title: Uranium ore

text: Phanerozoic unconformity-related deposits occur in Proterozoic metasediments below an unconformity at the base of overlying Phanerozoic sandstone. These deposits are small and low-grade (Bertholene and Aveyron deposits, in France).


title: Uranium ore

text: The two most significant areas for this style of deposit are currently the Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, and the McArthur Basin in the Northern Territory, Australia.


title: Uranium ore

text: The highest grade uranium deposits are found in the Athabasca Basin in Canada, including the two largest high grade uranium deposits in the world, Cigar Lake with 217 million pounds (99,000 t) UO at an average grade of 18% and McArthur River with 324 million pounds (147,000 t) UO at an average grade of 17%. These deposits occur below, across and immediately above the unconformity. Additionally, another high grade discovery is in the development stage at Patterson Lake (Triple R deposit) with an estimated mineral resource identified as; "Indicated Mineral Resources" estimated to total 2,291,000 tons at an average grade of 1.58% UO containing 79,610,000 pounds of UO. "Inferred Mineral Resources" are estimated to total 901,000 tons at an average grade of 1.30% UO containing 25,884,000 pounds of UO.


title: Uranium ore

text: The deposits of the McArthur River basin in the East Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory of Australia (including Jabiluka, Ranger, and Nabarlek) are below the unconformity and are at the low-grade end of the unconformity deposit range but are still high grade compared to most uranium deposit types. There has been very little exploration in Australia to locate deeply concealed deposits lying above the unconformity similar to those in Canada. It is possible that very high grade deposits occur in the sandstones above the unconformity in the Alligator Rivers/Arnhem Land area.


title: Uranium ore

text: Sandstone deposits are contained within medium to coarse-grained sandstones deposited in a continental fluvial or marginal marine sedimentary environment. Impermeable shale or mudstone units are interbedded in the sedimentary sequence and often occur immediately above and below the mineralised horizon. Uranium is mobile under oxidising conditions and precipitates under reducing conditions, and thus the presence of a reducing environment is essential for the formation of uranium deposits in sandstone.


title: Uranium ore

text: Primary mineralization consists of pitchblende and coffinite, with weathering producing secondary mineralization. Sandstone deposits constitute about 18% of world uranium resources. Orebodies of this type are commonly low to medium grade (0.05–0.4% UO) and individual orebodies are small to medium in size (ranging up to a maximum of 50,000 t UO).


title: Uranium ore

text: Sandstone hosted uranium deposits are widespread globally and span a broad range of host rock ages. Some of the major provinces and production centers include:


title: Uranium ore

text: Significant potential remains in most of these centers as well as in Australia, Mongolia, South America, and Africa.


title: Uranium ore

text: Tabular deposits consist of irregular tabular or elongate lenticular zones of uranium mineralisation within selectively reduced sediments. The mineralised zones are oriented parallel to the direction of groundwater flow, but on a small scale the ore zones may cut across sedimentary features of the host sandstone. Deposits of this nature commonly occur within palaeochannels cut in the underlying basement rocks.


title: Uranium ore

text: Tabular sandstone uranium deposits contains many of the highest grades of the sandstone class, however the average deposit size is very small.


title: Uranium ore

text: Roll-front uranium deposits are generally hosted within permeable and porous sandstones or conglomerates. The mechanism for deposit formation is dissolution of uranium from the formation or nearby strata and the transport of this soluble uranium into the host unit. When the fluids change redox state, generally in contact with carbon-rich organic matter, uranium precipitates to form a 'front'.


title: Uranium ore

text: The Rollfront subtype deposits typically represent the largest of the sandstone-hosted uranium deposits and one of the largest uranium deposit types with an average of 21 million lb (9,500 t) UO. Included in this class are the Inkai deposit in Kazakhstan and the Smith Ranch deposit in Wyoming. Probably more significant than their larger size, rollfront deposits have the advantage of being amenable to low cost in-situ leach recovery.


title: Uranium ore

text: Basal channel deposits are often grouped with tabular or rollfront deposits, depending on their unique characteristics. The model for formation of palaeochannel deposits is similar to that for roll-front deposits, above, except that the source of uranium may be in the watershed leading into a stream, or the bed load of the palaeochannel itself. This uranium is transported through the groundwaters and is deposited either at a reduced boundary, or in ephemeral drainage systems such as those in deserts of Namibia and Australia, it is deposited in calcretised evaporation sites or even in saline lakes as the ground water evaporates.


title: Uranium ore

text: Some particularly rich uranium deposits are formed in palaeochannels which are filled in the lower parts by lignite or brown coal, which acts as a particularly efficient reductive trap for uranium. Sometimes, elements such as scandium, gold and silver may be concentrated within these lignite-hosted uranium deposits.


title: Uranium ore

text: The Frome Embayment in South Australia hosts several deposits of this type including Honeymoon, Oban, Beverley and [Four-Mile] (which is the largest deposit of this class). These deposits are hosted in palaeochannels filled with Cainozoic sediments and sourced their uranium from uranium-rich Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Mount Painter Inlier and the Olary Domain of the Curnamona Province.


title: Uranium ore

text: Tectonic-lithologic controlled uranium deposits occur in sandstones adjacent to a permeable fault zone which cuts the sandstone/mudstone sequence. Mineralisation forms tongue-shaped ore zones along the permeable sandstone layers adjacent to the fault. Often there are a number of mineralised zones 'stacked' vertically on top of each other within sandstone units adjacent to the fault zone.


title: Uranium ore

text: Quartz pebble conglomerate hosted uranium deposits are of historical significance as the major source of primary production for several decades after World War II. This type of deposit has been identified in eight localities around the world, however the most significant deposits are in the Huronian Supergroup in Ontario, Canada and in the Witwatersrand Supergroup of South Africa. These deposits make up approximately 13% of the world's uranium resources.


title: Uranium ore

text: Quartz pebble conglomerate hosted uranium deposits formed from the transport and deposition of uraninite in a fluvial sedimentary environment and are defined as stratiform and stratabound paleoplacer deposits. Host rocks are typically submature to supermature, polymictic conglomerates and sandstones deposited in alluvial fan and braided stream environments. The host conglomerates of the Huronian deposits in Canada are situated at the base of the sequence, whereas the mineralized horizons in the Witwatersand are arguably along tectonized intraformational unconformities.


title: Uranium ore

text: Uranium minerals were derived from uraniferous pegmatites in the sediment source areas. These deposits are restricted to the Archean and early Paleoproterozoic and do not occur in sediments younger than about 2,200 million years when oxygen levels in the atmosphere reached a critical level, making simple uranium oxides no longer stable in near-surface environments.


title: Uranium ore

text: Quartz pebble conglomerate uranium deposits are typically low grade but characterized by high tonnages. The Huronian deposits in Canada generally contain higher grades (0.15% UO) and greater resources (as shown by the Denison and Quirke mines), however some of the South African gold deposits also contain sizeable low grade (0.01% UO) uranium resources.


title: Uranium ore

text: In the Witwatersrand deposits ores are found along unconformities, shale and siltstone beds, and carbonaceous seams. The West Rand Group of sediments tend to host the most uranium within the Witwatersrand Supergroup. The uranium rich Dominion Reef is located at the base of the West Rand Supergroup. The Vaal Reef is the most uranium rich reef of the Central Rand Group of sediments. Structural controls on the regional scale are normal faults while on the deposit scale are bedding parallel shears and thrusts. Textural evidence indicates that the uranium and gold have been remobilized to their current sites; however the debate continues if the original deposition was detrital or was entirely hydrothermal, or alternatively related to high grade diagenesis.


title: Uranium ore

text: Uranium minerals in the Witwatersrand deposits are typically uraninite with lesser uranothorite, brannerite, and coffinite. The uranium is especially concentrated along thin carbonaceous seams or carbon leaders. Strong regional scale alteration consists of pyrophyllite, chloritoid, muscovite, chlorite, quartz, rutile, and pyrite. The main elements associated with the uranium are gold and silver. Gold contents are much higher than in the Elliot Lake type with U:Au ranging between 5:1 and 500:1, which indicates that these gold-rich ores are essentially very low grade uranium deposits with gold.


title: Uranium ore

text: Sedimentological controls on the Huronian deposits of the Elliot Lake district appear to be much stronger than in the Witwatersrand deposits. Ores grade from uranium through thorium to titanium-rich with decreasing pebble size and increasing distance from their source. While evidence of post-diagenetic remobilization has been identified, these effects appear far subordinate to the sedimentological controls.


title: Uranium ore

text: Ore consists of uraninite with lesser brannerite and thucholite. These occur in thin beds exhibiting graded bedding reminiscent of placer sorting. Alteration is nonexistent to very weak at best and the weak chlorite and sericite are believed to be mainly post-ore effects. Other post-depositional alteration includes pyritization, silicification, and alteration of titanium minerals. The most prominent geochemical associations with the uranium are thorium and titanium.


title: Uranium ore

text: This schematic model represents the original depositional setting. The Huronian underwent mild post-depositional folding during the Penokean orogeny around 1.9 billion years. The main regional structure is the Quirke syncline along the margins of which the majority of the known deposits are situated. Due to this structural overprint ore bodies range from subhorizontal to steeply dipping.


title: Uranium ore

text: Only one iron-ore-copper-gold (IOCG) deposit of this type is known to contain economically significant quantities of uranium. Olympic Dam in South Australia is the world's largest resource of low-grade uranium and accounts for about 66% of Australia's reserves plus resources.


title: Uranium ore

text: Uranium occurs with copper, gold, silver, and rare earth elements (REE) in a large hematite-rich granite breccia complex in the Gawler Craton overlain by approximately 300 metres of flat-lying sedimentary rocks of the Stuart Shelf geological province.


