title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin was undisciplined in response, attracting an AFL fine and significant media scrutiny for an obscene gesture towards Giants ruck Shane Mumford and facing a Match Review report for an off-the-ball hit on defender Adam Kennedy. Initially Martin was offered a two-week suspension for the incident which the AFL's Match Review Officer classed as intentional conduct and high contact with medium impact to the head. Martin challenged the classification at the AFL Tribunal where the impact was downgraded, with the suspension subsequently reduced to one match. He was among Richmond's best players upon his return in round 5, kicking three goals and gathering 25 disposals after a tagging effort by 's George Hewett saw him play long stints as forward. Martin was again subject to tagging in round 6, this time kept to 17 disposals and a single goal by 's Michael Hibberd. In round 9 Martin was spectacular, turning in a performance labelled my multiple media outlets as evocative of his best from his 2017 Brownlow-winning season. He recorded 13 disposals and four clearances in the first quarter of the win, before finishing the match with 37 disposals, 10 clearances and two goals. He earned 10 Coaches Award votes that match and was named in "AFL Media"'s Team of the Week, a feat he repeated after 25 disposals and eight clearances in round 10. For the second time that season, Martin kicked three goals in round 11's loss to . In round 13, injuries to captain Trent Cotchin, vice-captains Jack Riewoldt and Alex Rance as well as to early-seasons stand-in captain Shane Edwards saw Martin called upon to captain Richmond for the first time in his career. He performed well with 32 disposals, nine marks and two goals, earning a club-best three coaches votes despite an eventual loss to in that match, the last before the club's mid-season bye. At that point he held averages of 25.3 disposals and 1.1 goals per game and was labelled by "AFL Media" as a mid-season contender for a fourth-straight All-Australian selection. Martin was exceptional again following the bye, earning three Brownlow votes and the Ian Stewart Medal for best-on-ground with a game-high 36 disposals and six clearances against in round 15. Martin was named to "AFL Media's" Team of the Week in rounds 18 and 19 after recording a personal season-high 38 disposals in the latter of those two matches. His seven coaches award votes also saw him move into 18th place on the award's leaderboard. He bested that mark with nine votes as best afield with 34 disposals and 11 inside-50s in round 20's win over , again earning Team of the Week honours. Martin suffered general soreness and was a late withdrawal from the following week's match, before returning with what multiple media outlets labelled one of the best performances of his career in round 22's win over . In addition to a game-high 35 disposals and 818 metres gained, Martin set a new career-best with 13 inside 50s, which was also the most by any player in the league in a match that season. At the end of the regular season Martin was named in the squad of 40 players for the All-Australian team but missed out on selection to the final 22. Martin was however named to the best 22 in "The Age" chief football reporter Jake Niall's and the Herald Sun chief football reporter Mark Robinson's teams of the year along with selection in the AFL's Player Ratings team of the year and also placed equal-11th overall in the coaches association player of the year award. Martin's 23 Brownlow Medal votes saw him finish with the equal-sixth most votes (though officially ineligible due to suspension) and saw him pass Kevin Bartlett for the record for most votes by a Richmond player in club history. In Richmond's first final Martin was a stand-out best on ground, kicking a career-high six goals in a 47-point qualifying final victory over the . That tally was the most by any Richmond player in a final since Bartlett in the 1980 grand final. In the preliminary final win over a fortnight later, Martin recorded 22 disposals and two goals, restricted somewhat by a knock to the leg suffered in the match's first quarter. For the second time in three seasons, Martin was a premiership player and again Norm Smith Medalist as best on ground when his Richmond side defeated in the grand final the following week. Martin kicked four goals and recorded 22 disposals to be unanimously selected for the Norm Smith. In doing so he became just the fourth player in AFL/VFL history to win the award twice. Martin also repeated his feat of 2017 in again receiving the Gary Ayres Award as the player of the finals series, and placed sixth in the club's best and fairest count. At the end of the season and finals series, Martin was ranked by "Champion Data" as the league's fourth best player that year while "Herald Sun" chief football reporter Mark Robinson ranked Martin number one on his list of the league's best players in 2019.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin returned to pre-season training in the first week of December 2019 and was labelled a certain selection for representative honours by Richmond and Victoria coach Damien Hardwick when the league announced a State of Origin exhibition match for bushfire relief fundraising was to be held in February. Martin contributed the standout performance of that match, helping Victoria to a victory over the All-Stars with a two-goal and 23 disposal showing that saw him awarded the Best on Ground medal. He sat out 's first pre-season match that same weekend but returned in fine form for the final practice match against a week later. Despite an uninterrupted pre-season, the rapid progression of the coronavirus pandemic into Australia by mid-March saw the future of the season in doubt, including Martin and 's premiership defense. The AFL commission eventually announced a shortened 17-round season would proceed as scheduled, but without fans in attendance due to public health prohibitions on group gatherings. Martin contributed 24 disposals and a goal in a round 1 win over under those conditions, and like all matches that season, with match time reduced by one fifth in order to reduce the load on players who would be expected to play multiple matches in short periods with a compressed fixture in the later part of the year. Just three days later however, the AFL commission suspended the season after multiple states enforced quarantine conditions on their borders that effectively ruled out the possibility of continuing the season as planned. After an 11-week hiatus, Martin contributed 20 disposals in a round 2 draw with in early-June, before missing Richmond's round 3 loss to with minor rib bruising. He returned after one week away with 18 disposals in a loss to and in early July, he traveled with the club when all Victorian sides were relocated to the Gold Coast in response to a virus outbreak in Melbourne. He broke through a tag in round 7 to contribute two goals and 16 disposals, before kicking another two goals and adding a game-high 23 disposals in a round 8 loss to for which he received seven coaches votes as the second best player of the match. Martin improved on that output against the the following week, collecting the full ten coaches votes for a dominant display with 26 disposals, eight inside-50s and three goals including one from deep in the forward pocket that was highlighted by Fox Footy as a contender for goal of the year. Following that match, Martin was named in the mid-year All-Australian teams of the "Herald Sun", "The Age" and "Fox Footy". He was among his side's bests with 24 disposals and seven coaches votes in a round 10 win over the before adding a season-best 30 disposals to earn nine votes as co-best on ground in the club's round 13 win over . Martin added a further five votes for a 28-disposal game in round 18, finishing the regular season with 42 coaches votes and earning 15th place in the award. He was named in a fourth All-Australian team as well, and earned a club-leading 15 Brownlow Medal votes to place equal-fifth in the prestigious award. He had a relatively quiet start to the finals, going goalless and recording 18 disposals in a qualifying final loss to the in week one. In contrast, he was clearly best on ground in a semi-final win over a week later, contributing game highs in inside-50s (10), clearances (six), score involvements (nine) and metres gained (597). Martin led all Richmond players with two goals and 21 disposals in the preliminary final victory over in week three, earning his side yet another Grand Final appearance. He became a three-time premiership player the following week, lifting Richmond to a 31-point victory over with a match-high four goals.


title: Dustin Martin

text: As with each of the previous two premierships, Martin was again best-on-ground, becoming the first player in league history to earn a third Norm Smith Medal. Likewise, he earned a third Coaches Association Gary Ayres Award as player of the finals, before receiving the Jack Titus Medal as second place in the club's best and fairest award.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Prior to the commencement of the 2021 season, Martin was once again named the number one player in the game as part of the Herald Sun's annual pre-season list. After a full an interrupted pre-season training period, Martin participated in both unofficial and office pre-season matches in February and March. Martin had a consistent season however suffered a kidney injury when colliding with Brisbane midfielder Mitch Robinson in round 18 ruling him out for the rest of the season.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin plays as a midfielder and a forward, often attending centre bounce contests as a midfielder before shifting to a forward role in the time between centre bounces. He is adept at playing a small full-forward role, and is consistently among the best players in the league at one-on-one win percentage when competing for the ball with a single direct opponent. He is notable for his core strength and famous 'don't argue', a fend-off technique that makes him notoriously difficult to tackle. He combines a unique ball-winning and long-kicking skill set, winning the second most centre clearances of any player between 2017 and 2019, while gaining more metreage than any player who also gathered two or more centre clearances a game during that time.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In 2019 the "Bendigo Advertiser" labelled Martin "one of the greatest players in AFL history". The same year, the Herald Sun called Martin the "most devastating matchwinner in the competition". In 2020 Martin was labelled the best player in the game by Triple M commentators Ross Lyon and the greatest player of all time by Network 7 commentator Daisy Pearce. In the 2019/20 off-season Martin was named as an on-baller in "The Age's" honorary team of the 2010s and ranked third in the "Herald Sun's" list of the best players of the decade. In 2020, Martin was named by the "Herald Sun" as Richmond's best player of the AFL era and by "The Age" as the 13th best player in the league during the same period. In 2020 Seven Network commentator Bruce McAvaney labelled Martin the greatest ever Richmond player.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Since 2020, Martin has been lauded as one of the game's greatest ever finals-series players, including by AFL Media, the Herald Sun, The Age and "The Guardian".


title: Dustin Martin

text: ! 269 !! 303 !! 202 !! 4155 !! 2468 !! 6623 !! 1025 !! 781 !! 1.1 !! 0.8 !! 15.4 !! 9.2 !! 24.6 !! 3.8 !! 2.9 !! 204


title: Dustin Martin

text: In December 2015 Martin was accused of making threats to stab a woman with a chopstick after she asked him to be respectful of other diners at the Mr. Miyagi Japanese restaurant in Windsor in Melbourne's inner-south-east. The woman in question contacted Richmond to complain two days after the alleged incident occurred on the Saturday night of 5 December. She alleged Martin had been drunk, loud and offensive and when confronted, threatened to stab her in the face with a chopstick. In addition, she claimed Martin had slammed his hand into the wall next to her head when she threatened to contact the club about the incident. A joint statement released by Martin and Richmond in the days that followed acknowledged he had been drunk and acting disruptively and that he had telephoned the woman to offer an apology for any offence he had caused, an apology which was ultimately accepted.


