title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Through the late 1950s, Nuckolls and collaborators at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) completed computer simulations of the ICF concept. In early 1960, they performed a full simulation of the implosion of 1 mg of D-T fuel inside a dense shell. The simulation suggested that a 5 MJ power input to the hohlraum would produce 50 MJ of fusion output, a gain of 10x. This was before the laser and a variety of other possible drivers were considered, including pulsed power machines, charged particle accelerators, plasma guns, and hypervelocity pellet guns.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Two theoretical advances advanced the field. One came from new simulations that considered the timing of the energy delivered in the pulse, known as "pulse shaping", leading to better implosion. The second was to make the shell much larger and thinner, forming a thin shell as opposed to an almost solid ball. These two changes dramatically increased implosion efficiency and thereby greatly lowered the required compression energy. Using these improvements, it was calculated that a driver of about 1 MJ would be needed, a five-fold reduction. Over the next two years, other theoretical advancements were proposed, notably Ray Kidder's development of an implosion system without a hohlraum, the so-called "direct drive" approach, and Stirling Colgate and Ron Zabawski's work on systems with as little as 1 μg of D-T fuel.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: The introduction of the laser in 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratories in California appeared to present a perfect driver mechanism. Starting in 1962, Livermore's director John S. Foster, Jr. and Edward Teller began a small ICF laser study. Even at this early stage the suitability of ICF for weapons research was well understood and was the primary reason for its funding. Over the next decade, LLNL made small experimental devices for basic laser-plasma interaction studies.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: In 1967 Kip Siegel started KMS Industries. In the early 1970s he formed KMS Fusion to begin development of a laser-based ICF system. This development led to considerable opposition from the weapons labs, including LLNL, who put forth a variety of reasons that KMS should not be allowed to develop ICF in public. This opposition was funnelled through the Atomic Energy Commission, which demanded funding. Adding to the background noise were rumours of an aggressive Soviet ICF program, new higher-powered CO and glass lasers, the electron beam driver concept, and the energy crisis which added impetus to many energy projects.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: In 1972 Nuckolls wrote a paper introducing ICF and suggesting that testbed systems could be made to generate fusion with drivers in the kJ range, and high-gain systems with MJ drivers.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: In spite of limited resources and business problems, KMS Fusion successfully demonstrated fusion from the ICF process on 1 May 1974. However, this success was soon followed by Siegel's death, and the end of KMS fusion about a year later. By this point several weapons labs and universities had started their own programs, notably the solid-state lasers (Nd:glass lasers) at LLNL and the University of Rochester, and krypton fluoride excimer lasers systems at Los Alamos and the Naval Research Laboratory.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: High-energy ICF experiments (multi-hundred joules per shot) began in the early 1970s, when better lasers appeared. Nevertheless, funding for fusion research stimulated by energy crises produced rapid gains in performance, and inertial designs were soon reaching the same sort of "below break-even" conditions of the best magnetic systems.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: LLNL was, in particular, well funded and started a laser fusion development program. Their Janus laser started operation in 1974, and validated the approach of using Nd:glass lasers for high power devices. Focusing problems were explored in the Long path and Cyclops lasers, which led to the larger Argus laser. None of these were intended to be practical devices, but they increased confidence that the approach was valid. At the time it was believed that making a much larger device of the Cyclops type could both compress and heat targets, leading to ignition. This misconception was based on extrapolation of the fusion yields seen from experiments utilizing the so-called "exploding pusher" fuel capsule. During the late 1970s and early 1980s the estimates for laser energy on target needed to achieve ignition doubled almost yearly as plasma instabilities and laser-plasma energy coupling loss modes were increasingly understood. The realization that exploding pusher target designs and single-digit kilojoule (kJ) laser irradiation intensities would never scale to high yields led to the effort to increase laser energies to the 100 kJ level in the UV band and to the production of advanced ablator and cryogenic DT ice target designs.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: One of the earliest large scale attempts at an ICF driver design was the Shiva laser, a 20-beam neodymium doped glass laser system at LLNL that started operation in 1978. Shiva was a "proof of concept" design intended to demonstrate compression of fusion fuel capsules to many times the liquid density of hydrogen. In this, Shiva succeeded and compressed its pellets to 100 times the liquid density of deuterium. However, due to the laser's strong coupling with hot electrons, premature heating of the dense plasma (ions) was problematic and fusion yields were low. This failure by Shiva to efficiently heat the compressed plasma pointed to the use of optical frequency multipliers as a solution that would frequency triple the infrared light from the laser into the ultraviolet at 351 nm. Newly discovered schemes to efficiently triple the frequency of high intensity laser light discovered at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics in 1980 enabled this method of target irradiation to be experimented with in the 24 beam OMEGA laser and the NOVETTE laser, which was followed by the Nova laser design with 10 times the energy of Shiva, the first design with the specific goal of reaching ignition conditions.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Nova also failed, this time due to severe variation in laser intensity in its beams (and differences in intensity between beams) caused by filamentation that resulted in large non-uniformity in irradiation smoothness at the target and asymmetric implosion. The techniques pioneered earlier could not address these new issues. This failure led to a much greater understanding of the process of implosion, and the way forward again seemed clear, namely the increase in uniformity of irradiation, the reduction of hot-spots in the laser beams through beam smoothing techniques to reduce Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities imprinting on the target and increased laser energy on target by at least an order of magnitude. Funding for fusion research was severely constrained in the 1980s.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: The resulting design, dubbed the National Ignition Facility, started construction at LLNL in 1997. NIF's main objective is to operate as the flagship experimental device of the so-called nuclear stewardship program, supporting LLNLs traditional bomb-making role. Completed in March 2009, NIF has now conducted experiments using all 192 beams, including experiments that set new records for power delivery by a laser. As of October 7, 2013, for the first time a fuel capsule gave off more energy than was applied to it. In June, 2018 the NIF announced attainment of a record production of 54kJ of fusion energy output. On August 8, 2021 the NIF made a significant advancement in production of 1.3MJ of fusion energy output, 25x higher than the 2018 result, generating 70% of the break-even definition of ignition - when energy out equals energy in.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: The concept of "fast ignition" may offer a way to directly heat fuel after compression, thus decoupling the heating and compression phases of the implosion. In this approach the target is first compressed "normally" using a laser system. When the implosion reaches maximum density (at the stagnation point or "bang time"), a second ultra-short pulse ultra-high power petawatt (PW) laser delivers a single pulse focused on one side of the core, dramatically heating it and starting ignition.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: The two types of fast ignition are the "plasma bore-through" method and the "cone-in-shell" method. In plasma bore-through, the second laser is expected to bore straight through the outer plasma of an imploding capsule and to impinge on and heat the dense core. In the cone-in-shell method, the capsule is mounted on the end of a small high-z (high atomic number) cone such that the tip of the cone projects into the core of the capsule. In this second method, when the capsule is imploded, the laser has a clear view straight to the high density core and does not have to waste energy boring through a 'corona' plasma. However, the presence of the cone affects the implosion process in significant ways that are not fully understood. Several projects are currently underway to explore the fast ignition approach, including upgrades to the OMEGA laser at the University of Rochester, the GEKKO XII device in Japan.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: HiPer is a proposed £500 million facility in the European Union. Compared to NIF's 2 MJ UV beams, HiPER's driver was planned to be 200 kJ and heater 70 kJ, although the predicted fusion gains are higher than NIF. It was to employ diode lasers, which convert electricity into laser light with much higher efficiency and run cooler. This allows them to be operated at much higher frequencies. HiPER proposed to operate at 1 MJ at 1 Hz, or alternately 100 kJ at 10 Hz. The project last produced an update in 2014.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: The French Laser Mégajoule achieved its first experimental line in 2002, and its first target shots were conducted in 2014. The machine was roughly 75% complete as of 2016.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Using a different approach entirely is the "z"-pinch device. "Z"-pinch uses massive electric currents switched into a cylinder comprising extremely fine wires. The wires vaporize to form an electrically conductive, high current plasma. The resulting circumferential magnetic field squeezes the plasma cylinder, imploding it, generating a high-power x-ray pulse that can be used to implode a fuel capsule. Challenges to this approach include relatively low drive temperatures, resulting in slow implosion velocities and potentially large instability growth, and preheat caused by high-energy x-rays.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Shock ignition was proposed to address problems with fast ignition. Japan developed the KOYO-F design and laser inertial fusion test (LIFT) experimental reactor. In April 2017, clean energy startup Apollo Fusion began to develop a hybrid fusion-fission reactor technology.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: In Germany, technology company Marvel Fusion develops a novel approach to . The startup adopted a short-pulsed high energy laser and the aneutronic fuel pB11. Founded in Munich 2019, Marvel Fusion aims to build and operate commercial fusion power plants of up to 1 GW by 2030. For this purposes, it startet to work together with Siemens Energy, TRUMPF, and Thales to develop the necessary components for a future power plant and the laser systems. The company entered a partnership with the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in July 2022 to jointly research the company's approach.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: In March 2022, Australian company HB11 announced successful fusion using non-thermal laser fusion of hydrogen and boron-11, at a notably higher than predicted rate of alpha particle creation.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Practical power plants built using ICF have been studied since the late 1970s; they are known as inertial fusion energy (IFE) plants. These devices would deliver several targets per second into the reaction chamber, and capture the resulting heat and neutron radiation from their implosion and fusion to drive a conventional steam turbine.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Even if the many technical challenges in reaching ignition were all to be solved, practical problems seem just as difficult to overcome. Laser-driven systems were initially believed to be able to generate commercially useful amounts of energy. However, as estimates of the energy required to reach ignition grew dramatically during the 1970s, these hopes were abandoned. Given the low efficiency of the laser amplification process, about 1 to 1.5%, and the losses in generation, steam-driven turbine systems are typically about 35% efficient, fusion gains would have to be on the order of 125-fold just to energetically break even.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Fast ignition and similar approaches changed the situation. In this approach gains of 100-fold are predicted in the first experimental device, HiPER. Given a gain factor of about 100 and a laser efficiency of about 1%, HiPER produces about the same amount of "fusion" energy as electrical energy was needed to create it (and thus will require more gain to produce electricity after considering losses). It also appears that an order of magnitude improvement in laser efficiency may be possible through the use of newer designs that replace flash lamps with laser diodes that are tuned to produce most of their energy in a frequency range that is strongly absorbed. Initial experimental devices offer efficiencies of about 10%, and it is suggested that 20% is possible.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: With "classical" devices like NIF about 330 MJ of electrical power are used to produce the driver beams, producing an expected yield of about 20 MJ, with maximum credible yield of 45 MJ. HiPER requires about 270 kJ of laser energy, so assuming a first-generation diode laser driver operating at 10% the reactor would require about 3 MJ of electrical power. This is expected to produce about 30 MJ of fusion power. Even a poor conversion to electrical energy appears to offer real-world power output, and incremental improvements in yield and laser efficiency appear to be able to offer a commercially useful output.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: ICF systems face some of the same secondary power extraction problems as magnetic systems in generating useful power. One of the primary concerns is how to successfully remove the heat generated from the reaction chamber without interfering with the targets and driver beams. Another concern is that the released neutrons react with the reactor structure, causing it to become intensely radioactive, as well as mechanically weakening the construction metals. Fusion plants built of conventional metals like steel would have a fairly short lifetime and the core containment vessels would have to be replaced frequently. Yet another concern is fusion afterdamp, which is debris left in the reaction chamber which could interfere with subsequent shots. The most obvious such debris is the helium ash produced by fusion, but there is also unburned hydrogen fuel and other non-fusible elements used in the composition of the fuel pellet. This potential problem is most troublesome with indirect drive systems using metal hohlraums. There is also the possibility of the driver energy not hitting the fuel pellet completely and striking the containment chamber, sputtering material that could foul the interaction region, or the lenses or focusing elements of the driver.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: One concept in dealing with these problems, as shown in the HYLIFE-II design, is to use a "waterfall" of FLiBe, a molten mix of fluoride salts of lithium and beryllium, which both protect the chamber from neutrons and carry away heat. The FLiBe is then passed into a heat exchanger where it heats water for use in the turbines. The tritium produced by splitting lithium nuclei can be extracted in order to close the power plant's thermonuclear fuel cycle, a necessity for perpetual operation because tritium is rare and must be manufactured. Another concept, Sombrero, uses a reaction chamber built of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer which has a low neutron cross section. Cooling is provided by a molten ceramic, chosen because of its ability to absorb the neutrons and its efficiency as a heat transfer agent.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Another factor working against IFE is the cost of the fuel. Even as Nuckolls was developing his earliest calculations, co-workers pointed out that if an IFE machine produces 50 MJ of fusion energy, one might expect that a shot could produce perhaps 10 MJ of power for export. Converted to better known units, this is the equivalent of 2.8 kWh of electrical power. Wholesale rates for electrical power on the grid were about 0.3 cents/kWh at the time, which meant the monetary value of the shot was perhaps one cent. In the intervening 50 years the price of power has remained about even with the rate of inflation, and the rate in 2012 in Ontario, Canada was about 2.8 cents/kWh. Thus, in order for an IFE plant to be economically viable, fuel shots would have to cost considerably less than ten cents in 2012 dollars.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Direct-drive systems avoid the use of a hohlraum and thereby may be less expensive in fuel terms. However, these systems still require an ablator, and the accuracy and geometrical considerations are critical. The direct-drive approach still may not be less expensive to operate.