title: Uranium ore

text: Another example for the Breccia type is the Mount Gee area in the Mount Painter Inlier, South Australia. Uranium mineralised quartz-hematite breccia is related to Palaeoproterozoic granites with uranium contents of up to 100 ppm. Hydrothermal processes at about 300 million years ago remobilised uranium from these granites and enriched them in the quartz-hematite breccias. The breccias in the area host a low grade resource of about 31,400 t UO at 615 ppm in average.


title: Uranium ore

text: Vein deposits play a special role in the history of uranium: the term "pitchblende" ("Pechblende") originates from German vein deposits when they were mined for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium.


title: Uranium ore

text: Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures, breccias, and stockworks associated with steeply dipping fault systems. There are three major subtypes of vein style uranium mineralisation:


title: Uranium ore

text: Intragranitic veins form in the late phase of magmatic activity when hot fluids derived from the magma precipitate uranium on cracks within the newly formed granite. Such mineralisation contributed much to the uranium production of France. Veins hosted by metasedimentary units in the exocontact of granites are the most important sources of uranium mineralisation in central Europe including the world class deposits Schneeberg-Schlema-Alberoda in Germany (96,000 t uranium content) as well as Pribram (50,000 t uranium content) and Jachymov (~10,000 t uranium content) in the Czech Republic. Also they are closely related to the granites, the mineralization is much younger with a time gap between granite formation and mineralisation of 20 million years. The initial uranium mineralisation consists of quartz, carbonate, fluorite and pitchblende. Remobilisation of uranium occurred at later stages producing polymetal veins containing silver, cobalt, nickel, arsenic and other elements. Large deposits of this type can contain more than 1,000 individual mineralized veins. However, only 5 to 12% of the vein areas carry mineralization and although massive lenses of pitchblende can occur, the overall ore grade is only about 0.1% uranium.


title: Uranium ore

text: The Bohemian Massif also contains shear zone hosted uranium deposits with the most important one being Rozna-Olsi in Moravia northwest of Brno. Rozna is currently the only operating uranium mine in central Europe with a total uranium content of 23,000 t and an average grade of 0.24%. The formation of this mineralisation occurred in several stages. After the Variscan Orogeny, extension took place and hydrothermal fluids overprinted fine grained materials in shear zones with a sulfide-chlorite alteration. Fluids from the overlying sediments entered the basement mobilising uranium and while uprising on the shear zone, the chlorite-pyrite material caused precipitation of uranium minerals in form of coffinite, pitchblende and U-Zr-silicates. This initial mineralisation event took place at about 277 million to 264 million years. During the Triassic a further mineralisation event took place relocating uranium into quartz-carbonate-uranium veins. Another example of this mineralisation style is the Shinkolobwe deposit in Congo, Africa, containing about 30,000 t of uranium.


title: Uranium ore

text: Intrusive deposits make up a large proportion of the world's uranium resources. Included in this type are those associated with intrusive rocks including alaskite, granite, pegmatite and monzonites. Major world deposits include Rossing (Namibia), Ilimaussaq intrusive complex (Greenland) and Palabora (South Africa).


title: Uranium ore

text: Marine sedimentary phosphorite deposits can contain low grade concentrations of uranium, up to 0.01–0.015% UO, within fluorite or apatite. These deposits can have a significant tonnage. Very large phosphorite deposits occur in Florida and Idaho in the United States, Morocco, and some middle eastern countries.


title: Uranium ore

text: Collapse breccia pipe deposits occur within vertical, circular solution collapse structures, formed by the dissolution of limestone by groundwater. Pipes are typically filled with down-dropped coarse fragments of limestone and overlying sediments and can be from wide and up to deep.


title: Uranium ore

text: Primary ore minerals are uraninite and pitchblende, which occur as cavity fills and coatings on quartz grains within permeable sandstone breccias within the pipe. Resources within individual pipes can range up to 2500 tonnes UO at an average grade of between 0.3 and 1.0% UO.


title: Uranium ore

text: The best known examples of this deposit type are in the Arizona breccia pipe uranium mineralization in the US, where several of these deposits have been mined.


title: Uranium ore

text: Volcanic deposits occur in felsic to intermediate volcanic to volcaniclastic rocks and associated caldera subsidence structures, comagmatic intrusions, ring dykes and diatremes.


title: Uranium ore

text: Mineralization occurs either as structurally controlled veins and breccias discordant to the stratigraphy and less commonly as stratabound mineralization either in extrusive rocks or permeable sedimentary facies. Mineralization may be primary, that is magmatic-related or as secondary mineralization due to leaching, remobilization and re-precipitation. The principal uranium mineral in volcanic deposits is pitchblende, which is usually associated with molybdenite and minor amounts of lead, tin and tungsten mineralization.


title: Uranium ore

text: Volcanic hosted uranium deposits occur in host rocks spanning the Precambrian to the Cenozoic but because of the shallow levels at which they form, preservation favors younger age deposits. Some of the more important deposits or districts are Streltsovskoye, Russia; Dornod, Mongolia; and McDermitt, Nevada.


title: Uranium ore

text: The average deposit size is rather small with grades of 0.02% to 0.2% UO. These deposits make up only a small proportion of the world's uranium resources. The only volcanic hosted deposits currently being exploited are those of the Streltsovkoye district of eastern Siberia. This is in fact not a single stand-alone deposit, but 18 individual deposits occurring within the Streltsovsk caldera complex. Nevertheless, the average size of these deposits is far greater than the average volcanic type.


title: Uranium ore

text: Surficial deposits are broadly defined as Tertiary to Recent near-surface uranium concentrations in sediments or soils. Mineralization in calcrete (calcium and magnesium carbonates) are the largest of the surficial deposits. They are interbedded with Tertiary sand and clay, which are usually cemented by calcium and magnesium carbonates. Surficial deposits also occur in peat bogs, karst caverns and soils.


title: Uranium ore

text: Surficial deposits account for approximately 4% of world uranium resources. The Yeelirrie deposit is by far the world's largest surficial deposit, averaging 0.15% UO. Langer Heinrich in Namibia is another significant surficial deposit.


title: Uranium ore

text: Metasomatite deposits consist of disseminated uranium minerals within structurally deformed rocks that have been affected by intense sodium metasomatism. Ore minerals are uraninite and brannerite. Th/U ratio in the ores is mostly less than 0.1. Metasomatites are typically small in size and generally contain less than 1000 t UO. Giant (up to 100 thousands t U) U deposits in sodium metasomatites (albitites) are known in Central Ukraine and Brazil.


title: Uranium ore

text: Metamorphic deposits those that occur in metasediments or metavolcanic rocks where there is no direct evidence for mineralization post-dating metamorphism. These deposits were formed during regional metamorphism of uranium bearing or mineralized sediments or volcanic precursors.


title: Uranium ore

text: The most prominent deposits of this type are Mary Kathleen, Queensland, Australia, and Forstau, Austria.


title: Uranium ore

text: Lignite deposits (soft brown coal) can contain significant uranium mineralization. Mineralization can also be found in clay and sandstone immediately adjacent to lignite deposits. Uranium has been adsorbed onto carbonaceous matter and as a result no discrete uranium minerals have formed. Deposits of this type are known from the Serres Basin, in Greece, and in North and South Dakota in the USA. The uranium content in these deposits is very low, on average less than 0.005% UO, and does not currently warrant commercial extraction.


title: Uranium ore

text: Black shale mineralisations are large low-grade resources of uranium. They form in submarine environments under oxygen-free conditions. Organic matter in clay-rich sediments will not be converted to CO by biological processes in this environment and it can reduce and immobilise uranium dissolved in seawater. Average uranium grades of black shales are 50 to 250 ppm. The largest explored resource is Ranstad in Sweden containing 254,000 t of uranium. However, there are estimates for black shales in the US and Brazil assuming a uranium content of over 1 million tonnes, but at grades below 100 ppm uranium. The Chattanooga Shale in the southeastern USA for example is estimated to contain 4 to 5 million tonnes at an average grade of 54 ppm.


title: Uranium ore

text: Because of their low grades, no black shale deposit ever produced significant amounts of uranium with one exception: the Ronneburg deposit in eastern Thuringia, Germany. The Ordovician and Silurian black shales at Ronneburg have a background uranium content of 40 to 60 ppm. However, hydrothermal and supergene processes caused remobilsation and enrichment of the uranium. The production between 1950 and 1990 was about 100,000 t of uranium at average grades of 700 to 1,000 ppm. Measured and inferred resources containing 87,000 t uranium at grades between 200 and 900 ppm are left.


title: Erik Botheim

text: Erik Botheim (born 10 January 2000) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Italian club Salernitana.


title: Erik Botheim

text: Erik Botheim started his career at Lyn and made his senior debut at 15 years old in June 2015, when he came off the bench against Ullern in a match that ended 2–2. He scored his first senior goal in October 2015, when he scored in Lyn's 9–2 win over Holmen.


title: Erik Botheim

text: In July 2016, Botheim signed for Rosenborg. He made his debut for Rosenborg on 26 April 2017 in the first round of the Norwegian Football Cup, when he started away to Strindheim in a match that ended with a 2–0 win. Later that season, on 17 September 2017, he got his league debut for Rosenborg against Vålerenga, coming on for Anders Trondsen after 81 minutes in a game Rosenborg won 3–0.


title: Erik Botheim

text: He scored his first Eliteserien goal against Tromsø on 7 July 2018. A year later, on 10 August 2019, Botheim scored his first hattrick, again scoring against Tromsø.


title: Erik Botheim

text: On 22 December 2021, he signed a 3.5-year contract with Russian club Krasnodar. On 3 March 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Krasnodar announced that his contract was suspended and he would not train with the team, but the contract was not terminated and remained valid. On 18 May 2022, his contract with Krasnodar was terminated.


