title: Helmand Province

text: News reports identified the insurgents involved in the fighting as a mix of Taliban fighters and warring tribal groups who are heavily involved in the province's lucrative opium trade. Given the amount of drugs produced in the area, it is likely that foreign drug traffickers were also involved.


title: Helmand Province

text: Fighting continued throughout the winter, with British and allied troops taking a more pro-active stance against the Taliban insurgents. Several operations were launched including "Operation Silicone" at the start of spring. In May 2007, Mullah Dadullah, one of the Taliban's top commanders, along with 11 of his men were killed by NATO-led Afghan forces in Helmand.


title: Helmand Province

text: In April 2008, about 1,500 2nd Battalion 7th Marines occupied over of Helmand River valley and neighboring Farah Province. The operation was to set up forward operation bases and train the Afghan National Police in an area with little or no outside support.


title: Helmand Province

text: Also in 2008, an Embedded Training Team from the Oregon Army National Guard led a Kandak of Afghan National Army troops in fighting against the Taliban in Lashkargah, as seen in the documentary Shepherds of Helmand.


title: Helmand Province

text: In June 2009, "Operation Panther's Claw" was launched with the stated aim of securing control of various canal and river crossings and establishing a lasting ISAF presence in an area described by Lt. Col. Richardson as "one of the main Taliban strongholds" ahead of the 2009 Afghan presidential election.


title: Helmand Province

text: In July 2009, around 4,000 U.S. Marines pushed into the Helmand River valley in a major offensive to liberate the area from Taliban insurgents. The operation, dubbed Operation Khanjar ("Operation Dagger"), was the first major push since U.S. President Obama's request for 21,000 additional soldiers in Afghanistan, targeting the Taliban insurgents.


title: Helmand Province

text: In February 2013, "BBC" reported that corruption occurs in Afghan National Police bases, with some bases arming children, using them as servants and sometimes sexually abusing them; in early March 2013, the "New York Times" reported that government corruption is rampant with routine accusations against the police of shaking down and sexually abusing civilians causing loyalty to the government to be weaker.


title: Helmand Province

text: On 13 August 2021, the capital of the province Lashkar Gah fell to the Taliban after weeks of fighting in the Battle of Lashkargah. Around 1,500 Afghan soldiers were said to have surrendered, leaving the province in Taliban hands. According to "The Washington Post", the US withdrawal and Taliban victory was mostly met with relief in Helmand; the province had suffered through some of the deadliest battles of the war from 2001 to 2021 and heavy US-led bombardments.


title: Helmand Province

text: Bost Airport serves the population of Helmand for domestic flights to other parts of the country. It is designed for civilian use. NATO-led forces heavily used the airport at Camp Shorabak, formerly Camp Bastion. Camp Leatherneck, which used to be the main British base in Afghanistan during the occupation, is also adjacent. All sites were claimed by the Taliban on 13 August 2021.


title: Helmand Province

text: There is no rail service. Primary roads include the ring road passes through Helmand from Kandahar to Delaram. There is a major north–south route (Highway 611) that goes from Lashkargah to Sangin. About 33% of Helmands roads are not passable during certain seasons and in some areas, there are no roads at all.


title: Helmand Province

text: Farming is the main source of income for the majority. This includes agriculture and animal husbandry. Animals include cows, sheep, goats, and chicken. Donkeys and camels are used for labor. The province has a potential for fishery. The region produce the following: opium, tobacco, cotton, wheat and potato.


title: Helmand Province

text: The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 2% in 2005 to 3% in 2011.


title: Helmand Province

text: As of 2020, the population of Helmand Province is about 1,446,230. It is mostly a tribal and rural society, with the ethnic Pashtuns being predominant; there is a significant Baloch minority in the south, and there is small minority of Tajiks, and a significant minority of Hazaras in the far northern regions of the province. The Pashtuns are divided into the following tribes: Barakzai (32%), Nurzai (16%), Alakozai (9%), and Eshaqzai (5.2%). All the inhabitants practice Sunni Islam except the small number of Hazaras who are Shi'as and the Sikhs who follow Sikhism. 53.5% of the population lived below the national poverty line.


title: Kenya national football team

text: The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football. It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation, the governing body football in Kenya, and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA), a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa. The team is colloquially known as the "Harambee Stars" and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country's capital, Nairobi. The team failed to qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup competition.


title: Kenya national football team

text: Kenya has appeared in six Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, never reaching the second round. The team entered its first FIFA World Cup qualifiers in 1974. As of 2022, they have never qualified for the final tournament.


title: Kenya national football team

text: FIFA suspended Kenya from all football activities for three months in 2004, due to the interference of the government in football activities. The ban was reversed after the country agreed to create new statutes.


title: Kenya national football team

text: On 25 October 2006, Kenya was suspended again from international football for failing to fulfill a January 2006 agreement made to resolve recurrent problems in their football federation. FIFA announced that the suspension would be in force until the federation complies with the agreements previously reached.


title: Kenya national football team

text: On 1 March 2022, Kenya, along with Zimbabwe, was suspended again from international sport due to the interference of the government. Earlier in November 2021, Nairobi and Harare dissolved their federations and were replaced with government-officials. On 31 March, the suspension was made indefinite and was ratified by FIFA. Suspension is set until Kenya and Zimbabwe meet the demands given by FIFA.


title: Kenya national football team

text: On 28th November 2022 FIFA lifted the Ban, This is through the Intervention of The minister of Sports Ababu Namwamba. The conditions were met and International football returned but could not feature in the 2023 African Cup of nations for failing to comply 8 days before qualifiers.


title: Kenya national football team

text: Kenya qualified for the 2019 AFCON (this was their first appearance in the tournament since their appearance in the 2004 AFCON). The head coach at the time Sébastien Migné was appointed in May 2018, and since his appointment Kenya has climbed back into the top 100 FIFA ranked nations.


title: Kenya national football team

text: In May 2017, the Football Kenya Federation signed a 3-year partnership with kits manufacturer Mafro Sports to provide the kits for all national teams, as well as junior categories. The national team will use red jerseys for home matches, white jerseys for away matches, and green jerseys for matches played on neutral venues.


title: Kenya national football team

text: On the 8th of March 2021, the Football Kenya Federation President Nick Mwendwa and Odibets General Manager Dedan Mungai unveiled a historic partnership. The partnership was the first of its kind where the betting company Odibets would sponsor the Kenyan football team to prepare for five upcoming matches. The 5 million shilling motivation deal was set in place to cater for the team's wants and needs. While it was set as a continuous partnership, the initial donation of KSH 5,000,000 was made as a one time payment.


title: Kenya national football team

text: The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Kenya national football team

text: The following players have been selected for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Uganda and Rwanda on 10 and 15 November 2021.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Joy of Satan Ministries, also referred to as Joy of Satan (JoS), is a website and western esoteric occult organization founded in 2002 by Andrea M. Dietrich ( Maxine Dietrich). Joy of Satan Ministries advocates "Spiritual Satanism", an ideology that presents a synthesis of Theistic Satanism, Nazism, Gnostic Paganism, Western esotericism, UFO conspiracy theories and extraterrestrial beliefs similar to those popularized by Zecharia Sitchin and David Icke.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Members believe Satan to be "The true father and creator God of humanity", whose desire was for his creations, humanity, to elevate themselves through knowledge and understanding.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: They have been the topic of significant controversy for their anti-Semitic beliefs and a connection to a former chairman of the National Socialist Movement, an American Neo-Nazi organization.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: The orientation of the Joy of Satan Ministries – "Spiritual Satanism" – is generally acknowledged by some scholars as a form of western esotericism, embracing an esoteric form of LaVeyan Satanism instead of the materialist and carnal inceptions idealized by Anton LaVey. Their relation between Satan is described by professor of religious studies, Christopher Partridge, as "the core of an esoteric project of transformation, based on a personal or mystical relationship".


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: In the early 2000s, Maxine Dietrich began the creation of Joy of Satan Ministries. Maxine Dietrich established a Satanic ideology that would present itself as an esoteric form of LaVeyan Satanism, but would espouse a "traditional Satanism" by establishing its satanic fundamentals from ancient Middle East, Far-Eastern and Western teachings, and only acknowledging Judaic/Abrahamic concepts of Satan as a reaction. From the research of Zechariah Sitchin, Maxine Dietrich derived the theory of an ancient conflict between advanced extraterrestrial races (see #Origins of humanity, below) and incorporated these theories into her ideology; she concluded that Jews and the Abrahamic religions were the products of a hostile alien race responsible for the deposition of pagan religions and their pagan gods (who the JoS identify as demons). With this reinterpretation, the Joy of Satan recreated Anton LaVey's Sigil of Baphomet, a Sigil that would incorporate Cuneiform script instead of Hebrew letters (which spells out "Satan" in cuneiform instead of "Leviathan" in Hebrew). These incorporated theories, in addition to its contempt of Jewish mysticism, became the spark of significant controversy for the religious organization.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: When the adoption of anti-Judaic sentiment had completely established itself within the JoS ideology, further anti-Semitic theories would later be incorporated. In 2004, it was also revealed that Clifford Herrington, chairman of the National Socialist Movement, was the husband of the high priestess of the organization. This revelation exposed the split in the NSM's religious orientation and lead to a major debate and conflict within the NSM and JoS. Despite the events, Joy of Satan continued to persist and maintain popularity and significance while being acknowledged as one of the most controversial Satanic sects in the currents of theistic Satanism.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Joy of Satan presents various extraterrestrial theories, some of which they derive from author of ancient astronauts, Zecharia Sitchin. JoS believe that Satan and the Demons of the Goetia are sentient and powerful extraterrestrial beings responsible for the creation of humanity, and whose origins pre-date Abrahamic religions. They're also identified as Nephilim from the Hebrew bible. According to sociologist of religion Massimo Introvigne, "Maxine Dietrich derived from these theories the ideas of a mortal struggle between enlightened aliens and a monstrous extra-terrestrial race, the Reptilians."


