title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: As the duo heads towards the camp, evading French troops all the while, Hogan is surprised that the nun swears and drinks whiskey. While on their way to destroy a French ammunition train, Hogan is shot at by Indians and seriously wounded with an arrow. Sara is able to tend to his wounds, and she is able to set the charges that Hogan detonates to destroy the train. Eventually the two reach Juarista commander Col. Beltran's camp. Sara begs the local villagers for money needed to purchase dynamite for the assault on the garrison. In the lead up to the attack Sara reveals to Hogan that she is not a nun, but a prostitute posing as a nun because she is wanted by the French for her support of the revolutionaries. Although Hogan is shocked, the two team up to infiltrate the fort and let a squad of revolutionaries in through a trapdoor, while two other squads attack the gates and a fourth act as sharpshooters.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: They expected the French army to be drunk for Bastille day but the destruction of the train has put the garrison on high alert. Hogan and Sara infiltrate the fortress by Hogan posing as a bounty hunter who has captured Sara and is turning her in for the reward. The ruse works, Hogan and Sara engage the French commanding officers while the garrison's gates are breached for the Mexican revolutionary forces to swarm through. A battle ensues; the French are defeated, and the Mexicans capture the fort. As promised, Hogan receives half the riches. Now wealthy and with his job completed, Hogan sets off with Sara, with whom he has fallen in love, to open a gambling house in San Francisco.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: Budd Boetticher, a long term-resident of Mexico renowned for his series of Randolph Scott westerns, wrote the original 1967 screenplay that was bought with the provision that he would direct. Boetticher had planned the film for Robert Mitchum and Deborah Kerr, who had played a man of action and a nun in "Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison". Kerr's character was a member of the Mexican aristocracy escaping the vengeance of the Mexican Revolution, with Mitchum's cowboy protecting her as he led her to safety to the United States.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: Carrol Case sold the screenplay to Martin Rackin, who had Albert Maltz, also living in Mexico, rewrite the story. Maltz's version had Clint Eastwood playing a soldier of fortune for the Juaristas and Shirley MacLaine playing a revolutionary prostitute now set during the French intervention in Mexico. The film saw Eastwood embody the tall mysterious stranger once more, unshaven, wearing a serape-like vest and smoking a cigar and the film score was composed by Ennio Morricone. Although the film had Leonesque dirty Hispanic villains, the film was considerably less crude and more sardonic than those of Leone.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: Boetticher expressed disgust that MacLaine's bawdy character obviously did not resemble a nun, as opposed to his idea of a genteel lady whose final revelation would have been more of a surprise to the audience. Though Boetticher was friends with both Eastwood and director Don Siegel, Siegel understood Boetticher's dislike of the final film. Boetticher asked Siegel how he could make an awful film like that; Siegel replied that it was a great feeling to wake up in the morning and know there was a check in the mail, and Boetticher riposted that it was a better feeling to wake up in the morning and be able to look at yourself in the mirror.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: Eastwood had been shown the script by Elizabeth Taylor (at the time, the wife of Richard Burton) during the filming of "Where Eagles Dare"; she hoped to play the role of Sister Sara. It was initially offered to her, but she had to turn down the role because she wanted to shoot in Spain where Burton was making his latest film. Sister Sara was supposed to be Mexican, but Shirley MacLaine was cast instead. Although they were initially unconvinced with her pale complexion, Eastwood believed that the studio was keen on MacLaine as they had high hopes for her film "Sweet Charity", in which she played a taxi dancer. Both Siegel and Eastwood felt she was unfriendly on set, and Siegel described MacLaine thus: "It's hard to feel any great warmth to her. She's too unfeminine and has too much balls. She's very, very hard." "Two Mules for Sister Sara" marked the last time that Eastwood would receive second billing for a film.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: The film was shot over 65 days in Mexico and cost around $4 million. Many of the cast and crew, including MacLaine, were stricken by illness while filming, due to having to adjust to the food and water in Mexico.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: Bruce Surtees was a camera operator on the film, and acted as a go-between for Siegel and cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa; this led to his working on Siegel's next film "The Beguiled". Figueroa used many photographic filters for effects in the film.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: Eastwood revealed that he actually killed a rattlesnake for a scene in the film, as Mexican authorities did not want it released in the area after filming was over. Eastwood noted that he did not want to kill it, as he is opposed to killing animals.


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: "Two Mules for Sister Sara" received moderately favorable reviews, and Roger Greenspun of the "New York Times" reported, "I'm not sure it is a great movie, but it is very good and it stays and grows on the mind the way only movies of exceptional narrative intelligence do". Stanley Kauffmann of "The New Republic" described the film as "an attempt to keep old Hollywood alive—a place where nuns "can" turn out to be disguised whores, where heroes "can" always have a stick of dynamite under their vests, where every story has not one but two cute finishes. Its kind of "The African Queen" gone west". In a review by the "Los Angeles Herald-Examiner", "Two Mules for Sister Sara" was called "a solidly entertaining film that provides Clint Eastwood with his best, most substantial role to date; in it he is far better than he has ever been. In director Don Siegel, Eastwood has found what John Wayne found in John Ford and what Gary Cooper found in Frank Capra."


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: "The New York Times" included "Two Mules for Sister Sara" in its book, "The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". Author Howard Hughes joked that critics "couldn't argue that Eastwood's acting was second to nun."


title: Two Mules for Sister Sara

text: In its opening week in Denver, it grossed $35,000 from 2 theaters. The film returned $4.7 million in theatrical rentals in the United States and Canada, rendering it a solid, modestly profitable hit (a movie's gross is often close to twice the domestic rentals figure).


title: Road Rules

text: Road Rules is an MTV reality show that was a sister show of the network's flagship reality show, "The Real World". The series debuted on July 19, 1995, and ended on May 9, 2007. This allowed "Road Rules" a total of 14 seasons and 12 years on the air.


title: Road Rules

text: The series followed five to six strangers, between the ages of 18 and 24, stripped of their money and restricted to a life in an RV, traveling from location to location. The strangers were guided by a set of clues and missions to complete at each location. It was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2001.


title: Road Rules

text: The series was a pioneer in travel/adventure/reward reality television (together with Mark Burnett's "Eco-Challenge" productions). "Road Rules" was created by Jonathan Murray and Mary-Ellis Bunim of Bunim/Murray Productions. After Bunim died of cancer in early 2004, the show went into hiatus for three years.


title: Road Rules

text: The idea of "Road Rules" came to mind when "Real World" castmates Jon Brennan, Tami Akbar and Dominic Griffin traveled in an RV across the United States to get to their "" house in the first two episodes of the second season. Bunim-Murray began working on the show soon after the of "Real World", and finally debuted in 1995.


title: Road Rules

text: The show generated a spin-off series, also broadcast by MTV, known as "The Challenge" (originally known as "" before being renamed "Real World/Road Rules Challenge" after both its precursors), which is still in production. The spin-off series is mostly cast-contestant dependent on both "Road Rules" and "The Real World" as it combines contestants from various seasons of both precursors. "The Challenge" has run for 37 seasons since 1998, thus surpassing both "Road Rules" and "The Real World".


title: Road Rules

text: An asterisk (*) indicates the cast member was voted off the show or lost a season 14 face-off and did not make it to the end. A caret (^) indicates the cast member was required to leave the show.


title: Road Rules

text: The series began with a simple format, closely mirroring its parent show "The Real World". The concept was simple, abandon five strangers on the road, take away their money, have them drive around in an RV completing missions and doing odd jobs for money, and if they lasted to the end of the trip, they would win a "handsome reward". It was touted as "The Real World" on an RV, but as the show progressed, several changes were made to the show for various reasons, mostly having to do with causing excitement and raising sagging ratings.


title: Road Rules

text: In its third season, producers of the show took production to the next level by deciding to move the show from the United States to Europe. While the first two seasons were not themed according to the series' location, the third season introduced the subtitle into the concept which would usually strand the Roadies in different locations around the world.


title: Road Rules

text: For the first time, the RV was completely abandoned for a short time in favor of an alternate mode of transportation. The cast traveled in and around the Caribbean islands and for a short time traveled on a catamaran. This season also competed against the Boston season of "The Real World" in San Juan, Puerto Rico, planting the seeds for the "Real World/Road Rules Challenge" and future face-offs.


title: Road Rules

text: Changing the dynamic of the cast in hopes of creating more drama by including more people in the RV, an additional cast member was included, changing the number of cast members from five to six.


title: Road Rules

text: Enticed by the idea of sailing around the world, producers put the cast on the University of Pittsburgh's Semester at Sea educational program. For the first time in any season, in order for the cast to get their handsome reward, the cast needed to complete coursework aboard the ship. Prior to this, cast members only needed to get to the end of the trip, and would not be penalized for refusing to do a mission.


title: Road Rules

text: Due to an exaggerated trend of sagging ratings, some say due to the Semester at Sea season, the show underwent a major re-tooling. The Maximum Velocity Tour represents when the series transitioned from a documentary-style reality show to an entertainment reality show. The show was brought back to the US and given a "game show" format. At the helm of a trip was a fictional character named the "Road Master" completed. After the cast would complete a mission, they would have points added to the group pool for the end prize and if they failed to complete a mission, they would lose the money.


title: Road Rules

text: Producers continued to re-tool the show. This time, if the cast members lost two missions, they would have to vote out a cast member. Any additional mission lost after that, another cast member would be voted off. Also, instead of adding money to a group pool, the cast competed each mission for a "key" to the handsome reward. The "keys" were placed in the RV on a large board where each "key" represented a virtue the cast learned in that mission. For this season, the "key" would be represented as part of a crest. If the cast lost a mission, they would not receive the "key" until they voted off a cast member. Jisela Delgado was the first cast member to be voted off in the series. Katie Doyle was the first replacement in the series. The series remained largely unchanged after this season, although each subsequent series had its own variation on the rules of the game.


