title: Standard time

text: Standard time was not enacted into US law until the 1918 Standard Time Act established standard time in time zones; the law also instituted daylight saving time (DST). The daylight saving time portion of the law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but was re-established nationally during World War II. In 2007 the US enacted a federal law formalising the use of Coordinated Universal Time as the basis of standard time, and the role of the Secretary of Commerce (effectively, the National Institute of Standards and Technology) and the Secretary of the Navy (effectively, the U.S. Naval Observatory) in interpreting standard time.


title: Standard time

text: In 1999, standard time was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame in the category "National: Technical Innovations."


title: Standard time

text: The Dominion of Newfoundland, whose capital St. John's falls almost exactly midway between the meridians anchoring the Atlantic Time Zone and the , voted to create a half-hour offset time zone known as the Newfoundland Time Zone, at three and a half hours behind Greenwich time.


title: Standard time

text: In the Netherlands, introduction of the railways made it desirable to create a standard time. On 1 May 1909, or Dutch Time was introduced. Before that, time was measured in different cities; in the east of the country, this was a few minutes earlier than in the west. After that, all parts of the country had the same local time—that of the Wester Tower in Amsterdam (Westertoren/4°53'01.95" E). This time was indicated as GMT +0h 19m 32.13s until 17 March 1937, after which it was simplified to GMT+0h20m. This time zone was also known as the "Loenen time" or "Gorinchem time", as this was the exact time in both Loenen and Gorinchem. At noon in Amsterdam, it was 11:40 in London and 12:40 in Berlin.


title: Standard time

text: The shift to the current Central European Time zone took place on 16 May 1940. The German occupiers ordered the clock to be moved an hour and forty minutes forward. This time was kept in summer and winter throughout 1941 and 1942. It was only in November 1942 that a different Winter time was introduced, and the time was adjusted one hour backwards. This lasted for only three years; after the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945, Summer time was abolished for over thirty years, so during those years, standard time was 40 minutes ahead of the original Amsterdam Time. As of 2017, the Netherlands is in line with Central European Time (GMT+1 in the winter, GMT+2 in the summer, which is significantly different from Amsterdam Time).


title: Standard time

text: A telegraph cable between New Zealand's two main islands became the instigating factor for the establishment of "New Zealand time". In 1868, the Telegraph Department adopted "Wellington time" as the standard time across all their offices so that opening and closing times could be synchronised. The Post Office, which usually shared the same building, followed suit. However, protests that time was being dictated by one government department, led to a resolution in parliament to establish a standard time for the whole country.


title: Standard time

text: The director of the Geological Survey, James Hector, selected New Zealand time to be at the meridian 172°30′E. This was very close to the country's mean longitude and exactly hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. It came into effect on 2 November 1868.


title: Standard time

text: For over fifty years, the Colonial Time Service Observatory in Wellington, determined the correct time each morning. At 9 a.m. each day, it was transmitted by Morse code to post offices and railway stations around the country. In 1920, radio time signals began broadcasting, greatly increasing the accuracy of the time nationwide.


title: .444 Marlin

text: The .444 Marlin (10.9×57mmR) is a rifle cartridge designed in 1964 by Marlin Firearms and Remington Arms. It was designed to fill in a gap left by the older .45-70 when that cartridge was not available in any new lever-action rifles; at the time it was the largest lever-action cartridge available. The .444 resembles a lengthened .44 Magnum and provides a significant increase in velocity. It is usually used in the Marlin 444 lever-action rifle.


title: .444 Marlin

text: In the mid-1960s the .45-70 had all but disappeared from the American marketplace. There was no big-bore cartridge available in a lever-action rifle in current production, so Marlin decided to create a new cartridge to fill this empty niche. They created what is essentially an elongated version of the .44 Magnum by making it nearly an inch longer to give it power similar to the .45-70. The case Marlin created is very similar to a rimmed .303 British trimmed and necked-up to work with .429 bullets.


title: .444 Marlin

text: Some hunters initially claimed some trouble because the .444 was frequently hand-loaded using existing .429 bullets that were designed for use at handgun velocities. Remington has stated in letter and email, when asked, that their 240-grain .444 bullet was not the same as a .44 magnum handgun bullet.


title: .444 Marlin

text: Despite the litany of false rumors about the 240-grain bullets, the rifle gained additional popularity as additional bullets were designed for its higher velocity.


title: .444 Marlin

text: In 1972 Marlin re-introduced the .45-70 to their lever-action line, expanding their big-bore offerings. Sales of the .444 are now overshadowed by .45-70 cartridge, which has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity due to interest in cowboy action shooting. This quick action and powerful stopping power has been shown to be an efficient and useful hunting rifle for experienced shooters.


title: .444 Marlin

text: The .444 Marlin can push a bullet at velocities over generating of energy. SAAMI has rated this cartridge at 44,000 CUP. It functions efficiently when used with cast lead bullets. Hand-cast bullets allows the shooter to optimize the alloy for strength and expansion at the higher velocities generated by the Marlin over the traditional .44 caliber bullets. There are several commercial moulds available for the hand-caster: the SAEC #433 mould which casts a gas-checked bullet, and the Lyman 429640 at are two of the more potent bullets for this caliber. Proper cartridge length is maintained by seating the bullet to the correct depth and using a crimp die to put a firm crimp on the seated bullet to prevent slippage in the magazine tube.


title: .444 Marlin

text: Best cast bullet accuracy in the .444 Marlin is attained when utilizing bullets sized to .432" diameter, both in the older "Micro-Grooved" and the newer "Ballard" style barrels. This bullet diameter is dictated more by the large diameter of chamber throats than by groove diameter of the barrel. A projectile closely fitting the throat dimensions greatly enhances the cast bullet performance of this cartridge. Those writers and publications citing the inability of the .444 Marlin's Micro-Groove barrel to accurately shoot cast bullets driven over . are simply in error, in that those results were largely obtained using .429" and .430" diameter cast bullets. Full factory velocity handloads when assembled using hard-cast, gas-checked bullets of .432" diameter will rival accuracy of any jacketed ammunition for this cartridge.


title: .444 Marlin

text: Three years after the introduction of the .444 Marlin, Hornady introduced a new heavier bullet created specifically for use in this new .44 caliber cartridge. Since then Hornady has also made a 265 grain (17.2 g) interlock "Light Magnum" that boosts velocity to nearly and of energy at the muzzle. Hornady's latest offering for this caliber is its new LEVERevolution ammunition that has a soft polymer spire point that can be safely loaded in tubular magazines. Because of an increased ballistic coefficient, Hornady claims increased velocity at distances over , and velocity and energy at the muzzle of , and at , and versus and for its interlock ammo.


title: .444 Marlin

text: Other specialized companies such as Buffalo Bore, Cor-Bon, Underwood Ammo, and Grizzly Cartridge offer loadings for the .444 Marlin in bullet weights up to .


title: .444 Marlin

text: The newer .450 Marlin is also frequently compared with it. While it does not have the power of the .450 Marlin, the .444 Marlin is very similar ballistically to the .45-70, the almost extinct .348 Winchester, and is virtually identical to the .405 Winchester, in its loading. A bullet in has the same sectional density as a bullet in and can provide good penetration on large game. According to M. L. McPherson (editor, "Cartridges of the World"), "the 444 is fully capable against any species in North America" and describes its useful range as being out to about . The typical .444 Marlin fired from a rifle has more impact energy at than a .44 Magnum has at the muzzle when fired from a barrel.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Tincture is the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry. The need to define, depict, and correctly blazon the various tinctures is one of the most important aspects of heraldic art and design.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The use of tinctures dates back to the formative period of European heraldry in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The range of tinctures and the manner of depicting and describing them has evolved over time, as new variations and practices have developed.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The basic scheme and rules of applying the heraldic tinctures dates back to the 12th century. The earliest surviving coloured heraldic illustrations, from the mid-thirteenth century, show the standardized usage of two metals, five colours, and two furs. Since that time, the great majority of heraldic art has employed these nine tinctures.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Over time, variations on these basic tinctures were developed, particularly with respect to the furs. Authorities differ as to whether these variations should be considered separate tinctures, or merely varieties of existing ones. Two additional colours appeared, and were generally accepted by heraldic writers, although they remained scarce, and were eventually termed "stains", from the belief that they were used to signify some dishonour on the part of the bearer. The practice of depicting certain charges as they appear in nature, termed "proper", was established in the seventeenth century. Other colours have appeared occasionally since the eighteenth century, especially in continental heraldry, but their use is infrequent, and they have never been regarded as particularly heraldic, or numbered among the tinctures that form the basis of heraldic design.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The frequency with which different tinctures have been used over time has been much observed, but little studied. There are some general trends of note, both with respect to the passage of time, and noted preferences from one region to another.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In medieval heraldry, "gules" was by far the most common tincture, followed by the metals "argent" and "or", at least one of which necessarily appeared on the majority of arms (see below). Among the colours, "sable" was the second most common, followed by "azure." "Vert", although present from the formative period of heraldic design, was relatively scarce. Over time, the popularity of "azure" increased above that of "sable", while "gules", still the most common, became less dominant. A survey of French arms granted during the seventeenth century reveals a distinct split between the trends for the arms granted to nobles and commoners. Among nobles, "gules" remained the most common tincture, closely followed by "or", then by "argent" and "azure" at nearly equal levels; sable was a very distant fifth choice, while "vert" remained scarce. Among commoners, "azure" was easily the most common tincture, followed by "or", and only then by "gules", "argent", and "sable", which was used more by commoners than among the nobility; "vert", however, was even scarcer in common arms. "Purpure" is so scarce in French heraldry that some authorities do not regard it as a "real heraldic tincture".


