title: Reuben (son of Jacob)

text: There is a tradition that Reuben was buried at a shrine in the former village of Nabi Rubin; the site was a place of pilgrimage and an annual festival before the 1948 establishment of the State of Israel. The ruins of the shrine containing the Tomb of Reuben and those of an adjacent mosque, nowadays abandoned, are today part of the Palmachim National Park in Israel.


title: Saakshyam

text: Saakshyam () is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by Sriwass and produced by Abhishek Pictures. It stars Bellamkonda Sreenivas, Pooja Hegde and Jagapathi Babu. Released on 27 July 2018, the film was a critical and commercial failure.


title: Saakshyam

text: The movie starts with a group of people forcefully taking away a cow and its calf trying to follow them. The scene shifts to the house of Raju Garu, where the family has gathered for the naming ceremony of his son. Just then, a group of people come there with the calf and inform them that Munuswamy's brothers have kidnapped the calf's mother (who belongs to the temple) along with many other cows. This leads to Raju Garu beating up Munuswamy's brother and bringing the cows back.


title: Saakshyam

text: The news of his brothers' humiliation reaches Munuswamy, and he and his three brothers, go to Raju Garu's house, where the celebration is going on. They brutally kill every member of the family, except for Raju Garu's wife, who gets injured. Raju Garu manages to distract the brothers while his wife runs away with the child, but she becomes weak and is unable to continue due to her deep injury. Just then, the calf (whose mother was saved by Raju Garu) comes and stands in front of her. Raju Garu's wife takes this as a sign, wraps the child in a shawl, and ties him onto the calf. The villains come just in time to see the calf running away, and a chase ensues. The injured calf manages to evade the villains and land the baby on a truck carrying soil. The villains see the child falling down the cliff and believe him to be dead. To conceal their crime, they set fire to the cowshed, because in bad times even animals can become a prime witness to their sins.


title: Saakshyam

text: The story then goes into a narration where the narrator explains that even though Munuswamy is happy that he has destroyed every witness to his crime, he has forgotten that the five elements of nature that are present everywhere have witnessed his crimes and will surely take their revenge for his atrocities.


title: Saakshyam

text: Meanwhile, the child is carried to a soil mine, where the truck dumps him along with the soil. A Hindu saint sees the child, takes him to Kasi, and leaves him in Temple. A childless couple, Siva Prasad and his wife are there to pray for a child and are overwhelmed to see him. Then the temple priest names him Viswa because this is nature's order to rise the child by them. Later the couple leaves for the US with the child.


title: Saakshyam

text: 20 years later, Siva Prasad and his wife are shown to be celebrating the success of their company. A reporter asks about their son Viswa, who would be taking over the multi-billion dollar empire, but Siva Prasad states that Viswa is not interested in taking over the business as he is interested in developing games. Viswa and his friends are introduced. They are in the process of developing a new video game, which they are sending to a company to be released.


title: Saakshyam

text: Unfortunately, their video gets rejected due to the lack of cultural factors. Viswa and his friend run into a girl named Soundarya Lahari, a Hindu Spiritual Preacher who came to the USA to preach Indian mythology. Viswa is instantly smitten, so he and his friend follow her to get her help in developing the game with cultural elements. However, Soundarya is offended by their offer of money and says flatly that culture is not something to be sold. Viswa and his friend help Soundarya's sister and brother-in-law to secure jobs, using his influence, which leads to Soundarya reluctantly agreeing to help Viswa.


title: Saakshyam

text: She introduces the group to Valmiki her childhood friend an IT professional who has an ardent knowledge of Indian Mythology, who helps by giving them a unique idea for a game that resembles Viswa's life story - about a boy whose entire family was killed by villains and the five elements of nature taking revenge on the villains through the boy. Vishwa was impressed with the concept of Valmiki and hired him to develop his game.


title: Saakshyam

text: Meanwhile, Soundarya leaves for India to see her father Tagore, who was bedridden by Munuswamy's gang for fighting against them in court. Viswa follows her to India and starts developing the video game there.


title: Saakshyam

text: Meanwhile, Munuswamy ordered to kill Soundarya because as a warning to stop Tagore on his way. Later in a couple of situations, Soundarya was saved by Vishwa from Veeraswamy, Munuswamy's 1st brother, and eventually, killed by him through the air and earth elements in nature. He was shell-shocked when he discovers the story of the video game happening in his real life. When he came to Kasi to give salutations from his mother's side to Kasi Vishwanath temple there he accidentally meets 2nd brother of Munuswamy he was killed through him by the element of fire. He tries his best to stop it, but in vain. Meanwhile, Munuswamy is in the search of his brother's killer.


title: Saakshyam

text: Soundarya accepts Viswa's love for his efforts to save her from Munuswamy's brother and agrees to marry him. Meanwhile, Valmiki designs a full game and comes back to India and meets his grandfather practicing Vedic astrology who is looking at the bad omens of Munuswamy and his brothers and also fixing the marriage dates of Vishwa and Soundarya.


title: Saakshyam

text: After hearing Valmiki's game concept he understands that this is an act of vengeance on Munuswamy and his brothers by the Almighty of Mother Nature because of their sins committed against Vishwa's biological parents. He remembers Valmiki that in his childhood in front of young Valmiki, Youth Munuswamy and his brothers criticizes the astrologer and denies god to leave on their terms. He reveals to Valmiki that this screenplay was written by mother nature through him, she witnessed all the incidents and selected him to design the situations and it cannot be stopped by anyone. Meanwhile, Viswa's business rival, Shakti join hands with Munuswamy for taking over his major stakes in India and abducts them, then he threatens Vishwa to give them the shares documents. Vishwa comes to deal with them finally, the natural elements of fire, water, earth, and air take revenge on all the villains through Viswa which was witnessed by the other element Sky.


title: Saakshyam

text: The soundtrack of this film is composed by Harshavardhan Rameshwar. All the lyrics are written by Ananta Sriram. The music released on Junglee Music. A single track, "Soundarya Lahari" was released initially on 4 May 2018, through the internet. The complete audio was released on 7 July 2018 in Hyderabad.


title: Saakshyam

text: The film was released on 27 July 2018. The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as "Pralay: The Destroyer" in 2020.


title: Piccata

text: Piccata describes meat, usually veal or chicken, that is sliced, dredged in flour, browned, then served in a sauce containing lemon juice, butter, and capers.


title: Piccata

text: Piccata is an Italian word, the feminine form of the word piccato, meaning “larded”. It is also commonly spelled picatta or pichotta outside of Italy. The culinary use of the Italian term means "to be pounded flat". When used in reference to a way of preparing food, particularly meat or fish, it means "sliced, sautéed, and served in a sauce containing lemon, butter and spices".


title: Piccata

text: Traditionally, the Italians use veal (veal piccata); however, the best known dish of this sort in the US uses chicken (chicken piccata). The recipe has a meatless adaptation using seitan (seitan piccata). Piccata is also prepared using veal ("piccata di vitello al limone") or frittura piccata, particularly in the Milanese region swordfish ("pesce spada con capperi e limone").


title: Piccata

text: A chicken breast is butterflied or sliced along its width. It is flattened to an even thickness with a tenderizer between two pieces of wax paper or plastic wrap. It is seasoned and dredged in flour before being browned in butter or olive oil. The sauce is made using the pan drippings. Lemon juice and white wine or chicken stock are added and reduced. Shallots or garlic can be added with capers, chopped parsley and slices of lemon. After reduction, butter is stirred in to finish the sauce.


title: Piccata

text: In the United States, it is usually served with a vegetable or a starch, such as pasta, polenta, or rice. In Italy, veal piccata is a "secondo" and would be served after the pasta (or other starch) course.


title: Tauren Wells

text: Tauren Gabriel Wells is an American Platinum selling, singer, songwriter, and multi instrumentalist from Houston, Texas who is known for making contemporary Christian music.


title: Tauren Wells

text: Wells was a founding member of Royal Tailor along with DJ Cox and Blake Hubbard while they were attending Indiana Bible College in 2004. Jarred Ingram later joined.


title: Tauren Wells

text: In 2016, Wells signed to Provident Label Group - Reunion Records as a solo artist, and he released his first solo single, "Undefeated", in May 2016. It marked a distinct shift from the glossy pop rock sound of Royal Tailor to a more electronic sound. It also featured Reach Records rapper KB and served as the soundtrack for Dude Perfect's "World Records Edition" video on YouTube. Wells released his second solo single, "Love Is Action", in August 2016 and his first solo EP, "Undefeated EP", on September 12, 2016. "Love Is Action" was No. 1 on Christian Hot AC/CHR Radio for nine weeks.


title: Tauren Wells

text: In January 2017, Wells released "Hills and Valleys", which reached No. 8 on the Christian Airplay Chart and No. 3 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. The full-length "Hills and Valleys" was released digitally on June 23 and was released physically on July 21. The fourth single, "When We Pray", was released on October 20, 2017; it peaked at No. 7. He was featured on Crowder's "All My Hope". The single peaked at No. 3 on the Christian Songs chart and No. 1 on the Christian Airplay chart, becoming his first number one.


title: Tauren Wells

text: In 2018, Wells received Grammy nominations for Best Contemporary Christian Performance/Song and Contemporary Christian Album of the Year, but did not win either.


title: Tauren Wells

text: The fifth single, "Known", was released on June 23, 2018. The song peaked at No. 3 on the US Hot Christian Songs chart, becoming his fourth Top 10 single from that chart. It was a huge success on Christian radio, reaching number one on multiple charts including Christian Airplay and Christian AC Songs. It was nominated for the 2019 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. It was also nominated for Top Christian Song at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards.


title: Tauren Wells

text: In late 2019, he released "Miracle", "Perfect Peace", and "Like You Love Me" leading up to "Citizen of Heaven", which was released in 2020. It also featured the songs "Famous for (I Believe)", "Millionaire (Good Like That)", and "Close".


