title: Brad Guzan

text: Guzan made his World Cup qualifying debut in the second leg of a second round qualifier against Barbados on June 14, 2008 in an 8–0 home victory. Weeks later, he was chosen for the Olympic team for the tournament in China, where he kept a shutout in an opening 1–0 win over Japan. When the United States came runners-up at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa, he played in a 3–0 group victory against Egypt that put the team into the semi-finals at the expense of their opponents and Italy.


title: Brad Guzan

text: Guzan was unused at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and played no international games between that November and May 2012, when he came on as a substitute for Tim Howard near the end of a 5–1 friendly win over Scotland in Jacksonville. Howard took an international sabbatical after starting at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, during which Guzan was first-choice. At the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, in which the United States came fourth, Guzan and Michael Bradley were the only two Americans to start every game; he won the Golden Glove. Howard returned to the team for 2016's Copa América Centenario, but Guzan kept his place in a run to the semi-finals.


title: Brad Guzan

text: Guzan was in the American side that won the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He played the first two group games before Bill Hamid took his place for the third, then he and Sean Johnson were replaced in the squad by Howard and Jesse González. He was unused as the Americans won again in 2021.


title: Brad Guzan

text: Guzan is a Christian. Guzan has spoken about his faith, saying, "My personal life, my faith life and my sport life – they all come together. I think they have to. You don't have one without the others, and you have to have Jesus in your life. That is how I get through my personal life, how I get through my professional life – following Christ. ... we all need Christ in our lives. Money, fame, all those objects, they don't mean anything if you don't have Jesus in your life. All of those things can be gone in the blink of an eye. We can't get caught up in it."


title: Alternation of generations

text: Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis) is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. It consists of a multicellular haploid sexual phase, the gametophyte, which has a single set of chromosomes alternating with a multicellular diploid asexual phase, the sporophyte which has two sets of chromosomes.


title: Alternation of generations

text: A mature sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis, a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half, from two sets to one. The resulting haploid spores germinate and grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes. At maturity, a gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis, the normal process of cell division in eukaryotes, which maintains the original number of chromosomes. Two haploid gametes (originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism) fuse to produce a diploid zygote, which divides repeatedly by mitosis, developing into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. This cycle, from gametophyte to sporophyte (or equally from sporophyte to gametophyte), is the way in which all land plants and most algae undergo sexual reproduction.


title: Alternation of generations

text: The relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte phases varies among different groups of plants. In the majority of algae, the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms, which may or may not have a similar appearance. In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it. Although moss and hornwort sporophytes can photosynthesise, they require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and depend on it for supply of water, mineral nutrients and nitrogen. By contrast, in all modern vascular plants the gametophyte is less well developed than the sporophyte, although their Devonian ancestors had gametophytes and sporophytes of approximately equivalent complexity. In ferns the gametophyte is a small flattened autotrophic prothallus on which the young sporophyte is briefly dependent for its nutrition. In flowering plants, the reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Animals develop differently. They produce haploid gametes. No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced, so generally there is no multicellular haploid phase. (Some insects have a sex-determining system whereby haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs; however females produced from fertilized eggs are diploid.)


title: Alternation of generations

text: Life cycles of plants and algae with alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages are referred to as diplohaplontic (the equivalent terms haplodiplontic, diplobiontic and dibiontic are also in use, as is describing such an organism as having a diphasic ontogeny). Life cycles, such as those of animals, in which there is only a diploid multicellular stage are referred to as diplontic. Life cycles in which there is only a haploid multicellular stage are referred to as haplontic.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism's life cycle, regardless of whether these forms are free-living. In some species, such as the alga "Ulva lactuca", the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free-living independent organisms, essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic. The free-swimming, haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte produces free-swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes.


title: Alternation of generations

text: However, in some other groups, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte is very much reduced and is incapable of free living. For example, in all bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte is dependent on it. By contrast, in all modern vascular land plants the gametophytes are strongly reduced, although the fossil evidence indicates that they were derived from isomorphic ancestors. In seed plants, the female gametophyte develops totally within the sporophyte, which protects and nurtures it and the embryonic sporophyte that it produces. The pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, are reduced to only a few cells (just three cells in many cases). Here the notion of two generations is less obvious; as Bateman & Dimichele say "[s]porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism". The alternative term 'alternation of phases' may then be more appropriate.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Debates about alternation of generations in the early twentieth century can be confusing because various ways of classifying "generations" co-exist (sexual vs. asexual, gametophyte vs. sporophyte, haploid vs. diploid, etc.).


title: Alternation of generations

text: Initially, Chamisso and Steenstrup described the succession of differently organized generations (sexual and asexual) in animals as "alternation of generations", while studying the development of tunicates, cnidarians and trematode animals. This phenomenon is also known as heterogamy. Presently, the term "alternation of generations" is almost exclusively associated with the life cycles of plants, specifically with the alternation of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the morphological alternation of generations in plants, between a spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) and a gamete-bearing generation (gametophyte). By that time, a debate emerged focusing on the origin of the asexual generation of land plants (i.e., the sporophyte) and is conventionally characterized as a conflict between theories of antithetic (Čelakovský, 1874) and homologous (Pringsheim, 1876) alternation of generations. Čelakovský coined the words sporophyte and gametophyte.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Eduard Strasburger (1874) discovered the alternation between diploid and haploid nuclear phases, also called cytological alternation of nuclear phases. Although most often coinciding, morphological alternation and nuclear phases alternation are sometimes independent of one another, e.g., in many red algae, the same nuclear phase may correspond to two diverse morphological generations. In some ferns which lost sexual reproduction, there is no change in nuclear phase, but the alternation of generations is maintained.


title: Alternation of generations

text: The diagram above shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants. The many variations found in different groups of plants are described by use of these concepts later in the article. Starting from the right of the diagram, the processes involved are as follows:


title: Alternation of generations

text: The 'alternation of generations' in the life cycle is thus between a diploid (2"n") generation of sporophytes and a haploid ("n") generation of gametophytes.


title: Alternation of generations

text: The situation is quite different from that in animals, where the fundamental process is that a diploid (2"n") individual produces haploid ("n") gametes by meiosis. In animals, spores (i.e. haploid cells which are able to undergo mitosis) are not produced, so there is no asexual multi-cellular generation. Some insects have haploid males that develop from unfertilized eggs, but the females are all diploid.


title: Alternation of generations

text: The diagram shown above is a good representation of the life cycle of some multi-cellular algae (e.g. the genus "Cladophora") which have sporophytes and gametophytes of almost identical appearance and which do not have different kinds of spores or gametes.


title: Alternation of generations

text: However, there are many possible variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations. Each variation may occur separately or in combination, resulting in a bewildering variety of life cycles. The terms used by botanists in describing these life cycles can be equally bewildering. As Bateman and Dimichele say "[...] the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass; often, one term represents several concepts or one concept is represented by several terms."


title: Alternation of generations

text: There are some correlations between these variations, but they are just that, correlations, and not absolute. For example, in flowering plants, microspores ultimately produce microgametes (sperm) and megaspores ultimately produce megagametes (eggs). However, in ferns and their allies there are groups with undifferentiated spores but differentiated gametophytes. For example, the fern "Ceratopteris thalictrioides" has spores of only one kind, which vary continuously in size. Smaller spores tend to germinate into gametophytes which produce only sperm-producing antheridia.


title: Alternation of generations

text: The diagram shows the alternation of generations in a species which is heteromorphic, sporophytic, oogametic, dioicous, heterosporic and dioecious. A seed plant example might be a willow tree (most species of the genus "Salix" are dioecious). Starting in the centre of the diagram, the processes involved are:


title: Alternation of generations

text: The term "plants" is taken here to mean the Archaeplastida, i.e. the glaucophytes, red and green algae and land plants.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Alternation of generations occurs in almost all multicellular red and green algae, both freshwater forms (such as "Cladophora") and seaweeds (such as "Ulva"). In most, the generations are homomorphic (isomorphic) and free-living. Some species of red algae have a complex triphasic alternation of generations, in which there is a gametophyte phase and two distinct sporophyte phases. For further information, see Red algae: Reproduction.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Land plants all have heteromorphic (anisomorphic) alternation of generations, in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are distinctly different. All bryophytes, i.e. liverworts, mosses and hornworts, have the gametophyte generation as the most conspicuous. As an illustration, consider a monoicous moss. Antheridia and archegonia develop on the mature plant (the gametophyte). In the presence of water, the biflagellate sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium. Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse these spores, although "Splachnum sphaericum" is entomophilous, recruiting insects to disperse its spores. For further information, see Liverwort: Life cycle, Moss: Life cycle, Hornwort: Life cycle.


title: Alternation of generations

text: In ferns and their allies, including clubmosses and horsetails, the conspicuous plant observed in the field is the diploid sporophyte. The haploid spores develop in sori on the underside of the fronds and are dispersed by the wind (or in some cases, by floating on water). If conditions are right, a spore will germinate and grow into a rather inconspicuous plant body called a prothallus. The haploid prothallus does not resemble the sporophyte, and as such ferns and their allies have a heteromorphic alternation of generations. The prothallus is short-lived, but carries out sexual reproduction, producing the diploid zygote that then grows out of the prothallus as the sporophyte. For further information, see Fern: Life cycle.