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: On the whole, French heraldry is known for its use of "azure" and "or", while English heraldry is characterized by heavy use of "gules" and "argent", and unlike French heraldry, it has always made regular use of "vert", and occasional, if not extensive, use of "purpure". German heraldry is known for its extensive use of "or" and "sable". German and Nordic heraldry rarely make use of "purpure" or "ermine", except in mantling, pavilions, and the lining of crowns and caps. In fact, furs occur infrequently in German and Nordic heraldry.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as "metals", "colours", and "furs".


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The metals are "or" and "argent", representing gold and silver respectively, although in practice they are often depicted as yellow and white.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Or derives its name from the Latin "aurum", "gold". It may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artist's discretion; "yellow" has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Argent is similarly derived from the Latin "argentum", "silver". Although sometimes depicted as metallic silver or faint grey, it is more often represented by white, in part because of the tendency for silver paint to oxidize and darken over time, and in part because of the pleasing effect of white against a contrasting colour. Notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Five colours have been recognized since the earliest days of heraldry. These are: "gules", or red; "sable", or black; "azure", or blue; "vert", or green; and "purpure", or purple.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Gules is of uncertain derivation; outside of the heraldic context, the modern French word refers to the mouth of an animal.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Vert is from Latin "viridis", "green". The alternative name in French, "sinople", is derived from the ancient city of Sinope in Asia Minor, which was famous for its pigments.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Purpure is from Latin "purpura", in turn from Greek "porphyra", the dye known as Tyrian purple. This expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour; and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Three more tinctures were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities: "sanguine", a venous-blood red, "murrey", a dark red or mulberry colour; and "tenné", an orange or dark yellow to brownish colour. These were termed "stains" by some of the more influential heraldic writers, and supposed to represent some sort of dishonour on the part of the bearer; but in fact there is no evidence that they were ever so employed, and they probably originated as mere variations of existing colours. Nevertheless, the belief that they represented stains upon the honour of an armiger served to prevent them receiving widespread use, and it is only in recent times that they have begun to appear on a regular basis.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Sanguine from the Latin , "blood red", one the so-called "stains" in British armory, is a dark blood red between gules and purpure in hue. It probably originated as a mere variation of red and may in fact represent the original hue of "purpure", which is now treated as a much bluer colour than when it first appeared in heraldry. Although long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer,


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Murrey, from the Greek , "mulberry", it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Murrey is also the official colour of the Order of the Bath ribbon.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Tenné or tenny, from Latin , "to tan", is the third of the so-called "stains". It is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was occasionally used in continental heraldry, but in England largely confined to livery.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The use of heraldic furs alongside the metals and colours dates to the beginning of the art. In this earliest period, there were only two furs, ermine and vair. Ermine represents the fur of the stoat, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. Vair represents the winter coat of the red squirrel, which is blue-grey above and white below. These furs were commonly used to line the cloaks and robes of the nobility. Both ermine and vair give the appearance of being a combination of metal and colour, but in heraldic convention they are considered a separate class of tincture that is neither metal nor colour. Over time, several variations of ermine and vair have appeared, together with three additional furs typically encountered in continental heraldry, known as "plumeté", "papelonné", and "kürsch", the origins of which are more mysterious, but which probably began as variations of vair.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Ermine is normally depicted as a white field powdered with black spots, known as "ermine spots", representing the ermine's black tail. The use of white instead of silver is normal, even when silver is available, since this is how the fur naturally appears; but occasionally silver is used to depict ermine. There is considerable variation in the shape of ermine spots; in the oldest depictions, they were drawn realistically, as long, tapering points; in modern times they are typically drawn as arrowheads, usually topped by three small dots.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Vair derives its name from Latin ', "variegated". It is usually depicted as a series of alternating shapes, conventionally known as panes or "vair bells", of argent and azure, arranged in horizontal rows, so that the panes of one tincture form the upper part of the row, while those of the opposite tincture are on the bottom. Succeeding rows are staggered, so that the bases of the panes making up each row are opposite those of the other tincture in the rows above and below. As with ermine, the argent panes may be depicted as either white or silver; silver is used more often with vair than with ermine, but the natural fur is white.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: When the pattern of vair is used with other colours, the field is termed "vairé" or "vairy" of the tinctures used. Normally vairé consists of one metal and one colour, although ermine or one of its variants is sometimes used, with an ermine spot appearing in each pane of that tincture. Vairé of four colours (Ger. "", "gay-coloured" or "checked vair") is also known, usually consisting of two metals and two colours.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Several variant shapes exist, of which the most common is known as "potent" (Ger. "", "upside-down crutch vair"). In this form, the familiar "vair bell" is replaced by a T-shaped figure, known as a "potent" due to its resemblance to a crutch. Other furs sometimes encountered in continental heraldry, which are thought to be derived from vair, include "plumeté" or "plumetty" and "papelonné" or "papellony". In "plumeté", the panes are depicted as feathers; in "papelonné" they are depicted as scales, resembling those of a butterfly's wings (whence the name is derived). These can be modified with the colour, arrangement, and size variants of vair, though those variants are much less common. In German heraldry there is also a fur known as "Kürsch", or "vair bellies", consisting of panes depicted hairy and brown. Here the phrase "vair bellies" may be a misnomer, as the belly of the red squirrel is always white, although its summer coat is indeed reddish brown.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The heraldic scholar A. C. Fox-Davies proposed that, in some circumstances, "white" should be considered a heraldic colour, distinct from "argent". In a number of instances, a label or collar blazoned as "white" rather than "argent" appears on a supporter blazoned argent "or" or. The use of "white" in place of "argent" would be consistent with the Victorian practice of heraldic blazon that discouraged repeating the name of a tincture in describing a coat of arms, but if it were merely intended as a synonym of "argent", this placement would clearly violate the rule against placing metal on metal or colour on colour (see below). This difficulty is avoided if "white" is considered a colour in this particular instance, rather than a synonym of "argent". This interpretation has neither been accepted nor refuted by any heraldic authority, but a counter-argument is that the labels are not intended to represent a heraldic tincture, but are in fact white labels proper.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Other exceptional colours have occasionally appeared during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries:


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The Canadian Heraldic Authority granted arms containing "rose" as a colour in 1997. In 2002, the Authority granted arms including "copper", treated as a metal, to the municipality of Whitehorse, Yukon.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: "Ochre", both red and yellow, appears in South African heraldry; the national coat of arms, adopted in 2000, includes "red ochre", while (yellow) ochre appears in the arms of the University of Transkei.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In the United States, heraldry is not governed by any official authority; but the United States Army, which makes extensive use of heraldry, does have its own authority, the United States Army Institute of Heraldry. The armorial designs of the Institute of Heraldry include a number of novel tinctures, including "buff" (employed variously as either a metal or a colour), and "horizon blue". "Silver gray" has appeared in the heraldry of both the Army and the Air Force. "Bronze" appears as a colour in the arms of the Special Troops Battalion of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. There seems to be some confusion about the colour "crimson", as in some cases it is treated as a separate tincture, while in others it is used to specify the shade of gules to be employed by the artist. Differing from most heraldic practice, the Institute of Heraldry often specifies the exact shades to be used in depicting various arms.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: A charge that is coloured as it naturally appears is blazoned "proper" (Fr. ""), or "the colour of nature". Strictly speaking, "proper" is not a tincture in itself, and if, as is sometimes the case, a charge is meant to be depicted in particular colours that are not apparent from the word "proper" alone, they may be specified in whatever detail is necessary. Certain charges are considered "proper" when portrayed with particular colours, even though a range of different colours is found in nature; for instance, a popinjay "proper" is green, even though wild parrots occur in a variety of colours. In some cases, a charge depicted in a particular set of colours may be referred to as "proper", even though it consists entirely of heraldic tinctures; a rose "proper", whether red or white, is barbed "vert" and seeded "or".