title: Dustin Martin

text: A police investigation into the incident followed, but was dropped within a fortnight after the woman in question declined to make an official statement. A police spokesperson said an extensive investigation had taken place and that "After reviewing CCTV footage and speaking to all parties involved, including numerous independent witnesses at the restaurant on the night, investigators determined that no criminal offence took place." A further investigation was launched by the AFL in the month that followed and further cleared Martin of making any threat to kill or other such criminal action. In a statement, the league said, "There is no evidence to support the allegation that Dustin Martin physically threatened the complainant." Martin ultimately received no criminal or league-imposed sanction for the alleged incident but did receive a club-imposed $5,000 fine for being drunk and acting inappropriately in public. The club chose to suspend the fine considering the massive reputational damage the ultimately unfounded incident had inflicted upon him.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In a feature article for "The Age"'s "Executive Style" magazine in March 2019, Martin revealed he had suffered from anxiety and depression in 2018. He described an empty feeling after achieving his professional goals in his extraordinary 2017 season.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In 2018 Martin became the new face of Bonds underwear. At the same time he signed a new four-year contract extension to become the first Australian on a multi-year personal sponsorship deal with European sportswear brand, Puma. That deal was terminated by Martin in April 2019, however, after the brand stopped offering his preferred playing shoe. Martin has also done promotions with Foxtel and Bang & Olufsen since the end of the 2017 season.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In 2022, a video from 2015 of Martin groping a woman surfaced on social media, with the AFL investigating the incident.


title: Hubba Bubba

text: Hubba Bubba is a brand of bubble gum produced by Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated. Introduced in the United States in 1979, the bubble gum got its name from the phrase "Hubba Hubba", which some military personnel in World War II used to express approval. The main gimmick used to promote the gum is that, as Hubba Bubba is less sticky than other brands of gum, it is easier to peel off the skin after a bubble bursts. When Hubba Bubba was first marketed, the gum's flavor (now often referred to as "original") was similar to that of others but, over time, different flavors have been produced.


title: Hubba Bubba

text: Before its launch, Hubba Bubba had been referred to as "Stagecoach" during product development and early manufacturing at the now-defunct Wrigley plant in Santa Cruz, California. The earliest series of TV commercials for Hubba Bubba that aired in the United States were set in a Wild West town and featured a character known as the Gumfighter, played by actor Don Collier. At the end of each commercial, the Gum Fighter declared, "Big bubbles, no troubles," followed by a jocular response from Western film veteran Dub Taylor. This was a reference to Hubba Bubba being less sticky than other brands. Hubba Bubba's main competition for most of the 1980s was the brand Bubblicious.


title: Hubba Bubba

text: The original bubble-gum flavor was discontinued for many years in the United Kingdom, with only apple, strawberry, and cola flavors available. As of June 2012, flavors available in the UK include strawberry, original and apple. (In April 2012, the original flavor returned, with packs proclaiming "chunkier and bubblier"). Flavors available in Australia include cherry, cola, peach, strawberry, lime, pineapple, apple, orange, grape and watermelon. As of 2004, flavors available in Croatia included lime, berry, cherry and generic fruit. Flavors available in Germany included cherry and cola. Flavors available in Norway include orange, apple, strawberry, cola and licorice. Flavors available in Canada included strawberry, grape, orange and blue raspberry. Other flavors seen over the years in various countries include lemon, cream soda, tropical, salty liquorice, and chocolate strawberry.


title: Hubba Bubba

text: This product as sold in the US includes bioengineered (Genetically Modified or “GMO”) ingredients and the company labels as such without specifying which ingredients are the un-named GMO’s.


title: Hubba Bubba

text: At first, Hubba Bubba was only available in chunks, typically being sold in packets of five chunks. More recently, it has been produced as shredded pieces (see Big League Chew), rolls of bubble gum tape in the UK (tapes of 1.8 meter strips of mixed flavors), plastic jugs of crystals, boxes of tiny gumballs and stuffed with candy.


title: Hubba Bubba

text: The Hubba Bubba brand was discontinued in the U.S. in the early 1990s but returned in 2004. In the United States, commercials are animated at Aardman in the same stop-motion style used in Wallace and Gromit, the Chevron commercials and "Chicken Run". In Canada, commercials are animated in 2D traditional animation by Chuck Gammage Animation and use a duo of cartoon characters named Hubba (purple) and Bubba (pink). It was also used in the closing credits sequence on the popular YTV game show "Uh Oh!".


title: Hubba Bubba

text: As of 2012, Hubba Bubba is available in its original flavor called "Outrageous Original" in the U.S. Other flavors are "Strawberry Watermelon," "Cool Cola," "Sweet & Sassy Cherry," and "Mystery Flavor". Hubba Bubba introduced Mystery Max and Mystery Tape in 2010.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: "Streets of Philadelphia" is a song written and performed by American rock musician Bruce Springsteen for the film "Philadelphia" (1993) starring Tom Hanks, an early mainstream film dealing with HIV/AIDS. Released as a single in 1994, the song was a hit in many countries, particularly in Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, and Norway, where it topped the singles charts. In the United States, the single peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his 12th and last top 10 hit.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: The song received acclaim and went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song and four Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Rock Song, Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo, and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. In 2004, it finished at number 68 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: In early 1993, "Philadelphia" director Jonathan Demme asked Springsteen to write a song for his film, adding "I want it to play in the malls." Springsteen replied, "Well, I'm interested, so I'd like to come up with a song for you. If you give me some time, I'll see, but I can't promise." Springsteen recalled adding, "I'm not very good at scores". In late August, after the conclusion of the "Other Band" Tour, he recorded a demo of his completed song at Thrill Hill Recording, Beverly Hills, California (his home studio), supplying all of the instrumentation. He mailed the tape to Demme, who later said, "my wife and I sat down and listened to it, and we were literally weeping by the end". Meanwhile, background vocals were added by Tommy Sims (from the "Other Band"). In October, Springsteen recorded it at A&M Studios in Los Angeles, with Sims, Ornette Coleman on saxophone, and vocals by "Little" Jimmy Scott. It was mixed by Bob Clearmountain, included in the soundtrack, and the video was shot. However, in mid-December, Springsteen suddenly replaced it with his home demo from August, re-shooting some video scenes to eliminate Scott. The four-man combo version can be heard in a brief scene in the film when Tom Hanks exits Denzel Washington's office, but it was Springsteen alone playing over the opening credits. "Streets of Philadelphia" was released on February 2, 1994, as the first single from the film's original soundtrack, with Springsteen singing and playing all the instruments and Tommy Sims on background vocals, and became a chart success worldwide.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: "Streets of Philadelphia" achieved greater popularity in Europe than in the United States. While it peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, it became a number-one single in Germany, France and Austria. It peaked at number two in the United Kingdom, becoming Springsteen's highest charting hit in Britain, and number four in Australia. , "Streets of Philadelphia" ranks as his most recent top ten hit. The song was included on the album "All Time Greatest Movie Songs", released by Sony in 1999.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "Springsteen's empathetic lyrics and performance zoom straight for the heart, traveling atop a slow and sturdy beat and pillowy synths. A powerful song with or without the image of the film to support it." Troy J. Augusto from "Cash Box" described it as a "appropriately somber song". He said, "Written in the first person, this slow-moving ballad documents the struggle of a downtrodden and forgotten soul left to wander the dark streets, out of sight of an uncaring society. Like Hanks' character in the film, Springsteen's unfortunate draws on our sympathy, not because he asks for help but because he appears unable to help himself, an important distinction. One of The Boss’ best." Kent Zimmerman from the "Gavin Report" concluded, "Bruce Springsteen's custom-written theme is as scary a portrait of AIDS as you're likely to hear all year long. Combining the gruesome fears of urban abandonment coupled with the tragedy of a fatal disease in just one song is surely a miracle of subtlety." Robert Hilburn from "Los Angeles Times" deemed it "a moving ballad about a man whose body is being destroyed by AIDS", and "a work that shows Springsteen, despite all the questions raised by changes in his life in recent years, can still write purposeful songs that connect on a deeply emotional level." He added, "Springsteen sings in a voice that expresses the helplessness and heartache of someone dying of AIDS as convincingly as Springsteen once conveyed the dreams and aspirations of youth." Music writer James Masterton said in his weekly UK chart commentary, "However good it may be the brooding ballad is hardly classic Bruce and can be expected to shuttle rapidly out next week". A reviewer from "Music & Media" commented, "The man who used to walk upon E-Street, now roams the Philly lanes. This synth-dominated track from the "OST Philadelphia" revives the "etherealism" of "Tunnel Of Love"."


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: The accompanying music video for the song, directed by Jonathan Demme and his nephew Ted Demme in December 1993, begins by showing Springsteen walking along desolate city streets, followed by a bustling park and schoolyard, interspersed with footage from the film. After a quick shot of Rittenhouse Square, it ends with Springsteen walking along the Delaware River, with the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in the background. Tom Hanks is also visible as the lead character he plays in the film, looking on as Bruce begins the final verse. One newspaper review called it "the saddest track cut this decade".


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: The vocal track for the video was recorded live with a hidden microphone, to a pre-recorded instrumental track. This technique, appropriate for emotionally intense songs for which conventional video lip-syncing would seem especially false, was used by John Mellencamp in part on his 1985 "Rain on the Scarecrow" video, and by Springsteen, in his 1987 "Brilliant Disguise" video, singing the song directly into the camera as he sits on the edge of his chair on a Sandy Hook, New Jersey sound stage.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: Because of the song's sterling achievements in the awards world, Springsteen played the song live in three high-visibility, prime-time awards show broadcasts: at the 66th Academy Awards in March 1994, at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1994, and at the Grammy Awards of 1995 in March 1995. Between this, "Philadelphia"'s strong box office performance, and the single being a Top 10 pop hit, "Streets of Philadelphia" became one of Springsteen's best-known songs to the general music audience.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: Nonetheless, Springsteen went on to perform the song only sparingly in his own concerts. In solo guitar form and missing the song's trademark synthesizers-and-drums feel, it was performed semi-regularly on the solo and stark 1995–1997 Ghost of Tom Joad Tour. After that, the song became a rarity, only appearing a dozen times on the 1999–2000 E Street Band Reunion Tour, and, as of January 2016, only a few times across the nine tours after that.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: The song has been covered live by Jack Folland, Tori Amos, Melissa Etheridge, David Gray, Waxahatchee and Lonely the Brave. Recorded covers have been released by Ray Conniff (on his 1997 album, "I Love Movies"), Casiotone for the Painfully Alone, Marah, Liv Kristine, Molly Johnson, Bettye LaVette, SALEM, Gregorian and I Muvrini with Anggun. Philadelphia rappers, Cassidy & the Larsiny Family have made a cover of this song on the "Put Ya L in the Sky" mixtape, in an effort to stop crime in the city. French artist Patrick Bruel and U2 covered the song, translating the lyrics into French while retaining the music.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: After the movie "Philadelphia" was released, many artists covered it. In 1993, when Rhino Records assembled its box set, "Academy Award Winning Songs (1934–1993)", the same year, it was unable to license the Springsteen track and instead commissioned Richie Havens to record a cover version.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: In 2010, the French string quartet Quatuor Ébène recorded a version on their album "Fiction", with drummer Richard Héry, sung by the quartet's violist Mathieu Herzog.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: In 2011, the German group Gregorian released a Gregorian chant version of the song in their album "Masters of Chant Chapter VIII".