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: The very hot and dense conditions encountered during an ICF experiment are similar to those created in a thermonuclear weapon, and have applications to nuclear weapons programs. ICF experiments might be used, for example, to help determine how warhead performance will degrade as it ages, or as part of a program of designing new weapons. Retaining knowledge and expertise inside the nuclear weapons program is another motivation for pursuing ICF. Funding for the NIF in the United States is sourced from the 'Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship' program, and the goals of the program are oriented accordingly. It has been argued that some aspects of ICF research may violate the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty or the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In the long term, despite the formidable technical hurdles, ICF research could lead to the creation of a "pure fusion weapon".


title: Inertial confinement fusion

text: Inertial confinement fusion has the potential to produce orders of magnitude more neutrons than spallation. Neutrons are capable of locating hydrogen atoms in molecules, resolving atomic thermal motion and studying collective excitations of photons more effectively than X-rays. Neutron scattering studies of molecular structures could resolve problems associated with protein folding, diffusion through membranes, proton transfer mechanisms, dynamics of molecular motors, etc. by modulating thermal neutrons into beams of slow neutrons. In combination with fissile materials, neutrons produced by ICF can potentially be used in Hybrid Nuclear Fusion designs to produce electric power.


title: Ipconfig

text: codice_1 (standing for "Internet Protocol configuration") is a console application program of some computer operating systems that displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.


title: Ipconfig

text: The command is available in Microsoft Windows, ReactOS, and in Apple macOS. The ReactOS version was developed by Ged Murphy and is licensed under the GPL.


title: Ipconfig

text: The codice_1 command supports the command-line switch codice_3. This results in more detailed information than codice_1 alone.


title: Ipconfig

text: An important additional feature of codice_1 is to force refreshing of the DHCP IP address of the host computer to request a different IP address. This is done using two commands in sequence. First, codice_6 is executed to force the client to immediately give up its lease by sending the server a DHCP release notification which updates the server's status information and marks the old client's IP address as "available". Then, the command codice_7 is executed to request a new IP address. Where a computer is connected to a cable or DSL modem, it may have to be plugged directly into the modem network port to bypass the router, before using codice_6 and turning off the power for a period of time, to ensure that the old IP address is taken by another computer.


title: Ipconfig

text: The codice_9 parameter can be used to clear the Domain Name System (DNS) cache to ensure future requests use fresh DNS information by forcing hostnames to be resolved again from scratch.


title: Ipconfig

text: codice_1 in Mac OS X serves as a wrapper to the IPConfiguration agent, and can be used to control the Bootstrap Protocol and DHCP client from the command-line interface. For example, you can release and renew an IP address if it happened to be assigned incorrectly by the DHCP server during the automated assignment process. Like most Unix-based operating systems, Mac OS X also uses codice_11 for more direct control over network interfaces, such as configuring static IP addresses. The Ifconfig command in Linux has been replaced by the IP command


title: Paul Gallico

text: Paul William Gallico (July 26, 1897 – July 15, 1976) was an American novelist and short story and sports writer. Many of his works were adapted for motion pictures. He is perhaps best remembered for "", his most critically successful book, for the novel "The Poseidon Adventure", primarily through the 1972 film adaptation, and for four novels about the beloved character of Mrs. Harris.


title: Paul Gallico

text: Gallico was born in New York City in 1897. His father was the Italian concert pianist, composer and music teacher Paolo Gallico (Trieste, May 13, 1868 – New York, July 6, 1955), and his mother, Hortense Erlich, came from Austria; they had emigrated to New York in 1895. Gallico's graduation from Columbia University was delayed to 1921, having served a year and a half in the United States Army during World War I. He first achieved notice in the 1920s as a sportswriter, sports columnist, and sports editor of the New York "Daily News".


title: Paul Gallico

text: In 1937, in Gallico's "Farewell to Sport" he stated, "For all her occasional beauty and unquestioned courage, there has always been something faintly ridiculous about the big-time lady athletes."


title: Paul Gallico

text: In the same book, Gallico later explained why he thinks Jewish people are drawn to and good at basketball, "The game places a premium on an alert, scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging and general smart aleckness."


title: Paul Gallico

text: Gallico's career was launched by an interview with boxer Jack Dempsey in which he asked Dempsey to spar with him. Gallico described how it felt to be knocked out by the heavyweight champion. He followed up with accounts of catching Dizzy Dean's fastball and golfing with Bobby Jones. He became one of the highest-paid sportswriters in America. He founded the Golden Gloves amateur boxing competition. His book, "Lou Gehrig: Pride of the Yankees" (1941) was adapted into the sports movie "The Pride of the Yankees" (1942), starring Gary Cooper and Teresa Wright.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In the late 1930s, he abandoned sports writing for fiction, first writing an essay about this decision entitled "Farewell to Sport" (published in an anthology of his sports writing, also titled "Farewell to Sport" (1938)), and became a successful writer of short stories for magazines, many appearing in the then-premier fiction outlet, "The Saturday Evening Post". His novella "The Snow Goose" and other works are expanded versions of his magazine stories.


title: Paul Gallico

text: Gallico once confessed to "New York" magazine: "I'm a rotten novelist. I'm not even literary. I just like to tell stories and all my books tell stories... If I had lived 2,000 years ago I'd be going around to caves, and I'd say, 'Can I come in? I'm hungry. I'd like some supper. In exchange, I'll tell you a story. Once upon a time there were two apes.' And I'd tell them a story about two cavemen."


title: Paul Gallico

text: In 1939, Gallico published "The Adventures of Hiram Holliday", known for its later television adaptation with Wally Cox. It depicts the comic adventures of a modern American knight-errant visiting Europe on the verge of World War II and waging a single-handed, quixotic struggle against the Nazis in various countries. Gallico's Austrian background is evident in the book's strong Habsburg Monarchist theme. (The protagonist saves an Austrian princess, wins her love and takes charge of her young son – who, the book hints, is fated to become the new Habsburg Emperor once the Nazis are driven out of Austria.)


title: Paul Gallico

text: "The Snow Goose" was published in 1941 in "The Saturday Evening Post" and won the O. Henry Award for short stories in 1941. Critic Robert van Gelder called it "perhaps the most sentimental story that ever has achieved the dignity of a Borzoi [prestige imprint of publisher Knopf] imprint. It is a timeless legend that makes use of every timeless appeal that could be crowded into it." A public library puts it on a list of "tearjerkers." Gallico made no apologies, saying that "in the contest between sentiment and 'slime,' 'sentiment' remains so far out in front, as it always has and always will among ordinary humans that the calamity-howlers and porn merchants have to increase the decibels of their lamentations, the hideousness of their violence and the mountainous piles of their filth to keep in the race at all."