title: Road Rules

text: After the series' 13th season, MTV decided not to renew the series, giving the official status of "on hiatus" for four years before being officially cancelled. In March 2005, Bunim-Murray Productions pitched the idea of an interactive format to the show in which viewers at home would be a part of the series, and running the series in real time in order for the viewers at home to have a say in the competition; nothing came of this concept.


title: Road Rules

text: Setting up the idea for "The Real World/Road Rules Challenge", the face-offs have come to be an instrumental part of each season. The current cast competes either with a current "The Real World" cast who would be filming their series parallel to theirs or a former Road Rules cast, if Real World was ever out of its production season. The first official face-off, between the Islands and Boston casts gained such high ratings, that a spin-off series was begun, the ever-popular Challenges, and a pattern in most seasons where the cast would compete against another cast for a separate prize.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: The Alfa Romeo Tonale (Type 965) is a compact crossover SUV produced by Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo. Introduced in February 2022, the Tonale is the first hybrid-powered Alfa Romeo. It slots below the Alfa Romeo Stelvio and became the first new model introduced by the brand in six years. The Tonale marks the brand's electrification effort, where Alfa Romeo will be the first brand among the 14 brands of Stellantis to go fully electric by 2027. The Tonale is named after the Tonale mountain pass in Northern Italy.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: In August 2022, a rebadged and restyled version was unveiled as the Dodge Hornet, exclusive to the North American market as the smallest, entry-level SUV offering from Dodge with emphasis put on performance. The Hornet will be sold alongside the Tonale in the region with different specs and lower pricing.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: The production version was originally scheduled for release in 2021, but it was delayed until 2022 due to the global semiconductor shortage and Alfa Romeo management demanding better range and performance from its drivetrain.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: It was developed during the ownership of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and underpinned by a heavily modified version of the SCCS crossover platform shared with the Jeep Compass. It is also the first Alfa Romeo to be equipped with optional plug-in hybrid, which uses a lithium-ion battery that delivers of all-electric range.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: All models of the Tonale are equipped with a 12.3-inch digital infotainment cluster and a 10.25-inch infotainment screen which will run on a Uconnect 5 software suite that supported Amazon Alexa. In addition, the Tonale will come with an NFT that records and stores data of the car's life cycle. According to Alfa Romeo, the NFT will generate a certificate that can help maintain the car's residual value. "The Verge" noted that Alfa Romeo had not provided much information about what blockchain technology they intended to use for this. "Jalopnik" felt that digitising a car's service history was a good idea, but that blockchain NFTs were a "bad" and "entirely unnecessary" way to achieve this.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: According to Alfa Romeo, Tonale was designed to offer more driving engagement than the class average by using a very quick steering rack (2.3 turns lock to lock). It also features torque vectoring by braking, frequency-selective dampers as standard and adaptive items and four-piston brakes on the range-topping Veloce.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: One of the powertrain options is a newly developed, Alfa Romeo-exclusive 1.5-liter petrol engine with variable-geometry turbocharger (VGT) and a 48 V hybrid system, paired with a 7-speed TCT dual-clutch transmission and the 48 V and P2 electric motor ( with the 2.5:1 transmission ratio). It can propel the wheels even when the internal combustion engine is turned off. The Tonale is claimed to be capable of in 8.8 seconds and on to a maximum speed of over . The engine comes with high compression ratio (12.5:1), a new cylinder head with compact combustion chamber, dual variable valve timing, and "high-tumble" intake ducts.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: A 48 V lithium-ion battery with a 0.8 kWh capacity is used. The capacity is more than twice that of batteries commonly used on belt driven starter generator (BSG) hybrid systems, while providing an output of up to . The battery has a volume of about 11 litres and does not affect the size of the boot as it is installed under the central tunnel, between the front seats. The dual voltage system with a DC/DC converter from 48 to 12 volts manages the interface with the electrical architecture of the vehicle.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: The Alfa Romeo Tonale has made its debut to the press in Europe, taking to the roads at Tempio Voltiano around Lake Como, where Alessandro Volta invented one of the first batteries.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: At the European launch, Alfa Romeo offered Tonale in the exclusive "Edizione Speciale" version. This version includes a special configuration for the first customers of Tonale. "Edizione Speciale" of Tonale is available only in a hybrid configuration with a , 1.5 L 4-cylinder engine, packed with the following: 20-inch alloy wheels, red brake callipers, Matrix Full LED with an adaptive system, privacy windows, aluminium shift paddles, keyless entry, hands-free power lift tailgate, 10.25-inch touchscreen radio with voice control & navigation, CarPlay / Android Auto with the wireless charging pad, sporty leather steering wheel, Adaptive Cruise Control, front and rear sensors with a rearview camera and traffic sign recognition.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: Later versions of the Tonale for the European market offer as standard equipment 18-inch alloy wheels, parking sensors, and a reversing camera, as well as gloss black exterior trim, part-leatherette upholstery, and the 10.2-inch touchscreen navigation system. Keyless entry is included, too, along with an electrically-operated tailgate and automatic lights and wipers, not to mention wireless phone charging along with the Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration tech. More upmarket models add sportier styling and adaptive dampers.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: A 5-year warranty is offered to all Tonale SUVs sold across Europe and Alfa Romeo offers dedicated mobility services in collaboration with Leasys.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: The Tonale for Canada will be released for the 2023 model year with an option of 2.0 L petrol turbocharged engine and a 1.3 L petrol plug-in hybrid engine. For the US market, only the PHEV option will be available.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: The Hornet was released in August 2022 for the U.S. and Canada. Compared to the Tonale, the Hornet received a restyled front end, headlights, and taillights graphics to match other Dodge products. Priced below the Tonale, two models are offered, which are the Hornet R/T plug-in hybrid and Hornet GT which are powered by a 1.3 L petrol plug-in hybrid engine and a 2.0 L petrol turbocharged engine marketed as "Hurricane4" respectively. It is built alongside the Tonale in Italy. The brand's CEO Tim Kuniskis announced plans for a more powerful model, the Hornet GLH ("Goes Like Hell"), the name of which harkens back to the Dodge Omni-based Shelby GLH-S, the first American hot hatch.


title: Alfa Romeo Tonale

text: The Tonale Concept was unveiled in March 2019 at the Geneva Motor Show. It features a plug in hybrid (PHEV) drivetrain from the Jeep Renegade, with a front-mounted petrol engine and a rear-mounted electric motor (this information is not officially confirmed by Alfa Romeo representatives). The Tonale has D.N.A Alfa Romeo driving selector with modes: Dual Power mode for maximum performance, Natural mode for everyday use and Advanced Efficiency setting will only use electric propulsion. E-mozione button on the touchscreen further tailors throttle settings, braking response, and steering feel.


title: MKTO

text: MKTO is an American pop and hip hop duo, consisting of Malcolm Kelley and Tony Oller. Their self-titled album was released on 30 January 2014 by Columbia Records. In July 2015, the duo released their first extended play, titled "Bad Girls EP". As of 2022, the band has sold over 1 million records worldwide.


title: MKTO

text: Malcolm Kelley and Tony Oller met in 2010 while filming the Nickelodeon television series "Gigantic", in which their characters played best friends. They later formed as a duo and came up with the name MKTO, which represents the combined initials of their names and surnames, MK for Malcolm Kelley and TO for Tony Oller. They elaborated upon the inspiration for their name, saying: "It also stands for what our album kind of is: Misfit Kids and Total Outcasts – just like the kids we were in high school".


title: MKTO

text: The duo signed to Columbia Records and released their debut single "Thank You" on November 12, 2012. The song's genre is a crossover between pop and hip hop. The song has attained commercial success, reaching the top ten on both the Australian and New Zealand singles charts. The song's music video was released on YouTube via Vevo on January 4, 2013, and garnered over 500,000 views within two days of being released. It now sits at over 25 million views. In the music video, Harold Perrineau, who played the father of Kelley's character on "Lost", appeared as a reference to the show. MKTO released their second single, "Classic" along with the music video on June 20, 2013. Classic peaked at number 14 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and the music video has since compiled over 200 million views on YouTube. The music video for their third single, "God Only Knows", was released on November 29, 2013 on YouTube and Vevo. God Only Knows peaked at number 11 in Australia and at number 19 in New Zealand. In 2013, they served as the opening for Emblem3 on their summer tour across the United States. They also served as the opening for Emblem3's #bandlife Tour and Demi Lovato's "Demi: World Tour" in 2014. Their self-titled debut album was released on January 30, 2014 in Australia and New Zealand and it was released on April 1 in North America.


title: MKTO

text: In February 2014, their debut album went to #1 in Australia and #6 in New Zealand. During the summer of 2014, MKTO went on their first headlining tour, the American Dream Tour. This featured opening acts Tiffany Houghton and Action Item. The fourth single from their debut album in the United States is "American Dream" and peaked at number 40 in Australia and at number 12 in New Zealand. Despite not being singles, "Forever Until Tomorrow" reached number 23 on iTunes in Australia and "Heartbreak Holiday" reached number 30 on iTunes in Australia and number 42 in the United States.


title: MKTO

text: On July 22, 2015, MKTO released their first extended play "Bad Girls EP", which was preceded by the June 2015 release of its lead single "Bad Girls". The single peaked at number 80 in Australia and peaked at number 36 on the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40. The EP peaked at number 32 on the iTunes chart in Australia and number 50 on the iTunes chart in the United States. A double A-side single including two brand-new tracks "Hands Off My Heart/Places You Go" was premiered exclusively on "Billboard" on March 9, 2016. "Superstitious" is the second single that was released in 2016 by the duo.


title: MKTO

text: On March 10, 2017, Oller announced on Twitter that the band had broken up. However, according to their Twitter page, they plan to release new music very soon.


