title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: This period of Mesoamerican history can be divided into three phases. Early, from 250 to 550 CE; Middle, from 550 to 700; and Late, from 700 to 900. The early Classic period began with the expansion of Teotihuacan, which led to its control over the principal trade routes of northern Mesoamerica. During this time, the process of urbanization that started in the last centuries of the early Preclassic period was consolidated. The principal centers of this phase were Monte Albán, Kaminaljuyu, Ceibal, Tikal, and Calakmul, and then Teotihuacan, in which 80 percent of the 200,000 inhabitants of the Lake Texcoco basin were concentrated.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The cities of this era were characterized by their multi-ethnic composition, which entailed the cohabitation in the same population centers of people with different languages, cultural practices, and places of origin. During this period the alliances between the regional political elites were strengthened, especially for those allied with Teotihuacan. Also, social differentiation became more pronounced: a small dominant group ruled over the majority of the population. This majority was forced to pay tribute and to participate in the building of public structures such as irrigation systems, religious edifices, and means of communication. The growth of the cities could not have happened without advances in agricultural methods and the strengthening of trade networks involving not only the peoples of Mesoamerica, but also the distant cultures of Oasisamerica.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The arts of Mesoamerica reached their high-point in this era. Especially notable are the Maya stelae (carved pillars), exquisite monuments commemorating the stories of the Royal families, the rich corpus of polychrome ceramics, mural painting, and music. In Teotihuacan, architecture made great advances: the Classic style was defined by the construction of pyramidal bases that sloped upward in a step-wise fashion. The Teotihuacan architectural style was reproduced and modified in other cities throughout Mesoamerica, the clearest examples being the Zapotec capital of Monte Alban and Kaminal Juyú in Guatemala. Centuries later, long after Teotihuacan was abandoned c. 700 CE, cities of the Postclassic era followed the style of Teotihuacan construction, especially Tula, Tenochtitlan, and Chichén Itzá.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Many scientific advances were also achieved during this period. The Maya refined their calendar, script, and mathematics to their highest level of development. Writing came to be used throughout the Mayan area, although it was still regarded as a noble activity and practiced only by noble scribes, painters, and priests. Using a similar system of writing, other cultures developed their own scripts, the most notable examples being those of the Ñuiñe culture and the Zapotecs of Oaxaca, although the Mayan system was the only fully developed writing system in Precolumbian America. Astronomy remained a matter of vital significance because of its importance for agriculture, the economic basis of Mesoamerican society, and to predict events in the future such as lunar and solar eclipses, an important feature for the rulers, proving to the commoners their links with the heavenly world.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The Middle Classic period ended in Northern Mesoamerica with the decline of Teotihuacan. This allowed other regional power centers to flourish and compete for control of trade routes and natural resources. In this way the late Classic era commenced. Political fragmentation during this era meant no city had complete hegemony. Various population movements occurred, caused by the incursion of groups from Aridoamerica and other northern regions, who pushed the older populations of Mesoamerica south. Among these new groups were the Nahua, who would later found the cities of Tula and Tenochtitlan, the two most important capitals of the Postclassic era. In addition, southern peoples established themselves in the center of Mexico, including the Olmec-Xicalanca, who came from the Yucatán Peninsula and founded Cacaxtla and Xochicalco.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: In the Maya region, Tikal, an ally of Teotihuacan, experienced a decline, the so-called Tikal Hiatus, after being defeated by Dos Pilas, and Caracol, ally of Calakmul, lasted about another 100 years. During this hiatus, the cities of Dos Pilas, Piedras Negras, Caracol, Calakmul, Palenque, Copán, and Yaxchilán were consolidated. These and other city-states of the region found themselves involved in bloody wars with changing alliances, until Tikal defeated, in order, Dos Pilas, Caracol, with the help of Yaxha and El Naranjo, Waka, Calakmul's last ally, and finally Calakmul itself, an event that took place in 732 with the sacrifice of Yuknom Cheen's son in Tikal. That led to construction of monumental architecture in Tikal, from 740 to 810; the last date documented there was 899. The ruin of the Classic Maya civilization in the northern lowlands, begun at La Passion states such as Dos Pilas, Aguateca, Ceibal and Cancuén, c. 760, followed by the Usumacinta system cities of Yaxchilan, Piedras Negras, and Palenque, following a path from south to north.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Toward the end of the late Classic period, the Maya stopped recording the years using the Long Count calendar, and many of their cities were burned and abandoned to the jungle. Meanwhile, in the Southern Highlands, Kaminal Juyú continued its growth until 1200. In Oaxaca, Monte Alban reached its apex c. 750 and finally succumbed toward the end of the 9th century for reasons that are still unclear. Its fate was not much different from that of other cities such as La Quemada in the north and Teotihuacan in the center: it was burned and abandoned. In the last century of the Classic era, hegemony in the valley of Oaxaca passed to Lambityeco, several kilometers to the east.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Teotihuacan ("The City of the Gods" in Nahuatl) originated toward the end of the Preclassic period, c. 100 CE. Very little is known about its founders, but it is believed that the Otomí had an important role in the city's development, as they did in the ancient culture of the Valley of Mexico, represented by Tlatilco. Teotihuacan initially competed with Cuicuilco for hegemony in the area. In this political and economic battle, Teotihuacan was aided by its control of the obsidian deposits in the Navaja mountains in Hidalgo. The decline of Cuicuilco is still a mystery, but it is known that a large part of the former inhabitants resettled in Teotihuacan some years before the eruption of Xitle, which covered the southern town in lava.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Once free of competition in the area of the Lake of Mexico, Teotihuacan experienced an expansion phase that made it one of the largest cities of its time, not just in Mesoamerica but in the entire world. During this period of growth, it attracted the vast majority of those then living in the Valley of Mexico.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Teotihuacan was completely dependent on agricultural activity, primarily the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash, the Mesoamerican agricultural trinity. However, its political and economic hegemony was based on outside goods for which it enjoyed a monopoly: Anaranjado ceramics, produced in the Poblano–Tlaxcalteca valley, and the mineral deposits of the Hidalgan mountains. Both were highly valued throughout Mesoamerica and were exchanged for luxury merchandise of the highest caliber, from places as far away as New Mexico and Guatemala. Because of this, Teotihuacan became the hub of the Mesoamerican trade network. Its partners were Monte Albán and Tikal in the southeast, Matacapan on the Gulf coast, Altavista in the north, and Tingambato in the west.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Teotihuacan refined the Mesoamerican pantheon of deities, whose origins dated from the time of the Olmec. Of special importance were the worship of Quetzalcoatl and Tláloc, agricultural deities. Trade links promoted the spread of these cults to other Mesoamerican societies, who took and transformed them. It was thought that Teotihuacan society had no knowledge of writing, but as Duverger demonstrates, the writing system of Teotihuacan was extremely pictographic, to the point that writing was confused with drawing.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The fall of Teotihuacan is associated with the emergence of city-states within the confines of the central area of Mexico. It is thought that these were able to flourish due to the decline of Teotihuacan, though events may have occurred in the opposite order: the cities of Cacaxtla, Xochicalco, Teotenango, and El Tajín may have first increased in power and then were able to economically strangle Teotihuacan, trapped as it was in the center of the valley without access to trade routes. This occurred around 600 CE, and even though people continued to live there for another century and a half, the city was eventually destroyed and abandoned by its inhabitants, who took refuge in places such as Culhuacán and Azcapotzalco, on the shores of Lake Texcoco.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The Maya created one of the most developed and best-known Mesoamerican cultures. Although authors such as Michael D. Coe believe that the Maya culture is completely different from the surrounding cultures, many elements present in Maya culture are shared by the rest of Mesoamerica, including the use of two calendars, the base 20 number system, the cultivation of corn, human sacrifice, and certain myths, such as that of the fifth sun and cultic worship, including that of the Feathered Serpent and the rain god, who in the Yucatec Maya language is called Chaac.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The beginnings of Maya culture date from the development of Kaminaljuyu, in the Highlands of Guatemala, during the middle Preclassic period. According to Richard D. Hansen and others researchers, the first true political states in Mesoamerica consisted of Takalik Abaj, in the Pacific Lowlands, and the cities of El Mirador, Nakbe, Cival and San Bartolo, among others, in the Mirador Basin and Peten. Archaeologists believe that this development happened centuries later, around the 1st century BCE, but recent research in the Petén basin and Belize have proven them wrong. The archaeological evidence indicates that the Maya never formed a united empire; they were instead organized into small chiefdoms that were constantly at war. López Austin and López Luján have said that the Preclassic Maya were characterized by their bellicose nature. They probably had a greater mastery of the art of war than Teotihuacan, yet the idea that they were a peaceful society given to religious contemplation, which persists to this day, was particularly promoted by early- and mid-20th century Mayanists such as Sylvanus G. Morley and J. Eric S. Thompson. Confirmation that the Maya practiced human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism came much later (e.g. by the murals of Bonampak).