title: Erik Botheim

text: In 2016 the music video for "Kygo jo" was uploaded to YouTube by Flow Kingz, a group consisting of Botheim and his Norway U18 teammates Erik Tobias Sandberg and Erling Haaland. The video had by 2022 surpassed 8.8 million views and 275,000 likes.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Homicidal ideation is a common medical term for thoughts about homicide. There is a range of homicidal thoughts which spans from vague ideas of revenge to detailed and fully formulated plans without the act itself. Most people who have homicidal ideation do not commit homicide. 50–91% of people surveyed on university grounds in various places in the United States admit to having had a homicidal fantasy. Homicidal ideation is common, accounting for 10–17% of patient presentations to psychiatric facilities in the United States.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Homicidal ideation is not a disease itself, but may result from other illnesses such as delirium and psychosis. Psychosis, which accounts for 89% of admissions with homicidal ideation in one US study, includes substance-induced psychosis (e.g. amphetamine psychosis) and the psychoses related to schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia. Delirium is often drug induced or secondary to general medical illness(es).


title: Homicidal ideation

text: It may arise in association with personality disorders or it may occur in people who do not have any detectable illness. In fact, surveys have shown that the majority of people have had homicidal fantasies at some stage in their life. Many theories have been proposed to explain this.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Homicidal ideation is noted to be an important risk factor when trying to identify a person's risk for violence. This type of assessment is routine for psychiatric patients or any other patients presenting to hospital with mental health complaints. There are many associated risk factors which include: history of violence and any thoughts of committing harm, poor impulse control and an inability to delay gratification, impairment or loss of reality testing, especially with delusional beliefs or command hallucinations, the feeling of being controlled by an outside force, the belief that other people wish to harm them, the perception of rejection or humiliation at the hands of others, being under the influence of substances or a history of antisocial personality disorder, frontal lobe dysfunction or head injury.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: People who have homicidal ideation are at higher risk of other psychopathology than the normal population. This includes suicidal ideation, psychosis, delirium, or intoxication. In one study, it shows that people with schizophrenia have an increased risk of committing violent acts, including homicide.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Homicidal ideation may arise in relation to behavioural conditions such as personality disorder (particularly conduct disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder). A study in Finland showed an increased risk of violence from people who have antisocial personality disorder, which is greater than the risk of violence from people who have schizophrenia. The same study also cites that many other mental disorders are not associated with an increased risk of violence, of note: depression, anxiety disorders and intellectual disability.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Homicidal ideation may arise in people who are otherwise quite well, as is demonstrated by the fact that the greater majority of people within the general population have had homicidal fantasies. When triggering factors are sought regarding homicidal fantasies the majority seem to be linked in some way to the disruption of a couple relationship. Either jealousy or revenge, greed/lust or even fear and self-defense prompt homicidal thoughts and actions in the majority of cases. In a minority of cases, homicides and acts of violence may be related to mental disorder. These homicides and fantasies do not seem to have the same underlying triggers as those by people without a mental disorder, but when these trigger factors are present the risk for violence is greater than usual.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: People who present with homicidal ideation also have a higher risk of suicide. This shows the need for an assessment of suicide risk in people with thoughts of violence towards others.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Sometimes people claiming to have homicidal ideation do not actually have homicidal thoughts but merely claim to have them. They may do this for a variety of reasons, e.g. to gain attention, to coerce a person or people for or against some action, or to avoid social or legal obligation (sometimes by gaining admission to a hospital) — see malingering or factitious disorder.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: A number of theories have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of homicidal ideation or homicide itself. Many of these theories seem to overlap. They often are not mutually exclusive. At present no single theory explains all the phenomena noted in homicide, although many theories go some way to explaining several areas. Most of these theories follow the reasoning of theories studied in criminology. A brief synopsis of theories specific to homicide follows.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: This is the most recent of evolutionary theories. It claims to explain most of the phenomena associated with homicide. It states that humans have evolved with adaptations that enable us to think of and/or plan homicide. We come up with the idea as a possible answer to our problem position (threat to ourselves, our mate or our resources) and include a range of thought processes regarding killer and victim (degree of relatedness, relative status, gender, reproductive values, size and strength of families, allies and resources) and the potential costs of making use of such a high penalty strategy as homicide. If homicide is determined to be the best solution strategy, then it might be functional.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: According to this hypothesis, homicide is considered to be a mistake or over-reaction. Normal psychological mechanisms for control of property, partner or personal safety may not appear to be sufficient under certain stressful circumstances and abnormal mechanisms develop. Particularly extreme expressions of this may occur leading to homicide where in the normal state the perpetrator would not behave in this manner.


title: Homicidal ideation

text: Not much information is available regarding the management of patients with homicidal thoughts. In Western countries, the management of such people lies within the realms of the police force and the health system. It is generally agreed upon that people with homicidal thoughts who are thought to be at high risk of acting them out should be recognized as needing help. They should be brought swiftly to a place where an assessment can be made and any underlying medical or mental disorder should be treated.


title: Ananas

text: Ananas is a plant genus in the family Bromeliaceae. It is native to South America. The genus contains "Ananas comosus", the pineapple.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Dippin' Dots is an ice cream snack invented by Curt Jones in 1988. The confection is created by flash freezing ice cream mix in liquid nitrogen. The snack is made by Dippin' Dots, Inc., headquartered in Paducah, Kentucky. Dippin' Dots are sold in 14 countries, including Honduras and Luxembourg.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Because the product requires storage at temperatures below , it is not sold in most grocery stores, as most cannot meet such extreme cooling requirements.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Dippin' Dots are sold in individual servings at franchised outlets. Many are in stadiums, arenas, shopping malls, and in vending machines, though there are also locations at aquariums, zoos, museums and theme parks.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Dippin' Dots was founded in New Grand Chain, Illinois, in 1988. Jones began the company in his parents' garage. It was originally invented as cow feed when Jones, who specialized in cryogenics, was trying to make efficient fodder for farm animals.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: In 1992, Dippin' Dots received for its ice cream making process, and in 1996 sued its main competitor, Mini Melts, for infringement.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: In 2007, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ruled against Dippin' Dots because the process of creating the ice cream was "obvious" rather than proprietary.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: On November 4, 2011, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, after failing to reach an agreement with their lender, Regions Bank. Regions Bank, according to "The New York Times", had been trying to foreclose on Dippin' Dots for over a year.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: On May 18, 2012, U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved the purchase of the company by Scott Fischer and his father Mark Fischer. The Fischers had co-founded Chaparral Energy in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. They retained company founder Curt Jones as CEO, and planned to expand from 1,600 sales locations to 2,000 locations, keeping the production and headquarters in Paducah, where it employed 165 people.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: In mid-2014, the company purchased gourmet popcorn franchisor Doc Popcorn, which had about 100 stores. On February 10, 2015, the company announced they would co-brand stores with both products. The 1,000-square-foot stores would sell Dippin' Dots and Doc Popcorn, with a common selling counter, register, and employees.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: In May 2022, J&J Snack Foods Corp. announced that it will acquire Dippin’ Dots for $222 million. Dippin' Dots was acquired by J&J Snack Foods Corp. on June 21, 2022.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Dippin' Dots has sponsored the "Celebrity Grand Slam Paddle Jam" celebrity table tennis tournament in Hollywood, whose proceeds benefit St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Dippin' Dots are stored and transported at –40 degree Fahrenheit (–40 °C), which is colder than most frozen foods require. The companies' development of ultra low temperature freezers, proper storage, and transportation got the company involved from about 1988 with selling their equipment for other uses, such as preserving microbiological cultures for fermentation.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: To expand this side business after the 2011 bankruptcy and sale, a subsidiary company, Dippin' Dot (DD) Cryogenics LLC, was established in May 2019. DD Cryogenics did contract freezing and pelletizing of microbiological products out of their Paducah plant. In August 2020 a new dedicated 6,000 square foot, 3.2 million manufacturing plant came on-line in Paducah.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: Their services now include, contract design and manufacturing, cryogenic processors, and ultra low temperature freezers.


title: Dippin' Dots

text: DD's creation of ultra low temperature freezing for their own food products, and commercial freezers going as low as , sparked interest when vaccines were developed for COVID-19 that required storage at -94 °F (-70 °C). Pharmacists and distributors of those vaccines reached out for those freezers.


title: Graham flour

text: Graham flour is a type of coarse-ground flour of whole wheat named after Sylvester Graham. It is similar to conventional whole-wheat flour in that both are made from the whole grain, but graham flour is ground more coarsely. It is not sifted ("Bolted") with a flour dresser after milling. A report from 1913 claimed that bread made from graham flour had a protein content of 12.1% – only slightly less than white wheat flour and essentially the same as whole wheat flour.


title: Graham flour

text: Graham flour is available at health food stores, some grocery stores, bakery supply stores, and some specialty and gourmet food shops, or directly from a flour mill that has experience making it.


title: Graham flour

text: A substitute for it would be a mix of unbleached white flour and wheat middlings; this was a common substitute prior to and after the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, but the FDA gradually established standards and eliminated imitations from the market.