title: Tauren Wells

text: In early 2022, he released "Fake It", "Empty", and "Come Home" which were all singles leading up to the release of his 3rd studio album, titled "Joy in the Morning".


title: Tauren Wells

text: Wells married his wife Lorna Brittany (née Macey) Wells in 2011. Wells served on the staff of his father-in-law's church in Houston known as Royalwood Church until 2018. Wells and his wife Lorna started the Prisma Worship Arts School, to train musicians. They have 4 children.


title: Tauren Wells

text: Through the school, Prisma offers private coaching in piano, drums, guitar, bass, voice, violin, viola, and cello.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States, flowing roughly southward for through four states. It rises 300 yards (270 m) south of the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses , covering parts of five U.S. states and one Canadian province, via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers. It produces 70% of Long Island Sound's fresh water, discharging at per second.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River Valley is home to some of the northeastern United States' most productive farmland, as well as the Hartford–Springfield Knowledge Corridor, a metropolitan region of approximately two million people surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut.


title: Connecticut River

text: The word "Connecticut" is a corruption of the Mohegan word "quinetucket", which means "beside the long, tidal river". The word came into English during the early 1600s to name the river, which was also called simply "The Great River". It was also known as the Fresh River, and the Dutch called it the Verse River.


title: Connecticut River

text: Archaeological digs reveal human habitation of the Connecticut River Valley for 6,000 years before present.


title: Connecticut River

text: Numerous tribes lived throughout the fertile Connecticut River valley prior to Dutch exploration beginning in 1614. Information concerning how these tribes lived and interacted stems mostly from English accounts written during the 1630s.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Pequots dominated a territory in the southern region of the Connecticut River valley, stretching roughly from the river's mouth at Old Saybrook, Connecticut north to just below the Big Bend at Middletown. They warred with and attempted to subjugate neighboring agricultural tribes such as the Western Niantics, while maintaining an uneasy stand-off with their rivals the Mohegans.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Mattabesset (Tunxis) tribe takes its name from the place where its sachems ruled at the Connecticut River's Big Bend at Middletown, in a village sandwiched between the territories of the aggressive Pequots to the south and the more peaceable Mohegans to the north.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Mohegans dominated the region due north, where Hartford and its suburbs sit, particularly after allying themselves with the Colonists against the Pequots during the Pequot War of 1637.<ref name="http://www.dickshovel.com/moh.html"></ref> Their culture was similar to the Pequots, as they had split off from them and become their rivals some time prior to European exploration of the area.


title: Connecticut River

text: The agricultural Pocomtuc tribe lived in unfortified villages alongside the Connecticut River north of the Enfield Falls on the fertile stretch of hills and meadows surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts. The Pocomtuc village of Agawam eventually became Springfield, situated on the Bay Path where the Connecticut River meets the western Westfield River and eastern Chicopee River. The Pocomtuc villagers at Agawam helped Puritan explorers settle this site and remained friendly with them for decades, unlike tribes farther north and south along the Connecticut River. The region stretching from Springfield north to the New Hampshire and Vermont state borders fostered many agricultural Pocomtuc and Nipmuc settlements, with its soil enhanced by sedimentary deposits. Occasionally, these villages endured invasions from more aggressive confederated tribes living in New York, such as the Mohawk, Mahican, and Iroquois tribes.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Pennacook tribe mediated many early disagreements between colonists and other Indian tribes, with a territory stretching roughly from the Massachusetts border with Vermont and New Hampshire, northward to the rise of the White Mountains in New Hampshire. The Western Abenaki (Sokoki) tribe lived in the Green Mountains region of Vermont but wintered as far south as the Northfield, Massachusetts, area. The (Sokoki) tribe migrated to Odanak, Quebec following the epidemics and the wars with the settlers but returned to Vermont.


title: Connecticut River

text: In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block became the first European to chart the Connecticut River, sailing as far north as Enfield Rapids. He called it the "Fresh River" and claimed it for the Netherlands as the northeastern border of the New Netherland colony. In 1623, Dutch traders constructed a fortified trading post at the site of Hartford, Connecticut called the "Fort Huys de Hoop" ("Fort House of Hope").


title: Connecticut River

text: Four separate Puritan-led groups also settled the fertile Connecticut River Valley, and they founded the two large cities that continue to dominate the Valley: Hartford (est. 1635) and Springfield (est. 1636). The first group of pioneers left the Plymouth Colony in 1632 and ultimately founded the village of Matianuck (which became Windsor, Connecticut) several miles north of the Dutch fort. A group left the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Watertown, seeking a site where they could practice their religion more freely. With this in mind, they founded Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1633, several miles south of the Dutch fort at Hartford.


title: Connecticut River

text: In 1635, Reverend Thomas Hooker led settlers from Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he had feuded with Reverend John Cotton, to the site in Connecticut of the Dutch Fort House of Hope, where he founded Newtowne. Shortly after Hooker's arrival, Newtowne annexed Matianuck based on laws articulated in Connecticut's settlement charter, the Warwick Patent of 1631. The patent, however, had been physically lost, and the annexation was almost certainly illegal.


title: Connecticut River

text: The fourth English settlement along the Connecticut River came out of a 1635 scouting party commissioned by William Pynchon to find the most advantageous site for commerce and agriculture, hoping to found a city there. His scouts located the Pocumtuc village of Agawam, where the Bay Path trade route crossed the Connecticut River at two of its major tributaries—the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west—and just north of Enfield Falls, the river's first unnavigable waterfall. Pynchon surmised that traders using any of these routes would have to dock and change ships at his site, thereby granting the settlement a commercial advantage. It was initially named Agawam Plantation and was allied with the settlements to the south that became the state of Connecticut, but it switched allegiances in 1641 and was renamed Springfield in honor of Pynchon's native town in England.


title: Connecticut River

text: Of these settlements, Hartford and Springfield quickly emerged as powers. In 1641, Springfield splintered off from the Hartford-based Connecticut Colony, allying itself with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. For decades, Springfield remained the Massachusetts Bay Colony's westernmost settlement, on the northern border of the Connecticut Colony. By 1654, however, the success of these English settlements rendered the Dutch position untenable on the Connecticut River. A treaty moved the boundary westward between the Connecticut Colony and New Netherland Colony to a point near Greenwich, Connecticut. The treaty allowed the Dutch to maintain their trading post at Fort Huys de Hoop, which they did until the 1664 British takeover of New Netherland.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River Valley's central location, fertile soil, and abundant natural resources made it the target of centuries of border disputes, beginning with Springfield's defection from the Connecticut Colony in 1641, which brought the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the river. In 1640, Massachusetts Bay Colony asserted a claim to jurisdiction over lands surrounding the river; however, Springfield remained politically independent until tensions with the Connecticut Colony were exacerbated by a final confrontation later that year.


title: Connecticut River

text: Hartford kept a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook for protection against the Pequots, Wampanoags, Mohegans, and the New Netherland Colony. After Springfield broke ties with the Colony, the remaining Connecticut settlements demanded that Springfield's ships pay tolls when passing the mouth of the river. The ships refused to pay this tax without representation at Connecticut's fort, but Hartford refused to grant it. In response, the Massachusetts Bay Colony solidified its friendship with Springfield by levying a toll on Connecticut Colony ships entering Boston Harbor. Connecticut was largely dependent on sea trade with Boston and therefore permanently dropped its tax on Springfield, but Springfield allied with Boston nonetheless, drawing the first state border across the Connecticut River.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Fort at Number 4 in Charlestown, New Hampshire was the northernmost British colonial presence on the Connecticut River until the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. The Abenaki had resisted British colonial settlement for decades, but colonists began settling north of Brattleboro, Vermont following the war. Settlement of the Upper Connecticut River Valley increased quickly, with population assessments of 36,000 by 1790.


title: Connecticut River

text: Vermont was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York, and was settled primarily through the issuance of land grants by New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth beginning in the 1740s. New York protested these grants, and King George III decided in 1764 that the border between the provinces should be the western bank of the Connecticut River. Ethan Allen, the Green Mountain Boys, and other residents of the disputed area resisted attempts by New York to exercise authority there, which resulted in the establishment of the independent Vermont Republic in 1777 and its eventual accession to the United States in 1791 as the fourteenth state. Boundary disputes between Vermont and New Hampshire lasted for nearly 150 years and were finally settled in 1933, when the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed King George's boundary as the ordinary low-water mark on the Vermont shore. In some places, the state line is now inundated by the impoundments of dams built after this time.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the American Revolutionary War created a new international border between New Hampshire and the Province of Canada at "northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut". Several streams fit this description, and thus a boundary dispute led to the short-lived Indian Stream Republic, which existed from 1832 to 1835.


title: Connecticut River

text: The broad, fertile Connecticut River Valley attracted agricultural settlers and colonial traders to Hartford, Springfield, and the surrounding region. The high volume and numerous falls of the river led to the rise of industry along its banks during the Industrial Revolution. The cities of Springfield and Hartford in particular became centers of innovation and "intense and concentrated prosperity."


title: Connecticut River

text: The Enfield Falls Canal was opened in 1829 to circumvent shallows around Enfield Falls, and the locks built for this canal gave their name to the town of Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The Connecticut River Valley functioned as America's hub of technical innovation into the 20th century, particularly the cities of Springfield and Hartford, and thus attracted numerous railroad lines. The proliferation of the railroads in Springfield and Hartford greatly decreased the economic importance of the Connecticut River. From the late 1800s until today, it has functioned largely as a center of wildlife and recreation.