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The most extensive use of non-heraldic colours is probably associated with "landscape heraldry", a common feature of British and German armory during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the early part of the nineteenth. Although rarely used for the field itself, landscapes were often granted as augmentations, typically depicting a fortress successfully captured or defended, or a particular ship, or a battle in which the armiger to whom the augmentation was granted was involved. Such landscapes, usually appearing on a chief, might be blazoned with great particularity as to the things portrayed and the colours used to portray them. Officially, these landscapes appeared on a field of argent, but it was common, and perhaps expected, for the artist to add further details, such as the sky and clouds, by which the field might be wholly obscured. The use of landscapes in heraldry fell out of fashion during the Victorian era, when heraldic scholars and artists began looking to earlier and simpler periods of armorial design for inspiration.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on Norman French. With respect to the heraldic tinctures, French heraldry, which is often cited by heraldic authors, uses similar terminology. However, German heraldry, also highly influential, uses a different vocabulary; it calls the colours by their everyday names.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In its original sense, "tincture" refers only to the group conventionally referred to as "colours". But as the word "colour" seems inapplicable to the heraldic furs, and no other term clearly encompasses all three classes, the word "tincture" has come to be used in this broader sense, while "colour" has acquired the more restricted sense originally given to "tincture". Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In most heraldic tradition, the various metals and colours have no fixed appearance, hue, or shade. The heraldic artist is free to choose a lighter or darker blue or green, a deeper or brighter red; to choose between depicting "or" with yellow or any of various gold paints, to depict "argent" as white or silver. Recently the College of Arms explained, "there are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artists to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Most heraldic authors do not capitalize the names of the various tinctures, although a few do (sometimes inconsistently), and some who do not capitalize the other tinctures recommend capitalizing "or" in order to avoid confusion with the conjunction. However, there are relatively few occasions in which the conjunction "or" would appear in the blazon of a coat of arms, and if properly worded, which meaning is intended should be readily apparent from the context. Another convention has been to capitalize only the first word or the first tincture appearing in the blazon, but no other words. In the elaborate calligraphy appearing on most grants of arms, all of the tinctures are capitalized, as indeed are the names of the charges, but this is purely a matter of decorative style, and in no way does the manner of capitalization used in the original grant affect how the arms may be described on other occasions.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: A long-standing heraldic tradition has been to avoid repeating the names of tinctures multiple times in any given blazon. If it is possible to mention multiple charges of the same tincture at once, followed by the name of the tincture, then this problem is avoided, but when it is impossible to combine elements of the same tincture in this manner, more creative descriptions may be used. For example, instead of "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant gules, armed and langued argent", one might say, "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant "of the field", armed and langued "of the third"." Similar phrases include "of the last" and "of the like". Alternately, descriptions such as "gold" and "silver" might be substituted for "or" and "argent" on a subsequent occurrence. Another rule of blazon relating to tinctures suggests the placing of a comma after each occurrence of a tincture.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In recent years, the College of Arms has regularly dispensed with many of these practices, believing them to cause confusion, and in new grants of arms, the names of tinctures are repeated on each instance that they occur. The names of all tinctures and charges are capitalized, although the word "proper", indicating the colour of nature, is not, and internal commas are entirely omitted.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The first so-called "rule" of heraldry is the rule of tincture: "metal should not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour", for the sake of contrast.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The main duty of a heraldic device is to be recognized, and the dark colours or light metals are supposed to be too difficult to distinguish if they are placed on top of other dark or light colours, particularly in poor light. Though this is the practical genesis of the rule, the rule is technical and appearance is not used in determining whether arms conform to the rule. Another reason sometimes given to justify this rule is that it was difficult to paint enamel colours over other enamel colours, or with metal over metal.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: This "rule" has at times been followed so pedantically that arms that violate it were called "false arms" or "arms of enquiry"; any violation was presumed to be intentional, to the point that one was supposed to enquire how it came to pass. One of the most famous was the shield of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had gold crosses on silver. This use of white and gold together is also seen on the arms of the King of Jerusalem, the flag and arms of the Vatican, and the bishop's mitre in the arms of Andorra. These uses of gold on silver indicate the exceptional holy and special status of these coats of arms. An example of "colour on colour" is the arms of Albania, with its sable two-headed eagle on a gules field.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The "rule of tincture" has had an influence reaching far beyond heraldry. It has been applied to the design of flags, so that the flag of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was modified to conform to the rule.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: When a charge or group of charges is placed across a division line, variation, or ordinary, it may be "counterchanged" (Fr. ', but modern ', Ger. ' or '), meaning that the charges are divided the same way as the field upon which they rest, with the colours reversed.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In the municipal arms of Behnsdorf, Saxony-Anhalt, seen above, the field is divided with the left half white (argent) and the right half green (vert), and the counterchanged tree is green where it lies on the white part of the field, and white where it lies on the green part.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The flag of Maryland is another example of counterchanging. The only U.S. state flag to be directly based on English heraldry, it is the arms of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, who founded the colony of Maryland in 1632. In the 1st and 4th quarters, the field is divided into six vertical bands of gold (or) and black (sable) with a diagonal band (a bend) in which the colours are reversed (i.e., the bend is counterchanged). The 2nd and 3rd quarters are themselves quartered between white (argent) and red (gules) with a counterchanged cross bottony that is red where it lies on the white part of the field and white where it lies on the red part of the field.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Counterchanging is rare in early heraldry; early examples from German heraldry are found in the late fifteenth-century Wernigerode Armorial; it becomes more frequently applied from the seventeenth century onward, especially with the substantial number of newly created coats of arms, of which some notable examples include Baron Baltimore (1624), Nightingale baronets (1628), Barrett-Lennard baronets (1801), Verney baronets (1818), and Baron Alvingham (1929).


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In Scottish heraldry, charges are sometimes blazoned as counterchanged of different colours from the fieldfor instance, "per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour counterchanged or and of the first." A more typical blazon for this would be "per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour per fess or and of the first".


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The term "countercoloured" is sometimes used in place of "counterchanged". The arms of the Fenwick baronets were originally blazoned as "silver, a chief gules with six martlets countercoloured". In this case, three martlets argent rest on a chief gules, while three martlets gules rest on the argent field. Some heraldic authorities regard the use of this term as erroneous.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: During the first half of the seventeenth century, the proliferation of the printing press coupled with the persistence of difficulties in and expense of colour printing prompted the development of a number of systems of hatching for the purpose of depicting heraldic designs without the use of colour. Intended chiefly for printing and engraving, the system which eventually gained widespread acceptance was that of Silvestro de Petra Sancta, a Jesuit priest and heraldic scholar, originally published in 1638.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In Petra Sancta's method, illustrated in the table above, a separate hatching represents each metal and colour, while the furs are treated as combinations of metal and colour. Argent is represented by a plain field, while or is represented by a field strewn with dots. Gules is represented by vertical lines, azure by horizontal lines, and sable by a combination of horizontal and vertical lines. Diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represent vert, while purpure is the reverse, represented by diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base. Sanguine is represented by diagonal lines running in each direction, while tenné is represented by a combination of horizontal lines and diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Nine additional hatchings, published by Marcus Vulson de la Colombière in 1639, were intended to represent other colours, although none of them correspond with regular heraldic tinctures, and they have never been used in British armory. A combination of vertical lines with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represents brown; blood red is represented by vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base; earth-colour by horizontal and vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base; iron-grey by diagonal lines running in each direction (the same as sanguine in Petra Sancta's system); water-colour by broken horizontal lines; flesh-colour by broken vertical lines; ashen-grey by a combination of broken horizontal and broken diagonal lines; orange by broken vertical lines interspersed with dots; and the colour of nature by zig-zag lines running from dexter chief to sinister base.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Before the use of hatching to depict individual heraldic tinctures, it was common to label colours in heraldic designs with abbreviations, a practice known as "tricking", when colours were unavailable. The arms would be drawn in outline, and the tinctures written in abbreviated form: "O" or "or" for or; "A", "ar", or "arg" for argent, "G" or "gu" for gules; "S" or "sa" for sable; "Az" or "B" for azure ("B" for "blue" being used in older trickings to avoid confusion between "ar" and "az"); "Vt" for vert, "Purp" for purpure, and "Pr" for proper. Although most records of the College of Arms are in colour, the practice of tricking is used in all other cases, even after the widespread adoption of hatching for printing and engraving arms.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: French heraldry also uses tricking to depict heraldic tinctures, using "O" for ; "A" for ; "G" for ; "S" for ; "B" for (to avoid confusing with ); "V" for (to avoid confusing with ); "P" for or ; and "Pr" for .


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: In German heraldry, "G" is used for (gold); "W" for (white); "R" for (red); "S" for (black); "B" for (blue); and "Gr", or a shape like an upright leaf, for (green); German heraldry makes little use of purpure, but in its place allows "Br" for (brown). These abbreviations may be either capitalized or lowercase.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Heraldry has been influenced by allegorical and astrological views, including the idea of sympathies and antipathies among stars, minerals, animals, plants, and people. Some tinctures were considered to represent astrological symbols.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The lore of sympathies originated with the Babylonians, who saw gems and rare minerals as the concentrates of cosmic powers. Later, Pliny the Elder's Natural History organized nature according to a system of sympathies and antipathies among species and other elements of the natural world. This doctrine influenced medieval medicine, pharmacy, alchemy and also heraldry. During the 1350s, the work of Bartolo de Sassoferrato (1313/1314–1357) linked Or to the sun, Azure to the element air, and Gules to the element fire. Honoré Bonet, a heraldist from Provence, declared in his work "Arbre des Batailles" (1387) that the metal gold (Or) is the noblest in the world because, due to its very nature, it is bright and shining and full of virtues. During the late medieval period and Renaissance, there was an occasional practice of blazoning tinctures by gemstones, or by references to the seven classical "planets" (including the sun and the moon).