title: MKTO

text: On June 12, 2018, MKTO announced on Twitter that they were back together. Three days later, on June 15, the band announced they had signed a new record deal with BMG. Following the announcement, the duo released a new single titled, "How Can I Forget" in September 2018. In June 2019, they released another single, "Shoulda Known Better". A third single, "Marry Those Eyes" was released on September 6, 2019. "Consider Me Yours" was released on November 22, 2019. In April 2020, MKTO released a music video for Just Imagine It. They also released 3 singles, "Simple Things", "Party With My Friends" and "How Much". "Party With My Friends" peaked at number 85 on iTunes while "How Much" peaked at number 54 on iTunes. On August 17, 2021, Tony Oller announced via social media that he would be moving on from the band. However, months after this announcement, it appears he has returned as he frequently uploads on the MKTO YouTube channel and is set to perform a live show in May 2022.


title: Grover

text: Grover is a blue Muppet character on the popular PBS/HBO children's television show "Sesame Street". Self-described as lovable, cute and furry, he is a blue monster who rarely uses contractions when he speaks or sings. Grover was originally performed by Frank Oz from his earliest appearances. Eric Jacobson has performed the character regularly from the year 2000 onwards.


title: Grover

text: A prototype version of Grover appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on Christmas Eve in 1967. This puppet had greenish-brown fur and a red nose. He also had a raspier voice – somewhat like Cookie Monster's – and was played a bit more unkempt than Grover would later behave. The monster was referred to as "Gleep", a monster in Santa's workshop. He later made a cameo appearance in "The Muppets on Puppets" in 1968 with the Rock and Roll Monster. In 1969, clad in a necktie, he appeared in the "Sesame Street Pitch Reel" in the board-room sequences. During the first season of "Sesame Street", the character was nicknamed "Fuzzyface" or "The Hairy One", though neither would be used for his actual name. The muppet was not yet the "cute" character he would become, and he was not all that different in personality from the other monsters with whom he interacted.


title: Grover

text: In his book "The Tipping Point", author Malcolm Gladwell notes that the character "was used in promotional films for IBM". The puppet first received the name "Grover" on May 1, 1970.


title: Grover

text: In an appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on May 31, 1970, the character acquired his present appearance with blue fur and a pink nose. In this appearance, Kermit the Frog tried to sing "What Kind of Fool Am I?" (accompanying himself on piano), but Grover repeatedly interrupted him. The true Grover "officially" debuted in the second season of "Sesame Street".


title: Grover

text: One of the more frequent sketch segments featuring Grover involves him taking a series of customer service jobs. One of his customers is always Mr. Johnson, a balding, mustachioed customer who invariably becomes frustrated at Grover's bumbling service and/or his (Grover's) insistence that he is serving him properly.


title: Grover

text: The first Grover-Mr. Johnson series of sketches, set at "Charlie's Restaurant", aired in the early 1970s; here, Grover is employed as a waiter and Mr. Johnson is his customer.


title: Grover

text: The sketches followed the same basic premise: Mr. Johnson would order a menu item, Grover would serve the customer, a disagreement results (usually) as a result of Grover's mistakes, and Grover attempting (often, more than once) to correct the mistake with varied degrees of success. Under this backdrop, the sketches served to teach the childhood audience basic concepts such as same and different, big and little, hot and cold, the alphabet, following directions and patience, among other things. This was even parodied in an episode of "Monsterpiece Theater", where Grover had to keep rushing out of the kitchen to tell Johnson that they had run out of parts of his order. Naturally, Alistair Cookie introduced this performance as "Much Ado About Nothing".


title: Grover

text: Repeats of the "Charlie's Restaurant" series of sketches aired for many years on "Sesame Street". In the years since, new Grover-Mr. Johnson sketches have been produced, with Grover taking other customer service jobs and Mr. Johnson as his hapless customer. Every time, Mr. Johnson recognizes Grover as "that waiter from Charlie's".


title: Grover

text: Grover's jobs have ranged from a taxi driver and a photographer to a flight attendant and singing telegram artist. One sketch parodied the ABC television series "" in a segment where Grover began remodeling Mr. Johnson's home despite his express wishes. In another one, Mr. Johnson is the only patron, and Grover is the only actor, for a production of "Spider-Monster: The Musical", a parody of the musical "". The play is, of course, a complete calamity and finally comes crashing down on both of them.


title: Grover

text: Grover also has an instructional persona who wears a cap and gown to provide educational context for simple, everyday things. His lessons are often wrong, leaving himself open to correction by a group of Muppets. Combined with the failings of the Super Grover character, this means that Grover can be very self-conscious and timid. He is often a source of slapstick humor and often accidentally injures himself.


title: Grover

text: Early in the series, Grover would often greet Kermit the Frog by running up to him and shouting, "Hey, froggy babeee!" and then giving him a hard slap on the back, which knocked him over.


title: Grover

text: Global Grover is a more recent series of segments, in which Grover hosts a trip to a foreign country to learn about their culture and customs.


title: Grover

text: In 2010, Grover starred in a parody of an Old Spice Commercial called "Smell Like a Monster" based on "The Man Your Man Could Smell Like", albeit a clam with "two tickets to the thing you love" bit his nose and he rode a cow rather than a horse.


title: Grover

text: Grover has a semi-secret superhero identity as the well-meaning but inept "Super Grover", sometimes presented as the alter ego of Grover Kent, "ace doorknob salesman for Acme, Inc". Originally his superhero costume consisted of a pink cape and medieval knight's helmet, with a Superman-style crest on both the cape and his T-shirt, bearing a letter "G" on his chest instead of "S". During the 1970s and 1980s, "Sesame Street" ran a series of Super Grover sketches spoofing the classic "Adventures of Superman" series (in the opening of these, his name was hyphenated "Super-Grover"). An announcer (Jerry Nelson) introduced each episode with the lines:


title: Grover

text: With that, a fanfare sounds, Super Grover bursts through a paper wall bearing his crest, fruitlessly tries to move his helmet up off his eyes, and adds, "And I am cute, too!"


title: Grover

text: From there, episodes followed a simple formula: Super Grover is flying somewhere over Metro City when he hears the cries of a Muppet child in some small trouble and immediately sails in to assist. The excited child is quickly disillusioned as Super Grover crash-lands nearby. From there, Grover continues to be enthusiastic but no help whatsoever, his "dramatic" feats of strength or speed serving only to kill time while the child solves the problem on their own and wanders off. By then, Grover's efforts have usually landed him in a comical predicament of his own.


title: Grover

text: Super Grover has appeared in the "Sesame Street" theatrical films "" (1985) and "The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland" (1999), where it is revealed he stretches his arms out and spins into his costume in homage to "Wonder Woman"), as well as the PBS special "Don't Eat the Pictures" (1983).


title: Grover

text: For "Sesame Street"s 41st season in 2010, the character was revamped as "Super Grover 2.0", who debuted on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", flying in and crash-landing behind the chair where he was meant to sit. His new costume consists of a more fantasy-style knight helmet with a spiked crest, a red cape, metal gauntlets and boots, a utility belt, and a black rubber vest resembling bike racing gear. Both the cape and the vest are adorned with his crest, now with a lightning bolt added behind the "G". The helmet has a hinged visor which still tends to fall over Grover's eyes, and his tagline is: "Super Grover 2.0 – He Shows Up!"


title: Grover

text: "Grover's Mommy" plays an integral but often unrecognized role on "Sesame Street". She has been seen almost exclusively in print, including the many illustrated books starring Grover. She was also occasionally seen in photographs, as a photo puppet, such as on the cover of Volume 4 of "The Sesame Street Treasury". Over the course of time, her appearance has fluctuated greatly.


title: Grover

text: Her earliest known appearance as a Muppet is a 1970s sketch in which Grover speaks to the audience about being afraid of the dark. At the end of the sketch, his mom (Frank Oz) enters his room to kiss him goodnight. In this appearance, the puppet used for her is recycled from the early Grover puppet from the first season. Another early appearance (circa 1981) involves his mother (Kathryn Mullen) coming into the bathroom while Grover is telling the audience about how to take a bath.


title: Grover

text: She has more recently appeared (performed by Stephanie D'Abruzzo) in a brief "Elmo's World" sequence (from the "Families" episode), with her son as his alter-ego Super Grover, as her own alter-ego, "Super-Mommy". Grover crashlands, screaming "Moooommy!" and his mom follows shouting "Soooonny!" crashing on top of him. They recover, acknowledge each other, and almost hug, but they both fall down before they are able to.


title: Grover

text: In the children's book "The Monster at the End of This Book" (1971), Grover goes to great effort to keep the reader from turning the pages of the book, because there is a monster on the final page. Grover ties pages down, nails pages to the next one and builds a brick wall to block access; at the end it is discovered that the monster at the end of the book is Grover himself, who is mortified ("Oh, I am so embarrassed..."). The late 1990s saw a sequel to the book where Grover desperately tries to stop Elmo from reaching the end of the book, eventually directing him to leave the book and enter from the back. Therefore, when both of them reach the end, they wind up scaring each other.


title: Grover

text: Another popular children's book, "Would You like to Play Hide & Seek in This Book with Lovable, Furry Old Grover?", had Grover trying different ways to hide from the reader, eventually getting upset and begging the reader to just say "no" they do not see him, even though he was just crouching down in a corner.


title: Grover

text: In 1974, Grover went on a learning expedition in "Grover and the Everything in the Whole Wide World Museum". He tours rooms such as "The Long Thin Things You Can Write with Room", as well as "The Things That Make So Much Noise You Can't Think Room". Grover wanders through "The Things That Are Light Room", returns a rock to "The Things That Are Heavy Room", and just when he wonders whether it is possible to have a museum that holds everything in the whole wide world, he comes upon a door labeled "Everything Else", which opens to take him out into the world. As of 1996, Publishers Weekly ranked the book at 79 on their list of best-selling children's paperbacks, and Lou Harry of Indianapolis Business Journal included the book on his list of 12 examples of how muppets have qualified as quality entertainment. It was written by Norman Stiles and Daniel Wilcox, and illustrated by Joe Mathieu.