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Joy of Satan Ministries believe that one of the benign aliens, Enki, which they consider to be Satan himself, created with his collaborators on Earth human beings through their advanced technology of genetic engineering. It's considered by Joy of Satan that most salient of his creations were the Nordic-Aryan race. They declare that the Reptilians have, in turn, created their own kind by combining their own DNA with the DNA of semi-animal humanoids with the result identified as the Jewish race.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Joy of Satan Ministries theorize that after the benevolent extraterrestrials left Earth 10,000 years ago, the agents of the Reptilians created their own religions, the Abrahamic religions, which subsequently began the deposition and defamation of Pagan deities. They claim these religions maligned the benign extraterrestrials by labeling them as "devils", and through their doctrines, created a climate of terror within humanity (e.g. condemning sexuality), in order to better program and control humans. They state that Satan, however, did not abandon humanity, believing he has revealed himself in The Black Book of Satan (not to be confused with the ONA's scripture of the same name).


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Adherents of Joy of Satan Ministries are generally polytheists, viewing demons of the Goetia to have a literal existence and Satan to be their cardinal ruler. Satan and some demons are also viewed as one of many deities and are equated with many gods from ancient cultures, such as Satan having known to be the Sumerian god Enki and the Yazidi angel Melek Taus. While Satan is considered a deity within JoS, the deities themselves are understood to be highly evolved, un-aging, sentient and powerful humanoid extraterrestrial beings.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: While the Joy of Satan Ministries adopts the Satanic fundamentals of LaVey's Satanic bible, Introvigne describes LaVeyan Satanism as more "rationalist" in comparison. In Asbjorn Dyrendal's account, he acknowledges "a different spiritual atmosphere from LaVeyan Satanism." Asbjorn states that "LaVey was able to suggest the reality of mysterious, 'occult' forces' while simultaneously appealing to an atheist viewpoint that, he asserted, was supported by modern science." He further adds that "The Joy of Satan tends to present with more simple, spiritualized language."


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Satan is seen as an important deity by the Joy of Satan, although not as an omnipotent and omnipresent god. They also hold the belief of Satan to be a representative of the notions of strength, power, justice, and freedom. Lillith is another deity of significance to the group, who is recognized as "the patron of strong women and a Goddess of women's rights", as well as abortion rights and birth control.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Joy of Satan promotes a wide variety of occult practices, such as methods for evocation of demonic entities and guidelines for making pacts with them. JoS consider that Satanism, in practice, is the true nature of humanity that precedes Christianity.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Practitioners of the Joy of Satan Ministries may share similar practices of other groups under the theistic Satanist sect and those categorized in the esoteric ideology. According to Christian author and biblical researcher, Josh Peck, "theistic Satanism engages in every New age practice under the sun in their dedications to Satan and Satanic philosophy." Referring the spiritual ministry as an example, he notes their divination methods in astrology, magic, pendulums, runes, clairvoyance, past lives, the pineal gland and third eye, the chakras, bioelectric technology, the astral plane, spells, the kundalini serpent, trance, as well as methods in self-hypnosis, incense, telekinesis, brain waves, and chanting.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Jesper Petersen states that practitioners experimenting with the meditation practices of the JoS can find them useful. Their numerous uses of magic also run from simple to the complex. These include sorcery, spells, and various types of witchcraft, all of which require the practitioner to imaginatively apply specialized knowledge and technique to the object of the spell, hypnotism, healing and other kind of magic or divination. They also offer a range of occult techniques in black magic.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: According to Jesper Petersen, "The rituals proposed by the Joy of Satan are very simple and not particularly advanced, with most consisting of mainly visualization exercises rather than actual rituals known in mainstream satanic culture. Despite what's commonly believed, the process of their rituals is not a negotiation or 'exercises of evil, but rather 'telepathic communication' with anthropomorphic beings, with an almost jovial tone throughout various rituals". The JoS also state Satan recognizes a lack of funds and does not expect his adherents to have expensive items for ritual in comparison to the ideals of a modern Christian Church. A similar formulation is also used when discussing the scarcity of black candles.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Initiates begin a "formal commitment" that is signed in blood and burned in order to participate fully in Satan's work upon humanity, to imply a growth in spiritual knowledge and personal power. In standard devotional rituals, their orientation is described as a shift from control to attachment and self-development, in which their rituals are not intended to forcibly summon demons but instead enable mystical experiences and empowerment more in tune with their expressive concerns. The central part of their "Standard Ritual to Satan" consists in reading prayers to and "communicating with father Satan one to one", which is considered by Jesper Petersen "a surprising break with the more traditional ceremonial activities known in mainstream satanic culture." The structure of the ritual is also considered fairly standard, after which suitable preparations (bathing, lighting candles and so on), the ritual begins with ringing the bell and invoking "The four princes of hell." In the main part, the Invocation to Satan is recited, establishing a link suitable for prayer and communication. The practitioner, after concluding his endeavors, will then end the ritual with a close.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Prominent theistic Satanist, Diane Vera, commends the owner of the Joy of Satan site, Maxine Dietrich, stating her pioneering efforts is a vast improvement over the old, disrespectful grimoire methods. Rev. Jeff Rhoades also states their endeavors with demons are "with much more respect than most version of the Goetia and other Christian grimoires."


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Adherents of the Joy of Satan may also partake in rituals against those believed to be "enemies of Satan", a notion advocated as spiritual warfare.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Joy of Satan Ministries became the topic of significant criticism for its close connections to a high-ranking leader of the National Socialist Movement, as well as for its anti-Judaic, anti-Christian, and anti-Semitic beliefs. While spiritual Satanists have adopted their ideas as a model, they have since distanced themselves from the group's controversial beliefs and "very explicit connection with Nazism."


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: When the fact that Maxine was the wife of a well-known American neo-Nazi leader became public knowledge, it created serious problems within Joy of Satan itself. This controversy exposed the split in the NSM between the Christian Identity and the Odinists and Satanists. According to Introvigne (2016), "Several local groups abandoned Dietrich and started minuscule splinter organizations. Some of these insisted that they were not Satanist, just pagan". Introvigne adds that "most are by now defunct, while Joy of Satan continues its existence, although with a reduced number of members". Despite the events, Introvigne states that "Its ideas on extraterrestrials, meditation, and telepathic contacts with demons became, however, popular in a larger milieu of non-LaVeyan "spiritual" or theistic" Satanism". Followed by a series of backlash, Clifford and Andrea Herrington were also accused of sexual misconduct with many other allegations against them, however, Introvigne claims the allegations "are difficult to evaluate". Maxine's Satanic affiliations, however, were enough to result in Clifford Herrington's departure from the National Socialist Movement. Clifford Herrington would then form the "National Socialist Freedom Movement" after leaving the NSM in 2006.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: Like the Order of Nine Angles, the Joy of Satan shares similar anti-Semitic beliefs and National Socialist sympathy and is considered to be in the same ideological category, appearing to be similar ideologies with some dissent to each other.


title: Joy of Satan Ministries

text: James R. Lewis noted in his "Satan census"(2009) a surprising number of respondents to the Joy of Satan. According to the scholar of Religious studies and researcher of New religious movements Jesper Aagaard Petersen's survey (2014) on the Satanic "milieu"'s proliferation on the internet (2014) noted a surprising prominence among theistic Satanist websites on the internet, he states "the only sites with some popularity are the Church of Satan and (somewhat paradoxically) Joy of Satan's page base on the angelfire network, and they are still very far from Scientology or YouTube. Most of these sites are decidedly fringe."


