title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: As of 2016 Wittenoom had only three permanent residents who defied the Government of Western Australia's removal of services and stated intention to demolish the town. On 30 June 2006, the Government turned off the power grid to Wittenoom. There were still three residents as of late 2018, when the government introduced plans to force them out.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: A report by consultants GHD Group and Parsons Brinckerhoff in November 2006 evaluated the continuing risks associated with asbestos contamination in the town and surrounding areas and classed the risk to visitors as medium and to residents as extreme.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: In December 2006, Minister for the Pilbara and Regional Development Jon Ford announced that Wittenoom's status as a town would be removed, and in June 2007, he announced that the townsite status was officially removed.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: Both the Department of Health and an accredited contaminated sites auditor reviewed the report, with the latter finding that the detected presence of free asbestos fibres in surface soils from sampled locations presented an unacceptable public health risk. The auditor recommended that the former townsite and other impacted areas defined in the report be classified as "Contaminated - Remediation Required". The Department of Environment and Conservation subsequently classified Wittenoom as a contaminated site under the Contaminated Sites Act 2003 on 28 January 2008.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: However, opinion is not unanimous on the danger posed. Mark Nevill, a geologist and former Labor MLC for the Mining and Pastoral district, said in an interview in 2004 that the asbestos levels in the town were below the detection level of most equipment, and the real danger is located in the gorge itself which contains the mine tailings. Residents once operated a camping ground, guesthouse and gem shop for passing tourists. The roof of the gem shop is now caved in and the wood of the guest house is rotten, while the camping ground is nowhere to be found.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: It was reported in 2018 that thousands of travellers still visited the ghost town every year as a form of extreme tourism.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: The Australian Mesothelioma Registry (AMR) is another way that the Australian government is taking part in the fight against asbestos-related cancer. This national database keeps track of information about people who were diagnosed with mesothelioma after July 2010. It records all new cases in order to help the government develop policies on how to deal with asbestos that still remains in the country and reduce mesothelioma going forward.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: The Wittenoom Closure Bill was reintroduced to the Western Australian Parliament in August 2021, and was passed on 24 March 2022. The bill, reinstated by Lands Minister Tony Buti, was to enable the compulsory acquisition and demolition of the 14 remaining privately-owned properties in the former townsite.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: The traditional owners of country where Wittenoom is situated, the Banjima people, have petitioned the Western Australian Parliament to not only remove all of Wittenoom's remaining buildings, but to remediate the land so that it is no longer contaminated.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: The Wittenoom Closure Bill was passed by the Western Australian Parliament in March 2022. This allowed the government to permanently close Wittenoom by compulsorily acquiring the remaining private properties and removing all infrastructure from the town. In September 2022, the last resident was evicted. As of September 2022, the town is classified as deserted, and is closed to the public.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: The 1990 Midnight Oil song, "Blue Sky Mine" and its album "Blue Sky Mining", was inspired by the town and its mining industry, as were "He Fades Away" and "Blue Murder" by Alistair Hulett. The town and its history are also featured in the novel Dirt Music by Tim Winton.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: Digital poet Jason Nelson created the work "Wittenoom: speculative shell and the cancerous breeze", an interactive exploration of the town's death. It won the Newcastle Poetry Prize in 2009.


title: Wittenoom, Western Australia

text: In the thriller novel "The Dead Heart" by Douglas Kennedy the plot takes place mainly in an imaginary location called "Wollanup", which corresponds to Wittenoom. "The Dead Heart" was adapted as a comic by Kennedy and the illustrator Christian de Metter under the title "Dead Heart".


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques. It is named after the orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov from the Soviet Union, who pioneered the technique.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: Ilizarov used external fixation devices on patients to treat non-unions in the 1950s. Ilizarov observed the callus formation and discovered distraction osteogenesis when one patient lengthened his frame rather than compressing it. The procedure, and the first apparatus he designed for it, was inspired by a shaft bow harness on a horse carriage (see photo to the right). Originally bicycle parts were used for the frame.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The technique gained fame across the Soviet Union when he successfully treated Soviet world-record holder, and gold medalist high jumper, Valery Brumel in 1968. Brumel broke his tibia in a motorcycle accident and had 20 unsuccessful operations over a three-year period to try to repair his non-union. Ilizarov used distraction osteogenesis to heal the non-union and leg length discrepancy.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: Ilizarov gained more fame in 1980 when he successfully treated Italian journalist and adventurer, Carlo Mauri. Mauri had broken his leg in a skiing accident ten years earlier and his tibia never properly healed. When he was on an expedition across the Atlantic, the wound on his leg reopened and a Russian doctor advised him to see Ilizarov. When Mauri returned to Italy after his treatment, Italian doctors were impressed that his tibial non-union was repaired. They invited Ilizarov to speak at the Italian AO Conference in Bellagio. This was the first time Ilizarov spoke outside of the "Iron Curtain".


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The technique was brought to the US in 1987 by Victor Frankel, president of Hospital for Joint Diseases, and Dr. Stuart Green who, in 1992, edited the first English translation of Ilizarov's book.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The Ilizarov external fixators can be used to correct angular deformity in the leg, to correct leg-length differences, and treat non-unions. In most developing countries it is a highly specialized technique used mainly for deformity correction by experienced surgeons due to its complexity. Further development of the ring construct led to the Taylor Spatial Frame which is more versatile and far easier to use, but very costly. Intramedullary limb lengthening devices are also available, but are also a very costly option.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The device is a specialized form of external fixator, a circular fixator, modular in construction. Stainless steel (or titanium) rings are fixed to the bone via stainless heavy-gauge wire (called "pins" or Kirschner wires). The rings are connected to each other with threaded rods attached through adjustable nuts. The circular construction and tensioned wires of the Ilizarov apparatus provide far more structural support than the traditional monolateral fixator system. This allows early weightbearing.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The apparatus is based on the principle which Ilizarov called "the theory of tensions". Through controlled and mechanically applied tension stress, Ilizarov was able to show that the bone and soft tissue can be made to regenerate in a reliable and reproducible manner. The top rings of the Ilizarov (fixed to the healthy bone by the tensioned wire) allow force to be transferred through the external frame (the vertical metal rods), bypassing the fracture site. Force is then transferred back to the healthy bone through the bottom ring and the tensioned wires. This allows the Ilizarov apparatus to act as a sort of bridge, both immobilizing the fracture site and relieving it of stress, while allowing for the movement of the entire limb and partial weight-bearing. Middle rings (and tensioned wires) act to hold the bone fragments in place and to give greater structural support to the apparatus and limb. However, the critical load bearing rings are the top and bottom rings which transfer the force from the healthy bone down to the healthy bone, bypassing the fracture site.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: In addition to being used to support a fractured limb, the Ilizarov frame is also commonly used to correct deformity through distraction osteogenesis.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The procedure consists of an initial surgery, during which the bone is surgically fractured and the ring apparatus is attached. As the patient recovers, the fractured bone begins to grow together. While the bone is growing, the frame is adjusted by means of turning the nuts, thus increasing the space between two rings. As the rings are connected to opposite sides of the fracture, this adjustment, done four times a day, moves the now-healing fracture apart by approximately one millimeter per day. The incremental daily increases result in a considerable lengthening of the limb over time. Once the lengthening phase is complete, the apparatus stays on the limb for a consolidation period. The patient is able to fully weight bear on the Ilizarov frame, using crutches initially and pain is lessened. Once healing is complete, a second surgery is necessary to remove the ring apparatus. The result is a limb that is significantly longer. Additional surgery may be necessary, in the case of leg lengthening, to lengthen the Achilles tendon to accommodate the longer bone length. The major advantage of this procedure is that because the apparatus provides complete support while the bone is recovering the patient can remain active aiding recovery.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: A further use is in bone transport, whereby a defect in a long bone can be treated by transporting a segment of bone, whilst simultaneously lengthening regenerating bone to reduce the defect and finally dock with the other segment, producing a single bony unit.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: While the Ilizarov apparatus is minimally invasive (no large incisions are made), it is not free of complications. Pain is common and can be severe, but is treatable with analgesics. Careful attention to cleaning and hygiene is necessary to prevent pin site infection. Other complications include swelling, muscle transfixion, and joint contractures. Physical therapy is often indicated.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The Ilizarov method is widely used to treat complex and/or open bone fractures. This method is preferred over conventional treatment options (such as internal fixator or cast) where there is a high risk of infection or the fracture is of such severity that internal fixators are unworkable. Journalist Ed Vulliamy wrote a detailed description from the patient's viewpoint of Ilizarov apparatus treatment of a bad fracture.


title: Ilizarov apparatus

text: The following case study illustrates the Ilizarov apparatus treatment procedure for a fractured limb. The photographs are of the same patient during the course of treatment.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Lynn Candace Toler (born October 25, 1959) is an American lawyer, judge, television arbitrator (judge), and television presenter.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler is best known for her role as former arbitrator over longest-running courtroom television series, "Divorce Court". From her 14 seasons with "Divorce Court" from 2006 to 2020, she is the longest reigning arbitrator over the series.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler is also known for her current co-hosting role together with Dr. Ish Major as marriage mentors over the series "Marriage Boot Camp," specifically "Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars - Hip Hop Edition." To date, Toler has presented "Marriage Boot Camp" for 3 seasons since the show's 16th season, which began on February 6, 2020. Season 18 of "Marriage Boot Camp" premiered on October 17, 2021, and Toler is contracted to host the show for an additional 19th season as well.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Lynn Toler was born in Columbus, Ohio. Toler graduated from Columbus School for Girls earned an undergraduate degree in English and American Literature from Harvard College (1981) and a Juris Doctor from the University of Pennsylvania Law School (1984).


