title: DNA Doe Project

text: On August 11, 2003, the decomposed body of a middle-aged or elderly white male was found in the Holston River near Riverfront Park in Kingsport, Tennessee. Investigators could not find any sign of foul play and believe that the man had possibly drowned. He also could have washed to the place he was found from anywhere upstream. He was believed to be in the river for between 7 and 10 days. The man was estimated to be between 40 and 80 years old, was between tall, and weighed between . He had gray hair and was clean shaven. Eye color could not be ascertained. He was found wearing a pair of blue jeans, a black belt, a white sleeveless button-up shirt with blue and burgundy stripes, and a pair of black shoes. The man's description did not match any missing person report in the area, and his fingerprints did not match any in any federal database. The man was found to be missing most of his teeth.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On August 6, 2020, the Kingsport Police Department announced that the decedent was 64-year-old Jerry D. Holbert from Charleston, West Virginia. Holbert, who suffered from dementia, was reported missing on August 4, 2003, after he left his residence and heading to the bus station, planning to visit a relative in Ohio. Circumstances indicate that no foul play was involved. The case was solved through an amateur sleuth's tip.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On May 18, 1997, the decomposed body of a middle-aged white male was found in the Great Miami River in Butler County, Ohio. He was between 30 and 60 years old, tall, and weighed between . He had a surgical scar on the bone over the right eye and an "unusually" protruding chin. He also suffered from cirrhosis. All of his teeth had also recently been extracted. He was found wearing blue jeans, white Fruit of the Loom underwear, a brown belt, and a necklace with a metal clasp. He was also found wearing a watch with the band and outer frame present; however, the inner case and face were gone. The DDP was asked to assist with the case in June 2019.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In September 2020, through a DNA match to relatives, he was identified as Larry Joe Porter from Dayton, Ohio, who had lost touch with his family while traveling around the area of Butler County. According to a coroner, his death was consistent with being struck by a vehicle and is not considered homicidal in nature.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 28, 2018, a child found a severed leg, severed from the knee down, floating in Buena Vista Lake in Kern County, California. No other body parts were located after an extensive search. The leg belonged to a woman who was described as "relatively small" and appeared to not have been severed by traumatic means. Information such as race, age, height, and weight could not be initially determined. The leg was examined by the DDP in June 2019 to gain DNA for forensic genealogy. A genetic admixture test was later conducted and determined that the woman in which the leg belonged to was of over 50 percent sub-Saharan descent, meaning she was most likely African American.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 15, 2020, it was announced that the leg belonged to Shirley Mae Cassel from Santa Ana, California. Cassel was reported missing on August 21, 2017, after leaving her residence in Santa Ana. Her car was later lifted from Buena Vista Lake on July 12, 2020, with the rest of her body inside of it. DNA testing concluded that the leg belonged to the remains found in the car, and the remains were identified as Cassel. Investigators believe there was no foul play surrounding her death.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On February 14, 1974, the decomposing remains of a young or middle-aged man were found by a group of hikers at the bottom of a steep slope near US Route 285 (US 285) in Grant, Colorado. He was estimated to be between 30 and 60 years old, was tall, and weighed approximately . He was found wearing blue jeans, a long-sleeve shirt, long johns, and boots. He had died sometime during late 1973, about four months prior.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Investigators could not find any definitive signs of foul play. No vehicles or personal effects were found nearby, either.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 20, 2020, he was identified as Anthony John Armbrust III. Armbrust was a leader of a metaphysical church in San Diego, California. Armbrust had apparently made a suicide pact with his wife, Renee Armbrust, after learning that he had emphysema, which he thought was terminal. Renee is still missing to this day. He sent a letter to his church, asking them to retrieve some belongings as well as a German Shepherd puppy he had in his apartment in Golden, Colorado. He stated that he wished to commit suicide in the Colorado Mountains by "being taken by God".