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: Also in 2011, Idols South Africa season seven winner Dave van Vuuren performed the song on the show and recorded it on his album "Free the Animals".


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: In 2009, it was covered by Luis Eduardo Aute in Catalan as "Els carrers de Philadelphia", for the CD of TV3's telethon "La Marató".


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: In February 2013, Sir Elton John performed the song at the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences tribute concert honoring Bruce Springsteen as the 2013 MusiCares Person of the Year.


title: Streets of Philadelphia

text: Fat White Family's Saul Adamczewski and Childhood (band)'s Ben Romans-Hopcraft, covered the song on their 2018 album, "Karaoke for One: Vol 1", under the band name Insecure Men.


title: Tartessos

text: Tartessos () is, as defined by archaeological discoveries, a historical civilization settled in the region of Southern Spain characterized by its mixture of local Paleohispanic and Phoenician traits. It had a proper writing system, identified as Tartessian, that includes some 97 inscriptions in a Tartessian language. In the historical records Tartessos () or Tartessus appears as a antecessor semi-mythical harbor city and the surrounding culture on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula (in modern Andalusia, Spain), at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. It appears in sources from Greece and the Near East starting during the first millennium BC. Herodotus, for example, describes it as beyond the Pillars of Heracles (Strait of Gibraltar). Roman authors tend to echo the earlier Greek sources but from around the end of the millennium there are indications that the name Tartessos had fallen out of use and the city may have been lost to flooding, though several authors attempt to identify it with cities of other names in the area.


title: Tartessos

text: The Tartessians were rich in metal. In the 4th century BC the historian Ephorus describes "a very prosperous market called Tartessos, with much tin carried by river, as well as gold and copper from Celtic lands". Trade in tin was very lucrative in the Bronze Age, since it is an essential component of bronze and is comparatively rare. Herodotus refers to a king of Tartessos, Arganthonios, presumably named for his wealth in silver.


title: Tartessos

text: Pausanias wrote that Myron, the tyrant of Sicyon, built a treasury, which was called the treasury of the Sicyonians, to commemorate a victory in the chariot-race at the Olympic games. In the treasury he made two chambers with two different styles, one Dorian and one Ionic, with bronze. The Eleans said that the bronze was Tartessian.


title: Tartessos

text: The people from Tartessos became important trading partners of the Phoenicians, whose presence in Iberia dates from the 8th century BC and who nearby built a harbor of their own, Gadir (, , present-day Cádiz).


title: Tartessos

text: Several early sources, such as Aristotle, refer to Tartessos as a river. Aristotle claims that it rises from the Pyrene Mountain (which we can identify as the Pyrenees) and flows out to sea outside the Pillars of Hercules, the modern Strait of Gibraltar. No such river traverses the Iberian peninsula.


title: Tartessos

text: According to the 4th century BC Greek geographer and explorer Pytheas, quoted by Strabo in the 1st century AD, the ancestral homeland of the Turduli was located north of Turdetania, the region where the kingdom of Tartessos was located in the Baetis River valley (the present-day Guadalquivir valley) in southern Spain.


title: Tartessos

text: Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century AD, identified the river and gave details of the location of the city:


title: Tartessos

text: They say that Tartessus is a river in the land of the Iberians, running down into the sea by two mouths and that between these two mouths lies a city of the same name. The river, which is the largest in Iberia and tidal, those of a later day called Baetis and there are some who think that Tartessus was the ancient name of Carpia, a city of the Iberians.


title: Tartessos

text: The river known in his day as the Baetis is now the Guadalquivir. Thus, Tartessos may be buried, Schulten thought, under the shifting wetlands. The river delta has gradually been blocked by a sandbar that stretches from the mouth of the Rio Tinto, near Palos de la Frontera, to the riverbank that is opposite Sanlúcar de Barrameda. The area is now protected as the "Parque Nacional de Doñana".


title: Tartessos

text: In the 1st century AD, Pliny The Elder incorrectly identified the city of Carteia as the Tartessos mentioned in Greek sources while Strabo just commented. Carteia is identified as El Rocadillo, near S. Roque, Province of Cádiz, some distance away from the Guadalquivir. In the 2nd century AD Appian thought that Karpessos (Carpia) was previously known as Tartessos.


title: Tartessos

text: The discoveries published by Adolf Schulten in 1922 first drew attention to Tartessos and shifted its study from classical philologists and antiquarians to investigations based on archaeology, though attempts at localizing a capital for what was conceived as a complicated culture in the nature of a centrally controlled kingdom ancestral to Spain were inconclusively debated. Subsequent discoveries were widely reported: in September 1923 archaeologists discovered a Phoenician necropolis in which human remains were unearthed and stones found with illegible characters. It may have been colonized by the Phoenicians for trade because of its richness in metals.


title: Tartessos

text: A later generation turned instead to identifying and localizing "orientalizing" (eastern Mediterranean) features of the Tartessian material culture within the broader Mediterranean horizon of an "Orientalizing period" recognizable in the Aegean and Etruria.


title: Tartessos

text: J.M. Luzón was the first to identify Tartessos with modern Huelva, based on discoveries made in the preceding decades. Since the discovery in September 1958 of the rich gold treasure of El Carambolo in Camas, three km west of Seville, and of hundreds of artifacts in the necropolis at La Joya, Huelva, archaeological surveys have been integrated with philological and literary surveys and the broader picture of the Iron Age in the Mediterranean basin to provide a more informed view of the supposed Tartessian culture on the ground, concentrated in western Andalusia, Extremadura and in southern Portugal from the Algarve to the Vinalopó River in Alicante.


title: Tartessos

text: Alluvial tin was panned in Tartessian streams from an early date. The spread of a silver standard in Assyria increased its attractiveness (the tribute from Phoenician cities was assessed in silver). The invention of coinage in the 7th century BC spurred the search for bronze and silver as well. Henceforth trade connections, formerly largely in elite goods, assumed an increasingly broad economic role. By the Late Bronze Age, silver extraction in Huelva Province reached industrial proportions. Pre-Roman silver slag is found in the Tartessian cities of Huelva Province. Cypriot and Phoenician metalworkers produced 15 million tons of pyrometallurgical residues at the vast dumps of Riotinto. Mining and smelting preceded the arrival, from the 8th century BC onwards, of Phoenicians and then Greeks, who provided a stimulating wider market and whose influence sparked an "orientalizing" phase in Tartessian material culture ( BC) before Tartessian culture was superseded by the Classic Iberian culture.


title: Tartessos

text: "Tartessic" artifacts linked with the Tartessos culture have been found, and many archaeologists now associate the "lost" city with Huelva. In excavations on spatially restricted sites in the center of modern Huelva, sherds of elite painted Greek ceramics of the first half of the 6th century BC have been recovered. Huelva contains the largest accumulation of imported elite goods and must have been an important Tartessian center. Medellín, on the Guadiana River, revealed an important necropolis.


title: Tartessos

text: Elements specific to Tartessian culture are the Late Bronze Age fully evolved pattern-burnished wares and geometrically banded and patterns "Carambolo" wares, from the 9th to the 6th centuries BC; an "Early Orientalizing" phase with the first eastern Mediterranean imports, beginning about 750 BC; a "Late Orientalizing" phase with the finest bronze casting and goldsmiths' work; gray ware turned on the fast potter's wheel, local imitations of imported Phoenician red-slip wares.


title: Tartessos

text: Characteristic Tartessian bronzes include pear-shaped jugs, often associated in burials with shallow dish-shaped braziers with loop handles, incense-burners with floral motifs, fibulas, both elbowed and double-spring types, and belt buckles.


title: Tartessos

text: No pre-colonial necropolis sites have been identified. The change from a late Bronze Age pattern of circular or oval huts scattered on a village site to rectangular houses with dry stone foundations and plastered wattle walls took place during the 7th and 6th centuries BC, in settlements with planned layouts that succeeded one another on the same site. At Cástulo (Jaén), a mosaic of river pebbles from the end of the 6th century BC is the earliest mosaic in Western Europe. Most sites were inexplicably abandoned in the 5th century BC.


title: Tartessos

text: Tartessic occupation sites of the Late Bronze Age that were not particularly complex: "a domestic mode of production seems to have predominated" is one mainstream assessment. An earlier generation of archaeologists and historians took a normative approach to the primitive Tartessians' adoption of Punic styles and techniques, as of a less-developed culture adopting better, more highly evolved cultural traits, and finding Eastern parallels for Early Iron Age material culture in the Tartessian sites. A later generation has been more concerned with the "process" through which local institutions evolved.


title: Tartessos

text: The emergence of new archaeological finds in the city of Huelva is prompting the revision of these traditional views. Just in two adjacent lots adding up to 2,150 sq. m. between Las Monjas Square and Mendez Nuñez Street, some 90,000 ceramic fragments of indigenous, Phoenician and Greek imported wares were exhumed, out of which 8,009 allowed scope for a type identification. This pottery, dated from the 10th to the early 8th centuries BC predates finds from other Phoenician colonies; together with remnants of numerous activities, the Huelva discoveries reveal a substantial industrial and commercial "emporion" on this site lasting several centuries. Similar finds in other parts of the city make it possible to estimate the protohistoric habitat of Huelva at some 20 hectares, large for a site in the Iberian Peninsula in that period.