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Writing and the Maya calendar were quite early developments in the great Maya cities, c. 1000 BCE, and some of the oldest commemorative monuments are from sites in the Maya region. Archaeologists once thought that the Maya sites functioned only as ceremonial centers and that the common people lived in the surrounding villages. However, more recent excavations indicate the Maya sites enjoyed urban services as extensive as those of Tikal, believed to be as large as 400,000 inhabitants at its peak, circa 750, Copan, and others. Drainage, aqueducts, and pavement, or Sakbe, meaning "white road", united major centers since the Preclassic. The construction of these sites was carried out on the basis of a highly stratified society, dominated by the noble class, who at the same time were the political, military, and religious elite.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The elite controlled agriculture, practiced by means of mixed systems of ground-clearing, and intensive platforms around the cities. As in the rest of Mesoamerica, they imposed on the lowest classes taxes—in kind or in labor—that permitted them to concentrate sufficient resources for the construction of public monuments, which legitimized the power of the elites and the social hierarchy. During the Early Classic Period, c. 370, the Maya political elite sustained strong ties to Teotihuacan, and it is possible that Tikal may have been an important ally of Teotihuacan that controlled commerce with the Gulf coast and highlands. Finally, it seems the great drought that ravaged Central America in the 9th century, internal wars, ecological disasters, and famine destroyed the Maya political system, which led to popular uprisings and the defeat of the dominant political groups. Many cities were abandoned, remaining unknown until the 19th century, when descendants of the Maya led a group of European and American archaeologists to these cities, which had been swallowed over the centuries by the jungle.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The Postclassic period is the time between the year 900 and the conquest of Mesoamerica by the Spaniards, which occurred between 1521 and 1697. It was a period in which military activity became of great importance. The political elites associated with the priestly class were relieved of power by groups of warriors. In turn, at least a half-century before the arrival of the Spaniards, the warrior class was yielding its positions of privilege to a very powerful group that was unconnected to the nobility: the "pochtecas", merchants who obtained great political power by virtue of their economic power.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The Postclassic period is divided into two phases. The first is the early Postclassic, which includes the 10th to the 13th century, and is characterized by the Toltec hegemony of Tula. The 12th century marks the beginning of the late Postclassic period, which begins with the arrival of the Chichimec, linguistically related to the Toltecs and the Mexica, who established themselves in the Valley of Mexico in 1325, following a two-century pilgrimage from Aztlán, the exact location of which is unknown. Many of the social changes of this final period of Mesoamerican civilization are related to the migratory movements of the northern peoples. These peoples came from Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and the northern region of Mesoamerica, driven by climate changes that threatened their survival. The migrations from the north caused, in turn, the displacement of peoples who had been rooted in Mesoamerica for centuries; some of them left for Centroamerica.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: There were many cultural changes during that time. One of them was the expansion of metallurgy, imported from South America, and whose oldest remnants in Mesoamerica come from the West, as is the case also with ceramics. The Mesoamericans did not achieve great facility with metals; in fact, their use was rather limited (a few copper axes, needles, and above all jewelry). The most advanced techniques of Mesoamerican metallurgy were developed by the mixtecos, who produced fine, exquisitely handcrafted articles. Remarkable advances were made in architecture as well. The use of nails in architecture was introduced to support the sidings of the temples, the mortar was improved, and the use of columns and stone roofs was widespread—something that only the Maya had used during the Classic period. In agriculture, the system of irrigation became more complex; in the Valley of Mexico especially, chinampas were used extensively by the Mexica, who built a city of 200,000 around them.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The political system also underwent important changes. During the early Postclassic period, the warlike political elites legitimized their position by means of their adherence to a complex set of religious beliefs that López Austin called "zuyuanidad". According to this system, the ruling classes proclaimed themselves the descendants of Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed Serpent, one of the creative forces, and a cultural hero in Mesoamerican mythology. They likewise declared themselves the heirs of a no less mythical city, called Tollan in Nahuatl, and Zuyuá in Maya (from which López Austin derives the name for the belief system). Many of the important capitals of the time identified themselves with this name (for example, Tollan Xicocotitlan, Tollan Chollollan, Tollan Teotihuacan). The Tollan of myth was for a long time identified with Tula, in Hidalgo state, but Enrique Florescano and López Austin have claimed that this has no basis. Florescano states that the mythical Tollan was Teotihuacan; López Austin argues that Tollan was simply a product of the Mesoamerican religious imagination. Another feature of the "zuyuano" system was the formation of alliances with other city-states that were controlled by groups having the same ideology; such was the case with the League of Mayapán in Yucatán, and the Mixtec confederation of Lord Eight Deer, based in the mountains of Oaxaca. These early Postclassic societies can be characterized by their military nature and multi-ethnic populations.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: However, the fall of Tula checked the power of the "zuyuano" system, which finally broke down with the dissolution of the League of Mayapán, the Mixtec state, and the abandonment of Tula. Mesoamerica received new immigrants from the north, and although these groups were related to the ancient Toltecs, they had a completely different ideology than the existing residents. The final arrivals were the Mexica, who established themselves on a small island on Lake Texcoco under the dominion of the Texpanecs of Azcapotzalco. This group would, in the following decades, conquer a large part of Mesoamerica, creating a united and centralized state whose only rivals were the Tarascan state of Michoacán. Neither one of them could defeat the other, and it seems that a type of non-aggression pact was established between the two peoples. When the Spaniards arrived many of the peoples controlled by the Mexica no longer wished to continue under their rule. Therefore, they took advantage of the opportunity presented by the Europeans, agreeing to support them, thinking that in return they would gain their freedom, and not knowing that this would lead to the subjugation of all of the Mesoamerican world.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Of all prehispanic Mesoamerican cultures, the best-known is the Mexica of the city-state of Tenochtitlan, also known as the Aztecs. The Aztec Empire dominated central Mexico for close to a century before the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire (1519–1521).


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The Mexica people came from the north or the west of Mesoamerica. The Nayaritas believed that the mythic Aztlán was located on the island of Mexcaltitán. Some hypothesize that this mythical island could have been located somewhere in the state of the Zacatecas, and it has even been proposed that it was as far north as New Mexico. Whatever the case, they were probably not far removed from the classic Mesoamerican tradition. In fact, they shared many characteristics with the people of central Mesoamerica. The Mexicas spoke Nahuatl, the same language spoken by the Toltecs and the Chichimecs who came before them.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The date of the departure from Aztlán is debated, with suggested dates of 1064, 1111, and 1168. After much wandering, the Mexicas arrived at the basin of the Valley of Mexico in the 14th century. They established themselves at various points along the bank of the river (for example, Culhuacán and Tizapán), before settling on the Islet of Mexico, protected by Tezozómoc, king of the Texpanecas. The city of Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325 as an ally of Azcapotzalco, but less than a century later, in 1430, the Mexicas joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to wage war against Azcapotzalco and emerged victoriously. This gave birth to the Triple Alliance that replaced the ancient confederation ruled by the Tecpanecas (which included Coatlinchan and Culhuacán).


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: In the earliest days of the Triple Alliance, the Mexica initiated an expansionist phase that led them to control a good part of Mesoamerica. During this time only a few regions retained their independence: Tlaxcala (Nahua), Meztitlán (Otomí), Teotitlán del Camino (Cuicatec), Tututepec (Mixtec), Tehuantepec (Zapotec), and the northwest (ruled at that time by their rivals, the Tarascans). The provinces controlled by the Triple Alliance were forced to pay a tribute to Tenochtitlan; these payments are recorded in another codex known as the Matrícula de Los tributos (Registry of Tribute). This document specifies the quantity and type of every item that each province had to pay to the Mexicas.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: The Mexica state was conquered by the Spanish forces of Hernán Cortés and their Tlaxcalan and Totonac allies in 1521. The defeat of Mesoamerica was complete when, in 1697, Tayasal was burned and razed by the Spanish.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: With the destruction of the superstructure of the Aztec Empire in 1521, central Mexico was brought under the control of the Spanish Empire. Over the course of the succeeding decades, virtually all of Mesoamerica was brought under Spanish control, which resulted in a fairly uniform policies toward indigenous populations. Spaniards' established the fallen Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan as Mexico City, the seat of government for the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The great initial project for Spanish conquerors was converting the indigenous peoples to Christianity, the only permitted religion. This endeavor was undertaken by Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian friars immediately after conquest. Divvying up of the spoils of the war was of key interest to the Spanish conquerors. The major ongoing benefit to conquerors after the obvious material plunder was to appropriate the existing system of tribute and obligatory labor to the Spanish victors. This was done by the establishment of the "encomienda", which awarded the tribute and labor from individual indigenous polities to particular Spanish conquerors. In that way, the economic and political arrangements at the level of the indigenous community were largely kept intact. The indigenous polity ("altepetl") in the Nahua area, "cah" in the Maya region was the key to cultural survival of indigenous under Spanish rule, while at the same time also providing the structure for their economic exploitation. Spaniards classified all indigenous peoples as "Indians" ("indios"), a term that the indigenous peoples never embraced. They were classified legally as being under the jurisdiction of the "". They were legally separated from the "República de Españoles", which comprised Europeans, Africans, and mixed-race castas. In general, indigenous communities in Mesoamerica kept much of their prehispanic social and political structures, with indigenous elites continuing to function as leaders in their communities. These elites acted as intermediaries with the Spanish crown, so long as they remained loyal. There were significant changes in Mesoamerican communities during the colonial era, but during the entire colonial period Mesoamericans were the largest single non-Hispanic group in the colonial Mexico, far larger than the entire Hispanic sphere. Although the Spanish colonial system imposed many changes on Mesoamerican peoples, they did not force the acquisition of Spanish and Mesoamerican languages continued to flourish to the present day.