title: DNA Doe Project

text: During genealogy research, the project found that Armbrust had many German and Hungarian ancestors. They also found that one of his highest matches on GEDMatch had been adopted at some point during his life.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On November 17, 1984, the skull and various other skeletal remains of a white male were discovered in a wooded area in Giddings, Texas. The man was estimated to be between 29 and 38 years old and stood between . His weight, eye color and hair color could not be ascertained. The man had been dead for approximately six months, and a cause of death could not be ascertained. The man had a unique frontal bone which made a sharp dip at the bridge of his nose, which would have caused a rightward deviating nose. Police were able to create a reconstructive sketch of what the man may have looked like in 2008. His case was taken on by the DDP in June 2019.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 21, 2020, the man was conclusively identified as James L. Hamm after the project was able to find a brother on FamilyTreeDNA in June. James's brother, who was living in Florida, had said that his brother had been missing since 1984, the same year the skeletal remains were discovered. After DNA was compared between the two men, they were conclusively found to be brothers, and Doe was identified as James.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On August 9, 1976, a pair of young adults were found on a narrow frontage road between Sumter and Florence, South Carolina. They had been shot multiple times. The DDP was contacted on July 24, 2019, to assist with identification, and both were identified on January 19, 2021.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The male, nicknamed "Jock Doe", was identified as James Paul Freund, last seen in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On March 21, 1984, the skeletal remains of a teenage girl were discovered in a grassy area which is now the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Seattle, Washington. She was believed to be a possible victim of serial killer, Gary Ridgway. Ridgway had stated that he picked up the girl (who he stated that he assumed was in her 20s) on the side of the US 101 sometime in 1983. He later strangled her to death and buried her near the baseball field where she was found. Investigators are unsure of Ridgway's actual involvement in her death.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The DDP began testing on the remains on June 12, 2020, and, on January 25, 2021, she was identified as Wendy Stephens, aged 14, of Denver, Colorado. Thus far, she is the youngest decedent to have been identified by the project.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On December 30, 2018, the partially buried, skeletal remains of a woman were found in a rural area a distance from Ville Platte, Louisiana. They had been buried in an old barn. She was estimated to be of Cajun and African-American ancestry and was between 25 and 35 years old. Her weight, height, hair color, and eye color could not be ascertained. Investigators initially believed that she had been buried on the property for up to 10 years. A witness also gave detectives information, saying that the owner of the property which she was found had been involved with high risk females. The DDP was asked to assist with identification on August 10, 2019.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: She was identified on February 5, 2021, as Erica Nicole Hunt of Opelousas, Louisiana. She had gone missing on July 4, 2016.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On August 15, 1978, a group of loggers found the bones of a middle-aged man near Knapp, Jackson County, Wisconsin. His skull, lower mandible, and various vertebras were found. The cause of death could not be ascertained but was deemed a homicide based on the circumstances. He was estimated to be between 28 and 52 years old. Most other details could not be ascertained with what little bones were found; however, it is believed that he may have had a pierced ear, due to a silver Medi-Stud earring being found close by. The DDP was asked to assist with identification of his remains in May 2019.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: He was tentatively identified by the project in February 2021, and his identity was announced on March 31, 2021, as Dennis Regan McConn of Kenosha, Wisconsin. He had been reported missing in 1977.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On August 5, 1988, the skeletal remains of a young or middle-aged African-American female were found in a sparsely populated area along Beaver Creek in the Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area in Morocco, Indiana. She was found with another individual by the name of Tony. She was estimated to be between 18 and 45 years old and was tall. She had black hair. Her weight and eye color could not be ascertained. She was described as having good dental hygiene. She was found wearing a pair of Jordache jeans with a safety pin with the number 450 stamped on it. The project was asked to assist with identification in May 2020.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On March 6, 2021, it was announced that "Charlene" had been identified as Jenifer Noreen Denton of Joliet, Illinois. She had gone missing in 1987.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 14, 1980, the body of a woman originally thought to be of Hispanic ethnicity was found in an almond orchard in Delano, California. She had been sexually assaulted, stabbed to death, and deceased for approximately one day. She was estimated to be tall and weighed . She had shoulder-length brown hair and brown eyes, as well as two professionally done tattoos, one of a heart with the name "Shirley" inside, and the words "Love you" and "Seattle" on one arm, and the other of a rose with the words "Mother" and "I love you" above and beneath the rose, respectively, on the other arm. She was found wearing a pink blouse, a pair of blue denim pants, blue socks, white slip-on shoes, a white panty girdle, and multicolor panties. She may have used the names "Becky" or "Rebecca Ochoa" and may have been employed at an apple orchard.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In 2015, it was announced that DNA found on the woman's body, as well as DNA from a woman found in Ventura County, California, were linked to murderer Wilson Chouest. He was convicted in 2018 of their murders and sentenced to life in prison. Chouest claimed that he did not know the victims.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The DDP was tasked with assisting in the woman's identification in July 2018, but genealogy research did not begin until May 2019. It was discovered at that point that the decedent was not Hispanic but of First-Nations ancestry, most likely Cree. On April 23, 2021, it was announced that Kern County Jane Doe had been identified as Shirley Ann Soosay of Maskwacis, Alberta, Canada, after Soosay's niece recognized a reconstruction of her on a public outreach announcement by the DDP. Soosay is one of the first decedents of First-Nations ancestry to be identified by forensic genealogy, as well as the first to be identified after the project reached out to the public for potential leads.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 18, 1983, the bodies of four young men were discovered partially buried in a shallow grave near US 41 in rural Newton County, Indiana, by a pair of mushroom hunters. Each victim was discovered to have been buried for several months, buried face upward, with sections of their bodies exposed and loosely covered in loose soil and brush. The victims were linked to a serial killer known as the "Highway Murderer". One victim wore a parka, while the others wore clothing implying that they had died in the spring or summer. Two of the victims were soon identified as Michael Bauer and John Bartlett—both murdered in March 1983. The DDP was tasked with the identifications of both unidentified decedents—known as "Adam" and "Brad"—in late 2020 and March 2021, respectively.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The individual responsible for all four murders was later identified as Larry Eyler, who ultimately confessed to having murdered 22 young men across the Midwestern US. Eyler later confessed to his attorney that he had met the two unidentified victims by chance, and that "Brad" had been introduced to him by his alleged accomplice, Robert Little, in mid- or late-May 1983.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: "Brad" was found to be a young white male, most likely aged between 17 and 28 years old. He was between tall and weighed between . He had medium length, reddish or auburn, wavy hair. He had received several dental fillings and had severely fractured his nose and left ankle during his life. He also had two known tattoos on his right forearm: one a crudely inscribed cross with two circular marks, the other a rectangle or U-shape with a single circular mark.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On April 2, 2021, DNA from this individual was uploaded to GEDmatch. Less than a month later, "Brad" was conclusively identified as 19-year-old John Ingram Brandenburg Jr. of Chicago, Illinois.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On May 25, 1981, the body of a young white (with possible Native-American and Hispanic admixture) female was discovered in a low water crossing near Highway MM, just north of Dixon, Missouri. She had been beaten and strangled to death with a pair of pantyhose. She was between 25 and 40 years old, was between tall, and weighed . She had black hair and brown or hazel eyes. She was also found to have a slightly darker complexion and high cheek bones. She also had a full upper denture plate. She was found wearing a dark blue long-sleeved blouse with white pinstripes, blue jeans, blue bikini panties, and a bra with the name "Jubel", "Julie", or "Juliet" written on it. Isotope testing determined that she had only lived in Missouri for a few years before her demise, and was likely from the Southeastern US, between Texas, Georgia, and Florida.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The DDP began investigating her identity in May 2019. Investigations uncovered an extensive family tree during their investigation.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On May 25, 2021, she was positively identified as 32-year-old Karen Kaye Knippers of St. Louis, Missouri.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 9, 2001, the skeletal remains of a young white female were found by a survey crew at the bottom of the shoulder of I-65 near the Tennessee state line in rural Simpson County, Kentucky. The cause of death was not ascertained, but the case was deemed a homicide due to the circumstances. She had been deceased for between two weeks and two months. She was estimated to be between 25 and 35 years old, was between tall, and weighed between . She had long reddish-brown or reddish-blonde hair. She also had a healed fracture on her upper right arm, and a tattoo of the outline of a rose on her left breast. She had a scar on her face and right wrist. She was missing multiple teeth and had very poor dental health. She also had given birth to a child in the past and may have been pregnant when she died. She was found wearing a white or tan shirt, blue cotton shorts, and black sandals. Two rings were also found near the body: a gold wedding-style band and a sterling silver ring in a guilloche cigar band style, with a painted blue enamel background with flowers and leaves. The silver ring was traced to the Vargas Manufacturing Company in Providence, Rhode Island.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Her case was taken on by the project in May 2019. Isotope testing found that she may have been native to the Great Lakes region or New England.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 30, 2021, it was announced that the woman had been identified as Dawn Clare Plonsky Wilkerson of Nashville, Tennessee. Plonsky was 10 years older than the projected age estimate.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On April 11, 2021, the partial skeletal remains of a young female of indeterminate ethnicity was found in a makeshift campsite behind an address in Buford, Georgia, after a police officer and complainant were investigating trash being dumped at the area. The woman's skull and various other remains were found inside of a tent at the site. The woman was estimated to be between 18 and 30 years old. Her height, weight, hair color and eye color could not be determined. Despite being a recent discovery, investigators believe her remains had been at the location for at least two years.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: She was identified in late August as Brittany Michelle Davis of Greenville, South Carolina. She was reported missing by her family on March 16, 2020. Her fiance, Michael Lee Wilkerson, was arrested and charged with her murder. Davis is the second case where a decedent was identified while still in the 'pending' phase, after Jerry Holbert.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 9, 2017, a middle-aged or elderly white woman was found deceased behind a residence in downtown Phoenix, Arizona. She had only been deceased for a few hours. She was estimated to be between 44 and 70 years old, was tall, and weighed . She had long brown hair, but her eye color could not be ascertained. She had a multichromatic tattoo on her left-upper chest of a rose with the name "Stuart", as well as an illegible three letter word. Her lower right leg had a monochromatic tattoo of the words "Laura N Layla". She was found wearing a white shirt with green dots or sequins, a green shirt, a pair of black pants, possibly Dickies brand, a white bra, a pair of polarized white sunglasses, and a pair of gray K-Swiss brand shoes with blue laces. She also had a green hair tie around her left wrist as well as an orange and black hair tie.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The project was asked to assist with her identification in April 2021. Genealogical research was conducted with the participation of students from the University of New Haven as interns. Among the hurdles faced in this case were endogamy and difficulties finding public records.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On September 1, 2021, it was announced that she had been identified as 62-year-old Laura Jean Jordan. She had died of heat exhaustion.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 19, 1989, the decomposed remains of a young white male were discovered behind a residence in the weeds near Flat Rock Run Creek in Caledonia, Ohio, by a group of children who were canoeing down the creek. The cause of death could not be determined due to decomposition, although investigators noticed a mark on his neck, suggesting foul play. The creek was also very shallow, discounting the possibility that he drowned. He was estimated to be between 22 and 35 years old, was approximately tall, and weighed between . He had brown or black hair and a slight beard. He was found wearing a flannel, short-sleeved, red and black, striped shirt, multicolored, a knitted sweater with diamond and zigzag designs, a pair of blue jeans, dark red, ribbed socks, and a pair of black Adidas sneakers. Investigators believe that he was not from the area, as he did not match any missing persons reports.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The DDP began assisting with the man's identification around July 2019. Tissue samples were sent to DNA Solutions and additional extraction was performed at the ICMP in The Hague. It was ascertained that the decedent had Eastern European ancestry and a family with a missing relative was identified by mid-October 2020.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The man's identity was revealed as 34-year-old John C. Kraicinski. He was last seen in 1989 at his father's home in Galion, Ohio. Kraicinski suffered from a mental illness and had a habit of wandering, sometimes out of state. He was not reported missing as his family assumed that he started a new life elsewhere.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Francis Wayne Alexander (b. March 11, 1955) was one of the final six unidentified victims of serial killer John Wayne Gacy. His remains were recovered from the crawlspace of Gacy's house in Norwood Park Township, Cook County, Illinois, on December 26, 1978, and labeled simply as Body 5, as his were the fifth set of remains unearthed from beneath Gacy's property. His identification was announced on October 25, 2021. Alexander had been living in Chicago at the time of his death but was originally from North Carolina.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Alexander's precise date of death is estimated to have occurred anytime between early 1976 and March 15, 1977. However, no evidence exists of his being alive after 1976. Moreover, the fact the trench in which his body was discovered was dug by Gacy employee and victim Gregory Godzik shortly after the commencement of Godzik's employment at Gacy's contracting firm on or about November 22, 1976, and before Godzik's own murder on December 12, 1976, indicates Alexander's death most likely occurred between November 1976 and March 15, 1977 (the date the victim discovered directly above the body of Alexander was murdered).