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler served as sole municipal judge in Cleveland Heights Municipal Court for eight years after working as an attorney specializing in civil matters. At 34 years old, she won her first judicial race by just six votes as a Republican in a predominantly Democratic district where Democrats held a 5:1 majority. Her cases involved all misdemeanor crimes, traffic, and minor cost civil cases within an inner ring suburb of Cleveland, Ohio of about 50,000 residents. When re-elected in 2000 she garnered 80% of the vote. Toler was known for enforcing nontraditional judgments, such as hand written essays. While on the bench she created and ran a mentoring program for teenage girls. During this time, she served on many boards including The Juvenile Diabetes Board, The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) and The Cleveland Domestic Violence Center. In 2002, she received The Humanitarian of the Year Award from The Cleveland Domestic Violence Center.


title: Lynn Toler

text: While serving as a retired judge between 2001 and 2006, Toler became an adjunct professor at Ursuline College in Pepper Pike, Ohio, where she created, and taught, courses on Civil Rights Law and Women's Rights.


title: Lynn Toler

text: During the 2001-02 television year, Toler replaced Andrew Napolitano as presiding judge over nontraditional courtroom series, "Power of Attorney". The program was cancelled after that television year however, and the show as a whole only lasted 2 seasons.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler experienced much greater success within the court show genre when she became arbitrating judge over "Divorce Court", the longest-running program in the court show genre and one of the longest syndicated programs of all time. Toler took over the bench beginning on September 11, 2006, with the premiere of the court show's 24th season, replacing Mablean Ephriam (whom Toler has said to be fond of and has had pleasant interactions with). Toler would eventually become "Divorce Court"s longest reigning judge (the series composed of 4 other judges who have each had their own tenures), presiding over the broadcast for 14 seasons. As the level-headed arbiter of "Divorce Court", Toler was frequently seen providing counsel, words of wisdom, and trying to talk sense into the show's outrageous couples. She used her vehement expression, emphasis and strident vocal timbre to deliver her points.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler departed "Divorce Court" after 14 years, announced publicly in March 2020. During an October 19, 2021, interview on Bailiff Byrd's "Bonding with Byrd" web series, Toler elaborated on details of her "Divorce Court" resignation, citing a list of dissatisfactions she had with production. Among them, Toler recounted efforts made by production to move the program into a more farcical, comedic direction following the popularity of her "Rolling Ray" "Divorce Court" case. Toler has also cited to various other objections she had during her final season, such as the show's relocation from Los Angeles to Atlanta and a vastly altered simulated courtroom set design that led to her having physical discomfort while ruling on cases. During the "Bonding with Byrd" interview, Toler cited to regular altercations with the "Divorce Court" crew, thus her decision to resign from the program. Still, she has expressed grace for the opportunity to preside over the court show, which is now presided over by Faith Jenkins.


title: Lynn Toler

text: During her interview with Byrd, Toler added that while she didn't miss the show as she had left it, she did miss the show in the form it was previous to her final season.


title: Lynn Toler

text: In 2007, while hosting "Divorce Court", she expanded her television presence by becoming the host of the prime time television show and MyNetworkTV's "Decision House", a couples therapy program. In 2008 and 2009, Toler was a bi-monthly contributor on "News and Notes", a weekly news show on National Public Radio (NPR). In 2009, she became a co-executive producer of "Wedlock or Deadlock", a syndicated limited-city series based on a segment of "Divorce Court".


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler has guest-starred on "The Ricki Lake Show" as a marriage counselor. Since February 2020, Toler has hosted the We TV hit series, "Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars".


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler is the author of "My Mother's Rules: A Practical Guide to Becoming an Emotional Genius", in which she describes lessons her mother, Shirley (nicknamed Toni), taught her to handle both her father Bill Toler's erratic behavior and her own inner demons. She describes how this later came in handy when dealing with emotional people from the bench. She also discusses how to apply these rules to everyday life.


title: Lynn Toler

text: In 2009, her second book, "Put it In Writing" (co-authored with Deborah Hutchison), was published. This book contains agreements for use in common but uncomfortable situations between family and friends, such as lending money, and grown children returning home.


title: Lynn Toler

text: Judge Toler is also author of 'Making Marriage work' and 'Dear Sonali, Letter to the Daughter I Never had."


title: Lynn Toler

text: Toler resides in Mesa, Arizona, with her husband, Eric Mumford. They married in 1989, and Toler has two sons and four stepsons.


title: My Last Duchess

text: "My Last Duchess" is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue. It first appeared in 1842 in Browning's "Dramatic Lyrics". The poem is composed in 28 rhyming couplets of iambic pentameter.


title: My Last Duchess

text: The poem is preceded by the epigraph ""Ferrara:"", indicating that the speaker is Alfonso II d'Este, the fifth Duke of Ferrara (1533–1598), who, in 1558 (at the age of 24), had married Lucrezia di Cosimo de' Medici, the 13-year-old daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Eleonora di Toledo.


title: My Last Duchess

text: Lucrezia was well-educated, and the Medicis could be considered "nouveau riche" in comparison to the venerable and distinguished Este family (Alfonso II d'Este's remark regarding his gift of a "nine-hundred-years-old name" clearly indicates that he considered his bride beneath him socially). She came with a sizeable dowry.


title: My Last Duchess

text: He then abandoned her for two years before she died on 21 April 1561, at age 17. Although there was a strong suspicion of poisoning, it is more likely that the cause of her death was tuberculosis. It is speculated that the rumour of poisoning was started by enemies of Alfonso II.


title: My Last Duchess

text: The Duke then, in 1564, sought the hand of Barbara, eighth daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary and the sister of the Count of Tyrol, Ferdinand II.


title: My Last Duchess

text: The count was in charge of arranging the marriage; the chief of his entourage, Nikolaus Madruz, a native of Innsbruck, was his courier.


title: My Last Duchess

text: The speaker (presumably the Duke Alfonso of Ferrara) is giving the emissary of the family of his prospective new wife a tour of the artworks in his home. He draws a curtain to reveal a painting of a woman, explaining that it is a portrait of his late wife; he invites his guest to sit and look at the painting. As they look at the portrait of the late Duchess, the Duke describes her happy, cheerful, appreciative and kind nature, which had displeased him.


title: My Last Duchess

text: He says, "She had a heart – how shall I say? – too soon made glad..." He goes on to say that his complaint of her was that "'twas not her husband's presence only" that made her happy. Eventually, "I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together." In an interview, Browning said, "I meant that the commands were that she should be put to death ... Or he might have had her shut up in a convent."


title: My Last Duchess

text: The duke now keeps her painting hidden behind a curtain that only he is allowed to draw back, thus now she only smiles for him.


title: My Last Duchess

text: The Duke demonstrates many narcissistic tendencies as he recalls the time he shared with his now-deceased Duchess.


title: My Last Duchess

text: He then resumes an earlier conversation regarding wedding arrangements, and in passing points out another work of art, a bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse by Claus of Innsbruck, so making his late wife but just another work of art.


title: My Last Duchess

text: Browning characterized this poem as a dramatic lyric; but essentially it is a dramatic monologue, a genre typically associated with Robert Browning, where one person speaks to a presumed audience. It is written in iambic pentameter, employing rhyming couplets and the enjambment technique of not always concluding the sentences at the ends of lines. Because of these techniques, the poem has a conversational quality and can be read as a long speech.


title: Consistent hashing

text: In computer science, consistent hashing is a special kind of hashing technique such that when a hash table is resized, only formula_1 keys need to be remapped on average where formula_2 is the number of keys and formula_3 is the number of slots. In contrast, in most traditional hash tables, a change in the number of array slots causes nearly all keys to be remapped because the mapping between the keys and the slots is defined by a modular operation.


title: Consistent hashing

text: The term "consistent hashing" was introduced by David Karger "et al." at MIT for use in distributed caching, particularly for the web. This academic paper from 1997 in Symposium on Theory of Computing introduced the term "consistent hashing" as a way of distributing requests among a changing population of web servers. Each slot is then represented by a server in a distributed system or cluster. The addition of a server and the removal of a server (during scalability or outage) requires only formula_4 items to be re-shuffled when the number of slots (i.e. servers) change. The authors mention linear hashing and its ability to handle sequential server addition and removal, while consistent hashing allows servers to be added and removed in an arbitrary order.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Teradata used this technique in their distributed database, released in 1986, although they did not use this term. Teradata still uses the concept of a hash table to fulfill exactly this purpose. Akamai Technologies was founded in 1998 by the scientists Daniel Lewin and F. Thomson Leighton (co-authors of the article coining "consistent hashing"). In Akamai's content delivery network, consistent hashing is used to balance the load within a cluster of servers, while a stable marriage algorithm is used to balance load across clusters.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Consistent hashing has also been used to reduce the impact of partial system failures in large web applications to provide robust caching without incurring the system-wide fallout of a failure. Consistent hashing is also the cornerstone of distributed hash tables (DHTs), which employ hash values to partition a keyspace across a distributed set of nodes, then construct an overlay network of connected nodes that provide efficient node retrieval by key.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Rendezvous hashing, designed in 1996, is a simpler and more general technique . It achieves the goals of consistent hashing using the very different highest random weight (HRW) algorithm.