title: Mesoamerican chronology

text: Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821, with some participation of indigenous in decade-long political struggles, but for their own motivations. With the fall of colonial government, the Mexican state abolished distinctions between ethnic groups, that is the separate governance for indigenous populations in the "República de Indios". The new sovereign country made, in theory at least, all Mexicans citizens of the independent nation-state rather than vassals of the Spanish crown, with different legal standing. A long period of political chaos in the post-independence period among white elites largely did not affect indigenous peoples and their communities. Mexican conservatives were largely in charge of the national government and kept in place practices from the old colonial order. However, in the 1850s, Mexican liberals gained power and attempted to formulate and implement reforms that did affect indigenous communities, as well as the Catholic Church. The Mexican Constitution of 1857 abolished the ability of corporations to hold land, which aimed at taking assets out of the hands of the Catholic Church in Mexico and forcing indigenous communities to divide their community-held lands. Liberals' aimed at turning indigenous community members pursuing subsistence farming into yeoman farmers holding their own land. Mexican conservatives repudiated the liberal reform laws since they attacked the Catholic Church, but indigenous communities also participated in a three-year civil war. In the late nineteenth century, liberal army general Porfirio Díaz, a Mestizo did much for modernizing Mexico and integrating it into the world economy, but there were renewed pressures on indigenous communities and their lands. These exploded in certain areas of Mexico during the ten-year long civil war, the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). In the aftermath of the Revolution, the Mexican government attempted simultaneously shore up indigenous culture, while at the same time also attempting to integrate the indigenous as citizens of the nation, turning indigenous into peasants ("campesinos"). This has proved more difficult than policy planners imagined, with resilient indigenous communities continuing to struggle for rights within the nation.


title: Yoon So-hee

text: Yoon was born in Stuttgart, Germany, on May 7, 1993, and lived there for six years before returning to Seoul. In 2011, she enrolled as a Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering major at KAIST, one of South Korea's prestigious science and research universities; she is currently on a leave of absence.Later, in 2021, she returned to study.


title: Yoon So-hee

text: Yoon was first featured on "Hit the S Style", a variety show which spotlights campus style icons which was aired on tvN. She then appeared in the intermission video at Super Show 5, a concert tour by Super Junior, followed by an uncredited cameo in the music video for SHINee's "Why So Serious?".


title: Yoon So-hee

text: In 2013, she starred in music videos by EXO in "EXO Music Video Drama" (in both Korean and Mandarin Chinese versions). Afterwards, Yoon made her acting debut in the period drama "The Blade and Petal". She has since been cast in increasingly larger roles in television dramas such as "Let's Eat" (2013) and "Secret Door" (2014), where she acted as the older version Kim Yoo-jung's character.


title: Yoon So-hee

text: Yoon had her film debut in the romance film "Salut d'Amour" (2015) as the younger version of Youn Yuh-jung's character, followed by a supporting role in the South Korean-Chinese film "Life Risking Romance" (2016). In 2016, she had her first leading role in KBS' mini drama "The Day After We Broke Up" alongside Kim Myung-soo.


title: Yoon So-hee

text: Yoon gained increased recognition following her supporting role in the sageuk "". In 2018, Yoon portrayed her first lead role in the romantic comedy drama "Witch's Love".


title: Marco Andretti

text: Marco Michael Andretti (born March 13, 1987) is an American auto racing driver who drives the No. 98 car for Andretti Herta Autosport part-time in the IndyCar Series. He is the third generation of the famous Andretti racing family. He is the 2022 SRX Series champion.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Marco was born to Sandra and eventual IndyCar champion Michael Andretti. Marco's paternal grandfather is Italian American Mario Andretti, a highly successful racing driver, who raced professionally for four decades and had success in the United States and all over the globe in various categories of racing, including winning the Formula One Drivers' Championship in . Other Andretti family members also have had success in various categories of racing.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti won eight races in the 2003 Barber Formula Dodge Eastern Championship, and was champion in the Barber National and Southern class the following year.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Still barely out of high school, he raced in the Star Mazda series in 2005 and also made six starts in the Indy Pro Series. He won three times – at St. Petersburg, the Liberty Challenge, and Sonoma – and finished 10th in points despite only starting half the races.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Motorsports journalist Gordon Kirby suggested at the Champ Car finale in Mexico City that the youngest Andretti would be replacing Dan Wheldon in his No. 26 Jim Beam Dallara-Honda for 2006 with Michael Andretti coming out of retirement to run a fifth car for his Andretti Green Racing team at the Indianapolis 500. Though a novel proposition to some, it was later confirmed in a December 15 press conference that he would move up to the Indy Racing League full-time as the youngest driver in series history and would trade sponsors – the New York Stock Exchange and Motorola – with Dario Franchitti as Andretti was not old enough to run an alcohol-sponsored car.


title: Marco Andretti

text: In his rookie start on March 26, 2006, at Homestead-Miami Speedway in the No. 26 New York Stock Exchange Dallara Honda, Andretti started 13th but broke a halfshaft in his first pitstop, eliminating him from the race.


title: Marco Andretti

text: With his Rookie of the Year performance in May at the Indianapolis 500, he became the third Andretti to finish in the top five in his first Indianapolis 500 appearance, after father Michael (5th in 1984 Indianapolis 500) and grandfather Mario, who finished third in 1965. Andretti finished second to Sam Hornish Jr. in the second-closest finish in Indianapolis 500 history at a margin of 0.0635 seconds.


title: Marco Andretti

text: On August 27, 2006, Andretti became the youngest winner – at the age of  – of a major open-wheel racing event (later to be replaced by Graham Rahal) as he scored his first career Indy Racing League victory at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, California. He held the record until April 2008, when Graham Rahal won the 2008 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg aged 74 days younger. Andretti's win established him as the 2006 Bombardier Rookie of the Year.


title: Marco Andretti

text: The 2007 season was not as successful for Andretti. He failed to finish ten times and only completed 7 races. The team struggled to find balance on ovals, with accidents eliminating him from the races in Japan, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, and Chicago, as well as the Mid Ohio road course. After finishing second at Michigan, Andretti finished eleventh place overall with 350 points.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti ran his first night race at Homestead-Miami Speedway, the first race of the 2008 season, with a 2nd-place finish behind Scott Dixon. He also led the most laps of the race – leading 85 – and received an additional three points. At St. Petersburg, Andretti snapped a half-shaft on his car trying to leave the pits, causing him to retire. In the third race of the season at Motegi, Japan, Andretti spun out on the first lap of the race. At the 2008 Indianapolis 500, Andretti finished third, after leading several laps. During the race, he passed teammate, Tony Kanaan, who then crashed into the wall, blaming Andretti.


title: Marco Andretti

text: A week later he captured his first IndyCar Series pole at the Milwaukee Mile and became the youngest IndyCar pole winner at the time – at the age of  – but crashed out with 3 laps to go in the race. His car slipped up the track, collecting Ed Carpenter, which in turn caused Vítor Meira to go airborne as he drove over Andretti's tire. The eventual winner, Ryan Briscoe just missed the wreckage, as Andretti finished 21st. At Texas Motor Speedway, Andretti had one of the best cars and was able to drive the high line all night, but Ryan Hunter-Reay and Andretti made contact with just a few laps to go.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti finished third at Iowa, and then ran a strong race at Richmond but lost position when he pitted under green and a subsequent caution allowed the race leaders to pit under yellow; he finished ninth. Andretti finished fifth at Watkins Glen, before mechanical failure caused his car to crash out at Nashville. He also raced earlier the same day in the American Le Mans Series race at Lime Rock Park. At Mid-Ohio, Andretti got caught up in a four-car wreck on a restart on lap 42 which ended his race, before a 17th-place finish at Edmonton after contact with his teammate Danica Patrick. At Kentucky, Andretti took the lead from Scott Dixon, but as the race neared its end, all drivers had to pit for more fuel and Dixon took the win, while Andretti finished third. Andretti failed to finish higher than eighth in the final three races, as he finished seventh in points.


title: Marco Andretti

text: The 2009 season began on two street circuits, allowing Andretti to show the benefits of his A1 Grand Prix experience. At St. Petersburg he tangled late in the race with veteran Alex Tagliani, finishing 13th, but overcame a 19th place start in Long Beach to finish 6th due to a different pitting sequence. This was Andretti's first time at Long Beach, a circuit at which both his father and grandfather won multiple times. After a 6th-place finish at Kansas. Andretti looked to Indianapolis, where he had been 2nd and 3rd in two of his three starts. Starting 8th, Andretti attempted to pass KV Racing Technology's Mario Moraes on the outside of the South chute between Turns 1 and 2. Moraes moved towards the wall, apparently unaware that Andretti was outside of him, and both cars collected the wall. Both Andretti and Moraes expressed their displeasure with each other in their on-air interviews. Andretti called the second-year driver "clueless" and said that "he doesn't get it and never will. I should have known who I was racing with."


title: Marco Andretti

text: The remainder of the year did not yield much success, as Andretti's best finish of the year was 4th at Texas. He continued his improved form on the road and street courses, finishing 5th at Watkins Glen, 8th in his first race in Toronto – where his father won a record seven times – and 6th at Mid-Ohio before finishing 8th in the final standings.


title: Marco Andretti

text: In 2011, Andretti placed 9th at Indianapolis after starting 27th. On June 25, 2011, Andretti won his second IndyCar Series race at Iowa Speedway. It was his first win in 79 races since his win at Sonoma Raceway in 2006.


title: Marco Andretti

text: The 2012 season was a struggle for Andretti. He started the year with 14th place at St. Petersburg, 11th at Alabama, 25th at Long Beach, and 14th at São Paulo. He led the most laps (59) at Indianapolis but hit the Turn 1 wall on Lap 188. Andretti continued the season with 11th at Detroit, 17th at Texas, 15th at Milwaukee, and a best finish of the season at Iowa, where he finished 2nd. Following his runner-up at Iowa, he had 16th at Toronto, 14th at Edmonton, 8th at Mid-Ohio, and 25th place at Sonoma. At Baltimore, Andretti made another finish in the back of the field, finishing 14th. Just as the season was about to end, he achieved the second pole position of his career at Fontana, finishing the race 8th. Andretti finished 16th on the point standings.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti started the 2013 season with a third-place finish at St. Petersburg. This was followed by 2 seventh-place finishes at Barber and Long Beach, matching his top-ten tally from the 2012 season. In the fourth race of the season at São Paulo, Andretti finished third and was able to move to second in the championship thirteen points behind Takuma Sato. He also led his first seven laps of the season. At the Indy 500, Andretti qualified 3rd and was consistently in the top 5 throughout the race. He led 31 laps and finished 4th after two late yellow flags that prevented him from moving forward in the field. After the race, Andretti said he was "frustrated" with the finish because he had not been below fourth all race. However, after the 500 he took the points lead by 11 points over Takuma Sato.