title: Alternation of generations

text: In the spermatophytes, the seed plants, the sporophyte is the dominant multicellular phase; the gametophytes are strongly reduced in size and very different in morphology. The entire gametophyte generation, with the sole exception of pollen grains (microgametophytes), is contained within the sporophyte. The life cycle of a dioecious flowering plant (angiosperm), the willow, has been outlined in some detail in an earlier section (A complex life cycle). The life cycle of a gymnosperm is similar. However, flowering plants have in addition a phenomenon called 'double fertilization'. Two sperm nuclei from a pollen grain (the microgametophyte), rather than a single sperm, enter the archegonium of the megagametophyte; one fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote, the other fuses with two other nuclei of the gametophyte to form 'endosperm', which nourishes the developing embryo. For further information, see Double fertilization.


title: Alternation of generations

text: It has been proposed that the basis for the emergence of the diploid phase of the life cycle (sporophyte) as the dominant phase (e.g. as in vascular plants) is that diploidy allows masking of the expression of deleterious mutations through genetic complementation. Thus if one of the parental genomes in the diploid cells contained mutations leading to defects in one or more gene products, these deficiencies could be compensated for by the other parental genome (which nevertheless may have its own defects in other genes). As the diploid phase was becoming predominant, the masking effect likely allowed genome size, and hence information content, to increase without the constraint of having to improve accuracy of DNA replication. The opportunity to increase information content at low cost was advantageous because it permitted new adaptations to be encoded. This view has been challenged, with evidence showing that selection is no more effective in the haploid than in the diploid phases of the lifecycle of mosses and angiosperms.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Some organisms currently classified in the clade Rhizaria and thus not plants in the sense used here, exhibit alternation of generations. Most Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between haploid gamont and diploid agamont forms. The single-celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Fungal mycelia are typically haploid. When mycelia of different mating types meet, they produce two multinucleate ball-shaped cells, which join via a "mating bridge". Nuclei move from one mycelium into the other, forming a heterokaryon (meaning "different nuclei"). This process is called plasmogamy. Actual fusion to form diploid nuclei is called karyogamy, and may not occur until sporangia are formed. Karogamy produces a diploid zygote, which is a short-lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. When the spores germinate, they develop into new mycelia.


title: Alternation of generations

text: The life cycle of slime moulds is very similar to that of fungi. Haploid spores germinate to form swarm cells or myxamoebae. These fuse in a process referred to as "plasmogamy" and "karyogamy" to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into a plasmodium, and the mature plasmodium produces, depending on the species, one to many fruiting bodies containing haploid spores.


title: Alternation of generations

text: Alternation between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation is never encountered in animals. In some animals, there is an alternation between parthenogenic and sexually reproductive phases (heterogamy). Both phases are diploid. This has sometimes been called "alternation of generations", but is quite different. In some other animals, such as hymenopterans, males are haploid and females diploid, but this is always the case rather than there being an alternation between distinct generations.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: William Joseph Shields (10 March 1888 – 14 January 1961), known professionally as Barry Fitzgerald, was an Irish stage, film and television actor. In a career spanning almost forty years, he appeared in such notable films as "Bringing Up Baby" (1938), "The Long Voyage Home" (1940), "How Green Was My Valley" (1941), "Going My Way" (1944), "None but the Lonely Heart" (1944) and "The Quiet Man" (1952). For "Going My Way" (1944), he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and was simultaneously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was the older brother of Irish actor Arthur Shields. In 2020, he was listed at number 11 on "The Irish Times" list of Ireland's greatest film actors.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald was born William Joseph Shields in Walworth Road, Portobello, Dublin, Ireland, the son of Fanny Sophia (née Ungerland) and Adolphus Shields. His father was Irish and his mother was German. He was the older brother of Irish actor Arthur Shields.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: He went to Skerry's College, Dublin, before going on to work in the civil service, starting in 1911 as a junior clerk at the Dublin Board of Trade. He later went to work for the unemployment office. "It was an easy job, full of leisure," he later said.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald was interested in acting and began appearing in amateur dramatic societies such as the Kincora Players. His brother Arthur Shields joined the Abbey in 1915 and Barry would soon join him. He used a stage name so as not to get in trouble with his superiors in the civil service.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald's early appearances at the Abbey included bit parts in plays such as "The Casting Out of Martin Whelan" and a four-word part in "The Critic".


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: His breakthrough performance at the Abbey came in 1919, when he was in "The Dragon" by Lady Gregory. However he continued to act part-time until 1929, keeping his job at the civil service during the day. He was in "The Bribe", "An Imaginary Conversation", "John Bull's Other Island" and others.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: In 1924 his salary at the Abbey was £2'10 a week. That year he appeared in the world premiere of "Juno and the Paycock" by famed playwright Seán O'Casey. Fitzgerald played Captain Jack Boyle.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: In 1925 he starred in "Paul Twyning", a performance that was much acclaimed. The following year he was in the premiere of O'Casey's "The Plough and the Stars", playing Fluther Good. The play was controversial, causing riots and protests. One night in February 1926 three gunmen turned up to Fitzgerald's mother's house intending to kidnap him and stop the play from going ahead, but they were unable to find him.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: In 1926 he was in "The Would-Be Gentleman". Other appearances at the Abbey included "The Far Off Hills", "Shadow of a Gunman" and "The Playboy".


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: O'Casey wrote a part for Fitzgerald in "The Silver Tassie", but the play was rejected by the Abbey. It was picked up for production in London in 1929. Fitzgerald decided to quit his civil service job to join the production and became a full-time actor at the age of 41.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzergald made his film debut in Alfred Hitchcock's version of "Juno and the Paycock" (1930), shot in London.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: In early 1931 he toured England in a production of "Paul Twyning". He returned to Ireland in June of that year to perform the play at the Abbey. Between 1931 and 1936, he appeared in three plays by Irish playwright Teresa Deevy"A Disciple", "In Search of Valour" and "Katie Roche"which were also Abbey Theatre productions.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald went to the US with the Abbey Players in 1932 to appear in "Things That Are Caesar's" and "The Far-off Hills".


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: The Players and Fitzgerald returned to America in 1934 to tour a series of plays in repertory around the country. These included "The Plough and the Stars", "Drama at Inish", "The Far-off Hills", "Look at the Heffernans", "The Playboy of the Western World", "The Shadow of the Glen", "Church Street", "The Well of the Saints" and "Juno and the Paycock".


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald appeared in a short Irish movie, "Guests of the Nation", filmed in 1934 but not released for over seventy years.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: In March 1936 Fitzgerald and three other members of the Abbey went to Hollywood to star in the film version of "The Plough and the Stars" (1936), directed by John Ford. Fitzgerald decided to stay in Hollywood where he soon found constant employment as a character actor. He had support roles in "Ebb Tide" (1937) at Paramount, "Bringing Up Baby" (1938) at RKO, "Four Men and a Prayer" (1938) directed by John Ford at 20th Century Fox, and "The Dawn Patrol" (1938) at Warners.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald made a series of films at RKO: "Pacific Liner" (1939) with Victor McLaglen, and two directed by John Farrow, "The Saint Strikes Back" (1939) and "Full Confession" (1939). In between the two Farrow films, Fitzgerald returned to Broadway in 1939 in "The White Steed".


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: After "Full Confession" Fitzgerald went back to Broadway with "Kindred " (1939–40) and a revival of "Juno and the Paycock" (1940) which went for 105 performances.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Back in Hollywood, Fitzgerald was reunited with John Ford in "The Long Voyage Home" (1940). He did "San Francisco Docks" (1940) at Universal and "The Sea Wolf" (1941) at Warners, before doing another with Ford, "How Green Was My Valley" (1941), at Fox. He went to MGM for "Tarzan's Secret Treasure" (1941).


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald and Shields did "Tanyard Street" (1941) on Broadway, directed by Shields, which only had a short run. However Fitzgerald's personal notices were excellent, the "New York Times" calling him "the incarnation of the comic spirit. People start laughing the moment he pokes his squint face on set."


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Back in Hollywood, Fitzgerald did a series of films at Universal: "The Amazing Mrs. Holliday" (1943), "Two Tickets to London" (1943) and "Corvette K-225" (1943).


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald unexpectedly became a leading man when Leo McCarey cast him opposite Bing Crosby in "Going My Way" (1944) as Father Fitzgibbon. The film was a huge success. Fitzgerald was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (which he ultimately won) and the Academy Award for Best Actor; voting rules were changed shortly after this occurrence to prevent further dual nominations for the same role. An avid golfer, he later accidentally decapitated his Oscar while practicing his golf swing. During World War II, Oscar statuettes were made of plaster instead of gold-plated bronze to accommodate wartime metal shortages. The academy provided Fitzgerald with a replacement statuette.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: "Going My Way" was made by Paramount, who signed Fitzgerald to a long-term contract. They put him in a support role in "I Love a Soldier" (1944) and he was borrowed by RKO for "None But the Lonely Heart" (1944).