title: Consistent hashing

text: In the problem of load balancing, for example, when a BLOB has to be assigned to one of formula_2 servers on a cluster, a standard hash function could be used in such a way that we calculate the hash value for that BLOB, assuming the resultant value of the hash is formula_6, we perform modular operation with the number of servers (formula_2 in this case) to determine the server in which we can place the BLOB: formula_8; hence the BLOB will be placed in the server whose formula_9 is successor of formula_10 in this case. However, when a server is added or removed during outage or scaling (when formula_2 changes), all the BLOBs in every server should be reassigned and moved due to rehashing, but this operation is expensive.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Consistent hashing was designed to avoid the problem of having to reassign every BLOB when a server is added or removed throughout the cluster. The central idea is, we use a hash function that randomly maps both the BLOB and servers to a unit circle, usually formula_12 radians. For example, formula_13 (where formula_14 is hash of a BLOB or server's identifier, like IP address or UUID). Each BLOB is then assigned to the next server that appears on the circle in clockwise order. Usually, binary search algorithm or linear search is used to find a "spot" or server to place that particular BLOB in formula_15 or formula_16 complexities respectively; and in every iteration, which happens in clockwise manner, an operation formula_17 (where formula_18 is the value of the server within the cluster) is performed to find the server to place the BLOB. This provides an even distribution of BLOBs to servers. But, more importantly, if a server fails and is removed from the circle, only the BLOBs that were mapped to the failed server need to be reassigned to the next server in clockwise order. Likewise, if a new server is added, it is added to the unit circle, and only the BLOBs mapped to that server need to be reassigned.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Importantly, when a server is added or removed, the vast majority of the BLOBs maintain their prior server assignments, and the addition of formula_19 server only causes formula_20 fraction of the BLOBs to relocate. Although the process of moving BLOBs across cache servers in the cluster depends on the context, commonly, the newly added cache server identifies its "successor" and moves all the BLOBs, whose mapping belongs to this server (i.e. whose hash value is less than that of the new server), from it. However, in the case of web page caches, in most implementations there is no involvement of moving or copying, assuming the cached BLOB is small enough. When a request hits a newly added cache server, a cache miss happens and a request to the actual web server is made and the BLOB is cached locally for future requests. The redundant BLOBs on the previously used cache servers would be removed as per the cache eviction policies.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Let formula_21 and formula_22 be the hash functions used for the BLOB and server's unique identifier respectively. In practice, a binary search tree (BST) is used to dynamically maintain the formula_9 within a cluster or hashring, and to find the successor or minimum within the BST, tree traversal is used.


title: Consistent hashing

text: To avoid skewness of multiple nodes within the radian, which happen due to lack of randomness in the distribution of the servers within the cluster, multiple labels are used. Those duplicate labels are called "virtual nodes" i.e. multiple labels which point to a single "real" label or server within the cluster. The amount of virtual nodes or duplicate labels used for a particular server within a cluster is called the "weight" of that particular server.


title: Consistent hashing

text: A number of extensions to the basic technique are needed for effectively using consistent hashing for load balancing in practice. In the basic scheme above, if a server fails, all its BLOBs are reassigned to the next server in clockwise order, potentially doubling the load of that server. This may not be desirable. To ensure a more even redistribution of BLOBs on server failure, each server can be hashed to multiple locations on the unit circle. When a server fails, the BLOBs assigned to each of its replicas on the unit circle will get reassigned to a different server in clockwise order, thus redistributing the BLOBs more evenly. Another extension concerns a situation where a single BLOB gets "hot" and is accessed a large number of times and will have to be hosted in multiple servers. In this situation, the BLOB may be assigned to multiple contiguous servers by traversing the unit circle in clockwise order. A more complex practical consideration arises when two BLOBs are hashed near each other in the unit circle and both get "hot" at the same time. In this case, both BLOBs will use the same set of contiguous servers in the unit circle. This situation can be ameliorated by each BLOB choosing a different hash function for mapping servers to the unit circle.


title: Consistent hashing

text: Rendezvous hashing, designed in 1996, is a simpler and more general technique, and permits fully distributed agreement on a set of formula_55 options out of a possible set of formula_2 options. It can in fact be shown that consistent hashing is a special case of rendezvous hashing. Because of its simplicity and generality, Rendezvous Hashing is now being used in place of Consistent Hashing in many applications.


title: Consistent hashing

text: If key values will always increase monotonically, an alternative approach using a hash table with monotonic keys may be more suitable than consistent hashing.


title: Consistent hashing

text: The formula_57 is an average cost for redistribution of keys and the formula_15 complexity for consistent hashing comes from the fact that a binary search among nodes angles is required to find the next node on the ring.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee Chang-dong (; Hanja: 李滄東; born July 4, 1954) is a South Korean film director, screenwriter, and novelist. He has directed six feature films: "Green Fish" (1997), "Peppermint Candy" (2000), "Oasis" (2002), "Secret Sunshine" (2007), "Poetry" (2010), and "Burning" (2018). "Burning" became the first Korean film to make it to the 91st Academy Awards' final nine-film shortlist for Best Foreign Language Film. "Burning" also won the Fipresci International Critics' Prize at the 71st Cannes Film Festival, Best Foreign Language Film in Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and Best Foreign Language Film in Toronto Film Critics Association.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee has won Silver Lion for Best Director and Fipresci International Critics' Prize at the 2002 Venice Film Festival and the Best Screenplay Award at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. He also won the award for Achievement in Directing at the 4th Asia Pacific Screen Awards in 2017, Jury Grand Prize at the 2018 Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Best Director and Lifetime Achievement Award at the 13th Asian Film Awards in 2019, and he has been nominated for the Golden Lion and the Palme d'Or. Lee served as South Korea's Minister of Culture and Tourism from 2003 to 2004.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee Chang-dong was born in Daegu, Korea. He graduated in 1981 with a degree in Korean Literature from Kyungpook National University in Daegu, where he spent much of his time in the theater, writing and directing plays. He went on to teach high school Korean and established himself as a novelist with his first novel "Chonri" in 1983.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee had no formal training in filmmaking. He was approached by Park Kwang-su to write the screenplay for "To the Starry Island." Lee negotiated for an assistant director (AD) position as part of the deal and was promoted to first AD on the first day of the shoot when the original first AD failed to show up. The film was released in 1993. He went on to write "A Single Spark" in 1995, which won Best Film at the 1995 Blue Dragon Film Awards.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: After being encouraged by his contemporaries to finally step behind the director's chair, Lee made "Green Fish", a "critique of Korean society told through the eyes of a young man who becomes enmeshed in the criminal underworld", in 1997. "Green Fish" won Best Film at Blue Dragon Film Awards, Dragons and Tigers Award at the Vancouver International Film Festival, and had NETPAC Award's Special Mention at Rotterdam International Film Festival.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In 2000, Lee made "Peppermint Candy", a story following a single man in reverse chronology through 20 years of South Korean history—from 1980's student uprising, to the film's 2000 release. "Peppermint Candy" won Special Jury Prize at Bratislava International Film Festival, and got three awards at Karlovy Vary International Film Festival including Don Quijote Award, Special Jury Prize and NETPAC Award. The film also won Best Film at Grand Bell Awards.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee released "Oasis" in 2002, a story involving a mentally ill man and a woman with cerebral palsy, winning the Silver Lion for Best Director at the 2003 Venice Film Festival. "Oasis" was selected as Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 75th Academy Awards. The film was awarded Chief Dan George Humanitarian Award at 2003 Vancouver International Film Festival. It also won 2003 Venice International Film Festival's Special Director's Award, FIPRESCI Prize, and SIGNIS Award. Lee won Baeksang Arts Awards for Best Director. "Oasis" was nominated at the 2005 Independent Spirit Awards for Best Foreign Film.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: From 2003 to 2004, Lee served as the minister of Culture and Tourism in the South Korean Government. On the political appointment, Lee said:


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In October 2006, Lee was awarded with the Chevalier (Knight) order of the Legion d'Honneur (Legion of Honor) by the French government for "his contribution to maintaining the screen quota to promote cultural diversity as a cultural minister." It was delivered to the French embassy in South Korea by the French Minister of Culture, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres during an official visit.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee's fourth film, "Secret Sunshine" about a grieving mother who loses her son, was completed in 2007. At the 60th Cannes Film Festival, the film was entered in the competition category with lead actress Jeon Do-yeon, winning the "Prix d'interprétation féminine". It was released to theaters in South Korea in 2007, and was South Korea's submission for the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film in 2008. "Secret Sunshine" won Best Feature Film at Asia Pacific Screen Awards. It won Best Film and Best Director at 2008 Asian Film Awards. It won Best Picture and Best Director at Korean Film Awards, Best Director at Director's Cut Awards, and Special Award at Grand Bell Awards.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In 2009, Lee was appointed as a jury member of the international competition in 61st Cannes Film Festival along with Isabelle Huppert, Shu Qi and Robin Wright Penn.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: The following year, Lee's film "Poetry" was released. The film tells a story of a suburban woman in her 60s who begins to develop an interest in poetry while struggling with Alzheimer's disease and her irresponsible grandson. It garnered positive critical reviews and won the Best Screenplay Award at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Notably, the film's starring role was played by Yoon Jeong-hee, who was returning to the screen after an absence of 16 years. For this film, Lee won Achievement in Directing in Asia Pacific Screen Awards. "Poetry" also won Best Film and Best Screenplay at 2010 Grand Bell Awards, and Lee won Best Director at 2011 Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee returned after eight years of hiatus with a 2018 psychological drama mystery film "Burning", based on one of Haruki Murakami's seventeen short stories in "The Elephant Vanishes", "Barn Burning". The film premiered at the 71st Cannes Film Festival, winning the Fipresci International Critics' Prize. It became the highest-rated film in the history of Screen International’s Cannes jury grid. "Burning" was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, and became the first Korean film to make it to the final nine-film shortlist of the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. "Burning" also won Best Foreign Language Film in Los Angeles Film Critics Association, Best Foreign Language Film in Toronto Film Critics Association, and the runner-up of National Board of Review's Top Five Foreign Language Film. It was included on RogerEbert.com's Great Movies. For this film, Lee won Best Director at 2018 Buil Film Awards and 2019 KOFRA Film Awards. In addition to international acclaims, the film also won 2018 Grand Bell Awards for Best Film and FIPRESCI Award at Korean Association of Film Critics Awards.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In March 2019, Lee won Best Director for "Burning" and was honored Lifetime Achievement Award at the 13th Asian Film Awards. In 2021, he was appointed as the head of jury of the international competition in the 15th Asian Film Awards.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee Chang-dong was born in Daegu, the most conservative and rightist city in Korea, to lower middle class parents, who were left-leaning, particularly his father. His family came from noble class of the old Korea. This contradiction of growing up in an ex-noble family with socialist ties shaped his character, and subsequently his film style.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee supported Roh Moo-hyun's candidacy since 2002, and after he won the elections, Lee served in the office as Minister of Culture from 2003 to 2004. During his term, Lee proposed a screen quota for independent film but his proposal met with fierce opposition by the Korean movie industry. However, in October 2006, he was rewarded for his efforts with the Chevalier (Knight) order of the Legion d'Honneur (Legion of Honor) by the French government for "his contribution to maintaining the screen quota to promote cultural diversity as a cultural minister".