The 1992 United States House of Representatives elections coincided with the 1992 presidential election, in which Democrat Bill Clinton was elected as President, defeating Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush.


title: 1992 United States House of Representatives elections

text: Despite this, however, the Democrats lost a net of nine seats in the House to the Republicans, in part due to redistricting following the 1990 Census. This election was the first to use districts drawn on the basis of the 1990 Census. The redrawn districts were notable for the increase in majority-minority districts, drawn as mandated by the Voting Rights Act. The 1980 Census resulted in 17 majority-black districts and 10 majority-Hispanic districts, but 32 and 19 such districts, respectively, were drawn after 1990.


text: This was the first time ever that the victorious presidential party lost seats in the House in two consecutive elections. As of 2022, this is the last congressional election in which Republicans won a House seat in Rhode Island, and the last time the Democrats won the House for more than two consecutive elections.


text: The delegation increased from 45 to 52 seats. To create the seven-seat net gain, eight seats were added, designated as: the , , , , , , , and districts, and one seat was lost through the merger of two seats: the former and districts merged into the redesignated , in an election contest.


text: One seat lost to reapportionment. Four Incumbents were squeezed into two districts and one new district was created.


title: Louise Linton

text: Louise Linton (née Hay; born 20 December 1980) is a Scottish actress. She has appeared in the horror films "Cabin Fever" and "Intruder", in minor roles in the television series "" and "Cold Case", and wrote, directed, produced and starred in the 2021 film "Me You Madness". Linton is married to Steven Mnuchin, the former United States Secretary of the Treasury.


title: Louise Linton

text: Louise Hay was born in the Murrayfield area of Edinburgh, Scotland, the youngest of three children of William and Rachel Hay. Her family owns Melville Castle outside Edinburgh, where she used to spend weekends.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton was educated at St George's School for Girls and Fettes College. She was interested in acting from an early age; after observing students from Pepperdine University participating at the Edinburgh Festival, she vowed to her father that she would one day attend "Pepperdine and be an actress." She trained in Edinburgh with a private coach from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, from which she gained honours after an exam.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton's mother died of breast cancer, aged 53, when Linton was 14 years old. After boarding school, Louise spent part of her gap year as a volunteer in northern Zambia, before attending university in the United States.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton has stated that she adopted her stage surname from her grandfather, partly to protect her family and partly to avoid confusion with the author Louise Hay.


title: Louise Linton

text: Her first role was as a guest star in "" playing Simone de Lille, a French au pair to a New York teenager played by Shailene Woodley. The episode aired in 2007.


title: Louise Linton

text: Her first film was 2007's "Lions for Lambs", directed by Robert Redford, starring Tom Cruise and Meryl Streep, in which Linton played Miss M, but her scenes were dropped from the final release. In 2008, she portrayed Katie in the Roy Lee horror film "The Echo". According to the film's director, Yam Laranas, Linton was not his first pick of actress but he agreed to give her the role because her then-husband Ronald Richards paid him $200,000. Her first lead role was in the sci-fi film "Scavengers". In 2016, she appeared in "Cabin Fever", a remake of the 2002 film of the same name and played the lead role of Elizabeth in the thriller "Intruder". In 2009 Linton appeared in the "Cold Case" episode "WASP" in which she played Louise Patterson, a 1940's Women Air Force Service Pilot. She also appeared in the film "Crew 2 Crew". Linton was featured in the 2003 reality TV series "Hopelessly Rich".


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton posed for "Maxim" in 2009. "Maxim" dubbed her "the hottest thing to come out of Scotland since microwaved haggis.”


title: Louise Linton

text: In interviews from 2009 to 2011, Linton recounted volunteering during her 1999 gap year in what she described as "war-torn Zambia", and the night she spent "hiding in the bush as Hutu rebels attacked the village she was working in". In 2016, she self-published her memoir about her experiences in Zambia, titled "In Congo's Shadow", co-authored by Wendy Holden.


title: Louise Linton

text: In February 2017, Linton succeeded her fiancé, Steven Mnuchin, as the interim CEO of Dune Entertainment. Mnuchin had founded Dune in 2004 but stepped down as part of his ethics agreement to divest his business roles in preparation for his appointment as Secretary of the Treasury. Linton publicly announced her new role in early May, which immediately drew the attention of Senator Ron Wyden (D-Oregon), a member of the Senate Finance Committee. Wyden questioned whether the appointment of Linton meant Mnuchin had fully divested from the company. Although the Treasury replied that she was serving in an uncompensated capacity, Linton resigned as interim CEO later in May.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton is involved in The Rockshiel Trust, a Scottish legal entity, which applied to develop townhouses and apartments in the upmarket area of Murrayfield in Edinburgh close to the Hay family's Edinburgh home. The plans for 9 Kinellan Road were objected to by the local community and the plans submitted to Edinburgh City Council in January 2019 were later withdrawn.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton's production company Stormchaser Films acquired "Serial Daters Anonymous" and completed the film’s production and post production. Linton stars opposite Sam Page. The film has not yet been released.


title: Louise Linton

text: In 2019, Linton wrote, directed, produced, financed, and starred in the feature film "Me You Madness" opposite Ed Westwick in which she plays a murderous, sex-addicted hedge fund manager. The movie was released on 12 February 2021.


title: Louise Linton

text: In 2016, she drew widespread criticism for her memoir. An excerpt from the memoir, published in "The Telegraph", drew intense scrutiny, with many readers objecting to her portrayal of Zambia, as well as Linton's claim that she was a "central character" in the events. "I tried not to think what the rebels would do to the 'skinny white Muzungu with long angel hair' if they found me." – Louise Linton in her memoir, "In Congo's Shadow."


title: Louise Linton

text: The Zambian High Commission in London and others criticised the book for its inaccuracies and promotion of the false narrative of "the white saviour". Her representative, Mike Sitrick, says she was targeted unfairly. "Had her critics checked," he stated, "they would have found that articles written contemporaneously with the events reported in Louise's book, by among the most respected media in the world, were consistent with Louise's reporting of those events, as was a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees briefing in March 1999.”


title: Louise Linton

text: Shortly after "The Telegraph" published its extract from the book, Linton withdrew her book from sale. She later apologised for causing offence and promised to donate all profits from the book to an appropriate charity, which she founded. "The Telegraph" withdrew the published extract and also apologised for any inaccuracies in Linton's text.


title: Louise Linton

text: In August 2017, Linton was criticised for posting a photo on Instagram of herself accompanying her husband on a trip to Fort Knox on a United States government plane, using hashtags to highlight the designer clothing and accessories she wore. In her reply, she called the critic "adorably out of touch", and suggested that she contributed more to the US economy and paid more in taxes than the woman criticising her. Following extensive publicity, Linton apologised for both her initial post and her response to criticism released by her publicist, saying "it was inappropriate and highly insensitive". The couple reimbursed the government for the travel costs. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington filed a Freedom of Information Act request for the authorisation and costs of the trip, noting the trip "seems to have been planned around the solar eclipse." Later, Linton said she was a "bozo" for the Instagram post.


title: Louise Linton

text: The Treasury's Office of Inspector General reviewed the 2017 flight taken by Mnuchin and Linton. ABC News reported in September 2017 that the office had opened a second inquiry following reports that Mnuchin had requested use of a government jet to take him and Linton on their honeymoon in Scotland, France and Italy.


title: Louise Linton

text: In November 2017, Linton and Mnuchin sparked a new wave of criticism when they were photographed holding a sheet of dollar bills – the first to include Mnuchin's signature – at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.


title: Louise Linton

text: In January 2018, Linton was one of many celebrities, sports stars, journalists and politicians that was outed by "The New York Times" for allegedly purchasing fake followers – some of whom used information copied from real people – on various types of social media in order to overstate her following.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton met Mnuchin through mutual friends at a 2013 wedding reception in Los Angeles. The pair were engaged in 2015 after dating for two years. On 24 June 2017, Linton married Mnuchin. The civil ceremony, at which Vice President Mike Pence officiated, took place at the Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium in Washington, D.C.


title: Louise Linton

text: Linton serves on the board of Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA and the Old Fettesian's US Board of Trustees for Fettes College in Edinburgh. She was an ambassador for Erskine Wounded Warriors Scotland from 2010 to 2012, and is an ambassador for the Scottish Butterfly Trust for Cystic Fibrosis.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: Rameshbabu "Pragg" Praggnanandhaa (born 10 August 2005) is an Indian chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, he earned the international master title at the age of 10, the youngest at the time to do so, and the grandmaster title at age 12, the second-youngest at the time to do so. On 22 February 2022, at the age of 16, he became the youngest player till then to defeat current world champion Magnus Carlsen, when he beat Carlsen in a rapid game at the Airthings Masters Rapid Chess Tournament. (Gukesh D is now holding the record since 16 October 2022)