title: Connecticut River

text: Starting about 1865, the river was used for massive logging drives from Third Connecticut Lake to initially water powered sawmills near Enfield Falls. Trees cut adjacent to tributary streams including Perry Stream and Indian Stream in Pittsburg, New Hampshire, Halls Stream on the Quebec–New Hampshire border, Simms Stream, the Mohawk River, and the Nulhegan River basin in Essex County, Vermont, would be flushed into the main river by the release of water impounded behind splash dams. Several log drivers died trying to move logs through Perry Falls in Pittsburg. Teams of men would wait at Canaan, Vermont, to protect the bridges from log jams. Men guided logs through a drop along the length of Fifteen-Mile Falls (now submerged under Moore and Comerford reservoirs), and through Logan's Rips at Fitzdale, Mulligan's Lower Pitch, and Seven Islands. The White River from Vermont and Ammonoosuc River from New Hampshire brought more logs into the Connecticut. A log boom was built between Wells River, Vermont, and Woodsville, New Hampshire, to hold the logs briefly and release them gradually to avoid jams in the Ox Bow. Men detailed to this work utilized Woodsville's saloons and red-light district. Some of the logs were destined for mills in Wilder and Bellows Falls, Vermont, while others were sluiced over the Bellows Falls dam. North Walpole, New Hampshire, contained twelve to eighteen saloons, patronized by the log drivers. Mount Tom was the landmark the log drivers used to gauge the distance to the final mills near Holyoke, Massachusetts. These spring drives were stopped after 1915, when pleasure boat owners complained about the hazards to navigation. The final drive included 500 workers controlling 65 million feet of logs. A final pulp drive consisted of 100,000 cords of four-foot logs in 1918. This was to take advantage of the wartime demand.


title: Connecticut River

text: In March 1936, due to a winter with heavy snowfall, an early spring thaw and torrential rains, the Connecticut River flooded, overflowing its banks, destroying numerous bridges and isolating hundreds of people who had to be rescued by boat.


title: Connecticut River

text: The dam at Vernon, Vermont, was topped by . Sandbagging by the National Guard and local volunteers helped prevent the dam's powerhouse from being overwhelmed, despite blocks of ice breaking through the upstream walls.


title: Connecticut River

text: In Northampton, Massachusetts, looting during the flood became a problem, causing the mayor of the city to deputize citizen patrols to protect flooded areas. Over 3,000 refugees from the area were housed in Amherst College and the Massachusetts State Agricultural College (now UMass Amherst).


title: Connecticut River

text: Unprecedented accumulated ice jams compounded the problems created by the flood, diverting water into unusual channels and damming the river, raising water levels even further. When the jam at Hadley, Massachusetts, gave way, the water crest overflowed the dam at Holyoke, overwhelming the sandbagging there. The village of South Hadley Falls was essentially destroyed, and the southern parts of Holyoke were severely damaged, with 500 refugees.


title: Connecticut River

text: In Springfield, Massachusetts, , and of streets, were flooded, and 20,000 people lost their homes. The city lost power, and nighttime looting caused the police to issue a "shoot on sight" edict; 800 National Guard troops were brought in to help maintain order. Rescue efforts using a flotilla of boats saved people trapped in upper stories of buildings, bringing them to local fraternal lodges, schools, churches and monasteries for lodging, medical care, and food. The American Red Cross and local, state and federal agencies, including the WPA and the CCC, contributed aid and manpower to the effort. Flooding of roads isolated the city for a time. When the water receded, it left behind silt-caused mud which in places was thick; the recovery effort in Springfield, at the height of the American Great Depression, took approximately a decade.


title: Connecticut River

text: Overall, the flood caused 171 deaths and US$500 million (US$ with inflation) in damages. Across the northeast, over 430,000 people were made homeless or destitute by flooding that year.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River Flood Control Compact between the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont was established in 1953 to help prevent serious flooding.


title: Connecticut River

text: The creation of the Quabbin Reservoir in the 1930s diverted the Swift River, which feeds the Chicopee River, a tributary of the Connecticut. This resulted in an unsuccessful lawsuit by the state of Connecticut against the diversion of its riparian waters.


title: Connecticut River

text: Demand for drinking water in eastern Massachusetts passed the sustainable supply from the existing system in 1969. Diverting water from the Connecticut River was considered several times, but in 1986 the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority instead undertook a campaign of water conservation. Demand was reduced to sustainable levels by 1989, reaching approximately a 25% margin of safety by 2009.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River is the largest river ecosystem in New England. Its watershed spans Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, small portions of Maine, and the Canadian province of Quebec.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River rises from Fourth Connecticut Lake, a small pond south of the Canada–United States border in the town of Pittsburg, New Hampshire, at an elevation of above sea level. It flows through the remaining Connecticut Lakes and Lake Francis for , all within the town of Pittsburg, and then widens as it delineates of the border between New Hampshire and Vermont. The river drops more than in elevation as it winds south to the border of Massachusetts where it sits above sea level.


title: Connecticut River

text: The region along the river upstream and downstream from Lebanon, New Hampshire, and White River Junction, Vermont, is known as the "Upper Valley". The exact definition of the region varies, but it generally is considered to extend south to Windsor, Vermont and Cornish, New Hampshire, and north to Bradford, Vermont and Piermont, New Hampshire. In 2001, the Trust for Public Land purchased of land in New Hampshire from International Paper, allowing the Connecticut Lakes Headwaters Partnership Task Force to plan the future protection of the land. The property spans the towns of Pittsburg, Clarksville, and Stewartstown, New Hampshire, nearly 3 percent of the land in the state of New Hampshire. The Trust for Public Land worked in partnership with the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, The Nature Conservancy of New Hampshire, and others to raise around $42 million. A conservation easement over of the property prohibits development of the land while allowing public access. The forest is managed by the Lyme Timber Company, and the conservation easement over the land ensures sustainable forest management of the property.


title: Connecticut River

text: Following the most recent ice age, the Middle Connecticut River Valley sat at the bottom of Lake Hitchcock. Its lush greenery and rich, almost rockless soil comes from the ancient lake's sedimentary deposits. In the Middle Connecticut region, the river reaches its maximum depth – – at Gill, Massachusetts, around the French King Bridge, and its maximum width – – at Longmeadow, directly across from the Six Flags New England amusement park. The Connecticut's largest falls – South Hadley Falls – features a vertical drop of . Lush green forests and agricultural hamlets dot this middle portion of the Connecticut River; however, the region is best known for its numerous college towns, such as Northampton, South Hadley, and Amherst, as well as the river's most populous city, Springfield. The city sits atop bluffs beside the Connecticut's confluence with two major tributaries, the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west. The region around the Connecticut River is known locally as the Pioneer Valley, and the name adorns many local civic organizations and local businesses. While the southern part of the valley in Massachusetts is heavily urbanized, the northern section is largely rural and the local agriculture is well known for Connecticut shade tobacco.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River is influenced by the tides as far north as Enfield Rapids in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, approximately north of the river's mouth. Two million residents live in the densely populated Hartford-Springfield region, which stretches roughly between the college towns of Amherst, Massachusetts, and Middletown, Connecticut. Hartford, the second-largest city and the only state capital on the river, is at the southern end of this region on an ancient floodplain that stretches to Middletown.


title: Connecticut River

text: south of Hartford, at Middletown, the Lower Connecticut River section begins with a narrowing of the river, and then a sharp turn southeast. Throughout southern Connecticut, the Connecticut passes through a thinly populated, hilly, wooded region before again widening and discharging into Long Island Sound between Old Saybrook and Old Lyme. Due to the presence of large, shifting sandbars at its mouth, the Connecticut is the only major river in the Northeastern United States without a port at its mouth.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River carries a heavy amount of silt from as far north as Quebec, especially during the spring snow melt. This results in a large sandbar near the river's mouth which is a formidable obstacle to navigation. The Connecticut is one of the few major rivers in the United States without a major city at its mouth because of this obstacle. Major cities on the Connecticut River are Hartford and Springfield, which lie upriver respectively.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Nature Conservancy named the Connecticut River's tidelands one of the Western Hemisphere's "40 Last Great Places", while the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands listed its estuary and tidal wetlands as one of 1,759 wetlands of international importance. In 1997, the Connecticut River was designated one of only 14 American Heritage Rivers, which recognized its "distinctive natural, economic, agricultural, scenic, historic, cultural, and recreational qualities." In May 2012, the Connecticut River was designated America's first National Blueway in recognition of the restoration and preservation efforts on the river.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River's flow is slowed by main stem dams, which create a series of slow-flowing basins from Lake Francis Dam in Pittsburg, New Hampshire, to the Holyoke Dam at South Hadley Falls in Massachusetts. Among the most extensively dammed rivers in the United States, the Connecticut may soon flow at a more natural pace, according to scientists at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, who have devised a computer that – "in an effort to balance human and natural needs" – coordinates the holding and releasing of water between the river's 54 largest dams. The Cabot and Turners Falls hydroelectric stations generate up to 68 MW. The Holyoke Canal System and Hadley Falls Station at Holyoke Dam are rated a combined 48 MW.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River watershed encompasses , connecting 148 tributaries, including 38 major rivers and numerous lakes and ponds. Major tributaries include (from north to south) the Passumpsic, Ammonoosuc, White, Black, West, Ashuelot, Millers, Deerfield, Chicopee, Westfield, and Farmington rivers. The Swift River, a tributary of the Chicopee, has been dammed and largely replaced by the Quabbin Reservoir which provides water to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority district in eastern Massachusetts, including Boston and its metropolitan area.