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: In March 1944, Fitzgerald was involved in a car accident which resulted in the death of a woman and injury of her daughter. He was charged with manslaughter but acquitted in January 1945 due to lack of evidence.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Back at Paramount, Fitzgerald supported Alan Ladd in "Two Years Before the Mast", made in 1944 by John Farrow, but not released until 1946. He supported Betty Hutton in "Incendiary Blonde" (1945) and "The Stork Club" (1945). In between he had a cameo as himself in "Duffy's Tavern" (1945) and was borrowed by United Artists to play the lead in "And Then There Were None" (1945), based on the novel and play by Agatha Christie. In January 1945 his fee was reported to be $75,000 a film.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald did two more movies with John Farrow: "California" (1947) with Ray Milland and "Easy Come, Easy Go" (1947), where he was top billed.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Paramount reunited Fitzgerald with Crosby in "Welcome Stranger" (1947) and he did another cameo as himself in "Variety Girl" (1947).


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Mark Hellinger borrowed Fitzgerald to play the lead in a cop film at Universal, "The Naked City" (1948) which was a solid success. Back at Paramount he was in "The Sainted Sisters" (1948) and "Miss Tatlock's Millions" (1948), then did a third film with Crosby, "Top o' the Morning" (1949).


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald went to Warners for "The Story of Seabiscuit" (1949) with Shirley Temple, then at Paramount did "Union Station" (1950) with William Holden and "Silver City" (1951) with Yvonne de Carlo. He made his TV debut with an episode of "The Ford Theatre Hour", "The White-Headed Boy" in 1950.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald went to Italy to star in the comedy "Ha da venì... don Calogero" (1952). John Ford gave him third billing in the classic "The Quiet Man" (1952). It was shot in Ireland as was "Happy Ever After" (1952) with De Carlo and David Niven.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald appeared in TV on episodes of "Lux Video Theatre", "General Electric Theater", and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents".


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: He had a supporting role in MGM's "The Catered Affair" (1956) and was top billed in the British comedy "Rooney" (1958).


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald never married. In Hollywood he shared an apartment with his stand in, Angus D. Taillon, who died in 1953. Fitzgerald returned to live in Dublin in 1959, where he lived at 2 Seafield Ave, Monkstown. In October that year, he underwent brain surgery. He appeared to recover, but in late 1960 he re-entered hospital. He died, as William Joseph Shields, of a heart attack in St Patrick's Hospital, James Street, on 14 January 1961.


title: Barry Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, for motion pictures at 6252 Hollywood Boulevard and for television at 7001 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Beamforming

text: Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array.


title: Beamforming

text: Beamforming can be used for radio or sound waves. It has found numerous applications in radar, sonar, seismology, wireless communications, radio astronomy, acoustics and biomedicine. Adaptive beamforming is used to detect and estimate the signal of interest at the output of a sensor array by means of optimal (e.g. least-squares) spatial filtering and interference rejection.


title: Beamforming

text: To change the directionality of the array when transmitting, a beamformer controls the phase and relative amplitude of the signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in the wavefront. When receiving, information from different sensors is combined in a way where the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed.


title: Beamforming

text: For example, in sonar, to send a sharp pulse of underwater sound towards a ship in the distance, simply simultaneously transmitting that sharp pulse from every sonar projector in an array fails because the ship will first hear the pulse from the speaker that happens to be nearest the ship, then later pulses from speakers that happen to be further from the ship. The beamforming technique involves sending the pulse from each projector at slightly different times (the projector closest to the ship last), so that every pulse hits the ship at exactly the same time, producing the effect of a single strong pulse from a single powerful projector. The same technique can be carried out in air using loudspeakers, or in radar/radio using antennas.


title: Beamforming

text: In passive sonar, and in reception in active sonar, the beamforming technique involves combining delayed signals from each hydrophone at slightly different times (the hydrophone closest to the target will be combined after the longest delay), so that every signal reaches the output at exactly the same time, making one loud signal, as if the signal came from a single, very sensitive hydrophone. Receive beamforming can also be used with microphones or radar antennas.


title: Beamforming

text: With narrow-band systems the time delay is equivalent to a "phase shift", so in this case the array of antennas, each one shifted a slightly different amount, is called a phased array. A narrow band system, typical of radars, is one where the bandwidth is only a small fraction of the center frequency. With wide band systems this approximation no longer holds, which is typical in sonars.


title: Beamforming

text: In the receive beamformer the signal from each antenna may be amplified by a different "weight." Different weighting patterns (e.g., Dolph–Chebyshev) can be used to achieve the desired sensitivity patterns. A main lobe is produced together with nulls and sidelobes. As well as controlling the main lobe width (beamwidth) and the sidelobe levels, the position of a null can be controlled. This is useful to ignore noise or jammers in one particular direction, while listening for events in other directions. A similar result can be obtained on transmission.


title: Beamforming

text: For the full mathematics on directing beams using amplitude and phase shifts, see the mathematical section in phased array.


title: Beamforming

text: Conventional beamformers, such as the Butler matrix, use a fixed set of weightings and time-delays (or phasings) to combine the signals from the sensors in the array, primarily using only information about the location of the sensors in space and the wave directions of interest. In contrast, adaptive beamforming techniques (e.g., MUSIC, SAMV) generally combine this information with properties of the signals actually received by the array, typically to improve rejection of unwanted signals from other directions. This process may be carried out in either the time or the frequency domain.


title: Beamforming

text: As the name indicates, an adaptive beamformer is able to automatically adapt its response to different situations. Some criterion has to be set up to allow the adaptation to proceed such as minimizing the total noise output. Because of the variation of noise with frequency, in wide band systems it may be desirable to carry out the process in the frequency domain.


title: Beamforming

text: Beamforming can be computationally intensive. Sonar phased array has a data rate low enough that it can be processed in real time in software, which is flexible enough to transmit or receive in several directions at once. In contrast, radar phased array has a data rate so high that it usually requires dedicated hardware processing, which is hard-wired to transmit or receive in only one direction at a time. However, newer field programmable gate arrays are fast enough to handle radar data in real time, and can be quickly re-programmed like software, blurring the hardware/software distinction.


title: Beamforming

text: Sonar beamforming utilizes a similar technique to electromagnetic beamforming, but varies considerably in implementation details. Sonar applications vary from 1 Hz to as high as 2 MHz, and array elements may be few and large, or number in the hundreds yet very small. This will shift sonar beamforming design efforts significantly between demands of such system components as the "front end" (transducers, pre-amplifiers and digitizers) and the actual beamformer computational hardware downstream. High frequency, focused beam, multi-element imaging-search sonars and acoustic cameras often implement fifth-order spatial processing that places strains equivalent to Aegis radar demands on the processors.


title: Beamforming

text: Many sonar systems, such as on torpedoes, are made up of arrays of up to 100 elements that must accomplish beam steering over a 100 degree field of view and work in both active and passive modes.


title: Beamforming

text: Sonar differs from radar in that in some applications such as wide-area-search all directions often need to be listened to, and in some applications broadcast to, simultaneously. Thus a multibeam system is needed. In a narrowband sonar receiver the phases for each beam can be manipulated entirely by signal processing software, as compared to present radar systems that use hardware to 'listen' in a single direction at a time.


title: Beamforming

text: Sonar also uses beamforming to compensate for the significant problem of the slower propagation speed of sound as compared to that of electromagnetic radiation. In side-look-sonars, the speed of the towing system or vehicle carrying the sonar is moving at sufficient speed to move the sonar out of the field of the returning sound "ping". In addition to focusing algorithms intended to improve reception, many side scan sonars also employ beam steering to look forward and backward to "catch" incoming pulses that would have been missed by a single sidelooking beam.


title: Beamforming

text: The delay-and-sum beamforming technique uses multiple microphones to localize sound sources. One disadvantage of this technique is that adjustments of the position or of the number of microphones changes the performance of the beamformer nonlinearly. Additionally, due to the number of combinations possible, it is computationally hard to find the best configuration. One of the techniques to solve this problem is the use of genetic algorithms. Such algorithm searches for the microphone array configuration that provides the highest signal-to-noise ratio for each steered orientation. Experiments showed that such algorithm could find the best configuration of a constrained search space comprising ~33 million solutions in a matter of seconds instead of days.


title: Beamforming

text: Beamforming techniques used in cellular phone standards have advanced through the generations to make use of more complex systems to achieve higher density cells, with higher throughput.


title: Beamforming

text: An increasing number of consumer 802.11ac Wi-Fi devices with MIMO capability can support beamforming to boost data communication rates.


title: Beamforming

text: To receive (but not transmit), there is a distinction between analog and digital beamforming. For example, if there are 100 sensor elements, the "digital beamforming" approach entails that each of the 100 signals passes through an analog-to-digital converter to create 100 digital data streams. Then these data streams are added up digitally, with appropriate scale-factors or phase-shifts, to get the composite signals. By contrast, the "analog beamforming" approach entails taking the 100 analog signals, scaling or phase-shifting them using analog methods, summing them, and then usually digitizing the "single" output data stream.


title: Beamforming

text: Digital beamforming has the advantage that the digital data streams (100 in this example) can be manipulated and combined in many possible ways in parallel, to get many different output signals in parallel. The signals from every direction can be measured simultaneously, and the signals can be integrated for a longer time when studying far-off objects and simultaneously integrated for a shorter time to study fast-moving close objects, and so on. This cannot be done as effectively for analog beamforming, not only because each parallel signal combination requires its own circuitry, but more fundamentally because digital data can be copied perfectly but analog data cannot. (There is only so much analog power available, and amplification adds noise.) Therefore, if the received analog signal is split up and sent into a large number of different signal combination circuits, it can reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of each.