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: Praggnanandhaa won the World Youth Chess Championship Under-8 title in 2013, earning him the title of FIDE Master at the age of 7. He won the Under-10 title in 2015.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: In 2016, Praggnanandhaa became the youngest international master in history, at the age of 10 years, 10 months, and 19 days. He achieved his first grandmaster norm at the World Junior Chess Championship in November 2017, finishing fourth with 8 points. He gained his second norm at the Heraklion Fischer Memorial GM norm tournament in Greece on 17 April 2018. On 23 June 2018 he achieved his third and final norm at the Gredine Open in Urtijëi, Italy, by defeating Luca Moroni in the eighth round to become, at the age of 12 years, 10 months and 13 days, the then second-youngest person ever to achieve the rank of grandmaster (Sergey Karjakin attained the title at 12 years and 7 months). He is the fifth-youngest person ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster (GM), behind Abhimanyu Mishra, Sergey Karjakin, Gukesh D, and Javokhir Sindarov.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: In 2018, Praggnanandhaa was invited to the Magistral de León Masters in Spain for a four-game rapid match against Wesley So. He defeated So in game one, and after three games the score was tied at 1½–1½. In the last game, So defeated Praggnanandhaa, winning the match 2½–1½.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: In January 2018, Praggnanandhaa tied for third place with GM Alder Escobar Forero and IM Denys Shmelov in the Charlotte Chess Center's Winter 2018 GM Norm Invitational held in Charlotte, North Carolina, with a score of 5.0/9.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: In July 2019, Praggnanandhaa won the Xtracon Chess Open in Denmark, scoring 8½/10 points (+7–0=3). On 12 October 2019, he won the World Youth Championships in the Under-18 section with a score of 9/11. In December 2019, he became the second-youngest person to achieve a rating of 2600. He did this at the age of 14 years, 3 months and 24 days.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: In April 2021, Praggnanandhaa won the Polgar Challenge, the first leg (out of four) of the Julius Baer Challengers Chess Tour, a rapid online event organized by Julius Baer Group and Chess24.com for young talents. He scored 15.5/19, 1.5 points ahead of the next best placed competitors. This win helped him qualify for the next Meltwater Champions Chess Tour on 24 April 2021, where he finished in 10th place with a score of 7/15 (+4-5=6), including wins against Teimour Radjabov, Jan-Krzysztof Duda, Sergey Karjakin, and Johan-Sebastian Christiansen as well as a draw against World Champion Magnus Carlsen.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: Praggnanandhaa entered the Chess World Cup 2021 as the 90th seed. He defeated GM Gabriel Sargissian 2–0 in round 2, and advanced to round 4 after defeating GM Michał Krasenkow in the rapid tiebreaks in round 3. He was eliminated in round four by Maxime Vachier-Lagrave.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: Praggnanandhaa played in the Masters section of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2022, winning games against Andrey Esipenko, Vidit Gujrathi and Nils Grandelius, finishing in 12th place with a final score of 5½.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: On 20 February 2022, he became the third Indian player (after Anand and Harikrishna) to win a game against World Champion Magnus Carlsen in any time format, in the online "Airthings Masters" rapid tournament of the Champions Chess Tour 2022, with a 15+10 time control.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: At the Chessable Masters online rapid chess tournament in May 2022, he defeated Carlsen once again, his second win over him in 3 months, and advanced to the finals.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: He also defeated Carlsen 3 times in the FTX Crypto Cup 2022, finishing second behind Carlsen in the final standings.


title: R Praggnanandhaa

text: Praggnanandhaa was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on 10 August 2005. He is the younger sibling of Woman Grandmaster and International Master R Vaishali. His father works as a branch manager at TNSC Bank, and his mother is a homemaker. He studies at Velammal Main Campus in Chennai.


title: Jerry Hardin

text: Jerry Hardin (born November 20, 1929) is an American actor. Hardin has appeared in film and television roles, including the character nicknamed Deep Throat in "The X-Files".


title: Jerry Hardin

text: Hardin was born in Texas and studied acting at London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art before beginning his acting career in New York. He is married with two children, one of whom is actress Melora Hardin.


title: Jerry Hardin

text: Hardin was born in Dallas on November 20, 1929. His father was a rancher, and Jerry spent his youth actively involved with his local church and performing in school plays. He attended Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, on a scholarship before going on to study at London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, earning a scholarship there through the Fulbright Program. He spent several years there before returning to the United States to begin acting in New York, performing in regional theatre for twelve years.


title: Jerry Hardin

text: Hardin began acting on television in the 1950s, mostly in character roles. He amassed over a hundred appearances by the early 1990s, in addition to more than seventy-five theatrical credits by the early 1960s. His television appearances include roles in the 1976 western series "Sara", "Family Ties", "The Golden Girls", "World War III", "", "", "Sliders", and "". Hardin appeared in such films as "Thunder Road" (1958), , "Our Time" (1974),"The Rockford Files" (1977), "Chilly Scenes of Winter" (1979), "1941" (1979), "Reds" (1981), "Missing" (1982), "Tempest" (1982), "Honkytonk Man" (1982), "Cujo" (1983), "Mass Appeal" (1984), "Warning Sign" (1985), "Big Trouble in Little China" (1986), "Let's Get Harry" (1986), "" (1987), "Little Nikita" (1988), "The Milagro Beanfield War" (1988), "Blaze" (1989), "The Hot Spot" (1990), "The Firm" (1993).


title: Jerry Hardin

text: His role in 1993's "The Firm" won Hardin the attention of television writer Chris Carter, who cast him in the recurring role of Deep Throat in the series "The X-Files". Hardin believed his initial appearance in the second episode of the first season, airing on September 17, 1993, would be a one-time role, but he soon found himself regularly commuting to the series' Vancouver filming location on short notice. After filming the character's death in the first season finale, "The Erlenmeyer Flask", Hardin was toasted with champagne, and told by Carter that "no one ever really dies on "X-Files"". As such, Hardin made several more appearances as Deep Throat after this, seen in visions in the third season's "The Blessing Way" and the seventh season's "", in flashbacks in the fourth season's "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", and as one of the guises assumed by a shapeshifting alien in the third season's finale, "Talitha Cumi".


title: Jerry Hardin

text: Hardin is married, with two children. His wife Diane (née Hill) is an acting coach. Despite Hardin's claim that he "did my best to discourage my own children from doing it", his daughter Melora Hardin is also an actress, known for roles as Trudy Monk in "Monk" and Jan Levinson in "The Office", and his son Shawn Hardin worked for television studio NBC.


title: Chemist

text: A chemist (from Greek "chēm(ía)" alchemy; replacing "chymist" from Medieval Latin "alchemist") is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists.


title: Chemist

text: Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products.


title: Chemist

text: The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word "chemist" is derived from the New Latin noun "chimista", an abbreviation of "alchimista" (alchemist). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th century.


title: Chemist

text: Jobs for chemists generally require at least a bachelor's degree in chemistry, but many positions, especially those in research, require a Master of Science or a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "the central science", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and thermochemistry. Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions.


title: Chemist

text: Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at a complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as "chemical technicians". Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, routine analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories, having an associate degree. A chemical technologist has more education or experience than a chemical technician but less than a chemist, often having a bachelor's degree in a different field of science with also an associate degree in chemistry (or many credits related to chemistry) or having the same education as a chemical technician but more experience. There are also degrees specific to become a chemical technologist, which are somewhat distinct from those required when a student is interested in becoming a professional chemist. A Chemical technologist is more involved in the management and operation of the equipment and instrumentation necessary to perform chemical analyzes than a chemical technician. They are part of the team of a chemical laboratory in which the quality of the raw material, intermediate products and finished products is analyzed. They also perform functions in the areas of environmental quality control and the operational phase of a chemical plant.


title: Chemist

text: In addition to all the training usually given to chemical technologists in their respective degree (or one given via an associate degree), a chemist is also trained to understand more details related to chemical phenomena so that the chemist can be capable of more planning on the steps to achieve a distinct goal via a chemistry-related endeavor. The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via a combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, have so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as the kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as recession or economic depression, among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize the exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education. Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within the responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist.


title: Chemist

text: It is important that those interested in a Chemistry degree understand the variety of roles available to them (on average), which vary depending on education and job experience. Those Chemists who hold a bachelor's degree are most commonly involved in positions related to either research assistance (working under the guidance of senior chemists in a research-oriented activity), or, alternatively, they may work on distinct (chemistry-related) aspects of a business, organization or enterprise including aspects that involve quality control, quality assurance, manufacturing, production, formulation, inspection, method validation, visitation for troubleshooting of chemistry-related instruments, regulatory affairs, "on-demand" technical services, chemical analysis for non-research purposes (e.g., as a legal request, for testing purposes, or for government or non-profit agencies); chemists may also work in environmental evaluation and assessment. Other jobs or roles may include sales and marketing of chemical products and chemistry-related instruments or technical writing. The more experience obtained, the more independence and leadership or management roles these chemists may perform in those organizations. Some chemists with relatively higher experience might change jobs or job position to become a manager of a chemistry-related enterprise, a supervisor, an entrepreneur or a chemistry consultant. Other chemists choose to combine their education and experience as a chemist with a distinct credential to provide different services (e.g., forensic chemists, chemistry-related software development, patent law specialists, environmental law firm staff, scientific news reporting staff, engineering design staff, etc.).


title: Chemist

text: In comparison, chemists who have obtained a Master of Science (M.S.) in chemistry or in a very related discipline may find chemist roles that allow them to enjoy more independence, leadership and responsibility earlier in their careers with less years of experience than those with a bachelor's degree as highest degree. Sometimes, M.S. chemists receive more complex tasks duties in comparison with the roles and positions found by chemists with a bachelor's degree as their highest academic degree and with the same or close-to-same years of job experience. There are positions that are open only to those that at least have a degree related to chemistry at the master's level. Although good chemists without a Ph. D. degree but with relatively many years of experience may be allowed some applied research positions, the general rule is that Ph. D. chemists are preferred for research positions and are typically the preferred choice for the highest administrative positions on big enterprises involved in chemistry-related duties. Some positions, especially research oriented, will only allow those chemists who are Ph. D. holders. Jobs that involve intensive research and actively seek to lead the discovery of completely new chemical compounds under specifically assigned monetary funds and resources or jobs that seek to develop new scientific theories require a Ph. D. more often than not. Chemists with a Ph. D. as the highest academic degree are found typically on the research-and-development department of an enterprise and can also hold university positions as professors. Professors for research universities or for big universities usually have a Ph. D., and some research-oriented institutions might require post-doctoral training. Some smaller colleges (including some smaller four-year colleges or smaller non-research universities for undergraduates) as well as community colleges usually hire chemists with a M.S. as professors too (and rarely, some big universities who need part-time or temporary instructors, or temporary staff), but when the positions are scarce and the applicants are many, they might prefer Ph. D. holders instead.