title: Connecticut River

text: Along its southern reaches, the Connecticut River has carved a wide, fertile floodplain valley (known in Massachusetts as the Pioneer Valley), depositing rich silt and loam soils known internationally for their agricultural merit. Abundant riparian hardwood species include sycamores, cottonwood, basswood, willows, sassafras, box elder, black elder, osier dogwood and more. The river itself and its many tributaries are home to many typical New England freshwater species. These include dace, crawfish, hellgramites, freshwater mussels, typical frog species, snapping turtles, brook trout, freshwater sturgeon, catfish, walleye, chain pickerel and carp. Introduced species include stocked rainbow trout. The river is an important conduit of many anadromous fish, such as American shad, lamprey, and Atlantic salmon. American eels are also present, as are predators of these migratory fish including striped bass. Shad run as far north as Holyoke, Massachusetts where they are lifted over the Holyoke Dam by a fish elevator. This station publishes annual statistics of the run, and has recorded an occasional salmon. They pass an additional elevator in Turners Falls, Massachusetts and make it at least as far as Bellows Falls, Vermont. Harbor seals have been recorded traveling upriver as far north as Holyoke in pursuit of migratory fish; it is possible that they ranged farther upstream before the dam was built.


title: Connecticut River

text: There are 12 species of freshwater mussels. Eleven of them occur in the mainstem of the Connecticut; the brook floater is found only in small streams and rivers. Species diversity is higher in the southern part of the watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts) than in the northern part (Vermont and New Hampshire), largely due to differences in stream gradient and substrate. Eight of the 12 species in the watershed are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern in one or more of the states in the watershed.


title: Connecticut River

text: A number of colonial animal species make their home in the waters of the Connecticut. Deeper areas are habitat for a diversity of colonial organisms including bryozoa. Freshwater sponges the size of dinner plates have been found by scuba divers at depths of more than , thought to be the deepest location of the river, around the French King Bridge in Orange, Massachusetts. Mussels, eels, and northern pike were also observed there.


title: Connecticut River

text: There are several species of anadromous and catadromous fish, including brook trout, winter flounder, blueback herring, alewife, rainbow trout, large brown trout, American shad ("Alosa sapidissima"), hickory shad, smallmouth bass, Atlantic sturgeon, striped bass ("Morone saxatilis"), American eel, sea lamprey, and endangered shortnose sturgeon and dwarf wedgemussels. Additionally, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has repopulated the river with another species of migratory fish, the Atlantic salmon, which for more than 200 years had been extinct from the river due to damming. Several fish ladders and fish elevators have been built to allow fish to resume their natural migration upriver each spring.


title: Connecticut River

text: Fresh and brackish water residents of the main branch and tributaries include common carp, white catfish, brown bullhead, fallfish, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, northern pike, chain pickerel, bluegill, pumpkinseed sunfish, golden shiner, and rock bass.


title: Connecticut River

text: Much of the beginning of the river's course in the town of Pittsburg is occupied by the Connecticut Lakes, which contain lake trout and landlocked salmon. Landlocked salmon make their way into the river during spring spawning runs of bait fish and during their fall spawn. The river has fly-fishing-only regulations on of river. Most of the river from Lake Francis south is open to lure and bait as well. Two tail-water dams provide cold river water for miles downstream, making for bountiful summer fishing on the Connecticut.


title: Connecticut River

text: After the first major dam was built near Turners Falls, Massachusetts, thirteen additional dams have ended the Connecticut River's great anadromous fish runs. Salmon restoration efforts began in 1967, and fish ladders at a fish elevator at Hadley Falls have since enabled migrating fish to return to some of their former spawning grounds. In addition to dams, warm water discharges between 1978 and 1992 from Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant in Vernon, Vermont released water up to degrees, with the thermal plume reaching downstream as far as Holyoke. This thermal pollution appears to be associated with an 80% decline in American shad fish numbers from 1992 to 2005 at Holyoke Dam. This decline may have been exacerbated by over-fishing in the mid-Atlantic and predation from resurging striped bass populations. The nuclear plant was closed at the end of 2014, after which the shad population has increased.


title: Connecticut River

text: The mouth of the river up to Essex is thought to be one of the busiest stretches of waterway in Connecticut. Some local police departments and the state Environmental Conservation Police patrol the area a few times a week. Some towns keep boats available if needed. In Massachusetts, the most active stretch of the Connecticut River is centered on the Oxbow, north of Springfield in the college town of Northampton.


title: Connecticut River

text: Camping is available along much of the river, for non-motorized boats, via the Connecticut River Paddlers' Trail. The Paddlers' Trail currently includes campsites on over of the river.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Water Quality Act of 1965 had a major impact on controlling water pollution in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.


title: Connecticut River

text: Since then, the river has been restored from Class D to Class B (fishable and swimmable). Many towns along the Lower Connecticut River have enacted a cap on further development along the banks, so that no buildings may be constructed except on existing foundations. Currently, a website provides water quality reports twice a week, indicating whether various portions of the river are safe for swimming, boating and fishing.


title: Connecticut River

text: The Connecticut River is a barrier to travel between western and eastern New England. Several major transportation corridors cross the river including Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike), Interstate 90 (Massachusetts Turnpike), Interstate 89, Interstate 93, and Interstate 84. In addition, Interstate 91, whose route largely follows the river, crosses it twice – once in Connecticut and once in Massachusetts.


title: Connecticut River

text: Wallace Stevens, one of America's most important 20th century poets, lived in Hartford, Connecticut, where he was vice-president of the Hartford Insurance Co. He composed many of his poems, including "The River of Rivers in Connecticut" on his 2.4 mile daily walk to and from his office.


title: Windsor Davies

text: Windsor Davies (28 August 1930 – 17 January 2019) was a British actor. He is best remembered for playing Battery Sergeant Major Williams in the sitcom "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" (1974–1981) over its entire run. The show's popularity resulted in Davies and his co-star Don Estelle achieving a UK number one hit with a version of "Whispering Grass" in 1975. He later starred with Donald Sinden in "Never the Twain" (1981–1991), and his deep Welsh-accented voice was heard extensively in advertising voice-overs.


title: Windsor Davies

text: Davies was born on 28 August 1930 in Canning Town, East London, to Welsh parents. In 1940 they returned to their native village of Nant-y-moel, Bridgend. Davies studied at Ogmore Grammar School and worked as a coal miner. He performed his National Service in Libya and Egypt, with the East Surrey Regiment, between 1950 and 1952. Following teacher training at Bangor Teacher Training College, he taught English and Maths at Leek in Staffordshire, and at a school in Elephant and Castle, south London.


title: Windsor Davies

text: Davies had become active in amateur dramatics, including the Bromley Little Theatre, and took a short drama course with a Kew theatre company. He became a professional actor at the age of 31 and began working at the Cheltenham Rep in 1961.


title: Windsor Davies

text: Davies' best known role was as Battery Sergeant Major Williams in the British sitcom "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" (1974–1981). Modelled on similar individuals Davies had met as a soldier during his National Service. "Bastards, real bastards some of them were. They knew it too, and took pride in it," he once said. Among his character's catchphrases was "Shut Up!!", delivered as an eardrum-shattering military scream. Another phrase was "Oh dear, how sad, never mind", delivered in a dry, ironic manner, and used when others around him had problems. Davies and co-star Don Estelle had a number one hit in the UK with a semi-comic version of "Whispering Grass" in 1975. Journalist Neil Clark, contributing to "The Times" in 2005, described his performance as the "definitive portrayal of a bullying and uneducated sergeant-major" and reported Spike Milligan was of the opinion that Davies' role was "the funniest comic performance he had ever" watched.


title: Windsor Davies

text: Other television roles included the sailor Taffy in the first of the BBC-series "The Onedin Line" (1971), a boat captain in an episode of "Special Branch," a special branch detective in "Callan" (1972) and the antique dealer Oliver Smallbridge in "Never the Twain" (1981–1991), with Donald Sinden. In the field of science fiction television, Davies appeared in the 1967 "Doctor Who" story "The Evil of the Daleks" as Toby; and was the voice of Sergeant Major Zero (a spherical robotic soldier in charge of 100 other spherical robotic soldiers) in the 1983 Gerry Anderson-Christopher Burr production "Terrahawks".


title: Windsor Davies

text: In September–October 1985, Davies played the lead role of George Vance, a museum custodian elevated to the peerage, in the six-part BBC2 comedy series "The New Statesman". This was based on the play by Douglas Watkinson and is not to be confused with the later sitcom of the same name. (Colin Blakely played the role of Vance in a pilot episode transmitted on BBC2 in December 1984.)


title: Windsor Davies

text: Davies also featured in the BBC comedy sitcom "Oh, Doctor Beeching!", written by David Croft and Richard Spendlove, as the Lord Mayor in an episode broadcast in 1997.


title: Windsor Davies

text: In the cinema, Davies played major roles in two Carry On films, "Behind" (1975) and "England" (1976), in the latter again as a sergeant major. He played Mog in the Welsh rugby film "Grand Slam" (1978), and was a sergeant in the Highland Regiment in "" (1973) with Jim Dale and Spike Milligan. In 1989, he revived the role of Sergeant Major Williams in a 30 minute Royal Air Force training film, "Hazardous Ops".


title: Windsor Davies

text: Davies appeared as Baron Hardup in the pantomime Cinderella in "Bournemouth", UK from 10th December 1992 to 17th January 1993.


title: Windsor Davies

text: Davies' distinctive voice was heard in commercials for New Zealand's Pink Batts house insulations and confectionery ads for Cadbury's Wispa and for Heinz Curried (Baked) Beans. He also appeared alongside New Zealand rugby union coach Alex Wyllie in New Zealand advertisements for Mitre 10 hardware stores in the early 1990s. Davies and Wyllie had worked together previously on the rugby-themed film "Old Scores" in 1991.


title: Windsor Davies

text: In the 1970s, he read an edition of BBC Radio 4's "Morning Story" programme, and also narrated the audiobook for the Ladybird children's classic "Treasure Island". He sang and voiced many characters in the Paul McCartney film "Rupert and the Frog Song" in 1984, and appeared in that year's children's film "Gabrielle and the Doodleman" as three different characters (the Ringmaster, the Black Knight and an Ugly Sister). 1984 also saw him audition to be the voice of the UK's speaking clock. Davies was also the voice of Sergeant Major Zero in Gerry Anderson's "Terrahawks".