title: Grover

text: "The Adventures of Grover in Outer Space" is a Sesame Street storybook featuring Grover that was published in 1984. "When Grover Moved to Sesame Street" was published in 1985. He was also featured in "I Want a Hat Like That" (1987, reprinted 1999).


title: Discobolus

text: The Discobolus of Myron ("discus thrower", , "Diskobólos") is an Ancient Greek sculpture completed at the start of the Classical period at around 460–450 BC. The sculpture depicts a youthful male athlete throwing a discus. The bronze Greek original is lost. The work is known through its numerous Roman copies, both full-scale ones in marble, which is cheaper than bronze, such as the first to be recovered, the "Palombara Discobolus", and smaller scaled versions in bronze.


title: Discobolus

text: The discus thrower is depicted as about to release his throw: "by sheer intelligence", Kenneth Clark observed in "The Nude", "Myron has created the enduring pattern of athletic energy. He has taken a moment of action so transitory that students of athletics still debate if it is feasible, and he has given it the completeness of a cameo." The moment thus captured in the statue is an example of "rhythmos", harmony and balance. Myron is often credited with being the first sculptor to master this style. Naturally, as always in Ancient Greek athletics, the "Discobolus" is completely nude. His pose is said to be unnatural to a human, and is considered as per modern standards a rather inefficient way to throw the discus. Myron represents the body at the moment of its maximum tension and splendor. The body torsion is vigorous and, at the same time, harmonious and delicate. However, the great effort of the athlete is not reflected in his face, which displays only a tenuous concentration. As Clark observes, "to a modern eye, it may seem that Myron's desire for perfection has made him suppress too rigorously the sense of strain in the individual muscles". The other trademark of Myron embodied in this sculpture is how well the body is proportioned the "symmetria".


title: Discobolus

text: The potential energy expressed in this sculpture's tightly wound pose, expressing the moment of stasis just before the release, is an example of the advancement of Classical sculpture from Archaic. The torso shows no muscular strain, however, even though the limbs are outflung.


title: Discobolus

text: Myron's "Discobolus" was long known from descriptions, such as the dialogue in Lucian of Samosata's work "Philopseudes":


title: Discobolus

text: Prior to this statue's discovery, the term "Discobolus" had been applied in the 17th and 18th centuries to a standing figure holding a discus, a "Discophoros", which Ennio Quirino Visconti identified as the "Discobolus" of Naukydes of Argos, mentioned by Pliny (Haskell and Penny 1981:200).


title: Discobolus

text: The "Discobolus Palombara", the first copy of this famous sculpture to have been discovered, was found in 1781. It is a 1st-century AD copy of Myron's original bronze. Following its discovery at a Roman property of the Massimo family, the Villa Palombara on the Esquiline Hill, it was initially restored by Giuseppe Angelini; the Massimo installed it in their Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne and then at Palazzo Lancellotti. The Italian archaeologist Giovanni Battista Visconti identified the sculpture as a copy from the original of Myron. It was instantly famous, though the Massimo jealously guarded access to it (Haskell and Penny 1981:200).


title: Discobolus

text: In 1937, Adolf Hitler negotiated to buy it, and eventually succeeded in 1938, when Galeazzo Ciano, Minister of Foreign Affairs, sold it to him for five million lire, over the protests of Giuseppe Bottai, Minister of Education, and the scholarly community. It was shipped by rail to Munich and displayed in the Glyptothek; it was returned in 1948. It is now in the National Museum of Rome, displayed at the Palazzo Massimo.


title: Discobolus

text: After the discovery of the "Discobolus Palombara" a second notable "Discobolus" was excavated, at Hadrian's Villa in 1790, and was purchased by the English antiquary and art dealer established in Rome, Thomas Jenkins, at public auction in 1792. (Another example, also found at Tivoli at this date, was acquired by the Vatican Museums.) The English connoisseur Charles Townley paid Jenkins £400 for the statue, which arrived at the semi-public gallery Townley commissioned in Park Street, London, in 1794. The head was wrongly restored, as Richard Payne Knight soon pointed out, but Townley was convinced his was the original and better copy.


title: Discobolus

text: Other Roman copies in marble have been recovered, and torsos that were already known in the 17th century but that had been wrongly restored and completed, have since been identified as further repetitions after Myron's model. For one such example, in the early 18th century Pierre-Étienne Monnot restored a torso that is now recognized as an example of Myron's "Discobolus" as a "Wounded Gladiator" who supports himself on his arm as he sinks to the ground; the completed sculpture was donated before 1734 by Pope Clement XII to the Capitoline Museums, where it remains.


title: Discobolus

text: Yet another copy was discovered in 1906 in the ruins of a Roman villa at Tor Paterno in the former royal estate of Castel Porziano, now also conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano.


title: Discobolus

text: In the 19th century, plaster copies of "Discobolos" could be found in many large academic collections, now mostly dispersed.


title: Discobolus

text: "" includes a recreation of the "Discobolus". The "Discus Thrower" is plastinated human corpse posed like the original sculpture, discus included.


title: Ricoh

text: Ricoh produces electronic products, primarily cameras and office equipment such as printers, photocopiers, fax machines, offers Software as a Service (SaaS) document management applications such as DocumentMall, RicohDocs, GlobalScan, Print&Share and also offers Projectors. In the late 1990s through early 2000s, the company grew to become the largest copier manufacturer in the world. During this time, Ricoh acquired Savin, Gestetner, Lanier, Rex-Rotary, Monroe, Nashuatec, IKON and most recently IBM Printing Systems Division / Infoprint Solutions Company. Although the Monroe brand was discontinued, products continue to be marketed worldwide under the remaining brand names. In 2006, Ricoh acquired the European operations of Danka for $210 million. These operations continue as a stand-alone business unit, under the Infotec brand.


title: Ricoh

text: The Ricoh Group has sales and support, production, and research and development operations in nearly 180 countries. It has its world headquarters in Tokyo, Japan and regional headquarters in Japan, the Americas, Europe, China, and the Asia-Pacific.


title: Ricoh

text: Ricoh has 272 subsidiaries (72 national and 200 overseas) which specialize in technology- and customer-research groups around the world. For example, Ricoh Innovations, a research subsidiary of Ricoh Company, operates in Silicon Valley, California, focusing on technology, cloud, mobile solutions, and customer research.


title: Turn on red

text: A turn on red is a principle of law permitting vehicles at a traffic light showing a red signal to turn into the direction of traffic nearer to them (almost always after a complete stop, depending on the jurisdiction) when the way is clear, without having to wait for a green signal. North American traffic engineers first introduced this rule as a fuel savings measure, despite detrimental effects to the safety of pedestrians.


title: Turn on red

text: The simplest version is commonly known as a right turn on red (or simply right on red) in countries that drive on the right side of the road, or a left turn on red in countries that drive on the left side of the road.


title: Turn on red

text: A right turn requires checking only two nearby crosswalks (at least one of which will show "don't walk") and vehicular traffic moving towards the driver, while a left turn or going straight requires checking two crosswalks and vehicular traffic moving in multiple directions.


title: Turn on red

text: When turning right on red, the vehicle typically has to yield to traffic coming from the left, and the crosswalk parallel to that stream if there is one. If turning right at a three-way junction from a major road onto a minor road, the vehicle has to yield only to the crosswalk since there is no road on the left side. Sometimes, the opposing side has a protected left turn, requiring the vehicle to yield to opposing vehicles turning left, but not any crosswalks. In any case, the vehicle turning right on red has to yield only to one stream of vehicles (out of two possible streams) and zero or one crosswalk.


title: Turn on red

text: Many jurisdictions that allow right turns on red will allow it to be done in any lane, including the outer lane of a dual or triple right turn.


title: Turn on red

text: In some intersections, allowing a right on red would be unsafe, such as when there is a train running parallel to the road on the right side, synchronized to the traffic light timings. In places where right on red is allowed by default, a sign would be placed to disallow it.


title: Turn on red

text: Another version is commonly known as a left turn on red (left on red) in countries that drive on the right side of the road, and would be a right turn on red in countries that drive on the left side of the road, if any allowed it. These turns are typically restricted to turns onto a one-way. Many jurisdictions also require that this type of turn be from a one-way.


title: Turn on red

text: However, although right on red is equivalent to left on red to a one-way, left on red is not typically permitted in countries outside North America. Even in North America, few places allow left on red from two-way to one-way streets.


title: Turn on red

text: There are rarely some intersections where a left on red from a two-way to two-way is permitted, but this is due to the expected low amount of traffic, rather than being geometrically equivalent to right on red.


title: Turn on red

text: Most places in North America allow this type of turn by default. Most places outside of North America disallow this type of turn.


title: Turn on red

text: Left turns on red from a two-way to a one-way are the same "difficulty" as a right turn on red, although the reasoning is less obvious. If a right turn is possible, the opposing side might have a green light and protected left turn, allowing the driver to get a permissive left turn (flashing yellow arrow). If the opposing side has a red light (which is the case if a right turn is impossible), or there is no opposing side, the driver has to yield only to vehicles from the right, and possibly the nearby crosswalk. In any case, the driver has to yield to only one stream of traffic (out of two possible streams), and zero or one crosswalk.


title: Turn on red

text: Only British Columbia, Alaska, Idaho, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington allow this type of turn by default.


title: Turn on red

text: Right turns on red are permitted in many regions of North America. In the United States, western states have allowed it for more than 50 years, and eastern states amended their traffic laws to allow it in the 1970s as a claimed fuel-saving measure in response to motor fuel shortages in 1973. The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 required in §362(c)(5) that in order for a state to receive federal assistance in developing mandated conservation programs, they must permit right turns on red lights. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico have allowed right turns on red since 1980, except where prohibited by a sign or where right turns are controlled by dedicated traffic lights. (The last state with a right-on-red ban, Massachusetts, ended its ban on January 1, 1980, but about 90% of the traffic signals in the state were outfitted with "no turn on red" signs in preparation for the change.) The few exceptions include New York City, where right turns on red are prohibited, unless a sign indicates otherwise.