title: Beamforming

text: In MIMO communication systems with large number of antennas, so called massive MIMO systems, the beamforming algorithms executed at the digital baseband can get very complex.


title: Beamforming

text: In addition, if all beamforming is done at baseband, each antenna needs its own RF feed. At high frequencies and with large number of antenna elements, this can be very costly, and increase loss and complexity in the system. To remedy these issues, hybrid beamforming has been suggested where some of the beamforming is done using analog components and not digital.


title: Beamforming

text: There are many possible different functions that can be performed using analog components instead of at the digital baseband.


title: Beamforming

text: Beamforming can be used to try to extract sound sources in a room, such as multiple speakers in the cocktail party problem. This requires the locations of the speakers to be known in advance, for example by using the time of arrival from the sources to mics in the array, and inferring the locations from the distances.


title: Beamforming

text: Compared to carrier-wave telecommunications, natural audio contains a variety of frequencies. It is advantageous to separate frequency bands prior to beamforming because different frequencies have different optimal beamform filters (and hence can be treated as separate problems, in parallel, and then recombined afterward). Properly isolating these bands involves specialized non-standard filter banks. In contrast, for example, the standard fast Fourier transform (FFT) band-filters implicitly assume that the only frequencies present in the signal are exact harmonics; frequencies which lie between these harmonics will typically activate all of the FFT channels (which is not what is wanted in a beamform analysis). Instead, filters can be designed in which only local frequencies are detected by each channel (while retaining the recombination property to be able to reconstruct the original signal), and these are typically non-orthogonal unlike the FFT basis.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Microsoft Office 2013 (codenamed Office 15) is a version of Microsoft Office, a productivity suite for Microsoft Windows. It is the successor to Microsoft Office 2010 and the predecessor to Microsoft Office 2016. Unlike with Office 2010, no OS X equivalent was released.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Microsoft Office 2013 includes extended file format support, user interface updates and support for touch among its new features and is suitable for IA-32 and x64 systems.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Office 2013 is incompatible with Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and earlier versions of Windows. Office 2013 is compatible with Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, and Windows Server 2019. A version of Office 2013 comes included on Windows RT devices. It is not supported on Windows 11 or Windows Server 2022. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows 7 RTM and Windows Server 2008 R2 RTM; as the following version, Microsoft Office 2016 only supports Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 or later.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Development on this version of Microsoft Office was started in 2010 and ended on October 11, 2012, when Microsoft Office 2013 was released to manufacturing. Microsoft released Office 2013 to general availability on January 29, 2013. This version includes new features such as integration support for online services (including OneDrive, Outlook.com, Skype, Yammer and Flickr), improved format support for Office Open XML (OOXML), OpenDocument (ODF) and Portable Document Format (PDF) and support for multi-touch interfaces.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Microsoft Office 2013 comes in twelve different editions, including three editions for retail outlets, two editions for volume licensing channel, five subscription-based editions available through Microsoft Office 365 program, the web application edition known as Office Web Apps and the Office RT edition made for tablets and mobile devices. Office Web Apps are available free of charge on the web although enterprises may obtain on-premises installations for a price. Microsoft Office applications may be obtained individually; this includes Microsoft Visio, Microsoft Project and Microsoft SharePoint Designer which are not included in any of the twelve editions.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: On February 25, 2014, Microsoft Office 2013 Service Pack 1 (SP1) for Windows 7 was released. Mainstream support for Office 2013 ended on April 10, 2018, while extended hotfix support will end on April 11, 2023.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: On June 9, 2018, Microsoft announced that its forums would no longer include Office 2013 or other products in extended support among its products for discussions involving support. On August 27, 2021, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Outlook 2013 SP1 with all subsequent updates will be required to connect to Microsoft 365 Exchange servers by November 1, 2021; Outlook 2013 without SP1 will no longer be supported. Later on, Microsoft claimed that Office 2013 would no longer be supported on Windows 11. Nevertheless, it still runs on Windows 11.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Development started in 2010 while Microsoft was finishing work on Office 14, released as Microsoft Office 2010. On January 30, 2012, Microsoft released a technical preview of Office 15, build 3612.1010, to a selected group of testers bound by non-disclosure agreements.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: On July 16, 2012, Microsoft held a press conference to showcase Office 2013 and to release the "Consumer Preview". The Office 2013 Consumer Preview is a free, fully functional version but will expire 60 days after the final product's release. An update was issued for the Office 2013 Customer Preview suite on October 5.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Office 2013 was released to manufacturing on October 11, 2012. It was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers on October 24, 2012. On November 15, 2012, 60-days trial versions of Microsoft Office 2013 Professional Plus, Project Professional 2013 and Visio Professional 2013 were made available to the public over the Internet. Microsoft has released Office 2013 for general availability on January 29, 2013. Microsoft released the service pack 1 update on February 25, 2014.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Office 2013 introduces Click-To-Run 2.0 installation technology for "all" editions based on Microsoft App-V Version 5. Previously, only certain editions of Office 2010 were available with Click-To-Run 1.0 installer technology, which was based on App-V 4.x, where a separate Q drive was created and installed files of Office were isolated from the rest of the system, causing many Office add-ins to not be compatible. With the newer Click-To-Run technology, Office 2013 installs files just like Windows Installer (MSI) to the Program Files directory. Retail versions of Office 2013 use the Click-to-Run installer. Volume-licensed versions use Windows Installer (MSI) technology. Some editions like Professional Plus are available in both retail (C2R) and volume (MSI) channels.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Office 2013 is more cloud-based than previous versions; a domain login, Office 365 account, or Microsoft account can now be used to sync Office application settings (including recent documents) between devices, and users can also save documents directly to their OneDrive account.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Microsoft Office 2013 includes updated support for ISO/IEC 29500, the International Standard version of Office Open XML (OOXML) file format: in particular it supports saving in the "Strict" profile of ISO/IEC 29500 (Office Open XML Strict). It also supports OASIS version 1.2 of ISO/IEC 26300:2006, Open Document Format, which Office 2013 can read and write. Additionally, Office 2013 provides full read, write, and edit support for ISO 32000 (PDF).


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: New features include a new read mode in Microsoft Word, a presentation mode in Microsoft PowerPoint and improved touch and inking in all of the Office programs. Microsoft Word can also insert video and audio from online sources as well as the capability to broadcast documents on the Web. Word and PowerPoint also have bookmark-like features which sync the position of the document between different computers.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: The Office Web Apps suite was also updated for Office 2013, introducing additional editing features and interface changes.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Unlike past versions of Office, retail copies of Office 2013 on DVD are only offered in select regions, such as those Microsoft classifies as emerging markets, as well as Australia, at the discretion of retailers. In all other regions, retail copies of Office 2013 and Office 365 subscriptions only contain a product key, and direct users to the Office website to redeem their license and download the software.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: The original license agreement for retail editions of Microsoft Office 2013 was different from the license agreements of retail editions of previous versions of Microsoft Office in two significant ways. The first of these was that the software could no longer be transferred to another computer. In previous versions of Office, this restriction applied only to OEM editions; retail Office license agreements allowed uninstalling from one computer to install on another computer.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Digitally downloaded copies of Office were also said to be permanently locked to that PC's hardware, preventing it from being transferred to any other computing device. Should the buyer have wished to use Office 2013 on a different computer, or if they later became unable to use the computing device that the original license was downloaded to (e.g. hardware became inoperable due to malfunction) then a completely new, full-priced copy of Office 2013 would have to have been purchased to replace the prior one. Microsoft stated that this change was related to the software piracy that has been rampant for years, worldwide. However, many commentators saw this change as an effort to forcibly move its customers towards the subscription-based business model used by the Office 365 service. The legality of this move, particularly in Europe, has been questioned.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: However, on March 6, 2013, Microsoft announced that equivalent transfer rights to those in the Office 2010 retail license agreements are applicable to retail Office 2013 copies effective immediately. Transfer of license from one computer to another owned by the same user is now allowed every 90 days, except in the case of hardware failure, in which the license may be moved sooner. The first user of the product is now also allowed to transfer it to another user. The second difference, which remains in the updated licensing agreement, is that the software can be installed on only one computer. In previous versions of Office, this restriction also applied only to OEM editions; retail Office license agreements allowed installing the product on two or three computers, depending on the edition.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: As with previous versions, Office 2013 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2013 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: The Office 365 subscription services, which were previously aimed towards business and enterprise users, were expanded for Office 2013 to include new plans aimed at home use. The subscriptions allow use of the Office 2013 applications by multiple users using a software as a service model. Different plans are available for Office 365, some of which also include value-added services, such as 20 GB of OneDrive storage (later increased to 1 TB) and 60 Skype minutes per month on the new Home Premium plan. These new subscription offerings were positioned as a new option for consumers wanting a cost-effective way to purchase and use Office on multiple computers in their household.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: A special version of Office 2013, initially known as Office 2013 Home & Student RT, is shipped with all Windows RT devices. It initially consisted of Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote. In Windows RT 8.1, the suite was renamed Office 2013 RT and Outlook was added. The edition, whilst visually indistinguishable from normal versions of Office 2013, contains special optimizations for ARM-based devices, such as changes to reduce battery usage (including, for example, freezing the animation of the blinking cursor for text editing during periods of inactivity), enabling touch mode by default to improve usability on tablets, and using the graphics portion of a device's SoC for hardware acceleration.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Windows RT devices on launch were shipped with a "preview" version of Office Home & Student 2013 RT. The release date for the final version varied depending on the user's language, and was distributed through Windows Update when released. On June 5, 2013, Microsoft announced that Windows RT 8.1 would add Outlook to the suite in response to public demand.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Office RT modifies or excludes other various features for compatibility reasons or resource reduction. To save disk space; templates, clip art, and language packs are downloaded online rather than stored locally. Other excluded features include the removal of support for third-party code such as macros/VBA/ActiveX controls, the removal of support for older media formats and narration in PowerPoint, editing of equations generated with the legacy Equation Editor, data models in Excel (PivotCharts, PivotTables, and QueryTables are unaffected), searching embedded media files in OneNote, along with data loss prevention, Group Policy support, and creating e-mails with information rights management in Outlook.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: As the version of Office RT included on Windows RT devices is based on the Home & Student version, it cannot be used for "commercial, nonprofit, or revenue-generating activities" unless the organization has a volume license for Office 2013 already, or the user has an Office 365 subscription with commercial use rights.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Alongside Office RT, free versions of OneNote and the Lync client were made available as Windows Store apps upon the release of Windows 8 and RT. The OneNote app, originally known as "OneNote MX", contains a limited feature set in comparison to its desktop version, but is also optimized for use on tablets. The OneNote app has since received several major updates, including camera integration, printing abilities, and multiple inking options.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Windows Phone 8 ships with an updated version of the Office Mobile suite, consisting of mobile versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote. In comparison to their Windows Phone 7 versions, the new versions add an improved Office Hub interface that can sync recently opened and modified documents (including changes to documents stored via Office 365 and SkyDrive), a separated OneNote app with additional features (such as voice notes and integration with the new "Rooms" functionality of the OS), and improved document editing and viewing functionality.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: In June 2013, Microsoft released a version of Office Mobile for iPhone; it is similar to the Windows Phone version, but originally requires an Office 365 subscription to use. A version for Android smartphones was released in July 2013; it, too, originally needed Office 365 for use.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Apps for iPad and Android tablet computers were released in March 2014 and January 2015, respectively. These, along with their smartphone equivalents, have been made free for personal use, though certain premium features have been paywalled and require Office 365, which includes licensing of the apps for business use.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Windows 10 Mobile that was released in December 2015 included new Office apps, more in line with their iPhone and Android equivalent, and making use of the "universal app" platform pioneered with Windows 10.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Each Microsoft Office 2013 application has the following requirements, although there may be app-specific requirements.


