title: Negro y Azul

text: Hank is having trouble fitting in at the DEA office in El Paso, Texas, where his sense of humor is not appreciated and his coworkers do not respect him, partly because he is not fluent in Spanish. At a meeting with a cartel informant nicknamed "Tortuga", Hank loses his patience with the man's demands and his apparent disrespect. Some days later, while waiting for a meeting in the desert, Hank spots a message from the cartels: Tortuga's severed head mounted on top of a tortoise. Sickened by the grotesque display, Hank moves away from the tortoise. Doing so saves his life when a bomb strapped to the tortoise goes off.


title: Negro y Azul

text: Due to financial constraints, Skyler goes to her old company to apply for an entry-level job. She meets with her old friend and boss, Ted Beneke, who has taken over the company after his father's death. He decides to give Skyler her old job in the accounting department. Walt is concerned over Skyler's health at the workplace, especially since she originally left due to health problems from the company's manufacturing. There is obvious sexual tension between Skyler and Beneke; he reveals that he recently separated from his wife, the mother of his two children.


title: Negro y Azul

text: Jesse sees his landlady, Jane Margolis, drawing on their front steps, and connects with her over their love of art. However, he is identified by a passing motorcyclist who has heard of his reputation, and it is revealed that he lied to her about his name. After he later admits to lying to her, she says that she doesn't care what he does as long as he doesn't do it at the house. He invites her inside to watch TV, even though he can't get his new television working. She holds his hand as they stare at the blank television.


title: Negro y Azul

text: The episode received critical praise. Seth Amitin, writing for "IGN", gave the episode a 9.3/10, commenting: "This was one of the better episodes this season and now we've only just dipped our toes into the deep end."


title: Negro y Azul

text: In 2019, The Ringer ranked "Negro y Azul" as the 36th best out of the 62 total "Breaking Bad" episodes.


title: Negro y Azul

text: The episode was written by John Shiban, and directed by Felix Alcala. It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on April 19, 2009.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: Black Ice is the fifteenth studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. Released internationally on 20 October 2008, it was produced by Brendan O'Brien. It marked the band's first original recordings since 2000's "Stiff Upper Lip", with the eight-year gap being the longest between AC/DC's successive studio albums. "Black Ice" has the longest running time of any AC/DC studio album.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: The album's development was delayed because bass guitarist Cliff Williams sustained an injury and the band changed labels from Elektra Records to Sony Music Entertainment. The first composing sessions between guitarists/brothers Angus and Malcolm Young were in London in 2003. Recording happened during March and April 2008 at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. O'Brien tried to recapture the rock sound of the band's early work, as opposed to the blues orientation of "Ballbreaker" and "Stiff Upper Lip", with suggestions such as adding "soul crooning" to Brian Johnson's singing. The songs were mostly recorded live in the studio; engineer Mike Fraser used only sparse overdubs and effects to keep the tracks as close to the originals as possible.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: "Black Ice" was released exclusively in physical formats, as the group did not sell its music digitally at the time. Walmart got exclusive rights to distribute the album in North America. Its release was promoted with an extensive marketing campaign, which included displays of AC/DC memorabilia. The four singles issued from the album were, "Rock 'n' Roll Train", "Big Jack", "Anything Goes", and "Money Made". "Black Ice" peaked at number one in 29 countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. It was the second best-selling record of 2008, behind Coldplay's "Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends" and had shipped 6 million copies worldwide by December. Critical reviews were generally positive, praising the music and its resemblance to the classic AC/DC sound, although some critics found the work too long and inconsistent. The track "War Machine" won the Best Hard Rock Performance category at the Grammys. The album itself was nominated for many awards, including the Grammy, Brit, Juno and ARIA Music Awards; and was supported by a world tour between 2008 and 2010.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: "Black Ice" was the final album to feature the "Back in Black"-era lineup of the band, with founding rhythm guitarist Malcolm Young leaving the band in September 2014 after being diagnosed with dementia, eventually dying from the illness in 2017.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: "Black Ice" is AC/DC's fifteenth studio album release in Australia and their fourteenth international release. The band took a break after finishing the Stiff Upper Lip World Tour in 2001, and resumed performing in 2003, with eight presentations that included AC/DC's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and they opened three concerts for The Rolling Stones' Licks Tour. During those two years, guitarists Angus Young and Malcolm Young wrote music separately, then met in a London studio to work on new songs.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: The production of "Black Ice" was delayed for several reasons. AC/DC left their label Atlantic Records, signed a deal with Sony Music and changed labels within Sony from Epic Records to Columbia Records. Bass guitarist Cliff Williams suffered an injury to his hand in 2005 and was unable to play for 18 months. While Williams was recovering, the Young brothers perfected the songs they had written. Angus revealed that there was no pressure from Sony for the band to release a new album, as the label was releasing DVDs and remasters of the AC/DC catalogue, and thus the group "could afford to sit back and say we'll do another album when we think we've got all the goods." In a 2004 interview, vocalist Brian Johnson said that Angus had written harder riffs than those on "Stiff Upper Lip" and that he would be writing song lyrics for the first time since the band's 1988 album "Blow Up Your Video", but his input would end up minimal, with all tracks on "Black Ice" credited to the Youngs. Johnson explained that the brothers had done most of the lyrical job, and his collaboration was that he "helped with melody and just filling in gaps that I thought needed filling in".


title: Black Ice (album)

text: While producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange expressed an interest in working again with AC/DC, his schedule did not allow this. When the Young brothers called Columbia Records' president Steve Barnett to announce the making of a new album, Barnett recommended producer Brendan O'Brien. Angus said the band had considered talking to O'Brien since the 1990s, as "he seemed to us a very competent professional" and because he and the band would benefit from working with a producer they had not worked with before.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: On 3 March 2008, recording started at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, where "Stiff Upper Lip" was recorded, and lasted for eight weeks. Engineer Mike Fraser, who has mixed all AC/DC albums since "The Razors Edge", said they recorded in batches of three songs to "keep things interesting" and to avoid overextended sessions. According to Fraser, the band had not rehearsed the songs before entering the studio. Despite "a couple of tweaks in the writing, sparkling up the choruses a bit better" during the recording, the compositions were mostly complete. Still, the Young brothers had new ideas during production, including the song "Anything Goes", which was written when the studio sessions were nearly finished. The songs were mostly recorded live in the studio; the instruments and backing vocals were recorded in the live room, and the lead vocals were recorded in both the control room and an overdubbing booth. The performances were first recorded with analogue equipment, as Fraser considers that tape conveys "the sound of rock & roll", and then digitised for mixing and overdubs. Fraser avoided altering the original recordings – "I used Pro-Tools purely as a tape machine" – with no effects on the bass and rhythm guitar, sparse delay and reverb effects on the vocals and other instruments, and overdubs only for the lead guitar and vocals.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: The first title considered for the album was "Runaway Train". Malcolm suggested using a photograph of a famous 1895 derailment for the cover, but reconsidered after he found that Mr. Big had used it for their album "Lean into It". According to Angus, "Runaway Train" was rejected because it had been used by many musicians, including Elton John, Tom Petty and Eric Clapton, and he "wanted something unique, new, different". So he suggested "Black Ice", which refers to gigs played during winter in Scotland. He said, "it rolled off the tongue" and it reminded him of "radio warnings up north of black ice." Angus was inspired to write the eponymous song by a similar warning heard on his car radio during production.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: With "Black Ice", Brendan O'Brien tried to recapture the rock sound of AC/DC's early work on albums such as "Highway to Hell" and "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap". He thought the two previous studio albums, "Ballbreaker" and "Stiff Upper Lip", were blues-influenced. O'Brien tried to focus on the choruses, which he felt were the best part of the AC/DC songs, and encouraged the band to emphasise the "hooky, melodic side" of its song-writing, which Angus complimented, since he had "never been great with harmonies". Mike Fraser said the band aimed "towards "The Razors Edge" era, a little bit more up-tempo stuff." O'Brien made suggestions about the band's performance, got Angus to play slide guitar on "Stormy May Day", and told Johnson to swap some screaming for "soul crooning" as Johnson was a soul singer. Johnson was worried that the rest of the band would think this did not suit the band's style of hard rock and roll, but the band was quite receptive. Because of the highly demanding singing style, Johnson only recorded his vocals for one hour a day. The rhythm section continues the basic structure from other AC/DC records; Cliff Williams played bass lines of eighth notes, and Phil Rudd's drumming was a consistent 4/4 time, mostly on his snare, kick drum and hi-hat cymbal. Both musicians expressed contentment with their roles in the band; Rudd said, "I'm not repressing skills. Most drummers are scared to try this", and Williams admitted he plays "the same thing in every song, for the most part", but added "in AC/DC's music, the song is more important than any individual's bit in it".


title: Black Ice (album)

text: Angus said that when composing with Malcolm they share ideas to make each track "work together" to form a complete album, and Johnson added "these songs belong together. It's about five boys having a damn good time in a studio." With 15 songs and a running time of over 55 minutes, "Black Ice" has the longest running time of any AC/DC studio record. Malcolm said that "about 60 or 70 song ideas" were developed. Angus said that the first attempt to sequence the album resulted in a track list comprising eleven songs, "but as the days went by each band member voted for a new track, and then another, and other one" so they decided to include all the recorded tracks.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: Most of the album's tracks are about rock and roll itself–Angus stated, "Certain songs just seem to come to life when you add that phrase". However, other themes served as inspiration. "Money Made" is a criticism on how, according to Angus, in the US "everything is money these days". "War Machine" was based on a documentary on Hannibal, which led to the conclusion that the military has not changed since Ancient Rome. "Wheels" tells about Johnson's passion for motorcars. He described the album's release as the "best one we've done", he felt that while "Back in Black" was great for its time, "Black Ice" shows the band's versatility. Angus also said he admired the album's diversity, saying "It is sufficiently varied to please people in varied moods".


