Mexico for cheaper medicine. Burns charged that Schweitzer favored "Canadian-style government controls" and claimed that senior citizens went to doctors to have "somebody to visit with. There's nothing wrong with them." Burns also faced trouble regarding deaths from asbestos in Libby, Montana. While he initially supported a bill to limit compensation in such cases, he withdrew his support for the bill, under public criticism, and added $11.5 million for the town to an appropriations bill.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Burns spent twice as much money as Schweitzer on the election and only defeated him by a slim margin, 51-47 percent, while the state voted 58-33 percent for Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush. Schweitzer went on to become governor in 2004.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Bob Kerrey decided to retire. Democrat Ben Nelson won the open seat, beating Don Stenberg, the Republican Attorney General of Nebraska.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Richard Bryan decided to retire, instead of seeking a third term. Republican nominee John Ensign won the open seat over Democratic attorney Ed Bernstein


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg decided to retire, rather than seeking a fourth term. The Democratic nominee, former CEO of Goldman Sachs Jon Corzine, defeated the Republican nominee, U.S. Representative Bob Franks, in a close election.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Senator Lautenberg, first elected to the Senate in 1982 in an upset victory over Rep. Millicent Fenwick (R-Bergen), had always been an underdog in all three bids for Senate. He beat Pete Dawkins in 1988 by a 54%-46% margin and held back a challenge from Chuck Haytaian by a smaller margin of 50%-47%. However, popular Governor Christine Todd Whitman was expected to challenge Lautenberg, and opinion polls showed Lautenberg losing by a large margin. He retired but later regretted his decision because Gov. Whitman and Former Governor Tom Kean both declined to run for the Senate. Lautenberg would be elected to the state's other Senate Seat in 2002.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Corzine spent $35 million of his own money into the Democratic primary election alone when running against Jim Florio, who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994. Governor Florio was unpopular during his tenure in office. Most notably, he signed a $2.8 Billion tax increase in 1990. It caused his party to lose control of the state government for a decade, and cost the Governor his re-election bid in 1993.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Corzine, running as an outsider, was endorsed by State senator Raymond Zane (D-Gloucester), State senator Wayne Bryant (D-Camden), State senator John Adler (D-Camden), U.S Representative Bob Menendez (D-Hudson) and U.S senator Bob Torricelli (D-NJ). Florio was endorsed by the State Party, Assemblyman Joe Doria (D-Hudson) and senator John Lynch (D-Middlesex).