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee has been boycotting and refusing to attend the Blue Dragon Film Awards ceremony since 2002 due to political conflicts with Chosun Ilbo, a conservative South Korean newspaper which hosts the awards. Consequently, since 2002 his films have never been submitted to the competition and were excluded from the nomination for the award’s best picture and best director.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: For nearly a decade until 2017, during the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye presidential administrations, Lee Chang-dong was blacklisted by the government. Artists such as Lee that were put on the blacklist were subject to investigations and denial of subsidies. Lee recalls of his eight-year-hiatus:


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee Chang-dong describes his creative process as one of utter despair. Almost all Lee's films have that of melodramatic element, except for "Burning" that bends the contours of the thriller with a tense, haunting multiple-character study. All his films are dark stories of innocence lost, suffering and alienation. His key themes have been consistently about psychological trauma. Rather than allowing his characters simply to wallow in their misery, Lee draws them into situations that make them search, often futilely, for the meaning of life. Memory has often been an important theme for Lee. His work can be defined by the tragedy genre and his stories almost always involve his characters experiencing some degree of suffering.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: His films are the reflection of the repressive social and political climate of the South Korea, and depictions of marginalized blue-collar Koreans. His characters are characteristically anti-heroic, but he seems to justify them due to their background. Through realistic portraits of troubled characters, Lee asks the audience to examine themselves and to look at what society pushes under the rug. However, he shys away from masking his themes with bold surrealism. Instead, he's more driven by naturalism.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee doesn't give too specific direction when he works with actors. He believes that an actor’s reaction is more important than the action. He doesn't have a particular method of directing. He doesn't tell the actors to act or be in a certain way. Instead, he tells them to become the persona, the character in the film. He said, "What I try to have them do is become the character, to feel like the character. I do not try to be very specific in how I direct my actors, for instance I will not say things like 'Use this expression' or 'Speak this way', or 'Can you please raise the pitch of your voice a bit higher' or anything like that." And, "Sometimes, actors expect from me a bit more detail, to give them specific advise but I don't do that. But what I DO sometimes is to tell them different stories, or speak about other things that do not seem to have anything in common with what the actors should be playing, but indirectly might help them feel the same way as the character feels so that they become the character."


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In respond to the pressures felt by Moon So-ri and Sol Kyung-gu on his film set, Lee said, "[...] I've never raised my voice, and I'm never really about giving any sort of strict direction, especially when it comes to working with the actors. When it comes to acting, I really prefer the actors to find themselves in the character, and find themselves living in the situations, themselves. I'm not someone to tell them, or to instruct them how to express whatever in a certain sort of situation." And, "[...] One of the things that I say a lot to my actors is, 'Don't act'. That be a bit flabbergasting to actors, because, 'Wait, I'm an actor, I'm supposed to act. What do you mean? What does that mean?' That can come as a confusing statement."


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In 1987, Lee Chang-dong published his first short story, "Possession", followed by "There's a Lot of Shit in Nokcheon" in 1992 which won him "The Korea Times Literary" Prize, and then "Tenaciousness" in 1996.


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: In 2007, Lee's short story, "The Dreaming Beast" (translated by Heinz Insu Fenkl), was published in the journal "AZALEA". In 2018, his short story, "On Destiny" (translated by Soyoung Kim), was published in the journal "Asymptote".


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee said about his writing style, "I always wrote for one person, for this person who thought and felt the same way as I do. It almost felt like I was writing a love letter to this very specific person who would understand what I'm writing and share the same feelings and thoughts."


title: Lee Chang-dong

text: Lee Chang-dong is the third son out of four brothers. He said that they were very close, and called themselves fraternity brothers. His youngest brother, Lee Joon-dong, is a film producer for Lee's films. Lee hoped to become a painter growing up, but he could not afford art supplies. Lee and the president of MBC television and radio network company, , are old friends and Kyungpook National University alumni. He personally asked Choi to appear in "Burning" playing as Jong-su's father. He is also a close friend of his frequent collaborator, actor Moon Sung-keun.


Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking is a 2012 nonfiction book written by American author and lecturer Susan Cain. Cain argues that modern Western culture misunderstands and undervalues the traits and capabilities of introverted people, leading to "a colossal waste of talent, energy, and happiness".


title: Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

text: The book presents a history of how Western culture transformed from a culture of character to a culture of personality in which an "extrovert ideal" dominates and introversion is viewed as inferior or even pathological. Adopting scientific definitions of introversion and extroversion as preferences for different levels of stimulation, "Quiet" outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each temperament, emphasizing the myth of the extrovert ideal that has dominated in the West since the early twentieth century. Asserting that temperament is a core element of human identity, Cain cites research in biology, psychology, neuroscience and evolution to demonstrate that introversion is both common and normal, noting that many of humankind's most creative individuals and distinguished leaders were introverts. Cain urges changes at the workplace, in schools, and in parenting; offers advice to introverts for functioning in an extrovert-dominated culture; and offers advice in communication, work, and relationships between people of differing temperament.


text: Cain graduated from Princeton University and Harvard Law School and became a lawyer and negotiations consultant. Her interest in writing on the subject of introversion reportedly stemmed from her own difficulties with public speaking, which made Harvard Law School "a trial". She likened her tenure as a Wall Street lawyer to time spent in a foreign country. Cain left her careers in corporate law and consulting, for a quieter life of writing at home with her family.


text: Seven years in the making, Cain's book, "Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking" was published January 24, 2012. Asked what inspired her to write the book, Cain likened introverts today to women at the dawn of the feminist movement—second-class citizens with gigantic amounts of untapped talent. She said that our institutions are designed for extroverts, causing many introverts to believe that something is wrong with them and that they should try to 'pass' as extroverts. She concluded that this bias against introversion leads to "a colossal waste of talent, energy, and happiness", saying that it is "the next great diversity issue of our time".


text: Cain argues that modern Western culture misunderstands and undervalues the traits and capabilities of introverted people, employing academic research, supplemented with anecdotes, to describe how American culture got to this point.


text: Cain says Western, and in particular, American, culture is dominated by what she calls the "Extrovert Ideal", described as "the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is gregarious, alpha and comfortable in the spotlight". Western societies, being based on the Greco-Roman ideal which praises oratory, favor the man of action over the man of contemplation, and view introversion as being between a disappointment and pathology. In contrast, traditional, pre-Americanized Asian culture is more inclined to value reticence and caution. "The Harvard Independent's" Faith Zhang remarked that "Quiet" seems in part a gentle rebuke to a culture that values style over substance.


text: Cain traces the historical roots of the Extrovert Ideal to the rise of industrial America in the late 19th century, before which a culture of character dominated, and after which "a perfect storm of big business, urbanization and mass immigration" changed America into what historian Warren Susman called a culture of personality, in which perception trumps truth. "The Globe and Mail's" Zosia Bielski described this transformation as being aligned with "the rise of the salesman" and "the move from morals to magnetism"—which Cain says has changed forever "who we are and whom we admire, how we act at job interviews and what we look for in an employee, how we court our mates and raise our children".


text: In general terms, Cain has stated that we cannot be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring each other, and groups follow the most charismatic person, even though there is no correlation between being a good speaker and having great ideas. Cain says collective thinking approaches not only "favor" dominant extroverts, but that relying on brainstorming is a mistake, arguing that serious original thought and the expertise that generates it are almost always individual. Cain cites physiological research showing that when people (not just introverts) oppose group consensus, their brains' amygdalae "light up"—signaling fear of rejection—thus discouraging potentially valuable individual contributions to the group. Cain cites research indicating that people are more creative when they enjoy privacy and freedom from interruption, the implication being that "enforced" teamwork can stifle creativity. As a concrete example of the risks of groupthink, Cain mentions juries, in which the desire for social cohesion can sometimes short-circuit justice. She suggests that the predominantly extroverted temperament of management in the investment and banking industries—which temperament involves dopamine-related reward seeking tendencies—may have contributed to the 2008 banking crisis.