title: Black Ice (album)

text: On 18 August 2008, Columbia Records announced that "Black Ice" would be released on 20 October in the US, and began accepting pre-orders.<ref name="AC/DC Pre-Order Black Ice"></ref> "Rock 'n' Roll Train" was issued as the first single from the album on 28 August; "Big Jack" and "Anything Goes" followed in some markets, and "Money Made" was an airplay single in Australia and the United Kingdom. The track "Spoilin' for a Fight", was used by the WWE as the theme song for its 2008 Survivor Series event, and "War Machine" would later be included in both a trailer for 2010's "Iron Man 2" and the film's soundtrack album in addition to serving as one of the theme songs for WrestleMania XXV.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: The CD version was also available in a hardcover, deluxe edition with a 30-page booklet containing exclusive new illustrations, studio and live photographs of the group and lyrics. A limited edition steel-box version, containing the CD, a 20-page colour booklet, a DVD featuring the "Rock 'n' Roll Train" video and a making of documentary, a large AC/DC flag, five stickers and a Gibson guitar pick, was issued in Germany and the United Kingdom in December. The album was released as a double LP on two 180-gram discs in a gatefold package featuring the standard red lettering artwork on the front. The LP was sold through the official website and through independent record shops in the US. An unknown number of copies of the vinyl version were incorrectly pressed; side 1B had tracks from The Clash's "Live at Shea Stadium". "Black Ice" was not issued digitally as the band refused to sell their tracks separately. Angus declared, "If we were on iTunes, we know a certain percentage of people would only download two or three songs from the album – and we don't think that represents us musically." However, the entire album was leaked online a week before the official release. Rumours spread that Sony Music tried to control leaks by releasing fake tracks on peer-to-peer websites.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: In North America, Walmart made a deal for the exclusive distribution of "Black Ice", though a few independent music shops ordered copies of the album from foreign outlets. Angus declared that the band chose Walmart because the company is the biggest physical music retailer in America, which they believed to be "the best alternative to iTunes". He also said, "There aren't as many record stores these days, and Walmarts are all over America. New York and Los Angeles and Chicago may be covered, but in the heartland of America, Walmart may be the only gig in town." Walmart created over 3000 "Rock Again AC/DC Stores" with displays showcasing the band's albums, branded clothing, the "No Bull" DVD, the video game "", and products from sponsors. Gary Severson, a Walmart senior vice president, said that AC/DC was one of the rare artists whose loyal fan-base allowed them to display other merchandise along with the music. In October, MTV, Walmart and Columbia created "AC/DC Rock Band Stores" in cities without regular Walmart retail locations–New York's Times Square and Los Angeles. "Black Ice" trucks were dispatched on the streets of these cities after the release, playing tracks and making stops each day to sell merchandise. Advertising agency Arnold Worldwide was awarded both Best Activity Generating Brand Volume by the Marketing Agencies Association, and Best Retail/Co-Marketing Campaign by "Promo Magazine" for "Black Ice"s marketing campaign.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: A digital version of "Black Ice" was made available on iTunes, along with the rest of AC/DC's catalogue, on 19 November 2012.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: The cover art of "Black Ice" was drawn by Joshua Marc Levy, art director for Columbia and a longtime fan of the band who volunteered for the project among "many people at Sony who desired to work on it". There are four different covers; the standard edition has a red logo, the deluxe edition has a blue logo, and two variants to the regular design include yellow or white logos. Angus said the options were not to deliver the message that fans would need to purchase all covers. He said, "We know most people will only purchase the record once, in their colour of choice. For me, it's not relevant. What matters is that fans enjoy it. Music is the essence."


title: Black Ice (album)

text: After working with the cover for the album, provisionally titled "Runaway Train", Levy went on vacation and travelled with Pearl Jam on their 2008 tour. After a concert in Washington D.C., Levy came up with the idea "to do it all graphic black on black" and sketched what would become the yellow artwork. The record company liked it and requested he do two more in the same style, which became the red and white versions. During the promotional photography sessions, Levy made the deluxe edition art. The tracks on the album did not have much influence on the artwork as Levy had heard "maybe 5 songs at that point", but he found it curious that his artwork fit the title track "Black Ice", which was not among the tracks he had heard. Levy said that since the album had many similarities with "Back in Black" – "Black" in the title, dark covers, and AC/DC resurfacing with a sound based on the band's early work – the art was "like a time travel, which is why there are so many psychedelic drawings". The artwork's resemblance to a train, echoing lead single "Rock N' Roll Train", was a coincidence, given Levy "never thought of it that way". Atop the image there is a cog with an image of Angus with his fist in the air resembling the statue on "Stiff Upper Lip", because Levy "just thought it was great as a continuing icon." The photographs for the booklet and promotional photography were taken by music photographer Guido Karp, in August 2008 in London.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: Critical reviews of "Black Ice" were generally favourable according to Metacritic, which provided a normalised rating of 69 out of 100 based on 24 reviews from mainstream critics. Most reviewers complimented the album's sound, with "The Village Voice"s Richard Bienstock considering that Brendan O'Brien's production restored a sonority closer to the Vanda and Young produced 1970s albums and effective choruses like those with "Mutt" Lange, and Aaron Burgess of "The A.V. Club" finding "Black Ice" the most inspired AC/DC album since "The Razors Edge" while sounding "harder, hungrier, and more relevant than anything on contemporary radio."


title: Black Ice (album)

text: "There's a sense of purpose to this new album that far outstrips its predecessor, "Stiff Upper Lip"," wrote Paul Eliott in a 7/10 review for "Classic Rock". "It sounds bigger and better. It has more energy, more vibe. There's more craft to it, stronger songs, catchier hooks. It is, in short, their best album since… well, the one after "Back in Black"."


title: Black Ice (album)

text: A common argument was that "Black Ice" succeeded because AC/DC did not want to change the style that succeeded in previous albums. Bernard Zuel of "The Sydney Morning Herald" declared that "almost all of [the tracklist] could have appeared on any AC/DC album of the past 28 years". Chris Jones of the BBC said the band's "almost platonic form of rock 'n' boogie that was hand built to last" remains because they "have no reason to tinker with a formula that was well-nigh perfect to begin with". Writers such as "Spin"s David Marchese and "The Observer"s Peter Kimpton complimented the band's attempts at "some new sonic tricks", such as the slide guitar of "Stormy May Day" and the quieter "Decibel".


title: Black Ice (album)

text: However, some reviewers found the album inconsistent, overly long or formulaic. "Black Ice" was described as a retread of other AC/DC albums without the same inspiration, with Spence D. of IGN declaring that "the band sounds tight, but very few of the songs actually resonate with that sense of classicism found on much of their earlier efforts", "The Austin Chronicle"'s Austin Powell feeling that despite "a few cheap thrills" the album lacked "the urgent indecency and iron force that defined the Bon Scott era", and Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine considering that after "Big Jack" the tracks went into a "too-comfortable groove, fueled by too-tight rhythms and guitars that sound loud but not beefy". Many complained about the lack of variation, made more flagrant by the long track list. "Entertainment Weekly"s reviewer Clark Collis wrote that "even 2000's fairly monochromatic "Stiff Upper Lip" had more varied material", Brian Hiatt of "Rolling Stone" felt that "Black Ice" "feels longer than its 55 minutes, thanks to a stretch of throwaway rockers", and Robert Forster of "The Monthly" thought that a shorter running time would "maximise the album's impact", given he found the first four songs and the title track the best for sounding more diverse, while the other tracks were let down by poor songwriting and a "numbing predictability".


title: Black Ice (album)

text: "Black Ice" made history by debuting at number one on album charts of 29 countries, and is Columbia Records' biggest debut album since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data for "Billboard" in March 1991. "Black Ice" was the second best-selling album worldwide in 2008, behind Coldplay's "Viva La Vida or Death and All His Friends". As of December 2008, it had shipped six million copies worldwide, and earned sales certifications in 24 countries, with multi-platinum status in eight, platinum in twelve more, and gold in the four remaining.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: On the first day of its US release, 20 October 2008, "Black Ice" sold over 193,000 units. By 28 October, "Black Ice" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart, selling over 784,000 copies in its first week, the second highest one-week sales of an album in the US of 2008, behind Lil Wayne's "Tha Carter III". It was AC/DC's second release to top the US charts, after "For Those About to Rock We Salute You" (1981) and became the biggest debut ever by a mainstream hard rock album. As of 31 December 2008, the album had sold 1.915 million copies in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan, and was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA. "Black Ice" also debuted at number one on the ARIA Album Charts, selling over 90,000 units, and the UK Album charts, with 110,000 copies sold. It was their first number one in the UK since "Back in Black" (1980). In Canada, "Black Ice" debuted at number one and sold 119,000 copies in its first week, making it the best-selling album debut in Canada in 2008. The album held the top spot in Canada for three consecutive weeks, with sales of over 200,000 copies. In Germany, "Black Ice" became the 14th best-selling album of the 2000s, with sales of 1 million copies and being certified 5 times platinum.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009, "Black Ice" won in the categories of Best Rock Album and Highest Selling Album; it was nominated for Album of the Year and AC/DC were nominated for Group of the Year.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: At the APRA Awards of 2010 Angus and Malcolm won Songwriters of the Year, and "Rock 'n' Roll Train" won Most Played Australian Work Overseas.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: At the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009, "Rock 'n' Roll Train" was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and at the 2010 ceremony, "Black Ice" was nominated for Best Rock Album and the track "War Machine" won the Best Hard Rock Performance category.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: "Black Ice" was ranked 41st on "Rolling Stone"s Top 50 Albums of 2008 list, 29th on a similar list by "Q" magazine, 17th on "Kerrang!"s Top 20 Albums of the Year and 3rd in UGO's list of the 11 Best Metal Albums of 2008.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: To promote "Black Ice", AC/DC launched the Black Ice World Tour on 28 October 2008 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Two days earlier, they had held a dress rehearsal in the same city. The tour lasted for 168 shows in 11 legs, with the last in Bilbao, Spain, on 28 June 2010.