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In September 1977, an unidentified man was involved in a police pursuit when he lost control of his car and crashed in Delafield, Wisconsin. The vehicle had been stolen in Gurnee, Illinois. The Waukesha County Medical Examiner's Office approached the project in 2019 and a sister of the decedent was identified by 2021. The decedent was identified as 27-year-old John Lindberg Scott from Bristol, Tennessee.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On August 16, 2019, excavations on a real estate development site in Hudson, Ohio, uncovered the fossilized, skeletal remains of a male subject. Due to the state of the remains, it was believed that the decedent had been deceased for at least 50 to 75 years. According to Dr. Lisa Kohler, the medical examiner for Summit County, there were reports of people being buried on the property in the mid-1800s.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On November 15, 2021, the DDP, in conjunction with the Hudson Police Department, announced that the decedent had been identified as Richard Bunts/Bunce, who died in 1852 and was buried in what was then the family plot. This case is currently the oldest to be solved by the organization to date.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On January 2, 2015, the body of a white male was found along an access road on Commerce Boulevard in Rohnert Park, California. It was determined the man was between the ages of 40 to 55 years old; he was estimated to be tall and weighed . He had a full gray beard, but, although partially bald, the rest of his hair was brown. He wore prescription, aviator-style glasses with a metal frame. A black mountain bike with a towable child carrier attached was found near the body. A number of journals were in the carrier containing writing indicating the deceased had a keen interest in mathematics, physics, and science. Authorities speculated the man was a transient traveling through the area.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In November 2021, the project identified the man as 48-year-old Stephen Patrick Archer of Seattle, Washington; his identity was released on December 9, 2021. Little information is available about his life, but investigators do not consider his death suspicious.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On September 11, 1983, a murder victim believed to be about 50 years old was found in a field near Baseline Road and South Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. He had been bludgeoned to death in a drunken altercation. He was identified in November 2021 and his identity was withheld from the public as his family requested privacy.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On December 23, 2004, juveniles found a decomposed human skeleton in a barn in a wooded area near the intersection of US 69 and Farm to Market Road 2813 in southern Tyler, Texas. A blue jacket, blue jeans, a black baseball cap, and brown Rockport shoes were found on the skeleton. The Tyler Forensic Medical Examiner determined the remains were that of a white male between 27 and 42 years old, approximately in height, with a medium to large frame and average muscle development. It was estimated the man died months earlier that same year.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On December 14, 2021, he was identified as 52-year-old Kim Ryan Casey, a homeless man. According to authorities, he died of natural causes.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On February 18, 1982, the partial remains of an unidentified African-American male were discovered by workers at a nearby business behind a now closed establishment at 3047 Cannon Road in Twinsburg, Ohio. They initially found a skull, but, later, about away, a garbage bag of bones. The deceased's body, which showed evidence of stabbing, blunt force trauma, and postmortem fire, had been dismembered before being stuffed into the garbage bag. A forensic anthropologist estimated the man was small in stature, about , and was between 20 and 35 years old. The deceased may have had a noticeably humped back or slouched posture due to kyphosis. Investigators theorize the man or his killer may have worked at the former Chrysler Stamping Plant in Twinsburg.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On December 14, 2021, he was identified as 39-year-old Frank "Frankie" Little Jr., a native of Cleveland who was a guitarist for the R&B group the O'Jays in the 1960s. The circumstances surrounding his disappearance are unclear, but police are now investigating his murder in order to catch his killer.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 31, 1997, a maintenance worker picking up trash in a roadside park in Ada Township, Michigan, found human remains in a wooded area behind some outbuildings. The body, upon examination by an anthropology team from Western Michigan University, was determined to be that of a Black female between 20 and 30 years old and . Authorities found only a dark blue leg warmer near the remains. Her teeth showed a lack of dental care, and she likely died sometime between March and August 1996.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On January 4, 2022, the Kent County Sheriff's Office revealed that Doe had been identified as 31-year-old Stephanie Renee Judson. She was born in Benton Harbor but later moved to Grand Rapids, but, at present, the circumstances surrounding her disappearance and apparent murder remain under investigation.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On November 6, 1994, rabbit hunters discovered human skeletal remains in a cornfield near a wooded area just north of I-96 in Wright Township, Ottawa County, Michigan. The deceased was female and most likely died between May and September 1994. The decedent was identified on January 20, 2022, as 29-year-old Shelly Rae Christian of Minneapolis, Minnesota, who was last seen by her family in October 1993.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On June 20, 2003, human skeletonized remains were discovered in a storm basin along Craig Drive in Lawrenceville, Georgia. A homemade pipe commonly used to smoke crack cocaine was recovered near the remains. On the body was a short sleeved, cotton "Christopher Hawes" shirt, originally white or beige with a fine blue plaid pattern, and athletic socks. Forensic investigators determined the remains were that of a white male, between 45 and 55 years old, approximately tall. On February 3, 2022, he was identified as 70-year-old Gordon Rexrode, a homeless vagrant originally from North Carolina.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On June 11, 1976, the badly decomposed body of a young woman was discovered by workers dredging the Mississippi River near the Mendota Bridge close to Lilydale, Minnesota. She was estimated to be 25 to 30 years old and stood about tall. The decedent's death was estimated to have occurred several weeks prior to the discovery of her body. She was found dressed only in blue shorts, half socks, and light shoes. The bones in her left leg were fractured. The cause of death was determined to be a probable drowning. The decedent was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on January 20, 1977, as "Jane Doe". On February 4, 2022, she was identified as 22-year-old Roberta Seyfert who was born in 1954 in Tucson, Arizona.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 26, 2003, a couple who were out hunting near Red Gate Road in Marion, Montana, found a duffel bag, several items, a shoe, and a skull. Investigations from local officers uncovered even more items and additional bones, which, upon testing, were revealed to belong to an unidentified male who died in an inconclusive manner between 1995 and 2002. The investigators over the case nicknamed the decedent "Cliff Doe".


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In February 2022, the decedent was identified as 29-year-old Steven Gooch, who was reported missing by his family in 1996. They had lost contact with him the year prior while he was on a possible trip to Las Vegas, Nevada. Investigations are underway to determine how he had died.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: A Caucasian woman between the ages of 27 and 49 who was discovered unconscious in a Trinity Bellwoods Park, Ontario, in June 2020. This individual was determined to have died of natural causes. She was identified in February 2022, although her identity has been withheld from the public as her family have requested their privacy be respected.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On February 8, 1999, a man known as "John Lehman" was discovered dead by his girlfriend at his apartment in Lincoln, Wisconsin. While the death was determined to be from natural causes, it was later determined that it was not his true name and possibly could have been stolen. After contacting multiple agencies, including Parabon NanoLabs, in 2020, work began to identify the decedent.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In March 2022, he was identified as a drifter named Robert James Pearson, who had never been reported missing by his family. His only surviving close relative, his brother, has said that he is happy to have closure on the case and is working on what to do with possible civil action, the family estate, and even reburying Pearson's body.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On March 7, 1992, the skeletal remains of a teenager or young adult were found in a vacant building in the Central West End of St. Louis, Missouri. While the manner of death was determined to be homicidal in nature, authorities were unable to identify the decedent at the time.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On March 25, 2022, he was identified as 18-year-old T.J. Emily, a resident of St. Louis who had disappeared on March 25, 1990, while en route to visit his uncle. The identification was made in conjunction with the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department, and it was coincidentally announced on the same date as Emily's disappearance. The investigation into his murder is ongoing.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On June 3, 1993, a trucker stopping to relieve himself found the body of a white, possibly Hispanic woman in a turnout on Pacheco Pass Highway near Gilroy, California. The manner of death was determined to be homicide by strangulation, and it seemed that the woman was dumped at the location she was found in. Her blue denim clothing suggested that the woman was homeless and a transient. She was given the nickname "Blue Pacheco" after the highway she was found on as well as her clothing. In 2006, serial killer Keith Hunter Jesperson confessed to her murder in a letter to authorities. In this letter, Jesperson claimed that the woman was named "Carla" or "Cindy". Jesperson met the woman at a truckstop on I-5 in Corning, California and then gave her a ride after buying lunch for her. He strangled Jane Doe in Williams, California, before dumping her body.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On April 18, 2022, she was identified as 45-year old Patricia "Patsy" Skiple, who walked out of her home in Molalla, Oregon, in 1992 and never returned. In 2007, Jesperson pled guilty to Skiple's murder and is now serving multiple life sentences at the Oregon State Penitentiary.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 31, 2014, partial human remains and a bone with three teeth were discovered by a jogger running along the beach of Ganges Township, Michigan, who immediately reported the finding to the local authorities. They were then sent to the Western Michigan University Pathology Department for DNA testing, but, as this produced no results, the remains were labelled "unidentified" and stored away.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The university contacted the DDP in mid-2019 to help with identification, and, after several rounds of testing, they identified the decedent as 59-year-old Ronald Wayne Jager on April 22, 2022. Jager had been reported missing on August 1, 2000, after he failed to return home from a fishing trip, with his boat found three days later. Due to the circumstances of his death, it is believed that it was accidental in nature.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On February 26, 2019, the body of a white man was found in a homeless encampment in Tucson, Arizona. His age was estimated to be between 32 and 50 years old, although he may have appeared older. He was between tall and weighed approximately . His hair was gray or partially gray and he had brown eyes. One of his upper front teeth had been replaced with a porcelain crown.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On November 26, 1995, the skeletal remains of a young man were found by hunters in a wooded area along Turtle Creek in Bradford, Wisconsin, near Clinton. His skeleton was lying on his stomach with his arms up over his head. The man was dressed in a plaid flannel jacket, a black Venom concert T-shirt, boxer underwear with a Bart Simpson design, and gray urban camouflage fatigues. The jacket partially covered the man's head and back. One black 1994 Nike Air Bond basketball shoe lay beside the skeleton. The man carried a pendant made from a dinner fork, shaped like the head of a goat. Other items found with the body were cigarette butts, a Budweiser disposable butane lighter with the caption "Proud to be Your Bud" printed on it, a tube of Carmex lip balm, and a black Aquatech watch. The official cause and manner of death remain undetermined. Investigators believe the young man passed out or went to sleep and was overcome by hypothermia.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The DDP was contacted in 2018 to help identify the young man. They announced a tentative identification in 2019. The man had been identified after only two weeks of genetic genealogy, however a confirmation of his identity did not occur until 2022. Margaret Press, co-founder of DDP, explained that there was no living relative close enough to meet the standards of the medical examiner. In 2019, the University of North Texas performed additional testing on the man's half-siblings. In 2021, the man's father was exhumed to provide bone samples for researchers to compare with the young man and his half-siblings.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On June 14, 2022, the Rock County Sheriff's Office announced the identification of the decedent as Carl Junior Isaacs Jr. of Delavan, Wisconsin. On April 16, 1995, Isaacs escaped from his mother's home in Walworth where he was under house arrest while serving a 5 year prison sentence for the 1991 burglary and vandalism of the Delbrook Golf Course in Delavan. He was immediately served with an arrest warrant for violating probation by a Walworth County judge that was renewed through August 2018. The investigation into the manner and circumstances surrounding Isaacs' death is ongoing.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In September 2014, the skeletal remains of an adult male were found by a railroad electrician in an abandoned Union Pacific railroad shed located alongside railroad tracks in Rosemount, Minnesota. He was dressed in a Wilson's Leather Open Road style motorcycle jacket and ill-fitting black Wrangler boot cut jeans. His socks were lined with "St. Paul Pioneer Press" newspaper fragments that were dated October 19–25, 2013. A knife was found with the body of which its sheath had multiple engravings most notably the initials of "DHT". The man's autopsy revealed that he had long brown and gray hair and wore an earring in his left ear. The cause of death was declared as "unclear", but investigators believe it was natural or accidental due to the lack of trauma to the man's skeleton. The remains were eventually buried in Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota, in 2017.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The man did not have any form of identification with him. A Federal Bureau of Investigation reconstruction of his face yielded tips that were all ruled out. Investigators looked for patterns in electronic benefit card transactions among nearby stores, but that proved unsuccessful. Initial DNA profiles were also useless. In 2022, the DDP matched mitochondrial DNA to a candidate who was confirmed through DNA samples from his family. On July 13, 2022, the decedent was identified as 48-year-old James Everett from Cohocton, New York, who worked as a cook in Rochester. In 2013, Everett left home on a work trip and subsequently vanished. His family reported him missing, but the report was taken down after a Montana state trooper found him alive in the state that year. His car was found abandoned in Scott County, Minnesota, in late 2013. It's unclear how long Everett stayed in the shed he was found in or what drew him to Minnesota. The investigation into his death is ongoing.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In July 2019, a man died after experiencing a cardiac arrest in the parking lot of a Tucson shopping center. He was described as a Caucasian adult male between 45 and 65 years old, tall, and weighing approximately . His hair was gray or partially gray and he had brown eyes. Scars were noted on his outer right thigh and left knee, and a surgical plate had been used to repair a fractured left tibia. The man was wearing blue shorts and black sandals. In his possession were a black flashlight, loose change, and a key fob that included an old Mazda car key.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On May 21, 2002, the skeletal remains of a woman were found off of Texas State Highway 135, south of Swamp City Road in the Liberty City area by geologists surveying ahead of a project to widen the highway. The Tarrant County Medical Examiner estimated the remains were those of a Caucasian or Hispanic female, of petite build, and between 16 and 30 years of age. The young woman was determined to have had an unrepaired cleft lip and palate. No clothes were found on the remains and the cause of death could not be determined. Investigators believed that the decedent died up to two years prior to being found.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Early in 2020, Lieutenant Eddie Hope reached out to the DDP to begin genetic genealogy on the decedent. A DNA profile was derived from a molar and uploaded to GEDmatch Pro where it was compared with people who uploaded their DNA profiles on GEDmatch. The genealogy in this case proved complex due to endogamy, and it took two years to narrow down the decedent's family tree to a potential candidate. Communications with a few distant DNA relatives also proved useful in identifying the decedent.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 21, 2022, the decedent was identified as 27-year-old Pamela Darlene Young of Arlington, Texas, an identification confirmed through her daughter. Young relocated to Texas from the Blue Ridge Mountains area and lost contact with her family. She was last seen in 1998 and is believed to have died in 2000. Young was never reported missing with no records of her existence after 1998. A person of interest in Young's case was identified with the assistance of a Texas ranger—but has been dead since 2017.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 20, 1977, the body of a woman was recovered from the Mississippi River between Childs Road and Warner Road, St. Paul, Minnesota. Although it could not be determined how long the deceased had been in the water, investigators estimated she had probably died sometime earlier that year. Forensic investigators determined the woman was white, 16 to 30 years of age, tall, and weighed about . She had medium length brown hair and brown or green eyes. The woman was wearing a shirt with green, red, and blue vertical stripes; high waisted blue jeans; brown knee high stockings; and size 8 to 9 shoes. Cause and manner of death were not disclosed.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In March, 2021, Butch Huston of the Ramsey County medical examiner's office reached out to the DDP and submitted DNA extract from Jane Doe to a series of lab processes to create a DNA profile. From the beginning, the team faced challenges with the genealogy involved in working limited and distant matches, including immigrant grandparents from Finland and over 35 Italian connections.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On July 10, 2016, a group of hikers trekking through the Sky Chutes section of the White River National Forest in northwestern Colorado found what appeared to be a human skull. Further searching revealed some additional skeletal remains, a backpack and a handgun with its serial number scratched off, but no means of identification. Due to this, the remains were given to the coroner's office for identification, but this provided no results. Over the years, several institutions tracked down various leads until they eventually located potential family members of the decedent.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On September 13, 2022, the decedent was identified as 53-year-old Jeffery "Jeff" Lee Peterson, an executive specialized in E-commerce. After losing a significant sum of money during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, he announced that he would move to Belize and never return, ceasing contact with his family . His cause of death was determined to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 19, 2004, the body of a man was found on Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. Authorities were quickly able to determine that he had likely died from an accidental fall but were unable to identify him.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On October 20, 2022, the man was identified as 57-year-old Frank R. Beck, a Pennsylvania-born homeless man who had lived in the state since the 1990s.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Following is a chart of the DDP's ongoing cases, along with an indication of where each case is in the process:


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Around 2017 to 2018, the DDP tried to assist on identifying Snohomish County John Doe (2007) where he was found in the Sultan Basin, but, at some point, they failed to do it. Then it was stalled and removed from their list. After that, the Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office sent his jaw and hipbone to DNA Solutions. They were successful and found that the man has ties to the Midwest's Amish and Mennonite communities, Texas, Louisiana, and patches in the Pacific Northwest.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In October 2017, the organization was contacted by the Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office and Sheriff's Office for assistance with the case of Beckler River Jane Doe, a woman whose partial cranium was discovered on October 10, 2009, north of Skykomish, Washington. Initial DNA extraction attempts were unsuccessful due to contamination with nonhuman DNA. In June 2021, investigators approached Othram, a company that has had success extracting DNA from more challenging skeletal remains. Jane Doe was identified by June 2022 as Alice Lou Williams, a woman who disappeared mysteriously from her recreational cabin near Lake Loma in July 1981.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: In April 2022, the project and Wyndham Forensic Group signed a contract with the Canadian Armed Forces's Casualty Identification Program to help the Canadian Department of National Defence in its mandate to identify Canadian service personnel from world wars I and II, as well as the Korean War.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: The project partnered with Intermountain Forensics by June 2022 to help on the 1921 Tulsa Identification Project in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The goal of the collaboration and the latter project is to identify victims of the 1921 Tulsa race massacre. The city of Tulsa organized several exhumations in mid-2021.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: Press and Fitzpatrick worked with Lawrence Wein, professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business and Mine Su Ertürk, a PhD student, on a paper proposing a new mathematical search method to help genealogists in forensic genealogy investigations.


title: DNA Doe Project

text: On September 19, 2022, Othram announced that Alachua County John Doe, a skeleton discovered in Alachua County, Florida, in 1979 with a noose near it, was identified as Ralph Tufano of New York. It is unknown why he traveled to Alachua County and if his death was murder or suicide. The case was originally handled by the DDP. Sequencing of the decedent's genetic material was difficult in this case.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: Ibai Llanos Garatea (born 26 March 1995), better known mononymously as Ibai, is a Spanish internet celebrity, streamer, and esports caster. He was a content creator for G2 Esports from 2020 to 2021. He is co-owner of the esports team KOI.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: On the livestreaming platform Twitch, Ibai operates the fourth most-followed channel in the world according to analytics company Social Blade. On YouTube, he has more than 9 million subscribers on his main channel and a total of 2 billion video views. In 2021, "Forbes Spain" named him the most influential social media influencer in Spain. Ahead of the 2022 League of Legends World Championship group stage, it was announced that Ibai's esports team KOI would merge with Rogue, which would see all of Rogue's existing teams rebrand to KOI.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: Ibai was born in the Deusto district of Bilbao, Spain on 26 March 1995. Due to the 2008 financial crisis and economic instability at home, he hid out on videogames.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: In 2014, at the age of nineteen, he started his career in "League of Legends" professional competition. In August during Season 7 of LVP Honor Division he narrated his first "League of Legends" match between wSystem and PainGaming.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: After broadcasting for the LVP, specifically for the Orange Super League, in February 2019 he started to present a late night show for the network called "Hoy no se sale", currently presented by Bruno Feliu and Cristina López, also known as "Kapo 013" and "Cristinini" respectively.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: In February 2020, a year after starting this journey, he announced that he was leaving his work at the LVP to become an exclusive content creator for the G2 Esports team, with Ander Cortés, "Reven" y Ernesto "BarbeQ" Folch. As of now, he dedicates his entire time to creating content for Twitch.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: In his time as an streamer he has carried out several mass events such as "La Liga Santander Challenge" or charity collaborations with La Liga Santander and Banco Santander that took place during the lockdown suffered in Spain in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: In January 2021, he announced his departure from G2 and formed his own streaming brand alongside the previously mentioned creators with the addition of "Cristinini", "Knekro", "Werlyb" and "Illojuan". He founded the esports team Finetwork KOI alongside Gerard Piqué, with the headquarters in Barcelona. It competes with "League of Legends", "Valorant" and "Teamfight Tactics", and the team has JuanSGuarnizo, Ander Cortés, Knekro, Mayichi, and Axozer as his players.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: On 5 February 2021, he started a new series on his channel called "Charlando tranquilamente" ("Calmly Chatting") dedicated to talking (between 30 minutes to 1 hour and a half) with public figures. In his first program, he spoke with footballer Gerard Piqué. Future shows featured footballers such as Andrés Iniesta, Ronaldinho, Paulo Dybala, Sergio Agüero and Sergio Ramos, and musical artists like Ed Sheeran, Nicky Jam, J Balvin, Rauw Alejandro, Jhay Cortez, Duki, Aitana, Nicki Nicole.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: On 21 August 2021, he shared a tweet showing a clip of two young people playing a balloon game; in which both, agile and fast, kept the balloon from falling to the ground until there was a winner. Ibai said he wanted to buy the rights to this game and organize a whole World Cup of that activity. On 26 September 2021, together with the Spanish footballer Gerard Piqué, they made official a world balloon tournament called Balloon World Cup, which took place on October 14 of that same year.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: On June 25th of 2022, Ibai, with more than 3.3 million viewers during the "Velada del Año 2," surpassed the record of 2.4 million viewers TheGrefg obtained back on January 11th of 2021, with his Fortnite outfit reveal.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: Ibai currently lives in Barcelona, in 2021 he separated from G2 and rented a streaming house in which he lives with his 8 friends and various streamers.