title: Chemist

text: The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the chemical industry and the pharmaceutical industry, and government laboratories.


title: Chemist

text: Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology, and several engineering disciplines.


title: Chemist

text: All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include astrochemistry (and cosmochemistry), atmospheric chemistry, chemical engineering, chemo-informatics, electrochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, geochemistry, green chemistry, history of chemistry, materials science, medical science, molecular biology, molecular genetics, nanotechnology, nuclear chemistry, oenology, organometallic chemistry, petrochemistry, pharmacology, photochemistry, phytochemistry, polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry.


title: Chemist

text: Chemists may belong to professional societies specifically for professionals and researchers within the field of Chemistry, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, or the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States.


title: Chemist

text: The highest honor awarded to chemists is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.


title: Red Robin

text: Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc., more commonly known as Red Robin Gourmet Burgers and Brews or simply Red Robin, is an American chain of casual dining restaurants founded in September 1969 in Seattle, Washington. In 1979, the first franchised Red Robin restaurant was opened in Yakima, Washington. Red Robin's headquarters are in Greenwood Village, Colorado. As of August 2020, the company had over 570 restaurants in operation with 90 being operated as a franchise.


title: Red Robin

text: The original Red Robin stood at the corner of Furhman and Eastlake Avenues E. in Seattle, at the southern end of the University Bridge. This building dated from 1940 and was first called Sam's Tavern. The owner, Sam, sang in a barbershop quartet and could frequently be heard singing the song "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)". He liked the song so much that he eventually changed the name to Sam's Red Robin.


title: Red Robin

text: In 1969, local Seattle restaurant entrepreneur Gerry Kingen bought the restaurant and expanded it. The business dropped the "Sam's" and became Red Robin. The first restaurant was 1,200 sq ft (110 m). It was a favored hangout for University of Washington students. Kingen continued to operate the location as a tavern for a few years, but later added hamburgers to the menu, eventually giving fans 28 different burgers to choose from, and sales increased.


title: Red Robin

text: After 10 years of building the Red Robin concept Kingen decided to franchise it, which proved to be significant in the development of the chain. Through franchising, and through one franchisee in particular, the chain drew its strength. Kingen's association with the company he founded later ended, but the franchising system endured, creating disciples of the gourmet burger format that extended the physical presence and geographic reach of the enterprise far beyond the efforts of its creator.


title: Red Robin

text: In 1979, Kingen sold Michael and Steve Snyder the rights to open a Red Robin in Yakima, Washington and The Snyder Group Company became Red Robin's first franchisee. In 1980, Red Robin opened a restaurant in Portland, Oregon. In 1983, Red Robin adopted a mascot named Red. In 1985, Red Robin had 175 restaurants when the corporate headquarters was moved from downtown Seattle to Irvine, California, after CEO Kingen sold a controlling interest in Red Robin Corp. to Skylark Corporation of Japan and where Michael Snyder had Red Robin offices. With marginal successes and poor financial performance under Skylark's management, Kingen, then a minority owner, in 1995 stepped back into Red Robin with Michael Snyder to nurse the company back to profitability. In 2000, the company opened its 150th restaurant. The headquarters was moved to the Denver Tech Center. In 2000, Red Robin merged with the Snyder Group, and Snyder became president, chairman and CEO of the merged company. Snyder took the company public in 2002.


title: Red Robin

text: The first Red Robin in the Chicago area opened in 2001 at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, Illinois. Additional locations opened in Warrenville and Wheaton that year.


title: Red Robin

text: The original Red Robin closed on March 21, 2010, due to prohibitive maintenance costs for the old building. It was demolished on August 28, 2014.


title: Red Robin

text: As of fiscal year 2015, the company had 538 restaurants with a revenue of US$1.25 billion. To expand their reach, Red Robin added a "simplified" line of restaurants called Red Robin's Burger Works featuring quick service and with locations in Washington, D.C., Illinois, Ohio, and Colorado. These restaurants, launched in 2011, were mostly closed in 2016; three of them were rebranded as Red Robin Express to differentiate them from full-service locations.


title: Red Robin

text: In September 2019, Paul J.B. Murphy III was appointed as President, Chief Executive Officer, and a member of the Company's Board of Directors, effective October 3, 2019.


title: Red Robin

text: In October 2019, the company announced plans to close its five locations in Alberta, Canada, by early December.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: "Talk" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". Written by Heather Marion and directed by John Shiban, "Talk" aired on AMC in the United States on August 27, 2018. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: In a flashback, Mike Ehrmantraut pours concrete for a carport and allows his young son Matty to write his name in it. Mike is revealed to be discussing Matty at a group therapy session with Stacey Ehrmantraut and ends by saying "You wanted me to talk. I talked."


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy McGill is offered a manager’s position at a cellular phone store. He initially declines, but when Kim Wexler suggests he see a therapist, he accepts. The store sees little traffic and Jimmy becomes bored. Ira pays Jimmy his share from the sale of the stolen Hummel figurine and offers to steal again. Ira says he uses a new phone for every job, so the best way to reach him is through Dr. Caldera. Jimmy is inspired to re-sell pay-as-you-go phones on the street. Kim spends the day in Judge Munsinger's courtroom. During a recess, he warns her that if he sees her again, he will assign her "pro bono" work. When Munsinger returns to the bench, Kim is still there.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: As part of covering up the fake attack on Nacho Varga and Arturo Colon, Victor sells the Salamancas' portion of the drugs to the Espinosa gang. After Nacho tips them off, the Cousins raid the Espinosas, killing most of them and recovering the drugs, then returning to Mexico to avoid the police. Nacho recognizes that Gus Fring can now expand his drug territory but does not yet see the full scope of Gus’s plan. Nacho convinces his father to let him stay with him while he recovers from his wounds.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: Mike tells Anita that Henry, another member of their support group, is lying about his past, falsely claiming to have a wife who died. At the next meeting, which was shown in the opening, Stacey says she was able to get through most of the day without thinking of Matt, causing Mike to confront Henry. Having been exposed, Henry wordlessly leaves. Mike then condemns the group for being so self-absorbed they were unable to see through Henry's falsehoods.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: After performing another Madrigal site inspection, Mike meets with Gus, who feigns anger that Mike did not tell him Nacho intended to kill Hector Salamanca. Mike points out that he previously promised only not to kill Hector himself. Mike guesses Gus has another motive for the meeting and asks for details about "the job" Gus wants to be done.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode was directed by John Shiban, his third directing credit for the series. Shiban was a writer and producer during the second and third seasons of "Breaking Bad".


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: "Talk" received critical acclaim, with many critics praising Jonathan Banks's performance in the episode. On Rotten Tomatoes, it garnered a perfect 100% rating with an average score of 7.93/10 based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Ugly feelings loom large in 'Talk', an installment that manages to lay foundations for future episodes without losing its dramatic own hold."


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: "Talk" was watched by 1.53 million viewers on its first broadcast, earning a 0.4 ratings for viewers between 18 and 49.


title: Talk (Better Call Saul)

text: This episode was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards, Larry Benjamin, Kevin Valentine, and Phillip W. Palmer were nominated for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series, while Kurt Nicholas Forshager, Kathryn Madsen, Mark Cookson, Matt Temple, Jane Boegel-Koch, Jason Newman, Jeff Cranford, and Gregg Barbanell were nominated for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama Series.


title: Bresha Webb

text: Bresha Webb (born Breshae Renee Webb; May 6, 1984) is an American actress. She starred as Imunique Jefferson in the TV One comedy series "Love That Girl!" from 2010 to 2014. She later has appeared in films "Meet the Blacks" (2016), "Acrimony" (2018), "Night School" (2018), "Sextuplets" (2019), and "A Fall from Grace" (2020).


title: Bresha Webb

text: Webb was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Garfield and Shea Webb. In 2002, she graduated high school from Baltimore School for the Arts. She says that her parents have been a strong support system for her and that actors such as Angela Bassett and Will Smith were positive influences for her to pursue acting and comedy. She is a devout Christian. She has stated that she has a strong belief in keeping God first in her life and believes in prayer. In 2007, she graduated from California Institute of the Arts with BFA in acting.


title: Bresha Webb

text: Webb began her career appearing on television. From 2008 to 2009, she had a recurring role as Dr. Laverne St. John in the NBC medical drama series, "ER". In 2010, she was cast opposite Tatyana Ali in the TV One comedy series "Love That Girl!". After three seasons of being a part of the main cast of "Love That Girl!", it was announced that Webb had been upgraded to the leading role of the television series after former lead actress Tatyana Ali was prevented from returning due to contractual obligations to the now cancelled BET television show, "Second Generation Wayans". In 2013, Webb featured on a special showcase of "Saturday Night Live" that focused on female comedians of African American descent. In 2014, she went to star in the ABC comedy pilot "Keep It Together" produced by Kevin Hart. Also in 2014, she had a recurring role in the ABC medical drama series, "Grey's Anatomy" playing Teresa Morris.


title: Bresha Webb

text: In 2015, Webb starred in the short-lived NBC sitcom "Truth Be Told" . From 2017 to 2018, she starred in the another NBC sitcom, "Marlon", opposite Marlon Wayans and Essence Atkins. The series was canceled after two seasons. In film, Webb starred in the 2014 independent horror "Hollows Grove". In 2016, she appeared in the comedy films "Ride Along 2" starring Kevin Hart and "Meet the Blacks" opposite Mike Epps. In 2018, she appeared in the thriller "Acrimony" starring Taraji P. Henson, and had supporting role opposite Kevin Hart and Tiffany Haddish in the comedy film "Night School". In 2019, she took a female leading role opposite Marlon Wayans in the comedy film "Sextuplets". The following year, she starred opposite Crystal R. Fox in the thriller film "A Fall from Grace". She later was cast in the Starz comedy series, "Run the World".


