title: Death certificate

text: Before issuing a death certificate, the authorities usually require a certificate from a physician or coroner to validate the cause of death and the identity of the deceased. In cases where it is not completely clear that a person is dead (usually because their body is being sustained by life support), a neurologist is often called in to verify brain death and to fill out the appropriate documentation. The failure of a physician to immediately submit the required form to the government (to trigger issuance of the death certificate) is often both a crime and cause for loss of one's license to practice. This is because of past cases in which dead people continued to receive public benefits or vote in elections.


title: Death certificate

text: A full explanation of the cause of death includes any other diseases and disorders the person had at the time of death, even though they did not directly cause the death.


title: Death certificate

text: In most of the United States, death certificates are considered public domain documents and can therefore be obtained for any individual regardless of the requester's relationship to the deceased. Other jurisdictions restrict to whom death certificates are issued. For example, in the State of New York, only close relatives can obtain a death certificate, including the spouse, parent, child or sibling of the deceased, and other persons who have a documented lawful right or claim, documented medical need, or New York State court order.


title: Death certificate

text: Historically, in Europe and North America, death records were kept by the local churches, along with baptism and marriage records. In 1639, in what would become the United States, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first to have the secular courts keep these records. By the end of the 19th century, European countries were adopting centralized systems for recording deaths.


title: Death certificate

text: When someone dies in England and Wales, a doctor involved in their care completes a "medical certificate of cause of death" (MCCD). This is then forwarded to the register office to register the person's death. The General Register Office, which is a section of HM Passport Office, is responsible for civil registration services in England and Wales.


title: Death certificate

text: A 2007 article in "People" magazine revealed that in the case of a stillbirth it is not standard practice to issue both a birth certificate and a death certificate. Most states instead issue a "certificate of birth resulting in stillbirth".


title: My Happy Marriage

text: A manga adaptation illustrated by Rito Kohsaka has been serialized in Square Enix's "Gangan Online" service since December 2018, with its chapters collected into four "tankōbon" volumes as of November 2022. A live-action film adaptation will premiere in Japan in March 2023. An anime adaptation by Kinema Citrus has been announced.


title: My Happy Marriage

text: Taking place in the 19th century Meiji Restoration era, Miyo Saimori, who is born without supernatural talent, is forced into an existence of servitude by her abusive stepmother. When Miyo finally comes of marriageable age, though, her hopes of being whisked away to a better life crumble after she discovers her fiancé’s identity: Kiyoka Kudou, a commander apparently so cold and cruel that his previous would-be brides all fled within three days of their engagements. With no home to return to, Miyo resigns herself to her fate—and soon finds that her pale and beautiful husband-to-be is anything but the monster she expected. As they slowly open their hearts to each other, both realize the other may be their chance at finding true love and happiness.


title: My Happy Marriage

text: Written by Akumi Agitogi, "My Happy Marriage" began publication online via the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō. The series was later acquired by Fujimi Shobo, who began publishing the novels with illustrations by Tsukiho Tsukioka on January 15, 2019, under their Fujimi L Bunko imprint. As of July 2022, six volumes have been released. Yen Press is publishing the novels in English.


title: My Happy Marriage

text: A manga adaptation illustrated by Rito Kohsaka began serialization online via Square Enix's "Gangan Online" service on December 20, 2018. As of November 2022, four "tankōbon" volumes have been released. In North America, Square Enix has licensed the manga for English publication.


title: My Happy Marriage

text: An anime adaptation was announced on April 5, 2022. It is produced by Kinema Citrus and directed by Takehiro Kubota, with supervision and storyboards handled by Takao Abo, scripts written by Ami Satō, Takahito Ōnishi and Momoka Toyoda, character designs by Shōko Yasuda, and music composed by Evan Call.


title: My Happy Marriage

text: A live-action film adaptation was announced on April 25, 2022. It is directed by Ayuko Tsukahara, based on a script written by Tomoe Kanno. The film will premiere in Japan on March 17, 2023. Idol group Snow Man will perform the theme song titled .


title: My Happy Marriage

text: In 2020, the manga adaptation ranked eighth in the sixth Next Manga Awards in the web manga category. It ranked sixth in the 2021 edition of Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" list of best manga for female readers. The manga ranked first in the "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2021" list by Japanese bookstore Honya Club. In 2022, the manga was nominated for the best "shōjo" manga at the 46th Kodansha Manga Award. It ranked 29th on the 2022 "Book of the Year" list by "Da Vinci" magazine.


title: Vesica piscis

text: The vesica piscis is a type of lens, a mathematical shape formed by the intersection of two disks with the same radius, intersecting in such a way that the center of each disk lies on the perimeter of the other. In Latin, "vesica piscis" literally means "bladder of a fish", reflecting the shape's resemblance to the conjoined dual air bladders ("swim bladder") found in most fish. In Italian, the shape's name is "mandorla" ("almond").


title: Vesica piscis

text: This figure appears in the first proposition of Euclid's "Elements", where it forms the first step in constructing an equilateral triangle using a compass and straightedge. The triangle has as its vertices the two disk centers and one of the two sharp corners of the vesica piscis.


title: Vesica piscis

text: Mathematically, the vesica piscis is a special case of a lens, the shape formed by the intersection of two disks.


title: Vesica piscis

text: The mathematical ratio of the height of the vesica piscis to the width across its center is the square root of 3, or 1.7320508... (since if straight lines are drawn connecting the centers of the two circles with each other and with the two points where the circles intersect, two equilateral triangles join along an edge). The ratios 265:153 = 1.7320261... and 1351:780 = 1.7320513... are two of a series of approximations to this value, each with the property that no better approximation can be obtained with smaller whole numbers. Archimedes of Syracuse, in his "Measurement of a Circle", uses these ratios as upper and lower bounds:


title: Vesica piscis

text: The area of the vesica piscis is formed by two equilateral triangles and four equal circular segments. In the drawing one triangle and one segment appear in blue.


title: Vesica piscis

text: The two circles of the vesica piscis, or three circles forming in pairs three vesicae, are commonly used in Venn diagrams. Arcs of the same three circles can also be used to form the triquetra symbol, and the Reuleaux triangle.


title: Vesica piscis

text: In Christian art, some aureolas are in the shape of a vertically oriented vesica piscis, and the seals of ecclesiastical organizations can be enclosed within a vertically oriented vesica piscis (instead of the more usual circular enclosure). Also, the ichthys symbol incorporates the vesica piscis shape. Ecclesiastical heraldry of the Catholic Church appeared first in seals, nearly all vesica-shaped. The vesica piscis has been used within Freemasonry, most notably in the shapes of the collars worn by officiants of the Masonic rituals. It was also considered the proper shape for the enclosure of the seals of Masonic lodges.


title: Vesica piscis

text: The vesica piscis is also used as proportioning system in architecture, in particular Gothic architecture. The system was illustrated in Cesare Cesariano's 1521 version of Vitruvius's "De architectura", which he called "the rule of the German architects". The vesica piscis was a leitmotif of architect Carlo Scarpa and is used as a “viewing device” in Tomba Brion (Brion Cemetery) in San Vito d'Altivole, Italy.


title: George Crook

text: George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook "Nantan Lupan", which means "Grey Wolf."


title: George Crook

text: Crook was born to Thomas and Elizabeth Matthews Crook on a farm near Taylorsville, Ohio. Nominated to the United States Military Academy by Congressman Robert Schenck, he graduated in 1852, ranking near the bottom of his class.


title: George Crook

text: He was assigned to the 4th U.S. infantry as brevet second lieutenant, serving in California, 1852–61. He served in Oregon and northern California, alternately protecting or fighting against several Native American tribes. He commanded the Pitt River Expedition of 1857 and, in one of several engagements, was severely wounded by an Indian arrow. He established a fort in Northeast California that was later named in his honor; and later, Fort Ter-Waw in what is now Klamath Glen, California.


title: George Crook

text: During his years of service in California and Oregon, Crook extended his prowess in hunting and wilderness skills, often accompanying and learning from Indians whose languages he learned. These wilderness skills led one of his aides to liken him to Daniel Boone, and more importantly, provided a strong foundation for his abilities to understand, navigate and use Civil War landscapes to Union advantage.


title: George Crook

text: Crook was promoted to first lieutenant in 1856, and to captain in 1860. He was ordered east and in 1861, with the beginning of the American Civil War, was made colonel of the 36th Ohio Volunteer Infantry.


title: George Crook

text: When the Civil War broke out, Crook accepted a commission as Colonel of the 36th Ohio Infantry and led it on duty in western Virginia. He was in command of the 3rd Brigade in the District of the Kanawha where he was wounded in a small fight at Lewisburg. Crook returned to command his regiment during the Northern Virginia Campaign. He and his regiment were part of John Pope's headquarters escort at the Second Battle of Bull Run.


title: George Crook

text: After the Union Army's defeat at Second Bull Run, Crook and his regiment were attached to the Kanawha Division at the start of the Maryland Campaign. On September 12 Crook's brigade commander, Augustus Moor, was captured and Crook assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, Kanawha Division which had been attached to the IX Corps. Crook led his brigade at the Battle of South Mountain and near Burnside's Bridge at the Battle of Antietam. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on September 7, 1862. During these early battles he developed a lifelong friendship with one of his subordinates, Col. Rutherford B. Hayes of the 23rd Ohio Infantry.


title: George Crook

text: Following Antietam, General Crook assumed command of the Kanawha Division. His division was detached from the IX Corps for duty in the Department of the Ohio. Before long Crook was assigned to command an infantry brigade in the Army of the Cumberland. This brigade became the 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, which he led at the Battle of Hoover's Gap. In July he assumed command of the 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. He fought at the battle of Chickamauga and was in pursuit of Joseph Wheeler during the Chattanooga Campaign.