title: Paul Gallico

text: On December 25, 1949, Gallico's short story Twas the Night Before Christmas" was dramatized as Attraction 66 of the NBC radio series "Radio City Playhouse". It tells the humorous tale of a New York newspaper reporter and a photographer sent on a Christmas Eve wild goose chase by their publisher's wife for two goats harnessed to a little red wagon, which she intends to give her nephews for Christmas. During a night-long search fueled by a few drinks along the way, the reporter and photographer run across the evening's most dramatic news stories, which they must supposedly ignore in favor of the chore set out by their publisher's wife. The radio dramatization remains very popular with Old Time Radio fans and is featured each year on Sirius XM Radio Classics.


title: Paul Gallico

text: His short story "The Man Who Hated People" was reworked into an unpublished short story "The Seven Souls of Clement O'Reilly", adapted into the movie "Lili" (1953) and later staged as the musical "Carnival!" (1961). The film "Lili" is a poignant, whimsical fairy tale, the story of an orphaned waif, a naïve young woman whose fate is thrown in with that of a traveling carnival and its performers, a lothario magician and an embittered puppeteer. In 1954, Gallico published the novella "The Love of Seven Dolls", based on "The Man Who Hated People". The versions, while differing, share a core theme surrounding the girl and the puppeteer. The puppeteer, communicating with Lili through his puppets as a surrogate voice, develops a vehicle whereby each of them can freely express their inner pain and anguished emotions.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In the 1950s, Gallico spent time in Liechtenstein, where he wrote "Ludmila", the retelling of a local legend.


title: Paul Gallico

text: His novel "Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Paris" (1958) was a bestseller, and became the first of four books about the lovable charwoman Mrs. 'Arris. The character was said by "The New York Times" to be "perhaps Mr. Gallico's most beloved creation". Negotiations for film rights began as early as 1960 when he was resident in Salcombe. It was produced as a TV movie with Angela Lansbury in 1992.


title: Paul Gallico

text: During his time in Salcombe, Gallico serialised an account of the sinking of the MV "Princess Victoria", the ferry that plied between Larne and Stranraer, an event which left only 44 out of 179 surviving. It was his habit, at this time, to wander in his garden dictating to his assistant Mel Menzies, who then typed the manuscript in the evening, ready for inclusion in the newspaper.


title: Paul Gallico

text: "The Silent Miaow" (1964) purports to be a guide written by a cat, "translated from the feline", on how to obtain, captivate, and dominate a human family. Illustrated with photographs by Suzanne Szasz, it is considered a classic by cat lovers. Other Gallico cat books include "Jennie" (1950) (American title "The Abandoned"), "Thomasina, the Cat Who Thought She Was God" (1957), filmed in 1964 by the Walt Disney Studios as "The Three Lives of Thomasina" (which was very popular in the former USSR in the early 1990s, inspiring the Russian remake "Bezumnaya Lori"), and "Honorable Cat" (1972), a book of poetry and essays about cats.


title: Paul Gallico

text: Gallico's 1969 book "The Poseidon Adventure", about a group of passengers attempting to escape from a capsized ocean liner, attracted little attention at the time. "The New York Times" gave it a one-paragraph review, noting that "Mr. Gallico collects a "Grand Hotel" (a reference to the 1930 Vicki Baum novel) full of shipboard dossiers. These interlocking histories may be damp with sentimentality as well as brine—but the author's skill as a storyteller invests them with enough suspense to last the desperate journey." In contrast, Irwin Allen's motion picture adaptation of Gallico's book instantly became a hit. In his article "What makes 'Poseidon' Fun?", reviewer Vincent Canby coined the term "ark movie" for the genre including "Airport", "The High and the Mighty", "A Night to Remember", and "Titanic" (the 1953 movie). He wrote that "'The Poseidon Adventure' puts the Ark Movie back where God intended it to be, in the water. Not flying around in the air on one engine or with a hole in its side." The movie was enormously successful, part of a decade of disaster films, and remains a cult classic.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In his "New York Times" obituary, Molly Ivins said that "to say that Mr. Gallico was prolific hardly begins to describe his output." He wrote 41 books and numerous short stories, 20 theatrical movies, 12 TV movies, and had a TV series based on his Hiram Holliday short stories.


title: Paul Gallico

text: On resigning from the "Daily News" to become a full-time fiction writer, Gallico moved from New York to the town of Salcombe, England. Later he lived in different regions of the world, including other parts of England, Mexico, Liechtenstein and Monaco. He spent the last part of his life in Antibes, France, and was buried there after his death from a heart attack in 1976, aged 78, which is variously reported to have happened in Antibes or Monaco.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In 1955, Gallico took an automobile tour of the United States, traveling some 10,000 miles, sponsored by "Reader's Digest". He wrote that "it had been almost twenty years since I had traveled extensively through my own country and the changes brought about by two decades would thus stand out." Several stories resulted.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In 2000, J.K. Rowling declared that Gallico's 1968 "Manxmouse" was one of her favorite childhood books. The boggarts appearing in Rowling's Harry Potter books closely resemble Manxmouse's "clutterbumph", which takes the form of whatever the viewer fears the most. "Manxmouse" was illustrated by Anne and Janet Grahame-Johnstone who also illustrated "The Hundred and One Dalmatians" by Dodie Smith. The Japanese animation studio Nippon Animation adapted this tale into a feature-length anime film in 1979, directed by Hiroshi Saito. The anime, titled "Tondemo Nezumi Daikatsuyaku: Manxmouse" (Manxmouse's Great Activity) in Japanese, was dubbed into English in the 1980s, broadcast on Nickelodeon, and released on video by Celebrity Home Entertainment.


title: Paul Gallico

text: The television series "The Adventures of Hiram Holliday" (starring Wally Cox) was adapted from a series of Gallico's stories about a newspaper proofreader who had many adventures dealing with Nazis and spies in Europe on the eve of World War II.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In Fredric Brown's science-fiction novel "What Mad Universe", a magazine editor from our own world is accidentally sent to a parallel Earth significantly different from ours; in this parallel world, the editor reads a biography written of a dashing space hero, a figure central to the novel's narrative, which is supposedly written by Paul Gallico.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In 1975, the British progressive rock band Camel released an album of work based on Gallico's "The Snow Goose". Although the author was initially opposed to the album's release, legal action was evaded on the condition that the band used the words "Music Inspired by The Snow Goose" on the album's cover.


title: Paul Gallico

text: In 2005, a televised disaster film titled "The Poseidon Adventure", which was a remake of the movie inspired by Gallico's novel, was aired; the Captain, played by Peter Weller, is named after Gallico.


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: Adnan Siddiqui () (born 23 October 1969) is a Pakistani actor, producer and model who has worked in Lollywood and Hollywood and also made his debut in Bollywood with the Hindi film "Mom" (2017). He also has his own production house, "Cereal Entertainment", churning out serials like "Aadat" and "Ghughi". After PTV's classical drama "Aroosa", he played a supporting role in "Mere Paas Tum Ho".


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: Siddiqui was educated at the St. Patrick's High School, Karachi. He is the youngest in a family of eight children, born in Lahore where his father moved from Uttar Pradesh before shifting the whole family to Karachi some time after the birth of Adnan. His nephew is the actor Asad Siddiqui.


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: He has appeared in many commercials and drama serials, including "Aroosa", "Pal Do Pal", "Meri Adhoori Mohabbat", "Meri Zaat Zara-e-Benishan", "Doraha", "Hawa Rait Aur Aangan", "Choti Si Kahani", "Vasl" and "Parsa". Siddiqui first started his filming career in the 1990s; he became notable for being cast in the popular drama "Uroosa" and one of the famous travel reality shows of the time "Gulls & Guys" directed by Shoaib Mansoor. In 2002, he was nominated for Best Actor (TV) in the Lux Style Awards and was its red carpet host. He also played a small role alongside Angelina Jolie and Irrfan Khan in the 2007 film "A Mighty Heart". In 2010, Siddiqui won Best Supporting Actor Award for Ishq Junoon Deewangi on Pakistan Media Award. He made his debut in Pakistani film Yalghaar. Siddiqui has acted in the roles that were better suited for the young actors and he admitted that "people ask why I act with women half my age".


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: Adnan Siddiqui is featuring in Kashan Admani's directorial debut, Carma - The Movie. The movie is a crime thriller based on a kidnapping and features Zhalay Sarhadi, Naveen Waqar, and more.


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: Another expected project of Siddiqui is Umro Ayyar- A New Beginning is going to be released in 2022. This movie is a thriller based on a Persian legend Umro Ayyar featuring Usman Mukhtar, Sanam Saeed, Faran Tahir & more.