title: Black Ice (album)

text: Mark Fisher, who had worked on the Stiff Upper Lip World Tour, designed the stage. The set's centrepiece was a full size locomotive, weighing 3500 kg, that was inspired by the working title "Runaway Train" and the track "Rock 'n' Roll Train". Five songs from "Black Ice" were included on the tour's set list; "Rock 'n' Roll Train", "Big Jack", "Black Ice", "War Machine", and "Anything Goes".


title: Black Ice (album)

text: The Black Ice World Tour was AC/DC's most successful, grossing $441.6 million, making it the fourth highest-grossing concert tour of all-time. Three concerts in December 2009 at the River Plate Stadium in Buenos Aires were released as the DVD "Live at River Plate" on 10 May 2011.


title: Class of 3000

text: Class of 3000 is an American animated musical television series created by André 3000 (best known as a member of the hip hop duo Outkast) for Cartoon Network. The series follows superstar and music teacher Sunny Bridges (voiced by 3000), who teaches a group of students at Atlanta, Georgia's Westley School of Performing Arts. Bridges is a jazz and blues artist who occasionally lectures in Atlanta's Little Five Points residential area. Both OutKast and Cartoon Network are based in Atlanta. 28 episodes were produced.


title: Class of 3000

text: "Class of 3000" was produced by Tom Lynch Company, Moxie Turtle, and Cartoon Network Studios. It is also the final Cartoon Network original series to premiere when Jim Samples was Cartoon Network's General Manager and Executive Vice President, as he later resigned following the 2007 Boston Mooninite panic.


title: Class of 3000

text: While on a trip to Turner Broadcasting to pitch projects, Thomas Lynch met with vice president of programming for Cartoon Network Mike Lazzo, an old friend of his. Lynch told him he wanted to make an animated series with music, and Lazzo said he had a pilot.


title: Class of 3000

text: While discussing ideas, the two realized their shared fondness for Outkast's album "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" and contacted André 3000 to turn his "The Love Below" into an animated show for Adult Swim. André however was uninterested in the idea and instead proposed coming up with an original concept. Wanting to avoid the show turning into "Hammerman" or "The Jackson 5ive", André decided to become directly involved with development and not have it become "a licensing deal". His only stipulation was that the show must be set in Atlanta, as no cartoon prior had been set in the city and he wanted to showcase its culture to a wider audience.


title: Class of 3000

text: Unsure of where to take the project, Lazzo and André took a trip to Atlanta where they visited André's childhood neighborhood Bankhead and then where he enrolled at Sutton Middle School on the other side of town in the wealthy Buckhead area.


title: Class of 3000

text: "André started talking about his youth ... It was two completely different worlds. His mom insisted he get a great education, so she got his transportation arranged. As I’m listening to all this I’m thinking, ‘André, this is the show I want to see." - Mike Lazzo


title: Class of 3000

text: Development of the series lasted two and a half years. 2D animation veteran Joe Horne was attached as director. As neither Lynch or André had experience in the animation industry, Lynch told Horne he would have to "teach [us]". Lynch admitted to "making every mistake anybody could make" for his first animated project.


title: Class of 3000

text: "I think my worst [mistake] was when the cut came back [from overseas animation]. I looked at it and said, Okay, I have some rewrites. They said, "Uhhh, you get some retakes." I had thought retakes meant whole scenes, but it was only moments or close-ups. That was an education right there, because in live-action I rewrite all the way through post-production, I change everything all the time." - Thomas Lynch


title: Class of 3000

text: The main characters were inspired by people André knew as a child. He related how on one occasion he was telling stories from his childhood to Lynch, who responded "Oh, that's it! There's a character right there." Diversity was an important element from André's experience that he wanted to incorporate as well: "I'm in school with the mayors kids, my friends were East Indian, people from France. I was getting all kinds of influences and I thought it would be cool to have these different types of characters, different nationalities coming together as music." André also wanted to use the show to highlight music programs, which he lamented were being removed from schools in the United States at the time. Inspiration for the series' premise came from "Dead Poets Society".


title: Class of 3000

text: "One of my favorite movies is "Dead Poets Society", and I felt like doing that with kids. I also thought it’d be great to have this teacher teach kids in an unorthodox way, so I stepped in as the teacher, Sunny Bridges." - André 3000


title: Class of 3000

text: Sunny Bridges' character was inspired by Sonny Rollins, who became well-known for taking a hiatus from performing live concerts to practice under the Williamsburg Bridge. By this point, the series had shifted from being "dark and sexy" to "a regular type of show" according to Lynch. In light of this direction, Michael Ouweleen suggested moving it to a primetime slot on Cartoon Network, which they agreed to.


title: Class of 3000

text: The series was planned to begin featuring guest musicians after several seasons, including Big Boi, Gwen Stefani, Pharrell or Snoop Dogg among others.


title: Class of 3000

text: Lynch and André were familiar with Cartoon Network's other series, like "Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi", and wanted to give the show "a flowy kind of look" in contrast to their more "boxy and squarey" style. The pair struggled to find the right character designer, which they attributed to them being "very focused on what we want, but we didn't [speak] their language. They had to interpret what we were asking for." André wanted the characters to look "cool and original" and have "a lyricism, a movement and body style almost like musical notes." Eighteen designers in total were brought in to draw the main characters before David Colman was selected.


title: Class of 3000

text: Valerio Ventura, who worked on visual development for Disney movies like "The Rescuers Down Under", served as supervising art director. Ventura was also responsible for painting the show's "jazzy spotted backgrounds" as described by Animation World Network, which, according to Lynch, "he put the (not-quite) finished art on a table, and ... literally threw paint across them Jackson Pollock-style".


title: Class of 3000

text: Each episode of the series contains an original song with an accompanying animated music video, which André likened to "mini-"Fantasias"". The music videos are directed by guest animators and feature styles different from the rest of the show. Artists "were given free reign " and "staying on model was strictly optional" according to Lynch. Several artists who directed music videos include John Kricfalusi, Bill Sienkiewicz, Kyle Baker, Jorge Gutierrez, Peter Chung and Charlie Bean.


title: Class of 3000

text: The series features several veteran voice actors for the main cast, including Tom Kenny (Eddie), Phil LaMarr (Philly Phil), Jennifer Hale (Madison), Janice Kawaye (Kim & Kam) and Jeff Bennett (Principal Luna). André described his first recording session with the other actors as "intimidat[ing]" until they helped coach him and "become a little more whimsical and magical". The leading role of Lil' D was given to "Small Fire", a local Atlanta comedian who grew up in André's neighborhood and was "the local tomboy [who] would beat us in basketball." He had her in mind for the role from the beginning and finding her was "relatively simple"; his mom went over to her mom's house and asked where she was.


title: Class of 3000

text: "Class of 3000" was cancelled in December 2007 partially due to budget constraints, low ratings and scheduling conflicts of André submitting his songs for the show by deadline.


title: Class of 3000

text: Mike Lazzo (who had left Cartoon Network to become senior executive vice president of Adult Swim after "Class of 3000" was greenlit) also noted it was a victim of a regime change at Cartoon Network, which began following Jim Samples resignation earlier that year over the 2007 Boston Mooninite panic. Because of this, "Class of 3000" has not been seen in reruns nor transferred on Boomerang.


title: Class of 3000

text: Every episode of the show features at least one original song performed by the characters, which were written to fit the story.


title: Class of 3000

text: André 3000 listed "Peanuts" and "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids" as inspirations for the show's musical style, saying:


title: Class of 3000

text: "I watched "Peanuts" growing up, and the music was always strong. Vince Guaraldi, a great jazz artist, was doing all the music for "Peanuts". And at the time ... "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids" had music involved. So I was really looking for a vehicle to do music. I thought it’d be dope for kids to hear something different than what they hear every day. I wanted to expose them to different sounds, and instruments they might not be hearing … on the radio."


title: Class of 3000

text: While recording a song, André would lay reference tracks by saying/singing lines meant for the children characters in the show before sending it to Cartoon Network for the actors to replace. André noted the difficulty of this, saying: "I’d have to change my voice to act like a kid, had to "think" like a kid, and that was the hardest learning curve musically. I knew I wanted to introduce kids to certain instruments and keep it upbeat. But it was a challenge to bring my inner kid out."


title: Class of 3000

text: Regarding the show's background music, André wanted it to have an "Atlanta/southern vibe", and selected The B-52's member Pat Irwin to oversee it.