title: Turn on red

text: In some states, such as New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Nebraska, Nevada, and California, a right turn on red is prohibited when a red arrow is displayed.


title: Turn on red

text: At intersections where U-turns are permitted and controlled by a U-turn arrow from the left-most lane, motorists turning right on red onto the same road must yield to those making U-turns before turning, as the motorists making U-turns have the right of way and a collision could easily occur. The exception is Pennsylvania where U-turns are allowed unless otherwise specified following the same rule as right on red, drivers making a U-turn are required to yield to all drivers executing legal maneuvers including turning right on red. At intersections where U-turns are prohibited in the same fashion, a green right turn arrow will sometimes appear for those turning right onto the road, allowing only traffic turning right to proceed without having to stop or yield to other vehicles or pedestrians. Some states such as California have "No U-Turn" signs posted at these intersections because of the green right turn arrow.


title: Turn on red

text: Most Caribbean countries with right-hand traffic, such as the Dominican Republic, allow right turn on red unless a sign prohibits it. Some vehicles, such as those carrying hazardous materials and school buses, are not allowed to turn on red under any circumstance and must wait for a green light or arrow.


title: Turn on red

text: As of 1992, right turn on red is governed federally by (c) ("Each proposed State energy conservation plan to be eligible for Federal assistance under this part shall include: ...(5) a traffic law or regulation which, to the maximum extent practicable consistent with safety, permits the operator of a motor vehicle to turn such vehicle right at a red stop light after stopping, and to turn such vehicle left from a one-way street onto a one-way street at a red light after stopping."). All turns on red are forbidden in New York City unless a sign is posted permitting it.


title: Turn on red

text: In Canada, a driver may turn right at a red light after coming to a complete stop unless a sign indicates otherwise. In the province of Quebec, turning right on a red was illegal until a pilot study carried out in 2003 showed that the right turn on red manoeuvre did not result in significantly more accidents. Subsequent to the study, the Province of Quebec now allows right turns on red except where prohibited by a sign. However, like in New York City, it remains illegal to turn right on a red anywhere on the Island of Montreal. Motorists are reminded of this rule by large signs posted at the entrance to all bridges.


title: Turn on red

text: In Mexico, right turns on red are generally allowed unless a sign indicates otherwise. Mexico City has implemented a new transit law which prohibits right turns on red.


title: Turn on red

text: In the U.S., 38 states allow left turns on red only if both the origin and destination streets are one way as of December, 2018.


title: Turn on red

text: Five states, namely Alaska, Idaho, Michigan, Oregon and Washington, allow left turns on red into a one-way street, even from a two-way.


title: Turn on red

text: As of December 2018, the following states and territories ban left turns on red: Connecticut, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Dakota (unless permitted by local ordinance), the District of Columbia, and Guam. New York City prohibits left turn on red unless a sign indicates otherwise.


title: Turn on red

text: In Canada, left turn on red light from a one-way road into a one-way road is permitted except in some areas of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Left turn on red into a one-way road is permitted in British Columbia, even from a two-way road.


title: Turn on red

text: Some intersections have signs to indicate that a left turn on red is prohibited. In BC, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario, the sign for "no left turn" is defined with the line in the red circle flipped compared to other prohibitive signs. Although inconsistent, this allows "no left turn" to be a mirror image of "no right turn". However, in Quebec, the diagonal line is the same as in "no right turn".


title: Turn on red

text: In Chile and Brazil, right turns on red are only allowed when a sign permitting it is shown. In Brazil, effective April 14, 2021.


title: Turn on red

text: In European countries in general, it is illegal to turn on a red light, unless it is indicated otherwise, for example by a green arrow on a red light, a flashing amber arrow with a red light or a permanent green board next to the red light.


title: Turn on red

text: In Poland, right turns on red are permitted only if an additional green arrow light (apart from the main signal light) is present and lit. However, the regulations require drivers to stop completely, as their paths intersect with other vehicles or pedestrians in at least one direction. Green arrow light can be also directed left (the same regulations apply).


title: Turn on red

text: In Germany, right turns on red are only permitted when a sign is present at the traffic light, after a complete stop. This rule was first introduced in 1978 in East Germany. It was derided as the "socialist right turn" in West Germany, which planned to eliminate it after German reunification in 1990. However, a public backlash put an end to the plans, and the practice spread to the rest of Germany in 1994. Half of the 5,000 turn-on-red intersections that existed in 2002 were located in the former West Germany.


title: Turn on red

text: In Switzerland, bicycles and small mopeds () are allowed to turn right on certain red lights since 2021. One does not have to come to a complete stop, but must yield to crossing pedestrians and traffic. During a pilot experiment preceding this change, wide acceptance and no accident were observed.


title: Turn on red

text: In Slovenia, the same sign as in Germany is used, where vehicles can turn right on a red light at all times, but they don’t have the right of way. Some intersections also have a green arrow light, that is lit when right turns are allowed. Historically, a different sign with the same meaning was used in the nineteen sixties, a green curved arrow on a small white rectangle board, attached under a traffic light.


title: Turn on red

text: In Russia, right turns on red are only permitted if a separate arrow-shaped green light allows it; drivers must give way to any vehicle coming from a different direction. When the arrow is not lit, turns in the arrow direction are prohibited. However, in some cities, they have allowed turns on right provided there is a fixed green arrow with the writing below saying "Give way to everyone, you can turn on right".


title: Turn on red

text: In the Netherlands, bicycles are occasionally allowed to turn right on a red light (assuming that the design of the junction is such that the light is even applicable to right turning cyclists, which it often is not in the Netherlands). Wherever this is the case, a sign ""rechtsaf voor fietsers vrij"" (right turn free for cyclists) or ""rechtsaf voor (brom)fietsers vrij"" (right turn free for cyclists and mopeds) is present.


title: Turn on red

text: In France, a right turn on red without stopping is allowed when a separate arrow-shaped amber light flashes, but drivers do not have priority. They must check if any pedestrians are crossing before turning and must give way to vehicles coming from other directions. A sign can also permit cyclists to turn right on red.


title: Turn on red

text: In Belgium, road signs that allow cyclists to turn right on a red light have been added to traffic law in 2012. Such roads signs have been placed on intersections in the Brussels Capital Region.


title: Turn on red

text: Like in the Netherlands, Belgium and France have a road sign that allows cyclists to turn right on a red light. The French and Belgian signs consist of a yield sign with a yellow bike and arrow inside. Such signs are placed under traffic lights.


title: Turn on red

text: In the United Kingdom, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited. At some junctions there is a separate left arrow-shaped green "filter" light which, when lit, allows left-hand turns but conflicting traffic will always have a red signal. Other non conflicting traffic movements may have their own left or right arrow-shaped green light. Sometimes there are specific lanes without signals for turning left, separated from the through traffic signalled traffic by traffic islands, but give way signs are installed.


title: Turn on red

text: In the Republic of Ireland, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited, although some lights flash with a yellow arrow which is in effect the same thing - drivers may proceed if the road is clear.


title: Turn on red

text: In Lithuania, drivers are allowed to turn right on red when a particular sign with a green arrow on a white background is mounted beside the red light of the traffic signal. However, on 10 November 2014, national traffic rules were altered meaning that this sign will be valid only until 31 December 2019 at the latest, by which time all such signs will have been eliminated. These changes were made for reasons of road safety. The green arrows in Lithuania were eliminated on 1 January 2020. Despite the announcement of the date for the elimination of the green arrows in October 2014, many city administrations were not prepared for alternatives, which led to considerable public outrage in January 2020. The government has allowed the return of the green arrows in response to the situation, but each green arrow must be coordinated with the Transportation Literacy Agency. The agency carries out an assessment of a green arrow with regard to traffic safety and traffic capacity.


title: Turn on red

text: In Latvia, you are allowed to turn right/left on red when an additional section is present and lit on a traffic light. If the main signal is red and an additional signal is lit, you may pass to the direction of the arrow in the traffic light but you must give way to all traffic (including pedestrians). If the main signal is green and an additional signal is also lit, you may pass to any direction and you must comply with the standard intersection and junction traffic rules. If the main signal is green and the additional signal is not lit, you must not turn to that direction. Logically, if the main signal is red and the additional signal is unlit - you must not pass.


title: Turn on red

text: In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, right turns on red are allowed only when there is a lit green arrow present (called S 5 in Czech Republic and S 10 in Slovakia). Also in this case the car turning on red must give way to ongoing traffic, to pedestrians and other road users. (According to Czech law §70 of decree 30/2001 of Law Codex; and Slovak law §9, part 3g, decree 9/2009 of Law Codex.)


title: Turn on red

text: In Romania, right turns on red are only permitted if there is a small green flashing light with a right turn arrow. Drivers must yield to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their left. In some one-way junctions, the same rule applies for left on red (such as Cluj-Napoca Avram Iancu Square).


title: Turn on red

text: In Spain, right turns on red are allowed only if there is either a flashing amber or lit green arrow-shaped traffic light. Flashing amber arrow allows turning without priority (turn must be done exercising caution, giving way to any other vehicles and pedestrians that may cross the path), while a lit green arrow grants priority. If just a regular set of traffic lights is present (no light arrows), then turning on red is prohibited.


title: Turn on red

text: In Iceland, right turns on red are allowed only when the "Hægri Kveiktu á Rauðum" sign is displayed at the traffic junction. The driver will have to stop at the red light first and give way to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their left before turning.


title: Turn on red

text: As in the former United Kingdom British Colonies, British Hong Kong drives on the left. Left turns on red are always prohibited in Hong Kong. At some junctions, however, there may be separate sets of signals for left turns, or specific lanes for turning left separating from the through traffic by traffic islands and give way signs are installed. One such example is at the junction of Queen's Road East and Morrison Hill Road.