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: He also made his film production debut for film "Dum Mastam" which starrs Imran Ashraf and Amar Khan in lead roles and is expected to release on the occasion of Eid-ul-Fitr in 2022.


title: Adnan Siddiqui

text: As a producer, he has produced several television series and upcoming feature film, "Dum Mastam" under his production banner, Cereal Productions.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: In electronic logic circuits, a pull-up resistor (PU) or pull-down resistor (PD) is a resistor used to ensure a known state for a signal. It is typically used in combination with components such as switches and transistors, which physically interrupt the connection of subsequent components to ground or to V. Closing the switch creates a direct connection to ground or V, but when the switch is open, the rest of the circuit would be left floating (i.e., it would have an indeterminate voltage).


title: Pull-up resistor

text: For a switch that is used to connect a circuit to V (e.g., if the switch or button is used to transmit a "high" signal), a pull-down resistor connected between the circuit and ground ensures a well-defined ground voltage (i.e. logical low) across the remainder of the circuit when the switch is open. For a switch that is used to connect a circuit to ground, a pull-up resistor (connected between the circuit and V) ensures a well-defined voltage (i.e. V, or logical high) when the switch is open.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: An open switch is not equivalent to a component with infinite impedance, since in the former case, the stationary voltage in any loop in which it is involved can no longer be determined by Kirchhoff's laws. Consequently, the voltages across those "critical" components (such as the logic gate in the example on the right), which are only in loops involving the open switch, are undefined, too.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: A pull-up resistor effectively establishes an additional loop over the critical components, ensuring that the voltage is well-defined even when the switch is open.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: For a pull-up resistor to serve only this one purpose and not interfere with the circuit otherwise, a resistor with an appropriate amount of resistance must be used. For this, it is assumed that the critical components have infinite or sufficiently high impedance, which is guaranteed for example for logic gates made from FETs. In this case, when the switch is open, the voltage across a pull-up resistor (with "sufficiently low" impedance) practically vanishes, and the circuit looks like a wire connected to V. On the other hand, when the switch is closed, the pull-up resistor must have "sufficiently high" impedance in comparison to the closed switch to not affect the connection to ground. Together, these two conditions can be used to derive an appropriate value for the impedance of the pull-up resistor but usually, only a lower bound is derived assuming that the critical components do indeed have infinite impedance. A resistor with low resistance (relative to the circuit it's in) is often called a "strong" pull-up or pull-down; when the circuit is open, it will pull the output high or low very quickly (just as the voltage changes in an RC circuit), but will draw more current. A resistor with relatively high resistance is called a "weak" pull-up or pull-down; when the circuit is open, it will pull the output high or low more slowly, but will draw less current. Keep in mind that this current, which is essentially wasted energy, only flows when the switch is closed, and technically for a brief period after it is opened until the charge built up in circuit has been discharged to ground.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: A pull-up resistor may be used when interfacing logic gates to inputs. For example, an input signal may be pulled by a resistor, then a switch or jumper strap can be used to connect that input to ground. This can be used for configuration information, to select options or for troubleshooting of a device.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: Pull-up resistors may be used at logic outputs where the logic device cannot source current such as open-collector TTL logic devices. Such outputs are used for driving external devices, for a wired-OR function in combinational logic, or for a simple way of driving a logic bus with multiple devices connected to it.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: Pull-up resistors may be discrete devices mounted on the same circuit board as the logic devices. Many microcontrollers intended for embedded control applications have internal, programmable pull-up resistors for logic inputs so that not many external components are needed.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: Some disadvantages of pull-up resistors are the extra power consumed when current is drawn through the resistor and the reduced speed of a pull-up compared to an active current source. Certain logic families are susceptible to power supply transients introduced into logic inputs through pull-up resistors, which may force the use of a separate filtered power source for the pull-ups.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: Pull-down resistors can be safely used with CMOS logic gates because the inputs are voltage-controlled. TTL logic inputs that are left un-connected inherently float high, and require a much lower valued pull-down resistor to force the input low. A standard TTL input at logic "1" is normally operated assuming a source current of 40 μA, and a voltage level above 2.4 V, allowing a pull-up resistor of no more than 50 kohms; whereas the TTL input at logic "0" will be expected to sink 1.6 mA at a voltage below 0.8 V, requiring a pull-down resistor less than 500 ohms. Holding unused TTL inputs low consumes more current. For that reason, pull-up resistors are preferred in TTL circuits.


title: Pull-up resistor

text: In bipolar logic families operating at 5 VDC, a typical pull-up resistor value will be 1000–5000 Ω, based on the requirement to provide the required logic level current over the full operating range of temperature and supply voltage. For CMOS and MOS logic, much higher values of resistor can be used, several thousand to a million ohms, since the required leakage current at a logic input is small.


title: Professional Development League

text: The Professional Development League is a system of youth football leagues that are managed, organised and controlled by the Premier League or by the Football League. It was introduced by the Football Association via the Elite Player Performance Plan in 2012.


title: Professional Development League

text: The system was introduced in early 2012 and was active for the first time during the 2012–13 season. It is a successor to the Premier Reserve League, Premier Academy League and Football Combination. The Football League Youth Alliance makes up League 2 of the under-18 system. The system covers the under-18, under-21 and under-23 age groups.


title: Professional Development League

text: Previously, clubs participating in the Premier Reserve League (the highest level of reserve football in England) were removed from the competition if their first team in the Premier League were relegated and replaced with a promoted team. Under the Professional Development League system, Premier League reserves teams' league status is not directly linked to the first team's Premier League status. Instead, there are three different Professional Development Leagues at each age-group level and clubs in the top four tiers of the English football league system are placed in the system based on the assessment of their academy for the Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP).


title: Professional Development League

text: From 2012 to 2016, EPPP Category 1 academies' most senior youth league was an under-21 league known as the U21 Premier League, with four over-age outfield players being permitted to play. From the 2016–17 season onwards, the competition is known as the Premier League 2 and the age limit increased from under-21 to under-23. This change was reverted ahead of the 2022–23 season, with the competition once again being restricted to under-21 players. In order to help with the transition, teams were allowed up to five over-age outfield players, up from three, and one over-age goalkeeper.


title: Professional Development League

text: The competition is split into two divisions, with promotion and relegation between each. Clubs in Premier League 2 can also compete in the Premier League Cup, the Premier League International Cup and the EFL Trophy, which is restricted to under-21 players.


title: Professional Development League

text: The senior youth age range for EPPP Category 2 academies is the Professional Development League. The competition is split into two regional divisions, with the overall champion determined after an end of season play-off series.


title: Professional Development League

text: An under-18 league for EPPP Category 1 academies was formed alongside the formation of the Professional Development League in 2012. Known as the U18 Premier League, the competition is split into two regional divisions. The two winners of each division contest the final to determine the overall champions. Winners of the top division qualify for the UEFA Youth League.


title: Professional Development League

text: The junior youth age range for EPPP Category 2 academies is the U18 Professional Development League. The competition is split into two regional divisions, with the overall champion determined after an end of season play-off series.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: Dmitry Grigoryevich Pavlov (; 22 July 1941) was a Soviet general who commanded the key Soviet Western Front during the initial stage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941. After his forces were heavily defeated within the first few days of the campaign, he was relieved of his command, arrested, charged with military incompetence and executed.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: Pavlov was a veteran of the First World War, as well as the Russian Civil War, serving in the Red Army since 1919. He graduated from the Frunze Military Academy in 1928. He then commanded various mechanised and cavalry units. As one of the Soviet military advisers, in 1936–37 he took part in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side (using the nom de guerre "Pablo") and commanded a brigade of Soviet tanks, for which he was made a Hero of the Soviet Union. In contrast to many other officers who took part in that war, he was not purged after his return to the Soviet Union, and was made the Head of the Directorate of Tank and Armoured Car Troops of the Red Army which gave him considerable influence on its development. In particular he insisted that tanks be shifted to infantry support roles, which in hindsight turned out to be incorrect. He participated in the Winter War, as well as the border clashes with Japan.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: In 1940, Pavlov became the commander of the Western (Belorussian) Special Military District, which became the Soviet Western Front bearing the brunt of German attack during Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. On 22 February 1941, he was one of the first Soviet generals to receive the new rank of General of the Army, inferior only to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: In the fall of 1940, Georgy Zhukov started preparing the plans for the military exercise concerning the defence of the Western border of the Soviet Union, which at this time was pushed further to the west due to the annexation of eastern Poland. In his memoirs, Zhukov reports that in this exercise he commanded the Western or Blue forces—the supposed invasion troops—and his opponent was Colonel General Dmitry Pavlov, the commander of the Eastern or Red forces –the supposed Soviet troops. Zhukov describes the exercise as being similar to actual events during the German invasion. At the time, the Eastern, Pavlov's forces had a numerical advantage, but they nonetheless lost the military exercise.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: On the night of 21 June 1941, Pavlov was watching a comedy in Kiev when Moscow sent a directive to all military councils in the Western Military Districts of a possible German invasion. Pavlov chose to watch the comedy to its end and this proved to be a fatal mistake in the eyes of his superiors in Moscow. During the first days of Operation Barbarossa his command, Soviet Western Front, suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Białystok-Minsk. During the first days of the invasion, Pavlov was relieved of his command, replaced by Andrey Eremenko (and again by Semyon Timoshenko), arrested and accused of criminal incompetence and treason. He was the only arrested commander of any Soviet front during Operation Barbarossa.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: Pavlov and his deputies were accused of "failure to perform their duties" rather than treason. On 22 July 1941, the same day the sentence was handed down, Pavlov's property was confiscated, and he was deprived of military rank, shot, and buried in a landfill near Moscow by the NKVD.


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: Death penalties were also passed down for other commanders of the Western Front, including the Chief of Staff, Major General Vladimir Klimovskikh; the chief of the communications corps, Major General A. T. Grigoriev; the Chief of Artillery, Lieutenant General of Artillery A. Klich; and Air Force Deputy Chief of the Western Front (who, after the suicide of Major General Aviation I.I. Kopets, was, nominally at least, Chief of the Air Force of the Western Front), Major General Aviation A. I. Tayursky. Also, the commander of the 14th Mechanized Corps, Major General Stepan Oborin, was arrested on 8 July and shot. The commander of the 4th Army, Major General Aleksandr Korobkov, was dismissed on 8 July, arrested the next day and shot on 22 July. On the other hand, Pavlov's deputy commander, Lt. Gen. Ivan Boldin, at the head of a small group, became a popular hero at the time after spending 45 days fighting for survival behind enemy lines, and finally, on 10 August, leading a total of 1,650 officers and men through to Soviet lines near Smolensk. "Stavka" Order No. 270 praised the feat of Boldin's "division".