title: George Crook

text: In February 1864, Crook returned to command the Kanawha Division, which was now officially designated the 3rd Division of the Department of West Virginia.


title: George Crook

text: To open the spring campaign of 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant ordered a Union advance on all fronts, minor as well as major. Grant sent for Brigadier General Crook, in winter quarters at Charleston, West Virginia, and ordered him to attack the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, Richmond's primary link to Knoxville and the southwest, and to destroy the Confederate salt works at Saltville, Virginia.


title: George Crook

text: The 35-year-old Crook reported to army headquarters where the commanding general explained the mission in person. Grant instructed Crook to march his force, the Kanawha Division, against the railroad at Dublin, Virginia, south of Charleston. At Dublin he would put the railroad out of business and destroy Confederate military property. He was then to destroy the railroad bridge over New River, a few miles to the east. When these actions were accomplished, along with the destruction of the salt works, Crook was to march east and join forces with Major General Franz Sigel, who meanwhile was to be driving south up the Shenandoah Valley.


title: George Crook

text: After long dreary months of garrison duty, the men were ready for action. Crook did not reveal the nature or objective of their mission, but everyone sensed that something important was brewing. "All things point to early action", the commander of the second brigade, Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, noted in his diary.


title: George Crook

text: On April 29, 1864, the Kanawha Division marched out of Charleston and headed south. Crook sent a force under Brigadier General William W. Averell westward towards Saltville, then pushed on towards Dublin with nine infantry regiments, seven cavalry regiments, and 15 artillery pieces, a force of about 6,500 men organized into three brigades. The West Virginia countryside was beautiful that spring, but the mountainous terrain made the march a difficult undertaking. The way was narrow and steep, and spring rains slowed the march as tramping feet churned the roads into mud. In places, Crook's engineers had to build bridges across wash-outs before the army could advance.


title: George Crook

text: The column reached Fayette on May 2, and then passed through Raleigh Court House and Princeton. On the night of May 8, the division camped at Shannon's Bridge, Virginia, north of Dublin.


title: George Crook

text: The Confederates at Dublin soon learned the enemy was approaching. Their commander, Colonel John McCausland, prepared to evacuate his 1100 men, but before transportation could arrive, a courier from Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins informed McCausland that the two of them were ordered by General John C. Breckinridge to stop Crook's advance. The combined forces of Jenkins and McCausland amounted to 2,400 men. Jenkins, the senior officer, took command.


title: George Crook

text: Breaking camp on the morning of May 9, Crook moved his men south to the top of a spur of Cloyd's Mountain. Before the Union troops lay a precipitous, densely wooded slope with a meadow about 400 yards wide at the bottom. On the other side of the meadow, the land rose in another spur of the mountain, and there Jenkins' rebels waited behind hastily erected fortifications.


title: George Crook

text: Crook dispatched the third brigade under Colonel Carr B. White to work its way through the woods and deliver a flank attack on the rebel right. At 11 am, he sent Hayes' first brigade and Colonel Horatio G. Sickel's second brigade down the slope to the edge of the meadow, where they were to launch a frontal assault on the Confederates as soon as they heard the sound of White's guns.


title: George Crook

text: The slope before them was so steep that the officers had to dismount and descend on foot. Crook stationed himself with Hayes' brigade, which was to lead the assault. After a long, anxious wait, Hayes at last heard cannon fire off to his left and led his men at a slow double time out onto the meadow and into the rebels' musketry and artillery fire, which Crook called "galling". Their pace quickened as they neared the other side, but just before the up-slope they came to a waist-deep creek. The barrier caused little delay and the Yankee infantry stormed up the hill and engaged the rebel defenders at close range.


title: George Crook

text: The only man to have trouble with the creek was General Crook. Dismounted, he still wore his high riding boots, and as he stepped into the stream, the boots filled with water and bogged him down. Nearby soldiers grabbed their commander's arms and hauled him to the other side.


title: George Crook

text: Vicious hand-to-hand fighting erupted as the Yankees reached the crude rebel defenses. The Southerners gave way, tried to re-form, then broke and retreated up and over the hill towards Dublin.


title: George Crook

text: The Yankees rounded up rebel prisoners by the hundreds and seized General Jenkins, who had fallen wounded. At this point the discipline of the Union men wavered, and there was no organized pursuit of the fleeing enemy. General Crook was unable to provide leadership as the excitement and exertion had sent him into a faint.


title: George Crook

text: Colonel Hayes kept his head and organized a force of about 500 men from the soldiers milling about the site of their victory. With his improvised command, he set off, closely pressing the rebels.


title: George Crook

text: While the fight at Cloyd's Mountain was going on, a train pulled into the Dublin station and disgorged 500 fresh troops of General John Hunt Morgan's cavalry, which had just diverted Averell away from Saltville. The fresh troops hastened towards the battlefield, where they soon met their compatriots retreating from Cloyd's Mountain. The reinforcements halted the rout, but Colonel Hayes, although ignorant of the strength of the force now before him, immediately ordered his men to "yell like devils" and rush the enemy. Within a few minutes General Crook arrived with the rest of the division, and the defenders broke and ran.


title: George Crook

text: Cloyd's Mountain cost the Union army 688 casualties, while the rebels suffered 538 killed, wounded, and captured.


title: George Crook

text: Unopposed, Crook moved his command into Dublin, where he laid waste to the railroad and the military stores. He then sent a party eastward to tear up the tracks and burn the ties. The next morning the main body set out for their next objective, the New River bridge, a key point on the railroad, a few miles to the east.


title: George Crook

text: The Confederates, now commanded by Colonel McCausland, waited on the east side of the New River to defend the bridge. Crook pulled up on the west bank, and a long, ineffective artillery duel ensued. Seeing that there was little danger from the rebel cannon, Crook ordered the bridge destroyed, and both sides watched in awe as the structure collapsed magnificently into the river. McCausland, without the resources to oppose the Yankees any further, withdrew his battered command to the east.


title: George Crook

text: General Crook, supplies running low in a country not suited for major foraging, now entertained second thoughts about his orders to push on east and join Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley. At Dublin he had intercepted an unconfirmed report that General Robert E. Lee had beaten Grant badly in the Wilderness, which led him to consider whether the Confederate commander might not soon move against Crook with a vastly superior force.


title: George Crook

text: Having accomplished the major part of his mission, destruction of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, Crook turned his men north and after another hard march, reached the Union base at Meadow Bluff, West Virginia.


title: George Crook

text: That July Crook assumed command of a small force called the Army of the Kanawha. Crook was defeated at the Second Battle of Kernstown. Nevertheless, he was appointed as a replacement for David Hunter in command of the Department of West Virginia the following day. However Crook did not assume command until August 9. Along with the title of his department Crook added "Army of West Virginia." Crook's army was soon absorbed into Philip H. Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah and for all practical purposes functioned as a corps in that unit. Although Crook's force kept its official designation as the Army of West Virginia, it was often referred to as the VIII Corps. The official VIII Corps of the Union Army was led by Lew Wallace during this time and its troops were on duty in Maryland and Northern Virginia.


title: George Crook

text: Crook led his corps in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 at the battles of Opequon (Third Winchester), Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. On October 21, 1864, he was promoted to major general of volunteers.


title: George Crook

text: In February 1865 General Crook was captured by Confederate raiders at Cumberland, Maryland, and held as a prisoner of war in Richmond until exchanged a month later. He very briefly returned to command the Department of West Virginia until he took command of a cavalry division in the Army of the Potomac during the Appomattox Campaign. Crook first went into action with his division at the battle of Dinwiddie Court House. He later took a prominent role in the battles of Five Forks, Amelia Springs, Sayler's Creek and Appomattox Court House.


title: George Crook

text: At the end of the Civil War, George Crook received a brevet as major general in the regular army, but reverted to the permanent rank of major. Only days later, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, serving with the 23rd Infantry on frontier duty in the Pacific Northwest. In 1867, he was appointed head of the Department of the Columbia.


title: George Crook

text: Crook successfully campaigned against the Snake Indians in the 1864-68 Snake War, where he won nationwide recognition. Crook had fought Indians in Oregon before the Civil War. He was assigned to the Pacific Northwest to use new tactics in this war, which had been waged for several years. Crook arrived in Boise to take command on December 11, 1866. The general noticed that the Northern Paiute used the fall, winter and spring seasons to gather food, so he adopted the tactic recommended by a predecessor George B. Currey to attack during the winter. Crook had his cavalry approach the Paiute on foot in attack at their winter camp. As the soldiers drew them in, Crook had them remount; they defeated the Paiute and recovered some stolen livestock.


title: George Crook

text: Crook used Indian scouts as troops as well as to spot enemy encampments. While campaigning in Eastern Oregon during the winter of 1867, Crook's scouts located a Paiute village near the eastern edge of Steens Mountain. After covering all the escape routes, Crook ordered the charge on the village while intending to view the raid from afar, but his horse got spooked and galloped ahead of Crook's forces toward the village. Caught in the crossfire, Crook's horse carried the general through the village without being wounded. The army caused heavy casualties for the Paiute in the battle of Tearass Plain. Crook later defeated a mixed band of Paiute, Pit River, and Modoc at the Battle of Infernal Caverns in Fall River Mills, California.


title: George Crook

text: President Ulysses S. Grant next placed Crook in command of the Arizona Territory. Crook's use of Apache scouts during his Tonto Basin Campaign of the Yavapai War brought him much success in forcing the Yavapai and Tonto Apache onto reservations. Crook's victories during the Yavapai War included the Battle of Salt River Canyon, also known as the Skeleton Cave Massacre, and the Battle of Turret Peak.