title: Graham flour

text: Graham flour is named after Sylvester Graham (1794–1851), an early advocate for dietary reform. Graham despised the discarding of nutrients such as germ and bran when making flour for white bread. He believed that using all of the grain in the milling of flour and baking of bread was a remedy for the poor health of his fellow Americans during changes in diet brought on by the Industrial Revolution.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries (re-titled The Hardy Boys for season three) is an American television mystery series based on the "Hardy Boys" and "Nancy Drew" juvenile novels. The series, which ran from January 30, 1977, to January 14, 1979, was produced by Glen A. Larson from Universal Television for ABC. Parker Stevenson and Shaun Cassidy starred as amateur detective brothers Frank and Joe Hardy, respectively, while Pamela Sue Martin (later Janet Louise Johnson) starred as amateur sleuth Nancy Drew.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" was unusual in that it often dealt with the characters individually; the series alternated between episodes that featured the Hardys and episodes featuring Drew in its first season. As the series progressed, the two storylines crossed over, and the Nancy Drew character was drastically reduced, and then dropped, in favor of the Hardys.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The titular "Hardy Boys", Frank and Joe, are brothers and amateur detectives from the fictional city of Bayport, Massachusetts. The boys live with their famous father, Fenton Hardy, a private detective who spent two decades with the New York Police Department, and his sister, the boys' spinster aunt Gertrude. The boys are frequently assisted by their friend, Callie Shaw, who does part-time work for their father.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Nancy Drew is an amateur sleuth — although she prefers the term "part time investigator" — and daughter of defense attorney Carson Drew. The two live in the fictional town of River Heights, New Jersey. Nancy solves mysteries with her best friend, George Fayne, and her father's paralegal, Ned Nickerson, with whom she shares an ambiguous romantic connection.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The Hardy boys' friend Chet Morton only had a brief role in the series. The Callie Shaw character was changed drastically from the books, where she is Frank's girlfriend. For Nancy Drew, the Ned Nickerson character was also changed; in the books, he was Nancy's boyfriend, who attended college, and was the football quarterback.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: With the second season came some serious story and character changes. For the Hardy Boys episodes, all supporting characters except for Fenton Hardy were dropped, and unmentioned. For the Nancy Drew episodes, Ned Nickerson was erased at first, but then later came back for one episode as the Assistant District attorney from Boston. Played by a different actor, Ned was re-introduced to Nancy Drew as if they had not previously known each other. Bess Marvin is also introduced, but was only featured in the two-part season premiere and in a cameo in the first part of the second crossover.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: In the first episode, the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew meet in a European hotel room, and are at first at odds — Frank and Joe are tracking their missing father, who was working with Nancy at the time. The series then featured episodes which see the two teams work successfully together. Nancy and Frank are also constantly at odds with each other; they often bicker in many of the earlier crossover episodes. Although the relationship is mostly professional and platonic, Nancy Drew and Frank Hardy kiss in one episode; this is the furthest the romance goes.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: While the first season had an even split of Nancy Drew/Hardy Boys episodes, in the first 13 second-season episodes, The Hardy Boys were the leads in six episodes, while Nancy was the lead in just three. Four other episodes featured all three characters, but The Hardy Boys were given more screen time in these 'crossover' episodes. Accordingly, midway through the season, Pamela Sue Martin departed the series over concerns regarding her reduced role. She was recast with Janet Louise Johnson.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: For the nine remaining episodes produced for season 2, The Hardy Boys were featured in all of them. Four episodes also featured Johnson's Nancy Drew as a supporting character.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Following the ending of the second season, the Nancy Drew character was dropped, and the series was re-titled "The Hardy Boys".


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Joe Hardy was engaged in the first episode, but his fiancée was killed in a hit-and-run, investigated by the FBI. After solving the case, Frank and Joe become government agents at the Justice Department. Their boss, Harry Hammond, became a regular cast member.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: "The Hardy Boys" and "Nancy Drew" were both successful book publishing franchises owned by the Stratemeyer Syndicate, a publishing group which owned many successful children's book lines. At the time the television series started production (Fall 1976), there were 55 books in "The Hardy Boys" series and 53 books in the "Nancy Drew" series. Producers Joyce Brotman and Arlene Sidaris wanted to adapt both book series to television, and proposed a series to Universal Television in 1976. Universal was excited about the series, but first had to gain approval from the Stratemeyer Syndicate, headed by Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: At first, the 83-year-old Adams was skeptical. Adams had inherited the Syndicate from her father, Edward Stratemeyer, after his death in 1930. In the late 1930s, Warner Bros. approached Adams about buying the movie rights to the Drew series. An inexperienced Adams sold all rights to Warner Bros., who made a series of B-films that did not please her. "The Hardy Boys" had previously been adapted for "The Mickey Mouse Club" in the late 1950s, and a Saturday morning cartoon series in the late 1960s, both of which disappointed Adams again. Adams wanted Brotman and Sidaris to keep the wholesome, conservative values of the characters; when Brotman and Sideris agreed, she approved of the series, but with full script approval. Universal gave the assignment to Glen A. Larson, who had produced the police drama "Get Christie Love!".


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The show was pitched to ABC in September 1976, and the pilots were filmed for 24 straight hours. ABC picked up the series in November, with a set launch date of January 1977.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Shaun Cassidy was the first one cast, in the role of Joe Hardy. Producer Arlene Sidaris stated that they were looking for a "young David Cassidy", who was Shaun's half-brother. Sidaris stated that casting Nancy Drew was harder, as "everyone had a fixed image in their heads" of what she was like.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Actress Jamie Lee Curtis auditioned for the role of Nancy Drew. She later guest starred in a Nancy Drew episode, "The Mystery of the Fallen Angels".


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Whereas the characters were generally depicted as teenagers in the original books and most previous screen adaptations, such as the serialized Hardy Boys stories of the 1950s' "Mickey Mouse Club" series and the Bonita Granville Nancy Drew films of the late 1930s, the TV series "aged-up" Frank and Nancy, as Stevenson and Martin were both in their mid-20s; only Cassidy was still a teen at the time the series entered production. Janet Louise Johnson was also in her late teens when she replaced Martin as Nancy Drew.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The show was filmed at Universal Studios, on the studio lot on parts of Colonial Street. This backlot street was later used in the Tom Hanks comedy film "The 'Burbs"; the music video for Smash Mouth's hit song "All Star"; and as Wisteria Lane in the ABC drama "Desperate Housewives", in which the home of the Hardys also served the home of main character Susan Mayer.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The series replaced the short-lived "Cos", and aired before Top 10 hits "The Six Million Dollar Man" and "The ABC Sunday Night Movie". The series ran against "60 Minutes" on CBS and "The Wonderful World of Disney" on NBC. "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" did not achieve the Top 10 success of the night's other series, but well enough to knock "60 minutes" from its Top 10 position to #18.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Following the departure of Pamela Sue Martin and the subsequent mixed reaction with replacement Janet Louise Johnson, producers once again rebooted the series. This time, they cut the Nancy Drew character, and the series, now titled "The Hardy Boys", focused solely on the Hardys. The series became "darker", and featured the Hardys as professional investigation agents at the Justice Department. This season aired before another notable Glen A. Larson series, "Battlestar Galactica".


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: In January 1979, the series was abruptly canceled. According to the cast and crew members, this was due to ABC attempting to garner better ratings in that time period; this ultimately failed, and after ratings declined significantly, it took years for the network to recover. Larson later stated the network had "cancellation remorse", while Stevenson said that, years later, an ABC executive at the time said his biggest mistake was cancelling "The Hardy Boys".


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Episode #12, "The Mystery of the Ghostwriter's Cruise", is noteworthy because it contains a sequence in which a tsunami appears to approach a cruise ship, a deliberate homage to the 1972 disaster film, "The Poseidon Adventure", in which Martin had also starred.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: The series was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1977, in the category of "Special Classification of Outstanding Individual Achievement", recognizing the work of cinematographer Enzo Martinelli.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: A number of well known actors appeared in episodes of "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries", either as celebrity guest stars or before they achieved subsequent fame.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Celebrities who appeared in episodes included Ricky Nelson ("The Flickering Torch Mystery"); Bob Crane ("A Haunting We Will Go"); Lorne Greene, Bernie Taupin, Trini Lopez and Paul Williams ("The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew Meet Dracula", where Williams sang the song "Hell of It", which originally appeared on his 1974 starring film "Phantom of the Paradise"); Jaclyn Smith, Robert Wagner, Casey Kasem and Dennis Weaver ("Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom"); Tony Dow ("The Creatures Who Came on Sunday"); Maureen McCormick ("Nancy Drew's Love Match"); William Campbell and Missy Gold ("Will The Real Santa ...?"); Lloyd Bochner and Dorothy Malone ("The House on Possessed Hill"); Diana Muldaur ("Sole Survivor"); Ray Milland and Howard Duff ("Voodoo Doll"); Vic Damone, Fabian and Troy Donahue ("Mystery on the Avalanche Express"); Jack Jones ("Death Surf"); Pernell Roberts and Joseph Cotten ("Arson and Old Lace"); Kevin Tighe ("Last Kiss of Summer") Dana Andrews and Patrick Macnee ("Assault on the Tower"); John Colicos ("Search for Atlantis"); June Lockhart and Robert Loggia ("Dangerous Waters").


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Famous actors who appeared in the series earlier in their career included Jamie Lee Curtis, Robert Englund and A Martinez ("The Mystery of the Fallen Angels"); Rosalind Chao ("The Mystery of the Jade Kwan Yin"); Mark Harmon and Martin Kove ("The Mystery of the Solid Gold Kicker"); Anne Lockhart ("The Mystery of the African Safari" and "The Last Kiss of Summer"); Rick Springfield ("Will The Real Santa ...?"); Nicholas Hammond and John Karlen ("The Lady on Thursday at Ten"); Melanie Griffith ("The House on Possessed Hill"); Kim Cattrall and Linda Dano ("Voodoo Doll"); Valerie Bertinelli, Stepfanie Kramer and Kim Lankford ("Campus Terror"); and Ana Alicia ("Life on the Line").


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Bernie Taupin, the composer and musical partner of Elton John, appeared in the two-part episode "The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew Meet Dracula", as a young British musician.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Darleen Carr, who guest starred in the episode "Search for Atlantis", is the sister of Charmian Carr, who played Liesl von Trapp in the Robert Wise film adaptation of "The Sound of Music".