title: Microsoft Office 2013

text: In addition to these, graphics hardware acceleration requires a screen resolution of 1024×576 pixels or larger and a DirectX 10-compliant GPU with at least 64 MB of video memory (in case of absence of the required hardware, however, Office 2013 applications can still run without graphics acceleration.)


title: Dick Griffey

text: Richard Gilbert Griffey (November 16, 1938 – September 24, 2010) was an American record producer and music promoter who founded SOLAR Records, a RAS acronym for "Sound of Los Angeles Records". The label played a major role in developing a funk-oriented blend of disco, R&B and soul music during the 1970s and 1980s. As a concert promoter, Griffey arranged bookings for artists such as James Brown, The Sylvers, Aretha Franklin, Jon Gibson, Stevie Wonder and the Jacksons.


title: Dick Griffey

text: Richard Gilbert Griffey was born on November 16, 1938. He was raised by his mother, Juanita Hines, and stepfather in the housing projects of Nashville, Tennessee. There he was a drummer in local nightclubs during his teens. After briefly attending Tennessee State University, he enlisted in the United States Navy at age 17. He served as a medic and worked as a private-duty nurse after completing his military service.


title: Dick Griffey

text: After moving to Los Angeles in the 1960s, Griffey became part owner of Guys and Dolls, a nightclub which featured performances by such rising stars as Isaac Hayes and Ike & Tina Turner. Eventually he branched into concert promotion, earning the moniker "Kingpin of Soul Promoters". Griffey toured with the girl group Honey Cone and handled their finances. He was engaged to Carolyn Willis of the group in 1971.


title: Dick Griffey

text: Griffey worked as talent coordinator on "Soul Train", the musical variety show created by Don Cornelius. Together they established The Soul Train Club in 1974 and Soul Train Records in 1975. After purchasing Cornelius' share in the Cornelius-Griffey Entertainment Company, encompassing Soul Train Records, artists and publishing catalog Griffey reconstituted the label into SOLAR Records (an acronym for Sound of Los Angeles Records) in 1977. Music critic Stephen Holden, of "The New York Times", predicted a bright future for the label in the pop market, writing a profile under the headline "Solar Could Be the Motown of the 80's". SOLAR acts included Shalamar, which produced such hits as "The Second Time Around" and "This Is for the Lover in You". With The Whispers, SOLAR released such hits as "And the Beat Goes On" (co-written by Griffey) and "Rock Steady". Other acts signed by SOLAR during the 1980s were The Deele, Dynasty, Klymaxx, Lakeside, Midnight Star and The Whispers.


title: Dick Griffey

text: After Jon Gibson was signed to Griffey's subsidiary label, Constellation Records, Griffey would have fun tricking a number of his artists with Gibson's demo tape (with people thinking it was Stevie Wonder). Gibson's debut came as a guest vocalist for three songs on Bill Wolfer's album, "Wolf". During the process of making the album, Gibson met his musical idol, Wonder. They worked with a crew of other musicians, including Michael Jackson. Wolfer then produced Gibson's debut album, "Standing on the One" (1983). The debut showed that Gibson was more than a Wonder-clone, and that he had talented song-writing skills to go with his strong vocals.


title: Dick Griffey

text: Babyface, who had been frustrated in his role as a background singer with The Deele, credited Griffey with encouraging him to step out on his own and pursue a solo career. Babyface said that Griffey told him "If they don't want you to sing all the time, you should be doing your own thing". In a statement released after Griffey's death, producer Quincy Jones said Griffey's "fingerprints were on some of the biggest hits of the '80s". Stevie Wonder, one of the artists Griffey promoted, said that "Professionally, I could not talk about my life without there being a chapter on how Dick Griffey, as a promoter, helped to build my career". Griffey, who also promoted Kool & the Gang, was mentioned by the founding members as the one who suggested they needed a permanent lead singer. Therefore, the group picked James "J.T." Taylor to front the band.


title: Dick Griffey

text: In the early 1990s, Griffey had a hand in launching the rap label Death Row Records, which was co-founded by ex-N.W.A star Dr. Dre and one-time bodyguard Suge Knight. It was Griffey's SOLAR studios in which portions of Dr. Dre's seminal album, "The Chronic", was recorded. However, in July 1997, Griffey along with one-time N.W.A associate and rapper Tracy "The D.O.C." Curry sued Death Row claiming they were "pushed out" of their share in ownership and profits from the record label by Knight and Dre.


title: Dick Griffey

text: Griffey died at the age of 71 on September 24, 2010. He had been recuperating after undergoing quadruple coronary artery bypass surgery, at a rehabilitation center in Canoga Park, Los Angeles. He was survived by his wife Carrie Lucas, a singer he married in 1974; four children and five grandchildren.