title: Dmitry Pavlov (general)

text: Pavlov and other commanders of the Western Front were rehabilitated for lack of evidence in 1956. On 25 November 1965, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and other honours, were posthumously returned to him. It was not until the Gorbachev era that it was declared that Pavlov was not the main culprit in the defeat and that the orders given to him could not have been fulfilled by anyone.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: Christian dietary laws vary between denominations. The general dietary restrictions specified for Christians in the New Testament are to "abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from meat of strangled animals". Some Christian denominations forbid certain foods during periods of fasting, which in some denominations may cover half the year and may exclude meat, fish, dairy products, and olive oil. Christians in the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Orthodox denominations traditionally observe Friday as a meat-free day (in mourning of the crucifixion of Jesus); many also fast and abstain from meat on Wednesday (in memory of the betrayal of Jesus). There are various fasting periods, notably the liturgical season of Lent. A number of Christian denominations disallow alcohol consumption, but all Christian churches condemn drunkenness.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: The only dietary restrictions specified for Christians in the New Testament are to "abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from meat of strangled animals" (), teachings that the early Church Fathers, such as Clement of Alexandria and Origen, preached for believers to follow. Paul the Apostle recommended that Christians abstain from consuming food that had been offered to idols as it could cause "my brother to stumble" in his faith with God (cf. ).


title: Christian dietary laws

text: The Council of Jerusalem instructed gentile Christians not to consume blood, food offered to idols, or the meat of strangled animals, since "the Law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath." In Judaism, Jews are forbidden from consuming (amongst other things) any carnivores and omnivores, herbivores that are not ruminants, any ruminants that do not have split hooves, shellfish (including shrimps and lobsters), unscaled and finless fish, blood, food offered to idols, or the meat of living or strangled animals. The Seven Laws of Noah, which Jews believe gentiles must follow, also forbid consuming the meat of living animals.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: In Nicene Christianity, including Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Reformed Christianity, there exist no dietary restrictions regarding specific animals that cannot be eaten. This stems from Peter the Apostle's vision of a sheet with animals, described in the Bible, in Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 10, when Saint Peter was told that "what God hath made clean, that call not thou common".


title: Christian dietary laws

text: The Seventh-day Adventist Church follows the Old Testament's Mosaic Law on dietary restrictions, which is also the basis for the Jewish dietary laws. They only eat meat of a herbivore with split hooves and birds without a crop and without webbed feet; they also do not eat shellfish of any kind, and they only eat fish with scales. Any other animal is considered unclean and not suitable for eating. All vegetables, fruits and nuts are allowed.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an Oriental Orthodox Christian denomination, washing one's hands is required before and after consuming food. This is followed by prayer, in which Christians often pray to ask God to thank Him for and bless their food before consuming it at the time of eating meals, such as breakfast. Slaughtering animals for food is often done in Ethiopia with the trinitarian formula.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: The Armenian Apostolic Church, as with other Oriental Orthodox Churches, have rituals that "display obvious links with "shechitah", Jewish kosher slaughter." Another Oriental Orthodox Church, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, maintains Old Testament dietary restrictions.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: With reference to medieval times, Jillian Williams states that "unlike the Jewish and Muslims methods of animal slaughter, which require the draining of the animal's blood, Christian slaughter practices did not usually specify the method of slaughter" though "the Christian method of preparation largely mirrored the slaughter methods of Jews and Muslims for large animals". "The Christian methods of slaughter follow the Jewish way of draining the blood of the animal". David Grumett and Rachel Muers state that the Orthodox Christian "Shechitah" and Jewish "Kosher" methods of slaughter differ from the Muslim "Halal" (Dhabh) method in that they require the cut to "sever trachea, oesophagus and the jugular veins" as this method is believed to produce meat with minimal suffering to the animal.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: According to Sikhism, Jhatka meat is meat from an animal that has been killed by a single strike of a sword or axe to sever the head, as opposed to ritualistically slow slaughter (kutha) like the Jewish slaughter (shechita) or Islamic slaughter (dhabihah). It is the method preferred by many Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: The jhatka method of slaughtering animals for food (with a single strike to minimize pain) is preferred by many Christians, although the Armenian Apostolic Church, among other Orthodox Christians, have rituals that "display obvious links with "shechitah", Jewish kosher slaughter."


title: Christian dietary laws

text: Some Christian monks, such as the Trappists, have adopted a vegetarian policy of abstinence from eating meat.


title: Christian dietary laws

text: Most Christian denominations condone moderate drinking of alcohol, including the Anglicans, Catholics, Lutherans, Reformed and the Orthodox. The Adventist, Baptist, Methodist, Mormon, and Pentecostal traditions either encourage abstinence from or prohibit the consumption of alcohol (cf. teetotalism). In any case, all Christian churches, following various Biblical passages, condemn drunkenness as sinful (cf. ).


title: Tina Guo

text: Tina Guo () (born 28 October 1985) is a Chinese-born American cellist and erhuist from San Diego. Her international career as a cellist, electric cellist, erhuist, and composer is characterized by videos featuring theatrical backdrops and elaborate costumes, a range of genres, and an improvisatory style in film, television, and video game scores.


title: Tina Guo

text: She has appeared as a soloist with the San Diego Symphony the National Symphony Orchestra (Mexico), the Thessaloniki State Symphony in Greece, the Petrobras Symphony in Brazil, and the Vancouver Island Symphony in British Columbia. She also performed with violinist Midori Goto in Dvorak's American String Quartet at Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, and completed four national tours of Mexico and Italy performing the Shostakovich, Dvorak, Haydn, and Saint-Saëns Cello Concertos. She toured as a featured guest with Al Di Meola, Yoshiki of X Japan, and recently appeared with the Tenerife Symphony and Choir in the Canary Islands performing "Batman: The Dark Knight" Suite at the Tenerife International Film Festival, featured on Electric Cello. In June 2015, she performed as a guest soloist at the 2015 Kraków Film Festival in Poland. In February 2019, she toured with the Victoria Symphony.


title: Tina Guo

text: On August 1, 2019, she joined the German symphonic metal band Beyond the Black at Wacken Open Air Festival. She also performed with Swedish power metal band Sabaton on their headlining of the festival and recorded with them in 2021 the song “Steel Commanders”.


title: Tina Guo

text: Tina Guo was born in Shanghai, China to father Lu-Yan Guo, a concert cellist, and mother Fei-Fei Soong, a concert violinist, who are the current artistic directors of the California International Music and Art Festival, an annual event held in San Diego, California. Tina began playing piano at the age of 3 in China. At age five, she moved to the United States with her family, she began violin lessons with her mother. At age 7, she began also studying the cello with her father. Her parents forced her to practice 6–8 hours a day. Tina joined the Civic Youth Orchestra when she was 10.


title: Tina Guo

text: After graduating from Poway High School, she attended the USC Thornton School of Music to study the cello on a full scholarship. She studied under Nathaniel Rosen and also Eleonore Schoenfeld, one of the most influential cellists of the 20th century, who had taught both Rosen and Guo's father. During her freshman year, Guo dated a guitarist with an 80s style classic metal band. She went to one of their shows at The Whiskey in Hollywood, and it influenced her to try to adapt the cello to the heavy metal style. Guo began experimenting with pedals and different techniques, trying to discover how to play the cello to sound like a guitar. It took her three years and many YouTube videos before she was satisfied with her attempts.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo left USC in her junior year, as she found it increasingly difficult to balance performing and attending classes. Her parents were very angry and did not agree with her decision.


title: Tina Guo

text: In 2007, she toured Australia with Metaphor, an all-girl crossover band. Guo played with the Foo Fighters at the 2008 Grammy Awards, and with Off the Deep End she played at the wrap party for the Sundance Film Festival.


title: Tina Guo

text: With Midori Gotō, she played in Antonín Dvořák's "String Quartet No. 12" at Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles. With pianist William Joseph, she performed in Mallorca, Spain for the International Philanthropy Summit.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo performed alongside Johnny Marr of the Smiths and Hans Zimmer at the Premiere of Inception, and in a sold-out concert for DreamWorks with Hans Zimmer and John Powell, featuring her as soloist on electric cello and erhu. She recently performed for the League of Legends World Championship to a sold-out arena at Staples Center in Los Angeles and an audience of 33 million streaming online. Guo was featured on the Electric Cello in a super-band for the event with The Crystal Method, Wes Borland (Limp Bizkit), Danny Lohner (NIN), Joe Letz (Combichrist), and the Hollywood Scoring Orchestra. Guo has also been a featured performer at Comic Con, BlizzCon, and with Video Games Live. In 2015, Guo will be featured with Video Game Music Band Critical Hit, performing at most of the Wizard World Comic Cons. She featured in Baroque rock group Vivaldianno's "City of Mirrors" Tour which appeared in arenas throughout Europe in June 2015.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo was featured on The Ellen DeGeneres Show playing "Beat It" on electric cello, and also performed at the American Country Music Awards with Carrie Underwood, on Dancing with the Stars with Carlos Santana and India Arie, Jimmy Kimmel Live with Ellie Goulding, the Lopez Show with Far East Movement, the Grammy Awards with the Foo Fighters, at the MTV Movie Awards, on American Idol, at Comic Con in San Diego featured on the electric cello in the Battlestar Galactica Orchestra, and with Brazilian guitarist Victor Biglione in a Jimi Hendrix Tribute Concert at the Copacabana Palace in Rio de Janeiro. She also performed at the Sundance Film Festival, the Playboy Mansion, and has shared the stage with The Tenors, Stevie Wonder, Peter Gabriel, Josh Groban, John Legend, LeAnn Rimes, Chris Isaak, Il Divo, Ariana Grande, Lupe Fiasco, Common, Jennifer Hudson, and Michael McDonald. Corporate clients have included Microsoft, Cephalon Biopharmaceutics, Adecco and the PGA.


title: Tina Guo

text: The instrumental metal music video for her song "Queen Bee" won Best Short Film/Music Video at the Downtown Los Angeles Film Festival. Her songs "Queen Bee" and "Forbidden City" are also available for download to play for "Rock Band" on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. "Metal Hammer" Magazine UK described Guo as "an international sensation" and she was also featured in "Glamour" Magazine Russia with a two-page spread.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo has toured with blues guitarist Joe Bonamassa as part of a diverse all acoustic backup band, and Hans Zimmer.