text: Various schools of psychology define introversion differently. Cain's definition is that "introverts have a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment." Introverts tend to enjoy quiet concentration, listen more than they talk, and think before they speak, and have a more circumspect and cautious approach to risk. Introverts think more, are less reckless and focus on what really matters—relationships and meaningful work. Conversely, extroverts are energized by social situations and tend to be assertive multi-taskers who think out loud and on their feet. Cain notes that between one-third and one-half of Americans may be classified as introverts, though individuals fall at different places along an introvert-extrovert "spectrum." People falling near the middle of the spectrum are called "ambiverts".


text: Cain distinguishes introversion from superficially similar personality traits, in particular charging the perceived identity between shyness and introversion to be a huge misconception. She explains that shyness is inherently uncomfortable but introversion is not. Crediting retired developmental psychologist Jerome Kagan, "Quiet" recognizes that there is not a single cause for a given behavior; there are many routes to behaviors such as being slow to warm up, shyness, and impulsivity. Cain distinguishes "introversion"—characterized by her as a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment—from being "shy" (a fear of negative judgment) and from being "anti-social" (introverts and extroverts being "differently" social), and from autism (inability to read social cues and understand other minds not being characteristic of introverts.)


text: Cain asserts that whether one is outwardly oriented to the surrounding world, or inwardly oriented to the inner riches of the mind, has as profound an effect as one's gender. Cain asserted that our lives are shaped as profoundly by personality as by gender or race, that the single most important aspect of personality is where we fall on the introvert-extrovert spectrum, and that one's place on this continuum "influences our choice of friends and mates, how we make conversation, resolve differences, and show love. It affects the careers we choose and whether or not we succeed at them."


text: According to Cain, in a culture that is biased against them, introverts are pressured to "act" like extroverts instead of embracing their serious, often quiet and reflective style. Cain's research included visits to what she termed three nerve centers of the Extrovert Ideal—a Tony Robbins self-help seminar, the Harvard Business School, and a megachurch—noting the discomfort and struggles experienced by introverts in those environments and "shining a light" on the bias against introversion. She said that people have to act out of our true character sometimes but that it is not healthy to act out of one's true character most or all of the time: "Whenever you try to pass as something you're not, you lose a part of yourself along the way. You especially lose a sense of how to spend your time."


text: However, Cain essentially adopts the "Free Trait Theory" of Dr. Brian Little, agreeing that introverts are capable of acting like extroverts for (core personal goals)—work they consider important, people they love, or anything they value highly—provided they also grant themselves "restorative niches," which are places to go and time to be their real selves. Also, in a February 2012 article, Cain listed six self-help strategies introverts may use to nourish their strengths, including "talking deeply", working alone, reading others' works ("a deeply social act"), listening well, taking mini-breaks from overstimulating environments, and practicing "quiet commitment".


text: Cain maintains that there are introverts and extroverts in almost every species of the animal kingdom, each having a corresponding survival strategy. She says that research indicates our own degree of introversion or extroversion is detectable in infants and likely to be , and about 50% heritable (half by nature, half by nurture). Babies who are more highly reactive (more sensitive) to stimulation are more likely to develop into introverts, while less reactive (less sensitive) babies generally become extroverts who actually draw on the energy around them. Introverts appear to be less responsive than extroverts to dopamine (a brain chemical linked to reward-driven learning), and have a more circumspect and cautious approach to risk than do extroverts. Introverts are more governed by the neocortex, the part of the brain responsible for thinking, planning, language and decision making.


text: Concerning the workplace, "Quiet" critiques today's perceived overemphasis on collaboration: brainstorming leading to groupthink, and meetings leading to organizational inertia. Cain urges changes to the workplace to make it less focused on what she terms "The New Groupthink"—the idea that creativity and productivity emerge from a necessarily gregarious place—and more conducive to deep thought and solo reflection. According to Cain, research shows that charismatic leaders earn bigger paychecks but do not have better corporate performance; that brainstorming results in lower quality ideas and the more vocally assertive extroverts are the most likely to be heard; that the amount of space allotted to each employee has shrunk 60% since the 1970s; and that open office plans are associated with reduced concentration and productivity, impaired memory, higher turnover and increased illness. Cain says that the more creative people tend to be "socially poised introverts", solitude is a crucial and underrated ingredient for creativity, and office designs and work plans should allow people to be alone as well as to socialize.


text: Cain has noted that people of different temperament who become involved in personal relationships can encounter misunderstanding and conflict. After a day's work an introvert may need to quietly recharge, while the extrovert may find the introvert's withdrawal hurtful; conversely, the extrovert may want to jointly socialize with others, which the introvert may find exhausting. Cain advises, first, a mutual understanding of where the other party is coming from; and second, balancing their respective needs for socializing and for solitude in a practical compromise in how the couple connects and how the couple jointly socializes with others.


text: Cain describes how introversion in children is not a defect but instead may involve a careful, sensitive temperament that may bring stronger academics, enhanced creativity and a unique brand of leadership and empathy. Cain says that introverts win a disproportionate number of Phi Beta Kappa keys and National Merit Scholarship finalist positions, cheat and break rules less, are more likely to be described by parents and caregivers as empathetic or conscientious, and are less likely to get into car accidents, participate in extreme sports and place large financial bets. Cain advises that students need more privacy and autonomy, and should be taught to work together but also how to work alone. Judith Warner, an author of parenting books, approved of Cain's advice that parents should view introverted children's social style with understanding rather than fear.


text: Cain is not seeking introvert domination but a better balance and inclusion of different work styles, acknowledging that big ideas and great leadership can come from either personality type. Cain cites studies showing that introverts are better at leading proactive employees because they listen to and let them run with their ideas, while extroverts are better at leading passive employees because they have a knack for motivation and inspiration. Cain has emphasized that the key to maximizing talents is to put yourself into the zone of stimulation that is right for you. "The Harvard Independent's" Faith Zhang closed her review of "Quiet" with the observation that Cain's point is not that introverts are inherently superior or that we should all shroud ourselves in solitude, but that diversity provides balance and makes for a fuller, richer world.


text: Cain asserts that introverts today are where women were in the 1950s and early 1960s—a population discounted for something that went to the core of who they were, but a population on the verge of coming into its own. She adds that we're at the cusp of a real sea change in the way we understand this personality type, Cain's own website urging readers to "join the "Quiet" Revolution". Beyond urging consciousness-raising about the harmfulness of culture's bias against introversion, Cain urged companies to rethink hiring and promotion policies and office design, and encouraged educators to avoid constant group work and be trained in recognizing varieties of temperament to support quieter children to be functional and achieving for what they are rather than trying to "turn them into extroverts". Cain further urged research into determining which situations are best suited to introverts and extroverts and how they can most effectively partner with each other.


text: Cain presented talks at the TED2012 Conference and TED 2014 (All-Stars). In 2015, Cain formally co-founded Quiet Revolution, a mission-based company based on the principles in "Quiet," and in 2016 published her second book, "", directed to children and teens and their educators and parents.


text: Within one week of its publication, "Forbes" Jenna Goudreau noted that the book was featured by several major media outlets and was shared extensively across the Web, Goudreau observing that "readers said they felt validated and seen for the first time". Within three weeks of publication, "InformationWeek's" Debra Donston-Miller had noted that the introversion and extroversion were being widely discussed due in large part to "Quiet," Cain's work being the focus of "Time" magazine's February 6, 2012 cover article. In 2015, Laura Holson wrote in "The New York Times" that Cain had "started, or at least was on the forefront of, a bona fide publishing trend" concerning introverts, and in 2017 "Harvard Magazine's" Lydialyle Gibson noted retrospectively that in the aftermath of "Quiet," "introversion came suddenly into vogue". Similarly, a 2019 "Scientific American" article related how "introverts have been having their moment" since "Quiet"'s 2012 publication.


text: Elaine Aron, Ph.D., author of "The Highly Sensitive Person" (1996), responded to "Quiet" and its related "Time" cover story by stating that Cain was in fact describing highly sensitive persons (HSPs, defined in terms of sensory processing sensitivity) and not introverts (which Aron says is recently becoming defined more narrowly in terms of "social" interaction). Though Aron wrote that Cain and others blurred the lines between sensitivity and introversion, Aron called the "Time" article "a huge, huge step" for understanding HSPs, and that as more is learned, the 30% of HSPs who are social extroverts will be better understood.


text: Changes caused by "Quiet" include Steelcase collaborating with Cain (2014) to design office spaces to include quiet areas where workers can have privacy for a time, in contrast to open plan offices, and Herman Miller matching work models (e.g., impromptu chats, team status-report huddles, and concentrated individual work) with physical settings (e.g., bench desk, small meeting room, open forum). The "ABA Journal" 's Leslie A. Gordon wrote in early 2016 that, "thanks largely to interest generated by Cain's book", law schools and law firms were using introversion preferences to influence hiring, placement, and training of attorneys.


text: Psychologist Christopher Peterson wrote that even professional positive psychologists may be implicitly perpetuating "The Extrovert Ideal", for example, by privileging activated feelings like happiness while undervaluing quiet feelings like contentment. Writing that both views of psychological wellness—both the noisy and extroverted view, and a quiet and introverted view—deserve scientific attention, Peterson closed by calling for a "quiet positive psychology".


text: "GigaOM's" Jessica Stillman extended the concepts of "Quiet" to analyze coworking (working independently but in the same environment as others), remote working, and other "workshifting" (non-traditional worksite) arrangements, noting that such arrangements pose both benefits and dangers for introverts. While coworkers can "set their own level of contact", she also noted that "the ability to work from anywhere might enable more withdrawal than is healthy among introverts". She also echoed the cautionary argument that "too often ... we choose our work environment on autopilot".