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Producer Glen A. Larson also produced the science fiction series "Battlestar Galactica", which aired in 1978-'79 and 1980. A number of actors who appeared in "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" were also either cast members or guest stars of that series, including Lorne Greene, Maren Jensen, Anne Lockhart, Rick Springfield, Ana Alicia, Patrick Macnee and John Colicos.


title: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries

text: Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" Seasons 1 & 2 on DVD in Region 1 & 2. Shout! Factory released the third and final season on DVD on February 12, 2013. For the Universal Pictures Home Entertainment DVD releases of the series' first two seasons, the original music scores were removed and replaced with synthesized music tracks, due to music licensing issues.


title: América Móvil

text: América Móvil is a Mexican telecommunications corporation headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico. It is the 7th largest mobile network operator in terms of equity subscribers and one of the largest corporations in the world. América Móvil is a Forbes Global 2000 company. As of Q1, 2019, América Móvil had 277.4 million wireless subscribers, and 84.3 million fixed revenue generating units ("RGUs", consisting of fixed voice, fixed data and Pay TV units).


title: América Móvil

text: América Móvil was created in 2001 when Telmex spun off its wireless mobile activities from its landline and internet activities.


title: América Móvil

text: On November 15, 2005, the company signed an international pact with Ooredoo to jointly deliver various international services. In 2006, América Móvil made a bid to acquire Verizon's Latin American and Caribbean operations and unified its brands (Comcel Colombia, Porta in Ecuador, Telcel in México, Tracfone in the US and CTI Movil in Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina) under Claro unbrella. América Móvil acquired 100% of Jamaican mobile operator Oceanic Digital, under the brand name MiPhone in August 2007. By 2007, América Móvil's valuation was over $100 billion. In the US, its prepaid mobile subsidiary Tracfone had 8.6 million customers. 2007 was also the year América Movil's owner Carlos Slim became the richest person on the planet. In 2008, América Móvil launched the iPhone in Latin America. In 2009, América Móvil partnered with Nokia to use Nokia maps as its location-based service in Latin America. The group also launched the first Android phone in Latin America.


title: América Móvil

text: In January 2010, it made an offer to buy Carso Telecom and Telmex International ($21 billion for Telmex) in order to better compete against Spain's Telefonica and Malaysia's Telekom Malaysia. The acquisition was approved by the CFC (Comisión Federal de Competencia) Antitrust Office in Mexico on February 11, 2010. América Móvil had once been Telmex' mobile division, but had grown far larger than its former parent since its spinoff in 2001.


title: América Móvil

text: In early August 2013, América Móvil offered to take over the remaining 70% stake of the Dutch telecommunications company KPN for 7.2 billion Euros ($9.49 billion). América Móvil currently owns close to 30% of KPN. The Dutch government has warned against this acquisition quoting it as a threat to national security. The Dutch government's intervention comes after the council representing employees of KPN urged authorities to halt América Móvil's planned bid.


title: América Móvil

text: In 2018, the company's chief executive Daniel Hajj announced that América Móvil is seeking a TV license in Mexico.


title: América Móvil

text: In January 2019, America Movil announces the acquisition of Telefonica's operations in Guatemala and El Salvador for $333 million and $315 million respectively. However, the agreement for Telefonica Moviles and Telefonica Multiservicios in El Salvador, under the Movistar brand, was cancelled by mutual agreement with Telefonica in 2020 due to the conditions imposed by the monitoring of competition in El Salvador.


title: América Móvil

text: In 2012, the OECD estimated that lack of competition in telecommunications had cost the economy of Mexico $25 billion per year. The company was accused of charging especially high interconnectivity fees to thwart the competition. During the years before 2010, due to stricter regulations throughout Latin American countries, América Móvil's market shares shrunk and Telefónica gained grounds there. In 2013, América Móvil held 75% of the Mexican telecommunications market, which led the government to lead major antitrust reforms.


title: América Móvil

text: The company's world headquarters are located in Mexico City, Mexico. Its Mexican subsidiary Telcel is the largest mobile operator in that country, commanding a market share in excess of 70%. The company operates under its Claro subsidiaries in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, these include the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Colombia and Ecuador. In Brazil it also operates Claro and other subsidiary Embratel. It owns 14,86% of KPN in the Netherlands and has done a bid on 100% of the shares. The group has also fully consolidated the Telekom Austria Group into its financial reporting, owning 51.0% of its shares and using the Austrian operator to expand América Móvil's European network.


title: América Móvil

text: , the company was one of the top four telecommunications companies in the world and boasted 290,000 kilometres of Fiber-optic cable, making it the largest in infrastructure.


title: América Móvil

text: , América Móvil registered an annual profit of $5 billion. With assets of over $67 billion (), the company is currently the largest company in Mexico by assets with Banorte very closely behind them with assets of over $59 billion () It is highly likely that the company will buy a group of companies with at least $29 billion in assets in 2013 in the pension, insurance, payroll, currency exchange and mutual funds industries to secure their position as the most asset rich company in Mexico. And with a market value of over $93 billion (), the company is currently the most valuable in Mexico, more than the next three most valuable companies combined.


title: R-tree

text: R-trees are tree data structures used for spatial access methods, i.e., for indexing multi-dimensional information such as geographical coordinates, rectangles or polygons. The R-tree was proposed by Antonin Guttman in 1984 and has found significant use in both theoretical and applied contexts. A common real-world usage for an R-tree might be to store spatial objects such as restaurant locations or the polygons that typical maps are made of: streets, buildings, outlines of lakes, coastlines, etc. and then find answers quickly to queries such as "Find all museums within 2 km of my current location", "retrieve all road segments within 2 km of my location" (to display them in a navigation system) or "find the nearest gas station" (although not taking roads into account). The R-tree can also accelerate nearest neighbor search for various distance metrics, including great-circle distance.


title: R-tree

text: The key idea of the data structure is to group nearby objects and represent them with their minimum bounding rectangle in the next higher level of the tree; the "R" in R-tree is for rectangle. Since all objects lie within this bounding rectangle, a query that does not intersect the bounding rectangle also cannot intersect any of the contained objects. At the leaf level, each rectangle describes a single object; at higher levels the aggregation includes an increasing number of objects. This can also be seen as an increasingly coarse approximation of the data set.


title: R-tree

text: Similar to the B-tree, the R-tree is also a balanced search tree (so all leaf nodes are at the same depth), organizes the data in pages, and is designed for storage on disk (as used in databases). Each page can contain a maximum number of entries, often denoted as formula_1. It also guarantees a minimum fill (except for the root node), however best performance has been experienced with a minimum fill of 30%–40% of the maximum number of entries (B-trees guarantee 50% page fill, and B*-trees even 66%). The reason for this is the more complex balancing required for spatial data as opposed to linear data stored in B-trees.


title: R-tree

text: As with most trees, the searching algorithms (e.g., intersection, containment, nearest neighbor search) are rather simple. The key idea is to use the bounding boxes to decide whether or not to search inside a subtree. In this way, most of the nodes in the tree are never read during a search. Like B-trees, R-trees are suitable for large data sets and databases, where nodes can be paged to memory when needed, and the whole tree cannot be kept in main memory. Even if data can be fit in memory (or cached), the R-trees in most practical applications will usually provide performance advantages over naive check of all objects when the number of objects is more than few hundred or so. However, for in-memory applications, there are similar alternatives that can provide slightly better performance or be simpler to implement in practice. To maintain in-memory computing for R-tree in a computer cluster where computing nodes are connected by a network, researchers have used RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) to implement data-intensive applications under R-tree in a distributed environment. This approach is scalable for increasingly large applications and achieves high throughput and low latency performance for R-tree.


title: R-tree

text: The key difficulty of R-tree is to build an efficient tree that on one hand is balanced (so the leaf nodes are at the same height) on the other hand the rectangles do not cover too much empty space and do not overlap too much (so that during search, fewer subtrees need to be processed). For example, the original idea for inserting elements to obtain an efficient tree is to always insert into the subtree that requires least enlargement of its bounding box. Once that page is full, the data is split into two sets that should cover the minimal area each. Most of the research and improvements for R-trees aims at improving the way the tree is built and can be grouped into two objectives: building an efficient tree from scratch (known as bulk-loading) and performing changes on an existing tree (insertion and deletion).


title: R-tree

text: R-trees do not guarantee good worst-case performance, but generally perform well with real-world data. While more of theoretical interest, the (bulk-loaded) Priority R-tree variant of the R-tree is worst-case optimal, but due to the increased complexity, has not received much attention in practical applications so far.


title: R-tree

text: When data is organized in an R-tree, the neighbors within a given distance r and the k nearest neighbors (for any L-Norm) of all points can efficiently be computed using a spatial join. This is beneficial for many algorithms based on such queries, for example the Local Outlier Factor. DeLi-Clu, Density-Link-Clustering is a cluster analysis algorithm that uses the R-tree structure for a similar kind of spatial join to efficiently compute an OPTICS clustering.


title: R-tree

text: Data in R-trees is organized in pages that can have a variable number of entries (up to some pre-defined maximum, and usually above a minimum fill). Each entry within a non-leaf node stores two pieces of data: a way of identifying a child node, and the bounding box of all entries within this child node. Leaf nodes store the data required for each child, often a point or bounding box representing the child and an external identifier for the child. For point data, the leaf entries can be just the points themselves. For polygon data (that often requires the storage of large polygons) the common setup is to store only the MBR (minimum bounding rectangle) of the polygon along with a unique identifier in the tree.


title: R-tree

text: In range searching, the input is a search rectangle (Query box). Searching is quite similar to searching in a B+ tree. The search starts from the root node of the tree. Every internal node contains a set of rectangles and pointers to the corresponding child node and every leaf node contains the rectangles of spatial objects (the pointer to some spatial object can be there). For every rectangle in a node, it has to be decided if it overlaps the search rectangle or not. If yes, the corresponding child node has to be searched also. Searching is done like this in a recursive manner until all overlapping nodes have been traversed. When a leaf node is reached, the contained bounding boxes (rectangles) are tested against the search rectangle and their objects (if there are any) are put into the result set if they lie within the search rectangle.