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The work of Bonet influenced the 15th century Burgundian heraldist Jean Courtois (d. 1436), also known as the Sicily Herald. In his work "Le Blason des Couleurs" (1414), Courtois developed a heraldic system consisting of the tinctures, planets and carbuncles, together with the virtues, metals, months, the zodiac, and weekdays. His main contribution was the development of a gemstone-planetary blazon that related colour to gemstone to planet: "or", topaz, the sun; "argent", pearl, the moon; "gules", ruby, Mars; "sable", diamond, Saturn; "azure", sapphire, Jupiter; "vert", emerald, Venus; "purpure", amethyst, Mercury; "tenné", jacinth, dragon's head (ascending lunar node); "sanguine/murrey", sardonyx, dragon's tail (descending lunar node).


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The dragon's head (also called Anabibazon in astronomy and astrology) and dragon's tail (also called Catabibazon) were in use from ancient times. In heraldry the dragon's head symbolizes a light colour (tenné), and dragon's tail symbolizes a dark colour (sanguine). In alchemy the dragon's head is the materia prima that is subjected to transmutation to produce the philosopher's stone. During the process of transmutation the light-coloured starting material is transformed to a darker and more reddish one. In astrology the dragon's head is connected to good luck, while the dragon's tail is unlucky. These links indicate that heraldry in the 15th century was strongly under the influence of magical views and alchemistic ideas, which were in turn connected to the lore of sympathies between colours, planets, gemstones, metals, virtues etc.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The work of Jean Courtois was distributed in manuscripts and later in one of the first books printed in French. During the Tudor and Stuart dynasties in England (1485–1702), it appeared in heraldry manuals. In his book "Traité du blason" (1465), Clément Prinsault deals with the relation of colours to the virtues, the seven planets, the 12 celestial signs, gemstones, weekdays, the three elements etc. This book is among the earliest writings on heraldry available today.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: The English historian and heraldist Sir Henry Spelman (1564–1641) used the symbols of the planets to designate tinctures in his 1654 book "Aspilogia". Sir John Ferne (d. 1609) enumerates 14 different methods of blazon: 1. by colours; 2. by planets; 3. by precious stones; 4. by virtues; 5. by celestial signs; 6. by the months of the year; 7. by the days of the week; 8. by the ages of man; 9. by flowers; 10. by the elements; 11. by the seasons of the year; 12. by the complexions of man; 13. by numbers; and 14. by metals.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: As well as the main tinctures, tricking abbreviations for other tinctures such as Proper – ppr, pp, Ermine – er etc. existed in English and some other languages during the Renaissance. To designate carnation (carnea tinctura), the zodiac sign of Leo was used in reverse (). German heraldry used trefoil to designate colours other than the seven main tinctures (""). Spener (1717. p. 113) also linked tenné and sanguine to the zodiac sign of Leo () . Rudolphi also refers to trefoil (♣) as a designation of colour vert, usually connected with Venus. He also assigned specific variants of astrological signs for dragon's head and dragon's tail (☊ ☋), derived from the sign for Leo, to the tinctures orange and carnation, respectively.


title: Tincture (heraldry)

text: Ultimately, a system of nine tinctures was developed, with dukes, earls, and barons having their arms blazoned by gemstones, and princes, kings and emperors having arms blazoned by the planets. It is worth noting that the Austrian troubadour and herald Peter Suchenwirt (c. 1320 – 1395) used gemstones to designate the tinctures even earlier (c. 1355) in the coat of arms of the Hungarian king Louis the Great (1342–1382). Konrad von Würzburg (c. 1230 – 1287) also mentioned coats of arms made of gemstones in his poem "Turnier von Nantheiz" (c. 1258), for example describing the arms of the king of England as an escutcheon covered with Arabian gold with leopards made of rubies (lines 310–320).


title: Money Plane

text: Money Plane is a 2020 American action film directed by Andrew Lawrence and starring Adam Copeland, Kelsey Grammer, Thomas Jane, and Denise Richards. It was released to video-on-demand services on July 10, 2020, by Quiver Distribution.


title: Money Plane

text: Jack Reese, a professional thief and former gambler, attempts to steal the (fictional) Asger Jorn painting "The Disturbing Duckling" from an art museum with the help of his crew of Isabella Voltaic, Trey Peterson and Iggy. When Reese enters the museum, he finds out that the painting is no longer there and that he and his team have been compromised. They are forced to flee empty-handed.


title: Money Plane

text: Without any other options, Jack goes to confront notorious gang leader Darius "The Rumble" Grouch at his house, who hired Reese and his crew for the heist in the first place. Already in debt to Darius before the botched heist (and under the threat of harm to his family), Reese takes one more job from him to clear his debt: to sneak aboard the "Money Plane," an airborne casino that caters to elite criminals, in order to steal its reserves of cryptocurrency and hard cash. The night before embarking on the heist, Reese asks his best friend Harry Greer to keep an eye on his family while he is gone; Greer also offers to look into how the museum heist got compromised.


title: Money Plane

text: Jack and Trey board the plane under the guises of human traffickers Monroe and McGillicuddy while Isabella poses as one of the flight attendants. As the plane takes off, the Concierge and Bookkeeper welcome their guests, explaining the activities and amenities on board while informing them of the plane's zero-tolerance stance on cheating. After several hands of Texas hold 'em poker, Jack leaves Trey in the main gambling room to subdue the pilots and take control of the plane. While Trey improbably wins a series of games on the plane (including Russian roulette and betting on the outcome of a fight between a man and a cobra), Jack establishes contact with Iggy, who is on the ground to facilitate the transfer of the plane's cryptocurrency, as well as taking calls from Darius who demands to be kept in the loop with the mission and reminds Reese of the consequences should the team fail.


title: Money Plane

text: Isabella breaks off to secure the money in the plane's vault, getting into a fight with a guard whom she kills before he can blow her cover. Jack calls Harry while in-air, who reveals that the painting Jack's crew failed to steal was already owned by Darius and that they are being set up to fail. In too deep to back out, Jack and the crew elect to keep going with the heist while asking Harry to work on a "fail-safe" measure on the ground.


title: Money Plane

text: Trey and Isabella work on securing the server room where the cryptocurrency is stored, and Iggy establishes a secure link between him and the plane to start transferring the cryptocurrency. However, the team on the plane are attacked by two of the Money Plane's guests who caught wind of their actions, and Iggy is ambushed by assassins who are implied to be on Grouch's payroll. Trey and Isabella manage to fight off and kill their attackers, while Iggy is saved by a handgun-toting drone piloted by Harry. However, the servers have been damaged during the fight, forcing them to download the cryptocurrency onto a USB drive, which if used, would alert the Money Plane to the breach.


title: Money Plane

text: Harry guns down a team of assassins sent to Jack's home, while the team in the plane decide to not keep any of the money and instead donate it to charitable causes around the world, with special focus on those affected by guests of the Money Plane. Jack makes one final call to Darius, who is angered by the team's betrayal, but is stunned when Jack reveals he has played a clip of Darius stating his identity and his intentions to rob the Money Plane over the plane's radio, sealing his fate. The team escapes the plane via an emergency exit door while letting the cash money fall out of it, while the Money Plane has assassins sent to Darius' house to kill him.


title: Money Plane

text: Three months after the Money Plane heist, two warehouse workers in Istanbul open a painting shipping case only to find out that the artwork inside has been stolen and replaced. Back home, it is revealed that Jack and his crew have stolen "The Disturbing Duckling" and that the price has been driven up to 60 million dollars, which Jack has split up five ways between him, his crew and Harry, ensuring that they all have enough money to retire.


title: Money Plane

text: Inspired by heist movies such as "Ocean's Eleven", airplane movies such as "Con Air", and their experiences in Las Vegas, producers Switzer and Konney turned to Andrew Lawrence. Lawrence proposed an airplane casino movie, which Switzer and Konney agreed to fund after Lawrence wrote a screenplay. After securing Adam Copeland for the role of Jack Reese, the producers cast Thomas Jane as Reese's mentor. Kelsey Grammer was their first casting choice for Darius Grouch, though they did not expect him to accept the role. To their surprise, Grammer accepted, later saying that the role "seemed like a fun, mustache-twirling kind of character."


title: Money Plane

text: Principal photography began in October 2019 and continued through late December. After plans to film in Romania and Toronto proved unworkable, the production moved to Baton Rouge. The project's low budget and rushed schedule frequently required Lawrence to improvise and to adjust shooting based on which sets were available: "We were literally building the plane set while we were shooting ... We picked corners of the set that were built, and shot in those corners. We had to do that all the time," he said. After post-production early in the year, the film was released in July 2020.