title: Marco Andretti

text: He continued his season with the first doubleheader at Detroit, finishing 20th in the first race – his lowest finish of the season – and 6th in the second race, marking improvement between the two. At Texas, he performed relatively well, staying within the top 10 for most of the race, and later finishing 5th. He claimed his third pole position at Milwaukee, but despite his success in qualifying, his engine blew after the first pit stop, leaving him with a 20th-place finish, before he finished ninth at Iowa. At Pocono, where his grandfather and father had once raced, he was at the top of his game, setting the track record for the fastest lap, and gaining a 4th career pole. Despite leading early in the race, he faded to a 10th-place finish in the end. At the Toronto doubleheader, he qualified and finished in the top 10, staying consistently well during the race. He finished fourth in race one, and finished ninth in the other race at Toronto, without any other events altering his finish. At Mid-Ohio, he finished 9th, without having many eventful occurrences throughout the race. He finished the season fifth in points.


title: Marco Andretti

text: On December 7, 2017, Andretti Autosport announced plans for Andretti to swap car numbers with teammate Alexander Rossi for the 2018 season. Rossi will move to the No. 27 team while Andretti takes over Rossi's No. 98.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Following disappointing 2018 and 2019 seasons in which he failed to secure any podium finishes, Andretti qualified for the pole position at the 2020 Indianapolis 500, posting an average speed of 231.068MPH—the first time an Andretti had sat on the pole for the Indy 500 since his grandfather Mario in 1987. The high point in his season proved short-lived, however, as he quickly faded after the race's start and ended up finishing 13th. Andretti would finish no higher than 10th during the pandemic-shortened 2020 season.


title: Marco Andretti

text: In January 2021, Andretti announced that he will "step away" from full-time IndyCar racing, though he will continue to work with the Andretti Autosport team in a testing and development role. He placed 19th in the 2021 Indianapolis 500.


title: Marco Andretti

text: In February 2018 U.S. Concrete announced that they will be sponsoring Marco Andretti in six of the upcoming races including the Indianapolis 500 and the GP of Long Beach other sponsors include Verizon and PennGrade Motor Oil.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Honda Racing F1 announced in December 2006 that Andretti would be presented with an opportunity to test their Formula One car, and on December 15, Andretti drove their Formula One car at Jerez in Spain. Honda sporting director Gil de Ferran commented that he had done a good job. Andretti said that he had greatly enjoyed the test but also told reporters that he wishes to enter Formula One only after he has won the Indianapolis 500.


title: Marco Andretti

text: On February 7–8, 2007 Andretti participated in a second Honda Racing F1 test for two days in Jerez, Spain. As in the previous test, Andretti drove the team's 2006 Formula One car. His (unofficial) fastest lap of the day on February 7 was less than 1.5 seconds slower than Honda team driver Jenson Button's fastest time. His (unofficial) fastest time on February 8, in changeable conditions, was less than one second slower than that of the 2005 and 2006 Formula One World Drivers' Champion Fernando Alonso's fastest lap, although several seconds slower than Honda driver Rubens Barrichello.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti drove in the ALMS Sebring 12-hour endurance race for the Andretti Green Racing XM Satellite Radio car in March 2008. He was able to put in times in the 1-minute 48-second range that neither of his co-drivers was able to match. Although the car was retired early from the race, it was in the position for a podium finish.


title: Marco Andretti

text: On July 12, 2008, Andretti raced in the American LeMans race at Lime Rock Park, Conn in the AGR XM Acura. Later that same day, he raced in the IndyCar Series race in Nashville.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti, Franck Montagny, and Tony Kanaan raced at the Petit Le Mans on October 4, 2008. A late-race incident retired the #26 XM Radio Acura early, with a seventh-place finish in LMP2 and 16th overall.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti made his Rolex Sports Car Series debut in the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona, driving the No. 2 Starworks Motorsport Riley-Ford with Ryan Hunter-Reay, Michael Valiante, Scott Mayer and Miguel Potolicchio, finishing 10th overall.


title: Marco Andretti

text: After stepping away from full-time IndyCar racing, Andretti joined Tony Stewart and Ray Evernham's new Superstar Racing Experience where he would run the full six-race season in the #98 stock car. Andretti would perform exceptionally well in the series, with him winning the race in Slinger Speedway late in the season. It was his first victory in any form of motorsports since his final IndyCar win in 2011.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti won the 2022 SRX Series championship, besting Ryan Newman by two points. The championship victory came despite not winning a race during the course of the year.


title: Marco Andretti

text: On November 3, 2008, Andretti was confirmed to be racing for A1 Team USA at the second round of the 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season. Andretti was given the opportunity to race after Andretti Green Racing was revealed to be taking over the management of A1 Team USA starting with the 2008–09 season, and his father Michael Andretti became seat holder.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Andretti competed for Andretti Autosport in the fourth round of the 2014–15 Formula E season in Buenos Aires, replacing Matthew Brabham. For the fifth round in Miami Andretti was replaced by Scott Speed.


title: Marco Andretti

text: Off the track, Marco spends his time in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, having purchased his childhood home from his father, Michael, for $2 million.


title: Marco Andretti

text: In September 2017, after the conclusion of the 2017 IndyCar Series, Marco married his long-time girlfriend, model Marta Krupa, sister of model and former "Real Housewives of Miami" star Joanna Krupa. On December 11, 2021, Andretti announced on Instagram that he and Krupa were "parting ways in a very friendly way."


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon Kinne (born Sharon Elizabeth Hall, November 30, 1939), also known as Jeanette Pugliese and in Mexico as La Pistolera, is an American murderer and prison escapee who was convicted in Mexico for one murder and is suspected of two others in the United States, one for which she was acquitted at trial. As of 2022, Kinne is the subject of the longest currently outstanding arrest warrant for murder in the history of Kansas City, Missouri, and one of the longest outstanding felony warrants in U.S. history.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: On March 19, 1960, Sharon's husband, James Kinne, was found shot in the head with the couple's two-year-old daughter playing nearby. Sharon claimed that the child, who had often been allowed to play with James's guns, had accidentally shot him, and police were initially unable to disprove her story. Then, on May 27, the body of 23-year-old Patricia Jones, a local file clerk, was found by Sharon and a boyfriend in a secluded area. Investigators found that Jones had been the wife of another of Sharon's boyfriends, and that Jones's husband had tried to break off his affair with Sharon shortly before Jones went missing. When Sharon admitted to having been the last person to speak to Jones, she was charged with her murder and, upon further investigation of his death, that of James.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon went to trial for Jones's murder in June 1961 and was acquitted. A January 1962 trial on charges of murdering her husband ended in conviction and a sentence of life imprisonment, but the verdict was overturned because of procedural irregularities. The case went to a second trial, which ended within days in a mistrial. A third trial ended in a hung jury in July 1964. Sharon was released on bond following the third trial and subsequently traveled to Mexico before a scheduled fourth trial could be held in October 1964.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: In Mexico, Sharon, claiming to have been acting in self-defense, killed a Mexican-born American citizen named Francisco Parades Ordoñez, who was shot in the back. An employee of the hotel in which the shooting occurred, responding to the sound of gunshots, was also wounded but survived. Investigation into the shootings showed that Ordoñez was shot with the same weapon that killed Jones. Sharon was convicted in October 1965 of the Ordoñez killing and sentenced to ten years in prison, later lengthened to thirteen years after judicial review. She escaped from the prison during a blackout in December 1969. Despite extensive manhunts, Sharon Kinne's whereabouts are unknown.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon Kinne was born Sharon Elizabeth Hall on November 30, 1939, in Independence, Missouri, to Eugene and Doris Hall. When she was in junior high, Sharon's parents moved the family to Washington State, but by the time she was aged 15 they had returned to Missouri. In the summer of 1956, at age 16, Sharon met 22-year-old college student James Kinne at a church function, and the couple dated regularly until James returned to Brigham Young University (BYU) in the fall.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon, reportedly deeply interested in finding a partner with prospects who could take her away from Independence, wrote a letter to James informing him that she was pregnant by him. James took leave from BYU and returned to Independence, where he married Sharon on October 18, 1956. The couple's marriage license falsely identified Sharon as being 18 and a widow; though she later refused to address the assertion, Sharon told people at the time that she had been married when she lived in Washington, to a man who later died in a car accident. The new couple held a second, more formal wedding the following year at the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah, after Sharon had completed the process of joining the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: After their wedding, the Kinnes returned to Provo, Utah. James resumed his studies at BYU, but put them on hold again at the end of the fall semester. The couple returned to Independence, where both took jobs—Sharon babysat and tended shops, while James worked as an electrical engineer at Bendix Aviation. Although Sharon claimed to have miscarried the child that had brought about their marriage, she soon became pregnant again. In the fall of 1957, she gave birth to a girl they named Danna.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon was reportedly a lavish spender who expected finer things out of life, but on James's salary they lived first in a rented home next to his parents' residence, then in a ranch-style house they had built at 17009 East 26th Terrace, Independence. James worked the night shift at Bendix, and his wife initially filled her days with shopping and, later, with other men. By the time the couple had a second child, Troy, Sharon was carrying on a regular extramarital affair with a friend from high school, John Boldizs.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: By early 1960, James was contemplating divorce, partially because of Sharon's spending habits and partially because he strongly suspected her infidelity. He spoke to his parents about the possibility of divorce on March 18, 1960, telling them that Sharon had agreed to give him one if he allowed her to keep the house, gave her custody the couple's daughter, and paid her US$1,000 in alimony. James's parents, devout Mormons, urged him to stay in the marriage. Sharon, too, was thinking about ways out of the marriage; according to Boldizs, she once offered him US$1,000 to kill her husband, or find someone who would, although he later claimed that she may have been joking.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: According to Sharon, on March 19, 1960, at around 5:30 p.m., she heard a gunshot from the direction of the bedroom in which James was sleeping. Entering the room, she found two-and-a-half-year-old Danna on the bed next to her father. Danna was holding one of James's guns, a High Standard .22 target pistol, and James was bleeding from an apparent gunshot wound in the back of his head. Sharon called the police, but James was dead by the time the ambulance carrying him arrived at the hospital.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Police were unable to recover any fingerprints from the well-oiled grip of the pistol, and a paraffin test for gunshot residue was not performed on either Danna or Sharon. Multiple people, including family and neighbors, told police that James had often allowed Danna to play with his guns, and in a test by investigating officers, Danna proved able to pull the trigger on a gun matching the one that had killed her father. With no evidence to the contrary, investigators ruled the case an accidental homicide.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The pistol that killed James was taken into police custody and never returned to Sharon, despite her efforts to reclaim it; she later had a male friend secretly buy her a .22 caliber automatic pistol. When the friend told Sharon that he had registered the gun in her name, she requested that he re-register it under a name other than hers.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: With the investigation into his death closed, James was buried and Sharon collected on his life insurance policies, valued at about US$29,000 (US$230,000 today).