title: Ibai Llanos

text: On 7 August 2021, in the midst of the uproar over the fate of Lionel Messi's career, the footballer made a farewell dinner in Barcelona and invited Ibai, who attended it together with Coscu and Sergio Agüero. Other celebrities who attended the dinner include Gerard Pique, Shakira, Jordi Alba and many more.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music () is a 1872 work of dramatic theory by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It was reissued in 1886 as "The Birth of Tragedy, Or: Hellenism and Pessimism" (). The later edition contained a prefatory essay, "", wherein Nietzsche commented on this earliest book.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: Nietzsche found in classical Athenian tragedy an art form that transcended the pessimism and nihilism of a fundamentally meaningless world. The Greek spectators, by looking into the abyss of human suffering and affirming it, passionately and joyously affirmed the meaning of their own existence. They knew themselves to be infinitely more than petty individuals, finding self-affirmation not in another life, not in a world to come, but in the terror and ecstasy alike celebrated in the performance of tragedies.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: Originally educated as a philologist, Nietzsche discusses the history of the tragic form and introduces an intellectual dichotomy between the Dionysian and the Apollonian (very loosely: reality as disordered and undifferentiated by forms versus reality as ordered and differentiated by forms). Nietzsche claims life always involves a struggle between these two elements, each battling for control over the existence of humanity. In Nietzsche's words, "Wherever the Dionysian prevailed, the Apollonian was checked and destroyed... wherever the first Dionysian onslaught was successfully withstood, the authority and majesty of the Delphic god Apollo exhibited itself as more rigid and menacing than ever." And yet neither side ever prevails due to each containing the other in an eternal, natural check or balance.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: Nietzsche argues that the tragedy of Ancient Greece was the highest form of art due to its mixture of both Apollonian and Dionysian elements into one seamless whole, allowing the spectator to experience the full spectrum of the human condition. The Dionysian element was to be found in the music of the chorus, while the Apollonian element was found in the dialogue which gave a concrete symbolism that balanced the Dionysian revelry. Basically, the Apollonian abstract forms were able to give shape to the passionate Dionysian experience.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: Before the tragedy, there was an era of static, idealized plastic art in the form of sculpture that represented the Apollonian view of the world. The Dionysian element was to be found in the wild revelry of festivals and drunkenness, but, most importantly, in music. The combination of these elements in one art form gave birth to tragedy. He theorizes that the chorus was originally always satyrs, goat-men. (This is speculative, although the word “tragedy” τραγωδία is contracted from trag(o)-aoidiā = "goat song" from "tragos" = "goat" and "aeidein" = "to sing".) Thus, he argues, “the illusion of culture was wiped away by the primordial image of man” for the audience; they participated with and as the chorus empathetically, “so that they imagined themselves as restored natural geniuses, as satyrs.” But in this state, they have an Apollonian dream vision of themselves, of the energy they're embodying. It's a vision of the god, of Dionysus, who appears before the chorus on the stage. And the actors and the plot are the development of that dream vision, the essence of which is the ecstatic dismembering of the god and of the Bacchantes' rituals, of the inseparable ecstasy and suffering of human existence.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: After the time of Aeschylus and Sophocles, there was an age where tragedy died. Nietzsche ties this to the influence of writers like Euripides and the coming of rationality, represented by Socrates. Euripides reduced the use of the chorus and was more naturalistic in his representation of human drama, making it more reflective of the realities of daily life. Socrates emphasized reason to such a degree that he diffused the value of myth and suffering to human knowledge. For Nietzsche, these two intellectuals helped drain the ability of the individual to participate in forms of art, because they saw things too soberly and rationally. The "participation mystique" aspect of art and myth was lost, and along with it, much of man's ability to live creatively in optimistic harmony with the sufferings of life. Nietzsche concludes that it may be possible to reattain the balance of Dionysian and Apollonian in modern art through the operas of Richard Wagner, in a "rebirth" of tragedy.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: In contrast to the typical Enlightenment view of ancient Greek culture as noble, simple, elegant and grandiose, Nietzsche believed the Greeks were grappling with pessimism. The universe in which we live is the product of great interacting forces; but we neither observe nor know these as such. What we put together as our conceptions of the world, Nietzsche thought, never actually addresses the underlying realities. It is human destiny to be controlled by the darkest universal realities and, at the same time, to live life in a human-dreamt world of illusions.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: The issue, then, or so Nietzsche thought, is how to experience and understand the Dionysian side of life without destroying the obvious values of the Apollonian side. It is not healthy for an individual, or for a whole society, to become entirely absorbed in the rule of one or the other. The soundest (healthiest) foothold is in both. Nietzsche's theory of Athenian tragic drama suggests exactly how, before Euripides and Socrates, the Dionysian and Apollonian elements of life were artistically woven together. The Greek spectator became healthy through direct experience of the Dionysian within the protective spirit-of-tragedy on the Apollonian stage.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: In January and February 1870, Nietzsche delivered two lectures about ancient Greek drama. After receiving copies of the lectures, his friends Richard and Cosima Wagner suggested that he write a book about the subject. In April 1871, he submitted a manuscript to publisher Wilhelm Engelmann. When Englemann was unresponsive, Nietzsche asked for the return of the manuscript in June. He had a portion of the book privately printed under the title "Socrates and Greek Tragedy" () and sent to friends. Richard Wagner received the first copy on 18 June.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: In October 1871, Nietzsche submitted a revised manuscript to E. W. Fritzsch, who had published works by Wagner. Fritzsch accepted the book in November. Printing was completed at the end of December, and the book, now titled "The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music" (), reached bookstores on 2 January 1872. A second edition was printed by Fritzsch in 1874, but due to the publisher's financial problems, it was not bound until 1875 and had little circulation. In 1878, the remaining copies and publication rights for the first two editions were acquired by Nietzsche's new publisher, Ernst Schmeitzner.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: By 1886, Nietzsche had fallen out with Schmeitzner, and Fritzsch had recovered from his financial difficulties. Fritzsch published a new edition in October 1886, retitled "The Birth of Tragedy, Or: Hellenism and Pessimism" (), with an added prefatory essay by Nietzsche called "An Attempt at Self-Criticism", commenting on the earlier editions.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: "The Birth of Tragedy" is a young man's work, and shows the influence of many of the philosophers Nietzsche had been studying. His interest in classical Greece as in some respects a rational society can be attributed in some measure to the influence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann, although Nietzsche departed from Winckelmann in many ways. In addition, Nietzsche uses the term "naïve" in exactly the sense used by Friedrich Schiller. Of great importance are the works of Arthur Schopenhauer, especially "The World as Will and Representation". The Apollonian experience bears great similarity to the experience of the world as "representation" in Schopenhauer's sense, and the experience of the Dionysian bears similarities to the identification with the world as "will." Nietzsche opposed Schopenhauer's Buddhistic negation of the will. He argued that life is worth living despite the enormous amount of cruelty and suffering that exists.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: One year before the publication of "The Birth of Tragedy", Nietzsche wrote a fragment titled On Music and Words. In it he asserted the Schopenhauerian judgment that music is a primary expression of the essence of everything. Secondarily derivative are lyrical poetry and drama, which represent mere phenomenal appearances of objects. In this way, tragedy is born from music.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: "The Birth of Tragedy" was angrily criticized by many respected professional scholars of Greek literature. Particularly vehement was philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, who denounced Nietzsche's work as slipshod and misleading. Prompted by Nietzsche, Erwin Rohde—a friend who had written a favorable review that sparked the first derogatory debate over the book—responded by exposing Wilamowitz-Moellendorf's inaccurate citations of Nietzsche's work. Richard Wagner also issued a response to Wilamowitz-Moellendorf's critique, but his action only served to characterize Nietzsche as the composer's lackey.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: In suggesting the Greeks might have had problems, Nietzsche was departing from the scholarly traditions of his age, which viewed the Greeks as a happy, perhaps even naive, and simple people. The work is a web of professional philology, philosophical insight, and admiration of musical art. As a work in philology, it was almost immediately rejected, virtually destroying Nietzsche's academic aspirations. The music theme was so closely associated with Richard Wagner that it became an embarrassment to Nietzsche once he himself had achieved some distance and independence from Wagner. It stands, then, as Nietzsche's first complete, published philosophical work, one in which a battery of questions are asked, sketchily identified, and questionably answered.


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: Marianne Cowan, in her introduction to Nietzsche's "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks", describes the situation in these words:


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: By 1886, Nietzsche himself had reservations about the work, and he published a preface in the 1886 edition where he re-evaluated some of his main concerns and ideas in the text. In this post-script, Nietzsche referred to "The Birth of Tragedy" as "an impossible book... badly written, ponderous, embarrassing, image-mad and image-confused, sentimental, saccharine to the point of effeminacy, uneven in tempo, [and] without the will to logical cleanliness." Still, he defended the "arrogant and rhapsodic book" for inspiring "fellow-rhapsodizers" and for luring them on to "new secret paths and dancing places."


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: In 1888, in "Ecce Homo", Nietzsche was back on the attack. He defends "The Birth of Tragedy" by stating: "...It is indifferent toward politics,—'un-German,' to use the language of the present time—it smells offensively Hegelian, and the cadaverous perfume of Schopenhauer sticks only to a few formulas. An 'idea'—the antithesis of the Dionysian and the Apollinian—translated into the metaphysical; history itself as the development of this 'idea'; in tragedy this antithesis is sublimated into a unity; under this perspective things that had never before faced each other are suddenly juxtaposed, used to illuminate each other, and comprehended... Opera, for example, and the revolution.— The two decisive innovations of the book are, first, its understanding of the Dionysian phenomenon among the Greeks: for the first time, a psychological analysis of this phenomenon is offered, and it is considered as one root of the whole of Greek art. The other is the understanding of Socratism: Socrates is recognized for the first time as an instrument of Greek disintegration, as a typical décadent. 'Rationality' against instinct. 'Rationality' at any price as a dangerous force that undermines life!— Profound, hostile silence about Christianity throughout the book. That is neither Apollinian nor Dionysian; it negates all aesthetic values—the only values that the 'Birth of Tragedy' recognizes: it is nihilistic in the most profound sense, while in the Dionysian symbol the ultimate limit of affirmation is attained. There is one allusion [The Birth of Tragedy, 24] to Christian priests as a 'vicious kind of dwarfs' who are 'subterranean' ..."