title: Money Plane

text: "Money Plane" received an overall negative critical reception. , the film holds approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews with an average rating of . The Daily Beast described "Money Plane" as "the dumbest movie of 2020". The Action Elite gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and called it "the kind of movie that will likely be forgotten about within a matter of weeks". A review from Decider said that it was "the best and worst of what a bad movie experience can be". Red Letter Media reviewed the film in extreme detail on an episode of "Half in the Bag." They derided its script, performances, and production value, conceding that the only positive is that it's "a new movie" amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: The Bild Lilli doll was a German fashion doll launched on August 12, 1955 and produced until 1964. Its design was based on the comic-strip character Lilli, created by Reinhard Beuthien for the German tabloid newspaper "Bild". The doll was made of polystyrene, came in two sizes, and had an available wardrobe of 1950s fashion. The Lilli doll was copied, and altered to some degree, for Mattel upon the direction of that company's co-founder, Ruth Handler. Mattel acquired the rights to Bild Lilli in 1964, and production of the German doll ceased, in favor of Mattel's new vinyl doll, which they called Barbie.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Lilli was a German cartoon character created by Reinhard Beuthien for the German tabloid "Bild". In 1953, the newspaper decided to market a Lilli doll and contacted Max Weissbrodt of the toy company O&M Hausser in Neustadt bei Coburg. Weissbrodt designed a prototype doll based on Beuthien's cartoons, which was sold from 1955 to 1964; that year Mattel acquired the rights to the doll and German production stopped. Approximately 130,000 were produced. Today Lilli is a collector's piece and commands prices up to several thousand euros, depending on condition, packaging and clothes. In the Coburg Doll Museum, over 1,000 historic dolls are displayed, including the Lilli doll, the "grandmother" of the world-famous Barbie.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Ordered to draw a "filler" cartoon for the June 24, 1952, inaugural issue of "Bild", Reinhard Beuthien drew an unruly baby; his editor disliked it, so he adapted the drawing into a sexy pony-tailed blonde sitting in a fortune-teller's tent. She was asking, "Can't you give me the name and address of this tall, handsome, rich man?" The cartoon was an immediate success and became a daily feature.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Lilli was post-war, sassy, and ambitious, "a golddigger, exhibitionist, and floozy". The cartoon always consisted of a picture of Lilli talking, while dressed or undressed in a manner that showed her figure, usually to girlfriends, boyfriends, or her boss. To a policeman who told her that two-piece swimsuits are banned in the street: "Oh, and in your opinion, what part should I take off?" The last Lilli cartoon appeared on January 5, 1961.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Bild Lilli was available in two sizes: and . She held three patents, features absolutely new in doll-making: the head and neck were not one form connected with a seam at the shoulders, but rather the seam was mid-neck, behind the chin; the hair was not rooted, but a cut-out scalp that was attached by a hidden metal screw; the legs did not sprawl open when she was sitting. The doll was made of plastic and had molded eyelashes, pale skin and a painted face with side glancing eyes, high narrow eyebrows and red lips. Her fingernails were also painted red. She wore her hair in a ponytail with one curl on the forehead. Her shoes and earrings were molded on. Her limbs were attached inside by coated rubber bands. The cartoon Lilli was blonde, but a few of the dolls had other hair colours. Each Lilli doll carried a miniature copy of "Bild" and was sold in a clear plastic tube, with the doll's feet fitted into the base of a stand labelled "Bild-Lilli" that formed the bottom of the tube; the packaging was designed by E. Martha Maar, the mother-in-law of the Hausser company owner.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Originally the tall dolls cost DM 12, the small DM 7.50 at a time when average monthly take-home pay was DM 200 to DM 400. As this price suggests, the dolls were marketed to adults, mainly men, as a joke or gag gift at tobacconists, kiosks and newsagents that normally sold flowers, chocolates and other small giftware. A German brochure from the 1950s states that Lilli was "always discreet", and that her wardrobe made her "the star of every bar", and an advertisement from the 1960s encouraged young men to give their girlfriends a Lilli doll as a gift, rather than flowers. (This latter advert was then referenced by a Lilli newspaper cartoon, where Lilli says to her boyfriend: "I found it so apt that you gave me a Lilli doll as a present – now, I've a similarly suitable present for you" while presenting him with a puppet).


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: A total of 130,000 were made. The doll eventually became popular with children, too. Dollhouses, room settings, furniture, and other toy accessories to scale with the small Lilli were produced by German toy factories to cash in on her popularity amongst children and parents.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Lilli came as a dressed doll—additional fashions were sold separately. Her fashions, mostly also designed by Maar, mirror the lifestyle of the 1950s: She had outfits for parties, the beach and tennis, as well as cotton dresses, pajamas and poplin suits. In her last years, her wardrobe consisted mainly of traditional "dirndl" dresses. Lilli's dresses always have patent fasteners marked "PRYM".


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Lilli and her fashions were sold as children's toys in several European countries, including Italy and Scandinavian countries; outside Germany she is usually remembered as a children's doll. In the United States, she was just called "Lilli". Some Lillis have been seen in original 1950s packaging for an English-speaking market labelled "Lili Marleen", after the song.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: A film about Lilli was released in Germany in 1958: (Lilli, a Girl From the Big City), a comedy-mystery directed by Hermann Leitner. A contest was held to choose the star; the winner was the Danish actress Ann Smyrner.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Several toy companies (mainly in Hong Kong) produced dolls resembling Bild Lilli, some from purchased original molds. Also in Spain, Muñecas FEJ (Guillen y Vicedo) copied the molds and made a very similar doll, but with darker skin, white earrings and articulated waist. However, Spanish society was extremely conservative at the time, and was not ready for such "offensive" dolls. Mothers were not buying them for their daughters and the manufacturer had to retire them from the market.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Mattel's Barbie doll, which appeared in March 1959, was based on Bild Lilli dolls that co-founder Ruth Handler had acquired in Hamburg. The first Barbie doll was made of vinyl instead of hard plastic, had rooted hair with curly bangs rather than a wig-cap, included separate shoes and earrings which were not molded on as Lilli's were. However, apart from these differences, the earliest Barbie dolls were in many ways quite similar to Lilli in overall shape and appearance.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: Louis Marx and Company acquired the rights to the Bild Lilli doll from Hausser and sold Miss Seventeen and smaller Miss Marlene dolls. Mattel had bought all patents and copyrights to the Bild Lilli doll so that using that name as a book title or product name would infringe copyright laws. Marx unsuccessfully attempted to sue Mattel for patent infringement.


title: Bild Lilli doll

text: In 1962, Beuthien created another cartoon character called "Schwabinchen" for a Bavarian newspaper, but it was not as successful as Lilli and the dolls inspired by her were of poor quality. Later he started "Gigi", who had even less success and never became a doll.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Dustin Martin (born 26 June 1991) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Martin was drafted by Richmond with the third pick in the 2009 national draft, and made his AFL debut in the opening round of the 2010 season. He was nominated for the 2010 AFL Rising Star award, but was ineligible to win due to suspension.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin won the Jack Dyer Medal as Richmond's best and fairest player in 2016, along with his first All-Australian selection. To date, Martin has won three premierships, two Jack Dyer Medals and four All-Australian selections among other individual accolades, and has also won several major best-on-ground awards. In each of his three premiership years, he won the Norm Smith Medal as best afield in the grand final (Martin is the only player to win the award three times) and the Gary Ayres Award as the player of the finals series.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In 2017, Martin had what was described by AFL legend Leigh Matthews as the greatest ever individual season by a VFL/AFL player. Despite constant speculation over his playing future, Martin won the league's highest individual honour, the Brownlow Medal, with a record 36 votes, as well as a premiership and the Norm Smith Medal, becoming the first player to win all three in a single season. He also won numerous other accolades, including the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFLCA champion player of the year award and his second Jack Dyer Medal.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin was born in Castlemaine, Victoria, to a Māori father, Shane Martin, and an Australian mother, Kathy Knight. His father has family connections to the Ngāti Maru tribe on New Zealand's north island. Martin is one of three boys, alongside brothers Tyson and Bronson.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin first took up football at age six, learning the sport with the local Auskick program. He would also play regularly with his brothers on their self-constructed field in one of the paddocks at his family's three acre home in Yapeen. From there he played junior football for Campbell's Creek, before spending time with the Bendigo Pioneers under 15 squad.


title: Dustin Martin

text: His parents separated when he was 14 and Martin moved to Sydney with his father, leaving school at Castlemaine High School after Year 9 and taking up full-time work. He worked various roles at his father's transport business including as a forklift driver while also assisting his father's girlfriend's sports apparel business. In total he worked regular twelve hour days, later saying he hated "working long days" in what was "not a very good job."


title: Dustin Martin

text: While in Sydney he continued to play football, starting off with the Ingleburn Magpies Junior Australian Football Club's under 16 side. He stayed for just four matches however, dominating so comprehensively he was moved to the Campbelltown Football Club's under 18's team despite being aged only 15. He even played for the club's senior team on one occasion that year. At this time he enquired about joining the Sydney Swans junior academy, but found himself ineligible due to having not lived in Sydney for the required minimum three years.


title: Dustin Martin

text: After a year in Sydney, Martin moved back to Victoria to live with his mother by late December 2007. He did not return to school however, instead working three days a week for a local electrical contractor before a short stint as stonemason. In addition to some time playing cricket as a fast bowler for Guildford, Martin returned to his goal of playing AFL football. He trained with Castlemaine's senior side over his first summer back and within four matches had impressed enough to be asked back into the Bendigo Pioneer's junior program. He continued to play for Castlemaine for most of the season, winning the Bendigo Football League's rising star award that year. He also played four matches for the Pioneers TAC Cup team in a month that began to earn him the attention of AFL recruiters.


title: Dustin Martin

text: He returned to the Pioneers side the following year and became a stand-out player. Across 11 games with Bendigo, Martin would average 24.7 disposals and 9.7 contested possessions. He also ranked first at the club for disposals, contested possessions, clearances, inside 50s and score assists despite playing so few games, and placed second at the club's best and fairest awards night. Martin went on to be named at centre in the TAC Cup's team of the year.