text: As the November 2012 U.S. Presidential election approached, "Quiet's" concepts were applied to contrast former President Clinton with 2012 candidates Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, Cain having noted that both Obama and Romney were introverts. Concerning leadership in general, Cain was quoted as adopting Peter Drucker's statement that effective leaders "had little or no 'charisma' and little use either for the term or what it signifies".


text: Cornell Law School's Sherry Colb extended to the jury system "Quiet's" assertion that a successful "wisdom-of-crowds phenomenon" typically emerges when individuals in a group share their respective contributions "after" being separately and independently conceived. Colb proposed a jury system in which, after all evidence has been presented, respective jurors would compose written analyses of the facts and issues, and express a verdict; the jurors' various documents would be distributed and read by all other jurors before in-person deliberation would begin.


text: In the wake of the December 14, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School (Newtown) shooting, "Quiet's" author was cited for the concern that introverted people, or people who are quiet for other reasons, receive unfair suspicion or stigmatization because of violent acts committed by a few solitary individuals. "Quiet's" critiques of groupwork and brainstorming were cited in the writings of such sources as Harvard Business School's Professor Emeritus James Heskett and "Fast Company's Co.Design" senior editor Belinda Lanks. After Yahoo!'s February 2013 announcement of discontinuation of a remote work option for employees, "Quiet" was cited by NBC News' Isolde Raftery for its concern that creativity would be hindered, and by "The Miami Herald's" Leonard Pitts, Jr. against the belief that synergy always produces the best results, and against the one-size-fits-all mentality that says productivity and creativity are found only when colleagues meet at the water cooler.


text: "Quiet" was chosen as the common reading choice for Case Western Reserve University's 2013-2014 "First Year Experience" program which helps new students transition to university life and develop connections, the chair of the university's common reading committee explaining that the book will encourage students to reflect on what kinds of learners and professionals they will be, and how they fit in socially and relate to others.


text: Three years after "Quiet's" publication, David DiSalvo wrote in "Forbes" that a "groundswell support for the book's thesis" resulted in "a sort of cultish affinity for introversion", but cautioned that "as with all movement-making arguments", they have "fueled ... shallow conclusions" that were not made in the book itself. DiSalvo cited studies indicating that introverts' elevated sensitivity to personality traits can manifest as bias against extroverts in performance appraisals and reward giving.


text: Ten years after "Quiet's" publication, a "Washington Post" reviewer wrote that "Quiet" had become "a resounding success with readers, book clubs, universities and professional conferences, and transformed Cain into an unlikely but essential thought leader in a new era of self-help writing."


text: "The Wall Street Journal's" Philip Delves Broughton reviewed "Quiet" as "an earnest and enlightening 300-page inquiry into introversion and its uses", described examples of the research and investigations Cain undertook, and closed by stating "Ms. Cain's rich, intelligent book will probably have broad appeal."


text: "The Harvard Independent's" Faith Zhang remarked that "though it draws on studies across a variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, and neurology, "Quiet" is not even a pop science book; it is part affirmation, part social commentary, part self-help primer, supported by but not primarily focused on science". Zhang found flaw in generalizations in "Quiet's" "Soft Power" chapter on East Asian culture, but found the book's most interesting chapter to be the one tracing the social history describing the shift from the "culture of character" to the "culture of personality". Zhang concluded that ""Quiet" has much to offer both introverts and the extroverts who would like to understand them". Jenny Lee subsequently wrote in the Asian American magazine "Hyphen" that Zhang's brief critique of "Quiet's" "Soft Power" chapter was the exception among reviews; Lee further asserted that despite its disclaimer about not encouraging ethno-cultural stereotypes, Cain's chapter overgeneralized about Asian and Asian American personality styles and reinforced the "model minority myth".


text: The "Chicago Tribune" said that ""Quiet" is not a scientific tract. But Cain ... draws from a wide array of academic research, enlivened with colorful anecdotes, to describe how American culture got to this point."


text: Writing in "The New York Times," Judith Warner gave "Quiet" a mixed review, to which Cain blogged a response the same day. Concerning "Quiet's" writing "form," Warner commented that "Quiet" is "a long and ploddingly earnest book", and contains "go-go language" and "gratuitous sloganeering ... (that) offsets Cain's serious research rather badly". Warner also stated that Cain "combines on-the-scenes reporting with a wide range of social science research and a fair bit of 'quiet power' cheerleading". Cain's response replied to Warner's critique of the book's "content:" Warner asserted that "Quiet's" definition of introversion expanded to include "all that is wise and good, (so) that (the definition) is largely meaningless except as yet another vehicle for promoting self-esteem"; Cain replied that "Warner badly misunderstands" that the traits listed in "Quiet's" "Author's Note" were not descriptive of introversion "but that culturally these traits have always been bound together under the 'contemplation' rubric, and need to be addressed as such". Warner hypothesized that, had Cain focused in "other sorts of places" than "Harvard Business School, corporate boardrooms, executive suites", that Cain "would undoubtedly have discovered a world of introverts quite contented with who they are"; Cain replied that her research and feedback confirm introverts' "difficult experiences" even in fields that "Warner imagines are safe havens for introverts", Cain adding that Warner's response to "Quiet" "has an interesting precedent in the early years of feminism... (in which) a distinct minority felt proud and content as they were, and couldn't see what all the fuss was about".


text: Philosopher and author Damon Young, writing in "The Age," wrote that "Cain is patient, meticulous and empathetic on the psychology. She outlines the problems clearly and gives workable solutions. She is less nimble with questions of history and society. For example, her use of a handful of quotes and aphorisms to demonstrate Eastern and Western outlooks on speech is clumsy. Her prose is plain but warm and she distils research well, with the use of anecdotes and literary examples."


text: Ravi Chandra wrote in "Psychology Today" that "Quiet" was "a worthwhile read, but problematic in particulars." Chandra also wrote, "...one chapter especially stuck in my craw. Soft Power: Asian-Americans and the Extrovert Ideal falls short of the understanding, validation, and broad-minded sensitivity which Cain champions."


text: John Dupuis collated information from 69 "Best of 2012" book lists, and wrote for the "National Geographic Society's ScienceBlogs" that "Quiet" was the most listed science related book.


title: Cost of capital

text: In economics and accounting, the cost of capital is the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or from an investor's point of view is "the required rate of return on a portfolio company's existing securities". It is used to evaluate new projects of a company. It is the minimum return that investors expect for providing capital to the company, thus setting a benchmark that a new project has to meet.


title: Cost of capital

text: For an investment to be worthwhile, the expected return on capital has to be higher than the cost of capital. Given a number of competing investment opportunities, investors are expected to put their capital to work in order to maximize the return. In other words, the cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in the best alternative investment of equivalent risk; this is the opportunity cost of capital. If a project is of similar risk to a company's average business activities it is reasonable to use the company's average cost of capital as a basis for the evaluation or cost of capital is a firm's cost of raising funds. However, for projects outside the core business of the company, the current cost of capital may not be the appropriate yardstick to use, as the risks of the businesses are not the same.


title: Cost of capital

text: A company's securities typically include both debt and equity; one must therefore calculate both the cost of debt and the cost of equity to determine a company's cost of capital. Importantly, both cost of debt and equity must be forward looking, and reflect the expectations of risk and return in the future. This means, for instance, that the past cost of debt is not a good indicator of the actual forward looking cost of debt.


title: Cost of capital

text: Once cost of debt and cost of equity have been determined, their blend, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), can be calculated. This WACC can then be used as a discount rate for a project's projected free cash flows to the firm.


title: Cost of capital

text: Suppose a company considers taking on a project or investment of some kind, for example installing a new piece of machinery in one of their factories. Installing this new machinery will cost money; paying the technicians to install the machinery, transporting the machinery, buying the parts and so on. This new machinery is also expected to generate new profit (otherwise, assuming the company is interested in profit, the company would not consider the project in the first place). So the company will finance the project with two broad categories of finance: issuing debt, by taking out a loan or other debt instrument such as a bond; and issuing equity, usually by issuing new shares.


title: Cost of capital

text: The new debt-holders and shareholders who have decided to invest in the company to fund this new machinery will expect a return on their investment: debt-holders require interest payments and shareholders require dividends (or capital gain from selling the shares after their value increases). The idea is that some of the profit generated by this new project will be used to repay the debt and satisfy the new shareholders.


title: Cost of capital

text: Suppose that one of the sources of finance for this new project was a bond (issued at par value) of with an interest rate of 5%. This means that the company would issue the bond to some willing investor, who would give the to the company which it could then use, for a specified period of time (the term of the bond) to finance its project. The company would also make regular payments to the investor of 5% of the original amount they invested ($10,000), at a yearly or monthly rate depending on the specifics of the bond (these are called coupon payments). At the end of the lifetime of the bond (when the bond matures), the company would return the they borrowed.


title: Cost of capital

text: Suppose the bond had a lifetime of ten years and coupon payments were made yearly. This means that the investor would receive every year for ten years, and then finally their back at the end of the ten years. From the investor's point of view, their investment of would be regained at the end of the ten years (entailing zero gain or loss), but they would have "also" gained from the coupon payments; the per year for ten years would amount to a net gain of to the investor. This is the amount that compensates the investor for taking the risk of investing in the company (since, if it happens that the project fails completely and the company goes bankrupt, there is a chance that the investor does not get their money back).