title: Windsor Davies

text: In 1957, he married Eluned Lynne Evans; the couple had four daughters and a son. Eluned died in September 2018. Davies lived in the south of France, and was a keen birdwatcher.


title: Windsor Davies

text: He died on 17 January 2019, aged 88, four months after the death of his wife. His estate was valued at £883,000.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: Leonardo Del Vecchio (22 May 1935 – 27 June 2022) was an Italian billionaire businessman, the founder and chairman of Luxottica, the world's largest producer and retailer of glasses and frames, with 77,734 employees and over 8,000 stores. At the time of his death, his net worth was estimated at US$24.1 billion, the second richest person in Italy, and 54th in the world.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: Leonardo Del Vecchio was born on 22 May 1935 in Milan, Italy to an impoverished family from Barletta, Southern Italy. His father was a street vendor of vegetables who died before his birth and his mother already had four other children; he grew up in an orphanage. He began his career as an apprentice to a tool and die maker in Milan, but decided to turn his metalworking skills to make spectacle parts. In 1961, he moved to Agordo in the province of Belluno, which is home to most of the Italian eyewear industry. The new company was Luxottica s.a.s., a limited partnership.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: In 1967, he started selling complete spectacle frames under the Luxottica brand, and in 1971 he entered the contact manufacturing business.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: In 1974, he acquired Scarrone, a distribution company. In 1981, the company set up its first international subsidiary in Germany. A licensing deal with the designer Giorgio Armani was settled in 1988.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: The company listed in New York in 1990, and in Milan in December 2000, joining the MIB-30 (now S&P/MIB) index in September 2003. The listing enhanced the company's ability to acquire other brands, starting with Italian brand Vogue in 1990, Persol and US Shoe Corporation (LensCrafters) in 1995, Ray-Ban in 1999 and Sunglass Hut, Inc. in 2001.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: They went looking for more retail companies, acquiring Sydney-based OPSM in 2003, Pearle Vision in 2004, Surfeyes in 2006, and Cole National in 2004. They acquired Oakley in a US$2.1 billion deal in November 2007.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: Del Vecchio was married three times. He had a total of six children, and lived in Milan. He had one son, Claudio Del Vecchio, and two daughters, Marisa and Paola, with his first wife. With his second wife he had another son, Leonardo Maria; and with his third wife two sons, Luca and Clemente. He remarried his second wife in 2010.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: San Raffaele Hospital in Segrate, an eastern suburb of Milan on 27 June 2022 at the age of 87. The news of his death was announced by his company in a statement.


title: Leonardo Del Vecchio

text: "EssilorLuxottica sadly announces today that its chairman has passed away," the group said in a statement, adding that the board would meet to "determine the next steps."


title: Freddie Jackson

text: Frederick Anthony Jackson (born October 2, 1956) is an American singer. Originally from New York, Jackson began his professional music career in the late 1970s with the California funk band Mystic Merlin. Among his well–known R&B/soul hits are "Rock Me Tonight (For Old Times Sake)" (1985), "Have You Ever Loved Somebody" (1986), "Jam Tonight" (1986), "Do Me Again" (1990), and "You Are My Lady" (1985). He contributed to the soundtrack for the 1989 film, "All Dogs Go to Heaven" with the Michael Lloyd-produced duet "Love Survives" alongside Irene Cara. He also appeared in the movie "King of New York".


title: Freddie Jackson

text: Born in Harlem section of New York City, Jackson was trained as a gospel singer from an early age, singing at the White Rock Baptist Church of Harlem. There he met Paul Laurence, who would later become his record producer and songwriting partner. After completing school, Jackson joined Laurence's group LJE (Laurence Jones Ensemble) and played the New York nightclub scene. During the late 1970s, Jackson moved to the West Coast and sang lead with the band Mystic Merlin (with whom he released three studio albums, 1980-1982), but soon returned to New York to work with Laurence at the Hush Productions company.


title: Freddie Jackson

text: Jackson sang on demo recordings of Laurence's compositions, and also served as a backing singer for Melba Moore after she saw his nightclub act in 1981. In 1984, Jackson landed a recording contract with Capitol Records, and released his debut album, "Rock Me Tonight" in 1985. The Laurence-penned title track stormed the R&B chart, spending six weeks at number one, and made Jackson an instant hit on urban contemporary radio. "You Are My Lady" gave him a second straight R&B chart-topper, and also proved to be his highest-charting single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at No. 12. With "He'll Never Love You (Like I Do)" and "Love Is Just a Touch Away" also hitting the R&B Top Ten, "Rock Me Tonight" topped the R&B album chart and went platinum. Jackson issued the follow-up "Just Like the First Time" 1986, on the heels of a number one R&B duet with Melba Moore, "A Little Bit More" (from her album "A Lot of Love"). Another platinum seller, "Just Like the First Time" continued Jackson's dominance of the R&B singles charts; "Tasty Love," "Have You Ever Loved Somebody," and "Jam Tonight" all hit No. 1, while "I Don't Want to Lose Your Love" went to No. 2.


title: Freddie Jackson

text: The pace of Jackson's success slowed with the 1988 release of "Don't Let Love Slip Away", which nonetheless featured another two R&B chart-toppers in "Hey Lover" and "Nice 'N' Slow." The title track of 1990's "Do Me Again" and "Love Me Down" duplicated that feat, and "Main Course" just missed, topping out at No. 2. Even so, Jackson's earlier placings in the lower reaches of the "Billboard" Hot 100 had long since disappeared, and some critics charged that his albums were growing too similar to one another. Jackson appeared as a lounge singer on the 1989 "The Golden Girls" episode "Two Rode Together" and sang the Disney song "It's a Small World" to Sophia. Also in 1989, Jackson sung the duet "Love Survives" with Irene Cara for the soundtrack to the film "All Dogs Go to Heaven".


title: Freddie Jackson

text: Seeking a new beginning, Jackson parted ways with Capitol/EMI in late 1993, and signed with RCA/BMG Records. His label debut, "Here It Is", appeared the following year, with diminished commercial returns. Following a Christmas album, Jackson split with RCA and recorded "Private Party" for the smaller Street Life imprint of Scotti Brothers Records in 1995. Several years of silence ensued, until Orpheus issued "Life After 30" in late 1999; the equally low-key release "Live in Concert" followed in 2000. After returning to the charts with "It's Your Move" in February 2004 (Martland Entertainment), Jackson released his tenth studio album, "Transitions", in September 2006 on the record label Orpheus Music. At the end of 2010, Jackson released a new album on the Entertainment One Music label, entitled "For You", and produced by hit songwriter Barry Eastmond. The album featured the single "I Don't Wanna Go".


title: Freddie Jackson

text: On August 26, 2014, Jackson released the single "Love & Satisfaction," written by Dustin "Dab" Bowie, Gregory Bowman, Kameron Corvet, Bertram Ford Jr, and Selasi "The African Kid," and released by the entertainment company Climax Entertainment. The single received some positive reviews and airplay, and allowed Jackson to reintroduce himself as he toured internationally in support of the release, as well as appear with artists Jeffrey Osborne, Peabo Bryson, Melba Moore, and Stephanie Mills at various performances and festivals. In late 2016, Jackson announced that he was recording a new album and that a new single would be released early the following year to mark his true return to recording studio and on May 1, 2017, the lead single "One Night" from his forthcoming album "Love Signals" was released via Climax and reached No. 1 on the internet radio Indie Soul chart associated with the Internet Broadcasters Alliance on June 12, 2017, while reaching in the top 50 of independent R&B, smooth jazz, and soul charts around the US and Europe. In January 2018, Jackson appeared on the cover of "STS Entertainment and Fashion Magazine". He performed in Albany, GA on April 21, 2018, at a Soul Music festival along with the 69 boys and various other performers. In August 2019, it was announced that Jackson would perform later that month as the headlining act of the 37th annual African World Festival, hosted by the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. In 2019, Jackson released the single "A Million Ways".


title: Freddie Jackson

text: A fiction piece in the November 25, 2019 issue of The New Yorker, by John Edgar Wideman, titled Arizona, is written as a letter to Jackson.


title: Freddie Jackson

text: In August 1988, the British music magazine "NME", reported that Jackson had verbally attacked George Michael in the "Los Angeles Times" over his black music chart success.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, given two jointly distributed random variables formula_1 and formula_2, the conditional probability distribution of formula_2 given formula_1 is the probability distribution of formula_2 when formula_1 is known to be a particular value; in some cases the conditional probabilities may be expressed as functions containing the unspecified value formula_7 of formula_1 as a parameter. When both formula_1 and formula_2 are categorical variables, a conditional probability table is typically used to represent the conditional probability. The conditional distribution contrasts with the marginal distribution of a random variable, which is its distribution without reference to the value of the other variable.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: If the conditional distribution of formula_2 given formula_1 is a continuous distribution, then its probability density function is known as the conditional density function. The properties of a conditional distribution, such as the moments, are often referred to by corresponding names such as the conditional mean and conditional variance.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: More generally, one can refer to the conditional distribution of a subset of a set of more than two variables; this conditional distribution is contingent on the values of all the remaining variables, and if more than one variable is included in the subset then this conditional distribution is the conditional joint distribution of the included variables.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: For discrete random variables, the conditional probability mass function of formula_2 given formula_14 can be written according to its definition as:


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Due to the occurrence of formula_15 in the denominator, this is defined only for non-zero (hence strictly positive) formula_16


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Consider the roll of a fair and let formula_20 if the number is even (i.e., 2, 4, or 6) and formula_21 otherwise. Furthermore, let formula_22 if the number is prime (i.e., 2, 3, or 5) and formula_23 otherwise.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Then the unconditional probability that formula_20 is 3/6 = 1/2 (since there are six possible rolls of the dice, of which three are even), whereas the probability that formula_20 conditional on formula_22 is 1/3 (since there are three possible prime number rolls—2, 3, and 5—of which one is even).