title: R-tree

text: For priority search such as nearest neighbor search, the query consists of a point or rectangle. The root node is inserted into the priority queue. Until the queue is empty or the desired number of results have been returned the search continues by processing the nearest entry in the queue. Tree nodes are expanded and their children reinserted. Leaf entries are returned when encountered in the queue. This approach can be used with various distance metrics, including great-circle distance for geographic data.


title: R-tree

text: To insert an object, the tree is traversed recursively from the root node. At each step, all rectangles in the current directory node are examined, and a candidate is chosen using a heuristic such as choosing the rectangle which requires least enlargement. The search then descends into this page, until reaching a leaf node. If the leaf node is full, it must be split before the insertion is made. Again, since an exhaustive search is too expensive, a heuristic is employed to split the node into two. Adding the newly created node to the previous level, this level can again overflow, and these overflows can propagate up to the root node; when this node also overflows, a new root node is created and the tree has increased in height.


title: R-tree

text: The algorithm needs to decide in which subtree to insert. When a data object is fully contained in a single rectangle, the choice is clear. When there are multiple options or rectangles in need of enlargement, the choice can have a significant impact on the performance of the tree.


title: R-tree

text: The objects are inserted into the subtree that needs the least enlargement. A Mixture heuristic is employed throughout. What happens next is it tries to minimize the overlap (in case of ties, prefer least enlargement and then least area); at the higher levels, it behaves similar to the R-tree, but on ties again preferring the subtree with smaller area. The decreased overlap of rectangles in the R*-tree is one of the key benefits over the traditional R-tree.


title: R-tree

text: Finally, the X-tree can be seen as a R*-tree variant that can also decide to not split a node, but construct a so-called super-node containing all the extra entries, when it doesn't find a good split (in particular for high-dimensional data).


title: R-tree

text: Deleting an entry from a page may require updating the bounding rectangles of parent pages. However, when a page is underfull, it will not be balanced with its neighbors. Instead, the page will be dissolved and all its children (which may be subtrees, not only leaf objects) will be reinserted. If during this process the root node has a single element, the tree height can decrease.


title: University of Zurich

text: The University of Zürich (UZH, ) is a public research university located in the city of Zürich, Switzerland. It is the largest university in Switzerland, with its 28,000 enrolled students. It was founded in 1833 from the existing colleges of theology, law, medicine which go back to 1525, and a new faculty of philosophy.


title: University of Zurich

text: Currently, the university has seven faculties: Philosophy, Human Medicine, Economic Sciences, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Theology and Veterinary Medicine. The university offers the widest range of subjects and courses of any Swiss higher education institution.


title: University of Zurich

text: The University of Zurich was founded on April 29, 1833, when the existing colleges of theology, the "Carolinum" founded by Huldrych Zwingli in 1525, law and medicine were merged with a new faculty of Philosophy. It was the first university in Europe to be founded by the state rather than a monarch or church.


title: University of Zurich

text: In the university's early years, the 1839 appointment of the German theologian David Friedrich Strauss to its Chair of Theology caused a major controversy, since Strauss argued that the miracles in the Christian New Testament were mythical retellings of normal events as supernatural happenings. Eventually, the authorities offered Strauss a pension before he had a chance to start his duties.


title: University of Zurich

text: The university allowed women to attend philosophy lectures from 1847, and admitted the first female doctoral student in 1866. The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was added in 1901, the second-oldest such faculty in the world. In 1914, the university moved to new premises designed by the architect Karl Moser on Rämistrasse 71.


title: University of Zurich

text: The university is scattered all over the city of Zürich. The main campuses are located in the city centre, Irchelpark and Oerlikon. Members of the university can use several libraries, including the ETH-library, and the Zurich Central Library, with over 5 million volumes.


title: University of Zurich

text: In 1962, the faculty of science proposed to establish the Irchelpark campus on the "Strickhofareal". The first stage the construction of the university buildings was begun in 1973, and the campus was inaugurated in 1979. The construction of the second stage lasted from 1978 to 1983. The campus also houses the anthropological museum "Anthropologisches Museum", and the cantonal Staatsarchiv Zürich.


title: University of Zurich

text: The Institute and Museum for the History of Medicine is part of the university. The university includes 13 museums: the Anatomical Collection, the Archaeological Collection, the Botanical Museum, the Museum of Wax Moulages, the Science Exploratorium, the Museum of Veterinary History, the Zürich Herbaria, the Museum of Anthropology, the Botanical Garden, the Ethnographic Museum, the Paleontological Museum, the Veterinary Anatomy Collection and the Zoological Museum.


title: University of Zurich

text: In the fields of bioscience and finance, there is a close-knit collaboration between the University of Zurich and the ETH (Federal Institute for Technology, just across the road).


title: University of Zurich

text: The university's Department of Economics is especially strong and was ranked first in the German-speaking area by the Handelsblatt in 2017. In 2009, the faculty of Business Administration was ranked third in the German-speaking area.


title: University of Zurich

text: Bachelor courses are taught in Swiss Standard German ("Hochdeutsch"), but use of English is increasing in many faculties. The only bachelors program taught entirely in English is the "English Language and Literature" program. All Master courses at the Faculty of Science are held in English. Master courses in Economics and Finance are mainly held in English, while the Master of Science in Quantitative Finance is held completely in English.


title: University of Zurich

text: The university's Academic Sports Association (ASVZ) offers a wide range of sports facilities to students of the university. The student body is represented through the Verband der Studierenden der Universität Zürich VSUZH which organizes events and is involved in the university administration.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: "Expenses" is the seventh episode of the third season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on May 22, 2017 on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy McGill picks up garbage as part of his community service. At the same time, he uses his cell phone to conduct business for "Saul Goodman Productions". At the end of his four-hour shift, his supervisor credits Jimmy with only thirty minutes. Jimmy shoots a commercial for a reclining chair store but the owner declines Jimmy's offer to shoot more. Jimmy gives Kim Wexler the money for his share of their office expenses, which concerns her because she thinks he might be exhausting his savings.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: Nacho Varga breaks into Daniel Wormald's house. When Daniel arrives, Nacho offers him $20,000 to obtain empty capsules that look like Hector Salamanca's nitroglycerin. Mike Ehrmantraut assists with the construction of a playground for Stacey Ehrmantraut's church and accepts help from other support group members, including Anita. Mike later heads to the courthouse parking lot to start his shift, where Daniel asks Mike to be his bodyguard again. Mike refuses and advises Daniel not to meet Nacho.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: Paige Novick praises Kim's cross-examination of Chuck McGill at Jimmy's disciplinary hearing, which led to Chuck's meltdown. Kim expresses regret for having destroyed Chuck's reputation.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: At the support group, Mike befriends Anita after she recounts how her husband mysteriously disappeared. The story compels Mike to agree to be Daniel's bodyguard.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: During dinner with Jimmy, Kim briefly plays along with a con but makes sure he knows they are not going to follow through. When Kim wonders whether they did the right thing by causing Chuck's meltdown, Jimmy replies that what happened to Chuck was Chuck's fault.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: Mike and Daniel meet with Nacho, who tells Mike that Hector wants to use Manuel Varga's upholstery shop as a front for Hector's drug trade, so Nacho intends to kill Hector by switching his anitroglycerin for a placebo. Mike advises Nacho that if Hector dies, Nacho should take the fakes from Hector and replace them with the real ones so the cause of Hector's death will not be obvious.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: Jimmy tries to obtain a refund on his malpractice insurance premium. The agent is unable to comply because he needs to be covered if someone accuses him of past malpractice while his license is suspended. The agent also informs Jimmy that his premium will rise substantially after he is reinstated. Jimmy appears distressed and mentions Chuck's breakdown as the reason. He sneers as he departs, aware that he has caused trouble for Chuck.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: Upon airing, the episode received 1.65 million American viewers, and an 18–49 rating of 0.7. With Live+7 viewing factored in, the episode had an overall audience of 4.2 million viewers, and a 1.7 18–49 rating.


title: Expenses (Better Call Saul)

text: The episode received critical acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it garnered a 93% rating with an average score of 8.63/10 based on 14 reviews. The site consensus reads, "An award-worthy lead performance among a torrent of quality drama and sharp dialogue add up to a winning showcase for Better Call Saul's continued evolution." Due to his nomination, Bob Odenkirk submitted this episode for consideration for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Axel Tischer (born 5 November 1986), is a German professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed under the ring name, Alexander Wolfe.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Under his real name, Tischer competed on the European independent circuit. During this period, he is best known in Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw), where he is a two-time Unified World Wrestling Champion and two-time Shotgun Champion. He is also the current GWF World Champion in his first reign. He then debuted in WWE's NXT brand as part of the stable Sanity, where he and Eric Young won the NXT Tag Team Championship in 2017. After moving to the SmackDown brand in 2018, the group saw minimal success, resulting in their disbandment in early 2019. He subsequently began wrestling in the NXT and NXT UK brands as part of the Imperium stable until his WWE departure in 2021. He currently works under the ring name Axel Axeman Tischer in wXw and the German Wrestling Federation.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Tischer began training to be a professional wrestler at age 13 in his home town of Dresden. Tischer wrestled extensively on the independent circuit throughout Germany and Europe, appearing for numerous promotions including German Stampede Wrestling, the German Wrestling Federation and Westside Xtreme Wrestling. In 2012 he defeated El Generico to win the wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship and held the championship for almost a year before losing it to Tommy End.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: In April 2015, Tischer began training at the WWE Performance Center as part of a class of 10 international WWE recruits. He made his television debut on 15 July 2015 episode of "NXT", losing to Samoa Joe. In August, Tischer adopted the ring name Alexander Wolfe.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: In 2016, Wolfe formed a tag-team with Sawyer Fulton at NXT live events. In September, Wolfe and Sawyer joined a stable called Sanity, which also includes Eric Young and Nikki Cross. The stable made its debut on 12 October episode of "NXT", with Wolfe and Fulton defeating the team of Bobby Roode and Tye Dillinger as part of the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic. On 2 November episode of "NXT", in the second round of the tournament, Wolfe and Fulton defeated the team of T. J. Perkins and Kota Ibushi. Wolfe and Fulton lost to TM-61 in the semi-finals of the tournament. On 19 August 2017, at , Wolfe and Eric Young defeated The Authors of Pain to win the NXT Tag Team Championship, becoming the first German to hold a championship in WWE. Young and Killian Dain lost the Tag Team Championship to The Undisputed Era (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) on 20 December episode of "NXT".