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Patricia Jones was born Patricia Clements, one of six children born to Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Clements of St. Joseph, Missouri. After graduating from Benton High School, she married Walter T. Jones Jr., her high school sweetheart. Walter enlisted in the United States Marine Corps shortly after their marriage, and the couple relocated to the West Coast while Walter served. After his discharge from the military, they returned to Missouri and settled in Independence with their two children. By 1960, almost five years into the marriage, Jones was working as a file clerk for the Internal Revenue Service, while her husband sold cars.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Despite his marriage and children, Walter reportedly had a wandering eye. On April 18, Walter met Sharon when she bought a Ford Thunderbird from his dealership using some of the insurance payout from her husband's death. The two began an affair shortly thereafter. Sharon viewed Walter as a prospect for a second husband, but he was uninterested in leaving Patricia despite the rockiness of their relationship.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: When Walter declined to go on a trip to Washington with her in May, Sharon reluctantly went with her brother Eugene instead. Although the couple reunited on May 25, shortly after Sharon returned, the relationship was quickly set on the rocks when she told Walter that she was pregnant and he was the father of the baby. Walter, instead of responding with what Sharon expected to be an agreement to divorce Patricia, ended the affair.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: According to Sharon's later testimony, on the afternoon of May 26, she contacted Patricia at her office and told her that Walter was having an affair with Sharon's sister. Sharon then met with Patricia that evening to discuss the matter further before dropping her off near the Jones house.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Patricia never made it to her house that evening, according to her husband. Walter filed a missing persons report with police the next day and began calling people he thought might have seen his wife. He got a lead when he spoke to friends of Patricia's who carpooled to work with her. They told Walter that Patricia had reported receiving a phone call that day from an unnamed woman who wanted to meet with her. She had asked the carpool driver to drop her off at a street corner in Independence, which he had done. The occupants of the carpool had seen a woman waiting for Patricia in another car but did not recognize her. They nevertheless provided a description of the unknown woman to Walter.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Suspicious of the identity of the unknown woman based on the carpoolers' general description, Walter called Sharon and asked if she had seen or spoken to his wife. Sharon allowed that she had, indeed, seen Patricia that day; she had met her to tell her about Walter's affair. According to Sharon, she last saw Patricia where she dropped her off near the Jones house, speaking to an unknown man in a green 1957 Ford.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Based on Sharon's admission over the phone, Walter met with her late Friday evening and insisted she give him more details about where his wife was; he later admitted to going so far as to hold a key to her throat threateningly. Sharon's response was, after leaving Walter, to call Boldizs and ask him to help her search for Patricia. Shortly before midnight, within hours of Sharon's conversation with Walter, she and Boldizs found the body of a woman in a secluded area approximately one mile outside of Independence. According to Boldizs, he had been the one to suggest searching the area in which they encountered the body; it was a spot to which they had often gone on dates before.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The body, dressed in a black sweater and yellow skirt, was soon identified as the missing Patricia Jones. She had been shot four times by a .22 caliber pistol. Although the fatal wound was a shot to Patricia's head, entering near her mouth on an upward trajectory, she also had one through and through bullet wound to her abdomen and two penetrating gunshot wounds to her shoulders on a downward trajectory through her body. Powder burns on the hemline of her skirt, which had been raised to her waist, indicated that the gun had been fired from close range at least once. Initial reports and investigation placed Patricia's time of death at approximately 9 p.m. on May 27. She was buried on May 31.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Investigators immediately began to question Sharon, Walter, and Boldizs. All three were questioned on May 28. Walter and Boldizs both gave written statements admitting that they had dated Sharon, and both agreed to lie detector tests; Sharon gave an oral statement to police but declined to sign a written one or take a lie detector test. She was questioned again on the morning of May 30, and Boldizs on May 31. The scheduled polygraphs for the two men were performed on June 1, and both men were deemed to have been truthful in their statements. Sharon's brother Eugene was also questioned on May 31, but declined to answer questions.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: While police questioned potential suspects and witnesses, other investigators focused on processing the crime scene. Repeated attempts were made to find the murder weapon and the bullet that had passed through Patricia's body, including the sifting of dirt at the crime scene for bullets and the deployment of a troop of Boy Scouts to search for a gun. A .22 caliber rifle slug was eventually found buried in the ground where Patricia's body had been found, providing evidence that at least some of her wounds had been sustained at the place her body was found. Although investigators went so far as to drag the bottom of nearby bodies of water, the gun that had shot Patricia—assumed to be a .22 caliber pistol—could not be found.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Buildings near where the body had been located were also searched for blood and gunshot evidence, in accordance with police's theory that Patricia had been attacked elsewhere and then transported outdoors. A "white, powdery substance" found in Patricia's hair was initially believed to be trace evidence of some other crime scene area—an idea which fueled the search of nearby buildings—but was later determined to be fly eggs.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon was arrested at her home for Patricia Jones's murder around 11 p.m. on May 31, the same night as her funeral. The same day, the Jackson County sheriff requested that prosecutors consider a second charge of murder, this one for the death of James Kinne. Sharon's lawyers, Alex Peebles and Martha Sperry Hickman, filed a writ of "habeas corpus" with the court the next morning, and a hearing that afternoon resulted in her release on US$20,000 bond while she awaited a preliminary hearing originally scheduled for June 16.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Police were able to rule out the .22 caliber pistol that had killed James as the murder weapon in Patricia's death; that gun was still in the possession of the sheriff's office. However, a man who worked with Sharon admitted to having secretly purchased a new .22 caliber pistol at her request in the beginning of May. Police were unable to locate the gun in question when they searched her house, though they did find an empty box that they believed had once held a gun. Sharon at first claimed to investigators that she had lost the gun on a trip to Washington, then stated simply that the gun had disappeared. Walter was taken into custody on June 2 as a material witness to the case and was freed the same day on US$2,000 bond.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The initial autopsy performed on Patricia was criticized by police and prosecutors, who felt that the recovery of bullets and the testing of stomach contents should have been done. Dr. Hugh Owens, who had performed the autopsy, argued that he had recovered one of the presumed three bullets present in the body, and that because the body had been "prepared" by an undertaker prior to autopsy, any chemical tests on stomach contents would have been useless. Owens did add when asked that he had not seen any food apparent in the stomach at autopsy. Patricia's body was exhumed on June 17 in order to collect the bullets that had been left behind at the original autopsy, as well as to gather what samples of tissue and stomach contents were possible.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon's arraignment on July 11 resulted in denial of bail, but the Kansas City Court of Appeals struck down the ruling days later based on the prosecution's reliance on circumstantial evidence. She was freed on US$24,000 (worth US$ in 2013 dollars) bond on July 18. After a delay in her trial date due to her advanced pregnancy, Sharon gave birth to a daughter she named Marla Christine on January 16, 1961.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Although charged with both murders, Sharon was tried separately for the two crimes. Her trial for the murder of Patricia Jones began in mid-June 1961, with jury selection beginning on or about June 13 and the trial commencing days later with an all-male jury.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Opening arguments by both prosecution and defense set up cases based on purported times of death. Basing their assertion on pathologist-given testimony that Patricia had died about six hours after she ate lunch on May 26, the prosecution claimed that Jones had died more than 24 hours before Sharon and Boldizs found her body; defense attorneys argued that death had more likely occurred six to eight hours prior. Prosecutor J. Arnott Hill cited testimony by Walter Jones and Chief of Detectives Lt. Harry Nesbitt as evidence of Sharon's motive for the crime: Nesbitt recalled statements by Sharon that she was afraid Walter was drifting away from her despite the financial support she offered him, and Walter testified that Sharon had told him she was pregnant by him and he had thereafter attempted to end the relationship.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The prosecution was unable to firmly establish that Sharon owned or had once had the weapon that killed Patricia, though both Sharon's known pistol and the one that fired the bullets that killed Patricia were .22 caliber weapons. Roy Thrush, the man who sold the pistol to Sharon's male friend, had led police to a tree that contained what he claimed to be bullets he had fired from that pistol; however, when the bullets were extracted from the tree trunk, tests showed that the extracted bullets were not identifiable as having come from the weapon that killed Patricia.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The prosecution rested its case on June 21 after calling 27 witnesses. Sharon's defense, which took less than two days and involved fourteen witnesses other than Sharon—who did not testify—focused on breaking down the State's claims of motive and means, arguing that she had no reason to kill Patricia and that the pistol she was alleged to have owned had not been proven to be the murder weapon.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: After slightly over one and a half hours of deliberation, the jury, citing "just too many loopholes" left in the prosecution's case, acquitted Sharon Kinne. Immediately after the delivery of the verdict, juror Ogden Stephens asked Sharon for her autograph, which she was photographed giving to him. Sharon was returned to jail the same day to await trial for the murder of her husband.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Despite her acquittal for the murder of Patricia Jones, Sharon remained charged for the murder of her husband, James Kinne. When jury selection began on January 8, 1962, Hill noted that he did not intend to pursue the death penalty in the case.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The prosecution's case rested largely on their contention that Sharon had been so interested in seeing her husband removed that she had been willing to pay for his murder, supported by the grand jury testimony of Boldizs. Boldizs, though nominally a witness for the prosecution, weakened his testimony on the stand during the trial by claiming that Sharon's offer to pay him US$1,000 in return for James's murder could have been a joke, and Hill was forced to attack his own witness's credibility. Further prosecution testimony alleged that the Kinnes' marriage had been on the verge of dissolution at the time of James's death, that Sharon's adultery had been a cause of this, and that Sharon had known that she would collect her husband's US$29,000 in life insurance policies only if she were still his wife.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The defense, led by attorneys Hickman and James Patrick Quinn, focused on the circumstantial quality of the prosecution's evidence, noting that prior police investigation had determined James's death to be "obviously accidental" and that the jury was obligated to assume innocence on the defendant's part no matter how unpleasant they found her moral character to be. The defense, too, attacked the reliability of Boldizs' testimony, calling him a "poor, mixed-up kid" who would "sign anything". Kinne's attorneys also presented testimony from witnesses supporting the viability of the theory that Danna had shot her father, including statements that guns had been regularly left within her reach at the family home, that she was able to pull the triggers on toy guns with stiffer trigger pulls than the weapon that caused James' death, and that she had often been observed pretending to fire guns in play.