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Similarly for continuous random variables, the conditional probability density function of formula_2 given the occurrence of the value formula_7 of formula_1 can be written as


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: where formula_30 gives the joint density of formula_1 and formula_2, while formula_33 gives the marginal density for formula_1. Also in this case it is necessary that formula_35.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: The concept of the conditional distribution of a continuous random variable is not as intuitive as it might seem: Borel's paradox shows that conditional probability density functions need not be invariant under coordinate transformations.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: The graph shows a bivariate normal joint density for random variables formula_1 and formula_2. To see the distribution of formula_2 conditional on formula_42, one can first visualize the line formula_42 in the formula_44 plane, and then visualize the plane containing that line and perpendicular to the formula_44 plane. The intersection of that plane with the joint normal density, once rescaled to give unit area under the intersection, is the relevant conditional density of formula_2.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Random variables formula_1, formula_2 are independent if and only if the conditional distribution of formula_2 given formula_1 is, for all possible realizations of formula_1, equal to the unconditional distribution of formula_2. For discrete random variables this means formula_54 for all possible formula_55 and formula_7 with formula_57. For continuous random variables formula_1 and formula_2, having a joint density function, it means formula_60 for all possible formula_55 and formula_7 with formula_35.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Seen as a function of formula_55 for given formula_7, formula_66 is a probability mass function and so the sum over all formula_55 (or integral if it is a conditional probability density) is 1. Seen as a function of formula_7 for given formula_55, it is a likelihood function, so that the sum over all formula_7 need not be 1.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Additionally, a marginal of a joint distribution can be expressed as the expectation of the corresponding conditional distribution. For instance, formula_71.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Let formula_72 be a probability space, formula_73 a formula_74-field in formula_75. Given formula_76, the Radon-Nikodym theorem implies that there is a formula_77-measurable random variable formula_78, called the conditional probability, such thatformula_79for every formula_80, and such a random variable is uniquely defined up to sets of probability zero. A conditional probability is called regular if formula_81 is a probability measure on formula_82 for all formula_83 a.e.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Let formula_88 be a formula_89-valued random variable. For each formula_90, define formula_91For any formula_83, the function formula_93 is called the conditional probability distribution of formula_1 given formula_77. If it is a probability measure on formula_89, then it is called regular.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: For a real-valued random variable (with respect to the Borel formula_74-field formula_98 on formula_99), every conditional probability distribution is regular. In this case,formula_100 almost surely.


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: which is a random variable. Note that the expectation of this random variable is equal to the probability of "A" itself:


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: Given a formula_74-field formula_73, the conditional probability formula_106 is a version of the conditional expectation of the indicator function for formula_107:


title: Conditional probability distribution

text: An expectation of a random variable with respect to a regular conditional probability is equal to its conditional expectation.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Sue Ane Langdon is an American actress. She has appeared in dozens of television series and had featured roles in films such as "A Guide for the Married Man" and "The Cheyenne Social Club", both directed by Gene Kelly, as well as "The Rounders" opposite Henry Fonda and Glenn Ford and two Elvis Presley movies, "Roustabout" and "Frankie and Johnny".


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: She began her performing career singing at Radio City Music Hall and acting in stage productions. In the mid-1960s, she appeared in the Broadway musical "The Apple Tree", which starred Alan Alda.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Her co-starring role on the television series "Arnie" won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress-Television.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: In 1976, she appeared in "Hello Dolly" at The Little Theatre on the Square. In 1978, she appeared in "Chicago" for Kenley Players in Columbus, Ohio. She was featured mainly in comedies, with an occasional dramatic film.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon was born on March 8, 1936 in Paterson, New Jersey, to Albert G. Lookhoff and Grace (née Huddle), an operatic soprano.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Sue Ane was enrolled at the University of North Texas. She was also briefly enrolled full-time at Idaho State University.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon's film debut came in "The Great Impostor" (1961), starring Tony Curtis. Langdon went on to have leading roles in films such as "The Rounders" (1965), "Hold On!" (1966), "A Guide for the Married Man" (1967), "A Man Called Dagger" (1967), "The Cheyenne Social Club" (1970), and "A Fine Madness" (1966) which led to her posing nude for "Playboy" magazine. In 1966, United Artists Pictures released "Frankie and Johnny" in which Langdon co-starred along with Elvis Presley, Donna Douglas and Harry Morgan. Her later films included "The Evictors" (1979), "Without Warning" (1980), "Zapped!" (1982), "UHF" (1989) and "Zapped Again!" (1990).


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon's first regular role on network series television came as the third actress to play Alice Kramden in Jackie Gleason's "The Honeymooners" sketches and shows. Preceded by Pert Kelton and Audrey Meadows and followed by Sheila MacRae and Meadows again, she shared a "Life" cover with Gleason promoting his 1962 return to weekly variety television. A premature departure from the role following a brief four-week run left her mark on the "American Scene Magazine" era of Gleason's career a small one at best. The press reported at the time "incompatible personality differences" between "The Great One" and her. Four years later, MacRae took over the role for the color, hour-long musical versions.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon was more frequently seen on the small screen in guest roles such as Kitty Marsh during the NBC portion (1959–1961) of "Bachelor Father". The next year, she appeared twice on Rod Cameron's syndicated crime drama "Coronado 9". In 1961, she made her first of three appearances on "Perry Mason" as Rowena Leach in "The Case of the Crying Comedian". In 1962, she appeared as nurse Mary Simpson in an episode of CBS's "The Andy Griffith Show". (Another actress, Julie Adams, also played Nurse Mary on the Griffith show.) In another popular situation comedy, Langdon played a scatter-brained defendant on trial in a "Dick Van Dyke Show" episode called "One Angry Man".


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon made her second guest appearance on "Perry Mason" in 1964 as murder victim Bonnie in "The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor". Her third "Perry Mason" appearance was in the 1966 episode "The Case of the Avenging Angel" as Dorothy (Dotty) Merrill. Her other guest appearances on TV programs included "Gunsmoke", "Tales of Wells Fargo", "77 Sunset Strip", "Bourbon Street Beat", "Room for One More", "Shotgun Slade", "Mannix", "Thriller", "Bonanza", "Ironside", "McHale's Navy", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Banacek", "The Wild Wild West", "Hart to Hart", "Three's Company", "The Love Boat", and "Happy Days" and as herself on "Rowan and Martin's Laugh In".


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: She co-starred in two television series in the 1970s. "Arnie", a sitcom starring actor Herschel Bernardi, debuted in 1970 and aired for two seasons on CBS. Langdon portrayed Lillian Nuvo, the wife of a loading-dock foreman turned corporate executive, and won a Golden Globe award for her performance. "Grandpa Goes to Washington", an NBC hour-long comedy starring veteran actor Jack Albertson, featured Langdon as Rosie Kelley, the daughter-in-law of an over-65 maverick United States Senator. Premiering in 1978 opposite "Happy Days" and "Laverne and Shirley", the top-rated block of shows at the time, her third attempt at weekly episodic television lasted four months. A final stab at her own series came in the ABC comedy "When the Whistle Blows". A 1980 mid-season replacement, Langdon played Darlene Ridgeway, the owner of a saloon frequented by local construction workers. Another rare 60-minute comedy, it lasted 10 weeks.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon was presented one of the Golden Boot Awards in 2003 for her contribution to television and cinema Westerns.


title: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Langdon married Jack Emrek on April 4, 1959 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The couple remained married until his death on April 27, 2010, in Calabasas, California. Emrek was a motion picture, stage, and television director. The couple had no children.


title: French Community

text: The French Community (1958–1960; ) was the constitutional organization set up in 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it.


title: French Community

text: The Community had a short lifespan because, while the African members did not refuse it, they refrained from giving it real life. Under the appearance of equality, the constitution of the Community restricted the sovereignty of the twelve new African states, and reaffirmed the preeminence of France, by placing in the "domaine commun" (exercised in common) critical functions such as foreign affairs, defence, the currency, economic policies and control of raw materials.


title: French Community

text: The constitution of the Fifth Republic, which created the French Community, was a consequence of the war in Algeria. Under the 1946 French Union there was said to be no French colonies, but metropolitan France, the overseas departments, and the overseas territories would instead constitute a single French Union, or just one France. In reality, the colonies had little power, with all power remaining centralized in the French Parliament.


title: French Community

text: On 31 January 1956, an enabling law changed the system, abandoning assimilation in favor of autonomy, to allow territories to develop their own local government and eventually gain their independence. This was an attempt to quell the concerns over Algerian independence. However, this did not stop the demands for independence. The 1 million French colonists in Algeria were determined to resist any possible Algerian independence, and they made massive demonstrations in Algiers on 13 May 1958. The trouble, which threatened to become a civil war, provoked a political crisis in France and caused the end of the Fourth Republic. General Charles de Gaulle was recalled to power and a new constitution was written. Initially De Gaulle seemed to confirm the Algerian settlers' hopes that he would help them, ending a speech to them with the cry "Vive l'Algérie française !", but privately he indicated that he did not have any intention of maintaining control of 9 million Algerians for the benefit of one million settlers. This attitude was manifest in the new constitution, which provided for the right of the overseas territories to request complete independence.


title: French Community

text: On 28 September 1958 a referendum was held throughout the French Union and the new constitution was approved, by universal suffrage, in all of the territories except French Guinea, which voted instead for the option of complete independence. Under this new constitution, the French Union was replaced by the French Community and France was now a federation of states with their own self-government.


title: French Community

text: The territorial assemblies of the remaining overseas territories were then allowed four months, dating from the promulgation of the constitution, i.e. until 4 February 1959, to select one of the following options in accordance with articles 76 and 91 of the constitution:


title: French Community

text: Only Gabon sought to become an overseas department, but was dissuaded from doing so by the French government. The overseas territories of the Comoro Islands, French Polynesia, French Somaliland, New Caledonia, and St Pierre and Miquelon opted to maintain their status, while Chad, French Dahomey, French Sudan, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Middle Congo, Niger, Senegal, Ubangi-Shari, and Upper Volta chose to become states of the French Community, some of them changing their names in the process.