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: During the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up, SAnitY (excluding Cross) were drafted to SmackDown. The group debuted on the 19 June episode of "SmackDown LIVE" where they attacked The Usos. The following week, SAnitY lost to The Usos and Jeff Hardy. On the 3 July episode of "SmackDown LIVE", the group attacked The New Day. This led to a tables match between the two teams at Extreme Rules, which SAnitY won. On the 24 July episode of "SmackDown LIVE", SAnitY and The New Day faced off in the first round of the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship No. 1 Contender's tournament. SAnitY (represented by Wolfe and Dain) were defeated.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: The group competed in only two more televised matches throughout the remainder of 2018, while primarily competing at live events. After a near four month hiatus from television, SAnitY returned on the 2 April 2019 episode of "SmackDown LIVE", losing a three-on-one Falls Count Anywhere match to The Miz. During the 2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up, Young was drafted to Raw.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Following the disbanding of Sanity, Wolfe made his debut appearance for the NXT UK brand on the June 12 episode of "NXT UK", joining the brand and aligning himself with Imperium alongside Walter, Fabian Aichner, and Marcel Barthel. On the July 3 episode of "NXT UK", Wolfe made his in-ring debut for the brand, defeating Jack Starz. Wolfe, along with Imperium, appeared on the November 11 episode of "Raw", accompanying and interfering during Walter's match against the WWE Universal Champion Seth Rollins, until Kevin Owens and The Street Profits made the save, this led to an eight-man tag team match, were Imperium were defeated after Rollins pinned Wolfe.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Through the end of the year, Imperium started a feud against Ilja Dragunov in "NXT UK" and with The Undisputed Era on "NXT", and on the November 12 episode of "NXT UK", Wolfe defeated Dragunov, however three weeks later, Dragunov defeated Wolfe in a no disqualification match. At Worlds Collide, Imperium faced The Undisputed Era, where Wolfe suffered an injury during the match and had to be taken to backstage, however Imperium ultimately won the match. On the May 18, 2021 episode of "NXT", after Wolfe was defeated by Killian Dain, he was attacked by Aichner and Barthel, thus kicking him out of the faction. This was done to write him off television as Tischer's WWE contract was due to expire the following June; he was subsequently among the group of NXT talent released from their contracts the following day.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Due to a cooperation between WWE and wXw, Tischer was able to wrestle a total of five matches for the wXw between 2019 and 2020 under his WWE name "Alexander Wolfe", and on 8 March 2020, he won a triple threat match against The Avalanche and Ilja Dragunov to win the wXw Shotgun Championship. Due to the travel restrictions, the title was vacated on 17 May.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: After his release from the WWE, Tischer returned to Germany with his family and has since lived in his hometown of Dresden. As a result, he also made his comeback under his real name at wXw and on 7 August at wXw 20th Anniversary, Tischer defeated Fast Time Moodo. On 23 October, at wXw True Colors, Tischer defeated Marius Al-Ani to win the wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship for the second time.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: At GWF Pick Your Poison on August 18, 2021, Axel Tischer returned to his home promotion German Wrestling Federation for the first time since signing with WWE. He confronted GWF World Champion John Klinger and entered himself into the GWF Battlefield 2021. On September 19, 2021, Axel Tischer competed in a GWF ring for the first time since February 2015 and ultimately won the Royal Rumble-style match to gain an opportunity to challenge John Klinger for the GWF World Title. At GWF Legacy: 25 Years of Berlin Wrestling on November 14, 2021, Tischer defeated Klinger and won the GWF World Title for the first time.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: On November 27, 2022, Tischer re-united with former SAnitY tag team partner Killian Dain (who was wrestling under the name "Big Damo") at Progress Wrestling's Chapter 146 - They Think It's All Over, at the Electric Ballroom, Camden Town, London, England, where they defeated the team of Luke Jacobs and Leon Slater.


title: Alexander Wolfe (wrestler)

text: Wolfe made his WWE video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K18 and" is a playable character in "WWE 2K19", "WWE 2K20" and "WWE 2K22".


title: Jonny Williams

text: Jonathan Peter Williams (born 9 October 1993) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Wales national team and for League Two club Swindon Town.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams started his career at Crystal Palace, and whilst there had loan spells at Nottingham Forest, Milton Keynes Dons, Ipswich Town and Sunderland. He signed for Charlton Athletic on a permanent deal in January 2019 before moving to Cardiff City two years later in February 2021.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Affectionately known as "Joniesta", he was part of the Welsh squad that reached the semi-final stages of the 2016 European Championships.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams made his breakthrough into the Crystal Palace first team at the beginning of the 2011–12 season, after much hype surrounding his performances for the academy and reserve side the previous term. He made his debut on 16 August 2011, coming on as a second-half substitute at home to Coventry City. One week later, Williams made his full first-team debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 League Cup, at home to Crawley Town. He played 85 minutes, making his first assist and received a standing ovation from the home crowd. He scored his first professional goal for Crystal Palace on 13 September 2011, in a match against Wigan Athletic in the League Cup.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams suffered a broken fibula in his right leg on 15 November 2011, whilst on Under-21 international duty with Wales. After missing four months with the injury, he returned to the starting line-up on 19 March 2012 at home to Hull City, playing 71 minutes. Williams made only a handful of appearances after his return from injury, with the coaching staff giving him time to rest and regain full fitness in time for the start of the next season. He ended the season having played in 18 first-team games. On 10 May, Williams signed a five-year contract to keep him at the club until 2017.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams played four pre-season games in preparation for the 2012–13 season having recovered from his broken leg. In the last game against Reading, he was taken off with a calf injury, forcing him to miss the first four games of the season. After he recovered from the injury he started against Preston North End in a League Cup tie, and then came on as a substitute on 1 September against Sheffield Wednesday, Palace's first win of the season. Williams' efforts after making a comeback from the injury were rewarded when he received Crystal Palace's Young Player of the Year award for the season.


title: Jonny Williams

text: During the 2013–14 season, Palace's first season back in the Premier League, Williams made nine league appearances, before going on loan at the start of 2014.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams made his only appearance of the 2015–16 Premier League season against Chelsea, coming on as a substitute for Lee Chung-yong.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 27 February 2014, it was confirmed by Crystal Palace chairman, Steve Parish, that Williams would be loaned to Ipswich Town initially for one month due to not being involved in the first team at Palace.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams returned to Ipswich on loan from 29 September 2014. Having suffered a groin injury in early November, Williams made only five appearances for Ipswich, scoring one goal, before his return to Palace at the beginning of January 2015 once the loan spell ended.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On the emergency loan deadline day in March 2015, Williams re-signed for a third spell at the Suffolk side (along with Zeki Fryers) until the end of the season. However, his groin injury again caused him to miss most of the loan, making just two appearances during this spell with the club.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 10 September 2015, Williams joined Nottingham Forest until 16 January 2016, but was recalled earlier on account of squad injuries.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 22 January 2016, Williams joined Milton Keynes Dons on a 93-day emergency loan from Crystal Palace.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams rejoined Ipswich Town for a fourth loan spell on 31 August 2016, this time until the end of the 2016–17 season, making eight appearances.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 31 August 2017, it was announced that Williams had signed on loan for Championship club Sunderland until the end of the 2017–18 season. He scored his first goal for Sunderland in a 3–3 draw with Middlesbrough on 24 February 2018. While at Sunderland he was filmed and interviewed for the Documentary film "Sunderland 'Til I Die", where it shows him recovering from injury, training and speaking to a sports psychologist about his confidence.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 4 January 2019, Williams joined Charlton Athletic on a contract until the end of the season. This ended his 17-year association with Crystal Palace. He made 16 appearances for the club for the rest of the season, helping the club to achieve promotion to the Championship, defeating former loan club Sunderland in the play-off final.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Despite this he was released by Charlton at the end of the 2018–19 season. However, on 18 July 2019, Williams rejoined the club on a one-year deal, with the option of an additional 12 months. In October 2019 he underwent knee surgery. He scored his first goal for Charlton in a 2–0 win over Portsmouth on 31 October 2020.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 1 February 2021, Williams joined Cardiff City for an undisclosed fee. This reunited him with former manager Mick McCarthy. Williams made his Cardiff debut as a second-half substitute in a 4–0 victory over Derby County on 2 March 2021.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams qualifies for Wales as his father was born in Anglesey. He was the second youngest player to play for the Welsh under 21s, making his debut having just turned 17. Williams was called up to the senior Wales squad on 3 October 2011, by then manager Gary Speed, following injuries to three players for the matches against Switzerland and Bulgaria. On 15 November 2011, Williams suffered a broken fibula in his right leg whilst on U21 International duty with Wales.