title: Dustin Martin

text: At an earlier age Martin was overlooked for state representative football, missing out on the 2007 under 16 national championships as well as at the under 18 carnival the next year. Martin did however play for Victoria Country in the 2009 AFL Under 18 Championships, averaging 21.4 touches, 7.2 contested possessions and 0.8 goals in the five games he played. In the final match of the competition, he recorded twenty-eight disposals and five clearances against Western Australia. He was rewarded for his efforts at the championships with a selection at centre in the tournament's All-Australian team.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin gained the attention of AFL scouts from as early as 2008, with 's recruiting boss Kinnear Beatson contacting Martin in an attempt to commit him to the club. This was on the back of a previous attempt to join the club's junior academy program. He was however just two months too young to qualify for that year's draft and remained ineligible for the Swans' academy program.


title: Dustin Martin

text: When his draft year arrived in 2009 the Swans were again interested in drafting him, hoping he would fall to their selection at number six.


title: Dustin Martin

text: That was on the back of an impressive draft camp at the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra in October of that year. He recorded strong results at the camp, finishing equal second in the kicking efficiency test as well as running the 20 metre sprint in 2.89 seconds, the second fastest at the camp. He also placed seventh in the repeat sprints test and scored 14.3 on the beep test despite initial questions over his endurance ability. He was described at the time by The Age draft expert Emma Quayle as "a strong-bodied, strong-minded midfielder who keeps his feet, can slip tackles, kick with both feet and go forward to take a mark." When Richmond officials became certain Melbourne (who held picks number one and two in the draft) would select other players before Martin, they travelled to his Bendigo home to inform him that they would be certain to secure him with their pick.


title: Dustin Martin

text: He arrived at the club as an incredibly shy and underdeveloped personality, a fact that was noted by teammate Trent Cotchin who said though Martin was 18 "he seemed much younger in some of the ways he behaved." Indeed, he struggled initially to adjust to the expectations of professional football. In one incident in the 2010 preseason he was removed from training and verbally reprimanded by club leadership when he was deemed unfit to train after a big night out. Despite these struggles, his on-field development was such that he would still debut in the 2010 season's opening match, a 56-point Richmond loss against at the MCG. Martin recorded the sixth most disposals of any Tiger (18) to go along with four marks, three tackles and three clearances. Two weeks later Martin was convicted by the AFL tribunal for a high hit on Sydney's Josh Kennedy in round 3. He did not receive a suspension for the incident however, returning to football the following week. After four matches Martin ranked fourth in the league for clearances and eighth for hard-ball gets. Media reports emerged after round 8 that the 18 year old Martin had received a significant contract offer from expansion club the Greater Western Sydney Giants. The offer, which the Herald Sun's Mark Robinson claimed to be worth $2.4 million over three seasons, would have taken effect in the new club's first AFL season in 2012. Martin later said he had never entertained the idea of moving to the start-up club. In round 10 he had gained attention for his on-field efforts again, this time being nominated for the 2010 AFL Rising Star award after a 21 disposal and 11 clearance match against Port Adelaide. Due to his previous tribunal conviction however, Martin was ruled ineligible for the award and thus did not officially place in the end of season award's points tally. He drew the attention of Sydney coach Paul Roos by round 14, prompting Roos to send veteran Brett Kirk onto Martin in a tagging role. Despite this extra attention, he still managed to record 18 disposals and a goal in the match at the MCG. After 17 rounds Martin ranked second at the club for clearances and inside 50s as well as third for disposals and contested possessions. At the same time he ranked first among that season's Rising Star nominees in clearances, contested possessions and inside 50s. He was also fourth for average disposals and fifth for average tackles. In round 19 he was rested by the club before returning to play out the final five matches of the season. He missed just that one game in his debut season and finished the year ranked second at Richmond for clearances and inside 50s, as well as third for both contested possessions and disposals. In addition to winning the Fred Swift Medal for fourth place at the club's best and fairest night, Martin also received six votes in the Brownlow Medal count that year, the most by any Richmond debutant since Craig Lambert in 1988. At season's end he reiterated his commitment to the club (and rejection of the former GWS overtures) by signing a two-year contract extension that would keep him at Richmond until the end of the 2013 season. The extension was reported by the Herald Sun to be in the vicinity of $400,000-a-year.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Ahead of his second season Martin switched playing numbers, losing 36 in favour of the number 4 Guernsey, one of the club's most famous. He told media members assembled at the announcement that he hoped to be the next Richmond man to win a premiership in the Guernsey, with it having been worn in each of the club's ten previous league premierships. Upon returning to training however he received markedly less praise from coach Damien Hardwick, who berated him for being out of shape and not sticking to his off-season training program. Any lingering effect had seemingly worn off by March though, as Martin returned straight back into the club's best-22 for the season's opening match. In round 5 the Daily Telegraph said Martin "single handedly destroyed" in his side's victory at Etihad Stadium. He kicked four goals and recorded 33 disposals in what was Richmond's first win of the season. Though it was his first career game with more than 30 disposals to his name, it wasn't even his last of the month, with Martin going to record 35 touches and a goal in a win over the the very next week. By then he had begun receiving comparisons to former Brownlow Medallist Mark Ricciuto for his ball winning strength and his ability to kick goals in a midfielder's role. Fairfax Media's Jake Niall also went so far as to suggest that Martin should be in consideration for All Australian selection that year, despite it being just his second season at AFL level. On the back of this newfound praise and his previous two matches, Martin received the extra attention of a tag in round 7's match-up with . Martin later spoke of seeking advice from teammates Nathan Foley and Trent Cotchin on learning how to break free of a tag. After 11 rounds Martin ranked tenth in the league for total kicks and fifth for handball receives. In addition he was ranked 10th in the league for score involvements at 29 per cent. Later that season he would have his best single-game goalkicking performance when he booted five majors against Brisbane in a round 13 victory at the Gabba.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin did not miss a match in 2011, finishing the year ranked third at the club for goals kicked with a total of 33 over his 22 matches. He also ranked third for disposals, second for inside 50s and fourth for total clearances. Martin doubled his previous year's Brownlow Medal vote tally to 12 and also improved upon his Jack Dyer Medal standing, placing third at the club's best and fairest night and receiving the Maurie Fleming Medal as a result.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Coming into the 2012 season, Martin was fitter than he had ever been before, placing sixth in the club's 3.8 kilometre run around Melbourne's Tan track. He started the season proper out strongly too, scoring two goals and adding 16 disposals in round 1's loss to Carlton. In round 5 he received his only best-on-ground recognition of the year, picking up the maximum three Brownlow Medal votes with his two goals and 26 disposals in Richmond's loss to . Four weeks later he notched his first 30-plus disposal match of the year, raking in 32 touches along with two goals in a win over eventual grand finalists . On 3 July 2012, Martin and teammate Daniel Connors missed a mandatory training session at the club. According to a statement released by Richmond, the pair had overslept after taking sleeping tables the night before, medication that had been prescribed only to Connors. Martin also admitted to having been drinking alcohol that night. The club said both had failed to uphold team standards and Martin was suspended for two matches for the incident. Meanwhile, Connors, who was on a final warning for indiscretions under coach Hardwick, was sacked. Martin returned to AFL football in round 17 after concluding what captain Chris Newman labelled a "mini-pre-season" in which he completed multiple dawn training sessions. Martin played in each of the club's seven remaining matches that season and recorded 20 more disposals in five of those matches. Martin placed tenth in the club's best and fairest count that year, his lowest finish to date. He ranked sixth at the club for contested possessions and disposals as well as fifth in clearances.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Rumours concerning possible off-field misconduct circulated during the 2013 pre-season to the point where they became the dominant talking-point for Richmond players and staff during the summer. Former captain Chris Newman refused to address questions concerning the negative rumours, while coach Hardwick and new captain Trent Cotchin reiterated Martin's strong on-field pre-season preparations.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In any case, Martin was at the same time taken under the wing of new Richmond assistant coach Mark Williams who was tasked with supporting Martin off-field and in building structure and life skills for Martin when away from the strict processes of the club itself. By the season's start Martin was in strong footballing form, arguably in his side's best players at half-time of both rounds 1 and 2. However, second half drop-offs saw his performances end disappointingly. In round 3 he turned in a complete four-quarter performance, lodging 35 disposals and seven inside-50s, and kicking two goals. He reached 30 disposals for a second time in round 7 before kicking three goals in the second half of a match against in round 8 to help Richmond to their fifth win of the season. In round 12 he kicked a season best four goals in a win over . Between rounds 17 and 19 Martin turned in three consecutive games with more than 30 disposals, his first such stretch in his young career. At the end of round 19 Martin was averaging 24.5 disposals per game. By the end of the home and away season Martin had played in all of Richmond's matches, including its 15 wins. That total saw the club finish fifth in the league and qualify for its first finals series in 12 years. During an elimination final loss to Martin recorded six inside 50s, a goal and 19 disposals in a 20-point knock-out loss. He also attracted the ire of the league's head office after celebrating a goal with a handcuff gesture to the crowd. Martin was issued a $2,000 fine that was suspended for two years. He later revealed the gesture had been in support of a friend who was incarcerated at the time. Martin finished the year second to only captain Trent Cotchin in disposals at the club and posted the second most score involvements of any player in the league that season. In addition, he was selected in the inaugural AFL Players Association "22under22" team, an annual award recognising the best young talent in the AFL. He was at the same time chosen for the retrospectively selected 2012 team. Martin also recorded his best Brownlow Medal performance to date (16 votes) as well as his highest-yet finish at the club's best and fairest, securing the Jack Titus medal for second place.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Following the conclusion of Richmond's season, Martin began a highly publicised test of the market for his playing services as he came out of his second AFL contract. To that stage he had already rejected all of Richmond's early contract offers. On 13 September, Richmond issued a statement announcing Martin would be pursuing contract offers from other clubs. Six days later Martin was filmed by news media as he met with officials and toured the club's training and administration facilities. The Giants ruled themselves out of pursuit of Martin the very next day however, leaving him with very few options other than Richmond. , the other front-runner to secure him, had pulled out of the race the day prior. Around this time media reports emerged suggesting the issue was primarily monetary, with Martin and his management rejecting Richmond's offer of roughly $500,000 per season in favour of a deal around six hundred thousand at another club. The day before a Richmond-imposed decision deadline was to expire, Martin met with officials and coaches to discuss a potential move. Despite the meeting, Martin would ultimately make the decision to stay with Richmond, signing a new two-year deal on 30 September.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Despite the contract stoush the year previous, Martin was welcomed back to the club with open arms by coach Hardwick, who lamented the public nature of the contract dispute but said Martin was "going to learn from his mistakes" and that he would "realise that (the club) is the place where he always wanted to be." Though the club started the year with a loss to the , round 2's victory over Carlton at the MCG saw Martin kick two goals and add 21 disposals. He was also reported for striking the Blues' Simon White in the third quarter of the match but was ultimately cleared due to what the AFL's Match Review Panel labelled insufficient use of force. In round 5 Martin kicked three goals in a win over the . Despite his impact and the club's recent scoring troubles, Hardwick ruled out a full-time move forward, saying Martin was too dynamic and too effective in the midfield to restrict him to a single role. Round 10's win over the GWS Giants saw Martin record a then career-best 36 disposals while two weeks later he added four goals in a losing match against . Though he had been trialed across half-back and up forward that season, it was at this point that Martin declared he wanted to become one of the elite midfielders of the competition. After 16 rounds Martin was showing real progress towards that end, averaging 27 disposals and having kicked 18 goals. What's more, he had been restricted to fewer than 20 disposals on just two occasions. By July, the "Herald Sun"'s Jon Ralph said Martin was "maturing into one of the league's most damaging footballers." "Champion Data" statistics released in mid-August revealed Martin to be the league's best one-on-one player, winning 15 of his 27 contests that year. At 56%, his win rate more than doubled the league average of 26%. After seven straight wins saw Richmond go from cellar dwellers to finals contenders, a hamstring strain saw Martin miss the club's must-win match against in round 22, his first miss through injury of his entire career to date. The club managed a win despite his absence and Martin returned for the round 23 win over that saw Richmond into the finals for a second straight season. A road trip elimination final against would prove too much for his side however, as Martin recorded 29 disposals in the club's 57-point loss. After playing 22 matches that season Martin set a career-best mark for disposals for the second year running and finished second at the club for inside 50s. Though he did not make the final team, he received his first nomination to the All-Australian squad of 40 players and entered the club's best and fairest count as favourite to win. He ultimately received the Maurie Fleming medal by placing third in the award in addition to recording the second highest number of Brownlow Medal votes of any player at Richmond that year.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin avoided the contract intrigue that surrounded him two years earlier by signing a new two-year contract extension in February 2015, eight months before his current deal was to expire. Also prior to round 1, Martin was issued a challenged by coach Hardwick, to utilise his improved running capacity to play a majority midfield role as well as improving his contested ball winning and tackling in the mould of captain Jobe Watson. He got off to a slow start, however, kept to just 13 disposals thanks to a defensive tag by his opponents in round 1. Martin returned to his dominant best by round 2, though, gathering 31 disposals against the . He achieved the 30-plus-disposals mark on two more occasions in the next four weeks. In round 10, Martin was best-afield in Richmond's fourth straight win, recording 34 disposals, five tackles and a goal against at Domain Stadium. After that match, which marked the midpoint of the season, Martin was in significant form and featured in the top-five Richmond players in 12 of 15 major statistical categories, including first place in both total disposals and total inside-50s. He had also lifted his contested possession (9.67 per game), tackle (4.0) and disposal (26.56) counts to career-high levels. He closed the season strongly, too, kicking four lots of three goals over the remaining 12 home and away matches. Richmond's 91-point victory over in round 21 was marred by a crowd incident, though, in which Martin celebrated a goal by displaying an obscene finger gesture to members of the Collingwood cheer squad. He was ordered by the AFL to pay a $2,000 fine for the action, the same fine that was suspended for a crowd gesture in 2013. For the third straight season Martin's side qualified for the finals and for the third time were knocked out in an elimination final. This time Martin recorded 21 disposals in the 17 point loss to at the MCG.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin topped the club for disposals and inside 50s in 2015 and again narrowly missed a club best and fairest, this time placing second behind defender Alex Rance. He also placed seventh in the Brownlow Medal tally in 2015, the best result of any Tiger that year. He posted a then-career best 21 votes, despite not polling for the first seven weeks of the season. Martin was again nominated to the All-Australian squad of 40 players but would fail to make final selection for the second-straight season.