title: French Community

text: Minister Cornut-Gentille's refusal reflected the thinking of General de Gaulle, who confided to Alain Peyrefitte: "We cannot hold this prolific population at arm's length like rabbits (...). Our counters, our stopovers, our small territories overseas, it's fine, it's dust. The rest is too heavy". General de Gaulle explained himself in these terms on the "Gabonese affair": "In Gabon, Léon M'Ba wanted to opt for the status of a French department. In the middle of Equatorial Africa! They would have remained attached to us like stones around our necks. of a swimmer! We had a hard time dissuading them from choosing that status".


title: French Community

text: Chad, Dahomey, French Sudan, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Middle Congo, Gabon, Niger, Senegal, Ubangui-Chari and Upper Volta become member states.


title: French Community

text: French Guinea, which refused the Constitution, became independent in 1958. President De Gaulle reacted by ordering French civil servants and technicians to leave Guinea immediately. The French settlers took with them all their valuable equipment, repatriated the French sovereign archives and, above all, economic ties were severed. Despite the difficulties, Sékou Touré affirms "rather freedom in poverty than wealth in slavery".


title: French Community

text: The Community did not function fully until 1959. In April 1960, agreements were signed to allow the independence of Madagascar "established in republican form" on October 14, 1958, and of the federation of Mali (which then brought together the Senegal and the Sudanese Republic). While the original version of the Constitution provided that "a Member State of the Community may become independent. It therefore ceases to belong to the Community", the constitutional law of June 4, 1960 provides that a State can become independent and, "by means of agreements", remain a member of the Community. The amendment also provides that an already independent State may join the Community, but this provision is never applied.


title: French Community

text: Although some States have not officially withdrawn from the Community, it no longer exists de facto from the end of 1960.


title: French Community

text: On March 16, 1961, the French Prime Minister, Michel Debré, and the President of the Senate of the Community, Gaston Monnerville, noted by an exchange of letters the lapse of the constitutional provisions relating to the Community.


title: French Community

text: However, the provisions of the Constitution relating to the Community were not officially repealed until Chapter IV of Constitutional Law No. 95-880 of August 4, 1995.


title: French Community

text: Although there was only one "citizenship of the Community", the territories that became Community member states did not form part of the French Republic, and were granted broad autonomy. They had their own constitutions and could create unions among themselves. The Community's jurisdiction as a whole was limited to foreign policy, defence, the currency, a common economic and financial policy and policy on strategic matters and, except for special agreements, control of justice, higher education, external and public transport and telecommunications. Agreements of Association could also be made by the Community with other states.


title: French Community

text: Associated with the Community were the United Nations trust territories of French Cameroun and French Togoland, and the Anglo-French condominium of the New Hebrides.


title: French Community

text: Article 91 of the constitution stipulated that the institutions of the Community were to be established by 4 April 1959.These were as follows:


title: French Community

text: The President of the Community was the President of the French Republic. The member states also participated with his election and he was represented in each state by a High Commissioner. During 1958 President de Gaulle was elected by an absolute majority in all the states. To promote autonomy within France, de Gaulle gave autonomy to the colonies so that they would stay within the community.


title: French Community

text: The Executive Council of the Community met several times a year, in one or other of the capitals, on the summons of the President, who assumed direction of the meeting. It was composed of the chiefs of the governments of the different states and the ministers responsible for common affairs.


title: French Community

text: The Senate of the Community was composed of members of the local assemblies designated by them in numbers proportional to the population of the state. This body was functionally powerless, and after holding two sessions it was abolished during March 1961.


title: French Community

text: A Community Court of Arbitration, composed of seven judges nominated by the President, gave decisions in disputes between member states.


title: French Community

text: Because France did not want to become 'a colony of its colonies', African countries did not compose a majority voting bloc and were required functionally to join with French parties in order to gain voting power.


title: French Community

text: The Communauté initially assumed close cooperation between member states and the French government. The French government was responsible for security and to some degree policing in all states. A number of African presidents were present—symbolizing, for continental anti-colonialists, their complicity—at "Gerboise Bleue", France's first nuclear test, which occurred on 4 February 1960 near Reggane in the Sahara Desert of central Algeria.


title: French Community

text: Among the states, the Community as assumed originally functioned only during 1959 when six sessions of the executive council were held in various capitals. Immediately after the sixth session, held in Dakar during December, President de Gaulle agreed to Mali's claim for national sovereignty, thus beginning the process of all of the states being granted independence during 1960. On 4 June 1960, articles 85 and 86 were amended by Constitutional Act No. 60-525, allowing the member states to become fully independent, either still as members of the Community or not. This amendment also allowed for a state that was already fully independent to join the Community without losing its independence. By 1961, only the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, the Malagasy Republic and Senegal still belonged to the Community. The constitutional bodies no longer continued to function and the term 'president of the community' disappeared from official statements. It seemed that the only remaining differences between those states that were members of the community, and those that had left it, was the fact that the diplomatic representatives in Paris of the former had the title "high commissioner", and those of the latter 'ambassador'. Moreover, the second title tended to be used in all cases without distinction.


title: French Community

text: Although the French Community had almost ceased to exist as an institution by the early 1960s, the remaining members never formally withdrew and the relevant articles were not eliminated from the French Constitution until they were finally abrogated by Constitutional Act number 95-880 of 4 August 1995.


title: Periyar National Park

text: Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (PNP) is a protected area located in the districts of Idukki and Pathanamthitta in Kerala, India. It is notable as an elephant reserve and a tiger reserve. The protected area encompasses , of which of the core zone was declared as the Periyar National Park in 1982. The park is a repository of rare, endemic, and endangered flora and fauna and forms the major watershed of two important rivers of Kerala: the Periyar and the Pamba.


title: Periyar National Park

text: The park is located high in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the south Western Ghats along the border with Tamil Nadu. It is from Kumily, approximately east of Kottayam, west of Madurai and southeast of Kochi.


title: Periyar National Park

text: The first official action towards the conservation of wildlife and biodiversity in Kerala was taken in 1934 by the Maharaja of Travancore, Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, by declaring the forests around Periyar lake as a private reserve to stop the encroachment of tea plantations. It was founded as Nellikkampatty Reserve. It was consolidated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950 after the political integration of India.


title: Periyar National Park

text: Periyar National Park lies in the middle of a mountainous area of the Cardamom Hills. In the north : The boundary commences from the point nearest to the Medaganam in the


title: Periyar National Park

text: interstate boundary up to Vellimalai. and the east Thence the boundary follows the inter-state boundary from Vellimalai to


title: Periyar National Park

text: Kallimalai Peak (G.O. (P) No.65/2003/F&WLD dated Thiruvananthapuram, 20 December 03) (1615 M) it is bounded by mountain ridges of over altitude and toward the west it expands into a high plateau. From this level the altitude drops steeply to the deepest point of the reserve, the 100 metre valley of the Pamba River. The highest peak in the park is the high Kottamala, the southernmost peak in India higher than . The Periyar and Pamba Rivers originate in the forests of the reserve, both in Mlappara.


title: Periyar National Park

text: The other prominent peaks within the park are Pachayarmala, Vellimala, Sunderamala, Chokkampetti mala and Karimala. The topography consists of steep and rolling hills which are thickly wooded.


title: Periyar National Park

text: The sanctuary surrounds Periyar Lake, a reservoir measuring , which was formed when the Mullaperiyar Dam was erected in 1895. The reservoir and the Periyar River meander around the contours of the wooded hills, providing a permanent source of water for the local wildlife.


title: Periyar National Park

text: The temperature varies depending upon the altitude and it ranges between 15 °C in December and January and 31 °C in April and May. Annual [Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation] is between 2000 and 3000 mm, about two-thirds occurring during the [southwest monsoon] between June to September. Much of the rest occurs during the [northeast monsoon] between October and December.


title: Periyar National Park

text: The park is made up of tropical evergreen, semi -evergreen and moist deciduous forests, montane grasslands, montane savannas, man - made stands of eucalyptus, wetlands, lake and river ecosystems. A total of 1965 taxa (species and infraspecific) of flowering plants have been collected and described from the park. These include 17 species categorized as "possibly extinct". out of the aforementioned flowering plant taxa, about 171 species of grass and 140 species of orchids have been recorded within the park. The grasses are found in the open grasslands found on the edges of the water bodies and montane habitats where fire resistant vegetation grows and dense grasses like elephant grass are found. Various herbivores such as sambar, asian elephants, gaur and wild boar have been observed to graze here.


title: Periyar National Park

text: Forests found here are composed of deciduous, evergreen and semi evergreen trees like teak, rosewoods, terminalia, sandalwoods, mangoes, jamun, tamarind, banyans, sacred fig, kino tree, bamboos, Diospyros bourdillonii, Hopea parviflora, Dipterocarpus indicus, Semecarpus travancorica and the only south Indian conifer, Nageia wallichiana. The medicinal gloriosa lily grows in the park. The endemic flora includes "Habenaria periyarensis" and "Syzygium periyarense".


title: Periyar National Park

text: The park is surrounded by agricultural regions, especially plantations of such crops as tea, cardamom, and coffee.


title: Periyar National Park

text: Thirty-five species of mammals have been recorded in the park, including many threatened species. It is an important tiger and elephant reserve. A total of 40 Bengal tigers were counted across 925 square kilometers of the park in 2017. It is valuable for Asian elephant and also for a few of white tigers found here. Other mammals include the gaur, sambar, wild pig, Indian giant squirrel, Travancore flying squirrel, jungle cat, Dhole, sloth bear, Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Salim Ali's fruit bat, stripe-necked mongoose, and Nilgiri marten.