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: In the title of his novel "The Magic Mountain", Thomas Mann alludes to a passage from "The Birth of Tragedy", and the influence of Nietzsche's work can be seen in the novel's character Mynheer Peepercorn, who embodies the "Dionysian principle".


title: The Birth of Tragedy

text: Within the context of a critical study of Nietzsche's "atheist humanism", the influential Catholic theologian Henri de Lubac considered it "a work of genius", and dedicated several pages of his study to explicate the relationship between Nietzsche's early thought and Christianity.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: Abdoulaye Doucouré (born 1 January 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club Everton. Born in France, he plays for the Mali national team.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: Doucouré was born in Meulan-en-Yvelines, Yvelines, to Malian parents. His cousin Ladji Doucouré is a French track and field athlete.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: Doucouré made his debut in the Ligue 1 during the 2012–2013 season for Rennes, having come through their youth system.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: On 1 February 2016, Doucouré signed to Premier League club Watford for an undisclosed fee and immediately went on loan to La Liga club Granada CF on loan.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: He made his first La Liga appearance one week later, when he came on as an 80th-minute substitute for Adalberto Peñaranda in a 1–2 home loss against Real Madrid. Doucouré scored his first goal for Watford on 4 March 2017, netting an injury time consolation as Watford lost 3–4 to Southampton.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: Doucouré scored seven goals and made two assists in the 2017–18 season, with five goals and six assists the year after. He was named "Player of the Season" for the club at the end of the 2017–18 season.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: On 8 September 2020, Premier League club Everton announced that they had signed Doucouré from Watford for an undisclosed fee believed to be in the region of £20m. He signed a three-year deal with a club option for a fourth season. Doucouré made his debut on 13 September during Everton's first game of the 2020–21 season, 1–0 win away from home against Tottenham Hotspur. Doucouré scored his first Everton goal with a powerful header in a 3–2 away win against Fulham on 22 November 2020 in a Premier League fixture. He scored again against Manchester United in a 3–3 draw on 6 February 2021 at Old Trafford when he tapped in from close range. On 12 March, Everton manager Carlo Ancelotti said that Doucouré had suffered a fractured foot in training thus ruling him out for 8–10 weeks. Ancelotti said he hoped Doucouré would return to the team before the end of the season.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: Doucouré played for France at U21 level. In March 2019, he was approached by the Mali FA over representing the African country at international level. He is eligible to play for Mali, the country of his origin, but rejected their approach.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: In February 2020, Doucouré said in an interview that he was targeting a place in the France national team but he also remained open to represent the Mali national team. In September 2020, Doucouré was called up by Mali for upcoming matches against Ghana on 9 October and Iran on 13 October in Turkey, which he rejected due to his desire to play for France under Didier Deschamps.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: In February 2022, Mali FA President Baviuex Touré told the media that he was in negotiation with Doucouré, hoping that he would switch his international allegiance from France in time to feature in their World Cup play-offs in March.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: In March 2022, Doucouré finally accepted a call-up from Mali and is in line to make his international debut this month as Mali push for World Cup qualification. He debuted with Mali in a 1–0 2022 World Cup qualification loss to Tunisia on 25 March 2022.


title: Abdoulaye Doucouré

text: Former Everton manager Carlo Ancelotti has said of Doucouré that "he can play everywhere on the pitch. He can play number 10, in behind, in front of the defence, his work defensively is really good. He is learning a lot tactically as well. He has a fantastic ability for the transition when we catch the ball. He is fantastic box-to-box."


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Holly Letkeman (born November 29, 1983) is a Canadian professional wrestler and actress currently signed to Impact Wrestling under the ring name Rosemary. She is a former Impact Knockouts Champion and a current and three-time Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Champion. She has worked for promotions such as BSE Pro, BCW, Maximum Pro Wrestling, NCW Femmes Fatales, Smash, Steel City Pro Wrestling, and Shimmer Women Athletes under the ring name Courtney Rush. She is also a former Shimmer Tag Team Champion with Sara Del Rey.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba and raised in Stonewall, Manitoba, she was exposed to professional wrestling by her father. During high school, she and a friend briefly trained at a local school, but quit after one session when the school wanted them to have a match. She later attended University of Manitoba, where she majored in film studies. After graduation, she worked on a few film sets, but decided to resume her childhood interest in professional wrestling after hearing of Eddie Guerrero's death and attended Scott D'Amore's school in Windsor, Ontario, in May 2007, where she was taught by Tyson Dux and Johnny Devine, as well as D'Amore. She initially used the ring name PJ Tyler (reflecting her love of Aerosmith), but later changed it to Courtney Rush.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Competing as Casey Maguire, she made her in-ring debut for PTW on January 30, 2008, in a losing effort against Haley Rogers. She was scheduled to take the position of Jennifer Blake as PWX Commissioner but her position was taken by "Danger Boy" Derek Wylde in a controversial way. She soon started a feud with Haley Rogers during a tag team with Jennifer Blake against the same Haley Rogers and Jade Chung. During this contest she broke Haley's nose and she aggravated this injury during a single contest the following week. Those two athletes met different times during the 2008 and GLORY Wrestling dedicated them an article about the match that took place on September 12, 2008. During the first part of 2009 she competed in different matches with Cherry Bomb, Jennifer Blake and Holly Hilton, including a match with Amazing Kong that she was not able to win. On the day of her 26th birthday she was able to win her first title in career defeating Deanna Conda in the final of the WILD Tournament 2009 to win the GCW W.I.L.D. Championship.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: She debuted for NCW Femmes Fatales on February 6, 2010 as PJ Tyler. At the beginning she was scheduled to take on Kacey Diamond but plans were changed and she teamed with Mary Lee Rose to take on the team of Anna Minoushka and Anastasia Ivy. She was able to hit with her finishing maneuver, but the team of Anna and Anastasia got the win via pinfall. As the reigning WILD Champion at the time, Tyler was entered into the first ever NCW FF Tournament for the NCW Femmes Fatales Championship. In the first round she faced Portia Perez in a first time ever match but was unable to score the win. In October 2010, Tyler defeated Cat Power and Sassy Stephie in a triple threat match.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: In March 2011, now appearing as Courtney Rush, she defeated Cat Power in a street-fight. At the July 2011 card, Rush faced Madison Eagles in the semi-main event but lost to her. In October 2011, she faced and defeated Kellie Skater.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: In March 2013, Rush defeated Allison Danger to win the Bellatrix World Championship. On August 16, 2014, she won the nCw Femmes Fatales Championship.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: PJ Tyler was announced to debut for Shimmer on March 22, 2010, on the Shimmer Board. She made her first appearance for Shimmer Women Athletes as part of the Sparkle Division on April 10, 2010. During the Sparkle match she was defeated by Anna Minoushka. She made also a second appearance as part of the Sparkle the following day teaming with Leva Bates defeating the team of Anna Minoushka and She Nay Nay.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: In March 2011, she faced Mena Libra, Daizee Haze and Kellie Skater as Courtney Rush as part of the main SHIMMER division but lost to all three. At the next set of tapings in October 2011, she faced Yumi Ohka, Nikki Roxx and Sara Del Rey, where Rush picked up a win against Roxx but lost to the other two wrestlers. After two wins on March 17, 2012, over Rhia O'Reilly and Sassy Stephie, on March 18, the babyface Rush formed a tag team with the villainous Sara Del Rey, first defeating Regeneration X, and then winning a four-way match to become the new Shimmer Tag Team Champions. On June 7, Rush and Del Rey lost the title to the Canadian NINJAs (Nicole Matthews and Portia Perez) at a Femmes Fatales event when Del Rey abandoned her during the match. On April 13, 2013, Rush defeated Athena, Madison Eagles and Saraya Knight in a four-way match to earn her first shot at the Shimmer Championship. Rush received her title match later that same day, but was defeated by the defending champion, Cheerleader Melissa.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Rush would suffer a fractured collarbone in September 2013, forcing her to miss SHIMMER's October 2013 shows, but she returned for Volume 62 in April 2014, where she lost to Mercedes Martinez.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Rush formed a tag team with Xandra Bale on April 11, 2015, referring to themselves as "Ontario's Top Team." They defeated Made In Sin (Allysin Kay and Taylor Made) at Volume 72, but they would fail to defeat The Kimber Bombs (Kimber Lee and Cherry Bomb) for the SHIMMER Tag Team Championship at Volume 73. After the match, she showed signs of a heel turn due to frustration with Bale. The following day at Volume 74, Rush and Bale were defeated by Team Slap Happy (Evie and Heidl Lovelace), and after the match ended, Rush turned heel and attacked Bale. She defeated Bale with the F5 later that day at Volume 75.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: In January 2016, Letkeman signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Her first appearance took place on the January 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in which she appeared on stage, dressed as a macabre cheerleader, speaking in riddles while Crazzy Steve and Abyss attacked TNA Tag Team Champions The Wolves and stole their title belts, thus forming a heel stable called Decay. It was later revealed her new ring name was Rosemary. After making sporadic appearances throughout the year, mostly as a valet for Steve and Abyss, Rosemary made her in–ring debut on the April 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating Gail Kim. Throughout September, Rosemary, as part of Decay, started a feud with Rebecca Hardy, which also led to a match between the two, that actually ended with a disqualification for Rosemary after spitting mist into the eyes of Hardy then putting Hardy through a table.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: In November, Rosemary started a feud with both Gail Kim and Jade and after Kim was injured she vacated the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. This led to a match, which aired on tape delay on the December 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Rosemary defeated Jade in a six sides of steel cage match to win the vacant Knockouts Championship for the first time in her career. Month later, during the pay–per–view, Rosemary made her first title defense defeating Sienna. In mid–January 2017, the feud between Rosemary and Jade re–emerged, and the two competed in a monster's ball match at Genesis, where Rosemary defeated Jade to retain her title. Few weeks later, on the March 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rosemary would go on to defeat Jade once again, this time in a last knockout standing match, to retain her championship and end their rivalry. During her reign, Rosemary also went on to fend off challengers like Santana Garrett and ODB.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: In late–May, after she saved Allie from an attack by Laurel Van Ness and Sienna, and refused to join their stable, Rosemary turned face for the first time since joining the promotion. During the next few weeks, the kayfabe between Allie and Rosemary would continue, with the latter explaining that "The Hive" sent her to protect Allie. On July 2, at Slammiversary, Rosemary was defeated by Sienna, in what was a unification match for both the Impact Wrestling Knockouts and GFW Women's championships, ending her reign at 266 days — the second longest reign in the title's history.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: On the September 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", after once again saving Allie from an attack, Rosemary was attacked by the debuting Taya Valkyrie. This sparked a feud between the two, and a match in which Rosemary was defeated by Valkyrie. The two were supposed to face off again, in a first blood match at Bound for Glory, on November 5, but the match was eventually cancelled due to unforeseen personal circumstances regarding Valkyrie. In December, Rosemary failed to regain the once again vacant Impact Wrestling Knockouts Championship as she was defeated by Laurel Van Ness in a tournament finals. On the March 1, 2018, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rosemary's rivalry with Taya Valkyrie was renewed after the latter returned and once again attacked Rosemary. Just a month later, on the April 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in what was their second and final match, Rosemary defeated Valkyrie in a demon's dance match, officially ending their feud.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Shortly after her feud with Valkyrie had ended, Rosemary was placed in Allie's storyline with Su Yung, which eventually led to the burial of Rosemary, which was a way to write her off television due to a torn anterior cruciate ligament that she suffered working an independent promotion. On January 6, 2019, after an eight months absence off television, Rosemary returned at Homecoming as she saved Kiera Hogan from an attack by her former friend Allie and Su Yung. Shortly after her return, Rosemary (working as a face once again) continued her storyline with Allie, who had turned on Hogan and allied with Su Yung.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: On February 28, 2019, Impact Wrestling announced that Rosemary has re-signed a new two-year contract with the company. On March 29 at Against All Odds, Rosemary entered the Undead Realm to retrieve Allie's soul, but was unsuccessful as Allie was "killed" by Yung. On the May 17 episode of "Impact!", Rosemary's rivalry with Yung reached to it climax when Rosemary defeated Yung in a Demon Collar match, draggin Yung with the collar afterwards. On the June 7 episode of "Impact!", the returning Havok freed Yung, when she attacked Rosemary and Valkyrie during their match against each other. At Slammiversary XVII, Rosemary competed for the Knockouts Championship in a four-way Monster's Ball match against Havok, Valkyrie who was then-champion and Yung, as Valkyrie retained her title.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: On the February 4, 2020, episode of "Impact!", Rosemary challenged Yung, who changed her appearance and name to Susie. The two wrestled into a double count-out and continued to brawl backstage, when Rosemary wrapped a noose around Susie's neck and resurrecting Su Yung. On the March 24 episode of "Impact!", when Havok and Yung were betrayed by their manager Father Mitchell when he sent them to the Undead Wasteland, Rosemary helped them to escape, ending her feud with Yung in the process, who would later return to her Susie persona.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: After spending some time together on the short-lived recurring segment on "Impact!" called "Wrestle House", Rosemary formed a team with her formal rival, Taya Valkyrie. The team competed in the tournament to crown new Knockouts Tag Team Champions, but lost in the second round to the eventual winners, Fire 'N Flava on the December 15, 2020 episode of "Impact!". The two did not team together after the tournament loss and the team was officially disbanded when Valkyrie was released from Impact Wrestling on January 19, 2021.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: On the January 12, 2021 episode of "Impact!", Crazzy Steve prevented Kaleb with a K from interfering in his former ally Rosemary's match against Tenille Dashwood, which allowed Rosemary to win the match, thus marking a reunion of Decay. This led to Decay reuniting at the Hard To Kill pay-per-view and winning against Dashwood and Kaleb in an intergender tag team match. Black Taurus was introduced as the new member of Decay, where he teamed up with Rosemary and Steve at No Surrender as they faced Tenille Dashwood and XXXL (Acey Romero and Larry D) in a winning effort. Soon after Decay reunited, Rosemary began teaming with Havok apart of the group and they defeated Fire 'N Flava (Kiera Hogan and Tasha Steelz) at Slammiversary to win the Impact Knockouts Tag Team Championship. On October 23, at Bound for Glory, Decay lost their titles to the debuting team of The IInspiration (Cassie Lee and Jessica McKay), ending their reign at 98 days. On January 8, 2022, at Hard to Kill, Rosemary participated in the inaugural Knockouts Ultimate X match, which was won by Steelz. At Slammiversary, Rosemary teamed with Taya Valkyrie to defeat The Influence (Madison Rayne and Tenille Dashwood) to win the Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Championship.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: On August 26, 2017, Rosemary took part in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide's Triplemanía XXV, working in a four-way match for the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship. The match ended with Sexy Star submitting Rosemary for the win with an armbar, reportedly popping her arm out of its place legitimately in the process. The incident gained some attention among other wrestlers, who voiced their opinions on social media on the apparent shoot. As a result, AAA subsequently stripped Sexy Star of the win and championship by imposing a legit disqualification.