title: Dick Griffey

text: Griffey is featured in the documentary series, "Profiles of African-American Success". In 2018 Griffey's widow Carrie Lucas, Carolyn Griffey, Lucas Griffey and Chinese music promoter Jessie Tsang relaunched the Solar Records and Soul Train Records in the UK. The relaunch was covered in the UK magazine "Soul Survivors". Jessie Tsang serves as CEO with Sonia Damney as Vice President. Carrie Lucas also owns trade mark rights to Shalamar in the UK and Europe. In 2022 Carrie Lucas participated with US cable channel TV One for a special episode of the "Unsung" TV series on Dick Griffey and Solar Records. The episode aired on November 6 2022.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: Ratchet: Deadlocked (known as Ratchet: Gladiator in Europe and Australia) is a 2005 action platformer, developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 as the fourth installment of the "Ratchet & Clank" series.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The game's story begins as Ratchet, Clank, and Al are abducted and forced to compete in "DreadZone", a violent game show in which heroes are forced to kill each other. Ratchet is given a "DeadLock" collar, which will explode if he becomes uncooperative or boring. The three must find a way to deactivate the collars and free the other heroes being held prisoner. "Deadlocked" was the last "Ratchet & Clank" game to be rated T, despite the introduction of the E10+ rating earlier that year. It's also the last main series "Ratchet & Clank" game to be released on PlayStation 2.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The gameplay is similar to that of other games in the series, but focuses more on shooter aspects rather than platforming. The player, as Ratchet, fights in DreadZone tournaments across the "Shadow Sector" in the "Solana" Galaxy, with a large variety of weapons. This game was the first in the series to feature cooperative gameplay in a story mode, and also includes an online multiplayer mode. Some vehicles return from previous games, and new ones are introduced. For the first time, Clank (in his typical form) was not a playable character.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: "Deadlocked" was met with generally favorable reviews, although slightly lower than its predecessors, with some criticism being aimed at its darker tone, repetitive gameplay and level design, and the removal of Clank as a playable character. It was also a commercial success, selling 2.1 million copies by 2007.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The gameplay of "Deadlocked" is similar to that of previous "Ratchet & Clank" games, with a combination of shooting, action, and platforming, although it emphasizes more on the combat aspects of the series, with very little platforming. "Deadlocked" was the first game in the "Ratchet and Clank" series to contain an adjustable difficulty level, and is the first to have a cooperative story mode with two players.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The player controls Ratchet from a third-person perspective, although first-person play is possible, while competing in missions and tournaments, defeating enemies, and occasionally controlling vehicles. "Combat bots", two robots which follow the player in most missions, give Ratchet extra firepower, and perform several tasks for him, such as planting explosives and hacking orbs. Combat bots can be upgraded and given new paint schemes, head designs, and weaponry. After completing missions, the player is awarded a certain amount of "Dreadpoints" and bolts, the game's form of currency. Bolts can also be obtained by defeating enemies, or by locating hidden "Jackpot" crates across planets. Certain amounts of "Dreadpoints" are required to unlock new planets, and affect Ratchet's leaderboard rank amongst other contestants of Dreadzone.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: There are ten weapons in "Deadlocked", fewer than most other games in the series. However, weapons can now be extensively modified using a large range of "Alpha" and "Omega" mods, which improve weapon abilities. Alpha mods improve statistics such as rate-of-fire and ammunition capacity, while Omega mods add a secondary effect to the weapons, such as napalm, or the ability to freeze enemies upon impact. The Omega mods can only be equipped if a weapon supports that type ("Remember: some weapons aren't compatible with certain Omega mods"), for example, napalm is only usable on weapons with explosive ammunition. As the player progresses, more weapons and mods become available, such as the "Arbiter", a rocket-launcher, and the "Scorpion Flail", a powerful melee weapon. Weapons and mods are purchased from vendors using bolts, which also sell ammunition. As weapons gain experience, they will upgrade to more powerful versions, and to a maximum level of 10 (99 in challenge mode). The game's health system, Nanotech, can also be upgraded through garnering experience by defeating enemies, and reaches a maximum level of 100 (999 in challenge mode). Whenever the player takes damage, it can be partially restored by breaking nanotech crates. In total, the game contains a maximum of 165 skill points, and many extras which can be unlocked by performing certain feats.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: Clank, Ratchet's robotic best friend, is only a playable character if his skin is unlocked, and cannot be used as a jet-pack device by Ratchet, unlike older games. Instead, he acts as mission control, giving the player advice during gameplay. A skin for a second player in cooperative mode, however, named "Alpha Clank", is used by default, but can be changed.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: In cooperative mode, the second player takes the place of the combat bots. The bot's gadgets can then be used by the players instead, when necessary. Players in cooperative mode must share weapons and ammunition supply, and as a result, both players cannot use the same weapon at the same time.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: There are 4 usable vehicles throughout "Deadlocked". The "Hovership", a laser equipped aircraft, the "Puma", a type of armored car, and the "Landstalker", essentially a large platform with four spider-like mechanical legs and weapons, can all be used by two players simultaneously at any time. The "Hoverbike", a hovering vehicle used for both racing and combat, can only be used by one player.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: After completing the game, the player may choose to enter "challenge mode". In challenge mode, weapons can be upgraded further, more mods can be purchased, and additional "extras" are made available such as a new difficulty level which is even harder than the previously available toughest difficulty.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The game also features online and local multiplayer modes. Up to 4 players may play locally in offline multiplayer matches, and 10 in online matches. The online mode supports a USB Keyboard and a USB Headset, and all the levels from single player are available in the multiplayer mode. Players can play in "Conquest" mode, in which teams try to capture territory, "Deathmatch" mode, where players gain points by killing each other, "Capture the Flag" mode, where up to four teams attempt to capture their opponent's flags, "King of the Hill" mode, where players gain points by staying in a holographic circle, and "Juggernaut" mode, similar to deathmatch, but where one player has vastly improved abilities until they are killed, in which the player that defeated them gains the power.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: Following the events of "", Ratchet, Clank and Big Al have been given the job of running the Starship Phoenix. After the crew are informed that many heroes have disappeared, robot troops overrun the Phoenix, taking Ratchet, Clank, and Al captive.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: They are transported to the Shadow Sector, a lawless region of space on the edge of the Solana Galaxy. Ratchet meets Gleeman Vox, the creator of DreadZone, a barbaric game show in which contestants are forced to kill each other for public entertainment. Ratchet is forced to compete in DreadZone, and is fitted with a "DeadLock" collar which will explode if he becomes uncooperative or boring. Collectively referred to as "Team DarkStar", Ratchet and his combat bots, Merc and Green must fight for their lives while Clank serves as Ratchet's "Mission Engineer".


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: Ratchet competes in a variety of DreadZone challenges, quickly becoming DreadZone's most popular contestant despite Vox's numerous slander campaigns against him, leaving Dreadzone's previous star, Ace Hardlight jealous. Ratchet is eventually sent to compete against Ace, who Ratchet defeats. As Ratchet leaves, Ace tells him to not let Vox corrupt him. Afterwards, Vox offers to make Ratchet a new exterminator and turn him into DreadZone's superstar, but he is enraged when Ratchet refuses and decides to have him participate in an arena scientifically proven to be unbeatable, which he narrowly wins.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: Meanwhile, Clank devises a plan to escape from the DreadZone facility by reprogramming the arena transport pod to take Ratchet to the station's control level. Here, he can destroy the central computer and deactivate the containment field holding all of the heroes hostage.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: Upon his arrival at the control level, Ratchet discovers that Vox has wired the station to explode, and if Ratchet cannot deactivate the explosives, everyone there will die. Running a massive gauntlet of enemies and destroying the station's power generators, Ratchet deactivates the containment fields and unlocks the station's escape shuttles. After being defeated by Ratchet, Vox manually activates the station's self-destruct sequence, planning to kill both himself and Ratchet.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The last shuttle, however, piloted by Al, swoops in to rescue Ratchet. Ratchet climbs aboard and Clank removes his DeadLock collar. The DreadZone station explodes soon afterwards, taking Vox with it. After the credits, Doctor Nefarious and his butler, Lawrence make a cameo appearance, still trapped on an asteroid. Nefarious states that they were supposed to be coming in range of a space station, to which Lawrence retorts he had no idea it was going to explode. Nefarious gets angry and short-circuits, and a clip from the soap opera "Lance and Janice" plays as the game ends. Afterwards it is informed that The Plumber was unable to make an appearance in the game "due to a sump dump on the Rygyllian Nebula".


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: After the completion of "Up Your Arsenal", Insomniac thought of ways they could advance the series further for the fourth game to stand out. For about a month and a half, they worked on "RCR: Ratchet Racing", a vehicular combat game similar to "Twisted Metal"; when the team found out about Naughty Dog's "", another vehicular combat game, they cancelled "RCR" to avoid competition. They then started developing a title called "Ratchet & Clank: NEXUS" (unrelated to 2013's ""), with Ratchet and Clank on a single planet in the midst of a global conflict between two alien races, which in turn causes tension between the two as they have differing views on the matter taking place. This project would later change direction to become "Deadlocked", featuring a darker story inspired primarily by the "Halo" franchise. "Ratchet: Deadlocked" was revealed at Santa Monica Studio's pre-E3 event in April 2005, then further shown at E3 2005.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: "Deadlocked" was released in North America on October 25, 2005, and in Japan on November 23, 2005. It was released as "Ratchet: Gladiator" in Europe, Australia and Africa on November 18, 2005, and November 24, 2005, respectively. The PlayStation 2 online servers were terminated on June 28, 2012.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: A high-definition remaster of "Deadlocked" on PlayStation 3 was developed for release on the PlayStation Network since the game was not available on the "Ratchet & Clank Collection" where it only featured "Deadlocked"'s three predecessors. Those who have purchased "" received the HD remastered game for free on May 21 as an apology due to the long-awaited PlayStation Vita version of "Full Frontal Assault". The online servers for the PlayStation 3 version were terminated on February 15, 2018, along with "Up Your Arsenal" on the PS3 the same day. In late-2020, the servers were revived by fans of the series.


title: Ratchet: Deadlocked

text: The game was generally met with positive reviews. In 2006, "Deadlocked" was added to Sony's Greatest Hits range for North America. It was similarly added to Sony's Platinum range for PAL regions on May 12, 2006, and to Japan's The Best range on June 29, 2006.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school is the first day of an academic year. This is usually in August or September in the Northern Hemisphere and often January or February in the Southern Hemisphere, but differs from country to country.


title: First day of school

text: In Egypt, the academic year usually starts in the late third of September (particularly on the first Saturday of the last ten days of September). For example, in 2019, school started on Saturday, September 21, and in 2018, it started on Saturday, September 22. These dates are issued by the Ministry of Education (Egypt) and the Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt) and are applicable to almost all of the local schools and universities. However, private institutions may put their own starting date. The academic year for public schools and national schools consists of two semesters, each of which lasts around 15 weeks and may vary depending on the grade or subjects studied in college. However, it may change depending on the educational system that the school is run according to.


title: First day of school

text: In Tunisia, the academic year commences on September 15 (or the 16th if September 15 falls on a Sunday or religious holiday) and ends on 25 May for middle and high schools, and on June 1 for primary school. Summer is approximately 3 months long.


title: First day of school

text: In India the schools re-open in June after the summer holidays. This applies to the whole of K-12 including elementary, secondary, and higher secondary schools. State board schools hold their annual exams in the month of March or April and new academic year starts in June after the summer holidays. However, this isn't the beginning of the new academic year for some boards like ICSE and CBSE. Their annual examinations are held in the month of February after which the new academic session begins in the last week of March. It continues until the second week of May when the summer holidays begin. This summer holiday extends until June.


title: First day of school

text: In Iran, the first day of school is in late September, which is the first day of Mehr (Seventh Solar Hijri month). The schools end in late June, the last day of Khordad (Fourth Solar Hijri month).