title: George Crook

text: In 1873, Crook was appointed brigadier general in the regular army, a promotion that passed over and angered several full colonels next in line.


title: George Crook

text: From 1875 to 1882 and again from 1886 to 1888, Crook was head of the Department of the Platte, with headquarters at Fort Omaha in North Omaha, Nebraska.


title: George Crook

text: On 28 May 1876, Brigadier General George Crook assumed direct command of the Bighorn and Yellowstone Expedition at Fort Fetterman. Crook had gathered a strong force from his Department of the Platte. Leaving Fort Fetterman on 29 May, the 1,051-man column consisted of 15 companies from the 2d and 3d Cavalry, 5 companies from the 4th and 9th Infantry, 250 mules, and 106 wagons. On 14 June, the column was joined by 261 Shoshone and Crow allies. Based on intelligence reports, Crook ordered his entire force to prepare for a quick march. Each man was to carry only 1 blanket, 100 rounds of ammunition, and 4 days' rations. The wagon train would be left at Goose Creek, and the infantry would be mounted on the pack mules.


title: George Crook

text: On 17 June, Crook's column set out at 0600, marching northward along the south fork of Rosebud Creek. The Crow and Shoshone scouts were particularly apprehensive. Although the column had not yet encountered any sign of Indians, the scouts seemed to sense their presence. The soldiers, particularly the mule-riding infantry, seemed fatigued from the early start and the previous day's march. Accordingly, Crook stopped to rest his men and animals at 0800. Although he was deep in hostile territory, Crook made no special dispositions for defense. His troops halted in their marching order. The Cavalry battalions led the column, followed by the battalion of mule-borne foot soldiers, and a provisional company of civilian miners and packers brought up the rear.


title: George Crook

text: The Crow and Shoshone scouts remained alert while the soldiers rested. Several minutes later, the soldiers heard the sound of intermittent gunfire coming from the bluffs to the north. As the intensity of fire increased, a scout rushed into the camp shouting, "Lakota, Lakota!" The Battle of the Rosebud was on. By 0830, the Sioux and Cheyenne had hotly engaged Crook's Indian allies on the high ground north of the main body. Heavily outnumbered, the Crow and Shoshone scouts fell back toward the camp, but their fighting withdrawal gave Crook time to deploy his forces. Rapidly firing soldiers drove off the attackers but used up much of the ammunition meant for use later in the campaign. Low on ammunition and with numerous wounded, the General returned to his post.


title: George Crook

text: Historians debate whether Crook's pressing on could have prevented the killing of the five companies of the 7th Cavalry Regiment led by George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.


title: George Crook

text: After the disaster at the Little Bighorn, the U.S. Congress authorized funds to reinforce the Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition. Determined to demonstrate the willingness and capability of the U.S. Army to pursue and punish the Sioux, Crook took to the field. After briefly linking up with General Alfred Terry, military commander of the Dakota Territory, Crook embarked on what came to be known as the grueling and poorly provisioned Horsemeat March, upon which the soldiers were reduced to eating their horses and mules. A party dispatched to Deadwood for supplies came across the village of American Horse the Elder on September 9, 1876. The well-stocked village was attacked and looted in the Battle of Slim Buttes. Crazy Horse led a counter-attack against Crook the next day, but was repulsed by Crook's superior numbers.


title: George Crook

text: In 1879, Crook spoke on behalf of the Ponca tribe and Native American rights during the trial of "Standing Bear v. Crook." The federal judge affirmed that Standing Bear had some of the rights of U.S. citizens.


title: George Crook

text: That same year his home at Fort Omaha, now called the General Crook House and considered part of North Omaha, was completed.


title: George Crook

text: Crook was made head of the Department of Arizona and successfully forced some members of the Apache to surrender, but Geronimo continually evaded capture. As a mark of respect, the Apache nicknamed Crook "Nantan Lupan", which means "Chief Wolf". In March, 1886, Crook received word that Geronimo would meet him in Cañon de los Embudos, in the Sierra Madre Mountains about from Fort Bowie. During the three days of negotiations, photographer C. S. Fly took about 15 exposures of the Apache on glass negatives. One of the pictures of Geronimo with two of his sons standing alongside was made at Geronimo's request. Fly's images are the only existing photographs of Geronimo's surrender. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of an American Indian while still at war with the United States.


title: George Crook

text: Geronimo, camped on the Mexican side of the border, agreed to Crook's surrender terms. That night, a soldier who sold them whiskey said that his band would be murdered as soon as they crossed the border. Geronimo and 25 of his followers slipped away during the night; their escape cost Crook his command.


title: George Crook

text: Nelson A. Miles replaced Crook in 1886 in command of the Arizona Territory and brought an end to the Apache Wars. He captured Geronimo and the Chiricahua Apache band, and detained the Chiricahua scouts, who had served the U.S. Army, transporting them all as prisoners-of-war to a prison in Florida. (Crook was reportedly furious that the scouts, who had faithfully served the Army, were imprisoned along with the hostile warriors. He sent numerous telegrams protesting their arrest to Washington. They, along with most of Geronimo's band, were forced to spend the next 26 years in captivity at the fort in Florida before they were finally released.)


title: George Crook

text: After years of campaigning in the Indian Wars, Crook won steady promotion back up the ranks to the permanent grade of Major General. President Grover Cleveland placed him in command of the Military Division of the Missouri in 1888.


title: George Crook

text: Crook served in Omaha again as the Commander of the Department of the Platte from 1886 to 1888. While he was there, his portrait was painted by artist Herbert A. Collins.


title: George Crook

text: He spent his last years speaking out against the unjust treatment of his former Indian adversaries. He died suddenly in Chicago in 1890 while serving as commander of the Military Division of the Missouri. Crook was originally buried in Oakland, Maryland. In 1890, Crook's remains were transported to Arlington National Cemetery, where he was reinterred on November 11.


title: George Crook

text: Red Cloud, a war chief of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux), said of Crook, "He, at least, never lied to us. His words gave us hope."


title: George Crook

text: His good friend and Union Army subordinate, future President Rutherford B. Hayes, named one of his sons George Crook Hayes (September 29, 1864 - May 24, 1866), in honor of his commanding officer. The little boy died before his second birthday of scarlet fever.


title: George Crook

text: "Crook City," an unincorporated place in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was named for his 1876 camp there. Nearby and between Deadwood and Sturgis, South Dakota is Crook Mountain, named for him. Crook City Road passes through there from Whitewood heading toward Deadwood.


title: George Crook

text: Crook Peak in Lake County, Oregon, elevation , in the Warner Mountains is named after him. It is near where the general set up Camp Warner (1867–1874) in a campaign to subdue the Paiute Indians.


title: George Crook

text: Crook Mountain in Chelan County, Washington, elevation , a peak in the North Cascades, was named for him.


title: George Crook

text: Cañon Pintado Historic District, south of Rangely, Colorado, has numerous ancient Fremont culture (0-1300 CE) and Ute petroglyphs, first seen by Europeans in the mid-18th century. One group of carvings has several horses, which locals call "Crook's Brand Site". They claim the horses carry the general's brand. The Ute adopted the horse in the 1600s.


title: George Crook

text: Forest Road 300 in the Coconino National Forest is named the "General Crook Trail." It is a section of the trail which his troops blazed from Fort Verde to Fort Whipple, and on to Fort Apache through central Arizona.


title: George Crook

text: Numerous military references honor him: Fort Crook (1857 – 1869) was an Army post near Fall River Mills, California, used during the Indian Wars. Later during the Civil War, it was used for the defense of San Francisco. It was named for then Lt. Crook by Captain John W. T. Gardiner, 1st Dragoons, as Crook was recovering there from an injury. California State Historical Marker 355 marks the site in Shasta County.


title: George Crook

text: Fort Crook (1891 – 1946) was an Army Depot in Bellevue, Nebraska, first used as a dispatch point for Indian conflicts on the Great Plains. Later it served as airfield for the 61st Balloon Company of the Army Air Corps. It was named for Brig. Gen. Crook due to his many successful Indian campaigns in the west. The site formerly known as Fort Crook is now part of Offutt AFB, Nebraska.


title: George Crook

text: 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division is nicknamed "Greywolf" in his honor, in a variation of his Apache nickname meaning "Chief Wolf".


title: George Crook

text: The General Crook House at Fort Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska is named in his honor, as he was the only Commander of the Department of the Platte to live there. At Fort Huachuca, Crook House on Old Post is named after him as well. The Crook Walk in Arlington National Cemetery is near General Crook's gravesite.


title: Medaka Box

text: It received three light novel series, two series with two volumes and one with one volume between 2012 and 2013. It was adapted into a 12-episode anime television series that aired between April and June 2012. A second 12-episode season aired between October and December 2012.


title: Medaka Box

text: The plot follows Medaka Kurokami, a charismatic and attractive first-year Hakoniwa Academy student who is elected Student Council President with 98% of the vote. She institutes a suggestion box, and with the help with her childhood friend Zenkichi Hitoyoshi, addresses these requests in an unconventional manner. Over the course of the story, she distributes the student council leadership positions to other students such as Kouki Akune and Mogana Kikaijima.


title: Medaka Box

text: The Student Council learns that the academy chairman intends to initiate the Flask Plan, a project to forcefully experiment on regular students, called Normals, in order to turn them into humans with superhuman abilities called Abnormals. The Student Council infiltrates the academy's secret lab and battles other students that are involved with the project.


title: Medaka Box

text: Shortly after, the Student Council are challenged to a tournament by Misogi Kumagawa who wishes to replace Medaka's Student Council with one of his own. After Kumagawa's defeat, two students are unsealed from his powers and complete their transfer to Hakoniwa Academy. The two are more powerful than Abnormals and are dubbed "Not Equals". Their leader, Anshin'in, threatens to restart the Flask Plan once Medaka graduates, forcing the Student Council to train their successors. However, Anshin'in's true plan is to have Zenkichi usurp Medaka's position as Student Council President. Zenkichi does so on the pretense of improving the student life and succeeds. He convinces Medaka to allow the Flask Plan for those who are willing.