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, commonly known as Gray's Inn, is one of the four Inns of Court (professional associations for barristers and judges) in London. To be called to the bar in order to practise as a barrister in England and Wales, an individual must belong to one of these inns. Located at the intersection of High Holborn and Gray's Inn Road in Central London, the Inn is a professional body and provides office and some residential accommodation for barristers. It is ruled by a governing council called "Pension," made up of the Masters of the Bench (or "benchers,") and led by the Treasurer, who is elected to serve a one-year term. The Inn is known for its gardens (the “Walks,”) which have existed since at least 1597.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn does not claim a specific foundation date; none of the Inns of Court claims to be any older than the others. Law clerks and their apprentices have been established on the present site since at latest 1370, with records dating from 1381. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Inn grew in size peaking during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Inn was home to many important barristers and politicians, including Francis Bacon. Queen Elizabeth herself was a patron. As a result of the efforts of prominent members such as William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard, Gray's Inn became the largest of the four Inns by number, with over 200 barristers recorded as members. During this period, the Inn mounted masques and revels. William Shakespeare’s "The Comedy of Errors" is believed first to have been performed in Gray’s Inn Hall.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Inn continued to prosper during the reign of James I (1603–1625) and the beginning of that of Charles I, when over 100 students per year were recorded as joining. The outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 during the reign of Charles I disrupted the systems of legal education and governance at the Inns of Court, shutting down all calls to the bar and new admissions, and Gray's Inn never fully recovered. Fortunes continued to decline after the English Restoration, which saw the end of the then-traditional method of legal education. Now more prosperous, Gray's Inn is today the smallest of the Inns of Court.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn and the other three Inns of Court remain the only bodies legally allowed to call a barrister to the Bar, allowing him or her to practise in England and Wales. Although the Inn was previously a disciplinary and teaching body, these functions are now shared between the four Inns, with the Bar Standards Board (a division of the General Council of the Bar) acting as a disciplinary body and the Inns of Court and Bar Educational Trust providing education. The Inn remains a collegiate self-governing, unincorporated association of its members, providing within its precincts library, dining, residential and office accommodation (barristers' chambers), along with a chapel. Members of the Bar from other Inns may use these facilities to some extent.


title: Gray's Inn

text: During the 12th and early 13th centuries, the law was taught in the City of London, primarily by the clergy. Then two events happened which ended the Church's role in legal education: firstly, a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law; and secondly, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London. The common law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of clerics, and these lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn, just outside the City and near to the law courts at Westminster Hall.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The early records of all four Inns of Court have been lost, and it is not known precisely when each was founded. The records of Gray's Inn itself are lost until 1569, and the precise date of founding cannot therefore be verified. Lincoln's Inn has the earliest surviving records. Gray's Inn dates from at least 1370, and takes its name from Baron Grey of Wilton, as the Inn was originally Wilton's family townhouse (or inn) within the Manor of Portpoole. A lease was taken for various parts of the inn by practising lawyers as both residential and working accommodation, and their apprentices were housed with them. From this the tradition of dining in "commons", probably by using the inn's main hall, followed as the most convenient arrangement for the members. Outside records from 1437 show that Gray's Inn was occupied by "socii", or members of a society, at that date.


title: Gray's Inn

text: In 1456 Reginald de Gray, the owner of the Manor itself, sold the land to a group including Thomas Bryan. A few months later, the other members signed deeds of release, granting the property solely to Thomas Bryan. Bryan acted as either a feoffee or an owner representing the governing body of the Inn (there are some records suggesting he may have been a Bencher at this point) but in 1493 he transferred the ownership by charter to a group including Sir Robert Brudenell and Thomas Wodeward, reverting the ownership of the Inn partially back to the Gray family.


title: Gray's Inn

text: In 1506 the Inn was sold by the Gray family to Hugh Denys and a group of his feoffees including Roger Lupton. This was not a purchase on behalf of the society and after a five-year delay, it was transferred under the will of Denys in 1516 to the Carthusian House of Jesus of Bethlehem (Sheen Priory), which remained the Society's landlord until 1539, when the Second Act of Dissolution led to the Dissolution of the Monasteries and passed ownership of the Inn to the Crown.


title: Gray's Inn

text: During the reign of Elizabeth I, Gray's Inn rose in prominence, and the Elizabethan era is considered the "golden age" of the Inn, with Elizabeth serving as the Patron Lady. This can be traced to the actions of Nicholas Bacon, William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard, all prominent members of the Inn and confidantes of Elizabeth. Cecil and Bacon in particular took pains to find the most promising young men and get them to join the Inn. In 1574 it was the largest of all the Inns of Court by number, with 120 barristers, and by 1619 it had a membership of more than 200 barristers.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn, as well as the other Inns of Court, became noted for the parties and festivals it hosted. Students performed masques and plays in court weddings, in front of Queen Elizabeth herself, and hosted regular festivals and banquets at Candlemas, All Hallows Eve and Easter. At Christmas the students ruled the Inn for the day, appointing a Lord of Misrule called the "Prince of Purpoole", and organising a masque entirely on their own, with the Benchers and other senior members away for the holiday.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Gray's Inn masque in 1588 with its centrepiece, "The Misfortunes of Arthur" by Thomas Hughes, is considered by A.W. Ward to be the most impressive masque thrown at any of the Inns. William Shakespeare performed at the Inn at least once, as his patron, Lord Southampton, was a member. For the Christmas of 1594, his play "The Comedy of Errors" was performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men before a riotous assembly of notables in such disorder that the affair became known as the "Night of Errors" and a mock trial was held to arraign the culprit. Sadly, after lengthy extensive archival research, there is no concrete evidence that Henry Wriothesley knew or had contact with William Shakspeare from Stratford. If Shake-speare was the pen name for Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, who studied at Gray's Inn and was close to Southampton then the performance of the play and the relationship with Henry Wriothesley have a better foundation.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Central to Gray's was the system shared across the Inns of Court of progress towards a call to the Bar, which lasted approximately 12 to 14 years. A student would first study at either Oxford or Cambridge University, or at one of the Inns of Chancery, which were dedicated legal training institutions. If he studied at Oxford or Cambridge he would spend three years working towards a degree, and be admitted to one of the Inns of Court after graduation. If he studied at one of the Inns of Chancery he would do so for one year before seeking admission to the Inn of Court to which his Inn of Chancery was tied—in the case of Gray's Inn, the attached Inns of Chancery were Staple Inn and Barnard's Inn.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The student was then considered an "inner barrister", and would study in private, take part in the moots and listen to the readings and other lectures. After serving from six to nine years as an "inner barrister," the student was called to the Bar, assuming he had fulfilled the requirements of having argued twice at moots in one of the Inns of Chancery, twice in the Hall of his Inn of Court and twice in the Inn Library. The new "utter barrister" was then expected to supervise bolts ("arguments" over a single point of law between students and barristers) and moots at his Inn of Court, attend lectures at the Inns of Court and Chancery and teach students. After five years as an "utter" barrister he was allowed to practice in court—after 10 years he was made an Ancient.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The period saw the establishment of a regular system of legal education. In the early days of the Inn, the quality of legal education had been poor—readings were given infrequently, and the standards for call to the Bar were weak and varied. During the Elizabethan age readings were given regularly, moots took place daily and barristers who were called to the Bar were expected to play a part in teaching students, resulting in skilled and knowledgeable graduates from the Inn.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Many noted barristers, judges and politicians were members of the Inn during this period, including Gilbert Gerard, Master of the Rolls, Edmund Pelham, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and Francis Bacon, who served as Treasurer for eight years, supervising significant changes to the facilities of the Inn and the first proper construction of the gardens and walks for which the Inn is noted.


title: Gray's Inn

text: At the start of the Caroline era, when Charles I came to the throne, the Inn continued to prosper. Over 100 students were admitted to the Inn each year, and except during the plague of 1636 the legal education of students continued. Masques continued to be held, including one in 1634 organised by all four Inns that cost £21,000—approximately £ in 2022 terms. Before 1685 the Inn counted as members five dukes, three marquises, twenty-nine earls, five viscounts and thirty-nine barons, and during that period "none can exhibit a more illustrious list of great men".


title: Gray's Inn

text: Many academics, including William Holdsworth, a man considered to be one of the best legal academics in history, maintain that this period saw a decline in the standard of teaching at all the Inns. From 1640 onwards no readings were held, and barristers such as Sir Edward Coke remarked at the time that the quality of education at the Inns of Court had decreased. Holdsworth put this down to three things—the introduction of printed books, the disinclination of students to attend moots and readings and the disinclination of the Benchers and Readers to enforce attendance.