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The trial ended in conviction on January 11 after five and a half hours of deliberation. In April of the same year, Sharon was formally sentenced to life in prison. She began to serve her sentence in the Missouri Reformatory for Women.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Later interviews with jurors from the trial revealed that "three or four ballots" had been taken before the "guilty" verdict was reached, beginning with the jury solidly divided and moving progressively toward unanimity for conviction. One juror told the "Kansas City Star" that Sharon's morals had not been considered at issue by the jury, and that she thought no juror had been aware of her previously being tried for the murder of Patricia Jones. Despite the verdict, James's family continued to believe the best of their daughter-in-law, telling reporters on the day of the verdict, "[W]e can't find it in our hearts to say anything bad about her" and, "We still don't feel that she committed murder." Sharon herself told reporters that she felt the verdict was a mistake, and that she regretted her previous enthusiasm for having a woman on the jury.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The following week, Sharon's lawyers requested that she be released on bond, supported by a community petition signed by 132 supporters of her innocence. The motion was denied on the basis of first-degree murder not being a bailable offense; presiding judge Tom J. Stubbs also counseled Sharon's lawyers that he felt their involvement in such a petition at a time when a motion for bond was being considered was "highly improper". A subsequent defense motion requested that the conviction be vacated because the jury had delivered its verdict based on "surmise and speculation" rather than "substantial evidence", listing a series of procedural errors that Sharon's counsel alleged had taken place before and during the trial; these included a juror taking "incomplete" notes, disputes over Boldizs' testimony, and an incorrect number of potential jurors being provided for selection.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The motion was denied by Judge Stubbs in April 1962, but appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court, which in March 1963 reversed the conviction and ordered a new trial on the basis of Sharon's defense having been denied adequate peremptory challenges during jury selection in her trial. Sharon was denied an opportunity for bail in May 1963, but that ruling was overturned in July and she was released on $25,000 bond, posted by her brother Eugene.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The State's request that the Missouri Supreme Court re-consider its position on Sharon's conviction was granted, but in October 1963 that hearing resulted in further grounds being found for a new trial, this time on the basis of the prosecutor having been allowed to cross-examine a prosecution witness. A second request for a re-hearing on the validity of the conviction was denied by the Missouri Supreme Court. Sharon and her children moved in with her mother and awaited the start of her new trial.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon's second trial for the death of James Kinne began on March 23, 1964. As jury selection got underway that day, the public was initially barred from the proceedings, but the restriction was soon loosened and journalists were allowed into the courtroom. An unusually long jury selection process made the first day of the trial last fourteen hours, beginning at 9 a.m. and not ending until nearly midnight; presiding judge Paul Carver noted that due to the notoriety of the case, he had been forced to choose between sequestering the entire jury pool overnight and forcing the court into a long day. The eventual jury, all men, were immediately sequestered, but days later, a mistrial was declared after it emerged that a law partner of prosecutor Lawrence Gepford had once been retained by one of the jurors.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon's third trial, originally scheduled to begin early in June 1964, began instead on June 29. Assistant prosecutor Donald L. Mason declared at jury selection that he intended to death-qualify the jury, a process in which a prosecutor peremptorily challenges any juror who automatically opposes the death penalty, and jury selection once again took more than twelve hours in one day. Boldizs' testimony in this trial remained contradictory as to whether he believed Sharon's US$1,000 offer to have James killed had been intended seriously, but he added this time that after his death, Sharon had asked that Boldizs not tell authorities about her offer.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: A new witness, a female acquaintance of Sharon's, testified that she had once joked that the woman should "get rid of [the woman's] old man like [Sharon] did", but defense cross-examination highlighted inconsistencies between this testimony and a similar quote the woman had offered at a previous deposition. For the first time at any of her trials, Sharon took the stand on the last day of this trial to issue a categorical denial of all charges. The all-male jury deadlocked seven-to-five in favor of acquittal in this trial, resulting in a second mistrial.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: A fourth trial was scheduled for October 1964; however, in September, Sharon, still free on her $25,000 bond, traveled to Mexico with an alleged lover, Francis Samuel Pugliese, leaving her children with James's father and traveling as Pugliese's wife under the name "Jeanette Pugliese". The couple later said that they had gone to Mexico to get married. Under the legal terms of her bail, Sharon was permitted to leave the country, but her contract with the company that posted her bond prohibited her from leaving Missouri without written permission from the company's agents.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: After crossing the border, Sharon and Pugliese registered at a local hotel, Hotel Gin, again as husband and wife. Sharon, saying that she felt unsafe in the foreign country, bought a pistol—which meant that the couple now possessed multiple guns, having brought one or two with them from the U.S.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: On the night of September 18, 1964, Sharon left the hotel without Pugliese, either to acquire money because the couple was running low or to get medicine she required. She encountered Francisco Parades Ordoñez, a Mexican-born American citizen, at a bar and accompanied him back to his room in Hotel La Vada. According to Sharon's account, she went with Ordoñez to see photographs he offered to show her, but he soon began to make sexual advances toward her and she was forced to fire her gun at him in an attempt to protect herself.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon maintained later that she had had no intention of harming or killing Ordoñez, and had intended only to frighten him, but her bullets struck him in the chest and killed him. Responding to the sound of gunfire, hotel employee Enrique Martinez Rueda entered the room. Sharon fired again and hit Rueda in the shoulder. Wounded, Rueda fled the room, locking Sharon inside, and called the police.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Police, rejecting Sharon's story, theorized that she had gone out that evening intending robbery, and had chosen Ordoñez as her victim. When he resisted her orders to give her his money, police believed, Sharon had shot him.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Police responding to Hotel La Vada arrested Sharon on charges of homicide and assault with a deadly weapon. Sharon maintained that she had not intended to harm Ordoñez, and that she had fired her weapon at Rueda because she feared that he, too, was coming to attack her. Police searched her purse, finding a gun and fifty cartridges, and then the couple's room at Hotel Gin, where they found two more guns and another supply of cartridges.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Authorities took Pugliese into custody at the Hotel Gin, initially holding him without charge and later filing charges of entering the country illegally and carrying an unlicensed gun. The gun found in the couple's room that night was later proven through ballistics to be the same gun that killed Patricia Jones in 1960, but because Sharon had already been acquitted of that crime, she could not be charged again for it based on the new evidence.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Pugliese was held at the Palacio de Lecumberri in Mexico City, while Sharon was initially placed in a women's prison before being transferred to Lecumberri for her trial. The couple were arraigned on September 26 and held for trial. In October, Sharon's Mexican attorney, Higinio Lara, filed a "recurso de amparo", similar to a writ of "habeas corpus", asserting that the Mexican government was violating her constitutional rights by holding her for a shooting committed in self-defense. The request was denied and both Sharon and Pugliese were tried in the summer of 1965.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Pugliese, cleared of the charges against him, was deported to the U.S., but Sharon was convicted on October 18 of the homicide of Ordoñez. Despite rumors that she would receive probation and be deported like Pugliese, Sharon was instead sentenced to a ten-year prison term for the murder. When she was officially notified of the sentence the next day, she asserted that she would appeal her conviction. The appeal, rather than overturning her sentence, lengthened it. The three-man superior court which heard Sharon's case overturned one aspect of her conviction—charges of attempted robbery—but upheld her murder conviction and increased her sentence from ten to thirteen years, saying that her original sentence had been too lenient.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon was returned to the women's prison to serve her sentence. There, she was nicknamed ""La Pistolera"" ("the gunfighter"), a nickname subsequently adopted by the Mexican press.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: On December 7, 1969, Sharon was not present for a routine 5 p.m. roll-call at the Ixtapalapan prison where she was serving her sentence. Her absence was not officially noted until she also failed to show up at a second roll-call later that evening. The news of her escape was not reported to Mexico City police until 2 o'clock the following morning. A manhunt was then arranged, initially focusing on the northern Mexican states due to authorities' belief that Sharon may have been heading for the last known whereabouts of a former inmate to whom she had grown close while they were in prison together.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The search also encompassed country-wide transport hubs and eventually circled back to the Mexico City area. U.S. authorities, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), were also alerted of Mexican authorities' belief that Sharon may have been attempting to work her way back into her native country, but the FBI noted that it was unlikely to have jurisdiction in the case.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Initial police speculation was that Sharon had bribed guards to look the other way while she escaped the prison—an unusual blackout had been reported at the prison on the evening of and at the approximate time of her escape. Investigation showed that a door that should have been locked had been left unsecured. Further questioning of prison guards and administration showed that oversight at the prison was generally lax and that it was staffed by fewer guards than it should have been.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: News reports of the time reported numerous theories about Sharon's escape, including that she had bribed prison guards, that she may have enlisted the help of a supposed boyfriend who was a Mexico City policeman, that her mother had been involved in the escape plan, that a former Mexican secret service agent had assisted in the escape, and that Sharon may have disguised herself as a man to effect her escape. A more modern theory speculates that Ordoñez's family had helped her escape and then killed her.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: The intensive manhunt for was short-lived. By December 18, the Mexican secret service and the Mexico City district attorney's office were both reporting that they were no longer involved in searching for the escaped prisoner, while the federal district attorney was reporting that responsibility for the hunt belonged to the city district attorney's office. Investigators speculated that Sharon had already crossed the border from Mexico into Guatemala, mooting the purpose of a Mexican manhunt. They noted that she was fluent in Spanish after her years in Mexican prison, and she could therefore "get along rather well" in nearly any Spanish-speaking area of the world. Despite vowing to keep the case open and their investigation running until Sharon was back in custody, authorities were forced to admit by the end of December 1969 that they had run out of investigative leads to pursue.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: More than fifty years after her escape, Sharon Kinne remains at large, her whereabouts and ultimate fate unknown.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Sharon's arrest and conviction in Mexico had implications for the status of her Missouri legal entanglements. Because she was being held in Mexico on October 26, 1964—the scheduled date for her fourth trial in the murder of her husband—her US$25,000 bond was revoked on that date. Although the United Bond Insurance Company, which had posted the bond, argued that paperwork irregularities rendered the issuance of her bail illegal, the court ordered the company to forfeit the bond. Sharon was reportedly concerned about the monetary implications of this forfeiture: "I could always use the money"; the Altus, Oklahoma, "Time-Democrat" quoted her as saying: "I don't intend to spend all my life in jail".