title: Class of 3000

text: A CD featuring songs from the first season of the show was released on July 3, 2007 via LaFace Records.


title: Class of 3000

text: The series made its world premiere (previously advertised as a live premiere with performances by Chris Brown) on November 3, 2006 at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT with a one-hour special. It was Cartoon Network's highest rated premiere since "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends" in 2004 and ranked #1 in all of television for boys 2-11 and boys 6-11. It later premiered on Cartoon Network UK on May 28, 2007 and Cartoon Network Australia/New Zealand on February 4, 2008.


title: Class of 3000

text: Although there have been no home video releases in Region 1, the show is available on Google Play, with the exception of "The Cure" from season two.


title: Class of 3000

text: A DVD of the first season was released on April 17, 2008, in Region 4. Plus, in the UK, 3 episodes from the series were placed on a DVD.


title: Class of 3000

text: The show received mostly positive reviews. The New York Times called it "an eclectic, speedy and fun-enough cartoon that combines styles from anime, shimmying iPod ads and the merrily slapdash work of Filmation in the 1970s." Regarding André 3000's influence, they said "[his] energizing music combines funk and crunk and every other style, knows from cacophony, and the show... is kept under control with witty, pointed dialogue and kid-friendly punch lines about, say, Clay Aiken or Big Pharma." The Boston Globe also described the series as "both sweetly innocent and urban contemporary" and that it "offers music as something spiritual and celebratory and not to be made just for money". Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars, saying: "Class of 3000 offers a rich cast of diverse characters, colorful animation, and fun (if sometimes somewhat far-fetched) storylines. ... In addition to his creative responsibilities, Benjamin also contributes original songs and music videos to each episode (a tie-in album is available) -- the entire package may just leave your kids with a renewed interest in music."


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: Schefflera arboricola () is a flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, native to Taiwan and Hainan Province, China. Its common name is dwarf umbrella tree, as it resembles a smaller version of the umbrella tree, "Schefflera actinophylla". Current taxonomy places both species in the genus "Heptapleurum".


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: It is an evergreen shrub growing to 8–9 m tall, free-standing, or clinging to the trunks of other trees as an epiphyte. The leaves are palmately compound, with 7–9 leaflets, the leaflets 9–20 cm long and 4–10 cm broad (though often smaller in cultivation) with a wedge-shaped base, entire margin, and an obtuse or acute apex, sometimes emarginate. The leaves are leathery in texture, shiny green, glabrous on the upper surface and somewhat lighter and matte on the underside. Young plants have smaller leaves and fewer leaflets. Each leaflet has a central rib that divides it into two halves, with between four and six ribs clearly visible up to the third order. The stipules merge with the petiole, the length of which is 12-15 cm.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: Appearing from midsummer to early autumn, the flowers are produced in a 20 cm panicle of small umbels, each umbel 7–10 mm in diameter with 5–10 flowers. The flowers are hermaphroditic, having a colour ranging from yellow to green and a double perianth radial symmetry. They are composed of an entire annular calyx, five almost fully developed sepals, a corolla with five petals 2.5 mm long, with five stamens and five or six carpels that enclose the ovary. The style is not recognizable and the stigma is established.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: The fruits have an almost spherical oval drupe, with a diameter of about 5 mm. The endocarp contains five seeds. The fruits ripen from late summer to early winter. They begin as orange glandular points. At maturity, they become red-violet. The fruits are inedible to humans, but may be consumed (and spread elsewhere) by various birds, parrots or other animals.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: This species is indigenous to China, but has widely naturalized. It is now found in the northern, tropical regions of Australia; in areas of Queensland, it has been noted to significantly compete with native species.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: "Schefflera arboricola" is commonly grown as a houseplant, popular for its tolerance of neglect and poor growing conditions. It is also grown as a landscape (garden) plant in milder climates where frosts are not severe. Numerous cultivars have been selected for variations in leaf colour and pattern, often variegated with creamy-white to yellow edges or centres, and dwarf forms. The cultivar 'Gold Capella' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: There is no evidence that this species is responsible for poisonings. It is widely used in animal enclosures in zoos and pet enclosures.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: The plant prefers higher light if possible, but can adapt to a wide variety of light levels. As a tropical plant it likes moisture (and humidity), but avoid letting the plant sit in water after you water it. It likes to be moist but not wet so just let the soil dry out between waterings.


title: Schefflera arboricola

text: Under the right conditions, this plant will produce aerial roots that, when they reach the ground, will convert to fully functional roots. They give the plant an unusual and interesting appearance. Three conditions must be maintained for the plant to produce them: a high growth rate, insufficient trunk roots (the plant is root bound or these roots are pruned) and constant, very high humidity.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Orthopoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family "Poxviridae" and subfamily "Chordopoxvirinae". Vertebrates, including mammals and humans, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are 12 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include smallpox, cowpox, horsepox, camelpox, and monkeypox. The most widely known member of the genus is "Variola virus", which causes smallpox. It was eradicated globally by 1977, through the use of "Vaccinia virus" as a vaccine. The most recently described species is the "Alaskapox virus", first isolated in 2015.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Orthopoxviruses are enveloped with brick-shaped geometries and virion dimensions around 200 nm wide and 250 nm long.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which mediate cellular endocytosis of the virus. Fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane releases the viral core into the host cytoplasm. Expression of early-phase genes by viral RNA polymerase begins at 30 minutes after infection. The viral core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, releasing the viral genome into the cytoplasm. At this point, intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication by the viral DNA polymerase about 100 minutes post-infection. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. Late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours postinfection, producing all viral structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions begins in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing a spherical immature particle. This virus particle matures into the brick-shaped intracellular mature virion, which can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second membrane from the Golgi apparatus and bud as extracellular enveloped virions. In this latter case, the virion is transported to the plasma membrane via microtubules.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Natural hosts of orthopoxviruses are mammals and arthropods. Member viruses are transmitted by respiratory droplets, contact, and zoonosis.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Some orthopoxviruses, including the monkeypox, cowpox, and buffalopox viruses, have the ability to infect non-reservoir species. Others, such as ectromelia and camelpox viruses, are highly host-specific. Vaccinia virus, maintained in vaccine institutes and research laboratories, has a very wide host range. Vaccine-derived vaccinia has been found replicating in the wild in Brazil, where it has caused infections in rodents, cattle, and even humans. Following the eradication of variola virus, camelpox has become one of the most economically important "Orthopoxvirus" infections, because many subsistence-level nomadic communities depend heavily on camels.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Among the path of evolution of the "Orthopoxvirus" species, many genes are truncated (but still functional), fragmented, or lost. Cowpox strains tend to have the most intact genes. Predicting the phylogeny by sequence or by gene content produces somewhat different results:


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Some of the differences in the two trees are attributed to the procedure of passage in producing vaccinia strains. The Modified vaccinia Ankara strain in this regard has much gene loss related to "in vitro" passage, and horsepox being a vaccinia strain found in a natural outbreak has less.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Following the eradication of the human-specific variola virus (smallpox), all human "Orthopoxvirus" infections are zoonoses. Monkeypox occurs naturally only in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, human and prairie dog cases have occurred in the US due to contact with animals imported from Ghana, while in May of 2022 an outbreak of monkeypox began spreading globally. Cowpox only occurs in Europe and adjacent Russian states, and despite its name, occurs only rarely in cattle. One common host is the domestic cat, from which human infections are most often acquired. Cowpox virus has also infected a variety of animals in European zoos, such as elephants, resulting in human infection.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Aerosols of concentrated virus may result in" Orthopoxvirus" infection, especially in unimmunized individuals. In addition, needle sticks with concentrated virus or scratches from infected animals may result in local infection of the skin even in immunized individuals. Cowpox infection in Europe is an occupational hazard for veterinary workers, and to a lesser extent, farm workers.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: The initial symptoms of" Orthopoxvirus "infection include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and occasionally vomiting. With the exception of monkeypox infection, one lesion is the norm, although satellite lesions may be produced by accidental autoinoculation. Individual lesions, surrounded by inflammatory tissue, develop and progress through macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules, and eventually become dry crusts. (Lesions alone are not diagnostic for "Orthopoxvirus "infection and may be mistaken for zoonotic "Parapoxvirus" infections, anthrax or "Herpesvirus" infections.) Severe edema and erythema may affect large areas of the body in cases of severe infection. Encephalitis (alteration of mental status and focal neurologic deficits), myelitis (upper- and lower-motor neuron dysfunction, sensory level, and bowel and bladder dysfunction), or both may result from "Orthopoxvirus" infection. Rarely, orthopoxviruses may be detected in cerebrospinal fluid.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Regarding specific "Orthopoxvirus" infections, human monkeypox most resembles mild smallpox. Human cowpox is a relatively severe localized infection. A survey of 54 cases reported three cases of generalized infection, including one death.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Vaccinia-specific immunoglobulins may be administered to infected individuals. The only product currently available for treatment of complications of "Orthopoxvirus" infection is vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG), which is an isotonic sterile solution of the immunoglobulin fraction of plasma from persons vaccinated with vaccinia virus. It is effective for treatment of eczema vaccinatum and certain cases of progressive vaccinia. However, VIG is contraindicated for the treatment of vaccinial keratitis. VIG is recommended for severe generalized vaccinia if the patient is extremely ill or has a serious underlying disease. VIG provides no benefit in the treatment of postvaccinal encephalitis and has no role in the treatment of smallpox. Current supplies of VIG are limited, and its use is reserved for treatment of vaccine complications with serious clinical manifestations. The recommended dosage of the currently available VIG is 0.6 ml/kg of body weight. VIG must be administered intramuscularly and is ideally administered as early as possible after the onset of symptoms. Because therapeutic doses of VIG might be substantial (e.g., 42 ml for a person weighing 70 kg), the product may be administered in divided doses over a 24- to 36-hour period. Doses can be repeated, usually at intervals of 2–3 days, until recovery begins (i.e., no new lesions appear). The CDC is currently the only source of VIG for civilians.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Certain antiviral compounds such as tecovirimat (ST-246) have been reported to be 100% active against vaccinia virus or other orthopoxviruses "in vitro" and among test animals. Tecovirimat has been granted orphan drug status by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is currently under study to determine its safety and effectiveness in humans. Another example is brincidofovir. In June 2021, the FDA approved this drug for the treatment of smallpox in humans, making it the first drug approved for an effectively extinct mechanism of action. The decision followed a priority review by the agency, motivated by growing concern of potential bioweapon development. Since the target virus is eradicated the efficacy could not be directly verified but was inferred via proxy, animal survival following infection by related species of "Orthopoxvirus". In contrast, safety data was available from trials of the drug in treating Cytomegalovirus infections in humans.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: Imatinib, a compound approved by the FDA for cancer treatment, has been shown to limit the release of extracellular enveloped virions and to protect mice from a lethal challenge with vaccinia. Currently, imatinib and related compounds are being evaluated by the CDC for their efficacy against variola virus and monkeypox virus.