title: Gray's Inn

text: With the introduction of printing, written legal texts became more available, reducing the need for students to attend readings and lectures. However, this meant that the students denied themselves the opportunity to query what they had learnt or discuss it in greater detail. Eventually, as students now had a way to learn without attending lectures, they began to excuse themselves from lectures, meetings and moots altogether; in the early 17th century they developed a way of deputising other students to do their moots for them. The Benchers and Readers did little to arrest the decline of the practice of lecturers and readings, first because many probably believed (as the students did) that books were an adequate substitute, and secondly because many were keen to avoid the work of preparing a reading, which cut into their time as practising barristers. These problems were endemic to all the Inns, not just Gray's Inn.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The outbreak of the First English Civil War led to a complete suspension of legal education, and from November 1642 until July 1644 no Pension meetings were held. Only 43 students were admitted during the four years of the war, and none were called to the Bar. Meetings of Pension resumed after the Battle of Marston Moor but the education system remained dormant. Although Readers were appointed, none read, and no moots were held. In 1646, after the end of the war, there was an attempt to restore the old system of readings and moots, and in 1647 an order was made that students were required to moot at least once a day. This failed to work, with Readers refusing to read, and the old system of legal education completely died out.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Caroline period saw a decline in prosperity for Gray's Inn. Although there were many notable members of the Inn, both legal (Sir Dudley Digges, Thomas Bedingfield and Francis Bacon, for example) and non-legal (including William Juxon, the Archbishop of Canterbury), the list could not compare to that of the Elizabethan period. Following the English Restoration, admissions fell to an average of 57 a year.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The fortunes of Gray's Inn continued to decline after the English Restoration, and by 1719 only 22 students were joining the Inn a year. This fall in numbers was partly because the landed gentry were no longer sending sons who had no intention of becoming barristers to study at the Inn. In 1615, 13 students joined the Inn for every student called to the Bar, but by 1713 the ratio had become 2.3 new members to every 1 call.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Over a 50-year period, the Civil War and high taxation under William III economically crippled many members of the gentry, meaning that they could not afford to allow their sons to study at the Inns. David Lemmings considers it to have been more serious than that, for two reasons; firstly, Inner Temple and Middle Temple had actually shown an increase in membership following the Restoration, and secondly because Gray's Inn had previously had far more "common" members than the other Inns. The decrease in the number of gentry at the Inn could therefore not completely explain the large drop in members.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn was the venue for an early cricket match in July 1730 between London and Kent. The original source reports "a cricket-match between the Kentish men and the Londoners for £50, and won by the former", giving the precise location as "a field near the lower end of Gray's Inn Lane, London".


title: Gray's Inn

text: In 1733 the requirements for a call to the Bar were significantly revised in a joint meeting between the Benchers of Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, revisions accepted by Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple, although they were not represented. It is not recorded what these changes were, but after a further discussion in 1762 the Inns adopted a rule that any student with a Master of Arts or Bachelor of Laws degree from the universities of Oxford or Cambridge could be called to the Bar after three years as a student, and any other student could be called after five years. An attempt was made to increase the quality of legal education at Gray's Inn; in 1753 a barrister, Danby Pickering, was employed to lecture there, although this agreement ended in 1761 when he was called to the Bar.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The 18th century was not a particularly prosperous time for the Inn or its members, and few notable barristers were members during this period. Some noted members include Sir Thomas Clarke, the Master of the Rolls, Sir James Eyre, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Samuel Romilly, a noted law reformer. In 1780 the Inn was involved in the case of "R v the Benchers of Gray's Inn", a test of the role of the Inns of Court as the sole authority to call students to the Bar. The case was brought to the Court of King's Bench by William Hart, a student at the Inn, who asked the court (under Lord Mansfield) to order the Inn to call him to the Bar. Mansfield ruled that the Inns of Court were indeed the only organisations able to call students to the Bar, and refused to order the Inns to call Hart.


title: Gray's Inn

text: During the 19th century, the Inns began to stagnate; little had been changed since the 17th century in terms of legal education or practice, except that students were no longer bound to take the Anglican sacrament before their call to the Bar. In 1852 the Council of Legal Education was established by the Inns, and in 1872 a formal examination for the call to the Bar was introduced. Gray's Inn itself suffered more than most; as in the 18th century, the fortunes of its members declined, and many barristers who had been called to the Bar at the Inn transferred to others.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn was the smallest of the Inns during the early 20th century, and was noted for its connection to the Northern Circuit. During a 1918 Allied World War I conference it would be the site where Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, the future leaders of the Western Allies in World War II, would first meet. During World War II the Inn was badly damaged during the Blitz in 1941, with the Hall, the Chapel, the Library and many other buildings hit and almost destroyed. The rebuilding of much of the Inn took until 1960 by the architect Sir Edward Maufe. In 2008 Gray's Inn became the first Inn to appoint "fellows"—elected businesspeople, legal academics and others—with the intent of giving them a wider perspective and education than the other Inns would offer.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn's internal records date from 1569, at which point there were four types of member; those who had not yet been called to the Bar, Utter Barristers, Ancients and Readers. Utter Barristers were those who had been called to the Bar but were still studying, Ancients were those who were called to the Bar and were allowed to practise and Readers were those who had been called to the Bar, were allowed to practise and now played a part in educating law students at the Inns of Chancery and at Gray's Inn itself. At the time Gray's Inn was the odd one out amongst the Inns; the others did not recognise Ancients as a degree of barrister and had Benchers roughly corresponding to the Readers used at Gray's Inn (although the positions were not identical).


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Inn is run by Pension, its ultimate governing body. The name is peculiar to Gray's Inn—at Lincoln's Inn the governing body is called the Council, and at the Inner and Middle Temples it is called the Parliament. The name was used for the governing bodies of three of the Inns of Chancery—Barnard's Inn, Clement's Inn and New Inn. In Gray's Inn the Readers, when they existed, were required to attend Pension meetings, and other barristers were at one point welcome to, although only the Readers would be allowed to speak. Pension at Gray's Inn is made up of the Masters of the Bench, and the Inn as a whole is headed by the Treasurer, a senior Bencher. The Treasurer has always been elected, and since 1744 the office has rotated between individuals, with a term of one year.


title: Gray's Inn

text: A Reader was a person literally elected to read—he would be elected to the Pension (council) of Gray's Inn, and would take his place by giving a "reading", or lecture, on a particular legal topic. Two readers would be elected annually by Pension to serve a one-year term. Initially (before the rise of the Benchers) the Readers were the governing body of Gray's Inn, and formed Pension. The earliest certain records of Readers are from the 16th century—although the Inn's records only start at 1569 William Dugdale (himself a member) published a list in his "Origines Juridiciales" dating from 1514. S.E. Thorne published a list dating from 1430, but this is entirely conjectural and not based on any official records, only reports of "readings" that took place at Gray's Inn. By 1569 there had certainly been Readers for more than a century.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The English Civil War marked the end of legal education at the Inns, and the class of Readers went into decline. The last Readers were appointed in 1677, and the position of the Readers as heads of the Inn and members of Pension was taken by the Benchers.


title: Gray's Inn

text: A Bencher, Benchsitter or (formally) Master of the Bench, is a member of Pension, the governing body of the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. The term originally referred to one who sat on the benches in the main hall of the Inn which were used for dining and during moots, and the term originally had no significance. The position of Bencher developed during the 16th century when the Readers, for unknown reasons, decided that some barristers who were not Readers should be afforded the same rights and privileges as those who were, although without a voice in Pension. This was a rare practice and occurred a total of seven times within the 16th century, the first being Robert Flynt in 1549. The next was Nicholas Bacon in 1550, then Edward Stanhope in 1580, who was afforded the privilege because, although a skilled attorney, an illness meant he could never fulfil the duties of a Reader.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The practice became more common during the 17th century—11 people were made Benchers between 1600 and 1630—and in 1614 one of the Benchers appointed was explicitly allowed to be a member of Pension. This became more common, creating a two-rank system in which both Readers and Benchers were members of Pension. However far more Readers were appointed than Benchers—50 between 1600 and 1630—and it appeared that Readers would remain the higher rank despite this change.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 marked the end of legal education at the Inns, although Parliament attempted to persuade Readers to continue by threatening them with fines. The class of Readers went into decline and Benchers were called as members of Pension instead. In 1679 there was the first mass-call of Benchers (22 on one occasion, and 15 on another), with the Benchers paying a fine of 100 marks because they refused to read, and modern Benchers pay a "fine" in a continuation of this tradition.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Noted Benchers of Gray's Inn include Lord Birkenhead and Francis Bacon. Honorary Benchers can also be appointed, although they have no role in Pension, such as Lord Denning, who was appointed in 1979, and Winston Churchill. Today there are over 300 Benchers in Gray's Inn, mostly senior barristers and members of the judiciary.


title: Gray's Inn

text: Gray's Inn does not possess a coat of arms "per se" but instead uses a heraldic badge, which is often displayed on a shield. It is blazoned either "Azure an Indian Griffin proper segreant" or, more currently, "Sable a griffin segreant or", i.e., a gold griffin on a black background. The Inn originally used a variant of the coat of arms of the Grey family, but this was changed to the griffin at some time around the 1590s. There is no record of why this was done, but it is possible that the new emblem was adapted from the arms of the Treasurer Richard Aungier (d. 1597).