title: Tartessos

text: Calibrated carbon 14 dating carried out by Groningen University on associated cattle bones as well as dating based on ceramic samples permit a chronology of several centuries through the state of the art of craft and industry since the 10th century BC, as follows: pottery (bowls, plates, craters, vases, amphorae, etc.), melting pots, casting nozzles, weights, finely worked pieces of wood, ship parts, bovid skulls, pendants, fibulae, anklebones, agate, ivory –with the only workshop of the period so far proven in the west-, gold, silver, etc.…


title: Tartessos

text: The existence of foreign produce and materials together with local ones suggests that the old Huelva harbor was a major hub for the reception, manufacturing and shipping of diverse products of different and distant origin. The analysis of written sources and the products exhumed, including inscriptions and thousands of Greek ceramics, some of which are works of excellent quality by known potters and painters, has led some scholars to suggest that this habitat can be identified not only with Tarshish mentioned in the Bible, in the Assyrian stele of Esarhaddon and perhaps in the Phoenician inscription of the Nora Stone, but also with the "Tartessos" of Greek sources –interpreting the Tartessus river as equivalent to the present-day Tinto River and the Ligustine Lake to the joint estuary of the Odiel and Tinto rivers flowing west and east of the Huelva Peninsula.


title: Tartessos

text: There is very little data, but it is assumed that, like for other Mediterranean peoples, it was a polytheistic religion. It is believed that Tartessians worshiped the goddess Astarte or Potnia and the masculine divinity Baal or Melkart, as a result of the Phoenician acculturation. Sanctuaries inspired by the Phoenician architecture have been found in the deposit of Castulo (Linares, Jaén) and in the vicinity of Carmona. Several images of Phoenician gods have been found in Cádiz, Huelva and Sevilla.


title: Tartessos

text: The Tartessian language is an extinct pre-Roman language once spoken in southern Iberia. The oldest known indigenous texts of Iberia, dated from the 7th to 6th centuries BC, are written in Tartessian. The inscriptions are written in a semi-syllabic writing system called the Southwest script; they were found in the general area in which Tartessos was located and in surrounding areas of influence. Tartessian language texts were found in Southwestern Spain and Southern Portugal (namely in the Conii, Cempsi, Sefes and Celtici areas of the Algarve and southern Alentejo).


title: Tartessos

text: Since the classicists of the early 20th century, biblical archaeologists often identify the place-name Tarshish in the Hebrew Bible with Tartessos, though others connect Tarshish to Tarsus in Anatolia or other places as far as India. (See entry for Jonah in the Jewish Encyclopedia.) Tarshish, like Tartessos, is associated with extensive mineral wealth (Iberian Pyrite Belt).


title: Tartessos

text: In 1922, Adolf Schulten gave currency to a view of Tartessos that made it the Western, and wholly European source of the legend of Atlantis. A more serious review, by W.A. Oldfather, appeared in "The American Journal of Philology". Both Atlantis and Tartessos were believed to be advanced societies which collapsed when their cities were lost beneath the waves; supposed further similarities with the legendary society make a connection seem feasible, though virtually nothing is known of Tartessos, not even its precise site. Other Tartessian enthusiasts imagine it as a contemporary of Atlantis, with which it might have traded.


title: Tartessos

text: In 2011, a team led by Richard Freund claimed to have found strong evidence for the location in Doñana National Park based on underground and underwater surveys and the interpretation of the archaeological site Cancho Roano as "memorial cities" rebuilt in Atlantis's image.


title: Tartessos

text: Simcha Jacobovici, involved in the production of a documentary on Freund's work for the National Geographic Channel, stated that the biblical Tarshish (which he believes is the same as Tartessos) was Atlantis, and that "Atlantis was hiding in the Tanach", although this is heavily disputed by most archeologists involved in the project. The enigmatic Lady of Elx, an ancient bust of a woman found in southeastern Spain, has been tied with Atlantis and Tartessos, though the statue displays clear signs of being manufactured by later Iberian cultures.


title: Tartessos

text: In the Nantucket series by the science fiction writer S. M. Stirling, the American island of Nantucket is displaced in time into the Bronze Age. After a moment of crisis, the displaced Americans manage to establish themselves in the altered time as a thriving maritime city-state and to build up a global empire. Tartessos emerges as one of Nantucket's main rivals; manages to emulate many of Nantucket's 20th-century technologies, weapons and ocean-going ships; and builds up its own competing maritime empire.


title: Tartessos

text: In the anime "" the titular character was born in Tartessos, which is represented as a city founded by refugees from Atlantis.


title: Tartessos

text: In the campaign sourcebook "Impossible Landscapes" for the roleplaying game Delta Green, many characters (implied to be from alternate realities) are referenced as speaking Tartessian.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" is a folk-rock song written by Bob Dylan and first recorded during "The Basement Tapes" sessions in 1967. The song was recorded in December 1967 and first released in January 1968 as "Mighty Quinn" by the British band Manfred Mann and became a great success. It has been recorded by a number of performers, often under the "Mighty Quinn" title.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: The subject of the song is the arrival of Quinn (an Eskimo), who changes despair into joy and chaos into rest, and attracts attention from the animals. Dylan is widely believed to have derived the title character from actor Anthony Quinn's role as an Eskimo in the 1960 movie "The Savage Innocents". Dylan has also been quoted as saying that the song was nothing more than a "simple nursery rhyme". A 2004 "Chicago Tribune" article claimed that the song was named after Gordon Quinn, co-founder of Kartemquin Films, who had given Dylan and Howard Alk uncredited editing assistance on "Eat the Document".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Dylan first recorded the song in 1967 during the "Basement Tapes" sessions, but did not release a version for another three years. Meanwhile, the song was picked up and recorded in December 1967 by the British band Manfred Mann, who released it in early 1968 under the title "Mighty Quinn". The Manfred Mann version reached #1 in the UK Singles Chart for the week of 14 February 1968, and remained there the following week. It also charted on the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at #10, and reached #4 in "Cash Box". "Cash Box" called it a "funky-rock track" with "a trace of calypso [to] add zest to a tremendous effort."


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: A later incarnation of Manfred Mann, Manfred Mann's Earth Band, included a dramatically different live version of the song on their 1978 album "Watch". The single edit omitted the prog middle part (previously released as a standalone instrumental under the title "As Above So Below" on 1975's Nightingales & Bombers) and included a few new guitar solos. Afterwards, the song has appeared on numerous live recordings, the middle part often including long solos and/or snippets of other songs. "As Above So Below" has been replaced with "Oh Well" and in recent years, the band often quoted "Smoke on the Water" as well before returning to the main hook. Therefore, live performances of "Mighty Quinn" often go on for over ten minutes.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: A demo of 14 of the 1967 "Basement Tapes" recordings, including the first of two takes of "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)", was produced in 1968, but was not intended for release. Recordings taken from the demos began appearing on bootlegs, starting with "Great White Wonder", a double-album bootleg that came out in July 1969. The first official release of the song was in 1970 on Dylan's "Self Portrait" album, a live recording from 1969's Isle of Wight Festival. The live version (titled "The Mighty Quinn (Quinn the Eskimo)") was also selected in 1971 for the second compilation of Dylan's career, "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: When Columbia finally released "The Basement Tapes" in 1975, the song was not among the double-album's 24 songs (although an Inuk was represented on the album cover, alongside Dylan, The Band, and several other people meant to represent certain characters from some of Dylan's songs). However, ten years later in 1985, the second of the two 1967 takes appeared on the 5-LP "Biograph" set (this time titled "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)"). This version was used again on "The Essential Bob Dylan", a compilation released in 2000. The first of the two 1967 takes was not officially released until 2014, on "".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: The Manfred Mann version is noted for Klaus Voormann's use of a distinctive flute part. This was replaced in the Earth Band version with Manfred playing it on an organ.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Kris Kristofferson covered the song in 2012 for Chimes of Freedom, in honor of 50 years of Amnesty International. It has also been covered by Swiss rock groups Gotthard and Krokus.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Jorn Lande covered this song as a hard rock rendition on his 2019 album "Heavy Rock Radio II: Executing the Classics".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: The first release of the song, the #1 hit by Manfred Mann, which topped the UK charts in February 1968, was released as "Mighty Quinn". When Dylan released a live version of this song on his album "Self Portrait", in June 1970, the song was titled "The Mighty Quinn (Quinn the Eskimo)". This title was repeated when the same live recording was released on the album "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2" in November 1971. When Dylan's original "basement tapes" recording of the song, backed by The Band and recorded in West Saugerties, New York in 1967, was eventually released as part of the compilation album "Biograph", in 1985, it was entitled "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)"; this is the title according to the official Bob Dylan website.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Although they never played the song with Bob Dylan, the Grateful Dead started playing "The Mighty Quinn" in concert in 1985. It became a favorite encore among the Grateful Dead's fans, and remained so to the end of their career.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: In 1969, The Hollies put their own spin on "The Mighty Quinn", adding a prominent banjo accompaniment, a horn section, and a flute part in reference to Manfred Mann's version. The song was featured as the last song on Side 2 of "Hollies Sing Dylan" and was performed in concert in 1969 alongside "Blowin' in the Wind".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: In 1969, Julie London sang a version of "The Mighty Quinn" on her final album "Yummy, Yummy, Yummy". The album featured multiple covers of contemporary pop and rock songs with full orchestral arrangements, including "Louie Louie", "Light My Fire", and "The Mighty Quinn".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Leon Russell included a version in a medley with "I'll Take You There", "Idol With the Golden Head" and "He Lives (I Serve a Risen Savior)" that opens his album "Leon Live".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Phish has played "Quinn the Eskimo" in concert a total of 38 times throughout their career, having first performed in 1985, two years after their formation. The band performed the song at two of their festivals: Camp Oswego in 1999 and Superball IX in 2011. Covers of "Quinn the Eskimo" appear on two Phish live releases: the 1999 live box set "Hampton Comes Alive" and the 2010 live DVD "Alpine Valley".