title: Dustin Martin

text: After seeing his reputation diminished by a tumultuous off-season in which he came under police investigation, Martin focused on making continual on-field improvements. He remained highly rated in the eyes of his peers though, placing 20th in a poll of all AFL players held to judge the best players in the league. Martin further impressed club officials by mid February, starring in an intraclub practice match. As his club started the season 1–6 on the wins table, Martin too looked less than his best. This despite 30-plus disposal matches (each with a goal too) in rounds 2 and 6. Richmond would find a patch of form beginning in round 8 however, as Martin turned in 28 disposals and a goal in an after-the-siren win over . In the Dreamtime at the 'G match in round 10 Martin was adjudged best-on-field and presented with the Yiooken Award for the first time in his career. He set a then-career-best mark with 38 disposals in that match. To that point he was averaging a career-best 27.5 disposals per game and led all Richmond players in pressure acts, a key defensive statistic. Martin repeated his recently-set career best disposals mark on two occasions in the next five weeks, before setting a new best with 43 disposals in the round 17 re-match against Essendon. That effort saw him place third on the club's single game disposals record tally. Martin continued his prolific ball-winning ways until the end of the season, winning 30 or more disposals in five of his last six matches. Despite his stellar year Martin could not lift his side to another finals appearance, with the club winning just eight of their 22 matches that season. Martin received significant personal accolades however, gaining his first All-Australian selection after breaking the club record for most disposals in a single season. He also topped the club for inside 50s and contested possessions and placed only behind captain Trent Cotchin for clearances. His 113 clangers however topped all players in the league and set a new league record for clangers recorded in a single home and away season. Martin also received his first Jack Dyer Medal as Richmond's best and fairest player after beating the previous year's winner Alex Rance by a single vote. He was also the club's highest placed player at the Brownlow Medal and finished third overall in the count for the league's best and fairest player. His 25 votes saw him become the first player in Richmond's history to record more than 20 votes in back-to-back years of the award. After passing the 150 game mark in round 20, Martin was also awarded life membership status at Richmond.


title: Dustin Martin

text: A reinvigorated Richmond team opened the 2017 season with a 43-point victory over Carlton. In addition to introducing a new game-plan that included faster ball-movement and a greater commitment to tackling, the club also saw another leap from Martin, who put in a starring four-goal performance. He kicked another two goals the following week, but suffered a broken cheekbone in the win over . He was ultimately given the medical all-clear to play the next week, despite speculation that he would sit out the match or at least play with a protective helmet. Martin did neither though and instead played a starring role in the rain-soaked match, recording 40 disposals, kicking two goals and gathering an equal-club-record 15 clearances in the victory over at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). He came under another injury cloud less than a fortnight later after a mid-week training session saw him leave the track with groin soreness. Though he did not miss a match as a result of the soreness, he was below his absolute best for much of the next month until he recorded 35 disposals in round 9's tight loss to the GWS Giants. In the annual Dreamtime at the 'G match that followed in round 10 Martin received the best-afield Yiooken Award for the second straight year. He followed that match up with another best-afield performance against North Melbourne that saw him record a maximum three Brownlow Medal votes in three consecutive matches leading into Richmond's mid-season bye. To that point Martin ranked top-10 in the league for disposals (29.9 per game), clearances (6.7) and contested possessions (14.5). He was also second best in the league for metres gained (564.4 per game) and behind only Patrick Dangerfield for goals scored by the league's top 20 possession winners. He was at this point also named in "AFL Media"'s mid-season All Australian team.