title: Orthopoxvirus

text: In the summer of 2017, researchers at the University of Alberta recreated horsepox via lab synthesis to conduct research into using viruses to treat cancer.


title: Algorand

text: Algorand is a proof-of-stake blockchain cryptocurrency protocol. Algorand's native cryptocurrency is called ALGO.


title: Algorand

text: Algorand was founded in 2017 by Silvio Micali, a professor at MIT. Algorand is composed of a company and a foundation. The Algorand Foundation manages ecosystem growth, award funding, cryptographic research primitives, on-chain governance and decentralization of the Algorand network, including nodes. The core development of the Algorand protocol is overseen by Algorand Inc., a private corporation based in Boston.


title: Algorand

text: The Algorand test network was launched to the public in April 2019, and the main network was launched in June 2019.


title: Algorand

text: Algorand, which has a negligible energy consumption per transaction, commits to be carbon-neutral, and even announced in April 2022 it was carbon-negative.


title: Algorand

text: The Algorand Foundation handles blockchain research for the project. It was led by cryptographer Tal Rabin.


title: Algorand

text: Algorand is intended to solve the "blockchain trilemma": the claim that any blockchain system can have at most two of three desirable properties: decentralization, scalability, and security. A system with all three could run on nodes which each have only moderate consumer-grade resources (i.e. does not need a datacenter or large cluster of virtual machines), has transaction processing which scales with the total network resources (rather than the resources available per-node), and could not be subverted by attackers who individually possess a large fraction of the network's total resources.


title: Algorand

text: Algorand uses a Byzantine agreement protocol that leverages proof-of-stake. As long as a supermajority of the stake is in non-malicious hands, the protocol can tolerate malicious users, achieving consensus without a central authority.


title: Algorand

text: Consensus on Algorand requires three steps to propose, confirm and write the block to the blockchain. The steps are propose, soft vote and certify vote.


title: Algorand

text: The first phase (the block proposal phase) uses proof of stake principles. During this phase, a committee of users in the system is selected randomly, though in a manner that is weighted, to propose the new block. The selection of the committee is done via a process called "cryptographic sortition", where each user determines whether they are on the committee by locally executing a Verifiable random function (VRF). If the VRF indicates that the user is chosen, the VRF returns a cryptographic proof that can be used to verify that the user is on the committee. The likelihood that a given user will be on the committee is influenced by the number of ALGO tokens held by that user (the stake).


title: Algorand

text: After determining a user is on the block selection committee, that user can build a proposed block and disseminates it to the network for review/analysis during the second phase. The user includes the cryptographic proof from the VRF in their proposed block to demonstrate committee membership.


title: Algorand

text: In the second phase (the block finalization phase), a Byzantine Agreement protocol (called "BA*") is used to vote on the proposed blocks. In this second phase, a new committee is formed via cryptographic sortition. When users have determined that they are in this second-phase voting committee, they analyze the proposed blocks they have received (including verification of first-phase committee membership) and vote on whether any of the blocks should be adopted. If the voting committee achieves consensus on a new block, then the new block is disseminated across the network.


title: Algorand

text: Within the Algorand consensus algorithm, membership in both committees changes every time the phase is run. This protects users against targeted attacks, as an attacker will not know in advance which users are going to be in a committee. Two different Algorand blocks cannot reach consensus in the same round. According to an external security audit, the model also accounts for timing issues and adversary actions, e.g., when the adversary has control over message delivery.


title: Algorand

text: The Algorand Foundation issues quarterly votes for the stakers of ALGO to vote on. These proposals often revolve around the implementation of DeFi within the Algorand community.


title: General (United Kingdom)

text: General (or full general to distinguish it from the lower general officer ranks) is the highest rank achievable by serving officers of the British Army. The rank can also be held by Royal Marines officers in tri-service posts, for example, General Sir Gordon Messenger the former Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff. It ranks above lieutenant-general and, in the Army, is subordinate to the rank of field marshal, which is now only awarded as an honorary rank. The rank of general has a NATO-code of OF-9, and is a four-star rank. It is equivalent to a full admiral in the Royal Navy or an air chief marshal in the Royal Air Force.


title: General (United Kingdom)

text: Officers holding the ranks of lieutenant-general and major-general may be generically considered to be generals.


title: General (United Kingdom)

text: A general's insignia is a crossed sword and baton. This appeared on its own for the now obsolete rank of brigadier-general. A major-general has a pip over this emblem; a lieutenant-general a crown instead of a pip; and a full general both a pip and a crown. The insignia for the highest rank, that of Field Marshal, consists of crossed batons within a wreath and surmounted by a crown.


title: Claire Temple (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Claire Temple is a fictional character portrayed by Rosario Dawson in several of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series, created as a composite character based on both the Marvel Comics characters Claire Temple and Night Nurse (aka Linda Carter). A nurse who gives medical aid to vigilantes, she was created for the first season of "Daredevil" (2015). Dawson then signed a deal to return for the second season of the series (2016), as well as potentially appear in any other Marvel Netflix series. She has since reprised the role in "Jessica Jones" (2015), "Luke Cage" (2016–2018), "Iron Fist" (2017–2018), and "The Defenders" (2017). The character has also appeared in a "Jessica Jones" tie-in comic (2015), and has received a positive critical reception.


text: After discovering Matt Murdock / Daredevil beaten in a dumpster in the first season of "Daredevil", nurse Claire Temple gives him aid. She is kidnapped by the mafia for this, as bait for Daredevil, and though he is able to save her, they mutually decide that it is too dangerous to become involved, in spite of the spark between them. Claire does continue to give him medical aid as needed, while Murdock occasionally uses her position at Metro-General Hospital to his advantage.


text: In "Jessica Jones", Temple is on duty at the hospital when a seriously injured Luke Cage is brought in; Temple takes care of Cage for Jessica Jones. In the second season of "Daredevil", Temple quits her job at the hospital, when it tries to cover up the death of her coworker following an attack by The Hand, and leaves Hell's Kitchen; she arrives in Harlem, where her mother runs a diner, in "Luke Cage". Temple reconnects with Cage there, and helps him defend the neighborhood. She falls for Cage, but before they can act on their feelings he is arrested.


text: Temple begins taking lessons at Colleen Wing's dojo, through whom she meets Danny Rand in "Iron Fist". Temple helps Rand in his fight against The Hand. In "The Defenders", Temple is reunited with Cage, who is let out of jail early thanks to Foggy Nelson, and resumes a relationship with him. She then introduces Cage to Rand.


text: In the second season of "Luke Cage", Temple continues her relationship with Cage, but suddenly grows cautious of his personal issues, particularly with his father and the way he handles justice. After an argument, Temple asks that they "take a break" from each other. By the end of the season, Cage has completely moved on from Temple who tries to enter Harlem's Paradise to see him, but is turned away.


text: Rosario Dawson joined the cast of "Daredevil" in June 2014, and her role was revealed to be that of Temple in October of that year. The MCU character is an amalgam of the comic characters Claire Temple and Night Nurse, with "Daredevil" showrunner Steven S. DeKnight noting that the character was originally "going to be the actual Night Nurse from the comics ... we had her name in a script and it came back that it was possible <nowiki>[</nowiki>the feature side<nowiki>]</nowiki> were going to use her" and "had plans for her down the road," necessitating the change to using the more obscure comics character Claire Temple as her name.


text: In May 2015, Dawson signed with Marvel to return for the second season of "Daredevil" as part of an "exclusive TV deal" that also allows her to appear in any other Marvel/Netflix series. Dawson explained that she signs on with Marvel for a year at a time, for a certain number of episodes, and finds out which series the episodes are for closer to the time of filming. In July, "Jessica Jones" showrunner Melissa Rosenberg revealed that Dawson would be "dropping in", with Dawson making a guest appearance in the season finale. Before "Jessica Jones" debuted that November, a tie-in comic prequel was released featuring several "Daredevil" and "Jessica Jones" characters, including Temple, to explore "the connective tissue that will build between the series".