title: Tina Guo

text: By October 2017, she toured as a headlining act to promote her album "Game On!" with John Huldt on guitar, Kfir Melamed on bass and Frank Klepacki on drums.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo is one of the ambassadors to Music Traveler, together with Billy Joel, Hans Zimmer, John Malkovich, Sean Lennon, Adrien Brody.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo recorded her first solo CD, "Autumn Winds," a classical/new-age album. Her other album releases include "The Journey", "Eternity", "Ray of Light", "Tina Guo & Composers for Charity", "A Cello Christmas", "Cello Metal", a full length metal album and "Hollywood's Greatest Themes", an album of famous soundtracks re-imagined, Game On! and her recent album was Dies Irae.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo is featured on screen in commercials for Mazda6, and United Airlines, and was also a featured soloist in Cirque Du Soleil's from 2011 to 2013 performing in sold-out arenas around the world. Guo performed to 2 million audience members worldwide with the tour, and they topped the charts for 2 years as the highest-grossing tour in America and sold-out shows in arenas worldwide. Guo is also featured on the Epic Records/Jackson Estate release "Immortal," replacing the original guitar solo in "Beat It" with an Electric Cello/Guitar Battle-style duet with guitarist Greg Howe.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo was the cello soloist on the scores of "Sherlock Holmes", "Iron Man 2", "Clash of the Titans", "Red Riding Hood", "Abduction", "Olympus Has Fallen", "Escape Plan", "", "Vikings", "The Borgias", "Sleepy Hollow", "Iron Chef America", Blizzard's "Diablo III", "", Revelation Online 2015 by Chinese game giant Netease, and "Journey", which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Guo can also be heard on the soundtracks of "Inception", "Hancock", "", "The Hangover Part II", "Predators", "Fast Five", "Arthur", "", "Beginners", "Public Enemies", "Rango", "The Rite", "", "Your Highness", "Yogi Bear", "The Mentalist", "Family Guy", "American Dad!", "The Cleveland Show", "King of the Hill", "Dunkirk", "", commercials for the iPhone, Under Armour, and many others. Guo also contributed Electric Cello to the creation of elements that were used by Sound Designer Scott Martin Gershin in the creation of the Kaijus in Pacific Rim. Her arrangement and performance of "The Flight of the Bumble-Bee" was featured in the end credits for "The Heartbreak Kid" and she was an additional composer on the feature film Persecuted. The Tina Guo Sample Library by Cinesamples is one of the most popular cello solo libraries available on the market today, used by composers and producers in countless media music projects.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo has recorded on hundreds of albums, with artists such as John Legend, Ciara, David Archuleta, and Big K.R.I.T. She was featured on Al B. Sure!'s new single, "I Love It," from his upcoming album "Honey I'm Home" and was also featured on Two Steps From Hell's album SkyWorld.


title: Tina Guo

text: "Inner Passion", her 2016 collaboration with pianist Peter Kater for Hearts of Space Records, debuted at number four on the Billboard New Age Albums chart.


title: Tina Guo

text: She is also notable as the soloist on electric cello creating the theme for Wonder Woman in the 2016 film "" with Hans Zimmer, which she reprised in the "Wonder Woman" standalone film with Rupert Gregson-Williams as well as its 2020 sequel, "Wonder Woman 1984", with Zimmer once again. In October 2018, she featured on the Jennifer Thomas album 'The Fire Within'. In 2021, she recorded together with Swedish metal band Sabaton on the song and music video "Steel Commanders". On 6 November 2022, it was announced that she will be a featured guest on Kamelot's upcoming thirteenth studio album which is set for release in early 2023.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo performs on an 1878 Gand & Bernardel. On electric cello, she plays the Custom Tina Guo Model Yamaha SVC-200; she is endorsed by Yamaha and played their instrument at the NAMM Show 2009.


title: Tina Guo

text: Guo's first published work as an author is "Event Horizons of Yin and Yang", a collection of philosophical prose and poetry.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Philip Anthony Campbell (born 7 May 1961) is a Welsh rock musician, best known as the lead guitarist in Motörhead from 1984 to 2015. The band disbanded upon the death of founder and frontman Lemmy. He currently tours with his own band Phil Campbell and the Bastard Sons, featuring his three sons: Todd, Dane and Tyla.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Campbell was born in Pontypridd, and started playing guitar when he was 10 years old, inspired and influenced by guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix, Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, Led Zeppelin's Jimmy Page, Jan Akkerman, Michael Schenker and Todd Rundgren. At the age of 12, Campbell met Lemmy after a Hawkwind gig and asked him for an autograph. By the age of 13, Campbell was playing semi-professionally with a cabaret band called Contrast. He later played with a pub-rock band called Roktopus (not to be confused with Rocktopus) at gigs in and around South Wales. He bought his first Les Paul in 1978 at a New Year's Day guitar sale at a shop on Ealing Broadway, London. The guitar was later stolen but returned.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: In 1979, Campbell formed the heavy metal band, Persian Risk, playing on their 7" singles, "Calling For You" (1981) and "Ridin' High" (1983). Compilation albums have been issued which feature some of his work with Persian Risk.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: On 8 February 1984, following the departure of Brian Robertson, Motörhead held auditions for a new guitarist, narrowing the candidates down to two guitarists: Michael "Würzel" Burston and Philip Campbell. Though Lemmy had first planned on hiring only one guitarist, he hired both Würzel and Campbell upon hearing them play together.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: On 14 February 1984, Motörhead were the musical guest for "The Young Ones" episode "Bambi". One of the band's most popular compilations, "No Remorse", followed shortly, it was released on 15 September. Campbell subsequently toured the world with the band and remained a constant member of Motörhead until they disbanded.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: On 28 December 2015, band founder and sole constant member Lemmy died. The following day, drummer Mikkey Dee announced that Motörhead had disbanded, stating: "We will not be doing any more tours or anything. And there will not be any more records. But the fire survives, and Lemmy lives on in the hearts of everyone."


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: In April 2020, Campbell opened up about how hard it was to see Lemmy struggle towards the end of his life saying that Lemmy “wasn’t quite himself” and that he had been “ageing a little bit more” on Motörhead’s final tour. He also admitted that the end of Motörhead was not easy to adjust to at first.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: In February 2016, Campbell entered the studio along with former Slipknot percussionist Chris Fehn to record a new solo album.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Campbell’s first solo album "Old Lions Still Roar" was released on 25 October 2019 and features guest vocals from Alice Cooper, Rob Halford, Dee Snider and Benji Webbe.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: In November 2016, his new project Phil Campbell and the Bastard Sons released their first recording, a self-titled EP. The band has subsequently performed in supporting slots with Guns N' Roses, Hawkwind, Saxon, and Airbourne.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: In August 2017, Phil Campbell and the Bastard Sons announced that they were to start recording their debut album. On 26 October 2017, Phil Campbell and the Bastard Sons announced the title of the debut album as "The Age of Absurdity", which was released on 26 January 2018 on Nuclear Blast Records . The album was produced by Romesh Dodangoda.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: The band's line up for the album features Phil and his three sons, together with former Attack! Attack! vocalist from South Wales Neil Starr.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Phil Campbell and the Bastard Sons released a cover of Hawkwind's "Silver Machine" on 21 April 2018 for Record Store Day. The track was previously available as a bonus track on some CD versions of "The Age of Absurdity".


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Campbell resides in Pontypridd, Wales with his wife Gaynor and their three children: Todd, Dane and Tyla.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Campbell uses an LAG Explorer Signature model guitar both live and in the studio, fitted with two Seymour Duncan humbuckers and a single (volume) control. He also uses DBZ, Charvel, Caparison, a couple of Framus Custom Shop guitars on stage, with an occasional acoustic Dean. He has also been known to play ESP, PRS, Minarik Infernos, Tokai Love Rock (Les Paul copies) and a Parker Nitefly guitars.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: He also uses guitars built by luthier TC Ellis. So far, Ellis has built him a Les Paul-styled, a Stratocaster-styled, and one modelled after Lemmy's custom-built Rickenbacker 4004.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: Like Lemmy, Campbell uses Marshall Amplifiers and Cabinets when playing live, currently using Marshall JVM410H, JVM410H-JS, JCM 900 4100 and 1959RR heads. In the studio he has been known to use Line 6, ENGL, Bogner and . Earlier in his career he occasionally played Gallien-Krueger amplifiers.


title: Phil Campbell (musician)

text: He mainly uses Dunlop pedals (Micro Amp, Micro Chorus, Phase 90 (Script or EVH), Carbon Copy, Smart Gate, Slash Octave Fuzz & 95Q wah), strings (10–46) and picks (.88).


title: Laura Rutledge

text: Laura Rutledge (née McKeeman; born October 2, 1988) is a reporter and host for ESPN and the SEC Network. She is an American beauty pageant titleholder from St. Petersburg, Florida, who was named Miss Florida 2012.


title: Laura Rutledge

text: She won the title of Miss Florida on July 7, 2012, when she received her crown from outgoing titleholder Kristina Janolo. Her competition talent was ballet. Rutledge is a graduate of the University of Florida, having majored in broadcast journalism. She was also a member of the Zeta Tau Alpha sorority. She is currently working for ESPN and is featured in multiple shows, including the SEC Network's college football pre-game show, “SEC Nation” and “NFL Live”.


title: Laura Rutledge

text: Rutledge worked for Fox Sports as a sideline reporter, previously covering Fox broadcasts of Tampa Bay Rays games and then San Diego Padres games. She also provided on-field reporting for the Fox College Sports coverage of the NCPA's 2012 National Paintball Championship in Lakeland, Florida. She joined ESPN and the SEC Network in summer 2014.


title: Laura Rutledge

text: In 2014, Rutledge hosted the Coors Light PostGame show on Fox College Football and hosted halftime programming for FSN college football games.


title: Laura Rutledge

text: Rutledge also hosted "Chargers Insider" for the San Diego Chargers in 2013 and "SD Live." She is the producer and host of SDLive, an original show she started at Fox Sports San Diego.


title: Laura Rutledge

text: On May 16, 2017 she was named host of "SEC Nation" on the SEC Network. On August 17, 2020, she became the host of ESPN's premier NFL show, "NFL Live."