title: Rosemary (wrestler)

text: Courtney Rush has also acted in several independent movies, including "Monster Brawl" (where she played Witch Bitch), "Exit Humanity" and "Beat Down".


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Michael Dunn (born Gary Neil Miller; October 20, 1934 – August 30, 1973) was an American actor and singer with dwarfism. He inspired a number of actors significantly smaller and shorter (those with dwarfism) than most people, including Zelda Rubinstein, Eric the Actor, and Mark Povinelli.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Dunn had medical dwarfism, a result of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED, subtype unknown), a genetic defect of cartilage production caused by a mutation in the COL2A1 (type II collagen) gene. This disorder, classified as a skeletal dysplasia, causes distorted development of the limbs, spine, and ribcage and leads to early, widespread osteoarthritis and constricted lung growth. As an adult, Dunn stood 3' 10" and weighed about 78 pounds (117 cm, 35 kg). During Dunn's lifetime, his condition was described by the nonspecific term "progressive chondrodystrophy", or alternatively as "achondroplasia", a term that now refers specifically to a skeletal dysplasia caused by a defect in the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Dunn was born to Jewell (née Hilly; died 1990) and Fred Miller (died 1981) during the time of the Dust Bowl drought. He chose his stage name in order to differentiate himself from another Gary Miller in the Screen Actors Guild. ("Dunn" was his maternal grandmother's maiden name, but his reason for choosing "Michael" is unknown and not derived from his monastic experience in 1958.) An only child, when he was four years old, his family moved to Dearborn, Michigan.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Dunn started reading at age three, was champion of the 1947 Detroit News Spelling Bee—representing Wallaceville School in Wayne County—and showed early skill at the piano. He enjoyed singing from childhood, loved to draw an impromptu audience (even while waiting for a bus), and developed a pleasing lyric baritone and superb sight-reading skills. His parents defied pressure from school authorities to sequester him in a school for disabled children and staunchly supported his talents, independence, and integration into mainstream society. "I always got thrown out of classes for being too lippy", he commented about his experience with elementary school teachers. "I'd read more than they." His orthopedic condition greatly limited his mobility, but he swam and ice-skated in childhood and remained a skilled swimmer throughout his life.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: He attended Redford High School in Detroit (1947–1951), then entered University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in September 1951, just before his 17th birthday. However, according to his Columbia Studios press kit biography, his studies were interrupted when he was knocked down a flight of stairs during a "student rush", which resulted in a three-month hospital stay.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: In 1953, he transferred to the University of Miami, College of Arts and Sciences, which offered a better climate and more accessible campus. His transcript shows that, despite scoring at the 97th percentile of ACE placement exams and the 99th percentile of the CTS English test, he did not distinguish himself academically. However, he was a high spirited and well-known figure about campus who sang in the talent show and facetiously joined the football cheerleading squad. Archives at that university's Otto G. Richter Library show that he became first a copyeditor and a contributing writer, then managing editor in 1954 of the college magazine, "Tempo." (Contrary to information that later appeared in his Columbia Studios biography, Dunn could not take credit for "Tempo" winning the Sigma Delta Chi Award for best college magazine in the country, since credit went to the Editor-in-Chief.) His classmate John Softness recalled, "He could sing like an angel, and he could act and he could write and he was a brilliant raconteur." Softness ran a campus-wide advertising campaign called "Wheels for Gary," which brought in enough money from student donations to buy a used 1951 Austin outfitted with hand controls, so that Dunn could get around independently.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: At various points, he held different odd jobs—singing in a nightclub, answering telephones for the " Miami Daily News," and working as a hotel detective. ("What a gaff! I got my room free and all I did was play cards with the night clerk and keep an eye open for any funny business in the lobby. Who would ever suspect me of being a detective?") He left college in 1956 after completing only his sophomore year, returned to Michigan, and attended summer classes at the University of Detroit, in 1957.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Dunn converted to Catholicism and was baptized in 1954. He was living in Ann Arbor with his parents, working as a professional singer, at the time he entered St. Bonaventure Monastery in Detroit, on February 25, 1958.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: According to a Capuchin Provincial Archivist, Dunn entered with the intention of becoming a Capuchin non-ordained Brother. He was known by his given name, Gary, since he never became a novice. A testimonial from John F. Bradley, Catholic Chaplain, University of Michigan, states: "He has always been interested in Catholic activities and was president of the Newman Club in another school". In response to a question on the monastery application asking: "How long have you been thinking of entering religious life?" Dunn wrote, "More than three years." Dunn was later quoted in the "New York Post" explaining that he had wanted to be of service, since he was unfit for the military: "Everyone my age was going to Korea and I had this feeling that singing wasn't exactly doing my part."