title: Sharon Kinne

text: A US$30,000 supersedeas bond was issued in August 1965 as the United Bond Insurance Company continued to dispute the payment of Sharon's original US$25,000 bond. The supersedeas bond allowed the company to defer payment of the US$25,000 bond until a ruling on the matter was handed down by the Missouri Supreme Court, but when that court upheld the bond's forfeiture, the US$25,000 was paid to the State of Missouri in October 1965. The United Bond Insurance Company later filed suit against Sharon's family to recover the cost of the bail, lawyer's fees, and searching for Sharon after her escape.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Shortly before her scheduled Missouri trial date, Sharon's Missouri counsel filed a motion to change the venue of any eventual fourth trial in the death of James Kinne, claiming that news coverage of the Kinne case had so prejudiced residents of Jackson County against Sharon that it would be impossible for her to get a fair trial there.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: When Sharon failed to appear for the fourth trial, a warrant was issued for her arrest in October 1964. It is still outstanding 57 years later, making it the oldest outstanding murder warrant known to exist in the Kansas City area. Sharon's status in the Mexican system also remains outstanding, though authorities have pointed out that at the time of her escape, jailbreak was not a crime under Mexican law; if she were re-captured there, she would have only to serve out the remainder of her outstanding sentence.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: In a segment of the Investigation Discovery (ID) series "Deadly Women" covering the Kinne case, author James Hays speculates that Sharon committed her first murder for monetary gain, hoping to cash in on James's life insurance policy, and that she began to derive pleasure from killing at that point. Former FBI profiler Candice DeLong supports this assertion, stating that Sharon is a sociopath, lacking in remorse and empathy, and therefore had no compunction about killing to get what she wanted.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: This idea is echoed by some of those involved in prosecuting Sharon Kinne. Even those who believe in her guilt, however, note that she had a certain appeal, describing her as "rather attractive" and admitting that they grew to like her. "The Mammoth Book of True Crime" describes her as a relative rarity, a "pretty" criminal.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: In "I'm Just an Ordinary Girl: The Sharon Kinne Story", Hays asserts that Sharon was inspired to kill her husband by a magazine article she read about Lillian Chastain, a Virginia woman who shot her husband during an argument and blamed the gunshot on the couple's two-year-old daughter. Charges against Chastain were filed in February 1960, weeks before James's death.


title: Sharon Kinne

text: Kinne's case has been featured on "Unsolved Mysteries" and was the subject of the ID series "A Crime to Remember" episode "Luck Be a Lady" (Season 4 Episode 2, 2016).


title: Crotch

text: In humans, the crotch is the bottom of the pelvis (the region of the body where the legs join the torso) and is often considered to include the groin and genitals.


title: Crotch

text: "Crotch" is derived from "crutch"; it "was first used in 1539 to refer to a forked stick used as a farm implement." This region of the body is also described with other terms such as "groin" or the lower ventral area.


title: Crotch

text: In clothing, the crotch is the area of trousers, shorts, leggings etc. where the legs join. The bottom of the crotch is an end of the inseam. The crotch-region on smaller garments such as underwear are sometimes referred to as the "pouch". Loosely-fitted or bagginess in the crotch-region is sometimes associated with a lax, casual and easy-going approach to attires or garbs.


title: Crotch

text: Clothing that is tight-fitting in the crotch produces an effect that is sometimes referred to by informal terms such as a "man-bulge"  or "moose-knuckle"  on men, and a "camel toe" on women, especially if the woman's labia majora are conspicuous. Prolonged constrictive pressure of the crotch on the male genitals may increase the likelihood of detumescing.


title: Crotch

text: The semantic field of the term "crotch" is sometimes expanded to include objects which have a similar shape to the anatomical human crotch. This may include botanical structures such as the area where tree branches are joined together or mechanical structures which fork or branch or where ramification takes place. The term had also been expanded to include the joining together of asymmetrical surfaces in cue sports equipment or the corners of flat surfaces usually made of quarried slate.


title: Crotch

text: The human crotch has been depicted in artwork. In Paleolithic art, forms called tectiforms or quadrilaterals have sometimes been interpreted to be "quick visual guides, reminders to the imagination" of the female crotch, and typically do not represent the crotch hairs.


title: Crotch

text: Classical marble statues depict females without pubic hair; in contrast statues of males "show curly pubic hair".


title: Crotch

text: For much of the history of European art – "until the late seventeenth century" – references to the female crotch were approached from above: "Art usually expressed the sense of the vulva as a point at the bottom of the belly rather than as the meeting place at the top of the thighs."


title: Crotch

text: Art therapists have noted "a triangular or vaginal shaped area in drawings by rape/sexual abuse victims".


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: David George Hamilton Frost, Baron Frost (born 21 February 1965) is a British former diplomat, civil servant and politician who briefly served as a Minister of State at the Cabinet Office between March and December 2021. Frost was Chief Negotiator of Task Force Europe from January 2020 until his resignation in December 2021.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost spent his early professional career in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), becoming Ambassador to Denmark, EU Director at the FCO, and Director for Europe and International Trade at the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. He was a special adviser to Boris Johnson when the latter was Foreign Secretary in Theresa May's government.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: After Johnson was appointed Prime Minister, Frost was Chief Negotiator for Exiting the European Union from 2019 to 2020 and the Prime Minister's Europe Adviser from 2019 to 2021. He was appointed Chief Negotiator of Task Force Europe in January 2020. He was elevated to the House of Lords as a life peer in September 2020. Frost became Minister of State at the Cabinet Office and a full member of the cabinet in March 2021. He resigned from his government positions in December 2021. In November 2022, he was listed on Companies House as a Director of the climate change denying Global Warming Policy Foundation.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost was born in Derby and was educated at Nottingham High School as a free scholar from 1976 to 1983, before attending St. John's College, Oxford, where he took a first-class degree (MA) in French and history. His studies majored on medieval European history and medieval French.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1987, and shortly after was posted to the British High Commission in Nicosia where he learned Greek and was responsible for covering Greek Cypriot politics and the Cyprus problem. In 1993, he was posted to the UK Representation to the EU in Brussels as First Secretary for Economic and Financial Affairs, where he worked on issues such as the EU Budget, the economic and financial implications of enlargement to Central Europe, and the Euro. He was then posted to the UK Mission to the United Nations in New York, where he covered Human Rights and Social and Economic Affairs.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost returned to London to be successively the Private Secretary to the Head of the Diplomatic Service, Sir John Kerr (now Lord Kerr of Kinlochard), and Deputy Head of the European Union External Department, covering international trade policy issues and relations with the Balkans and Eastern Europe.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost was promoted Economic Counsellor to the British Embassy, Paris, in 2001, where he was responsible for reporting and lobbying on all aspects of French economic and commercial life, together with its EU policy. He returned to London to be Head of the EU (Internal) Department and then Director for the European Union in the Foreign Office. In this period he led work on a range of economic and social issues, notably the resistance to the initial Working Time Directive, and the negotiation on the EU's multi-annual Budget framework. He was a member of the UK's leadership team during its EU Presidency in 2005.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: From May 2006 until October 2008, Frost served as HM Ambassador to Denmark and was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 2006 Birthday Honours. He was then Director for Strategy and Policy Planning in the Foreign Office from October 2008 to October 2010, before being seconded to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills where he served three years as Director for Europe, Trade, and International Affairs, HMG's most senior trade policy official.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost left HM Diplomatic Service in 2013 to become CEO of the Scotch Whisky Association, a trade association. In 2015, in a hearing before the Scottish Parliament, he argued in favour of the UK's membership of the EU, noting that for a Briton on an average salary, the benefit of the UK being a member of the EU was around £1,500 a year. Frost was admitted as a liveryman of the Distillers' Company in 2016. It was in his capacity as CEO that he wrote an article before the Brexit referendum for Portland Communications, in which he supported the case for remaining in the EU's Single Market and said that leaving it would be "fraught with economic risk".