title: Dustin Martin

text: He continued his roll into the second half of the season including receiving a maximum ten votes from Richmond's, and opponent Carlton's, coaches in round 14, to enter first place in the association's, champion player of the year award. The next week he set an AFL record by breaking eight attempted tackles by his opponents that saw Richmond into the top-four teams on the ladder. He was at the point named the June player of the month by the AFL Players Association for performances between rounds 11 and 15.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Despite being tagged, Martin turned in his second 40-plus disposal match of the season a fortnight later in Richmond's win over the . In addition, his 12 inside-50s was the equal second most recorded in a match by a Richmond player. He narrowly avoided suspension in that match however, instead receiving fines for two separate incidents of careless conduct in which he hit back at tagger Nick Robertson during the match. Martin was again awarded the AFLPA Player of the Month in July, becoming the first player to win the award in back-to-back months. When he received another nomination in August (one of six players each month), he became the only player to be nominated in every month in that year, the award's inaugural season. He continued his form in the final weeks of the season including in round 23, when he was awarded the Ian Stewart Medal as the best afield in Richmond's win over at the MCG. Richmond finished the season having won 15 matches and earned a top-four finish for the first time in 16 years. At the end of the home and away season, his 667 disposals ranked third in the club's history. His 137 inside 50s and 144 clearances both placed second in the club's record books. At the same time, his 115 clangers broke his own club and league record set the previous season.


title: Dustin Martin

text: All year Martin had been plagued by yet another prolonged contract saga after his management announced the year prior that he would not be in a rush to sign a new deal. By the end of January he had confirmed he would delay a decision on a contract until the completion of the season. That would not stop speculation however, with news leaking of increasing offers as his form improved throughout the season to the point of him become one of the competition's best players. While Richmond opened negotiations with an offer believed to be worth close to $800,000 per year, soon emerged as a front-runner to secure him, with a six-year offer purported to be worth more than $6 million across the life of the deal. By July that offer had reportedly been matched by Richmond, forcing North Melbourne and other suitors to again up theirs. soon emerged as another suitor with a bid close to the mark set by North Melbourne. Negotiations came to a head in the pre-finals bye week, with Martin's camp finally ready to address the mounting contract offers. A final offer was presented by North Melbourne at a reported $1.5 million a season over seven years, while Richmond's offer sat significantly lower, at closer to $1.1 million. Martin spent the first part of the week in New Zealand where he discussed the offers with his father. Rumours began to circulate upon his return that Martin had made his mind up and would announce his decision on the following night's episode of The Footy Show. Martin ultimately forwent more than $2 million over the life of the deal when on Thursday 31 August he accepted Richmond's offer. A handshake agreement took place that afternoon in the home of Martin's agent Ralph Carr before he signed the deal officially in the days that followed. Though numerous media organisations had already run with the news in the hours previous, Martin officially announced his decision in a pre-recorded interview that aired on The Footy Show.


title: Dustin Martin

text: With a new contract signed Martin and his Tigers entered the finals in a top-four match-up with at the MCG. It was to be his first finals win, turning in a 28 disposal and arguably best-on-ground performance to see Richmond through to its first preliminary final since 2001. He put in another strong performance in the match two weeks later, forgoing midfield minutes in favour of time up forward where he kicked three goals in his side's 36-point win over . Before he could play in the grand final however, Martin was to face the spotlight off-field at the Brownlow Medal count to award the league's best and fairest player that season. He entered the night as an almost unbackable favourite to win the award on the back of ten matches where he was favourite to poll the maximum three votes. He ultimately recorded the maximum three votes on a record-breaking 11 matches and bested Patrick Dangerfield's 2016 sum to set a new record with 36 total votes to win the award. Dangerfield finished with the next most votes (33) but was ineligible to win after being suspended in July for a dangerous tackle against . As a result, Martin's runner-up Tom Mitchell finished a full 11 points behind with 25 votes total. Days later Martin would lead his team to a grand final match-up with minor-premiers . After a tight first half, Richmond ran over the top of Adelaide in the second, securing a 37-year drought breaking premiership with a 48-point victory in front of more than one hundred thousand spectators at the MCG. Martin was best-on-field in the win, recording 29 disposals, a staggering 21 contested possessions and two goals. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as a result, and thus became the first player in league history to win the award and a premiership in the same year as receiving the Brownlow Medal.


title: Dustin Martin

text: At the end of the home and away season VFL/AFL legend Leigh Matthews had named Martin's 2017 season as the best by any player in the history of the game. By the end of the grand final it also become one of the most awarded. In addition to his premiership, his Brownlow Medal and his Norm Smith Medal, Martin also received both the Players Association and Coaches Association awards for player of the year, the former of which was named after Matthews himself. He was also recognised in numerous media awards as the season's best player including those from the "Herald Sun", "3AW", "SEN", "Triple M" and "foxfooty.com.au". Martin received All-Australian honours for the second consecutive year as well as his second-straight Jack Dyer Medal as Richmond's best and fairest player. His spectacular final series was also recognised by the Coach's Association, earning him the first Gary Ayres Award as the player judged the best performer across the 2017 AFL finals series.


title: Dustin Martin

text: Martin entered 2018 as the best player in the league according to a pre-season Players Association poll, up from 12th position at the same time the previous year. He trained at full strength during the off-season and played well in each of Richmond's two pre-season matches. In round 1 he was named in Richmond's best players by "AFL Media" for a performance that included 32 disposals and a goal. He added his second five-goal haul of his career the next week, in a loss to at the Adelaide Oval. Martin would outdo that effort just a fortnight later, posting a new career-high total with six goals in a wet and rainy 93-point win over the . In round 6 he posted numerous game-highs with 10 clearances, 10 inside 50s and 605 metres gained and earned five votes as Richmond's second best player behind only captain Trent Cotchin. After that match, "Fox Footy" reported that Martin had recorded just one of his 150 disposals that season in Richmond's defensive 50, with analyst Leigh Montagna explaining that Martin was tasked with attending centre bounces as a midfielder but would play forward of the ball at virtually all other points of the match. A fortnight later Martin was effectively tagged out of Richmond's win over by Ben Jacobs and managed only 16 disposals, his lowest total in more than a year. That match also marked the first time Martin had gone without scoring a goal or a behind since round 23, 2016. In round 10's win over , Martin kicked two goals and was named as one of Richmond's best by "AFL Media". He followed that performance with 28 disposals and a goal in round 11's win over before sitting out of round 12's matchup with due to a minor calf injury. To that point, it was just the fifth game Martin had missed due to injury or suspension in his AFL career and his first since round 22, 2014. Martin returned after just one match, contributing 22 disposals and a goal in Richmond's round 13 victory over . Later that week, Martin was named in "Fox Footy's" mid-year All Australian squad while also being named in the "Herald Sun" and "AFL Media" teams of 22 players. Following the bye, Martin kicked a game-high two goals and added 30 disposals in a win over at the MCG. The following week he was adjust Richmond's best player in a loss to the in which he received six coaches award votes. He repeated the effort in round 18, named by "The Age" as Richmond's best in a win over . In round 19 he added three goals despite a strong tag from 's Levi Greenwood. Martin was again named by "The Age" as Richmond's best with a two-goal performance in round 22, a win over that saw the club secure the season's minor premiership. To that point Martin ranked first in the league for inside 50s and score involvements as well as second for centre clearances and seventh for goal assists recorded that season. At the end of the home and away season, Martin was named at rover in the AFL's Player Ratings team of the year, was nominated for the AFLPA's MVP award and earned his third straight All-Australian selection. He entered that year's Brownlow Medal count as bookmakers' second placed favourite and ranked first in "AFL Media"'s Brownlow Predictor.


title: Dustin Martin

text: In the first week of the finals series, Martin played his 200th AFL match in a qualifying final victory over . He became the 29th Richmond player to achieve the milestone and the quickest to do so, having achieved the feat eight years and five months after his initial debut. He finished the match with 29 disposals, 10 clearances and a boundary line goal that "The West Australian" said would have been the goal of the year had it been kicked during the home and away season and what "Fox Footy" commentator Jonathan Brown labelled "one of the greatest finals goals you'll ever see". Media reports following that match suggested that Martin had suffered a corked thigh during play, a claim seemingly supported by Martin's limited training program the following week, but nonetheless continually denied by club officials at the time. Less than a week later the club reversed its position, revealing Martin had suffered a serious corked thigh on his kicking leg and was continuing to deal with the effects of bleeding on the knee. Despite the injury, Martin played in what would be a shock preliminary final loss to which saw Richmond's season ended. He produced a significantly reduced output, finishing the match with just 19 disposals, six of which were kicks and represented his lowest kicking tally since round 23, 2013. Following the conclusion of the 2018 finals series, Martin was named by the "Herald Sun's" chief football writer Mark Robinson as the league's second best midfielder and the fourth best player overall, during the 2018 season. After winning the award in each of the previous two seasons, Martin placed third in the club's best and fairest count behind only Kane Lambert and eventual winner Jack Riewoldt.


title: Dustin Martin

text: According to media reports in November of the previous off-season, Martin was to captain one of four franchise-style AFLX teams in an upcoming pre-season tournament in 2019. Martin was replaced in the reported line-up by teammate Jack Riewoldt after seemingly removing himself from availability before the tournament concept was confirmed. Instead, he made his first footballing appearance of 2019 in each of Richmond's two pre-season matches in early March. In round 1 Martin was described by "AFL Media" as "solid, yet not spectacular" with 30 disposals and seven inside 50s in his club's 33-point victory over . The following week he was tagged effectively by 's Levi Greenwood and held to just 19 disposals in Richmond's round 2 loss to . The strategy was repeated by the Giants in round 3, when Matt de Boer managed to restrict him to just 15 disposals.