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Franks, a moderate Republican, attacked Corzine for "trying to buy the election and of advocating big-government spending programs that the nation can ill afford." Corzine accused Franks of wanting to "dismantle" the Social Security system because he supported Governor George W. Bush's partial privatization plan.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: During the campaign, Corzine refused to release his income tax return records. He claimed an interest in doing so, but he cited a confidentiality agreement with Goldman Sachs. Skeptics argued that he should have followed the example of his predecessor Robert Rubin, who converted his equity stake into debt upon leaving Goldman.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Corzine campaigned for state government programs including universal health care, universal gun registration, mandatory public preschool, and more taxpayer funding for college education. He pushed affirmative action and same-sex marriage. David Brooks considered Corzine so liberal that although his predecessor was also a Democrat, his election helped shift the Senate to the left.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: During Corzine's campaign for the United States Senate, he made some controversial off-color statements. When introduced to a man with an Italian name who said he was in the construction business, Corzine quipped: "Oh, you make cement shoes!" according to Emanuel Alfano, chairman of the Italian-American One Voice Committee. Alfano also reported that when introduced to a lawyer named David Stein, Corzine said: "He's not Italian, is he? Oh, I guess he's your Jewish lawyer who is here to get the rest of you out of jail." Corzine denied mentioning religion, but did not deny the quip about Italians, claiming that some of his own ancestors were probably Italian, or maybe French.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Also in 2000, Corzine denied having paid off African-American ministers, when in fact the foundation controlled by him and his wife had paid one influential black church $25,000. Rev. Reginald T. Jackson, director of the Black Ministers Council, had campaigned against a form of racial profiling whereby police officers stop minority drivers and had gotten New Jersey state police superintendent, Carl A. Williams, fired. Corzine had donated to Jackson prior to getting what appears to be a reciprocal endorsement.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Franks generally trailed Corzine in the polls until the very last week, when he pulled even in a few polls. Corzine spent $63 million, while Franks spent only $6 million. Despite being heavily outspent, Franks lost by only three percentage points, doing better that year than Republican Governor George W. Bush in the presidential election, who obtained just 40% of the vote in the state.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Democrat Jeff Bingaman won re-election to a fourth term, beating Republican former Congressman Bill Redmond.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Hillary Rodham Clinton, then First Lady of the United States and the first First Lady to run for political office, defeated Congressman Rick Lazio. The general election coincided with the U.S. presidential election.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The race began in November 1998 when four-term incumbent Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D) announced his retirement. Both the Democratic Party and Republican Party sought high-profile candidates to compete for the open seat. By early 1999 Clinton and Mayor of New York City Rudolph Giuliani were the likely respective nominees. Clinton and her husband, President Bill Clinton, purchased a house in Chappaqua, New York, in September 1999; she thereby became eligible for the election, although she faced characterizations of carpetbagging since she had never resided in the state before. The lead in statewide polls swung from Clinton to Giuliani and back to Clinton as the campaigns featured both successful strategies and mistakes as well as dealing with current events. In late April and May 2000, Giuliani's medical, romantic, marital, and political lives all collided in a tumultuous four-week period, culminating in his withdrawing from the race on May 19.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The Republicans chose lesser-known Congressman Rick Lazio to replace him. The election included a record $90 million in campaign expenditures between Clinton, Lazio, and Giuliani and national visibility. Clinton showed strength in normally Republican upstate areas and a debate blunder by Lazio solidified Clinton's previously shaky support among women.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: The contest drew considerable national attention and both candidates were well-funded. By the end of the race, Democrat Clinton and Republicans Lazio and Giuliani had spent a combined $90 million, the most of any U.S. Senate race in history. Lazio outspent Clinton $40 million to $29 million, with Clinton also getting several million dollars in soft money from Democratic organizations. Among Clinton antagonists circles, direct mail-based fundraising groups such as the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprung up, sending out solicitations regarding the "carpetbagging" issue: just as one Clinton leaves office, another one runs.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Clinton secured a broad base of support, including endorsements from conservation groups and organized labor, but notably not the New York City police union which endorsed Lazio while firefighters supported Hillary.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: While Clinton had a solid base of support in New York City, candidates and observers expected the race to be decided in upstate New York where 45 percent of the state's voters live. During the campaign, Clinton vowed to improve the economic picture in upstate New York, promising that her plan would deliver 200,000 New York jobs over six years. Her plan included specific tax credits with the purpose of rewarding job creation and encouraging business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for targeted personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Lazio faced a unique tactical problem campaigning upstate. The major issue there was the persistently weak local economy, which Lazio hoped to link to his opponent's husband's tenure in office. Attacks on the state of the upstate economy were frequently interpreted as criticism of incumbent Republican governor George Pataki, however, limiting the effect of this line of attack.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Opponents continued to make the carpetbagging issue a focal point throughout the race and during debates. Talk radio hammered on this, with New York-based Sean Hannity issuing a daily mantra, "Name me three things Hillary Clinton has ever done for the people of New York!" Clinton's supporters pointed out that the state was receptive to national leaders, such as Robert F. Kennedy who was elected to the Senate in 1964 despite similar accusations. In the end, according to exit polls conducted in the race, a majority of the voters dismissed the carpetbagging issue as unimportant.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: During the campaign, Independent Counsel Robert Ray filed his final reports regarding the long-running Whitewater, "Travelgate", and "Filegate" investigations of the White House, each of which included specific investigations of Hillary Clinton actions. The reports exonerated her on the files matter, said there was insufficient evidence regarding her role in Whitewater, and said that she had made factually false statements regarding the Travel Office firings but there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her. Although "The New York Times" editorialized that the release of the reports seemed possibly timed to coincide with the Senate election, in practice the findings were not seen as likely to sway many voters' opinions.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: A September 13, 2000 debate between Lazio and Clinton proved important. Lazio was on the warpath against soft money and the amounts of it coming from the Democratic National Committee into Clinton's campaign, and challenged Clinton to agree to ban soft money from both campaigns. He left his podium and waved his proposed paper agreement in Clinton's face; many debate viewers thought he had invaded her personal space and as a result Clinton's support among women voters solidified.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Late in the campaign Lazio criticised Clinton for accepting campaign donations from various Arab groups in the wake of the attack. This issue caused former New York Mayor Ed Koch to take out ads telling Lazio to "stop with the sleaze already," and did not change the dynamic of the race.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Clinton won the election on November 7 with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent, a difference larger than most observers had expected. Clinton won the traditionally Democratic base of New York City by large margins, and carried suburban Westchester County, but lost heavily populated Long Island, part of which Lazio represented in Congress. She won surprising victories in Upstate counties, such as Cayuga, Rensselaer, and Niagara, to which her win has been attributed.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: In comparison with other results, this 12 percentage point margin was smaller than Gore's 25 point margin over Bush in the state Presidential contest, was slightly larger than the 10 point margin by which fellow New York senator Charles Schumer defeated incumbent Republican Al D'Amato in the hotly contested 1998 race, but was considerably smaller than the 47 point margin by which senator Schumer won re-election in 2004 against little-known Republican challenger Howard Mills. The victory of a Democrat in the Senate election was not assured, because in recent decades the Republicans had won about half the elections for governor and senator.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Lazio's bid was handicapped by the weak performance of George W. Bush in New York in the 2000 election, but it was also clear Hillary Clinton had made substantial inroads in upstate New York prior to Lazio's entry into the race. Exit polls also showed a large gender gap with Clinton running stronger than expected among moderate women and unaffiliated women.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Dem-NPL U.S. senator Kent Conrad won re-election to a third term, over Republican Naval Reserve officer Duane Sand.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Mike DeWine won re-election to a second term, beating Democrat Ted Celeste, real estate developer and brother of former Ohio Governor Dick Celeste.


title: 2000 United States Senate elections

text: Incumbent Republican Rick Santorum won re-election to a second term over Democratic Congressman Ron Klink.