title: Periyar National Park

text: About 266 species of birds can be seen in the park, including migrants. Endemic birds include the Malabar grey hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, blue-winged parakeet, Nilgiri flycatcher, crimson-backed sunbird, and white-bellied redstart, and black-necked stork.


title: Periyar National Park

text: A four-day survey was conducted on 1–4 December 2016, organised under the aegis of the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) and found the presence of 13 new bird and 16 butterfly species that were undetected earlier. The newly found bird species included Eurasian woodcock ("Scolopax rusticola"), steppe gull ("Larus fuscus barbensis"), grey-necked bunting ("Emberiza bruniceps") and paddyfield warbler ("Acrocephalus agricola").


title: Periyar National Park

text: There are 45 species of reptiles - 30 snakes, 13 lizards, and two turtles. Snakes include the king cobra, Malabar pit viper, and striped coral snake.


title: Periyar National Park

text: Amphibians in the park include caecilians, frogs, and toads. Species include the Malabar gliding frog, Asian toad, fungoid frog, and bicolored frog.


title: Periyar National Park

text: About 40 species of fish are found in the local lakes and rivers. These include the Periyar trout, Periyar latia, Periyar barb, channa barb, and Travancore loach.


title: Periyar National Park

text: There are about 160 butterfly taxa, including the South India's largest butterfly southern birdwing, lime butterfly, Malabar tree nymph, Choaspes benjaminii(Indian awlking), Thoressa evershedi(Evershed's Ace) which is endemic to the South Western Ghats, Thoressa astigmata(Southern spotted ace) which is also endemic to the southern parts of the western ghats, but is more common and with a greater range than T.evershedi, Thoressa honorei(Madras ace), the highly threatened Travancore evening brown, which can only be found in cane brakes, various kinds of uncommon Mycalesis species(the bushbrowns), some of which are endemic to the Western Ghats, and many kinds of moths, such as the Southern Atlas moth. A survey jointly conducted by the Periyar Tiger Conservation Foundation, Indian Dragonfly Society and the Forest and Wildlife Department in October 2017 found 77 species of odonata including Asian emerald ("Hemicordulia asiatica"). A survey jointly conducted by the same team in September 2018 found eight more new species.


title: Periyar National Park

text: It is estimated that the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) provides flow benefits worth 17.6 billion rupees (1.9 lakh (190,000)/ hectare) annually. Important ecosystem services included gene-pool protection (7.86 billion), water provisioning to districts of Tamil Nadu (4.05 billion), habitat and refugia for wildlife (3.55 billion), employment generation for local communities (25 million), water purification services to nearby towns and districts (483 million) and recreation value (425 million).


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: "Embrace, extend, and extinguish" (EEE), also known as "embrace, extend, and exterminate", is a phrase that the U.S. Department of Justice found that was used internally by Microsoft to describe its strategy for entering product categories involving widely used standards, extending those standards with proprietary capabilities, and then using those differences in order to strongly disadvantage its competitors.


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: The strategy and phrase "embrace and extend" were first described outside Microsoft in a 1996 article in "The New York Times" titled "Tomorrow, the World Wide Web! Microsoft, the PC King, Wants to Reign Over the Internet", in which writer John Markoff said, "Rather than merely embrace and extend the Internet, the company's critics now fear, Microsoft intends to engulf it." The phrase "embrace and extend" also appears in a facetious motivational song by an anonymous Microsoft employee, and in an interview of Steve Ballmer by "The New York Times".


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: A variant of the phrase, "embrace, extend then innovate", is used in J Allard's 1994 memo "Windows: The Next Killer Application on the Internet" to Paul Maritz and other executives at Microsoft. The memo starts with a background on the Internet in general, and then proposes a strategy on how to turn Windows into the next "killer app" for the Internet:


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: The addition of "extinguish" in the phrase "embrace, extend and extinguish" was first introduced in the "United States v. Microsoft Corp." antitrust trial when then vice president of Intel, Steven McGeady, used the phrase to explain Microsoft vice president Paul Maritz's statement in a 1995 meeting with Intel that described Microsoft's strategy to "kill HTML by extending it".


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: Microsoft has claimed that the original strategy is not anti-competitive, but rather an exercise of its discretion to implement features it believes customers want.


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: During the browser wars, Netscape implemented the "font" tag, among other HTML extensions, without seeking review from a standards body. With the rise of Internet Explorer, the two companies became locked in a dead heat to out-implement each other with non-standards-compliant features. In 2004, to prevent a repeat of the "browser wars", and the resulting morass of conflicting standards, the browser vendors Apple Inc. (Safari), Mozilla Foundation (Firefox), and Opera Software (Opera browser) formed the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) to create open standards to complement those of the World Wide Web Consortium. Microsoft refused to join, citing the group's lack of a patent policy as the reason.


title: Embrace, extend, and extinguish

text: With its dominance in the web browser market, Google has been accused of using Google Chrome and Blink development to push new web standards that are proposed in-house by Google and subsequently implemented by its services first and foremost. These have led to performance disadvantages and compatibility issues with competing browsers, and in some cases, developers intentionally refusing to test their websites on any other browser than Chrome. Tom Warren of "The Verge" went as far as comparing Chrome to Internet Explorer 6, the default browser of Windows XP that was often targeted by competitors due to its similar ubiquity in the early 2000s.


title: Tsundoku

text: Tsundoku () refers to the phenomenon of acquiring reading materials but letting them pile up in one's home without reading them. It is also used to refer to books ready for reading later when they are on a bookshelf.


title: Tsundoku

text: The term originated in the Meiji era (1868–1912) as Japanese slang. It combines elements of "tsunde-oku" (, to pile things up ready for later and leave) and "dokusho" (, reading books). As currently written, the word combines the characters for "pile up" () and the character for "read" (). There are suggestions to include the word in the English language and in dictionaries like the "Collins Dictionary".


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: Bright Lights, Big City is a 1988 American drama film directed by James Bridges, starring Michael J. Fox, Kiefer Sutherland, Phoebe Cates, Dianne Wiest and Jason Robards, and based on the novel by Jay McInerney, who also wrote the screenplay. It was the last film directed by Bridges, who died in 1993.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: The film follows one week in the life of 24-year-old Jamie Conway. Originally from Pennsylvania, Jamie works as a fact-checker for a major New York City magazine. His nights partying with his glib best friend Tad and his addiction to cocaine has led Jamie being frequently late to work and not finishing assignments on time. As result, he is on the verge of getting fired by his stern boss, Clara Tillinghast.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: His wife Amanda, a fast-rising model, has just left him. He is also still reeling from the death of his mother from cancer a year earlier; and he follows a tabloid story about a pregnant woman in a coma. Jamie's story captures some of the glossy chaos and decadence of NYC nightlife during the 1980s and Jamie also finds himself desperately trying to escape the pain in his life.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: After Jamie gets fired from his job, he goes on a further downward spiral with more substance and alcohol abuse. He attempts to go on a date with Tad's cousin Vicky as a favor so Tad could, in turn, have a fling with a woman he claims is a Penthouse Pet. Jamie also avoids phone calls from his younger brother Michael who has come to the city to look for him.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: His maternal co-worker Megan attempts to help Jamie out with finding a new job as well as try to open up about his troubled life and the reason why Amanda left him. Michael arrives at his apartment and lets himself in, surprising Jamie. Tad calls him to tell him Amanda is at a party he is attending.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: At the party, Tad is so intoxicated that he doesn't seem to realize that a woman he is flirting with is actually a man in drag. Jamie confronts Amanda but retreats to the bathroom when his nose starts to bleed. He finally decides to open up and come clean with himself before he ends up either dead or in jail. Jamie phones Vicky from the party and tells her that he and his brother Michael helped their dying mother kill herself to end her suffering. Jamie then declines Tad's offer to spend more time together and leaves the party.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: Jamie wanders the streets until dawn when he decides that today will be a better day to get his life back on track. As the film ends, a news clipping of the newborn "Coma Baby" is shown.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: In 1984, Robert Lawrence, a vice president at Columbia Pictures, championed Jay McInerney's novel against resistance from older executives. He felt that the book spoke to his generation and described it as ""Graduate", with a little bit of "Lost Weekend"". The studio agreed to make the film with Jerry Weintraub producing and Joel Schumacher directing. McInerney wrote a draft of the screenplay and, soon afterward, Schumacher started rewriting it. Actor Emilio Estevez was interested in adapting it into a film. He met with McInerney while he was still working on the screenplay. Tom Cruise was offered first refusal on the script while McInerney and Schumacher were attempting to capture the novel's distinctive voice. McInerney, Cruise and Schumacher scouted locations in New York City and checked out the atmosphere of the club scenes described in the novel. At one point, Judd Nelson, Estevez, Zach Galligan, Sean Penn, Kevin Bacon, and Rob Lowe were all considered for the role of Allagash.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: In 1985, Weintraub took the property to United Artists when he became chief executive there. The film needed a new producer so Sydney Pollack and Mark Rosenberg took over. They hired writer Julie Hickson to write a script. Cruise and Schumacher grew tired of waiting for a workable script, but before they could be replaced, Weintraub left United Artists. The project became entangled in a complicated settlement with the studio, months being lost before it finally stayed at United Artists. A decision was made to shoot the film in Toronto and cast an unknown in the leading role.


title: Bright Lights, Big City (film)

text: Joyce Chopra was hired to co-write the script, with her husband Tom Cole, and also direct it. She had her agent send a copy of McInerney's novel to Michael J. Fox. The actor won the leading role and, at his request, the part of Tad Allagash went to fellow Canadian Kiefer Sutherland. Fox's casting increased the budget to $15 million and principal photography was moved to New York City. The producers hired a crew, many of whom had worked with Pollack, while Chopra brought along the cinematographer from her first film, "Smooth Talk", James Glennon.