title: Turn on red

text: In China, right turns on red are generally permitted, unless there is a red arrow pointing to the right or otherwise indicated. Proceeding straight on red at T-intersections where the intersecting road went left only used to be legal in Mainland China, with right-hand traffic provided that such movement would not interfere with other traffic, but when the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China took effect on 1 May 2004, such movement was outlawed.


title: Turn on red

text: In India, which drives on the left, a "free left turn" is generally prohibited. However, some cities specifically permit turning left on a red signal. An explicit green or blinking orange left signal also permits a turn on red, which usually means that conflicting traffic is not permitted to enter the same road.


title: Turn on red

text: In Japan, which drives on the left, left turns on red require either a green left arrow signal along with the red light, or a white road sign with a blue left arrow (not to be confused with the one way sign).


title: Turn on red

text: In the Republic of Korea, right turns on red are generally permitted, but some intersections have signs indicating that right turns are only allowed when the light is green or if a green arrow is present.


title: Turn on red

text: In Malaysia, which drives on the left, left turn on red can only be observed in Sarawak since 1960s and Putrajaya since mid-2000s. The road sign by the traffic lights in Sarawak may state "Turn Left when Exit is Clear", as English, Malay and Chinese are used for road signage. The practice is not implemented nationwide.


title: Turn on red

text: As in the former United Kingdom British Colony Straits of Singapore Overseas British Territories and which drives on the left, left turns on red are always prohibited in Singapore. The driver must stop at the red light and wait for green lights to turn left only on green lights on. At most junctions, however, there may be separate sets of signals for left turns, or specific lanes for turning left separating from the through traffic by traffic islands and give way signs are installed. But, unlike other british colonies, there's a sign that permits left turns on red. The driver will have to stop at the red light first and give way to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their right before turning.


title: Turn on red

text: In Taiwan, right turns on red are always prohibited, except when there is a green arrow along with the red light.


title: Turn on red

text: In Saudi Arabia, right turns on red are generally permitted, unless there is a dedicated slip lane for right turn.


title: Turn on red

text: In Lebanon, unless a sign or red arrow prohibits it, right turns on red are permitted after coming to a full stop to give way to oncoming traffic and pedestrians.


title: Turn on red

text: In Mauritius, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited like in the UK, unless there's a sign that permits it.


title: Turn on red

text: In South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Angola, and Namibia, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited like in the UK.


title: Turn on red

text: In Australia, which drives on the left, left turns on red are only permitted if a sign exists at the intersection. At such intersections, the sign generally reads "left turn on red permitted after stopping," meaning a vehicle can make a left turn only after coming to a complete stop first and giving way to approaching traffic and any crossing pedestrians or cyclists. Such signs are only in limited locations in the states of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia (six locations as of 2016) as well as the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory and are banned in other states. In New South Wales, a number of tests to the intersection must be met before a turn on red will be permitted, including pedestrian volume, bus stop locations, geometry of the intersection, and the amount of lane changing at the intersection. There are conflicting views on the policy of left turns on red, with supporters pointing to lower vehicle emission and time savings, while opponents cite safety concerns.


title: Turn on red

text: In New Zealand, which drives on the left, left turns on red are not permitted except if a green arrow is present and lit. If a "slip lane" is present at the intersection (a lane turning left separated from the other lanes by a traffic island), left turns are permitted at any time, though traffic turning left must give way to pedestrians and oncoming traffic. Slip lanes are marked with Give Way signs and are most common at busy intersections in larger cities.


title: Turn on red

text: In Samoa, which drives on the left, left turns on red are permitted. Samoa used to drive on the right and basically follow the US rules of American Samoa, and this rule remained after switching to driving on the left on 7 September 2009.


title: Turn on red

text: This table shows the legal status of turns on red in various jurisdictions, where no sign is present or traffic signal explicitly prohibits it. If it is normally allowed, a sign or red arrow might prohibit it. If it is normally disallowed, a sign or arrow might allow it, or the intersection may have a separate slip lane controlled by a yield or give way sign. However, a permissive arrow allowing a right turn (or left onto one-way) after yielding to traffic, possibly after a complete stop, is different from a protected arrow that does not require yielding.


title: Turn on red

text: A 1981 US Department of Transportation study determined that the frequency of motor vehicle collisions with bicyclists and pedestrians when the vehicle was turning right increased significantly after the adoption of "Western RTOR". According to that study "Estimates of the magnitude of the increases ranged from 43% to 107% for pedestrian accidents and 72% to 123% for bicyclist accidents." These RTOR accidents were between 1% and 3% of all pedestrian and bicycle accidents in the locations that were studied.


title: Turn on red

text: A 1984 study found that where RTOR was allowed "all right-turning crashes increase by about 23%, pedestrian crashes by about 60%, and bicyclist crashes by about 100%." A 1993 study also concluded that RTOR increased crashes for pedestrians and cyclists, by 44% and 59% respectively.


title: Turn on red

text: For the 1982–1992 period, a National Highway Safety Commission report estimated that total fatal crashes in the U.S. involving vehicles making a right turn on red, were between 0 and 84, and probably toward the lower end of the range.


title: Turn on red

text: A February 2002 study published in the ITE Journal concluded that "Prohibiting right turn on red would require drivers to turn on green. This would most likely increase the number of collisions by right turning vehicles."


title: Turn on red

text: A 2009 study by The New York City Department of Transportation of injuries before and after red turn on right was allowed at specific intersections concluded that the change had not affected accident rates.


title: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (NES video game)

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, known as in Japan and Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles in Europe, is a 1989 side-scrolling action-platform game for the Nintendo Entertainment System released by Konami. In North America it was published under Konami's Ultra Games imprint in the US and the equivalent PALCOM brand in Europe and Australia.


text: Alongside the arcade game (also developed by Konami), it was one of the first video games based on the 1987 "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" animated series, being released after the show's second season. The game sold more than cartridges worldwide.


text: During the events of the Mirage Comics series, Shredder resurfaces and gains the Life Transformer Gun, a weapon capable of returning Splinter to his human form. The Turtles (Leo, Mikey,Donny and Raph) set off to confront the Foot Clan. While in the sewers, they encounter Bebop and Rocksteady, a mutated pig and a mutated rhino. The Turtles defeat Bebop, but Rocksteady escapes with the Turtle’s friend, April O’Neil. The Turtles chase Rocksteady to an abandoned warehouse and fight him, rescuing April in the process. However, Metalhead captures Splinter, so the Turtles give chase in the Turtle Party Wagon. The Turtles find Metalhead in a processing plant, fight him, and rescue Splinter, but Shredder escapes by helicopter. Using a signal from Metalhead’s body, the Turtles find Shredder’s personal facility, though they are held back by a giant Mouser while Shredder escapes via the Technodrome. The Turtles head underground and locate the Technodrome, and destroy it, opening a path inside. The Turtles head into the Technodrome’s reactor, and confront Shredder. Shredder admits defeat, but promises his return. The Turtles grab the Life Transformer Gun and head back to help Splinter return to his human form. The Turtles celebrate with a pizza party in the sewers.


text: "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" is a single-player action game. The player starts the game as Leonardo, but can switch to any of the other Turtles at any time by pressing the Start button to access the information screen. The information screen shows each Turtle's health, whatever special weapon he has obtained, a map grid of the current area, and messages from either Splinter or April. Each turtle's unique primary weapon has different speed, power and reach. When the player's current character runs out of health, falls into a fatal trap, or is run over by a Roller Car, he is captured by the enemy, forcing the player to change to one of the remaining Turtles. The player loses the game when all four Turtles have been captured. There is an opportunity to rescue a captured Turtle once in each stage beginning in Stage 3. There are a total of six stages in the game.


text: The player navigates the mission map in an overhead view as they travel to doors, manholes or other entrances to the side-scrolling interior levels, which represent the primary gameplay. In the overhead view, the player can move in the four cardinal directions and use their primary weapon in a single type of attack. As the game progresses, more and more obstacles and enemies appear in the overhead maps.


text: In the side-scrolling levels, the Turtles can jump or crouch and attack either with their primary weapons (while jumping, walking, or crouching), or use one of the alternate weapons that they have picked up along the way. These special weapons include single shurikens (throwing stars), triple shurikens (launches three stars simultaneously in a spreading pattern), boomerangs, and the "Kiai", a scroll that expands into a crescent-shaped beam and inflicts devastating damage on even boss characters. These items are occasionally dropped by enemies. The special weapons are obtained in limited quantities, although the boomerangs can be reused if the player catches them on the return. The primary weapon can be "aimed" upwards or downwards.


text: In some levels, there is a specific objective (obtaining an item, defeating a boss, etc.). However, in most levels the goal is to reach the exit and return to the overhead map in a previously inaccessible location. The player encounters enemy characters, acquires weapons and special items, and collects pizza to restore health.


text: In the second half of Stage 2, the Turtles dive into the Hudson River (using an underwater version of the side-scrolling gameplay). In this level, the Turtles must navigate a number of traps, with a time limit of two minutes and twenty seconds to find and disarm eight time bombs.


text: The game features several bosses, including Bebop (first level mid boss), Rocksteady (first level boss), Metalhead (area 2 has no boss), a massive Mouser mech suit containing Baxter Stockman, the Technodrome, and finally, Shredder.


text: The game was released for the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan a few months earlier than the American NES version under the title . This was the first "TMNT" product released in the country, predating the Japanese dub of both the first film and the animated series. Subsequent "TMNT" video games released in Japan kept the franchise's original title. While graphics and gameplay are virtually identical to its NES counterpart, the Japanese localization changed the plot a bit by turning April O'Neil from an acquaintance of the Turtles into Splinter's daughter.


text: The game was released as "Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles" in all European territories, in line with the renaming of the first cartoon series in those territories.