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Israel is September 1, or September 2 if September 1 falls on Shabbath (Saturday). The last day of school is June 30 for elementary school and June 20 for secondary and high school.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Japan (for all schools) falls on either April 7 or 8. School usually ends on March 24, giving the students a one week break between the years. School starts in April because the National government in the Meiji era defined their financial year from April to March from 1886, forcing all the schools to align to their financial year. Since then, the time sakura, or cherry blossoms, start to bloom became the season of meeting and farewell for the Japanese. Before that, from the 7th century to 1872, the Japanese authority defined their financial year from January to December. From 1872 to 1886, the financial year was changed three times.


title: First day of school

text: In Jordan, the first day of school is on September 1 for most of the schools. Each school year consists of two semester, with a winter break (short holiday) and a summer break (long holiday), though the beginning and ending of each semester is not the same each year.


title: First day of school

text: In Korea, the school year begins on March 1, but the first day of school in Korea is on March 2, as March 1 is a national holiday. The last day of school is in early January or February. It was common for students to end their second semester in late December, take a month off for winter vacation, come back to school for few weeks and then take a few weeks off for spring vacation before March. However, this has changed a lot recently and many schools are choosing to extend their second semester until early January before taking a longer break until the start of the school year in March.


title: First day of school

text: The school year for primary and secondary schools in Malaysia starts in early March (used to be January before 2021) and ends in late-January the following year (used to be late-November before 2021), prior to the national exams. Some states that have their weekends on Friday and Saturday instead of Sunday will start and end the school year a day earlier or later (depending on the year) as compared to the other states. The school terms are divided into 4 terms, the 1st and 3rd term ends with a 1 week break while the 2nd term, also known as the mid-year term, ends with a 2 week mid-year break. The last term ends with a long break that last just about over a month (about 40 days). The national exams (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) are also held in February during the long break. National holidays are observed by all schools throughout the nation while state public holidays are only observed by schools within the states. Schools, at their own discretion, also usually give week long breaks for festival holidays like the Lunar New Year or Hari Raya Aidilfitri as students and teachers will be returning to their hometowns with their families.


title: First day of school

text: In Pakistan, the Government and Private schools hold their annual examinations in February–March Period. After Annual examinations, The First Day of New academic year of Students is between end of March or early April. Boards in Pakistan like BISE also start their first Day of academic year of Students in between March and April. Academic year of Students consist of summer vacations which are started on end of May or early June till 14th August (Independence Day of Pakistan). Academic Year of Students also consists of Winter Vacations which are started on end of December till first week of January.


title: First day of school

text: School usually starts on the 1st week of April. But due to the pandemic this 2022, it started around the 2nd week of August. Because of the pandemic, schools switched to online classes. The problem was not all families could afford electronics for their children's education. So eventually,face-to-face classes were resumed.


title: First day of school

text: The school year for all Singapore primary and secondary schools starts from early January and ends sometimes in late November. This takes into account 40 weeks of curriculum time for teaching and learning before the start of the national examinations, and six weeks of school vacation at end of the year for teachers and students.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Vietnam is September 5. However, nowadays students begin going to school in early or mid-August.


title: First day of school

text: In Trinidad and Tobago the academic year is decided by the Ministry of Education. The year begins in the first or second week of September and generally ends the last week of June. Public schools usually open on Monday and private schools begin on the Tuesday or Wednesday.


title: First day of school

text: There are three semesters which are separated by Christmas break (mid December to early January - two weeks) and Easter break (mid April to early May - two weeks). Schools usually close in the last week of June for two months for July/August holiday.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Costa Rica is in February and the academic year ends in December. The Education Ministry changes the date every year to ensure 200 effective days are in the school calendar.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Azerbaijan is on September 15 or the first following Monday if September 15 falls on Weekends. The last day of the school year is June 14.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Belgium is on September 1 or the first following Monday if September 1 falls on Saturday or Sunday.


title: First day of school

text: The school year in Croatia doesn't have a fixed date, but it usually starts in the first half of September. It ends in the middle of June. Until 2019, school year started on the first Monday of September.


title: First day of school

text: The school year in France doesn't have a fixed date, but it starts at the beginning of September, in the first 2 weeks. However, in Metropolitan France it is on September 1 or the first following Monday if September 1 falls on Saturday or Sunday. It ends at the beginning of July, leaving approximately 2 months of summer break.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Greece is September 11, or the first Monday following if September 11 is a Saturday or Sunday.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Ireland can be as early as August 23rd or as late as September 1st, it depends on the school and region. The summer holidays begin around May 30th for Secondary schools and June 30th for Primary Schools.


title: First day of school

text: In Latvia the school year always starts on September 1, or the following Monday if September 1 happens to be a Saturday or Sunday.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Lithuania is September 1, or the first Monday following if September 1 falls on Saturday or Sunday.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in the Netherlands depends on the location. The country is divided in 3 zones: north, middle and south. They have a different start and end date that rotates each year. Most of the time the start date is from the middle of August to early September.


title: First day of school

text: The Norwegian school year does not have set dates, but starts in the middle of August and ends in mid June. The school year consist of 190 days and the exact dates are set by the County Governor in each county the preceding fall.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in North Macedonia is on September 1 or the first following Monday if September 1 falls on Saturday or Sunday.


title: First day of school

text: According to a 2010 decree of Polish Minister of Public Education, the first day of school for regular compulsory education schools in Poland is on September 1 or the first following Monday if September 1 falls on Friday, Saturday or Sunday. The last day is the first Friday after June 20.


title: First day of school

text: In Portugal the school starts at the beginning of September, in the first week. In 2019 the school starts between September 10–13.


title: First day of school

text: Schools in Romania start on a day decided by the ministry of education. Most school years tend to start on Sep 15 or Sep 16 and end on the third week of June. Occasionally, school starts on the 9 or 10 of September.


title: First day of school

text: Schools in Russia (and formerly the Soviet Union) historically begin on September 1. This exact date for the country was fixed by the Decree of the Council of the People's Commissars in 1935 and was established officially by the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union No. 3018-X in 1980. In 1984, September 1 was officially declared to be the Knowledge Day. Nowadays, if it falls on a Saturday or Sunday, most schools opt to begin actual lessons the following Monday. Traditionally, students have celebratory assembly and gift flower bouquets to teachers.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Slovakia is September 2, or the first Monday following if September 2 falls on Friday, Saturday or Sunday. September 1 is public holiday in Slovakia (Constitution Day).


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school in Slovenia is September 1, or the first following working day if September 1 falls on Saturday or Sunday. The school year ends on June 24 (June 25 is national holiday).


title: First day of school

text: In Ukraine the school year always starts on September 1, or the following Monday if September 1 happens to be a Saturday or Sunday.


title: First day of school

text: The first day of school for state schools in England and Wales varies by local authority and sometimes by school, but it is nearly always during the first week of September, or occasionally in the second week.


title: First day of school

text: The school term in Scotland begins in mid- to late-August, more than a week earlier than in the rest of the UK. The precise date varies by local authority and sometimes by school.


title: First day of school

text: In most locations in Canada, the first day of school is the Tuesday in September after Labour Day. Some schools start in August.


title: First day of school

text: In the United States, educational policy is determined primarily at the state level and at the level of individual school districts. Therefore, there is no one particular day on which all schools start. During much of the 20th century, it was common for schools to start shortly after Labor Day (September), and in some areas of the United States, this is still the norm. However, it has become increasingly common for schools to start earlier in August or even late July. For example, in the San Diego Unified School District, schools start on the last Monday of August. New York City Department of Education begins the school year the week after the Labor Day holiday.


title: First day of school

text: Conflicting pressures affect the first day of school. For example, since the school year is normally divided into two semesters, many teachers want one semester to finish in December just before the winter holidays, and the second semester to start when classes resume in January. This requires starting the school year in mid-August. Employers who rely on teenagers to work summer jobs want the school year to start in the first or second week of September, when the main tourist season has ended. Because of the role of an amusement park Kings Dominion in promoting a law requiring September start dates in Virginia for almost four decades, the law was called the "King Dominion law". When school buildings do not have air conditioning, then starting school during the hottest month of the year can lead to schools closing earlier at the start of the day, for health and safety reasons.


title: First day of school

text: In Australia the first day of school is around February 1, dependent on individual state/territory (and schoolmarm or private school system).


title: First day of school

text: In New Zealand, the first day of school is generally during the last week in January, or the first week in February.