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: However, monastery records entered by the Master of Novices show that the physical demands of monastic life in a huge, 19th-century building with no elevator proved too strenuous. Dunn left of his own accord on May 8, 1958, to pursue a stage career in New York.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: In New York, Dunn re-encountered Softness, who volunteered to be his manager. He also befriended actress Phoebe Dorin in an off-Broadway show, "Two by Saroyan", in which both had small parts in the early 1960s. They began singing together casually after their nighttime performances, sitting on the wall of the fountain opposite the Plaza Hotel, and drew a following. Eventually, on the advice of fellow actor Roddy McDowall, the pair started a nightclub act of songs mixed with conversational patter, titled "Michael Dunn and Phoebe". The act received favorable reviews in "Time" magazine and "The New York Times" and ultimately led directly to the pair being cast on "The Wild Wild West" television series, a Western spy spoof with elements of historical fiction and science fiction, which debuted in 1965.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Dunn was probably best known for his recurring role on that series as Dr. Miguelito Loveless, a mad scientist who devised passionately perverse schemes and gadgetry to ensnare Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon (Robert Conrad and Ross Martin). (Note: "Miguelito" is the Spanish diminutive of "Michael", equivalent to "Mike" or "Mikey".) Dorin played Dr. Loveless's devoted assistant, Antoinette. In each episode in which they appeared together, the villainous couple tenderly sang a Victorian duet or two, heedless of the mayhem they had created around themselves. According to Dorin, Dunn saved her from drowning during filming of the episode "The Night of the Murderous Spring", plunging underwater to tear her free, when her costume became entangled in machinery used to sink a boat on the set. Dunn appeared as Dr Loveless 10 times on "The Wild Wild West" (four times apiece in the first two seasons and one time apiece in the remaining two seasons).


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: In the pilot episode of the Mel Brooks and Buck Henry television spy spoof "Get Smart", Dunn showed his skill with comic farce as the well-heeled gangster Mr. Big, leader of international crime organization K.A.O.S. (September 18, 1965). Dunn featured as Alexander, a courageous court jester, in the "" episode "Plato's Stepchildren" (November 22, 1968). He also appeared in an episode of "Bonanza", "It's a Small World" (January 4, 1970), portraying a recently widowed circus performer trying to start a new life, and as a killer clown in the "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" episode "The Wax Men" (5 March 1967).


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: In 1963, he received the New York critics' Circle Award for best supporting actor and was nominated for a 1964 Tony Award, for his performance as Cousin Lymon in Edward Albee's stage adaptation of "The Ballad of the Sad Café," by Carson McCullers. Dunn received an Oscar nomination and the Laurel Award as the best supporting actor for his role as the cynical Karl Glocken in "Ship of Fools" (Columbia Pictures, 1965, directed by Stanley Kramer).


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: In 1969, "The New York Times" drama critic Clive Barnes praised Dunn's portrayal of Antaeus in the tragedy "The Inner Journey" by British novelist and playwright James Hanley, performed at the Lincoln Center: "Michael Dunn as the dwarf is so good that the play may be worth seeing merely for him. Controlled, with his heart turned inward, his mind a pattern of pain, Mr. Dunn's Antaeus deserves all the praise it can be given."


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Between those career highlights, he accepted roles in many pulp horror movies, as well as a role in the 1968 film "No Way to Treat a Lady", starring Rod Steiger and George Segal. However, at the time of his death, he was in London playing Birgito in "The Abdication" (Warner Brothers, 1974, directed by Anthony Harvey), starring Peter Finch and Liv Ullmann. Author Günter Grass had already asked him to play in a film adaptation of his novel, "The Tin Drum", a role that ultimately went to the young David Bennent after Dunn's death.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Dunn was married on December 14, 1966, to Joy Talbot. "Motion Picture Magazine" described her as a model, in a photo caption in the March, 1967 issue. The marriage ended in divorce after a few years. He developed into a dedicated philanthropist toward children with dwarfism who would write fan letters to him confiding their loneliness and despair. According to Dorin, Dunn often traveled to visit such children at his own expense, delivering encouragement to them and stern counsel to overly protective parents.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: His mobility and physical stamina were poor and deteriorated throughout his life. He had deformed hip joints (due either to hip dysplasia or coxa vara, with secondary osteoarthritis). However, he scampishly disguised his limitations by telling tall tales that a gullible press eagerly reported as the truth. Various accounts describe him as an aviator, skydiver, judo master, football player, and concert pianist, despite clear evidence on film of a severe, waddling limp, permanently flexed limbs, and gnarled fingers. In published interviews, he did hint at his childhood limitations both in football—"I was a great passer"—and in baseball: "I wasn't a very fast runner. I had to depend on sliding."


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Working in New York, eschewing public transportation, Dunn reportedly accrued masses of parking tickets, as disabled drivers had no special privileges. He received help from friend and stuntman Dean Selmier, who often carried Dunn on his shoulders through the streets of Manhattan.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Spinal deformities, including scoliosis, caused a distorted ribcage that restricted Dunn's lung growth and function. The resulting respiratory insufficiency caused overload of the heart's right chambers, a chronic condition called cor pulmonale. He died in his sleep in his room at the Cadogan Hotel, Chelsea, London, on August 30, 1973, aged 38, while on location for "The Abdication".


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: "The New York Times" reported his cause of death as undisclosed, leading to decades of repeated public speculation about possible suicide. However, the designation "undisclosed" signified merely that no cause of death had yet been determined. An autopsy was performed on August 31, 1973, by Professor R.D. Teare at St. George's Hospital, London, who noted: "The right side of the heart was widely dilated and hypertrophied to twice its normal thickness. The left ventricle was normal in size." He recorded the cause of death as cor pulmonale. This information is confirmed in the "Report of the Death of an American Citizen" from the U.S. Department of State, Foreign Service, American Embassy in London, made out on October 12, 1973, by Micaela A. Cella, Vice Consul. The report is on record in the U.S. National Archives in College Park, Maryland.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: A London physician reportedly prescribed and administered two narcotics and a barbiturate for severe arthritic pain, despite the extreme risk of inducing respiratory depression, apnea, and death in a patient with decreased respiratory reserve. Dunn may have needed the drugs in order to tolerate the physical demands of shooting a movie. The autopsy's finding of intense vascular congestion in the lungs also suggests the possibility that a rapidly progressive pneumonia may have been developing.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Allegations of chronic alcoholism are unsubstantiated by the autopsy report, which notes only venous congestion of the liver—presumably secondary to Dunn's right-heart failure—without cirrhosis, and without inflammation of the stomach lining or pancreas. One consequence of such liver dysfunction would be jaundice. Another would be intoxication after drinking even small amounts of alcohol, as well as a toxic reaction to the prescribed drugs—either of which could also induce altered mental status (such as disorientation, delusions, faulty memory). This may explain the family's report that Dunn sent home a strange telegram "shortly before his death". ("I'm OK. The cops are looking.") Rumors of foul play and theft of the body are unsubstantiated by Scotland Yard.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: Despite being severely ill and in great pain, Dunn continued working nearly up to the day of his death, living up to his own description of himself as "a both-feet jumper". He was buried on September 10, 1973, in Lauderdale Memorial Park Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, near his parents' retirement home in Lauderhill. In July 2007, a first cousin had his remains exhumed and driven to Oklahoma, re-interred near his parents' graves in Sunset Memorial Park Cemetery, Norman, Oklahoma.


title: Michael Dunn (actor)

text: "Source": The Paley Center for Media, formerly The Museum of Television and Radio, 25 West 52nd Street, New York, NY 10019 (see below)


title: Lepa Brena

text: Fahreta Živojinović (; ; born 20 October 1960), known by her stage name Lepa Brena (), is a folk singer, actress and businesswoman. She is the best-selling female recording artist from the former Yugoslavia.


title: Lepa Brena

text: Lepa Brena grew up in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and has lived in Belgrade, Serbia since 1980, where she started her career. Lepa Brena is considered to be a symbol of the former Yugoslavia, due to the fact that she was one of the last popular acts to emerge before the breakup of the country. She has described herself as being "Yugo-nostalgic". Along with her husband, Slobodan Živojinović and friend, , Brena co-founded and co-owned Grand Production, the biggest record label and production company in the Balkans. In 2019, they decided to sell Grand Production for €30 million.


title: Lepa Brena

text: Born into a Bosniak family in the outskirts of Tuzla, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, she grew up in Brčko as the youngest child of Abid Jahić ( – 22 October 2010) and Ifeta (; 15 April 1934 – 21 November 2014). Both of her parents are originally from villages near Srebrenik; her father was born in Ježinac and her maternal family hailed from Ćehaje. Fahreta grew up in a Muslim home with sister Faketa and brother Faruk. At the start of the Bosnian War in 1992, her sister Faketa emigrated to Canada, where she lives today, while Brena stayed in Belgrade where she had been living since 1980.


title: Lepa Brena

text: Her first performance for an audience was in the fifth grade at a local festival, singing a Kemal Monteno song named "Sviraj mi o njoj". She later reflected, "It was the only time in my life that I've ever experienced stage fright." Afterwards, she started performing regularly at dance parties in Brčko.


title: Lepa Brena

text: While a guest on a Croatian television show in March 2014, she was asked if she had been ashamed of having a Muslim name, to which she replied: "Why would I be ashamed? I was and stay what I am. Today I am Fahreta. I am proud of my parents and roots". She said of her stage name, that "Brena" was given to her by her basketball coach Vlado, while the epithet "Lepa" () was given to her by showman Minimaks.