title: Medaka Box

text: Relieved from her duties as president of the Student Council, Medaka soon becomes involved in a tournament to decide her husband. Medaka enters herself and becomes the victor, choosing to marry Zenkichi once they both graduate. Soon after, Zenkichi's close friend Hansode Shiranui leaves the academy. Medaka and Zenkichi discover she is to become the next host for Iihiko Shishime, a 5000-year-old being. Medaka defeats him and disappears after stopping the moon from crashing towards the Earth, just to reappear in time for the year-end ceremony. Following her return, Medaka decides to leave the academy and assume her father's place ahead of her family's business conglomerate, the Kurokami Group, just to later return as the new chairwoman. Ten years later, Zenkichi, has worked his way up the Kurokami Group, becoming a high-level employee before reuniting with her, with both promising to get married after another fight.


title: Medaka Box

text: "Medaka Box" is written by Nisio Isin and illustrated by Akira Akatsuki. It was serialized in Shueisha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump" between May 11, 2009, and April 27, 2013. Shueisha collected its 192 individual chapters in twenty-two "tankōbon" volumes, released from October 2, 2009, to September 4, 2013.


title: Medaka Box

text: An anime adaptation of the manga produced by Gainax was announced by the series' creator in late 2011, and premiered on April 5, 2012. The anime has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks, who released the anime in both digital and home video formats in September 2013. A second season, titled , aired between October 11 and December 27, 2012. Sentai Filmworks has also licensed the second season for digital and home video, which was released on January 21, 2014.


title: Medaka Box

text: In May 2012, a spin-off light novel called "Shousetsu Ban Medaka Box" was released by Shueisha under the imprint Jump J-Books with Nisio Isin as the author and Akira Akatsuki as the illustrator, with the novel ending in June of the same year with two volumes. In October 2012 under the same publisher, imprint and creative team, a prequel called "Medaka Box Gaiden: Good Loser Kumagawa" was launched, with the second and last volume launching in November. Lastly, another prequel called "Medaka Box: Juvenile - Shousetsu-ban" launched with the same publisher, imprint and creative team in October 2013 but this time with a unique volume.


title: Medaka Box

text: Medaka Kurokami appears as a playable character in the "Jump" crossover fighting game "J-Stars Victory VS", with Kumagawa appearing as a support character.


title: Richard Posner

text: Richard Allen Posner (; born January 11, 1939) is an American jurist and legal scholar who served as a federal appellate judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 1981 to 2017. A senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Posner is a leading figure in the field of law and economics, and was identified by "The Journal of Legal Studies" as the most-cited legal scholar of the 20th century. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential legal scholars in the United States.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner is known for his scholarly range and for writing on topics outside of his primary field, law. In his various writings and books, he has addressed animal rights, feminism, drug prohibition, same-sex marriage, Keynesian economics, and academic moral philosophy, among other subjects.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner is the author of nearly 40 books on jurisprudence, economics, and several other topics, including "Economic Analysis of Law", "The Economics of Justice", "The Problems of Jurisprudence", "Sex and Reason", "Law, Pragmatism and Democracy", and "The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy". Posner has generally been identified as being politically conservative; however, in recent years he has distanced himself from the positions of the Republican party, authoring more liberal rulings involving same-sex marriage and abortion. In "A Failure of Capitalism", he has written that the 2008 financial crisis has caused him to question the rational-choice, "laissez-faire" economic model that lies at the heart of his law and economics theory.


title: Richard Posner

text: Richard Posner was born on January 11, 1939, in New York City. His father's family were of Romanian Jewish descent, and his mother's family were Ashkenazi Jews from Galicia in the Austrian Empire.


title: Richard Posner

text: After high school, Posner studied English literature at Yale University, graduating in 1959 with an A.B. degree "summa cum laude" and membership in Phi Beta Kappa. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he was president of the "Harvard Law Review". He graduated in 1962 ranked first in his class with an LL.B. "magna cum laude".


title: Richard Posner

text: After law school, Posner clerked for Justice William J. Brennan Jr. of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1962 to 1963. He then served as an attorney-advisor to Commissioner Philip Elman of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC); he would later argue that the FTC ought to be abolished. Posner went on to work in the Office of the Solicitor General in the United States Department of Justice, under Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall.


title: Richard Posner

text: In 1968, Posner accepted a position teaching at Stanford Law School. In 1969, Posner moved to the faculty of the University of Chicago Law School, where he remains a senior lecturer. He was a founding editor of "The Journal of Legal Studies" in 1972.


title: Richard Posner

text: On October 27, 1981, Posner was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge Philip Willis Tone. Posner was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 24, 1981, and received his commission on December 1, 1981. He served as Chief Judge of that court from 1993 to 2000 but remained a part-time professor at the University of Chicago. Judge Posner retired from the federal bench on September 2, 2017. Posner stated that he had originally planned to retire at the age of 80, but instead retired at 78 due to disputes with other judges on the Seventh Circuit over treatment of pro se litigants.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner is a pragmatist in philosophy and an economist in legal methodology. He has written many articles and books on a wide range of topics including law and economics, law and literature, the federal judiciary, moral theory, intellectual property, antitrust law, public intellectuals, and legal history. He is also well known for writing on a wide variety of current events including the 2000 presidential election recount controversy, Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky and his resulting impeachment procedure, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.


title: Richard Posner

text: His analysis of the Lewinsky scandal cut across most party and ideological divisions. Posner's greatest influence is through his writings on law and economics; "The New York Times" called him "one of the most important antitrust scholars of the past half-century." In December 2004, Posner started a joint blog with Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, titled simply "The Becker-Posner Blog". Both men contributed to the blog until shortly before Becker's death in May 2014, after which Posner announced that the blog was being discontinued. He also had a blog at "The Atlantic", where he discussed the then-current Great Recession.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner was mentioned in 2005 as a potential nominee to replace Sandra Day O'Connor because of his prominence as a scholar and an appellate judge. Robert S. Boynton wrote in "The Washington Post" that he believed Posner would never sit on the Supreme Court because despite his "obvious brilliance," he would be criticized for his occasionally "outrageous conclusions," such as his contention "that the rule of law is an accidental and dispensable element of legal ideology," his argument that buying and selling children on the free market would lead to better outcomes than the present situation, government-regulated adoption, and his support for the legalization of marijuana and LSD.


title: Richard Posner

text: Judge Posner was the focus of a "series" of posts (many Q&A interviews with the Judge) done by University of Washington Law Professor Ronald K. L. Collins. The twelve posts—collectively titled "Posner on Posner"—began on November 24, 2014, and ended on January 5, 2015, and appeared on the Concurring Opinions blog.


title: Richard Posner

text: In Posner's youth and in the 1960s as law clerk to William J. Brennan, he was generally counted as a liberal. However, in reaction to some of the perceived excesses of the late 1960s, Posner developed a strongly conservative bent. He encountered Chicago School economists Aaron Director and George Stigler while a professor at Stanford. Posner summarized his views on law and economics in his 1973 book "The Economic Analysis of Law".


title: Richard Posner

text: Today, although generally viewed as to the right in academia, Posner's pragmatism, his qualified moral relativism and moral skepticism, and his affection for the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche set him apart from most American conservatives. As a judge, with the exception of his rulings with respect to the sentencing guidelines and the recording of police actions, Posner's judicial votes have always placed him on the moderate-to-liberal wing of the Republican Party, where he has become more isolated over time. In July 2012, Posner stated, "I've become less conservative since the Republican Party started becoming goofy." Among Posner's judicial influences are the American jurists Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and Learned Hand; he has written that "Holmes is the greatest jurist ... because the sum of his ideas, metaphors, decisions, dissents and other contributions exceeds the sum of contributions of any other jurist of modern times", and he has applied the Hand formula in a number of his opinions.


title: Richard Posner

text: In June 2016, Posner was criticized by right-wing media organizations for a column he wrote for "Slate" in which he stated, "I see absolutely no value to a judge of spending decades, years, months, weeks, day, hours, minutes, or seconds studying the Constitution, the history of its enactment, its amendments, and its implementation."


title: Richard Posner

text: He has called his approach to judging pragmatic. "I pay very little attention to legal rules, statutes, constitutional provisions. ... A case is just a dispute. The first thing you do is ask yourself—forget about the law—what is a sensible resolution of this dispute? The next thing ... is to see if a recent Supreme Court precedent or some other legal obstacle stood in the way of ruling in favor of that sensible resolution. And the answer is that's actually rarely the case. When you have a Supreme Court case or something similar, they're often extremely easy to get around."


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner has written several opinions sympathetic to abortion rights, including a decision that held that late term abortion was constitutionally protected in some circumstances.


title: Richard Posner

text: In November 2015, Posner authored a decision in "Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin v. Schimel" striking down regulations on abortion clinics in Wisconsin. He rejected the state's argument that the laws were written to protect the health of women and not to make abortion more difficult to obtain. Accusing the state of indirectly trying to ban abortions in the state Posner wrote, "They [Wisconsin] may do this in the name of protecting the health of women who have abortions, yet as in this case the specific measures they support may do little or nothing for health, but rather strew impediments to abortion."