title: Cost of capital

text: This net gain of was paid by the company to the investor as a reward for investing their money in the company. In essence, this is how much the company paid to borrow . It was the "cost" of raising of new capital. So to raise the company had to pay out of their profits; thus we say that the "cost of debt" in this case was 50%.


title: Cost of capital

text: Theoretically, if the company were to raise further capital by issuing more of the same bonds, the new investors would also expect a 50% return on their investment (although in practice the required return varies depending on the size of the investment, the lifetime of the loan, the risk of the project and so on).


title: Cost of capital

text: The cost of equity follows the same principle: the investors expect a certain return from their investment, and the company must pay this amount in order for the investors to be willing to invest in the company. (Although the cost of equity is calculated differently since dividends, unlike interest payments, are not necessarily a fixed payment or a legal requirement)


title: Cost of capital

text: When companies borrow funds from outside lenders, the interest paid on these funds is called the cost of debt. The cost of debt is computed by taking the rate on a risk-free bond whose duration matches the term structure of the corporate debt, then adding a default premium. This default premium will rise as the amount of debt increases (since, all other things being equal, the risk rises as the cost of debt rises). Since in most cases debt expense is a deductible expense, the cost of debt is computed on an after-tax basis to make it comparable with the cost of equity (earnings are taxed as well). Thus, for profitable firms, debt is discounted by the tax rate. The formula can be written as


title: Cost of capital

text: The cost of equity is "inferred" by comparing the investment to other investments (comparable) with similar risk profiles. It is commonly computed using the capital asset pricing model formula:


title: Cost of capital

text: The risk free rate is the yield on long term bonds in the particular market, such as government bonds.


title: Cost of capital

text: An alternative to the estimation of the required return by the capital asset pricing model as above, is the use of the Fama–French three-factor model.


title: Cost of capital

text: The expected return (or required rate of return for investors) can be calculated with the "dividend capitalization model", which is


title: Cost of capital

text: The models state that investors will expect a return that is the risk-free return plus the security's sensitivity to market risk (β) times the market risk premium.


title: Cost of capital

text: The risk premium varies over time and place, but in some developed countries during the twentieth century it has averaged around 5% whereas in the emerging markets, it can be as high as 7%. The equity market real capital gain return has been about the same as annual real GDP growth. The capital gains on the Dow Jones Industrial Average have been 1.6% per year over the period 1910–2005. The dividends have increased the total "real" return on average equity to the double, about 3.2%.


title: Cost of capital

text: The sensitivity to market risk (β) is unique for each firm and depends on everything from management to its business and capital structure. This value cannot be known "ex ante" (beforehand), but can be estimated from "ex post" (past) returns and past experience with similar firms.


title: Cost of capital

text: Note that retained earnings are a component of equity, and, therefore, the cost of retained earnings (internal equity) is equal to the cost of equity as explained above. Dividends (earnings that are paid to investors and not retained) are a component of the return on capital to equity holders, and influence the cost of capital through that mechanism.


title: Cost of capital

text: The weighted cost of capital (WACC) is used in finance to measure a firm's cost of capital. WACC is not dictated by management. Rather, it represents the minimum return that a company must earn on an existing asset base to satisfy its creditors, owners, and other providers of capital, or they will invest elsewhere.


title: Cost of capital

text: The total capital for a firm is the value of its equity (for a firm without outstanding warrants and options, this is the same as the company's market capitalization) plus the cost of its debt (the cost of debt should be continually updated as the cost of debt changes as a result of interest rate changes). Notice that the "equity" in the debt to equity ratio is the market value of all equity, not the shareholders' equity on the balance sheet. To calculate the firm's weighted cost of capital, we must first calculate the costs of the individual financing sources: Cost of Debt, Cost of Preference Capital, and Cost of Equity Cap.


title: Cost of capital

text: Calculation of WACC is an iterative procedure which requires estimation of the fair market value of equity capital if the company is not listed. The Adjusted Present Value method (APV) is much easier to use in this case as it separates the value of the project from the value of its financing program.


title: Cost of capital

text: Because of tax advantages on debt issuance, it will be cheaper to issue debt rather than new equity (this is only true for profitable firms, tax breaks are available only to profitable firms). At some point, however, the cost of issuing new debt will be greater than the cost of issuing new equity. This is because adding debt increases the default risk – and thus the interest rate that the company must pay in order to borrow money. By utilizing too much debt in its capital structure, this increased default risk can also drive up the costs for other sources (such as retained earnings and preferred stock) as well. Management must identify the "optimal mix" of financing – the capital structure where the cost of capital is minimized so that the firm's value can be maximized.


title: Cost of capital

text: The Thomson Financial league tables show that global debt issuance exceeds equity issuance with a 90 to 10 margin.


title: Cost of capital

text: Lambert, Leuz and Verrecchia (2007) have found that the quality of accounting information can affect a firm's cost of capital, both directly and indirectly.


title: Cost of capital

text: If there were no tax advantages for issuing debt, and equity could be freely issued, Miller and Modigliani showed that, under certain assumptions (no tax, no possibility of bankruptcy), the value of a levered firm and the value of an unlevered firm should be the same.


title: Asenath

text: Asenath (, ; Koine Greek: Ασενέθ, "Asenéth") is a minor figure in the Book of Genesis. Asenath was a high-born, aristocratic Egyptian woman. She was the wife of Joseph and the mother of his sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. There are two Rabbinic approaches to Asenath: One holds that she was an ethnic Egyptian woman that converted to marry Joseph. This view has her accepting the Lord before marriage and then raising her two sons in the tenets of Judaism. This presents her as a positive example of conversion, and places her among the devout women converts. The other approach argues she was not Egyptian by descent, but was from the family of Jacob. Traditions that trace her to the family of Jacob relate that she was born as the daughter of Dinah. Dinah was raped by Shechem and gave birth to Asenath, whom Jacob left on the wall of Egypt, where she was later found by Potiphar. She was then raised by Potiphar's wife and eventually married Joseph.


title: Asenath

text: Asenath's importance is related to the birth of her two sons, who later become forefathers of two of the twelve tribes of Israel.


title: Asenath

text: Her name is believed to derive from the Ancient Egyptian "js.w-(n)-n(j)t", meaning "belonging/she belongs to Neith". Neith was an Egyptian goddess. It is also believed that the name means "she belongs to her father".


title: Asenath

text: First mentioned in Genesis 41:45, Asenath is said to be the wife of Joseph and the mother of his sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. In the Book of Genesis, she is referred to as the daughter of Potipherah priest of On (Gk. Heliopolis). In the Book of Jubilees, she is said to be given to Joseph to marry by the Pharaoh, a daughter of Potiphar, a high priest of Heliopolis, with no clarification as to whether or not this Potiphar is the same Potiphar whose wife falsely accused Joseph of attempting to rape her. While in the Midrash and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, she is said to be the daughter of Dinah, Joseph's sister, and Shechem, born of an illicit union, described as either premarital sex or rape, depending on the narrative. A later-date apocryphal publication, written in Greek, believed to be a Christian document, called "Joseph and Aseneth", supposedly details their relationship and their 48-year long reign over Egypt; in it, Asenath weds Joseph, whose brothers Dan and Gad plot to kill him for the sake of Pharaoh's son, who wants Asenath to be his wife, only for their efforts to be thwarted by Joseph's younger brother Benjamin.


title: Asenath

text: Joseph and Asenath's relationship is mentioned in three verses in the bible. Their relationship is first mentioned in Genesis 41:45. The Pharaoh is said to have given Joseph, Asenath daughter of Potiphera, priest of On, as his wife. It is later mentioned in Genesis 41:50 that before the years of famine, Joseph had two sons with Asenath. Those two sons were named Manasseh, who was the first born and the other son was named Ephraim, who was the second born. Later in Genesis 46:20 Joseph and Asenath are mentioned in the family of Jacob which mentions that in Egypt, Joseph had two sons named Manasseh and Ephraim, whom Asenath, daughter of Potiphera, the priest of On, bore to Joseph.


title: Project Management Institute

text: The Project Management Institute (PMI, legally Project Management Institute, Inc.) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit professional organization for project management.


title: Project Management Institute

text: PMI serves more than five million professionals including over 680,000 members in 217 countries and territories around the world, with 304 chapters and 14,000 volunteers serving local members in over 180 countries.


title: Project Management Institute

text: Its services include the development of standards, research, education, publication, networking-opportunities in local chapters, hosting conferences and training seminars, and providing accreditation in project management.


title: Project Management Institute

text: PMI has recruited volunteers to create industry standards, such as "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge", which has been recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In 2012 ISO adapted the project management processes from the "PMBOK Guide" 4th edition.


title: Project Management Institute

text: In the 1960s project management as such began to be used in the US aerospace, construction and defense industries. The Project Management Institute was founded by Ned Engman (McDonnel Douglas Automation), James Snyder, Susan Gallagher (SmithKline & French Laboratories), Eric Jenett (Brown & Root) and J Gordon Davis (Georgia Institute of Technology) at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1969 as a nonprofit organization. It was incorporated in the state of Pennsylvania in the same year. PMI described its objectives in 1975 as to "foster recognition of the need for professionalism in project management; provide a forum for the free exchange of project management problems, solutions and applications; coordinate industrial and academic research efforts; develop common terminology and techniques to improve communications; provide interface between users and suppliers of hardware and software systems; and to provide guidelines for instruction and career development in the field of project management."