title: Laura Rutledge

text: She attended Celebration High School in Celebration, Florida. She married Josh Rutledge, a professional baseball player, in 2013. They reside in Birmingham, Alabama. On October 2, 2019, Rutledge gave birth to a daughter, Reese Katherine Rutledge.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan (15 December 1932 – 10 November 2019) was an Indian civil servant and bureaucrat who served with the Indian Administrative Service. After serving in various positions in Madras and in various ministries of the Central Government, he served as the 18th Cabinet Secretary of India in 1989. He was appointed the 10th Chief Election Commissioner of India (1990–96) and became known for his electoral reforms. He won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service in 1996.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: Tirunellai Narayana Iyer Seshan was born on 15 December 1932 in Thirunellai Village in Palghat, Kerala. He was youngest of six siblings and his father was a lawyer in a district court. He completed his schooling from Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School and intermediate from Government Victoria College, Palakkad where he was a contemporary of E. Sreedharan. Though both of them were selected for Engineering in JNTU Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, T. N. Seshan decided to join Madras Christian College (MCC). He obtained his Bachelor of Science (Honors) degree in physics from the Madras Christian College and later taught there from 1950 to 1952. In 1953, he had left Madras Christian College and cleared the police service examination but did not join. He cleared the UPSC civil services examination in 1954 and joined the IAS as a trainee of 1955 Tamil Nadu cadre.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: Seshan was appointed an apprentice administrator, as an assistant collector, for a year at Coimbatore, as a trainee of the Academy of Administration in Delhi. He was first appointed sub-collector in Dindigul. He moved to the Secretariat for Rural Development in Madras (now Chennai) and appointed director of programs and deputy secretary, where he managed a local administration programme for panchayats, from 1958 to 1962.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: In 1962, he was appointed as the director of transport of Madras (now Tamil Nadu). In 1964, he was appointed collector of Madurai district. After two and a half years, he went to study at Harvard University on Edward S. Mason Fellowship where he earned a master's degree in public administration in 1968. At Harvard, he developed a connection with Subramanian Swamy who was his associate professor.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: After his return in 1969, he was appointed as secretary to the Atomic Energy Commission. From 1972 to 1976, he served as joint secretary at the Department of Space. In 1976, he returned to Tamil Nadu and was appointed the state's secretary of industries and of agriculture for a brief period. After differences with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, he resigned and moved to Delhi where he was appointed as a member of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission and was in charge of personnel. After two years, he served as additional secretary to the Department of Space from 1980 to 1985. Later he became secretary of the Ministry of Environment and Forests from 1985 to 1988. He opposed the Tehri dam and Sardar Sarovar dam on Narmada river during his stint but was overruled. He was later given the additional position of secretary of Internal Security which he served until 1989. In 1988, he served secretary of the Ministry of Defence for ten months. He was appointed 18th Cabinet Secretary, the senior-most position in the Indian civil service hierarchy, in 1989 and later served as a member of Planning Commission.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: He was appointed as the 10th Chief Election Commissioner and served from 12 December 1990 to 11 December 1996. According to interview given by him to Business Standard, Law Minister Subramanian Swamy played a vital role in this appointment. He became best known for his electoral reforms. He redefined the status and visibility of the Election Commission of India. He identified more than hundred electoral malpractices and reformed the election process. Some of reforms he implemented include enforcement of election code of conduct, Voter IDs for all eligible voters, limit on election candidates' expenditure, appointing election officials from states other than the one facing polls. He curbed several malpractices like bribing or intimidating voters, distribution of liquor during elections, use of government funds and machinery for campaigning, appealing to voters' caste or communal feelings, use of places of worship for campaigns, use of loudspeakers and high volume music without prior written permission.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: During the 1999 Indian general elections, due to his reforms, 1488 candidates were disqualified for three years for failing to submit their expenditure accounts. It was reported that he reviewed more than 40,000 expenditure accounts and disqualified 14,000 candidates for false information. In 1992, the Election Commission canceled elections in Bihar and Punjab due to electoral issues.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: After retirement as the CEC, he contested the 1997 Indian presidential election and lost to K.R. Narayanan. He taught leadership at the Great Lakes Institute of Management in Chennai and had briefly taught at the LBSNAA, Musoorie. In 2012, the Madras High Court appointed him as an interim administrator to run the Pachaiyappa's Trust in Chennai.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: He fought on a Congress ticket against BJP'S veteran Lal Krishna Advani in 1999 from Gandhinagar and lost.


title: T. N. Seshan

text: He was married to Jayalakshmi Seshan from 1959 until her death in March 2018. They did not have any children. He knew several languages including Tamil, Malayalam, Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi and Gujarati.


title: Renault Talisman

text: The Renault Talisman is a large family car manufactured by the French car manufacturer Renault since 2015. It replaced the Renault Laguna, as well as the larger Renault Latitude, for which no direct replacement was scheduled. It was produced by Renault's Douai Renault Factory from 2015 to 2022 and it is produced by its South Korean subsidiary Renault Korea Motors (previously named Renault Samsung Motors) since 2016 and marketed as the Renault Korea Motors SM6 (until 2022, it was marketed as the Renault Samsung SM6).


title: Renault Talisman

text: The name "talisman" means "a magical object providing protection against ill will, or the supernatural, or conferring the wearer with a boon such as good luck, good health, or powers".


title: Renault Talisman

text: The saloon version of the Talisman was first unveiled on 6 July 2015, at the Château de Chantilly by Renault's CEO Carlos Ghosn, with an estate version scheduled to be revealed at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show. The two versions were allegedly codenamed LFD (saloon) and KFD (estate).


title: Renault Talisman

text: The car is based on the CMF CD platform, jointly developed by Renault and Nissan, and is the second Renault car to use it following the Espace. The use of the new platform is aimed at giving the Talisman a production volume advantage, that its predecessor (the Laguna) never achieved. Renault executives stated that, like the new crossover, the Espace V, it will not be engineered for right-hand drive markets, due to the decline in the traditional saloon market.


title: Renault Talisman

text: The use of the Talisman name is intended as a way of unifying Renault nomenclature across the world, as Renault already sells in China a similar car named Talisman. Renault said the name "conjures up notions of both protection and power. At the same time, Talisman is an easy word to pronounce and understand the world over".


title: Renault Talisman

text: The Talisman is slightly larger than the Laguna, with a lower centre of gravity. Renault focused on design, equipment and comfort with the aim of regaining market share in the large family car segment. Daimler personnel visited the car manufacturing site at Douai, and gave input on quality control and perceived quality.


title: Renault Talisman

text: According to Renault staff, they wanted to give the car the "fluid and emotional" aspect of smaller models from the company. They also tried to achieve a more "classic" styling than the used for its predecessor with the aim of gaining market share from the business fleets.


title: Renault Talisman

text: The Talisman is the first large Renault car since the Renault 18 in the 1980s for which no hatchback body is available either as standard or as an option. The car had originally five trim levels for Europe (Life, Zen, Business, Intens, and Initiale Paris).


title: Renault Talisman

text: In March 2018, Renault unveiled a sportier trim level powered by a 1.8-litre petrol engine called S Edition, aimed to be introduced in the market by September 2018. In South Korea, the car was launched with up to four trim levels (PE, SE, LE and RE), although their number varied according to the engine used.


title: Renault Talisman

text: In March 2018, Renault Samsung introduced a minor facelift for the market in South Korean, with some exterior changes, interior equipment updates and a new colouring option. In July 2019, Renault Samsung launched a new high end trim, called Premiere.


title: Renault Talisman

text: The car has a four wheel steering system (called 4 Control) which is not available in the South Korean version. It also incorporates a system (Multi Sense) which allows adjusting all car settings (on the cabin as well as mechanicals) between four pre-set options called Comfort, Sport, Eco and Neutral, and a user configurable option called Perso.


title: Renault Talisman

text: As an optional, the Talisman has a new infotainment system with an 8.7-inch touchscreen introduced in the fifth generation Espace, called R Link 2 (S Link in South Korea). The equipment also include adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, traffic sign detection with excess speed warning and blind spot alert.


title: Renault Talisman

text: Gearboxes are six/seven speed dual-clutch automatic, six speed manual and CVT (the latter only available in a liquefied petroleum gas version sold in South Korea). Suspension is made of Pseudo MacPherson struts on front and a semi rigid axle on rear, with an optional active suspension system. Brakes are discs on both axles.


title: Renault Talisman

text: The Talisman received technological updates in February 2020, including new LED Matrix headlamps with adaptive lighting, 10.2-inch digital instrument cluster, 9.3-inch 'Easy Link' portrait style touchscreen infotainment system, and a range of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).


title: Renault Talisman

text: The Talisman is powered by a range of petrol and diesel engines in both Europe and South Korea. The diesel engined versions were not initially sold in South Korea, while there is a liquefied petroleum gas version only for the market in South Korea. In August 2016, a diesel version was introduced for the market in South Korea.


title: Renault Talisman

text: In November 2018, Renault announced the introduction of both petrol and diesel WLTP compliant engines.


title: The Long Riders

text: The Long Riders is a 1980 American Western film directed by Walter Hill. It was produced by James Keach, Stacy Keach and Tim Zinnemann and featured an original soundtrack by Ry Cooder. Cooder won the "Best Music" award in 1980 from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for this soundtrack. The film was entered into the 1980 Cannes Film Festival.


title: The Long Riders

text: During the years following the Civil War, banks and trains become the targets of the James-Younger gang, who terrorize the Midwestern United States. The band of robbers is led by Jesse James and Cole Younger, along with several of their brothers. After getting antsy during a bank robbery, Ed Miller opens fire and kills the clerk, resulting in a shootout where Jesse is wounded. Jesse dismisses Ed from the gang; his brother Clell remains.


title: The Long Riders

text: Mr. Rixley, a detective from the Pinkerton's agency, is assigned to capture the outlaws. Rixley doggedly remains on their trail, accidentally killing a Younger cousin and the youngest James brother, and losing several of his men in the process. Due to his errors, the Pinkertons back off. Jim Younger, who initially courted a girl named Beth, is disturbed to find her engaged to Ed. At Frank and Jesse's younger brother's funeral, he convinces Beth to leave Ed and she eventually marries him. Clell Miller suggests the James-Younger Gang ride north in September 1876 to rob a bank belonging to "squareheads" in Northfield, Minnesota; word is out about them and the town has been warned by the Pinkertons.