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: After Boris Johnson became Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Frost was appointed in November 2016 as his special adviser, serving until Johnson resigned from office in July 2018.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: In early 2019, Frost became CEO of the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry. He has also served as a public commentator on the European Union, global economic and commercial issues, and multilateral diplomacy, as a member of the Advisory Council of the eurosceptic think tank Open Europe, and between June and October 2016, through his industry role as head of the Scotch Whisky Association, as a member of the Scottish Government's Standing Council on Europe advising on Brexit.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost was the United Kingdom's Chief Negotiator for Exiting the European Union during the Brexit negotiations in 2019 which resulted in the revised Brexit withdrawal agreement. After the UK left the European Union in January 2020, Frost led the UK's negotiations with the EU on a free trade agreement during the Brexit transition period.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: The UK government led by Boris Johnson pursued a desire to trade freely with the EU while being subject to as few EU rules as possible, and especially not to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. For its part, the EU insisted that the price for UK access to the European Single Market was compliance with EU subsidies, social, environmental and other regulations to avoid distorting competition in the single market. Another major point of contention was fisheries. Part of the impetus for Brexit was the desire of some of the British to regain full control over their fishing waters, whereas EU coastal states demanded to retain all or most of the fishing rights they enjoyed under the EU's Common Fisheries Policy.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: The trade agreement, negotiated under increasing time pressure due to the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020, had to address all of these issues. Formal trade negotiations, in which Michel Barnier represented the EU and Frost represented the UK, began on 31 March 2020. They were originally due to be concluded by the end of October 2020. However, negotiations continued and formally ended on 24 December 2020 when an agreement, the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, was reached in principle after ten negotiating rounds.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: On 31 January 2020, Frost was appointed Chief Negotiator of Task Force Europe. On 19 December 2021 he was replaced by Liz Truss, the Foreign Secretary, as the government's chief negotiator with the EU.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: On 28 June 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced his nomination of Frost for a life peerage and as UK National Security Adviser, succeeding Sir Mark Sedwill. The "Financial Times" reported that this was unpopular with military and security services, who felt Frost was underqualified. The appointment received criticism from former Cabinet Secretary Lord O'Donnell and former National Security Adviser Lord Ricketts due to concerns that the Civil Service's impartiality was being eroded by appointing a special adviser in this role. The appointment was also criticised by previous Prime Minister Theresa May in Parliament, who highlighted its political nature, and said Frost does not have proven expertise in national security.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Created a life peer, titled Baron Frost, "of Allenton in the County of Derbyshire", on 12 August 2020, he was introduced to the House of Lords on 8 September 2020.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: David Quarrey took over the role of acting National Security Adviser while Lord Frost was completing the Brexit negotiations.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: On 29 January 2021, before he could take up the role full-time, Frost was replaced as UK National Security Adviser by Sir Stephen Lovegrove. Instead, Frost was appointed UK Representative for Brexit and International Policy.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost was made a Minister of State at the Cabinet Office on 1 March 2021, and a full member of the cabinet. He was given responsibility for both the domestic and international aftermath of Brexit. He also succeeded Michael Gove as the UK chairman of the EU–UK Partnership Council. His first action, on 3 March, was to exempt British companies from certain regulations when shipping food to Northern Ireland. In June 2021, he wrote an article in the "Financial Times" calling for the EU to revisit the Northern Ireland Protocol that he had negotiated, saying the "EU needs a new playbook for dealing with neighbours, one that involves pragmatic solutions between friends, not the imposition of one side's rules on the other and legal purism" and noted the government had underestimated the effect of the protocol, even though its implimentation was opposed by the Unionist parties in Northern Ireland and its text clearly created a trade barrier between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: Frost resigned from the government on 18 December 2021, stating that he had "concerns about the current direction of travel" of the government, he had failed to resolve the issues of the Northern Ireland protocol which by then had created political paralysis within the Stormont Government. He cited Boris Johnson's tax hikes, net zero commitments, COVID-19 regulations, and failure to seize the benefits of Brexit as the reason for his resignation. Frost has also called out against "the neo-socialists, green fanatics and pro-woke crowd" in Downing Street under Johnson's premiership. Although Frost has never held any elected positions within Parliament, he has indicated that he would be willing to stand as an MP if the opportunity arose, although this would mean resigning as a member of the House of Lords. As of 2022 he listed his occupation as "peer of the realm".


title: David Frost, Baron Frost

text: In 1993 Frost married Jacqueline Elizabeth Dias, divorcing in 2018. He married Harriet Mathews, a former British Ambassador to Somalia, later that year.


title: Jamie Noble

text: James Gibson (born December 23, 1976) is an American retired professional wrestler better known by the ring name Jamie Noble. He is currently signed to WWE as a producer. In addition to his appearances with WWE, Noble is known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling from 1999 to 2001 as Jamie Howard, Jamie-San and Jamie Knoble and with New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Ring of Honor in 2004 and 2005 under his birth name. He is a former WWE Cruiserweight Champion and ROH World Champion.


title: Jamie Noble

text: Gibson was trained to wrestle by Dean Malenko and Bill Weaver. He debuted on the independent circuit in 1995.


title: Jamie Noble

text: In 1999, Gibson joined World Championship Wrestling. After training at the WCW Power Plant, he made his first appearance with the promotion on July 11, 1999, under the ring name "Jamie Howard", teaming with Jet Jaguar in a loss to CG Afi and Jeremy Lopez in a dark match at Bash at the Beach. He made his televised debut on the September 28, 1999 episode of "WCW Saturday Night", defeating Alan Funk. He went on to perform in the promotion's cruiserweight division.


title: Jamie Noble

text: In February 2000, Gibson was renamed "Jamie-San" and reintroduced to WCW television as a member of the East Asian stable Jung Dragons, with Gibson wearing a mask to conceal the fact that he was Caucasian. The stable was made up of Gibson, Jimmy Yang, Kaz Hayashi and their valet, Leia Meow. Throughout mid-2000, The Jung Dragons feuded with rival stable 3 Count. Gibson made his pay-per-view debut at New Blood Rising on August 13, 2000, with The Jung Dragons losing to 3 Count in a double ladder match.


title: Jamie Noble

text: In November 2000, Gibson left The Jung Dragons and formed a tag team with former 3 Count member Evan Karagias. Gibson removed his mask and adopted the ring name "Jamie Knoble", with he and Karagias performing as "Noble and Courageous". Noble and Courageous feuded with the remaining members of The Jung Dragons and 3 Count. Gibson continued to wrestle for WCW until the promotion was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation in March 2001.


title: Jamie Noble

text: Upon the acquisition of WCW by the World Wrestling Federation (later renamed World Wrestling Entertainment) in March 2001, Gibson was one of the WCW wrestlers to be signed by the WWF. He was assigned to the WWF developmental territory Heartland Wrestling Association for seasoning, where he won the HWA Cruiserweight Championship under the Jamie Knoble name.


title: Jamie Noble

text: Knoble debuted on the main WWE roster on the June 6, 2002 episode of "SmackDown!" by attacking The Hurricane and was joined by Nidia in a trailer park trash gimmick. The spelling of his ring name was tweaked to "Jamie Noble" a few weeks afterwards. He won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship from Hurricane at King of the Ring and feuded with Tajiri and Billy Kidman. Noble held the title for 147 days, until he lost the title to Billy Kidman at Survivor Series on November 17, 2002. Noble then got an inheritance, making both Nidia and Noble rich. Noble and Nidia both turned face by befriending Torrie Wilson and Billy Gunn. Nidia finally left him after she was "blinded" by then heel Tajiri's black mist. He became a heel again by doing things he thought Nidia could not see (mainly using her as a human shield) and lied to her about them. During that time he also feuded with Rey Mysterio for the Cruiserweight Championship. The two would face off for the Championship and Noble lost. A Boyfriend vs. Girlfriend Blindfold Match was then scheduled for Noble and Nidia at No Way Out. Noble came out on top after cheating to see where Nidia was. At WrestleMania XX, Noble competed in the Cruiserweight Open for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship which was won by Chavo Guerrero. On the Sunday Night Heat before The Great American Bash, Noble lost to Spike Dudley. He left WWE on September 15, 2004, when his steroid usage came to light following a staph infection. Gibson was then released from his contract at his request to take some time off.


title: Jamie Noble

text: Upon leaving WWE, Gibson began performing under his birth name. In September 2004, he began wrestling for the Japanese promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling, where he formed a tag team with Daniel Bryan, then called American Dragon. He made his final appearance with NJPW in February 2005.


title: Jamie Noble

text: In February 2005, Gibson began wrestling for Ring of Honor. On August 12, 2005, Gibson defeated CM Punk, Samoa Joe and Christopher Daniels in an elimination four-way match to win the ROH World Championship. He held the championship until September 17, 2005, when he was defeated by Bryan Danielson. Gibson made his final appearance with Ring of Honor in October 2005, rejoining WWE shortly thereafter.