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: Noel Gallagher performed a live version for the Sky Arts show 'Out of the Now', on Thursday, 10 June 2021. The song closed a 12-song set performed at the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: A 1989 film, "The Mighty Quinn", takes its name from the song; Dylan makes reference to the movie in his 2004 autobiography "":


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: The movie featured a recording of the song performed in a reggae style by Michael Rose, Sheryl Lee Ralph, Cedella Marley and Sharon Marley Prendergast.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: The Adult Swim show "Joe Pera Talks with You" uses "Mighty Quinn" as a season 2 opener in the episode "Joe Pera Talks with You About Beans". This was not the version performed by Manfred Mann, because in the show an 8th grade choir is singing the track. On the Adult Swim Podcast Joe states that it wasn't as expensive to get rights to the song because the children were singing.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: The song is popular with supporters of the rugby union club Harlequins, also known as the Quins, and is often sung during matches and when Quins are attacking.


title: Quinn the Eskimo (Mighty Quinn)

text: It was also used as a walk-in song for the Canadian wrestler John Quinn, who was billed as "The Mighty Quinn".


title: Railfan

text: A railfan, rail buff or train buff (American English), railway enthusiast, railway buff or trainspotter (Australian/British English), or ferroequinologist is a person who is recreationally interested in trains and rail transport systems.


title: Railfan

text: Railfans often combine their interest with other hobbies, especially photography and videography, radio scanning, railway modelling, studying railroad history and participating in railway station and rolling stock preservation efforts. There are many magazines and websites dedicated to railfanning and railway enthusiasts, including "Trains", "Railfan & Railroad", "The Railway Magazine", "Locomotive Magazine", and "Railway Gazette International".


title: Railfan

text: In the United Kingdom, rail enthusiasts are often called trainspotters or anoraks. The term "gricer" has been used in the UK since at least 1969 and is said to have been current in 1938 amongst members of the Manchester Locomotive Society, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary". There has been speculation that the term derives from "grouser", one who collects dead grouse after a shoot, but other etymologies have also been suggested.


title: Railfan

text: Numerous terms exist for rail enthusiasts in Japan, including "Toritetsu" for fans of photographing trains, "Nori-tetsu" (people who enjoy travelling by train) and "Eki-tetsu" (enthusiasts of train station architecture).


title: Railfan

text: In the United States, they can be referred to pejoratively as "". There is a dispute over the origin of this term. Some cite the extensive use of styrofoam to create scenery and landscaping in model railroad building, while others trace its origins to the related term "Foamite" (which stands for "Far Out and Mentally Incompetent Train Enthusiast") or claim it refers to "the notion of foaming-at-the-mouth craziness".


title: Railfan

text: The hobby extends to all aspects of rail transport systems. Railfans may have one or more particular concentrations of interest, such as:


title: Railfan

text: The scope of the subject is so large that fans may additionally concentrate their interest on a particular country, town, railway company, field of operations or era in history – or a combination of any of the above.


title: Railfan

text: Train photography is a common activity of railfans. Most railfans do their photographing from public property, unless they have permission to use a specific private property owner's land. Occasionally, they run into problems with law enforcement, especially due to post 9/11 security concerns, because they are sometimes viewed as suspicious. In 2004, for example, the New York City Subway attempted to institute a photo ban, which was met with fierce opposition and ultimately scrapped. The Port Authority Trans–Hudson (PATH) successfully implemented a photo ban that is still in effect (although it predated the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing); it has led to confiscations and arrests on the PATH system.


title: Railfan

text: A trainspotter may use a data book listing the locomotives or equipment in question, in which locomotives seen are ticked off. An early trainspotter was 14-year-old Fanny Gordon, who in 1861 recorded the names of locomotives passing Westbourne Park station on the Great Western Railway. In Great Britain, this aspect of the hobby was given a major impetus by the publication from 1942 onward of the Ian Allan "ABC" series of booklets, whose publication began in response to public requests for information about the locomotives of the Southern Railway.


title: Railfan

text: The term "bashing" is used by railway enthusiasts to mean several things. Used alone, it is a general term for a railway enthusiast's trip, excursion or holiday involving train travel and observation. "Line bashing" is an attempt to cover as much of a railway network as possible. It may also be called "track bashing", especially if the person wishes to cover individual sections of track, such as crossovers and sidings, in addition to completing an "A to B" journey on each of the line's sections. In the UK (especially), Germany, and to a lesser extent other countries, railfans often use a special excursion train (usually known as a "railtour") to cover freight-only railway lines to complete their coverage of a country's rail network. "Shed bashing" describes going out to as many railway sheds or depots as possible. It was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s. As they required a permit that could be hard to obtain, some "shed bashers" were illegal.


title: Railfan

text: Another development from trainspotting, almost unique to the UK, is the "haulage basher" or locomotive haulage enthusiast.


title: Railfan

text: Many railway preservation groups run special trips for railfans using restored trains, often on "rare mileage" lines that do not see regular passenger service. These trips are both social events and opportunities for railfans to photograph unusual trains. Chasing a fantrip by road for the purposes of photography is often referred to as "motorcading" in Australia.


title: Railfan

text: Some enthusiasts combine their interest in trains with the hobby of monitoring radio communications, specializing in listening to radio communications of railroad operations using a scanner.


title: Railfan

text: Nostalgia may also result from the long, lonesome wail of the train's horn, which mimics vocalizations that want for a more simple time reminiscent of home, as heard in country or folk music worldwide.


title: Railfan

text: Railfans in the United States have been asked to keep railroad areas safer by reporting crimes and suspicious activity. In the United Kingdom the British Transport Police have asked trainspotters to report any unusual behaviour and activities at stations.


title: Railfan

text: In the United States, concerns about terrorism have led to situations where railfans are followed or confronted by local law enforcement or transit police. This has also led to situations where certain transportation agencies have implemented photography bans systemwide.


title: Railfan

text: A railfan was a factor in the 2008 Chatsworth train collision, as the driver responsible for the accident had been distracted by texting the railfan while in charge of his train, eventually causing it to pass a signal at danger and crash into an oncoming Union Pacific freight train, killing 25 and injuring 135 others.


title: Railfan

text: The BNSF railway instituted the "Citizens for Rail Security" (CRS) program for the general public to report suspicious activities on their railways. Obtaining this card was common for railfans and is a derivative of the BNSF "On Guard" program for employees. However, this card does not recognize members as employees or contractors, asks them to keep off railway property, and is no longer obtainable. Amtrak offers a similar program, "Partners for Amtrak Safety and Security" (PASS).


title: Railfan

text: In Japan, "toritetsu" have been frequently criticised for their behaviour when photographing trains, including incidents of vandalism and trespassing into restricted areas to set up cameras, destruction of lineside property and plants to clear a view of the track, stealing goods to sell on to fund expensive cameras, theft of railway equipment, being rude towards station staff and train drivers, physical assault, and attempting to intimidate passengers and road users for inadvertently interfering with their activities.


title: Railfan

text: Network Rail, the British rail infrastructure owner and station operator, has produced guidelines for the behaviour and responsibilities of railway enthusiasts at its stations. In May 2010, the dangers of acting carelessly in the vicinity of an active railway were highlighted after an enthusiast, standing next to a double track line photographing the "Oliver Cromwell", failed to notice a Turbostar express train approaching at ~70 mph (112 km/h) on the nearer track in the other direction, and came within inches of being struck by it.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy, Inc. is an American energy company, headquartered in Houston, Texas. It was formerly the wholesale arm of Northern States Power Company (NSP), which became Xcel Energy, but became independent in 2000. NRG Energy is involved in energy generation and retail electricity. Their portfolio includes natural gas generation, coal generation, oil generation, nuclear generation, wind generation, utility scale generation, and distributed solar generation. NRG serves 6 million retail customers in 24 US states including Texas, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio; the District of Columbia, and eight provinces in Canada.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy has acquired eleven other energy companies, both generation and retail, that include Reliant Energy, XOOM Energy, Green Mountain Energy, Stream Energy, Discount Power and Cirro Energy. As of 2018, they generate 23,000 MW of power from 40 power plants across the country. They incorporate a range of sales channels for retail customers, including call centers, direct sales, websites, brokers, and brick-and-mortar stores. Their wholesale generation services include plant operations, commercial operations, energy services, distributed generation services, and energy, procurement, and construction (EPC) services.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy was formed in 1989 as one of NSP’s wholly owned subsidiaries. In 1997, NRG Energy, Inc. had 2,650 MW of generation and operational responsibility for a supplementary 5,374 MW. By 1998, the company began an aggressive acquisition campaign. It bought plants from Niagara Mohawk, San Diego Gas and Electric, Consolidated Edison, Montaup Electric, Rochester Gas and Electric, and Connecticut Light & Power. They continued to grow through acquisitions and in 2000, acquired Cajun Electric Power Cooperative’s facilities.


title: NRG Energy

text: In 2001, NRG Energy had a net ownership of 24,357 MW of generation globally, with 19,077 MW in the United States. From 1996 to 2001, the operating revenue increased from $104 million to $3 billion, and the debt increased from $212 million to $8.3 billion. By 2002, the debt had reached $9.4 billion and NRG Energy sold their powerplants in Hungary and Czech Republic. To avert default by NRG, Xcel sold $500 million in stock in July 2002. In 2003, Xcel Energy paid NRG Energy $752 million for the benefit of NRG Energy’s creditors and took a $2 billion write-off.


title: NRG Energy

text: On May 14, 2003, NRG Energy filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy. In the reorganization of the company, Xcel Energy relinquished their ownership interest and NRG Energy became an independent, public company after bankruptcy. David W. Crane joined NRG as the chief executive in December. The reorganized NRG Energy eliminated about $5.2 billion of corporate debt along with $1.2 billion of additional claims by giving equity and cash to unsecured creditors.


title: NRG Energy

text: By 2005, NRG Energy was expanding again and added 7,600 MW of domestic capacity to its portfolio. The company acquired Dynegy’s 50% of 1,800 MW of generation in California. They also acquired Texas GenCo in 2006, Reliant Energy in 2009, and Green Mountain Energy in 2010. The company began to focus on domestic markets and retreated from international electricity markets.


title: NRG Energy

text: By 2011, NRG Energy’s generation portfolio had 25,135 MW, with only 1,000 MW outside of the United States. In 2012, they added GenOn Energy for $1.7 billion and in 2013, they added Edison Mission for $2.6 billion. This gave the company 46,000 MW total of generation capacity. In 2013, they also added a demand response company: Energy Curtailment Specialists, Inc. The business later became NRG Curtailment Solutions, Inc.