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner rejects an ethic of strong animal rights on pragmatic grounds (where such an ethic posits the moral irrelevance of species membership). He recognizes the philosophical force of arguments for strong animal rights, but maintains that human intuition about the paramount value of human life makes it impossible to accommodate an ethic of strong animal rights. Posner, a self-avowed moral anti-realist, does not present his critique of strong animal rights as a deductive proof. Instead, he highlights the practical importance of intuition and emotion over abstract argument.


title: Richard Posner

text: In a 2000 "Yale Law Journal" book review on the title "Rattling the Cage" by Steven M. Wise, Posner again criticized the legal notion of animal rights. In the review, Posner argues that Wise's approach, using the cognitive ability of animals compared to that of very young normal human beings as a basis for rights-worthiness, is arbitrary and in contrast with major traditional and contemporary philosophies (including the theology of Thomas Aquinas for one and utilitarianism for another). In addition, he points out that this basis for rights has problematic implications—including that it might soon make some computers more worthy of rights than some humans, a conclusion he calls absurd. Posner goes on to reason that granting human-like rights to animals is fraught with implications which could radically disrupt or devalue the rights of human beings. He alludes to Hitler's zoophilia as evidence that respect for animals and humaneness toward human beings are not necessarily associated. Arguing that the analogy of animal rights to the civil rights movement lacks imagination and is not very apt, Posner posits that animal welfare might be better protected by other legal models, one example of which would be stronger laws making animals property, since, he asserts, people tend to protect what they own.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner engaged in a debate with the philosopher Peter Singer in 2001 at "Slate magazine." He agrees that "gratuitous cruelty to and neglect of animals is wrong and that some costs should be incurred to reduce the suffering of animals raised for food or other human purposes or subjected to medical or other testing and experimentation," but rejects grounding this view in an ethic of strong animal rights, contending that such a premise entails conclusions inconsistent with the reality of human society and psychology. He further states that people whose opinions were changed by consideration of the philosophical arguments presented in Singer's book "Animal Liberation" failed to see the "radicalism of the ethical vision that powers [their] view on animals, an ethical vision that finds greater value in a healthy pig than in a profoundly retarded child, that commands inflicting a lesser pain on a human being to avert a greater pain to a dog, and that, provided only that a chimpanzee has 1 percent of the mental ability of a normal human being, would require the sacrifice of the human being to save 101 chimpanzees."


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner emphasizes the importance of facts over arguments in creating social change. He states that his moral intuition says that "it is wrong to give as much weight to a dog's pain as to an infant's pain," and that "[this] is a moral intuition deeper than any reason that could be given for it and impervious to any reason that you or anyone could give against it." Instead, Posner claims that "[expanding and invigorating] the laws that protect animals will require not philosophical arguments for reducing human beings to the level of the other animals but facts, facts that will stimulate a greater empathetic response to animal suffering and facts that will alleviate concern about the human costs of further measures to reduce animal suffering."


title: Richard Posner

text: Along with Robert Bork, Posner helped shape the antitrust policy changes of the 1970s through his idea that 1960s antitrust laws were in fact making prices higher for the consumer rather than lower, while he viewed lower prices as the essential end goal of any antitrust policy. Posner's and Bork's theories on antitrust evolved into the prevailing view in academia and at the Justice Department in the George H. W. Bush Administration; they have remained the consensus view in both the Justice Department and among legal academics of antitrust.


title: Richard Posner

text: "The Bluebook" is the style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. Posner is "one of the founding fathers of "Bluebook" abolitionism, having advocated it for almost twenty-five years, ever since his 1986 "University of Chicago Law Review" article on the subject." In a 2011 "Yale Law Journal" article, he wrote:


title: Richard Posner

text: "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" exemplifies hypertrophy in the anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth, remote from the functional need for legal citation forms, that serves obscure needs of the legal culture and its student subculture.


title: Richard Posner

text: He describes those needs as unrelated to practical legal activity but instead as social and political.


title: Richard Posner

text: In the same article, Posner gives an excerpt of the entire citation style guide included (as an appendix) in the short manual he gives his own law clerks (whom he describes as "very smart"); the appendix is about 2–3 pages long, and he says the entire manual is about 1% as long as the Bluebook.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner opposes the U.S. "War on Drugs" and called it "quixotic". In a 2003 CNBC interview he discussed the difficulty of enforcing criminal marijuana laws, and asserted that it is hard to justify the criminalization of marijuana when compared to other substances. In a talk at Elmhurst College in 2012, Posner said that "I don't think that we should have a fraction of the drug laws that we have. I think it's really absurd to be criminalizing possession or use or distribution of marijuana."


title: Richard Posner

text: At the "Cybercrime 2020: The Future of Online Crime and Investigations" conference held at Georgetown University Law Center on November 20, 2014, Posner, in addition to further reinforcing his views on privacy being over-rated, stated that "If the NSA wants to vacuum all the trillions of bits of information that are crawling through the electronic worldwide networks, I think that's fine. ... Much of what passes for the name of privacy is really just trying to conceal the disreputable parts of your conduct," Posner added. "Privacy is mainly about trying to improve your social and business opportunities by concealing the sorts of bad activities that would cause other people not to want to deal with you." Posner also criticized mobile OS companies for enabling end-to-end encryption in their newest software. "I'm shocked at the thought that a company would be permitted to manufacture an electronic product that the government would not be able to search" he said.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner has expressed concerns, on the blog he contributed to with Gary Becker, that both patent and copyright protection, though particularly the former, may be excessive. He argues that the cost of inventing must be compared to the cost of copying in order to determine the optimal patent protection for an inventor. When patent protection is too strongly in favor of the inventor, market efficiency is decreased. He illustrates his argument by comparing the pharmaceutical industry (where the cost on invention is high) with the software industry (where the cost of invention is relatively low).


title: Richard Posner

text: However, Posner suggested that strengthening copyright law, including a possible bar on linking to or paraphrasing copyrighted materials, may be necessary as a means to prevent what he views as free riding on newspaper journalism. His co-blogger Gary Becker simultaneously posted a contrasting opinion that while the Internet might hurt newspapers, it will not harm the vitality of the press, but rather embolden it.


title: Richard Posner

text: As part of a three-judge panel on the 7th Circuit in Chicago, weighing a challenge to the Illinois Eavesdropping Act, which bars the secret recording of conversations without the consent of all the parties to the conversation, Posner was to deliver another memorable quote. At issue was the constitutionality of the Illinois wiretapping law, which makes it illegal to record someone without consent even when filming public acts like arrests in public. Posner interrupted the ACLU after just 14 words, stating, "Yeah, I know. But I'm not interested, really, in what you want to do with these recordings of peoples' encounters with the police. ..." Posner continued: "Once all this stuff can be recorded, there's going to be a lot more of this snooping around by reporters and bloggers. ... I'm always suspicious when the civil liberties people start telling the police how to do their business." The 7th Circuit upheld the challenge, 2–1, striking down the Eavesdropping Act, but Posner wrote a dissenting opinion.


title: Richard Posner

text: In a dissent from an earlier ruling by his protégé Frank Easterbrook, Posner wrote that Easterbrook's decision that female guards could watch male prisoners while in the shower or bathroom must stem from a belief that prisoners are "members of a different species, indeed as a type of vermin, devoid of human dignity and entitled to no respect. ... I do not myself consider the 1.5 million inmates of American prisons and jails in that light."


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner's views of public education policy are informed by his view that groups of students differ in intellectual ability, and therefore, that it is faulty to impose uniform educational standards on all schools. His view in this regard is undergirded by his view that different races differ in intelligence. (However, Posner says that he thinks it is "highly unlikely" that these differences are rooted in genetics, rather than environment.)


title: Richard Posner

text: In a blog post, Posner wrote, "I suggest that the only worthwhile reforms of teacher compensation are raising teacher wages uniformly, providing recognition and modest bonuses for outstanding teachers, and increasing hiring standards."


title: Richard Posner

text: In the same post, he wrote, "I am not clear what we should think the problem of American education (below the college level) is. Most children of middle-class ... Americans are white or Asian and attend good public or private schools, usually predominantly white. The average white IQ is of course 100 and the Asian (like the Jewish) almost one standard deviation higher, that is, 115. The average black IQ is 85, a full standard deviation below the white average, and the average Hispanic IQ has been estimated recently at 89. Black children in particular often come from disordered households, which has a negative effect on ability to learn and perhaps indeed on IQ. ... Increasingly, black and Hispanic students find themselves in schools with few white or Asian students. The challenge to American education is to provide a useful education to the large number of Americans who are unlikely to benefit from a college education or from high school courses aimed at preparing students for college."


title: Richard Posner

text: In September 2014, Posner authored the opinions in the consolidated cases of "Wolf v. Walker" and "Baskin v. Bogan" challenging Wisconsin and Indiana's state level same-sex marriage bans. The opinion of the three-judge panel on the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Indiana and Wisconsin's bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional, affirming a lower court ruling. During oral arguments, Wisconsin's attorney general cited tradition as a reason for maintaining the ban, prompting Posner to note that: "It was tradition to not allow blacks and whites to marry—a tradition that got swept away." Though Posner argued in his 1992 book "Sex and Reason" that prohibitions against gay marriage were rationally justified, he held in the 2014 cases that the same-sex marriage bans were both "a tradition of hate" and "savage discrimination". Posner wrote the opinion for the unanimous panel, finding the laws unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. The Supreme Court then denied writ of certiorari and left Posner's ruling to stand.


title: Richard Posner

text: When reviewing Alan Dershowitz's book, "Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge", Posner wrote in the September 2002 "The New Republic", "If torture is the only means of obtaining the information necessary to prevent the detonation of a nuclear bomb in Times Square, torture should be used—-and will be used—to obtain the information... No one who doubts that this is the case should be in a position of responsibility."