text: Marvel announced in September 2015 that Dawson would be appearing in "Luke Cage", in what Cage actor Mike Colter described as a "significant part", noting that the comics character Claire Temple was introduced as a love interest for Cage. The series introduces Temple's mother (portrayed by Sônia Braga), and gives Claire "a large storyline ... [she helps] out a lot." It also references her role as a version of Night Nurse, with Sean Ringgold's character Sugar dismissively referring to her as "the night nurse". Explaining the decision to have Temple appear across multiple series, which has been compared to the role that Nick Fury plays as "the connective thread" between the MCU films, Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb explained that it was due to Dawson's performance, saying "It wasn't just that Claire fit so well in those worlds, it's that Rosario fit so well in those worlds." When Temple first appears in the second season of "Daredevil", she has "a cut in her eyebrow", which Daredevil actor Charlie Cox explained was from one of the other series, saying that "the timeline had been thought through and worked out" to connect Dawson's various performances.


text: In July 2016, Dawson was unable to promote "Luke Cage" because she was "back in New York ... filming something else for Marvel TV", which was confirmed that October to be "Iron Fist"; this appearance was set up at the end of "Luke Cage". A month later, Dawson was revealed to also be reprising her role in the crossover miniseries "The Defenders". Dawson also expressed interest in making a cameo appearance in "The Punisher", a spin-off series from "Daredevil", but was unable to due to a scheduling conflict.


text: After appearing in the second season of "Luke Cage", Dawson explained that she was reluctant to continue making appearances in the many series due to having to travel away from her family when working on the New York sets. She did think that she would return to "Luke Cage" if it was renewed for further seasons, and again expressed interest in appearing in "The Punisher" at some point moving forward "just so I can feel like I’ve done every show". Dawson later revealed that she had asked "Luke Cage" showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker whether she could contribute to the writing of Temple's last scene in the season; she considered the scene to be the culmination of three years of work for her, and felt that it had initially been written too much from the perspective of Cage, whom Temple has a fight with in the scene that ends their relationship. Dawson praised Coker for allowing her to push the scene to feature more of an equal balance between the characters, and Coker praised the work she did on this.


text: Dawson said in April 2015, "she's someone who also throws herself into the fray and had made it her life mission to help, even if that means risking her own life ... My character is a stand-in for the audience. She’s not a love interest—she’s this skeptical eye looking at this strange situation." On the relationship between Temple and Murdock in "Daredevil", Dawson said, "The show explores how necessary it is for two people to finally have their masks off with each other. For Matt Murdock, this is the first person he has that’s going to be able to see that transition for him ... But she gets confronted with the question: How far will you go? What does it mean if you’re helping someone who is maybe going to hurt other people?"


text: Dawson felt that the character resonated with audiences, and was brought back for more series, because, "She's funny, she's wry, she's strong—she's built for that world, because she's great under pressure. She's someone—hero or not—you'd want to have in a dire situation... I really just liked her arc all the way through." After the character is shown using fighting in "Daredevil", Dawson explained, "her eyes have been opened up to this other world—and she's crossed the line. You know, this is someone who helps people, and she's been violent now but seeing the need for it. I think there's a lot that she's having to grapple with". Discussing Temple's relationship with Cage in "Luke Cage", Colter said that "she will deal with me in a different way than she dealt with Matt Murdock. Matt Murdock's character's completely different from mine. Because she plays a nurse that basically seems to be in the right place at the right time, and she's very good at helping out superheroes who are in need ... I think she's going to be a very good companion for Luke. I think she's someone that Luke needs in his life at this time."


title: Erin Cummings

text: Erin Lynn Cummings is an American actress and online film pundit. She has appeared in the television series, "Charmed", "Dante's Cove", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "Cold Case", "Dollhouse", "", and "Detroit 1-8-7".


title: Erin Cummings

text: Cummings was born in Texas. Her father was in the military, and Erin lived in South Korea, Nebraska, and various areas of Louisiana, later growing up in Huntsville, Texas. She graduated from Huntsville High School, and attended Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas, from 1995 to 1997 after auditioning and being selected for the Kilgore College Rangerettes dance team. After Kilgore, Cummings attended the University of North Texas, graduating with a degree in journalism. She also studied Shakespeare at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: Erin Cummings

text: Cummings portrayed Erin Ward in "Detroit 1-8-7", Michelle in the television drama "Dante's Cove". She has had minor roles in TV shows such as "Charmed", "Passions" and "".


title: Erin Cummings

text: Cummings starred as Sura, the wife of Spartacus, in the Starz series "". "Muscle & Fitness" magazine featured Cummings in an article and pictorial for their February 2010 issue. In 2013 Erin portrayed Donna Adams in the Primary Stages production of "Harbor".


title: Erin Cummings

text: Outside of acting, she regularly guests on The John Campea Show as a pundit bringing her industry knowledge and experience to the show. Cummings also produces her own podcast Kappa Kappa Cancer: Your Guide to the Sorority You Never Wanted to Join focused on her journey as a cancer survivor.


title: Erin Cummings

text: In November 2010, Cummings founded Mittens for Detroit, a community initiative that collects and distributes new gloves and mittens to children and adults in that city.


title: Erin Cummings

text: On September 9, 2016, shortly after marrying actor Tom Degnan, Cummings announced that she had been diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma—an aggressive form of breast cancer—and had begun treatment at UCLA. Cummings went through chemotherapy, a double mastectomy, and was cancer-free as of 2019.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Daniel H. Schulman (born January 19, 1958) is an American business executive. He is president and CEO of PayPal, formerly serving as group president of enterprise growth at American Express. Schulman was responsible for American Express' global strategy to expand alternative mobile and online payment services, form new partnerships, and build revenue streams beyond the traditional card and travel businesses. Earlier, he served as president of Sprint's prepaid group and the founding CEO of Virgin Mobile.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman was born in Newark, New Jersey to Jewish parents, and grew up in Princeton, New Jersey with two siblings, a brother Joel Schulman, and a sister, the late Amy Adina Schulman, who died in 1986. He was captain of the tennis and lacrosse teams at Princeton High School, and went on to receive a bachelor's degree in economics from Middlebury College, and an MBA from New York University Stern School of Business.


title: Dan Schulman

text: His mother, the late S. Ruth Schulman, was associate dean of Rutgers' Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology (GSAPP) from 1974 to 1999. His father, Mel Schulman, was a chemical engineer.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman once told "The New York Times", "I was born with social activism in my DNA. My grandfather was a union organizer in the garment district in New York City. My mother took me to a civil rights demonstration in Washington in my stroller."


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman began his business career at AT&T, working more than 18 years there and becoming the youngest member of the company's senior executive team. Schulman started at an entry-level account management position; when he left AT&T, he was president of the $22 billion consumer long-distance business, managing 40,000 employees.


title: Dan Schulman

text: He then became president and COO, and then CEO of Priceline.com. During his two years there, Priceline's annual revenues grew from a reported $20 million to about $1 billion.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2001, Richard Branson invited Schulman to become the founding CEO of Virgin Mobile USA, Inc. Schulman led the company from its national launch in 2002 to it becoming a public company in 2007, and ultimately its sale to Sprint Nextel in 2009. His tenure at the company was noted by the company's growth as the "no hidden fees" carrier. By the time Schulman left Virgin Mobile, it had become one of the nation's top wireless carriers, with more than 5 million customers and $1.3 billion in annual sales. Following the sale of Virgin Mobile to Sprint Nextel, Schulman served as President of Sprint's Prepaid group until he moved to American Express.


title: Dan Schulman

text: On September 30, 2014, it was announced that Schulman would become CEO of PayPal, which would continue as a separate legal entity, split from eBay in 2015. His tenure was also marked by the $2.2 billion acquisition of European payment provider iZettle, PayPal's second largest purchase to date. He has stated that his goals at PayPal include giving financial tools to the 70 million Americans underserved by the U.S. financial system.


title: Dan Schulman

text: During the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown, Schulman initiated the idea for PayPal to offer $500 in interest-free cash advances to furloughed U.S. government workers, committing to provide up to $25 million in interest-free loans. In April 2019, Schulman announced PayPal's plans to invest $500 million in Uber to connect the two marketplaces. In November 2020, Schulman oversaw the launch of cryptocurrency purchasing and selling on PayPal.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2019, Schulman unveiled PayPal's Employee Financial Wellness initiative to help struggling workers by lowering healthcare costs, and creating avenues for employees to receive equity in the company to promote long-term saving. In 2020 he announced PayPal's $535 million commitment to support Black-owned businesses and minority communities in the U.S. in an effort to help close the racial wealth gap.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman prohibited hate groups from using PayPal's platform from accepting payments or donations for activities that promote "hate, violence or racial intolerance".


title: Dan Schulman

text: PayPal had its strongest financial results ever in the first quarter of 2021. Schulman has announced plans to build on PayPal's successful quarter with a PayPal "digital wallet".