title: NRG Energy

text: During December 2015, NRG Energy released David Crane of his duty and Mauricio Gutierrez, the Chief Operating Officer at the time, was brought on as Chief Executive and President of NRG Energy. That same month, NRG’s shares rose by 63% and closed at $17.90 after it had fallen by 60% in 2015. For the first three months of 2016, the company posted a net income of $47 million in comparison to the net loss of $136 million the first quarter of 2015. Gutierrez stated that paying down debt was a top priority.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy announced in February 2018 the sale of the company’s stake in NRG Yield, a tax-advantaged renewable energy investment pass-through vehicle, to Global Energy Infrastructure Partners (GIP) and the sale of its Louisiana assets to Cleco Corporate Holdings. This included the 1,300 MW Cottonwood natural gas plant (1.3 GW), the 1,500 MW Big Cajun II coal and gas-fired plant (1.5 GW), and three other gas-fired peaking plants. In August, NRG Yield changed its name to Clearway Energy and began trading under the new name and ticker symbol (CWEN and CWEN.A) in the New York Stock Exchange on September 17. These sales are estimated to reduce NRG Energy’s debt by $7 billion and reduce their energy generation portfolio from 50,000 MW (50 GW) to 24,000 MW (24 GW). In March 2018, the company planned to hasten its transition from an independent power producer model (IPP) to a customer driven integrated power model that favored retail businesses. After GenOn's exit in 2018, the NRG fleet shrunk to 23 GW but retained 2.9 million retail customers. The new fleet has 11.5 GW of generation (46% natural gas generation, 31% coal generation, and 15% oil generation) in Texas, 9.7 GW of generation in the East, and 2.6 GW of generation in the West. In March 2018, NRG Energy acquired XOOM Energy, a retail electricity provider, for $210 million. XOOM Energy served 300,000 customers in the East, which was added to NRG Energy’s retail profile.


title: NRG Energy

text: In a partnership with Cypress Creek Renewables, NRG is offering a long-term, fixed price, consumer solar energy project in June 2018. The first customer of the project is Sysco, who has signed a 10-year renewable energy agreement. Cypress Creek Renewables will build, own, and operate three solar gardens in Texas that will have a combined power capacity of 25 MW. NRG Energy will buy the energy and schedule, distribute and manage the energy for Sysco. The solar project is expected to come online by the first quarter of 2019. The solar installations are expected to provide 10 percent of Sysco’s electricity nationwide by generating 25 megawatts of power. NRG Energy is offering solar renewable program contracts for 7–10 years, with the ability to customize the program. The company also assumes the risk of wholesale pricing fluctuation.


title: NRG Energy

text: In July 2018, NRG and GenOn consummated the NRG settlement resulting in NRG Energy paying GenOn Energy $125 million in a net payment during GenOn’s chapter 11 bankruptcy agreement. The deal would help GenOn revamp its capital structure and reemerge with new debt instruments.


title: NRG Energy

text: When the state of Texas deregulated the electricity market, Houston Industries, the parent company of Houston Lighting & Power (HL&P) was broken up. In 2003 Houston Industries was split into three companies. The power plants went to Texas Genco, CenterPoint Energy took over the distribution system, and the retail and wholesale electricity business became Reliant Energy.


title: NRG Energy

text: In 2006, NRG Energy bought Texas Genco from a group of private equity firms for roughly $5.9 billion. Afterwards, in May 2009, NRG Energy acquired the retail operations of Reliant Energy. With those two moves, NRG's holdings represented most of the former HL&P and today serve 1.6 million customers in Texas. The retail operations continue to operate under the Reliant Energy name while old Reliant's wholesale operations became RRI Energy.


title: NRG Energy

text: Following the acquisition of Reliant, NRG extended its retail footprint with the acquisition of Green Mountain Energy in November 2010. In doing so, NRG also became the largest retailer of green power in the nation, providing all of its Green Mountain and many of its Reliant customers with energy derived from 100% renewable resources.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy completed its acquisition of GenOn Energy in December 2012 for $1.7 billion in stock and cash. The GenOn name was retired in the merger, but the combined company retained GenOn's Houston headquarters to coordinate operations. That company, in turn, had been formed out of the merger of RRI Energy and Mirant Corporation in 2010.


title: NRG Energy

text: In August 2013, NRG acquired Energy Curtailment Specialists, a Buffalo, New York based Demand response company. The terms of the deal were not disclosed.


title: NRG Energy

text: During March 2014, NRG Energy acquired Roof Diagnostics Solar (RDS), a residential solar power installation company, for an undisclosed amount. RDS headquarters remained in Wall Township, New Jersey while they operated under NRG Residential Solar Solutions. That same month, NRG also acquired the retail power business of Dominion Resources Inc., which included Texas-based Cirro Energy and added 600,000 customer accounts to NRG Energy's retail business. Cirro Energy has continued to operate under the Cirro name. In September 2014, NRG acquired Goal Zero, a manufacturer of personal solar power products. The following month, NRG Energy acquired the residential solar company Pure Energies Group, which focused on web-based customer acquisition. This provided a simplified solar adoption process as well as a sales channel for Goal Zero.


title: NRG Energy

text: In March 2018 NRG acquired XOOM Energy, a mainly residential focused, retail energy supplier with 300,000 RCE customers. The sale price was $210 million, which includes working capital and $6 million in transaction costs. It was an all-cash transaction that was funded with $75 million from excess cash and $135 million debt. NRG Energy stated that the acquisition would serve to balance NRG's generation portfolio in the east. In May 2019, NRG agreed to purchase Stream Energy for $300 million. The deal was finalized that August.


title: NRG Energy

text: In July 2020, NRG Energy and Centrica entered an agreement under which NRG would acquire Direct Energy for $3.625 billion in an all-cash transaction. The deal was approved in January 2021, adding more than 3 million retail customers across 50 US states and 6 Canadian provinces.


title: NRG Energy

text: In December 2022, NRG announced the acquisition of Vivint Smart Home for $2.8 billion in cash, adding home security and automatation to its vast product offer, expected to close on the first quarter of 2023.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy holds the naming rights to the NRG Park campus (formerly Reliant Park) in Houston, Texas, home to the NRG Astrodome, NRG Stadium, NRG Arena and NRG Center. NRG Energy also holds the naming rights for a NRG Station (formerly AT&T Station), a rapid transit station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy has multiple products and services, including generation facilities, operations and management services (O&M), retail electricity, commercial industrial backup generators, and an internal data analytics engine called SpaceTag.


title: NRG Energy

text: In 2014, NRG Energy helped restart Aspen Power plant, the first wood-based biomass plant in Texas. The plant is overseen by InventivEnergy LLC, but NRG operates and maintains the facility, including hiring the management team and operating staff. The plant consumes 525,000 tons of logging debris and municipal wood waste a year and can produce 50 MW of power. Aspen Power uses a stoker-type boiler that is made to reduce the air pollution from the plant.  NRG Energy took over the O&M for two more Texas plants in November 2016. The two facilities, Mustang and Antelope Elk Energy Center, are owned by Golden Spread Electric Cooperative Inc. Mustang is a natural gas turbine plant in Denver City that produces 958 MW of power. Antelope Elk Energy Center is also a natural gas facility located in Abernathy that creates 744 MW of power. In 2016, NRG Energy oversaw O&M for nine other generation facilities and had 9.2 GW portfolio. By 2018, NRG Energy maintained 2.4 GW of renewable power through their O&M operations in 17 different states. They sold the renewable O&M business, along with NRG Yield and NRG’s renewable energy development and operations, to Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) for $1.375 billion in cash.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG's Retail Power services provide electricity services to more than 3 million customers, mostly in Texas and the Northeast.


title: NRG Energy

text: In March 2014, NRG Energy acquired Dominion Resources Inc. and Cirro Energy, growing its retail electric customer base by 30 percent. It adds about 600,000 accounts to its existing 2 million residential and commercial customers. Dominion's retail electricity customers were mainly in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; Cirro mainly served residential and business customers in Texas. NRG Energy operates Cirro Energy under Cirro's name. In 2014, NRG Energy had two other retail electricity services, Reliant Energy and Green Mountain.


title: NRG Energy

text: By 2018, NRG Energy also added Pennywise Power to its retail electricity portfolio. They picked up a number of customers from Pioneer Energy of Sugar Land and Stat Energy of Richardson, as well.


title: NRG Energy

text: In July of that year, a heat wave caused the day-ahead pricing spike to $2,172 per MW hour, compared to $28 per MW hour the previous summer.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy partnered with Cummins in December 2017 to offer backup generators to run as part of an asset backed demand response system. The Cummins natural-gas-fired genset would be used when the grid is down, and it could shave 10 to 15 percent off energy bills by running it as part of an aggregated fleet of an "estimated hundreds of megawatts capacity". The backup generators help gas stations, supermarkets, ATMs, and other everyday life necessities during power outages from hurricanes or other natural disasters.


title: NRG Energy

text: In April 2017, NRG Energy publicly mentioned its in-house analytics platform SpaceTag. The analytics engine found the best combination of distributed resources for every building in a given territory as well as showing what it was worth to each customer. NRG tested SpaceTag to gather "60 megawatts of flexible clean energy capacity for key parts of SCE's [Southern California Edison] Orange County and Los Angeles power grid". The platform, developed by NRG's Station A research team in San Francisco, was originally intended to help with customer acquisition but has since evolved. SpaceTag used data about the physical attributes of a building, how it was used, and existing energy data to create an energy performance portfolio and then assessed its location in the power grid. It also used data from the distributed energy equipment, including its capital cost, associated costs of providing generation, the demand-reduction attributes over time, and the best mix of technology on the building and portfolio level. After SpaceTag is deployed, it can then monitor operations and performance of the building. NRG Energy mapped 24 different utility territories outside of SCE.


title: NRG Energy

text: By 2018, NRG Energy no longer owned SpaceTag as Station A became a standalone company. NRG Energy owns a minority stake in the company and is a customer of Station A.


title: NRG Energy

text: After the GenOn merger in 2012, NRG had 47,000 MW of total generation capacity, enough to power approximately 40 million homes. Its nearly 100 power plants were located in 18 states in the Northeast, Chicago area, Gulf Coast, Southwest, Nevada, and California. Generation facilities include mostly fossil fuel power plants powered by natural gas, oil, and coal; plus four wind farms (in Texas) and six solar farms (in California, Arizona, and New Mexico). NRG also has a 44% ownership stake in the South Texas Nuclear Generating Station and a 37.5% stake in a coal power plant in Gladstone, Queensland, Australia. Some facilities use cogeneration and the company also owns 28 MW of solar distributed generation.