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner is one of the most prolific legal writers, through both the number and topical breadth of his opinions, to say nothing of his scholarly and popular writings. Unlike many other judges, he writes all his own opinions. Nobel Laureate economist Robert Solow says that Posner "is an apparently inexhaustible writer on ... nearly everything. To call him a polymath would be a gross understatement. ... Judge Posner evidently writes the way other men breathe", though the economist describes the judge's grasp of economics as, "in some respects, ... precarious."


title: Richard Posner

text: In 1999, Posner was welcomed as a private mediator among the parties involved in the Microsoft antitrust case.


title: Richard Posner

text: A study published by Fred Shapiro in the University of Chicago's "The Journal of Legal Studies" found Posner is the most-cited legal scholar of all time by a considerable margin, as Posner's work has generated 7,981 cites compared to the runner-up Ronald Dworkin's 4,488 cites. Aside from the sheer volume of his output, Posner's opinions enjoy great respect from other judges, based on citations, and within the legal academy, where his opinions are taught in many foundational law courses.


title: Richard Posner

text: In his decision in the 1997 case "State Oil Co. v. Khan", Posner wrote that a ruling 1968 antitrust precedent set by the Supreme Court was "moth-eaten", "wobbly", and "unsound". Nevertheless, he abided by the previous decision with his ruling. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and overturned the 1968 ruling unanimously; Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the opinion and spoke positively of both Posner's criticism and his decision to abide by the ruling until the Court decided to change it.


title: Richard Posner

text: In "Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co." (1990), Posner lowered the standard of legal liability a railroad faced for a hazardous waste spill. The case became a staple of first year torts courses taught in American law schools, where the case is used to address the question of when it is better to use negligence liability or strict liability.


title: Richard Posner

text: In 1999, Posner applied the "lex loci delicti commissi" rule on choice of law rather than the Restatement of Torts, Second when rejecting a claim by an Illinois dentist who slipped and fell in Acapulco, Mexico. In 2003, Posner affirmed a punitive damages award of 37.2 times the compensatory damages guests won from a bedbug infested Motel 6. In 2003, Posner found that co-workers who did not prevent a hypoglycemic diabetic's fatal attempt to drive himself home violated no duty to rescue.


title: Richard Posner

text: In "Morin Building Products Co. v. Baystone Construction, Inc." (1983), Posner held that the Uniform Commercial Code presumes contracts impose an objective standard upon what would subjectively be illusory promises. In 1987, Posner dissented when Judge Frank H. Easterbrook, joined by Richard Dickson Cudahy, found that a stockbroker could sue his former employer under SEC Rule 10b-5 after he quit shortly before the firm's lucrative unannounced merger. In 1990, Posner found that Delaware corporate law did not permit an airline's board from adopting a poison pill provision that encouraged its machinists to take strike action if its pilots' takeover attempt succeeded. In 1991, Posner held that good faith performance is a factual question of the defendant's state of mind that must be proven at trial.


title: Richard Posner

text: In 1984, Posner wrote for the "en banc" circuit when it held that a consent decree regulating law enforcement Red Squads did not apply to FBI terrorism investigations, over the dissent of Judge Richard Dickson Cudahy. In January 2001, Posner loosened that consent decree to allow the Chicago Police Department to conduct counterterrorism operations.


title: Richard Posner

text: In "United States v. Marshall" (1990), Posner dissented when Frank H. Easterbrook, writing for the "en banc" circuit, held that the punishment for possession of LSD is determined by the weight of the carrier it is found within. The circuit's judgment was then affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Richard Posner

text: In 1995, Posner, joined by Judge Walter J. Cummings Jr., affirmed an injunction blocking Illinois from closing schools on Good Friday as a violation of the Establishment Clause, over the dissent of Judge Daniel Anthony Manion. In 2000, Posner found that partners at a big law firm could be considered employees with regard to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Posner found that secondary liability attaches to a file sharing service for contributory copyright infringement in "In re Aimster Copyright Litigation" (2003).


title: Richard Posner

text: A 2004 poll by "Legal Affairs" magazine named Posner as one of the top twenty legal thinkers in the U.S.


title: Richard Posner

text: In March 2007, the "Harvard Law Review" dedicated an issue of faculty written case comments in tribute of Judge Posner. In 2008, the "University of Chicago Law Review" published a commemorative issue: "Commemorating Twenty-five Years of Judge Richard A. Posner." One of Posner's former clerks, Tim Wu, calls Posner "probably America's greatest living jurist." Another of Posner's former legal clerks, Lawrence Lessig, wrote, "There isn't a federal judge I respect more, both as a judge and person." The former dean of Yale Law School, Anthony T. Kronman, said that Posner was "one of the most rational human beings" he had ever met.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner and his wife lived in Hyde Park, Chicago, for many years. His son Eric Posner is also a prominent legal scholar and teaches at the University of Chicago Law School. Posner is a self-described "cat person" and is devoted to his Maine Coon, Pixie. Posner appeared with his previous cat, a Maine Coon named Dinah, in a photograph accompanying a lengthy profile (of Posner) in "The New Yorker" in 2001.


title: Richard Posner

text: He has been known to illustrate legal points in his opinions with elaborate cat-related metaphors and examples.


title: Richard Posner

text: Posner was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in early 2018, approximately six months after leaving the bench, and as of 2022 resides in a nursing facility.


The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard means for comparing academic credits, i.e., the "volume of learning based on the defined learning outcomes and their associated workload" for higher education across the European Union and other collaborating European countries. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded. One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits that are normally equivalent to 1500–1800 hours of total workload, irrespective of standard or qualification type. ECTS credits are used to facilitate transfer and progression throughout the Union.


title: European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System

text: ECTS also includes a standard grading scale, intended to be shown in addition to local (i.e. national) standard grades.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Set in modern times, in the fictional Vie de Marli island, the story centers on demon hunter Dante and island guardian Lucia in their fight to stop a businessman named Arius from raising the demon Argosax and achieving supreme power. The story is told primarily through a mixture of cutscenes using the game engine, with several pre-rendered full motion videos.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Handled by a different team that lacked experience, "Devil May Cry 2" had a troubled production which was reflected in its reception. The game received mixed reviews and has been criticized for a variety of decisions, which made it considerably different from its predecessor; chief among these were the lowered difficulty and changes to Dante's personality. Despite that, "Devil May Cry 2" was a commercial success, established a number of series conventions, and motivated its development team to improve their work, staying with the franchise for future entries.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: In "Devil May Cry 2", the player guides either Dante or Lucia through a number of environments, fighting groups of monsters in fast-paced combat. The game consists of missions with specific goals in the play area of the game itself. The player's performance in each mission is ranked from D (poor/"Don't Worry") to S (excellent/"Showtime") based on the time taken to complete the mission, the amount of Red Orbs collected, the overall "style" displayed during fights, item usage, and damage taken. In contrast to the rest of the gameplay, the style judging system used in the game has been cited as being the harshest in terms of how it judges the player's performance.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Combat itself is based on the "style" the player demonstrates during a fight. The rating the player gains for style is improved by hitting enemies continuously while avoiding damage. This ranges from "Don't Worry", progressing to "Come On!", "Bingo", "Are You Ready?" and peaking at "Showtime". If the character takes damage, the style rating falls back to "Don't Worry".


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The game's controls convert short sequences of button presses into complex on-screen actions. New to the series is an evasion button, which allows Dante or Lucia to roll, dodge enemy attacks, or run along walls. Another new feature is a weapon-change button, which allows the player to cycle through ranged weapons without switching to the inventory screen.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The game also features puzzle-solving and exploration elements. Gameplay involves the player examining their surroundings to find items and orbs. Red Orbs are used to acquire new combat powers and abilities for the characters. These Red Orbs are "the blood of demons"; enemies drop them when they are defeated. Dante and Lucia can also purchase items, which allow them to restore their damaged health or even instantly revive should they be killed by an enemy's attack.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The Devil Trigger ability enables Dante and Lucia to transform into a demon form. This changes their appearance, increases their strength and defense, slowly restores health, and enables them to use special attacks and other passive and movement abilities, including increased speed and the power to fly. The Devil Trigger state lasts as long as there is power in the Devil Trigger Gauge, which increases by attacking or taunting enemies in the normal state and decreases by attacking in the Devil Trigger state or using Devil Trigger-only attacks. Unique to this game is the Desperation Devil Trigger — an enhanced form of the Devil Trigger — available to Dante when he is low on health.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Players can also use Trish after beating the Hard Mode with Dante. Trish's gameplay is heavily different than Dante, while retaining some of his moves, but she has her own gimmick of her sword combat. Trish can also switch between Sword of Sparda and a hand-to-hand combat. Unlike Dante and Lucia, Trish uses a power-up aura for her "Devil Trigger".


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: At a museum, an item on display called the Medaglia attracts Lucia, a gaggle of demons and Dante. After defeating their foes, Lucia invites Dante to her homeland. An island existing outside the mainstream in the outskirts of the New World, Vie de Marli became a sanctuary for refugees of different races, beliefs and languages; as well as runaway slaves; in the distant past. Despite different cultural roots, all belonged to sects of the same ancient religion—which originated in the Mediterranean then spread to neighboring regions—and were branded as heretics in their places of origin. Over time, these groups blended into one, the syncretism leading to new religions that worshipped demons. For divine conflicts, the people called for protection by the priests of their cults, who were known as "guardians".