title: Project Management Institute

text: In the 1970s standardization efforts represented 10 to 15 percent of the institute's efforts. The functions were performed through the Professional Liaison Committee which called on and coordinated with the Technology, Research Policy and Education Committees. The institute participated in national activities through the American National Standards Committee XK 36.3 and internationally, through liaison with an appointed observer to Europe's International Project Management Association, by then called INTERNET. PMI did not deal with the US federal government directly; a number of members were federal employees in agencies involved with project management.


title: Project Management Institute

text: In the 1980s, efforts were made to standardize project management procedures and approaches. The PMI produced the first Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) in 1996.


title: Project Management Institute

text: In the late 1990s Virgil R. Carter became president of the PMI. In 2002 Carter was succeeded by Gregory Balestrero, who directed the institute until his retirement in January 2011. He was succeeded as President and CEO by Mark A. Langley. From March 2019 through December 2021 the president and CEO was Sunil Prashara.


title: Project Management Institute

text: Launched in 1984, PMI's first credential was the PMP. It has since become a de facto standard certification in project management. In 2007 it earned the ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024 accreditation from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). over one million people held the PMP credential.


title: Project Management Institute

text: To initially obtain a PMI credential, candidates must first document that they have met the required education and experience requirements. They must then pass an examination consisting of multiple-choice questions. To maintain most PMI credentials, holders must earn Professional Development Units (PDUs), which can be earned in a variety of ways such as taking classes, attending PMI global congresses, contributing to professional research or writing and publishing papers on the subject. Most credentials must be renewed every three years. These are the certifications and credentials offered by PMI:


title: Project Management Institute

text: PMI also provided a Certified OPM3 Professional credential which was officially discontinued on March 1, 2017. PMI no longer allows use of the credential's designation by individuals who formerly obtained it. OPM3, even though no longer neither a credential nor a publication, remains a registered mark of PMI.


title: Project Management Institute

text: While not a standard, framework, or practice guide, the PMI Lexicon of Project Management Terms offers clear and concise definitions for nearly 200 of the profession’s frequently used terms. Definitions in the Lexicon were developed by volunteer experts, and PMI standards committees are chartered to use the Lexicon terms without modification. Version 3.2 contains numerous revised terms based on requests from the 2017 foundational standard committees.


title: Project Management Institute

text: PMI honors project management excellence in various categories, e.g.: project professionals, organizations, scholars, authors and continuing professional education providers.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: Alejandro "Álex" Grimaldo García (born 20 September 1995) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Primeira Liga club Benfica.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: Born in Valencia, Valencian Community, Grimaldo joined Barcelona's youth system in 2008. He made his official debut for the B-team on 4 September 2011, starting in a 4–0 away win against Cartagena at the age of 15 years and 349 days and becoming the youngest player ever to appear in a Segunda División game.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: On 23 February 2013, Grimaldo suffered a serious knee injury, being ruled out for the remainder of the season. He returned to action in January of the following year, appearing in 14 matches to help his team finish in third position.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: On 13 September 2014, Grimaldo scored his first professional goal, netting his side's last in a 3–2 success at Alavés. In a campaign which saw the team relegated, he netted four times in 36 matches; he and Sergi Palencia were sent off on 25 April 2015, in a 2–1 win over Ponferradina at the Mini Estadi.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: On 29 December 2015, as his contract was about to expire, Grimaldo signed with Portuguese champions Benfica until 2021, for €1.5 million. Barcelona has the right to a percentage of a future sale.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: Grimaldo played his first game with his new team on 26 January 2016, coming in as a 62nd-minute substitute for Sílvio in a 6–1 away routing of Moreirense for the Taça da Liga. He debuted in the Primeira Liga on 29 February, featuring the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 home win against União da Madeira; he only appeared once more in the latter competition until the end of the season, filling in for suspended Eliseu in a 4–1 success over Nacional also at the Estádio da Luz that sealed the club's third consecutive national championship. He remained in the team for the league cup final on 20 May, the 6–2 defeat of Marítimo at the Estádio Cidade de Coimbra.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: Grimaldo's first full season began on 7 August 2016, as he started in a 3–0 win against Braga for the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira in Aveiro, assisting Franco Cervi for the opening goal. On 2 October he scored his first goal for the club, a free kick to conclude a 4–0 home triumph over Feirense; on 28 May 2017, he played the full 90 minutes in the final of the Taça de Portugal, won after defeating Vitória de Guimarães 2–1.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: Grimaldo's maiden appearance in the UEFA Champions League took place on 13 September 2016, when he played the entire 1–1 group stage home draw to Beşiktaş. His first goal in the competition came during the same stage but on 2 October 2018, in a 3–2 away win over AEK Athens; he repeated the feat against the latter opponent on 12 December in the return fixture, his 30-meter free kick in the 88th minute helping to a 1–0 victory.


title: Álex Grimaldo

text: Grimaldo won his first cap for the Spain under-21 team on 5 February 2013 – before he had turned 18 – playing the second half of a 1–1 friendly draw in Belgium.


title: Lars Eidinger

text: Lars Eidinger (; born 21 January 1976) is a German actor. Eidinger started his career at Deutsches Theater in 1997. Before his breakthrough, he played minor roles in German television shows like "Schloss Einstein" (2002) and "Berlin, Berlin" (2003). In February 2016, he was nominated as one of the judges for the main competition section of the 66th Berlin International Film Festival. He is a member of the ensemble of the Schaubühne theatre in Berlin, with leading roles in Thomas Ostermeier productions such as Hamlet and Richard III.


title: Lars Eidinger

text: Eidinger was one of the first signers of the Open Letter to the German Position on Russo-Ukrainian War on late April 2022, demanded that Germany not support Ukraine with arms in order to "prevent a third world war".


title: Lars Eidinger

text: Eidinger lives in Berlin, is married and has a daughter. He has appeared in German and international film and television productions.


title: Three Days of Darkness

text: The Three Days of Darkness is an eschatological prophecy of future events, held by some Catholics to be true. The prophecy foretells three days and nights of "an intense darkness" over the whole earth, against which the only light will come from blessed beeswax candles, and during which "all the enemies of the Church ... will perish."


title: Three Days of Darkness

text: The prophecy parallels the Ten Plagues against Egypt in the Book of Exodus (Ex. 10:21–29). The Apocalypse of John also mentions a plague of unnatural darkness as an effect of the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12) and fifth vial (Rev. 16:10). However, the specifics of the "Three Days of Darkness" prophecy are derived from private revelation.


title: Three Days of Darkness

text: Blessed Anna Maria Taigi (1769–1837) is the most known seer of the Three Days of Darkness and describes the event in this way:


title: Three Days of Darkness

text: There shall come over the whole earth an intense darkness lasting three days and three nights. Nothing can be seen, and the air will be laden with pestilence which will claim mainly, but not only, the enemies of religion. It will be impossible to use any man-made lighting during this darkness, except blessed candles. He, who out of curiosity, opens his window to look out, or leaves his home, will fall dead on the spot. During these three days, people should remain in their homes, pray the Rosary and beg God for mercy. All the enemies of the Church, whether known or unknown, will perish over the whole earth during that universal darkness, with the exception of a few whom God will soon convert. The air shall be infected by demons who will appear under all sorts of hideous forms.


title: Three Days of Darkness

text: Marie-Julie Jahenny (1850–1941), known as the "Breton Stigmatist," expanded upon the story of the Three Days of Darkness. According to Jahenny, it would occur on a Thursday, Friday and Saturday; all of Hell would be let loose to strike at those outside their homes and those without a lit blessed candle of pure wax. These candles would miraculously stay aflame the entire period, but not light at all in the houses of the godless.


title: Three Days of Darkness

text: Some sedevacantists hope that a true pope will be miraculously designated by an apparition of Saint Peter and Saint Paul; this tangential belief assumes that the pontiffs in those times of the Church will be, in fact "antipopes". There is also controversy over whether the twentieth-century saint and stigmatist Padre Pio endorsed and taught on the future Three Days of Darkness, as the authenticity of the alleged words of Saint Pio are disputed.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Air Force Base (Andersen AFB, AAFB) is a United States Air Force base located primarily within the village of Yigo in the United States territory of Guam. The host unit at Andersen AFB is the 36th Wing (36 WG), assigned to the Pacific Air Forces Eleventh Air Force. As a non-flying wing, the 36 WG's mission is to provide support to deployed air and space forces of USAF, foreign air forces to Andersen, and tenant units assigned to the base. Andersen AFB was placed under the installation management authority of Joint Region Marianas on 1 October 2009, along with Naval Base Guam. The two bases are about apart at opposite ends of the island. Established in 1944 after the Liberation of Guam as North Field, it is named for Brigadier General James Roy Andersen (1904–1945).


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: The most important U.S. air base west of Hawaii, Andersen is one of the four Air Force Bomber Forward Operating Locations and the only base in the Western Pacific that can permanently service U.S. heavy strategic bombers, including B-1B, B-2, and B-52 bombers. Andersen is one of two critical bases in the Asia-Pacific region, the other being Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean. Due to Guam's almost unrestricted airspace and the close proximity of the Farallon de Medinilla Island, a naval bombing range north, the base is in an ideal training location.


title: Andersen Air Force Base

text: Andersen Air Force Base was established on 3 December 1944 and is named for Brigadier General James Roy Andersen (1904–1945). Andersen graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1926, served at various army installations, and obtained his wings at Kelly Field, Texas, in 1936. During 1943–1944 he served on the War Department General Staff. In January 1945, Andersen was assigned to HQ AAF, Pacific Ocean Area. He died on 26 February 1945 in the crash of a B-24 Liberator aircraft between Kwajalein and Johnston Island while en route to Hawaii.