title: NRG Energy

text: NRG Energy owns the Indian River Power Plant near Millsboro, Delaware. The plant is a 784 MW facility that produces electricity from the combustion of coal.


title: NRG Energy

text: During 2018, NRG Energy sold four of their wholesale generation platforms: NRG Yield, Operations & Management (O&M) business, development business, and NRG’s South Central business. Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) bought NRG Yield, the O&M business, and the development business for $1.375 billion in cash proceeds. NRG Yield had a diverse portfolio of energy generation including wind, solar, and natural gas, with a total operating capacity of 5,100 MW. The O&M platform managed 2,400 MW of renewable energy in 17 different states, and the development business had 6,400 MW of renewable generation opportunities in the project pipeline. GIP and NRG Yield purchased the Carlsbad Energy Center natural gas project (527 MW) and the Buckthorn Solar project (154 MW) from NRG Energy. Cleco Corporate Holdings purchased NRG’s South Central business for $1 billion in price and cash proceeds. The South Central business had 3,500 MW generation capacity, including the natural gas facilities Bayou Cove plant (225 MW), Sterlington plant (176 MW), and the Cottonwood plant (1,263,000 MW). NRG Energy also sold 1,891 MW of coal-fired capacity to Cleco from their Big Cajun-I and Big Cajun-II plants. In July 2018, NRG Energy released GenOn and paid $125 million in net payment during GenOn’s bankruptcy settlement. In 2018, NRG Energy reduced its generation capacity to 23,000 MW. They also reduced their power plants from 100 to 40, but they retained 2.9 million retail customers.


title: NRG Energy

text: Beginning in 2009, NRG began an initiative to become a green energy producer in the United States and started investing money in clean energy projects. They include onshore and offshore wind power, solar thermal energy, photovoltaic, and distributed solar power facilities, and repowering of some of their traditional coal plants with biomass. In late 2010, NRG launched the EVgo network, the first completely private public car charging station network for electric power vehicles. In 2016, NRG sold the EVgo charging network to Vision Ridge Partners, a Colorado-based sustainable-energy investment firm, for an undisclosed amount. In December 2019, LS Power signed an agreement to acquire EVgo. In January 2021, EVgo announced its plans to go public via a SPAC merger, which was completed in July 2021 with the "EVGO" ticker on the Nasdaq.


title: NRG Energy

text: In March 2021, EVgo announced plans to install chargers at midwest retail chain Meijer's superstores.


title: NRG Energy

text: Green Mountain Energy, one of NRG Energy's retail subsidiaries, signed a two-year agreement beginning in January 2011 to provide 100% renewable energy for the Empire State Building.


title: NRG Energy

text: In 2012, NRG Energy partnered with the DLR Group to design an open-air, solar system for Patriot Place in Massachusetts. The solar array produces an estimated 30% of the power for Patriot Place and provides renewable energy education for visitors at kiosks, electric vehicle charging stations, and off-grid solar “Helios” at the main entrance. The solar panel canopies also offer weather protection and reduce carbon emissions by an estimated 800 metric tons a year.


title: NRG Energy

text: In 2013, NRG Energy helped the San Francisco 49ers Stadium gain LEED certification by installing three solar array-covered bridges, a solar canopy over the green roof on the suite tower, and solar panels over the 49ers training center. The solar arrays have a peak capacity of 400 kW and provide enough power during the year to offset the cost of power consumed at 49ers home games. NRG Energy provided sustainable energy for Super Bowl LI in 2017 at NRG Stadium. The stadium received power from 600 solar panels and used only LEDs to light up the field, using 60% less energy than previously. NRG Energy also agreed to provide renewable energy credits for any venue associated with the Super Bowl, such as the George R. Brown Convention Center and the hotels where the teams were staying. NRG Energy installed 11,000 solar panels and 14 wind turbines at the Eagles’ Lincoln Financial Field stadium. These renewable energy installations made the stadium the largest solar power plant in the NFL. The solar power plant produces 40% of the Eagles’ own energy and feed the energy back into the grid, which they buy back from NRG at a discounted rate. The Eagles and NRG Energy are in a multi-year corporate sponsorship agreement that helps the Eagles regulate their energy costs.


title: NRG Energy

text: New York State Assemblywoman Aravella Simotas has been chair of a coalition to support the utility in their plan to replace its power plant in Astoria with a newer generator. The company stated its intention in 2012 to replace 31 older oil generators with new gas generators that will increase the megawatts of power while reducing emissions. As of 2018, of the 19 Astoria facilities listed in the 2018 NYISO Gold Book as being owned by NRG, 7 of the facilities are on the deactivated list (at a total of 140 MW of capacity rights), and 12 of the facilities (at a total of 558 MW in nameplate capacity) have each consistently produced less than 15 GWh a year since 2011. This is equivalent to running at full capacity for less than 4% of the year. These 12 units still collect annual revenues from the NYISO's capacity market for not producing energy. For example, at 6.40 ($/kW – Month), the 12 actively listed facilities would produce an annual capacity market revenue of $42.8 million for NRG. It is unclear if the 7 deactivated units still collect capacity market revenues. In July 2017, NRG filed a request with the New York State Public Service Commission to avoid Article 10 siting procedures for a proposed turbine replacement project which would represent a total proposed capacity of 579 MW. The turbine upgrades listed in the filing are new simple-cycle turbines. The filing states that since the proposed capacity is not 25 MW greater than the existing facility, Article 10 regulation is not required. As of November 2018, no ruling has been issued by the NYSPSC.


title: NRG Energy

text: JPMorgan Chase announced their plans in 2017 to power all their facilities in Texas through 100% renewable power by 2020. By the end of 2017, 75% of JPMorgan Chase’s facilities ran on wind energy provided through NRG Energy’s Buckthorn wind farm in Erath County. In 2018, NRG Energy was recognized for supporting the environment in the Hudson Valley through NRG Community Solar. The community solar company builds solar farms with industrial grade solar panels that produces and delivers clean energy directly to the power grid. This allows residents who cannot purchase rooftop solar to invest in solar energy generation and receive solar credits on their utility bills. The solar farms are maintained year-round, creating local jobs in the Hudson Valley. In January 2019, NRG Community Solar became Clearway Community Solar under the parent company Clearway Energy Group.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: A snubnosed revolver (colloquially known as a snubbie, belly gun, or bulldog revolver) is a small, medium, or large frame revolver with a short barrel, generally less than 4 inches in length. Smaller such revolvers are often made with "bobbed" or "shrouded" hammers and there are also "hammerless" models (where the firing pin is entirely internal); the point is to allow the gun to be drawn with little risk of it snagging on clothing. Since the external movement of the mechanism is minimal or nil, shrouded and hammerless models may be fired from within clothing. The design of these revolvers compromises range and accuracy at a distance in favour of manoeuvrability and ease of carry and concealment.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Snubnosed revolvers were extremely popular in the United States until the 1950s and 1960s when many states passed laws limiting or prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons. The passage in many US states of "shall issue" firearms licence laws from the mid-1980s to the 1990s created new markets for small, simple, reliable, concealed-carry firearms. This resulted in a resurgence in the popularity of snubnosed revolvers in the United States.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Demand for snubnosed revolvers has been met with the introduction of numerous new models from Smith & Wesson, Colt, Ruger, Taurus, and other manufacturers. While most are made of traditional carbon steel, stainless steel, and lightweight aluminum alloys that have been in use for decades, some newer models use high-strength, lightweight metal alloys such as titanium and scandium. More recently polymer frames have been used.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Most firearms manufacturers now produce snubnosed revolvers in larger calibers than before, including .357 Magnum, .41 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and .45 Colt. Some companies make .454 Casull, .460 S&W Magnum, .480 Ruger, .500 S&W Magnum, and .410 bore snubnosed revolvers. There are also snubnosed revolvers chambered for semi-automatic pistol cartridges such as 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, and .45 ACP (loaded with the aid of Moon clips).


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The first commercial snubnosed revolver was the six-shot, "3" barreled" Colt Single Action Army revolver, made without an ejector rod. It was officially called the "Sheriff's Model," or the "Storekeeper's Model", also unofficially known as the "Banker's Special." The 4¾" barrel models were known as the "Gunfighter" model. The 5½" barrel models were called the "Artillery," and the "Cattleman" or "Cowboy" models. And, 7½" barrel models were called the "Army", the "Cavalry" and the "Standard" models.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The British Bull Dog revolver was a popular type of 5-shot, solid-frame, double action, pocket revolver introduced by Philip Webley & Son of Birmingham, England, in 1872, and subsequently copied by gunmakers in continental Europe and the United States. It featured a "2.5" barrel" and was chambered for .442 Webley or .450 Adams cartridges. Webley produced smaller scaled .320 Revolver and .380 calibre versions later, but did not mark them with the British Bull Dog name. The term "bulldog revolver” became synonymous with large-caliber "snubnosed revolvers."


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Colt M1877 Double Action Revolver is a 6-shot, double-action revolver manufactured by Colt from January 1877 to 1909, a total of 166,849 revolvers. The Model 1877 was offered in three calibers, with three unofficial names: .32 Long Colt ("Rainmaker"), .38 Long Colt ("Lightning"), and .41 Long Colt ("Thunderer"). The M1877 was the first successful US-made double-action cartridge revolver. The M1877 was offered from the factory in two basic finishes: nickel-plated or a case-hardened frame with a blue barrel and cylinder. The revolver was available in "2.5" and 3.5" barrel lengths" and was available with or without the ejector rod and housing. The shorter barreled versions without the ejector rod were marketed as "Shopkeeper's Special".