text: The game was ported to various home computer platforms in 1990, including DOS, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Atari ST and Amiga. The game was the UK's number 1 selling Spectrum game for 6 months between March and August 1991. The initial releases of the DOS and Amiga versions contain programming error that creates a gap that is impossible to cross without cheating or a patch.


text: It was released in 2007 on the Wii's Virtual Console. It was released for the Wii in Europe and Australia for 500 points which was later raised to 600 Wii Points. In North America, it was released for Wii on April 2, 2007 for the price of 600 points—100 points more than the average NES game—due to a licensing issue. It was the first licensed game to appear on the North American and European Virtual Console. Due to licensing issues, it was later removed from the Wii Shop Channel in Japan on January 24, 2012 and in North America and Europe on January 26, 2012.


text: The game was a commercial success. By May 1990, it had sold over cartridges in the United States. By the end of 1990, the game had sold more than cartridges worldwide, earning ( adjusted for inflation) for Konami.


text: However, it received a mixed critical reception upon its original NES release. "Nintendo Power" scored it 4 out of 5 and praised its "superb play control" and "super-sharp graphics", whereas "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s panel of four reviewers scored it 6, 7, 6 and 4 out of 10, the latter describing it as a "disappointment."


text: The ZX Spectrum port was reviewed more positively. "Your Sinclair" gave the game a 90% rating, praising the game's colorful, cartoonish graphics and move sets while also criticizing the game's swimming level.


text: When the NES game was re-released on Virtual Console in 2007, it attracted largely negative reviews. GameSpot's Frank Provo gave Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2.7 out of 10, citing the game's very hard difficulty and the game's unpolished and unfun nature as reasons for the rating. Provo also stated that, while the game's music is upbeat, the music and the game in general lacks the more recognizable traits of the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" franchise. Mark Birnbaum of IGN gave "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" a 5.5 out of 10 pointing out that the game is dated and only for nostalgic and hardcore fans. Birnbaum stated that the controls were poor, the enemies bland and the level design and characters were negatives in the game. Both reviewers also cited its poor quality in comparison to Konami's later "Turtles" NES games, which were not re-released.


title: Josh Blue

text: Josh Blue (born November 27, 1978) is an American comedian. He was voted the Last Comic Standing on NBC's reality show "Last Comic Standing" during its fourth season, which aired May–August 2006. Blue has cerebral palsy, and much of his self-deprecating humor is centered on this.


title: Josh Blue

text: Blue was born in Cameroon where his father, Walter Blue, was a professor of Romance languages at Hamline University teaching during a mission. Blue grew up in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and graduated from Como Park Senior High School in 1997. He began his career as a comedian while seeking a creative writing degree at The Evergreen State College.


title: Josh Blue

text: During college, he went back to Africa to volunteer as an intern at Parc de Hahn, a zoo in Senegal. At one point for a joke on a busy weekend, Josh locked himself in an empty animal exhibit for eight hours. A bewildered crowd threw him bananas and peanuts anyway, to which Josh quips, "that was the best day I ate in Senegal!"


title: Josh Blue

text: Blue got his start in comedy doing open mic sets while attending The Evergreen State College. Audiences reacted enthusiastically to his self-deprecating humor, and Blue started making a name for himself on the comedy circuit. In 2002, he won the prestigious Comedy Works New Faces contest. He has appeared several times on Comedy Central's "Mind of Mencia". Blue won $10,000 for finishing in first place at 2004 Las Vegas Comedy Festival's 2004 Royal Flush Comedy Competition.


title: Josh Blue

text: After winning the 2006 season of NBC's reality show "Last Comic Standing", he was the first comedian to do stand-up on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". His other television credits include "Live with Regis and Kelly", "Comics Unleashed", plus numerous appearances on Fox, CBS, ABC, and MSNBC.


title: Josh Blue

text: Josh was voted the 13th best comedian by viewers in "Comedy Central's Stand-up Comedy Showdown 2010".


title: Josh Blue

text: Blue was voted the 11th best comedian by viewers in "Comedy Central's Stand-up Comedy Showdown 2011".


title: Josh Blue

text: In 2021, Blue auditioned for season sixteen of "America's Got Talent", where he got four yeses from the judges and was able to advance through the live rounds. Blue placed third in the season, behind aerialist Aidan Bryant and magician Dustin Tavella.


title: Josh Blue

text: Blue currently resides in Denver, Colorado, with his two children: a son, Simon, and a daughter, Saika.


title: Josh Blue

text: Blue has cerebral palsy, specifically classified as spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and many of his jokes center on living with his disability, how he deals with it, and how other people view him. Blue appeared on "Last Comic Standing" to "make people aware of the fact that people with disabilities can make an impact." He coined the term "palsy punch" during his final set of the final round of the show, when he said that the palsy punch is effective in a fight because "first of all, they don't know where the punch is coming from, and second of all, neither do I." One of Blue's competitors said he has "an unreasonable amount of likability" while another of his competitors said "he is just a good guy". Blue also joked that signing an autograph takes 45 minutes and that to write down his phone number he has to find a "big ol' stack of paper."