title: The Long Riders

text: The holdup goes wrong: the bank's vault has been set on a timer and cannot be opened. A cashier and another citizen are shot and killed. While trying to escape, the gang is fired upon by the townspeople. Two outlaws are killed, Clell is fatally shot, Frank is hit in the arm, and all of the Youngers are badly wounded.


title: The Long Riders

text: The surviving gang members temporarily make camp in the woods. Jesse decides to continue running, leaving the injured to their fate when a posse catches up to them. Though reluctant and threatened by Cole, Frank joins Jesse and they ride off. Jesse informs Frank he intends to strike up a new gang when they return to Missouri, but Frank is clearly reticent. The James brothers return home to Missouri and the Youngers are captured. Rixley interrogates the Youngers in prison, but they refuse to give up Jesse.


title: The Long Riders

text: Bob and Charley Ford offer to give up Jesse, who has asked them to join his new gang, for money. Rixley recruits them to assassinate Jesse for $15,000. They have dinner at Jesse's house and, while he adjusts a hanging picture, Bob kills him. Upon learning of his brother's assassination, Frank James turns himself in on the condition he can take Jesse home to be buried. Rixley complies with Frank in custody.


title: The Long Riders

text: It also features an uncredited appearance by Ever Carradine, daughter of Robert Carradine and niece to David and Keith Carradine. Additionally James Keach's son, Kalen Keach, is cast as Jesse's son Jesse E. James.


title: The Long Riders

text: In 1971 James and Stacy Keach played the Wright brothers in a television film called "The Wright Brothers" (1971). This gave James the idea they should portray Jesse and Frank James in a film together. James started off by writing a play about the James brothers which Stacy financed and produced. They staged it at the Bucks County Playhouse and then toured it through schools in New Jersey.


title: The Long Riders

text: The play was then adapted into a country musical, "The Bandit Kings", and performed off-Broadway at the Bowery Lane Theatre. James Keach produced (for $10,000), directed and starred as Jesse. The Keaches then decided to turn the musical into a feature film screenplay in which both could star. The brothers rewrote the material into screenplay form and combined it with the work of Bill Bryden, who had his own Jesse James script. Stacy Keach says another writer called Steven Smith "came in to pull all the threads together".


title: The Long Riders

text: In 1974 James Keach was acting opposite Robert Carradine in the television film "The Hatfields and the McCoys" and mentioned the project to him; Carradine suggested that he and his brothers play the Younger brothers. David Carradine said:


title: The Long Riders

text: Bobby and Jim came to me and said, 'Do you want to do this picture?' You know, I just thought it was the kids talkin’ , but then they said, ’Well, Stacy said he’ll do it.’ And I said, 'Well, if Stacy said he'll do it. I'll do it.' Then they went to Stacy and said, 'Well, David said he’ll do it’, and Stacy said, "Well, if he’ll do it, I'll do it’. Then we worked on Keith, who was a hard sell, but he couldn't very well turn it down if the rest of us were doing it.


title: The Long Riders

text: The idea that all the brothers in the story would be played by real-life brothers expanded, and Randy and Dennis Quaid also became attached to the project to play the Miller brothers.


title: The Long Riders

text: James Keach later recalled, "Everyone told me, 'You can't get all these guys together; family devotion is one thing, but this is Hollywood.' We decided to prove how serious we were by having a group picture taken. We did it at midnight in a recording studio where Keith was cutting some numbers. We sent limousines for everyone; it was quite a production."


title: The Long Riders

text: The photograph helped convince NBC to finance "Long Riders" as a six-hour mini-series. But then Fred Silverman became president of NBC and cancelled all mini-series ordered by his predecessors.


title: The Long Riders

text: "It was all happening while I was on Bora Bora making "The Hurricane" (1979)," said James. "I spent a lot of time fishing with Tim Zinnemann, who was producing the picture. We became good friends and I told him about "The Long Riders"." Zinnemann took the project to United Artists, "who were interested in funding the film if a suitable director could be found."


title: The Long Riders

text: Stacy Keach says George Roy Hill "scoffed at the notion" of the brothers casting. Zinnemann showed the script to Walter Hill who agreed to direct. Hill had been working on another film which had fallen through and, as he later said, "I'd been dying to do a Western for years. I just like 'em. There's a kind of an idyllic quality that surrounds the shooting of them, it seems like a more fundamental film process, more to me what movies are about than clearing crowds off a city street."


title: The Long Riders

text: Instead of the logical conclusion being at Northfield, it then goes on to another phase of a spiral downward, and ends with Jesse's death. It's very hard material to give the proper dramatic curve to. It doesn't lay out in a classic three-act structure. It's almost a four-act piece with Northfield and the aftermath being the culmination of the third act. The fourth act is almost epilogue: How They Went Down... There's a line from a Jean-Luc Godard film: "The jokes are funny but the bullets are real." That's really what this movie is about. These were big, reckless, high-spirited guys that were unaware of the ripples they caused.


title: The Long Riders

text: The Ford brothers were going to be played by Beau and Jeff Bridges but by this time they had become unavailable. Jeff Bridges later said, "I couldn't do it because of a schedule conflict. And when I first read the script, I thought it was another case of where the material didn't match up with the gimmick. But then I saw the end result and I thought it was pretty good and I figured we would have had a good time doing it because we know all those other guys. Walter Hill is an extraordinary filmmaker and I think he added a specialness to it that the script lacked."


title: The Long Riders

text: Joseph Bottoms had discussed the project with James Keach but wanted himself and his brothers to play the Youngers - parts already reserved for the Carradines. Eventually Nicholas and Chris Guest played the Ford brothers.


title: The Long Riders

text: "The use of all the brothers can be perceived as a gimmick but I wanted a family feeling to the movie," said Hill.


title: The Long Riders

text: In order to make the film, David Carradine forfeited his customary profit participation; the Keach brothers gave up the extra profit percentages they were entitled to as executive producers in order for the Carradine brothers to get the same amount of profits.


title: The Long Riders

text: Walter Hill later said his "code" for the film was to keep "the jokes funny and the bullets real. It is about moral choices. I think people who object to violence shouldn't go to the movies."


title: The Long Riders

text: Walter Hill later argued that the best film that had been made about the Younger-James brothers prior to this was "The Return of Frank James". "In the historical sense it was also the least accurate, but it had a real sense of character truth," he said.


title: The Long Riders

text: Some of the film was shot in Parrott, Georgia, with the opening sequence being filmed in Leary, Georgia. The Main street of Leary was covered with dirt to hide the asphalt road, along with many of the store fronts being modified to look "authentic" to the times. The railroad scenes were filmed on the Texas State Railroad and the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California.


title: The Long Riders

text: "The company originally wanted to shoot in Missouri, but they found that urban sprawl just blew that out of the tub," said a publicist. "Parrott was chosen because it's almost as if time stood still there. The ravages of the years have not touched the buildings and it closely resembles Northfield, Minn., in 1876," said Gene Levy, the production manager.


title: The Long Riders

text: Hill says the most difficult sequence was the one where horses jumped through glass. "We trained them for three weeks, making them do the jump without the glass. Once we conditioned them to that, we put the glass in. It's a big surprise to the horses, and they'll only do it once. We had to use a different set of horses for the second jump."


title: The Long Riders

text: Stacy Keach says the brothers would bond by playing music together every night during the shoot. He says the Guest brothers would sit apart from the others because they were playing villains.


title: The Long Riders

text: Hill shot the sequence in slow motion, a technique associated with the Westerns of Sam Peckinpah. Hill believes "the way Sam used slow motion was almost directly opposite to mine. What Sam was doing was making individual moments more real by extending them, kind of underlining the horrible moment of being shot. "The Long Riders" is meant to be almost dream-like to have the reality of a nightmare, where everything is going wrong but there's no focus to it, you don't know where you are or how you got there."


title: The Long Riders

text: James Keach said the film "was very authentic, not a traditional Western with sagebrush and desert. Ours has more of a midwestern feel to it. We've high hopes for it but I just wish we had more time."


title: The Long Riders

text: When the film went over its original $7.5 million budget, the Keaches forfeited their executive producer fees. ""The Long Riders" has been made on faith and idealism," said Keach.


title: The Long Riders

text: Stacy Keach wrote in his memoirs that Hill "did a great job imposing his vision on our script without undermining its essence" but says "none of us had the clout" to stop the studio from cutting several scenes involving Keach and Randy Quaid. "They just wanted to keep the story moving and focus on the action and not the personal relationships."


title: The Long Riders

text: The music for the film was composed, arranged, and performed by Ry Cooder. Cooder said Hill had heard one of his records while making the film "and thought that my music had an atmospheric quality he was looking for. Walter likes scores to be part of his movie’s environment instead of the factor that’s driving it, and I’ve always looked at film music as an environmental issue."


title: The Long Riders

text: Other performers on the soundtrack were multi-instrumentalist David Lindley and percussionist Milt Holland. Some of the songs were released as an album, The Long Riders.


title: The Long Riders

text: It was the first of several soundtracks Cooder would write for Walter Hill. Cooder later said this was "the simplest" of his soundtracks to do, adding that:


title: The Long Riders

text: I’d heard and played enough old time-Southern music that it wasn’t too much of a stretch for me to create it. The film was about community and family, and I had to think what the music would have felt like in those days. It had to capture that early American aesthetic, which is a world away from how we live now... You have to sound "authentic," but you also have to invent that authenticity. I had to imagine myself in another time, and not think about what was happy, sad or dangerous to Arnold Schwarzenegger, but what was happy, sad and dangerous to Jesse James. I ended up concentrating on the scene’s emotions, and the music worked fine.


title: The Long Riders

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote of the film, "Even its languid moments hold a certain fascination, what with Ric Waite's handsome photography and a cast that Noah might envy. The film is slow and only vaguely speculative, though, without much story to give it shape."