title: Jonny Williams

text: On 29 August 2012, Williams was again called up to the Wales senior squad by manager Chris Coleman for the World Cup qualifiers against Belgium and Serbia. In January 2013, he was selected in the Wales under-21 squad for the friendly match against Iceland on 6 February 2013 and he scored in the 3–0 victory. On 22 March 2013 Williams made his international debut in a 2–1 victory over Scotland when he appeared as a substitute at half time in place of Gareth Bale. He made his first start for Wales four days later in a 2–1 defeat at home to Croatia.


title: Jonny Williams

text: Williams scored his first goal for Wales on his 25th appearance for the national side, scoring late to seal a 1–0 win over Bulgaria in October 2020.


title: Jonny Williams

text: In May 2021 he was selected for the Wales squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament. In November 2022 he was named in the Wales squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Leo Kottke (born September 11, 1945) is an acoustic guitarist. He is known for a fingerpicking style that draws on blues, jazz, and folk music, and for syncopated, polyphonic melodies. He overcame a series of personal obstacles, including partial loss of hearing and a nearly career-ending bout with tendon damage in his right hand, to emerge as a widely recognized master of his instrument. He resides in the Minneapolis area with his family.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Focusing primarily on instrumental composition and playing, Kottke also sings sporadically, in an unconventional yet expressive baritone described by himself as sounding like "geese farts on a muggy day". In concert, Kottke intersperses humorous and often bizarre monologues with vocal and instrumental selections from throughout his career, played solo on six and twelve string guitars.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Born in Athens, Georgia, Kottke moved with his parents so frequently that he was raised in twelve different states. As a youth living in Muskogee, Oklahoma, he was influenced by folk and delta blues music, notably that of Mississippi John Hurt. Kottke learned to play trombone and violin before trying the guitar and developing his own unconventional picking style.


title: Leo Kottke

text: A mishap with a firecracker permanently damaged the hearing in his left ear, a condition that would be exacerbated by exposure to loud noise during firing practice while he served in the United States Navy Reserve, when the hearing in his other ear was also damaged.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Kottke attended the University of Missouri for two semesters, where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. He left Mizzou after his second semester.


title: Leo Kottke

text: After being discharged from the Naval Reserve because of his partial loss of hearing, Kottke attended St. Cloud State College (now St. Cloud State University), in Minnesota, but left before completing his studies, choosing instead to hitchhike around the country, busking for a living, before finally settling in the Twin Cities. He arrived at the Scholar Coffeehouse in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis in the autumn of 1966 and soon was a regular performer. There, he recorded his debut album, "12-String Blues", which was released on the independent Oblivion record label in 1969. He recorded "6- and 12-String Guitar" (also known as the "Armadillo album", after the animal pictured on its cover) for John Fahey's Takoma Records later the same year. It remains one of the works most closely associated with Kottke and has been re-released many times on various record labels. Fahey's agent Denny Bruce signed Kottke to Capitol Records, and in 1971 Capitol released Kottke's first major label record, "Mudlark".


title: Leo Kottke

text: In the early 1970s, he recorded with vocals and backing musicians on albums. In 1972, he released "Greenhouse" and, in 1973, the live "My Feet Are Smiling" and "Ice Water". Kottke closed out his contract with Capitol with his seventh album, "Chewing Pine", in 1975. By then, he had gained an international following largely due to his performances at folk festivals. With his 1976 eponymous release, he moved to Chrysalis Records.


title: Leo Kottke

text: In the early 1980s, Kottke began to suffer from painful tendinitis and related nerve damage caused by his vigorous and aggressive picking style (particularly on the 12-string guitar). As a result, he changed his picking style to a classical style, using the flesh of his fingertips and increasingly small amounts of fingernail rather than fingerpicks, and changing the positioning of the right hand to place less stress on the tendons. A flat pick is often used in conjunction with his fingers, a style called hybrid-picking. He has studied more classical and jazz-oriented compositional and playing techniques.


title: Leo Kottke

text: He took a long break from recording and performing and simultaneously moved from his relationship with major labels to the smaller Private Music label. Private Music was considered a new-age music label in the Windham Hill style, and Kottke often found his music categorized as such during this period. After the reflective "A Shout Toward Noon", in 1986, he took a brief break from recording before returning with "Regards from Chuck Pink" in 1988.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Kottke released an album annually from 1989 to 1991: "My Father's Face", followed by "That's What" and then "Great Big Boy", which featured guest appearances by Lyle Lovett and Margo Timmins. Two years later, he returned with "Peculiaroso", produced by Rickie Lee Jones. The solo album "One Guitar, No Vocals" was released in 1999. In 2004, Kottke released another solo album, "Try and Stop Me" (2004).


title: Leo Kottke

text: In 2002, Kottke and Mike Gordon (the bassist from the band Phish, which was on an extended hiatus) collaborated on "Clone", an album featuring instrumental work and vocals from both musicians. A second album from the pair, "Sixty Six Steps", followed in 2005. The duo toured in support of both albums. In August 2020, Kottke and Gordon announced a new collaborative album, "Noon", released that month on Megaplum/ATO Records. It was their first collaboration since "Sixty Six Steps" and Kottke's first studio album since 2005.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Kottke received an honorary Doctorate in Music Performance from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee on May 18, 2008, where he gave the commencement address.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Kottke's guitars are often tuned unconventionally; early in his career he heavily used open tuning, while in recent years he has used more traditional settings but often tunes his guitars as many as two full steps below standard tuning.


title: Leo Kottke

text: In 1976, Kottke collaborated with arranger Jack Nitzsche on the release "Leo Kottke", which featured Kottke backed by a small orchestral section on a number of tracks. In the later part of his career, he has begun reworking and re-recording tunes he wrote and recorded in the early 1970s. For example, 1999's "One Guitar No Vocals" offered a new instrumental version of 1974's "Morning Is the Long Way Home", with the countermelody opened up from behind the vocal line, stripped of its original trippy lyrics.


title: Leo Kottke

text: Kottke combined previously recorded tunes into new compositions, notably the mini-suite "Bigger Situation", also released on "One Guitar No Vocals". In 1990, he and composer Stephen Paulus created "Ice Fields", a work for amplified acoustic guitar and orchestra in a concerto format. "Ice Fields" featured five movements, each based on an existing Kottke composition, with orchestral backing and interlude sections. It was premiered by Paulus's Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and has been performed occasionally since but has not been released on record, partly because of the high cost of producing a recording with a full orchestra.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: Anna Rudolf (born 12 November 1987) is a Hungarian chess player, chess commentator, Twitch live streamer, and YouTuber who holds the titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM). She is a three-time Hungarian women's national champion and has represented Hungary at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship. She has a peak FIDE rating of 2393 and a career-best ranking of No. 71 in the world among women.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: Rudolf began playing chess with her younger sister Kata when she was four years old. They had success at a young age, both qualifying for the World Youth Chess Championships, where Rudolf finished in the top ten of the under-12 girls' division in 1999. In Hungary, she became a three-time girls' national champion, once each at the under-12 and under-16 youth levels and the under-20 junior level. At the senior level, Rudolf qualified for the Woman Grandmaster title in 2007 when she reached a rating of 2300 and earned three WGM norms, including a double norm at the European Individual Women's Chess Championship, all at age 19.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: Rudolf did not qualify for the International Master title until seven years later in 2014, having earned her three IM norms years apart in 2007, 2010, and 2014, and briefly reaching the rating threshold of 2400 in 2010. One of her best tournament results came at the 2007 Vandœuvre Open where she had a career-best performance rating of 2541 and earned both her last WGM norm and first IM norm. In her career, she has defeated two Grandmasters (GM) rated above 2600, Yaroslav Zherebukh and Christian Bauer, who had ratings of 2642 and 2634 at the time of their games.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: Outside of her playing career, Rudolf is a regular chess commentator at high-profile tournaments, having worked with both Chess.com and chess24. She was the official commentator for the 2018 World Chess Championship together with her childhood idol Judit Polgár. She had started producing instructional videos for chess24 in 2013, and has co-hosted a series with fellow IM Sopiko Guramishvili where they are known respectively as "Miss Strategy" and "Miss Tactics". Since 2017, Rudolf has not played any competitive chess tournaments and focused primarily on her broadcasting career. She launched her own Twitch channel in 2018 and also runs her own YouTube channel.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: Rudolf was born in Miskolc on 12 November 1987. She grew up in Bátaszék and has a younger sister named Kata. Her father, László Rudolf, is an experienced chess player with a peak FIDE rating of 2185. He has also been a world champion of hexagonal chess. Rudolf learned how to play chess at the age of four with her sister through the "Battle Chess" computer game, which follows the same rules as chess while also animating moves and captures anthropomorphically. At nine years old, she drew media attention for defeating Hungarian Grandmaster (GM) Lajos Portisch as a participant in a simultaneous exhibition.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: While growing up, Rudolf was coached by Béla Molnár. She won the under-12 girls' division of an international youth chess tournament in Visegrád in 1998, while her sister won the under-10 girls' division. They had both finished runner-up one age group lower a year earlier. Rudolf won the under-12 girls' division of the Hungarian national championship in 1999, the same year her sister won the under-10 girls' division. With these victories, they both qualified for the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships. Rudolf finished in equal ninth place out of 66 competitors in the under-12 girls' division at the 1999 World Youth Chess Championship with a score of , three behind the winner Nana Dzagnidze. She later studied Russian and English at the University of Pécs.


title: Anna Rudolf

text: Rudolf's childhood idol was her compatriot Judit Polgár, who is widely acknowledged as the greatest female chess player of all time. She had the opportunity to play against Polgár at age 11 when she traveled to Budapest to participate in a simultaneous exhibition given by Polgár. She later became good friends with Polgár, helping to promote the annual Global Chess Festival started by Polgár, and the two commentated on the 2018 World Chess Championship together.