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Smith & Wesson Safety Hammerless model was produced from 1887 to World War II. It is a small, concealable, 5-shot, double-action revolver chambered in either .32 S&W or .38 S&W. They were most often produced with "2", 3" and 3.5" barrels". These top-break revolvers were designed for fast reloading and concealed carry as the hammer was internal and would not snag on drawing the revolver from a pocket. The gun also had a grip safety. This design was known as "The New Departure" to reflect the company's new approach to designing revolvers. The design of these revolvers sacrifices accuracy and range in favour of manoeuvrability and concealment. Similar "hammerless" designs were made by manufacturers such as Iver Johnson and Harrington & Richardson and proved popular for concealed carry.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The FitzGerald Special, "Fitz Special", or "Fitz Colt" is a snubnosed revolver concept that was pioneered by John Henry Fitzgerald (AKA: "Fitz"), an employee of Colt's Manufacturing Company from 1918 to 1944. Fitz Special revolvers are made by shortening the "barrel to two inches", shortening the ejector rod, bobbing the hammer spur, removing the front half of the trigger guard, and rounding the butt. Reshaping the hammer and the butt allowed the gun to be drawn quickly with little risk of snagging on clothing. The halved trigger guard facilitates quick trigger acquisition, even for shooters with large fingers or gloves.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Colt Detective Special is a carbon steel framed double-action, snubnosed, six-shot revolver. As the name "Detective Special" suggests, this model revolver was used as a concealed weapon by plainclothes police detectives. It was made with either a "2" or a 3" barrel". Introduced in 1927, the Detective Special was the first snubnosed revolver produced with a modern swing-out frame. It was designed from the outset to be chambered for higher-powered cartridges such as the .38 Special, considered to be a powerful caliber for a concealable pocket pistols of the day.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Smith & Wesson Model 10 or Military & Police is a revolver of worldwide popularity. In production since 1899, it is a medium-sized, 6-shot, .38 Special, double-action revolver with fixed sights. Over its long production run it has been available with barrel lengths of 4", 5", and 6". With the first snubnosed models with "barrel lengths of 2", 2.5", and 3"" being made in 1936. Over 6,000,000 Model 10s have been produced over the years, making it the most popular handgun of the 20th century.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Smith & Wesson Model 36 was designed in the era just after World War II when Smith & Wesson stopped producing war materials and resumed normal production. For the Model 36, they designed a small concealable, 5-shot, double-action revolver with a "2" barrel", that could fire the more powerful .38 Special cartridge. Since the older "Safety Hammerless" (I-frame) was not able to handle this load, a new frame was designed, which became the J-frame.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The new design was introduced at the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) convention in 1950 and was favorably received. A vote was held to name the new revolver, and the name "Chiefs Special" won. A "3" barreled" version design went into production immediately, due to high demand. It was available in either a blued or nickel-plated finish. It was produced as the "Chiefs Special" until 1957 when it then became the Model 36. In 1951, Smith & Wesson introduced the Airweight Model 37, which was basically the Model 36 design with an aluminum frame and cylinder. The aluminum cylinders proved to be problematic and were abandoned in favor of a steel cylinder. Smith & Wesson also introduced the J-frame Smith & Wesson Centennial (hammerless) models and Smith & Wesson Bodyguard (shrouded hammer) models. In the 1990s, S&W introduced 9mm Parabellum and .357 Magnum models. They also introduced new models using high-strength, lightweight metal alloys such as titanium and scandium.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Colt Cobra is a lightweight, 21 oz aluminum-framed, 6-shot, double-action revolver most commonly produced with a "2" barrel", not to be confused with the Colt King Cobra. The Cobra is chambered for .38 Special, .38 S&W, .32 S&W Long, and .22 LR. It was sold by Colt from 1950 until 1981. In December 2016, it was announced that Colt would be producing a new run of the Colt Cobra with a steel frame and a fiber optic front sight. This model was released in early 2017.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Smith & Wesson Model 12 is an aluminium alloy-frame version of the Model 10. It weighs 19 oz (524 g) unloaded. A 6-shot, .38 Special revolver was made from 1953 to 1986 in both 2" and 4" barrel configurations. The Model 12 was Smith & Wesson's answer to the Colt Cobra. Early models used an aluminum cylinder as well as the frame. [The Colt version was the Colt M13 Aircrewman 1951-1957.]


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Introduced in the early 1970s, the Model 15-2 became the best-known and the best-selling Dan Wesson Firearms revolver model to go into production. This 6-shot, .357 Magnum revolver uses a unique interchangeable barrel system, including a "2.5" snub nose barrel" along with 4", 6", 8", 10", 12", and 15", partial or fully-lugged shrouds with choices of solid or ventilated ribs, plus removable and interchangeable front sights. The Model 15-2 could be ordered as "Pistol Pacs" with 4 (or more) barrel/shroud sets shipped inside a fiberglass briefcase with barrel changing tool and clearance gauges; however, most pistols were sold with only one barrel, with the buyers able to purchase other barrels later. All barrels and shrouds within a model series are compatible, thus a Model 15-2 frame from the 1970s may be equipped with a barrel from the 1990s and a shroud made in 2016. The 15-2 increased sales markedly over the earlier models and were often seen in use with both target shooters and hunters. Model 44s are large-frame models in .44 Magnum with interchangeable barrels, including a "2.5" snubnose barrel."


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Introduced in 1973, the Charter Arms Bulldog is a relatively inexpensive yet serviceable, no-frills, 5-shot, .44 Special or .45 Colt snubnosed revolver. It was a top-selling gun during the 1980s and it's considered the companys' trademark weapon. The Bulldog comes in multiple "barrel lengths including 2.2", 2.5" and 3"." It has no sharp edges to contend with when carrying the weapon in a holster or a pocket. The Bulldog is a solid-framed traditional double-action revolver, the cylinder is opened by pushing a release slide on the left of the gun, or in the original model by pulling the ejector rod. It features a concave sight. Its trigger pull, in both single and double-action modes, is quite light. The Police Undercover model comes in .357 Magnum, while the Pittbull models come in .45 ACP, .40 S&W, and 9×19mm Luger. Charter Arms also makes a variety of smaller-frame .38 Special snubnosed models known as the Undercover offered in standard, bobbed, shrouded, and hammerless models. Charter also produces the Mag Pug in .357 Magnum and .41 Remington Magnum.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Taurus Model 85 is a small-frame, 5-shot, double-action revolver manufactured by the Brazilian firearm company Taurus International. Introduced in the 1980s, in the United States the guns are marketed for concealed carry and personal protection. The Model 85 is available with either "2" or 3" barrels", is capable of firing +P rated .38 Special rounds. The Model 85 is available in several configurations. These include blued steel, stainless steel, polymer frame, and "Ultra-Lite" variants constructed of aluminum and titanium, with steel lock-work components.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Much like Smith & Wesson revolvers, Model 85s can come equipped as exposed, bobbed, shrouded, and hammerless models. However, there are a number of significant internal differences between the Taurus 85 and similar Smith & Wesson revolvers. Because of these differences, Taurus has been able to keep costs relatively low. However, those same differences can make customization of the Model 85 more expensive. Taurus also makes a more powerful versions such as the Model 605 in .357 Magnum and the 9mm Parabellum Model 905.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: In 1989, Smith & Wesson began to make a series of snubnosed models of the S&W Model 29, a large frame, six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the .44 Magnum cartridge. The Backpacker with a "2.5" barrel", and the Mountain Gun and the Trail Boss had 3" barrels. These guns were designed to be "carried often and shot little".


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Ruger SP101 is a series of small-frame, double-action revolvers introduced in 1989 by the American company Sturm, Ruger as the smaller-frame counterpart to the GP100.. The SP101 is an all-steel-construction revolver with a spurred or spurless (double-action only) hammer. The SP-101 has "barrel lengths of 2" and 3"". The .38 Special, .357 Magnum, and 9×19mm Parabellum models hold 5-shots, while the .327 Federal Magnum and .32 H&R Magnum models hold 6-shots, and .22 LR model holds 8 shots.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Smith & Wesson Model 500 Emergency Survival is a large frame, 5-shot, 2.75" barrel, .500 S&W Magnum, double action revolver with blaze orange Hogue grips. The Model 500 was built on the entirely new X-Frame, which was developed exclusively to handle the immense muzzle velocity and pressures generated by firing the .500 Magnum cartridge. It is among the most powerful revolvers in the world since its original release in 2003, and is marketed as "the world's most powerful handgun" by the manufacturer. The Smith & Wesson Model 460 Emergency Survival is essentially the same gun in .460 S&W Magnum. It can also shoot .454 Casull and .45 Colt, and is easily identified by its neon yellow Hogue grips.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: Introduced in 2005, the Ruger Alaskan is Ruger's first short-barreled, big-bore, six-shot, double-action revolver, intended for defense against large, dangerous animals. The "2.5" barrel" on the Alaskan ends at the end of the frame, and the scope bases are omitted. The interchangeable front sight is replaced with a pinned-in ramp sight, but the adjustable rear sight is retained. The Alaskan is available in .44 Magnum, .454 Casull/.45 Colt, and .480 Ruger, with the .480 model originally a 6-shot, replaced in 2008 with a 5-shot model to aid in spent cartridge extraction. All Alaskans feature a brushed stainless finish and a Hogue Tamer rubber finger groove grip, rather than the standard GP100 style. The .454 and .480 versions have an unfluted cylinder while the .44 Magnum features a fluted cylinder.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Ruger LCR is a small, 5-shot, double-action revolver with a "1.875" barrel", built by Ruger and announced in January 2009. LCR stands for 'Lightweight Compact Revolver'. It incorporates several novel features such as a polymer grip and trigger housing, monolithic receiver, and constant force trigger. At , the LCR is nearly 50% lighter than the stainless steel SP101 and only the barrel and fluted cylinder are made of stainless steel. The frame is aluminum alloy and synthetic glass-filled polymer finished in matte black with Synergistic Hard Coat. The LCR operates in double-action only (DAO) as the hammer is concealed within the frame handle's fire control housing and cannot be cocked prior to firing. In order to create a lighter trigger pull, it features a friction-reducing cam. The LCR-357 chambered for .357 Magnum. The Ruger LCR 22 an 8-shot .22 LR version. There are also a 6-shot .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire and a .327 Federal Magnum versions, as well as 5-shot a clip-fed 9mm Luger version.


title: Snubnosed revolver

text: The Taurus Judge is a 5-shot, snubnosed (3-inch barrel), revolver introduced in 2006, by Taurus International, chambered for .410 bore shot shells and the .45 Colt cartridge. Taurus promotes the Judge as a self-defense tool against carjacking and for home protection.