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: At Vie de Marli, Dante meets another one, Lucia's mother Matier who, centuries earlier, exorcised Argosax (the evilest idolized demon) with the aid of his father, Sparda. She asks Dante to fight Arius, an international businessman whose Uroboros corporation installed itself on the island. Outwardly interested in "special ores" found there and developing the place, his true intent is to transcend mortality by absorbing Argosax's power after summoning the demon with Arcanas, holy relics hidden throughout Vie de Marli. Dante flips a coin in answer, and decides to help when the coin lands on heads. He heads off to exterminate demons and find Arius, while Lucia collects the Arcanas.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Both fighters spot and chase a Uroboros helicopter flying from headquarters towards an oil platform. Lucia reaches it first and faces Arius, who reveals her origin as his rejected artificial creation. He claims that she is bound to turn on humans someday, then warps her away. Shortly afterward, Dante meets up with Lucia, who gives him the last of the Arcana and leaves. She infiltrates the Uroboros tower to kill Arius, but fails and is held hostage. Dante then encounters Matier, who asks him to take the Arcanas to save Lucia. Dante flips the coin again to decide if he will help; it lands on heads, and he departs to aid Lucia. Dante arrives and trades the Arcana for Lucia, then attacks Arius. To escape, Arius forces Dante to decide between saving Lucia or killing him.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Lucia, worried about the ritual and conflicted about herself, wonders how they will stop Arius. Dante waves her off, stating he will find a way. Dante leaves Lucia to think as he departs to defeat Arius. Matier arrives a short time later, reaffirms their mother-daughter bond as stronger than blood ties, and persuades her to rejoin the fight against Arius. Dante arrives at the tower to find Arius in the middle of his immortality-inducing ritual. However, Dante is not worried as he switched the Medaglia with a non-sacred coin. Another fight ensues, in which Dante finishes Arius off with his pistols. Outside, Lucia confronts Dante and demands that he kill her because she fears she will become a demon herself. Before the issue can be resolved, a large stream of energy strikes the tower and a portal to the demon world is opened. Dante and Lucia argue over who will enter and close it from the inside; Dante offers to leave the issue up to fate. He flips the coin and it once again lands on heads, leaving Dante to enter the portal to deal with the partially summoned Argosax, after leaving the coin with Lucia.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: After Dante departs, Arius returns to life bearing demonic power. While Lucia fights Arius, he finds himself injured and attempts to distract her, a tactic which fails, and Lucia goes on to defeat him. Within the portal, Dante fights and defeats Argosax. Finding the portal closed behind him, Dante instead drives further into the demon realm on a motorcycle. In the aftermath of the battle, Matier attempts to reassure Lucia about Dante's fate, insisting that Sparda returned from a similar trip. Lucia examines the coin Dante left with her and discovers that both sides are identical. Sometime later, in Dante's shop, Lucia muses about Dante. Outside the sound of a motorcycle echoes, and Lucia leaves to investigate. The player is not shown whether or not Dante has returned.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Throughout the turn of the millennium, Team Little Devils—a group within Capcom Production Studio 4 helmed by Hideki Kamiya, who previously lead the successful "Resident Evil 2"—developed "Devil May Cry". As production on that title wound down in the summer of 2001, company management greenlit a sequel, to be made by the arcade-centric Capcom Production Studio 1, for release soon after the original to capitalize on its high awareness and popularity.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The first director of Team Devil was a planner who had worked under Studio 1 General Manager Noritaka Funamizu. That crew ultimately contained many people who had mostly worked on fighting games, as well as some Team Little Devils members, and industry newcomers like producer and planner Bingo Morihashi, totalling around 40 to 50 developers. Kamiya believes the change happened due to a lack of consciousness over directors' influence on game style, and an attempt to balance profits due to a company attitude against concentrating major titles in a single division.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Capcom management at the time was disappointed with the financial performance of Studio 1's output, the change of teams for "Devil May Cry 2" part of a pivot reflecting industry trends. —a former Studio 1 member hired to join Team Devil for character, monster and stage design as a contract worker—described the situation thus:


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Studio 4 General Manager Shinji Mikami agreed to the switch due to headcount: the game would require a large crew, but he wanted the freedom to work on multiple titles, and felt Kamiya lacked experience working with small teams, assigning him to what became "Viewtiful Joe". While working on the localization and finishing touches of "Devil May Cry", Kamiya first heard about the sequel from its original director, who asked him to share that game's screenplay and design document so they could develop the sequel. Since Mikami didn't inform him of the change, and both his directorial efforts faced partial reboots and delays, Kamiya at first thought it was a sign of an imminent firing. Team Devil would communicate regularly with Team Little Devils members for feedback on their work.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: "Devil May Cry 2" was conceived as happening 10 years after the events of the original. Since a producer didn't like the "joke-cracking wiseass" Dante of "Devil May Cry", he was re-envisioned as grown-up and taciturn. Morihashi believes the game's story was outsourced to a non-company writer. , a veteran of both Studio 1 and the series, was asked to make Dante's lines and behavior in a tentative screenplay funnier, as he was found to be too serious. Morihashi—who juggled his Capcom job with a career as a professional novelist—only made small dialogue augmentations and wrote subtitles, cautious of limits due to newness. By the point he got to work on its writing, the script was in the translation process, while bosses and stages were already done. So when the finalized scenario was submitted, he was asked to not make big changes.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The game's entire cast has few lines of dialogue and never takes drastic action. To Ikeno, "[Dante's] sudden silence almost seemed to imply that something terrible had happened between the events of "1" and "2"". Both Ikeno and Morihashi feel the lack of any warm moments from Lucia hurt her likeability, the latter also thinking the same of Matier. Multiple Team Devil members were fond of Arius because "it was neat to have a CEO as a villain"; as "a symbol of high contemporary culture", he became the precedent that allowed writing opportunities in sequels beyond the "fantasy world" setting of the original. To Morihashi, who sees "love" as the central theme of the series, "Devil May Cry 2" "is about Dante's love for his father. He follows in his father's footsteps by protecting something that his father once protected".


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Ikeno sees the series' visual style as aligned with action-packed Hollywood B movies, as such approaching it like a live-action adaptation of a comic book. He made the main cast's wardrobe aiming for clothing that real people would wear. The new characters' designs were made to complement and contrast Dante's, with Lucia's also working as a counterpoint to Trish's design while fitting a Capcom tradition of prioritizing fighting ability over attractiveness in female characters. Arius' face is an homage to Colonel Douglas Mortimer, a character played by Lee Van Cleef in "For a Few Dollars More"; his noble look and palette "imply that he's compensating for a deep, dark evil that he harbors within".


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Despite fluffier hair, Dante's redesign emphasized his elegance, but the accompanying personality change did not endear all: future series character designer couldn't play the game because "Dante's face was a little too scary". Capcom Design Room illustrator Naru Omori created four cover images for "Devil May Cry 2", which he found unsatisfactory due to a short three week deadline, though content with one used on the packaging; as well as the logo pose render, made during an all-nighter. Cutscenes were outsourced near the end of production to the CG animation and motion capture studio Links DigiWorks, who'd contributed to games by other Capcom divisions. Their work impressed Tanaka, which led to a television commercial blending pre-rendered CG with live-action.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Besides playing a role in the contrast, Lucia's skin color, as well the accent she shares with Matier, reflect Vie de Marli's multicultural origins. That factor also played a part in the creation of demons, whose names are derived from languages such as Latin, Greek and archaic Japanese. Ikeno turned to the roots when crafting their designs: "Ancient portrayals of demons rarely incorporated elements that weren't already known to people at the time, so they might have the head of a lion but the body of a human, for instance. It was in this spirit that we decided to make most of our monsters proper chimeras". Inspiration derived from western imagery includes woodblock illustrations of the brazen bull, Norse mythology, the Bible, alchemical symbolism, and rituals with pagan roots. Eastern imagery came from yōkai and "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind".


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Possessed Arius was partly based on deep sea lifeforms and Arius-Argosax on east asian dragons because Ikeno thinks that "the strongest-looking demons tend to be humanoid dragon ones". In his estimate, Argosax the Chaos—an amalgamation that recycles resources and attacks from previous bosses—"probably received more time and effort than anything else in the game", with peculiar coloring because he "really just wanted to make it look weird". Team Devil's arcade background was reflected in the approach to texture mapping: the lack of experience with realistic resources meant most of their textures were handmade, which made its visuals and essence more drawing-like in comparison with "Devil May Cry", whose modelers tackled realism by making textures out of photographs.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The option of running through "Devil May Cry 2" with Lucia was a result of player feedback per Tanaka:


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Global player surveys about the original influenced the sequel's design: "people complained of the locked camera viewpoint being disorienting. A lot of effort has been put into addressing this issue and making scene transitions smoother. [...] The two areas people seemed most pleased with in the first game were how cool a character Dante was and the level of action. So we upped the action and made him even slicker". Puzzles were reduced in size and scope in the process of improving combat flow. Weapon switching happens in the moment. Attempts were made to give players flexibility due to complaints about the original's difficulty. "Devil May Cry 2" was set up for an easy first playthrough, with an increasing degree of challenge as the player goes through its unlockables. Combo charts for Dante and Lucia were printed on the obverse of the Japanese and Korean releases' case inlay.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Both characters received new, more acrobatic moves to achieve high action possibilities in wide spaces. Team Devil pursued a wider variety in stage design. Missions take place both outdoors and indoors, in a multitude of settings; Tanaka estimated that the environments were approximately nine times as large as the first. This approach was matched by a diversification in atmosphere: "In the original "DMC", there were quite a few dark areas [...] This time, we are trying to make sure that players can easily recognize the player character, enemies and items during the game". The first game's engine was used as a base, which by the end of development the staff had altered 98% of, implementing better visual effects and what he claimed was double the resolution of its predecessor, something only perceptible on certain televisions.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Motion animator Hiroyuki Nara was "drafted" into Team Devil near the end of development to work on two unlockables: Dante's "Devil May Cry" model and Trish, the latter featuring the former's playstyle. He originally planned to port over data from that game's source code backup, but it was useless. Team Little Devils' software crew had great influence and freedom over animations; their constant tinkering meant the backup did not reflect how the retail release behaved, with completely different speed on top of final motions being programmed separately. With help from Team Devil's coders, Nara recreated the animations by eyeballing them on a television running "Devil May Cry" side by side with his work monitor. The original release lacked flame effects for the "Kick 13" and "Magma Dive" moves, but they were implemented in re-releases.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Funamizu gave Team Devil complete creative freedom; since "Devil May Cry" tells a complete story, they opted to explore various directions. "Devil May Cry 2" was originally set in New York City and starred a man in a green jacket instead of Dante, but that was changed due to a number of factors, including the September 11 attacks. Ikeno found the team's approach wrong-headed:


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The production of "Devil May Cry 2" was a very difficult process, with the staff struggling against its lack of both know-how in 3D action games and manpower due to other titles concurrently in the works within the division. By the point they had around six months left before the deadline, Studio 1 director Hideaki Itsuno had finished work on "Capcom vs. SNK 2" and was doing the early conception of what became "Dragon's Dogma". Since he appeared to be "idle", his boss ordered his entrance into Team Devil. Itsuno was asked to "reorganize the project" in a supplementary role, which effectively meant taking over leadership, as upper management saw it as director-less. In exchange, he would go uncredited, but ended up the only director listed in the final version of the game. He joined under poor conditions:


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Itsuno was angered at his assignment and took on the job in a "burning [his] own bridges" way; he originally planned a complete overhaul which would detach the game from the "Devil May Cry" intellectual property: "part of me was dissatisfied because I hadn't started with the project from day one. As far as I was concerned, that didn't amount to a proper level of involvement with "DMC"". According to Nara:


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Morihashi, who handled a multitude of odd jobs, found the toil taxing, to the point of coughing blood: "I was living close to the company, so I'd get home around dawn, bathe, change clothes, and then head right back. I was practically sleeping at work so I wouldn't be late. (laughs) I'd even take naps during lunch breaks". Despite the situation, he was still invested in the series, and asked for Kamiya's advice on how to tackle a sequel featuring Vergil. When he joined Team Devil in February 2002; the story, characters and designs were largely finished; with much to do about gameplay: "The stages were mostly there, but not the missions. [...] It was like we had all the trappings done, but not the filling, which made things very hard". At some point, the game's release date was moved up four months.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: "Devil May Cry 2" was revealed at a quarterly financial presentation on 13 May, to be released on the second half of fiscal year 2002. A trailer was showcased later that month at E3. Tanaka was vague in disclosing many of the game's features; no concrete information could be given about the orb system because Team Devil was still working on it. Enemy voices and sound effects were recorded at Soundelux in July. Capcom pegged its launch window in early September, "Devil May Cry 2" was 65% complete around then. It was showcased with a two-mission long playable demo at the end of the month at Tokyo Game Show, where it was the most popular game at the Capcom booth. With a combination of media and visitor votes, it was one of fifteen titles that won the Award for Excellece of the inaugural Game Awards Future category at the CESA Game Awards; Tanaka stated Team Devil were in the final stages of development during his victory speech. That demo was released on a "Dengeki PS2" bundled disc.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Three features emphasized on previews as bringing accessibility to both casual and dedicated players—but cut from the final game—are automatically scaling difficulty, fully customizable controls and multiple paths for all missions; Tanaka felt the uneven mission lengths of "Devil May Cry" was an issue, and saw the last feature as a way for players to pace playthroughs out to match their preferences. Ikeno's early boss drafts depicted Jokatgulm as either a conventional demon or a humanoid woman whose body is composed of multiple giant skulls with tentacles coming through them; while Nefasturris was based on buddhist art. Among unused foes are a plant demon, masses of bodies and spirits, a rival with abilities similar to Dante's who could shoot energy balls and fly at any time, and a boss would've been a huge dragon with fire attacks. A Bloody Palace floor with four Orangguerra was scrapped because their large size and attack range meant they easily killed one another. Dante's motorcycle would have played a larger part through driving missions and as a weapon, something Itsuno personally proposed to the programmers. Pre-release stills showcased him brandishing Alastor. He was also intended to vocally react as his style rating changes during combat.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Itsuno did everything he could while struggling to release a quality finished product in the conditions the game was. He accomplished everything his superiors wanted from him, but wasn't satisfied. He didn't want "Devil May Cry 2" to be his legacy within the series, so before development had wrapped, Itsuno asked his higher-ups for "", with himself as director from the start of the project. He rallied Team Devil to stay for it; some members shared his sentiment, with many wanting to work with what they learned making "Devil May Cry 2". With regards to player reception, "Devil May Cry 2" pleased those who found the original too difficult, but drove much of the player base away, which made Team Devil's goal to win them back.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: In November 2020, Capcom was targeted by a ransomware attack, which led to a file batch containing the source code backup for "Devil May Cry 2" leaking on the internet.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Due to the focus of "Devil May Cry 2" on style, Capcom partnered with the Diesel clothing company, which has a history of working with game developers. Per Ikeno, the collaboration happened via Tanaka, who was an ex-Diesel employee: "People on both sides talked at the time and felt that "DMC 2" and Diesel's visual styles would work well together and could be quite appealing to the casual audience". Three costumes (one for Dante, two for Lucia) made of pieces from Diesel's 2002 Autumn/Winter collection—which were almost entirely sold out by the point the game came out— and a belt designed by Team Devil's visual staff, were featured as unlockables for players. "Devil May Cry 2" posters and kiosks showcasing a demo and trailer were placed in Diesel stores across Japan.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: In Japan, a charm bracelet with a detachable steel miniature of Dante's sword Rebellion was distributed in a first come first served basis to people who preordered "Devil May Cry 2" through participating retailers. The South Korea-exclusive limited edition contained both the bracelet and a black blouson emblazoned with the game's logo.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: One year after the game's release, Dante—sporting the design and some of the personality he has in "Devil May Cry 2"—was featured as a boss and summonable ally in the Atlus RPG " Maniax". He is also available in "Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne HD Remaster" by purchashing the "Maniax Pack" downloadable content.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Initially, Capcom was very reluctant to release an officially sanctioned soundtrack for "Devil May Cry 2". After a test period during which Capcom sought 1,000 pre-orders as a proof of demand, the "Devil May Cry 2" soundtrack was released to the public on October 15, 2004, as a two-disc set, with Masato Kohda, Tetsuya Shibata and Satoshi Ise credited as producers.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: The game received mixed reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Chief among the complaints was that the difficulty was lower than in the first game. The combat system was also criticized as being less refined, with individual weapons being weaker or stronger variants of the same weapon instead of different weapons with their own advantages and disadvantages. Boss battles were criticized for requiring less strategy than the original. The environment was less detailed than the environments of the first game, trading detail for open space which also made stringing moves and combos together more difficult since enemies were more spaced out, nullifying one of the primary attractions of the first game. Furthermore, Dante's personality change did not sit well with reviewers. The addition of a second disc was seen as a cheap way for the developers to increase replay value since Lucia's missions are simply recycled material from Dante's own missions, with only minor variations. GameSpot chose "Devil May Cry 2" as the Most Disappointing Game of 2003. UGO Networks ranked "Devil May Cry 2" 19th on its list of "The Biggest Disappointments in Video Games", adding ""Devil May Cry" was so good [...] There was no way "Devil May Cry 2" could've lived up to the hype, but it didn't have to fail so spectacularly."


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: However, the game received some positive reviews. PSXextreme, for example, countered arguments by many critics, stating that the environments only looked worse due to their range, and that the only reason "Devil May Cry 2" failed to surpass its origins was due to the lack of challenge. "Electronic Gaming Monthly" praised the game's control scheme and new ideas, as well as the idea of featuring the two protagonists on separate discs. "Play" called Lucia's side of the story "a cruel sonnet of self-realization wrapped in a story steeped in religious overtones", stating that the story alone was reason to purchase the game.


title: Devil May Cry 2

text: Capcom positioned "Devil May Cry 2" as a blockbuster title for the fiscal year. It sold well, becoming one of the top ten best-selling games in the United Kingdom for the first half of 2003. It earned the 500,000 yen Gold Prize at the 2003 for selling between 500,000 and 1 million copies in Japan by July. However, it did not meet corporate expectations: sales totalled 1.4 million copies worldwide by the end of March 2003, slightly below their 1.66 million forecast, itself a reduced estimate from initial projections. The game's market shortcomings and troubled creation reflected wider struggles within the company: the cancellation of 18 titles in concurrent development with it led Capcom to undertake mid-production evaluations and stronger pre-development project vetting. As of 31 March 2022, over 2.9 million units have been sold.


title: Peace flag

text: "The Peace Flag" is an initiative that aims to unify all nations underneath one common symbol on International Peace Day.


title: Peace flag

text: While there are various icons of peace – the olive branch, the dove – there is no official world flag of peace adopted by the United Nations. That's why this initiative has proposed that, for one day a year on 21 September, every country raises an all-white version of their national flag to represent that we are all one. In 2013, embassies of Colombia, Equatorial Guinea and Ecuador in London officially agreed to support The Peace Flag initiative by raising a colorless version of their respective flags on 21 September. The initiative was nominated for a White Pencil in 2012 at D&AD for its contribution towards peace, in support of Peace One Day.


title: Peace flag

text: The white flag is recognized in most of the world as a flag of surrender, truce or ceasefire. The first mention of a white flag used in this context is made during the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25–220). A white flag was also used by the anti-war movement during the US Civil War in 1861.


title: Peace flag

text: In 1891, the third Universal Peace Congress in Rome devised a generalized Peace Flag design, which was simply the home nation's flag bordered in white to signify non-violent conflict resolution. This was used (although not officially adopted) by the American Peace Society and the Universal Peace Union. It was designed by Henry Pettit.