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman previously served as Non-Executive Chairman of NortonLifeLock (formerly Symantec Corporation). In September 2018, he was elected as a member of the Verizon Board of Directors. Schulman also served on the advisory committee of Greycroft Partners, a private equity company focused on early-stage new media and technology companies.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman was on the Board of Governors of Rutgers University from April 2008 to June 2013. He also serves on the board at Autism Speaks, an advocacy group dedicated to advancing research into causes and treatments for individuals on the autism spectrum. Schulman serves as a Board of Directors member on the Business Roundtable and The Economic Club of New York, and is an International Advisory Council member of the Singapore Economic Development Board. He is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman denounced the North Carolina Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act that mandated people in public facilities use bathrooms in accordance to their gender at birth. He stated that "The new law perpetuates discrimination and it violates the values and principles that are at the core of PayPal's mission and culture." Schulman also cosigned an opposition letter with about 120 executives from major corporations. In protest at the new law in North Carolina, Schulman announced that the company was canceling its expansion to hire 400 people in the state.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Dan Schulman wrote in the PayPal statement, "While we will seek an alternative location for our operations center, we remain committed to working with the LGBT community in North Carolina to overturn this discriminatory legislation, alongside all those who are committed to equality."


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2018, to support Dreamers – people who entered the U.S. as children and currently live, work, and contribute to the United States – Dan signed his name to a letter calling on U.S. Congress to take swift action on the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. In 2020, he opposed President Trump's visa ban to limit foreign workers in the U.S.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman was named by "Business Week" as one of the top 20 people to watch in media, and was named the Ernst & Young 2009 Entrepreneur of the Year. In 2009 he was named one of the top 25 most powerful people in the global wireless industry. In 2017, the Council for Economic Education honored Schulman with its Visionary Award for promoting economic and financial literacy to create a better informed society.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Fortune included him in the top ten in its 2017 Businessperson of the Year list, its 2018 list, and its 2019 list. In 2017, Schulman was recognized by the Brennan Center for Justice with its Brennan Legacy Award, named after the Supreme Court justice, for his contributions to democratize financial services and build a more inclusive global economy. Schulman was named to Fortune's 2021 list of the World's 50 Greatest Leaders, which recognizes those who in unprecedented times "stepped up to make the world better, and inspired others to do the same." Schulman debuted in 2021, ranking #3 and the highest-ranked business leader.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2018, the Center for Financial Services Innovation awarded Schulman the first-ever Financial Health Network Visionary Award for his contributions to a "more accessible and inclusive" financial system.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2018, Rutgers University awarded him an honorary doctorate, and he delivered the University's 252nd anniversary commencement speech.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2019, Schulman was recognized by Endeavor Global with the High-Impact Leader of the Year Award for his work to support entrepreneurs around the globe. He was also named one of Glassdoor's Top 50 CEOs in 2019.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In 2020, the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights honored Schulman with the Ripple of Hope Award, which recognizes those who have demonstrated a commitment to social change and a passion for equality, justice and basic human rights.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Under his leadership, PayPal was named to "Time" inaugural 100 Most Influential Companies, an honor that recognizes companies making an extraordinary impact around the world.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman was awarded the New York Urban League's 2021 Frederick Douglass Award for his commitment, dedication, and influence to advance the rights of generations of underserved Black Americans.


title: Dan Schulman

text: In December 2021, Schulman was presented the "Voices of Solidarity" award by Vital Voices for his work advocating on behalf of women and girls around the world.


title: Dan Schulman

text: He also delivered the 2022 Middlebury College commencement address, received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree at the same, and was awarded the 2022 Excellence in Economic Empowerment Award by 100 Black Men of New York.


title: Dan Schulman

text: When he was CEO of Virgin Mobile, Schulman led a partnership with StandUp For Kids, a nonprofit that distributes survival kits and a hotline number to homeless youth. To get a truer sense of what homeless kids experience, Schulman once spent 24 hours on the streets of New York City, unshaven, wrapped in a blanket, and without money, a watch, or a cell phone.


title: Dan Schulman

text: Schulman has practiced Krav Maga since his teens has stated that he adheres the same philosophy in business. He said in an interview, "there's a philosophy in martial arts which is, 'Never stand still.' Standing still is asking to be hit. You always have to be willing to take some risks going forward. You can't stand still".


title: Capo dei capi

text: Capo dei capi (; "boss of [the] bosses") or capo di tutti i capi (; "boss of all [the] bosses") or Godfather () are terms used mainly by the media, public, fiction writers and law enforcement community to indicate a supremely powerful crime boss in the Sicilian or American Mafia who holds great influence over the whole organization. The term was introduced to the U.S. public by the Kefauver Commission in 1950.


title: Capo dei capi

text: The title was applied by mobsters to Giuseppe Morello around 1900, according to Nick Gentile. Bosses Joe Masseria (1928–1931) and Salvatore Maranzano (1931) used the title as part of their efforts to centralize control of the Mafia under themselves. When Maranzano won the Castellammarese War, he set himself up as "boss of all bosses", created the Five Families and ordered every Mafia family to pay him tribute. This provoked a rebellious reaction which led to his being murdered in September 1931, on the orders of Lucky Luciano. Although there would have been few objections had Luciano declared himself "capo di tutti i capi", he abolished the title, believing the position created trouble between the families and would have made him a target for another ambitious challenger. Instead, Luciano established the Commission to lead the Mafia, with a goal of quietly maintaining his own power over all the families, while preventing future gang wars; the bosses approved the idea of the Commission. The Commission would consist of a "board of directors" to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and serve to mediate conflicts between families.


title: Capo dei capi

text: The Commission consisted of the bosses of the Five Families in New York City, the Buffalo crime family and the Chicago Outfit. Since then, while media sources have often sought to award the title of "boss of all bosses" to the most powerful boss, the Mafia has not itself recognized the position to exist.


title: Capo dei capi

text: Among other bosses media sources have presumed to hold the title include Luciano himself, Frank Costello and Vito Genovese. Some have claimed the title of the head of the Gambino crime family, as purportedly the most powerful of the Five Families, which have included Carlo Gambino and his successors Paul Castellano, and John Gotti.


title: Capo dei capi

text: The term has since fallen out of use in the media but remains popular in fictional accounts. Bonanno family boss Joseph Massino was recognized by four of the five families as chairman of the Commission from 2000 to 2004; during this time he was the only full-fledged boss in New York not in prison.


title: Capo dei capi

text: In the Sicilian Mafia the position does not exist. For instance, the old-style Mafia boss Calogero Vizzini was often portrayed in the media as the "boss of bosses" – although such a position does not exist according to later Mafia "pentiti", such as Tommaso Buscetta. They also denied Vizzini ever was the ruling boss of the Mafia in Sicily. According to Mafia historian Salvatore Lupo "the emphasis of the media on the definition of 'capo dei capi' is without any foundation".


title: Capo dei capi

text: Nevertheless, the title has frequently been given to powerful Mafia bosses to this day. During the 1980s and 1990s the bosses of the Corleonesi clan Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano were bestowed with the title by the media.


title: Capo dei capi

text: In April 2006, the Italian government arrested Bernardo Provenzano in a small farmhouse near the town of Corleone. His successor is reported to be either Matteo Messina Denaro or Salvatore Lo Piccolo. This presupposes that Provenzano has the power to nominate a successor, which is not unanimously accepted among Mafia observers. "The Mafia today is more of a federation and less of an authoritarian state", according to anti-Mafia prosecutor Antonio Ingroia of the of Palermo, referring to the previous period of authoritarian rule under Salvatore Riina.


title: Capo dei capi

text: Provenzano "established a kind of directorate of about four to seven people who met very infrequently, only when necessary, when there were strategic decisions to make". According to Ingroia "in an organization like the Mafia, a boss has to be one step above the others otherwise it all falls apart. It all depends on if he can manage consensus and if the others agree or rebel." Provenzano "guaranteed a measure of stability because he had the authority to quash internal disputes".


title: Capo dei capi

text: In Italy, a fictional six-part television miniseries called "Il Capo dei Capi" relates the story of Salvatore Riina.


title: Capo dei capi

text: In the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organisation in Calabria, the capocrimine is the elected boss of the "crimine", an annual meeting of the 'Ndrangheta "locali" near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast. Far from being the "boss of bosses", the "capo crimine" actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.


title: Hell Awaits

text: Hell Awaits is the second studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer, released in March 1985 by Metal Blade Records. The band's 1983 debut "Show No Mercy" became Metal Blade Records' highest-selling release, and as a result, producer Brian Slagel desired to release a second Slayer album. To that end, Slagel financed a recording budget ("Show No Mercy" was paid for by band members) and recruited several experienced producers to help in the studio.


title: Hell Awaits

text: The lyrical themes on "Hell Awaits" include hell and Satan, as with their debut; the intro of the title track played backwards reveals the repeated phrase "join us". Musically, the album features the band's most progressive and diverse work compared to their previous releases, and according to Kerry King, he and Jeff Hanneman were very into Mercyful Fate at the time, which then led to the longer and more progressive songs. Defined as "influential to future extreme metal acts", the most popular songs from "Hell Awaits" were re-recorded by various underground metal bands and have appeared on several tribute albums.


title: Hell Awaits

text: Slayer's previous album, "Show No Mercy", became Metal Blade Records' highest selling release, selling 40,000 copies worldwide; the success led producer Brian Slagel to want to record another album with them. Slagel hired producer Ron Fair, who worked for Chrysalis Records, and had seen the band perform live and enjoyed their performance. On seeing Slayer in the studio, Fair stated, "Wow, these guys are really angry," as he was inexperienced working with heavy metal musicians. Slagel financed the album, in stark contrast to "Show No Mercy", which was financed by singer Tom Araya, who used his earnings as a respiratory therapist, and a loan from guitarist Kerry King's father.