title: Josh Blue

text: Blue has competed in Paralympic seven-a-side soccer; he was a part of the United States national team roster during the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare is a standalone expansion pack to the 2010 video game "Red Dead Redemption". It adds a non-canonical zombie horror-themed single-player campaign, two multiplayer modes, and cosmetic additions to the environments and characters of the open world Western action-adventure game. Set in an alternate timeline from the base game's story, the plot follows returning protagonist John Marston, a former outlaw who sets out to find the cause and possible cure to a zombie plague that has infected his wife and son. Marston liberates towns overrun by the undead and assists non-playable characters with side quests along the way.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Rockstar Games, the game's publisher, had a long-standing interest in creating a zombie game. They found the "Red Dead Redemption" universe and its American countryside to fit the cinematic heritage of the horror film genre. Rockstar wanted their additional content to function outside rather than within the base game's story, but draw on its characters and atmosphere. The company released "Undead Nightmare" as downloadable content for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on October 26, 2010, and as a retail disc bundle with other downloadable content packs in late November.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: "Undead Nightmare" received generally favorable reviews at its release, and the retail disc sold two million copies by 2011. It was praised as a model for downloadable content and named among the best of the year, with top awards from the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards and "Shacknews" in this category. Critics praised its production values and handling of the zombie video game motif, and noted its lightheartedness compared to the main game, although some reviewers struggled with the game's character movement controls and found the combat unvaried. It is retrospectively considered to be among the best downloadable content packs ever made.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: "Undead Nightmare" is a modified expansion of the 2010 video game "Red Dead Redemption", an open world Western action-adventure in which the former outlaw John Marston is coerced by the federal government to capture former members of his gang in exchange for his family's freedom. "Undead Nightmare" is an alternate timeline expansion that adds a new full-length story in a zombie horror theme and reworks the base game's environment to appear dark and spooky. As corpses begin to rise from the dead to become flesh-eating zombies, some of the living go into hiding and others become hostile. John seeks to find the plague's cause and its cure for his infected wife, Abigail, and their infected son, Jack. The game's story lasts about six hours and includes new cutscenes, voice acting, and music. It is accessed separately from the main game menu with its own save files. It does not share play progress and items from the main game, nor does it require the base game in any form.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: As in "Red Dead Redemption", the player can diverge from the main story on side quests: requests from strangers, checklist challenges, and other digressions. These missions are similar in format to those of the original but their objectives are replaced to fit the zombie horror theme. For example, the player hunts for family members instead of fugitives or empties graveyards instead of gang hideouts. John is called to liberate towns overrun by the undead, which unlocks ammo, new places to stay, quests, and the assistance of the living townspeople. After John's assistance, the towns remain free of zombies for several in-game days, but will eventually require the player's assistance when zombies return once again. The player decides whether to share ammunition with the townsfolk: ammunition serves as a currency in the game since the shops have closed. The player has fewer correctives for immorality, such as helping or killing other survivors, given the dire circumstances. The game puts a greater emphasis on hyperbolic fun.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: The expansion's zombie enemies are similar to that of other games. "Walker" zombies are slow from afar but run when they near the character. Fat zombies attempt to knock the player-character down and others spew green venom. John has new weapons, including holy water, bait for the undead, and a blunderbuss that uses zombie parts as ammunition. The player can use a combination of these skills to defeat hordes of reanimated humans, who stop only once their heads explode. For example, John can bait a group to an area to set off a bomb, use the time-slowing Dead Eye mode to shoot each in the head, or eliminate enemies from a roof because zombies cannot climb. Other non-playable characters who contract the infection turn into the undead in real-time and are likely to attack the player.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: "Undead Nightmare" removes the traditional fast travel features of the base game, and this encourages the player to use settlements to store their caravan. John rides undead horses in "Undead Nightmare", which he can summon by whistling. Four mythical horsesthe four horses of the apocalypsewith faster abilities are scattered throughout the game for the player to find, tame, and ride. Other mythical creatures to hunt include Sasquatch, El Chupacabra, and a unicorn. Also included are two new outfits for John, other cosmetic options for weapons and player horses ("mounts"), and achievements.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Apart from the single-player story, "Undead Nightmare" adds two multiplayer modes: Undead Overrun and Land Grab. The former is a horde mode in which up to four players cooperatively fight off waves of zombies. Players must open coffins between waves to replenish a countdown timer, which discourages players from camping in the same location. It is also designed so as to encourage cooperation such that players can revive each other if nearby. The other mode, Land Grab, is an additional game mode within the main game's multiplayer free roam and otherwise unconnected to the undead theme. In Land Grab, players attempt to secure seven areas across the game's environment. While players with the base game can join in Land Grab games, only "Undead Nightmare" owners can initiate them.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Shortly after being reunited with his family, John Marston (Rob Wiethoff) is trying to lead a peaceful life with his wife Abigail (Sophia Marzocchi), son Jack (Josh Blaylock), and friend Uncle (Spider Madison) on their ranch at Beecher's Hope. One stormy night, however, Uncle is nowhere to be found and the Marstons, assuming he had found shelter elsewhere, go to sleep. In the middle of the night, they are awakened by a zombified Uncle that bites Abigail, who proceeds to bite Jack, also turning them into zombies. After killing Uncle and tying up Abigail and Jack, John sets out to find a cure and goes to the town of Blackwater in search for a doctor, only to find it nearly abandoned. He runs into one of his former allies, Professor Harold MacDougal (Joe Ochman), who theorizes that a virus has caused the dead to come back to life. After MacDougal is killed by an undead Nastas, John encounters other survivors and helps clear Blackwater and the nearby cemetery of the undead, before learning that another two of his former allies, con artist Nigel West Dickens (Don Creech) and treasure hunter Seth Briars (Kevin Glikmann), are supposedly responsible for the outbreak. He meets with both men, who deny any involvement, although Seth voices his suspicions that the Aztecs had something to do with the entire ordeal and tells John to travel to Mexico.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: John travels to Nuevo Paraíso, only to discover that it is in a much worse state than America. He encounters a group of nuns led by Mother Superior Calderón (Irene DeBari), who informs him that a woman told her Abraham Reyes, whom John had previously helped take over Nuevo Paraíso, is responsible for the outbreak. When John goes to meet with said woman, he finds her attacked by a zombified Reyes, whom he kills. The woman informs John that Reyes triggered the zombie plague when he stole an Aztec mask from some tombs, and became a zombie himself when he donned the mask. Venturing into the tombs, John and the woman are able to return the mask to its original place, effectively stopping the plague. The woman then reveals herself as the Aztec goddess Ayauhteotl and thanks John for his help, gifting him one of the four horses of Apocalypse to return home.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: John returns to Beecher's Hope to find that Jack and Abigail have been cured, and is happy to be reunited with them. Months later, following John's death, Seth finds and steals the mask, causing the dead to rise from their graves once again. John is among those resurrected, but because he was buried with holy water, he is now a revenant, keeping possession of his soul.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Following the 2010 release of the base game, Rockstar San Diego prepared and released a series of downloadable content packs, of which "Undead Nightmare" was one. The "Red Dead Redemption" world was designed to be not necessarily serious but within the Western genre without regressing to "cheesy or camp" pastiche. After finding success, Rockstar wanted to make more content in keeping with the game's atmosphere. The team balanced the "inherently ridiculous" zombie concept with their horror aspects and some self-aware humor. They relied on the backstory of the universe's characters and popular associations with the American countryside to build the narrative's emotional content. In the game's canon, the "Undead Nightmare" scenario fits in the time between when John Marston returns home and the end of the base game, though the expansion's events do not cross the main story in any way.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Rockstar found a match in the "Red Dead Redemption" universe for their long-standing aim to create a zombie game. In lieu of making a new intellectual property for such a game, Rockstar instead wanted players to see how a zombie outbreak affected a world already familiar to them. The company thought that this would make the zombie trope more interesting. Rockstar also saw similar "cinematic heritage" between the Western and zombie horror genres. The team used the analogy of a 1970s film set to explain their ambitionsthat "Undead Nightmare" in the "Red Dead Redemption" universe would feel like its characters filming a "serious, revisionist Western" by day and a "somewhat insane horror movie" with the same cast and set by night. Following its experience with "Grand Theft Auto IV" downloadable content packs, Rockstar wanted its add-on packs to be a separate story with possible overlaps rather than a continuation of the main story. Rockstar vice president of creative Dan Houser described several reasons for not using the "Grand Theft Auto" universe for the zombie release: (1) that "Red Dead" shooting mechanics, including its slow-motion Dead Eye feature, were a better fit for zombie headshots, (2) that zombies were a better fit for the Great Plains landscape, more reminiscent of a 1970s horror film, and (3) that John's character was a better fit for hunting zombies than the protagonists of "Grand Theft Auto" games.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Houser said that reviews of the base game had little impact on the development of "Undead Nightmare", though the team used the smaller downloadable content packs and patches to add features that others wanted in the main game. "I don't think we ever saw the phrase 'what this game is missing is the supernatural, Houser recollected on the team's feedback and their interest in doing something that would not be expected by fans yet enjoyed nonetheless. "And that is part of what attracted us." Hip hop musician Oh No made drum tracks for the expansion as preparation for his work on "Grand Theft Auto V". Rockstar released "Undead Nightmare" on October 26, 2010. Rockstar's Dan Houser said that the team was satisfied with their results and how the "Red Dead Redemption" world and zombie theme supplemented each other's context and depth.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: A standalone retail disc release of "Undead Nightmare" followed in late November 2010. The release compiles the "Undead Nightmare" campaign with two smaller "Red Dead Redemption" download packs: "Legends and Killers" and "Liars and Cheats". "Legends and Killers" adds more multiplayer features, such as challenges and maps. "Liars and Cheats" adds multiplayer versions of the tabletop bar games featured in the game's single-player campaign. Since the base game and its expansion share the same multiplayer, "Official Xbox Magazine" described the standalone "Undead Nightmare" as the same as the original game save for having swapped its single-player campaign for a new one. Rockstar Games released an additional multiplayer download pack, "Myths and Mavericks", in September 2011, which included new multiplayer characters from the single-player story and new multiplayer locations.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: "Undead Nightmare" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator website Metacritic, and was named among the best downloadable content of the year. It won the award for best downloadable content of the year at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, and at "Shacknews" over other notable packs like "Lair of the Shadow Broker" ("Mass Effect 2" and "Minerva's Den" ("BioShock 2". "IGN" awarded the title a perfect score as a "masterpiece" and editor's choice, while "GameSpot" wrote that, while fun, the game was not as much a masterpiece as the original. Dan Whitehead from "Eurogamer" credited "Undead Nightmare" nuanced treatment of John Marston as proof of him being "one of gaming's great characters".


title: Undead Nightmare

text: As a continuation, ""Red Dead Redemption" elegiac tone knits incredibly well with [its expansion's] arch Gothic horror", wrote Whitehead. Critics found the expansion's story to be much more lighthearted in comparison to the main game, with a different overall feel. "IGN" marked the title's exaggerated theatricality and overtones of horror B movie panache. At the time, zombies were a recurring motif in video games. Whitehead added that Rockstar's ability to use the "most played-out and over-exposed cultural meme" in their "epic Western" without the product appearing silly or gimmicky was a testament to their design acumen. For instance, a talk with Sasquatch was both absurd and poignant. The expansion's script, he wrote, understood the spirit of its characters and balanced sardonicism and honest pathos. While Whitehead wrote felt positively of the treatment of the main character, he considered the expansion's mission design lackluster and complained of too many quests in which the player fetches items for other people and traveling between points only to initiate cutscenes. "GameSpot" praised the story's humor but felt that it was less interesting and varied compared to the main game. Reviewers recommended finishing the base game before starting the downloadable content, not for spoilers but to make the most of the game's references to the original story.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Reviewers noted the amount of work Rockstar put into the expansion's production. "GameSpot" said that the expansion added significantly new features and kept the main game's best qualities in its presentation. Whitehead ("Eurogamer") wrote that Rockstar's effort appeared to challenge their constraints while other developers often aim for the bare minimum. The reviewer compared the game's reinvigoration to that of the download content created for Rockstar's "Grand Theft Auto IV". He also appreciated the continuity of the "apocalyptic" and melancholic ambience in which the base game considered the metaphorical extinction of the cowboy west while the expansion considered the literal extinction of civilization. Critics noted ways in which "Undead Nightmare" borrowed zombie designs from the "Left 4 Dead" series. This disappointed "Eurogamer" reviewer in consideration of Rockstar's reputation as a pioneer rather than an imitator. "GameSpot" highlights from the game included its multiplayer, imaginative weaponry, mythical mounts, and eerie soundtrack.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Critics reported that players rarely need to use "Undead Nightmare" new weapons. Whitehead ("Eurogamer") said that Marston's firearms are mostly indistinguishable apart from the blunderbuss, which is only useful when the player is overrun by zombies. "GameSpot" added that the game's combat is repetitive and less fun in the expansion, as zombies barely pose a threat. The zombies, without guns, cover, horses, lack the complexities of cowboys and, apart from some of the special zombie types, are only a threat at short distances. The reviewer found little variation between weapons when firing at close range, which is more effective than aiming at a distance. The fun of the new guns quickly faded for the critic, who found little incentive to use traditional gunfight strategies. Whitehead ("Eurogamer") too noted that the base game relied on its use of cover during gunfights, which the expansion jettisons altogether. Thus the player is forced into the technique of backtracking and turning to use the time-slowing Dead Eye mode to clear zombies with headshots. The reviewer also found the controls clumsy and often tripped on piles of zombie bodies or became stuck in doorways. While the idea of zombie animals scared Whitehead, he was both relieved and disappointed to find that bears and cougars, like the humans, died with a single bullet.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: "Eurogamer" noted the annoyance of returning to defend over 20 towns each with recurring zombie problems, but said that the game mechanic is never too bothersome and even appreciated its element of time management, similar to that of the "Dead Rising" game series. "IGN" thought that the lack of fast travel was an impediment. Reviewers also noted technical issues with moving John's character, especially when climbing ladders and outrunning zombies.


title: Undead Nightmare

text: Critics praised "Undead Nightmare" as a model for downloadable content especially in its balance of content and price. Neil Davey ("The Guardian") said that it was the best purchase of 2010 at its price range, but staff of the "Official Xbox Magazine" found the price slightly too high. Henry Gilbert of "GamesRadar" thought that the game's concept sounded like a ploy to make easy money without much work, but admitted how wrong and surprised he was at the game's depth. At the time of its 2010 release, the "Official Xbox Magazine" counted "Undead Nightmare" among the best downloadable content in existence. The standalone retail disc had sold two million units as of August 2011. No sales figures were released regarding the download pack itself.