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Inn's motto, the date of adoption of which is unknown, is "Integra Lex Aequi Custos Rectique Magistra Non Habet Affectus Sed Causas Gubernat", which is Latin for 'Impartial justice, guardian of equity, mistress of the law, without fear or favour rules men's causes aright'. The seal of Gray's Inn consists of the badge encircled by the motto.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Inn is located at the intersection of High Holborn and Gray's Inn Road. It started as a single manor house with a hall and chapel, although an additional wing had been added by the date of the "Woodcut" map of London, drawn probably in the early 1560s. Expansion continued over the following decades, and by 1586 the Pension had added another two wings around the central court. Around these were several sets of barristers' chambers erected by members of the Inn under a leasehold agreement whereby ownership of the buildings would revert to the Inn at the end of the lease.


title: Gray's Inn

text: As the Inn grew it became necessary (for safety purposes) to wall off the land owned by the Inn, which had previously been open to everyone. In 1591 the "back field" was walled off, but little more was done until 1608, when under the supervision of Francis Bacon, the Treasurer, more construction work was undertaken, particularly in walling off and improving the gardens and walks. In 1629 it was ordered that an architect supervise any construction and ensure that the new buildings were architecturally similar to the old ones, and the strict enforcement of this rule during the 18th century is given as a reason for the uniformity of the buildings at Gray's Inn.


title: Gray's Inn

text: During the late 17th century many buildings were demolished, either because of poor repair or to standardise and modernise the buildings at the Inn. Many more were built over the open land surrounding the Inn, although this was controversial at the time; in November 1672 the Privy Council and Charles II himself were petitioned to order that nothing should be built on the open land, and a similar request was sent to the Lord Chancellor in May 1673. From 1672 to 1674 additional buildings were constructed in the Red Lyon Fields by Nicholas Barebone, and members of the Inn attempted to sue him to prevent this. After the lawsuits failed members of the Inn were seen to fight with Barebones' workmen, "wherein several were shrewdly hurt".


title: Gray's Inn

text: In February 1679 a fire broke out on the west side of Coney Court, necessitating the rebuilding of the entire row. Another fire broke out in January 1684 in Coney Court, destroying several buildings including the Library. A third fire in 1687 destroyed a large part of Holborn Court, and when the buildings were rebuilt after these fires they were constructed of brick to be more resistant to fire than the wood and plaster previously used in construction. As a result, the domestic Tudor style architecture which had dominated much of the Inn was replaced with more modern styles. Records show that prior to the rebuilding in 1687, the Inn had been "so incommodious" that the "ancients" were forced to work two to a chamber. More of the Inn was rebuilt during that period, and between 1669 and 1774 all of the Inn apart from parts of the Hall and Chapel had been rebuilt.


title: Gray's Inn

text: More buildings were constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1941 the Inn suffered under The Blitz, which damaged or destroyed much of the Inn, necessitating the repair of many buildings and the construction of more. Today many buildings are let as professional offices for barristers and solicitors with between and of office space available. There are also approximately 60 residential apartments, rented out to barristers who are members of the Inn. The Inn also contains the Inns of Court School of Law, a joint educational venture between all four Inns of Court where the vocational training for barristers and solicitors is undertaken. The current Inn layout consists of two squares—South Square and Gray's Inn Square—with the remaining buildings arranged around the Walks.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Hall was part of the original Manor of Portpoole, although it was significantly rebuilt during the reign of Mary I, and again during the reign of Elizabeth, with the rebuilding being finished on 10 November 1559. The rebuilt Hall measured in length, in width and in height, and remains about the same size today. It has a hammerbeam roof and a raised dais at one end with a grand table on it, where the Benchers and other notables would originally have sat.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The hall also contains a large carved screen at one end covering the entrance to the Vestibule. Legend says that the screen was given to the Inn by Elizabeth I while she was the Inn's patron, and is carved out of the wood of a Spanish galleon captured from the Spanish Armada. The Hall was lit with the aid of massive windows filled with the Coats of Arms of those members who became Treasurers. The Benchers' table is also said to have been a gift from Elizabeth, and as a result the only public toast in the Inn until the late 19th century was "to the glorious, pious and immortal memory of Queen Elizabeth".


title: Gray's Inn

text: The walls of the Hall are decorated with paintings of noted patrons or members of the Inn, including Nicholas Bacon and Elizabeth I. During the Second World War the Hall was one of those buildings badly damaged during the Blitz. The Treasurers' Arms and paintings had been moved to a place of safety and were not damaged; during the rebuilding after the War they were put back in the Hall, where they remain. The rebuilt hall was designed by Edward Maufe, and was formally opened in 1951 by the Duke of Gloucester.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Chapel existed in the original manor house used by the Inn, and dates from 1315. In 1625 it was enlarged under the supervision of Eubule Thelwall, but by 1698 it was "very ruinous", and had to be rebuilt. Little is known of the changes, except that the barristers' chambers above the Chapel were removed. The building was again rebuilt in 1893, and remained that way until its destruction during The Blitz in 1941. The Chapel was finally rebuilt in 1960, and the original stained glass windows (which had been removed and taken to a safe location) were restored. The rebuilt Chapel contains "simple furnishings" made of Canadian maple donated by the Canadian Bar Association.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Inn has had a Chaplain since at least 1400, where a court case is recorded as being brought by the "Chaplain of Greyes Inn". During the 16th century the Inn began hiring full-time preachers to staff the Chapel—the first, John Cherke, was appointed in 1576. A radical Puritan in a time of religious conflict, Cherke held his post for only a short time before being replaced by a Thomas Crooke in 1580. After Crooke's death in 1598 Roger Fenton served as preacher, until his replacement by Richard Sibbes, later Master of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, in 1616. Gray's Inn still employs a Preacher; Michael Doe, former Bishop of Swindon and more recently General Secretary of the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, was appointed in 2011.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Walks are the gardens within Gray's Inn, and have existed since at least 1597, when records show that Francis Bacon was to be paid £7 for "planting of trees in the walkes". Prior to this the area (known as Green Court) was used as a place to dump waste and rubble, since at the time the Inn was open to any Londoner. In 1587 four Benchers were ordered by the Pension to "consider what charge a brick wall in the fields will draw unto And where the said wall shalbe fittest to be builded", and work on such a wall was completed in 1598, which helped keep out the citizens of London.


title: Gray's Inn

text: In 1599 additional trees were planted in the Walks, and stairs up to the Walks were also added. When Francis Bacon became treasurer in 1608 more improvements were made, since he no longer had to seek the approval of the Pension to make changes. In September 1608 a gate was installed on the southern wall, and various gardeners were employed to maintain the Walks. The gardens became commonly used as a place of relaxation, and James Howell wrote in 1621 that "I hold [Gray's Inn Walks] to be the pleasantest place about London, and that there you have the choicest society".


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Walks were well-maintained during the reign of William III, although the Inn's lack of prosperity made more improvements impossible. In 1711 the gardener was ordered not to admit "any women or children into the Walkes", and in 1718 was given permission to physically remove those he found. At the end of the 18th century Charles Lamb said that the Walks were "the best gardens of any of the Inns of Court, their aspect being altogether reverend and law-abiding". In 1720 the old gate was replaced by "a pair of handsome iron gates with peers and other proper imbellishments". The 19th and 20th centuries saw few major changes, apart from the introduction of plane trees into the Walks.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Library of Gray's Inn has existed since at least 1555, when the first mention of it was made in the will of Robert Chaloner, who left some money to buy law books for the Library. The Library was neither a big collection nor a dedicated one; in 1568 it was being housed in a single room in the chambers of Nicholas Bacon, a room that was also used for mooting and to store the deed chest. The collection grew larger over the years as individual Benchers such as Sir John Finch and Sir John Bankes left books or money to buy books in their wills, and the first Librarian was appointed in 1646 after members of the Inn had been found stealing books.


title: Gray's Inn

text: In 1669 books were bought by the Inn as an organisation for the first time, and a proper catalogue was drawn up to prevent theft. In 1684 a fire that broke out in Coney Court, where the Library was situated, and destroyed much of the collection. While some books were saved, most of the records prior to 1684 were lost. A "handsome room" was then built to house the Library.


title: Gray's Inn

text: The Library became more important during the 18th century; prior to that it had been a small, little-used collection of books. In 1725 it was proposed by the Pension that "a publick Library be sett up and kept open for ye use of ye society", and that more books be purchased. The first order of new books was on 27 June 1729 and consisted of "a collection of Lord Bacon's works". In 1750 the Under-Steward of the Inn made a new catalogue of the books, and in 1789 the Library was moved to a new room between the Hall and the Chapel. In 1840 another two rooms were erected in which to store books, and in 1883 a new Library was constructed with space to store approximately 11,000 books. This was rapidly found to be inadequate, and in 1929 a new Library, known as the Holker Library after the benefactor, Sir John Holker, was opened. The library, although impressive looking, was not particularly useful. Francis Cowper wrote that:


title: Gray's Inn

text: Though impressive to look at, the new building was something less than a success as a library. The air of spaciousness was produced at the expense of shelf room, and though in the octagon [at the north end] the decorative effect of row upon row of books soaring upwards towards the cornice was considerable, the loftiest were totally inaccessible save to those who could scale the longest and dizziest ladders. Further, the appointments were of such surpassing magnificence that no ink-pots were allowed in the room for fear of accidents.