title: First day of school

text: In Brazil the first day of school is on the first Thursday of February, to take 200 school days. The year usually ends in late November or early December. In 2022, for example, first day of school was on February 7 and last will be on December 19. First semester or autumn academic term lasted from Monday, February 7, 2022 to Friday, July 15, 2022, while second semester or spring term are currently lasting from Monday, August 1, 2022 to Monday, December 19, 2022.


title: First day of school

text: In Argentina school usually starts first days of March, and ends in the second week of December. Secondary schools start a few days after primary schools and end at the end of November.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: Clan Mackenzie ( ) is a Scottish clan, traditionally associated with Kintail and lands in Ross-shire in the Scottish Highlands. Traditional genealogies trace the ancestors of the Mackenzie chiefs to the 12th century. However, the earliest Mackenzie chief recorded by contemporary evidence is Alexander Mackenzie of Kintail who died some time after 1471. Traditionally, during the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Mackenzies supported Robert the Bruce, but feuded with the Earls of Ross in the latter part of the 14th century. During the 15th and 16th-centuries the Mackenzies feuded with the neighboring clans of Munro and MacDonald. In the 17th century the Mackenzie chief was made Earl of Seaforth in the peerage of Scotland. During the Scottish Civil War of the 17th century the Mackenzies largely supported the Royalists. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the chief and clan of Mackenzie supported the Jacobite cause. However, during the Jacobite rising of 1745 the clan was divided with the chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose, supporting the British-Hanoverian Government and his relative, George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie, supporting the Jacobites.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: The Mackenzies are believed to have the same ancestry as the Matheson and Anrias clans. All three are said to be descended from Gilleoin of the Aird, a Gaelic dynast who lived in the early 12th century. Another theory is that all three are descended from the thirteenth century Kermac Macmaghan. The chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie are said to have been settled at their great stronghold on Eilean Donan by 1297.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: All of the earliest traditional Clan Mackenzie histories claim descent from a Fitzgerald progenitor. These histories include those by John Mackenzie of Applecross (died c.1684/5), George Mackenzie first Earl of Cromarty (died 1714) and the unpublished Letterfearn, Ardintoul and Allangrange manuscripts. It is believed that all of these histories ultimately derive from a single manuscript created by William MacQueen, Parson of Assynt in 1576, now lost. Alexander Mackenzie followed the Fitzgerald scheme for the first edition of his History of the Mackenzies in 1879, but abandoned it in his later 1894 edition based on the intervening publication of genealogies contained in MS 1467.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: MS 1467 was compiled 200 years before the earliest surviving Mackenzie traditional history. The Mackenzie and Matheson genealogies in MS 1467, which end c.1400, both derive from a Gilleoin of the Aird, but make no mention of Fitzgerald. The genealogies in MS 1467 have been interpreted as in part a census of the military resources available to Domhnall lord of the Isles in a period when he was seeking to make good his wife's claims to the earldom of Ross, culminating in the battle of Harlaw in 1411. Based on MS 1467 and a series of charters associated with Beauly Priory, it has been suggested that the Mackenzies and Mathesons were junior branches of the Del Ard family, heirs to Gilleoin of the Aird. The senior line of this family, prominent in the 13th and 14th centuries, terminated in the heiress Margaret del Ard, the Lady of Erchless, who married Alexander Chisolm of Cromer c. 1350.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In the 14th century during the Wars of Scottish Independence the Clan Mackenzie is said to have been among the clans who fought on the side of Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Inverurie (1308) against the forces of the Clan Comyn who were rivals to the throne. Chief Iain Mac Coinnich is said to have led a force of five hundred Mackenzies at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 where the English were defeated.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: Later in the 14th century the Mackenzies are said to have become involved in battles against their powerful neighbour the Earl of Ross and his allies. This resulted in the capture and subsequent execution of chief Kenneth Mackenzie in 1346. Soon after this it appears that his successor as chief of the clan Mackenzie was living in an island castle in Loch Kinellan near Strathpeffer in Easter Ross and it was from this base that the clan was to advance westward once again to Kintail.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: An early genealogy of the Mackenzies appears in MS 1467, but the earliest contemporary record of a living Mackenzie is of Alexander Mackenzie of Kintail ("Alexandro McKennye de Kintaill") who appeared in two supplications for papal dispensation in 1465 and 1466, and was listed as a witness to a charter by John of Islay, Earl of Ross, and Lord of the Isles on 4 November 1471. The earliest known likeness of a Mackenzie is that of Sir Kenneth Mackenzie (d. 7 February 1491/1492), whose effigy can be seen at Beauly Priory. He is the first "Mackenzie" to be buried at Beauly Priory. There is no reliable evidence to support the traditional assertion that previous members of his family were buried at Iona.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1452 a force of tribes loyal to Mackenzie of Kintail took hostage a relative of the Earl of Ross. This resulted in the Battle of Bealach nam Broig which was fought to the north-west of Ben Wyvis. The Clan Munro and their septs the Dingwalls rescued the Ross hostage but won a hollow victory, with a great loss of their own men.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1488 the Clan Mackenzie fought at the Battle of Sauchieburn led by Hector Roy Mackenzie but after the defeat of the King's forces there, Hector narrowly escaped, returning to Ross-shire where he took Redcastle from the Clan Rose, for the rebels.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1491 the Battle of Blar Na Pairce was fought between the Mackenzies and the MacDonalds. This was followed by the Raid on Ross also in 1491 when the Clan Mackenzie clashed with a number of clans including the Clan MacDonald of Lochalsh, Clan MacDonald of Clanranald, Clan Cameron and the Chattan Confederation of Clan Mackintosh.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1497 Alexander MacDonald of Lochalsh and his clan rebelled against the King. MacDonald invaded the fertile lands of Ross-shire where he was defeated in battle by the Mackenzies at the Battle of Drumchatt (1497), after which he was driven out of Ross-shire.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: During the Anglo-Scottish Wars John Mackenzie, 9th of Kintail led the clan at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. John escaped but many of his followers lost their lives. John Mackenzie also fought at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 where he was captured by the English. However, his clan paid a ransom of cows for his release.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: The growing importance of the Clan Mackenzie was vividly demonstrated in 1544 when the Earl of Huntly, the Lieutenant of the North, commanded chief John Mackenzie to raise his clan against Clan Ranald of Moidart. The Mackenzie chief refused and Huntly's supporters, the Clan Grant, Clan Ross and Clan Mackintosh declined to attack the Mackenzies. From that time the Mackenzies were recognised as a separate and superior force in the north-west.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: On 13 December 1545 at Dingwall, the Earl of Sutherland entered into a bond of manrent with John Mackenzie of Kintail for mutual defence against all enemies, reserving only their allegiance to the youthful Mary, Queen of Scots.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: At the Battle of Langside in 1568 the Mackenzies fought on the side of Mary, Queen of Scots, against the forces of her half-brother James Stewart, Earl of Moray. Their chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, 10th of Kintail died soon afterwards.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1570, a feud broke out with the Munros over the Castle Chanonry of Ross. Andrew Munro of Milntown defended it for 3 years against the Clan Mackenzie, at the expense of many lives on both sides. The feud was settled when the castle was handed over to the Mackenzies by an "Act of Pacification".


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1597, the Battle of Logiebride took place between the Mackenzies and MacLeods of Rassay against the Munros and the Bain family of Tulloch Castle.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: By the beginning of the 17th century the territory of the Mackenzies extended from the Black Isle in the east to the Outer Hebrides in the west. They took over the Isle of Lewis from its former Clan MacLeod of Lewis rulers and also Loch Alsh from the MacDonells. The Battle of Morar in 1602 was fought between the Clan Mackenzie and Clan MacDonell of Glengarry.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1623, the clan chief Colin Mackenzie was made Earl of Seaforth, a title in the peerage of Scotland, taking his title from a sea loch on the Isle of Lewis.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1645, Lord Seaforth, fighting as a Covenanter, led a force against the royalist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, at the Battle of Auldearn where the Covenanters were defeated. Montrose followed up his success by destroying many houses that belonged to people who had opposed the royalist cause, including that of Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden. Later in 1649, Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden adopted the royalist cause and led his own uprising in the Siege of Inverness (1649).


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1672, the Mackenzies were granted a commission of "fire and sword" against the MacLeods of Assynt who were a branch of the Clan MacLeod of Lewis and were seated at Ardvreck Castle, which was attacked and captured by the Mackenzies, who took control of the lands of Assynt.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: In 1688, Kenneth Mackenzie of Suddie was killed leading a Government-backed Independent Highland Company in support of Mackintosh of Mackintosh against the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch who were supported by the Clan Cameron at the Battle of Mulroy. During the Williamite War in Ireland the Clan Mackenzie (led by their chief Kenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth) are believed to have supported King James at the Siege of Derry and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.


title: Clan Mackenzie

text: During the Jacobite rising of 1715 chief William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth led the Clan Mackenzie in support of the Jacobite rebels. However, during the Jacobite rising of 1745 the Clan Mackenzie was divided: The chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose, did not support the Jacobites and raised several Independent Highland Companies from the Clan Mackenzie to support the British Government. However, during the 1745 rising a large part of the Clan Mackenzie followed the chief's cousin, George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie who was a Jacobite.