title: Hell Awaits

text: The budget organized by Slagel allowed for professional assistance. Bernie Grundman provided audio mastering, Eddy Schreyer worked on remastering, and Bill Metoyer, who worked on the band's earlier release "Haunting the Chapel", acted as sound engineer. The recording featured audio effects such as the intro to "Hell Awaits", a reversed recording of a demonic-sounding voice repeating "Join us", ending with "Welcome back". Still, Araya later stated the album had poor production quality: "Nowadays, production-wise, it's so under par. But for what it was at the time, those are amazing records to me. I guess we could go in and redo it. But why ruin it?"


title: Hell Awaits

text: Drummer Dave Lombardo, on the other hand, asserts the album was professionally done compared to "Show No Mercy": "I didn't have to overdub the cymbals, and we had a really good engineer." Lombardo's favorite song is "At Dawn They Sleep", "because it was kind of slow and grungy, but then it had that double-bass part at the end." While recording the track, neither guitarists King nor Jeff Hanneman who wrote the lyrics were in the studio—only Araya and Slagel. On reading the lyrics, which featured a misspelled word, Araya sang it as it was spelled, although it's not a real word. The song "Hardening of the Arteries" on the album ends with a very similar section that makes up the beginning of the song "Hell Awaits" and is also one of the only Slayer songs to fade out on a continuous riff.


title: Hell Awaits

text: To promote "Hell Awaits", Slayer embarked on the Combat Tour with Venom and Exodus. Exodus guitarist Gary Holt commented, "We immediately bonded with the Slayer guys. It was two bands of friends playing with one band of heroes, you know? We were just star-struck."


title: Hell Awaits

text: Inside Venom's tour bus (the first time Slayer had been in one) the band members got drunk with Venom, while listening to "Hell Awaits". Araya entered the bus "hammered out of his mind", according to Lombardo, saying "I gotta take a piss! Where's the bathroom in this thing?" Venom singer Conrad "Cronos" Lant responded, saying "Right here—right here in my mouth!" Araya took it almost literally and urinated on his hair. Cronos got up and punched him in the face, the two blamed each other all night, and Araya continued the tour with a black eye. Araya will not discuss the incident other than saying that he was drunk and it was a very disrespectful thing to do.


title: Hell Awaits

text: Although it did not enter any charts, "Hell Awaits" was hailed upon its release as Slayer's most progressive recording, featuring much darker thrash-oriented style, with unusual arrangements such as varying tempos, and dissonant nuances that "paved the way to a wholly distinctive sound all their own", according to AllMusic reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia. Rivadavia awarded the album four out of five stars, saying that it was "incredibly ahead of its time" and referred to it as "a mandatory item in the band's remarkable discography". It has sold over 1,000,000 records worldwide according to Brian Slagel.


title: Hell Awaits

text: In the book "Legends of Rock Guitar", "Hell Awaits" was defined as "a psychotic exploration into the depths of Satanism and physical torture". The book, a chronology of the great guitarists of rock which includes both Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman, observed the band's evolution in comparison with their previous album, "Show No Mercy", saying, "The musicianship is improved, as is lead singer Tom Araya's voice, making the band sound less like hacks and more like metal fiends. The sludgy riffs, which were pure [Black] Sabbath, are offset by some of King's and Hanneman's faster solos, giving Slayer entrée into the speed metal realm."


title: Hell Awaits

text: Musicians such as singer Phil Anselmo and drummer Gene Hoglan cite "Hell Awaits" as an influence. Anselmo—known for his work with Pantera, Down, and Superjoint Ritual—explained in an interview with D. X. Ferris, author of the book about the album "Reign in Blood", that ""Hell Awaits" just holds the entire thing. Every bit of everything to do with heavy music. [Slayer] are gods, the best band from California, for sure." Norwegian musician Frode Sivertsen (also known as "E. N. Death"), former member of the black metal band Gehenna, says the song "Hell Awaits" and Slayer's music in general has influenced him as a musician, ranking the album in his top five. Dimebag Darrell of Pantera and Damageplan picked "At Dawn They Sleep" among his 12 Favorite Tunes in the March 1993 issue of "Guitar World", stating that Slayer taught him "how to play with guts and aggression".


title: Hell Awaits

text: Defined as "influential to future extreme metal acts", the most popular songs from "Hell Awaits" were re-recorded by various underground metal bands, and have appeared in several tribute albums, such as "Slatanic Slaughter II" and "Gateway to Hell 1 & 2". The song "Hell Awaits" has been covered by Cradle of Filth and Incantation, "Kill Again" by Angelcorpse, "Praise of Death" by Sinister, "At Dawn They Sleep" by Six Feet Under, and "Necrophiliac" by Sadistic Intent, Benediction and Fleshcrawl.


Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds is an early study of crowd psychology by Scottish journalist Charles Mackay, first published in 1841 under the title "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions". The book was published in three volumes: "National Delusions", "Peculiar Follies", and "Philosophical Delusions". Mackay was an accomplished teller of stories, though he wrote in a journalistic and somewhat sensational style.


title: Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds

text: The subjects of Mackay's debunking include alchemy, crusades, duels, economic bubbles, fortune-telling, haunted houses, the Drummer of Tedworth, the influence of politics and religion on the shapes of beards and hair, magnetisers (influence of imagination in curing disease), murder through poisoning, prophecies, popular admiration of great thieves, popular follies of great cities, and relics. Present-day writers on economics, such as Michael Lewis and Andrew Tobias, laud the three chapters on economic bubbles.


text: In later editions, Mackay added a footnote referencing the Railway Mania of the 1840s as another "popular delusion" which was at least as important as the South Sea Bubble. In the 21st century, the mathematician Andrew Odlyzko pointed out, in a published lecture, that Mackay himself played a role in this economic bubble; as a leader writer in "The Glasgow Argus", Mackay wrote on 2 October 1845: "There is no reason whatever to fear a crash".


text: The first volume begins with a discussion of three economic bubbles, or financial manias: the South Sea Company bubble of 1711–1720, the Mississippi Company bubble of 1719–1720, and the Dutch tulip mania of the early seventeenth century. According to Mackay, during this bubble, speculators from all walks of life bought and sold tulip bulbs and had even declared futures contracts on them. Allegedly, some tulip bulb varieties briefly became the most expensive objects in the world during 1637. Mackay's accounts are enlivened by colorful, comedic anecdotes, such as the Parisian hunchback who supposedly profited by renting out his hump as a writing desk during the height of the mania surrounding the Mississippi Company.


text: Two modern researchers, Peter Garber and Anne Goldgar, independently conclude that Mackay greatly exaggerated the scale and effects of the Tulip bubble, and Mike Dash, in his modern popular history of the alleged bubble, notes that he believes the importance and extent of the tulip mania were overstated.


text: Mackay describes the history of the Crusades as a kind of mania of the Middle Ages, precipitated by the pilgrimages of Europeans to the Holy Land. Mackay is generally unsympathetic to the Crusaders, whom he compares unfavourably to the superior civilisation of Asia: "Europe expended millions of her treasures, and the blood of two millions of her children; and a handful of quarrelsome knights retained possession of Palestine for about one hundred years!"


text: Witch trials in 16th- and 17th-century Western Europe are the primary focus of the "Witch Mania" section of the book, which asserts that this was a time when ill fortune was likely to be attributed to supernatural causes. Mackay notes that many of these cases were initiated as a way of settling scores among neighbors or associates, and that extremely low standards of evidence were applied to most of these trials. Mackay claims that "thousands upon thousands" of people were executed as witches over two and a half centuries, with the largest numbers killed in Germany.


text: The section on "alchemysts" focuses primarily on efforts to turn base metals into gold. Mackay notes that many of these practitioners were themselves deluded, convinced that these feats could be performed if they discovered the correct old recipe or stumbled upon the right combination of ingredients. Although alchemists gained money from their sponsors, mainly noblemen, he notes that the belief in alchemy by sponsors could be hazardous to its practitioners, as it wasn't rare for an unscrupulous noble to imprison a supposed alchemist until he could produce gold.


text: The book remains in print, and writers continue to discuss its influence, particularly the section on financial bubbles. (See Goldsmith and Lewis, below.)


title: Arizona Dream

text: indie surrealist comedy drama film co-written and directed by Emir Kusturica and starring Johnny Depp, Jerry Lewis, Faye Dunaway, Lili Taylor and Vincent Gallo.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Axel has a dream about an Eskimo who catches a rare halibut and brings it back to his family in an igloo. Axel's cousin Paul coaxes Axel from his job tagging fish in New York City to Arizona to attend his uncle Leo's trophy wedding to a much younger woman. His uncle tries to persuade him to stay permanently and take over the family business of selling Cadillacs. Axel resists at first, but he decides to give it a try.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Axel encounters two strange women: Elaine, a woman who always had a dream of building a flying machine, and her stepdaughter Grace, who is jealous of Elaine and dreams of killing herself and being reincarnated as a turtle. Axel starts lusting after Elaine and decides to help make her dreams come true. As he and Elaine build the machine day by day, Grace starts destroying the contraption. Axel then rebuilds. Leo and Paul arrive at Elaine and Grace's house to encourage Axel to come back as Elaine threatens them with a shotgun. Axel and Elaine complete the machine and test it, but it crashes into a tree.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Axel then decides to put both Elaine and Grace out of their misery, but can not go through with it. Grace has the idea to play Russian Roulette with him. Axel is scared at first, but at his second turn he pulls the trigger multiple times. The gun does not fire. Axel, Elaine, and Grace come to Paul's talent show. He decides to play Cary Grant's role from "North by Northwest" with the famous crop duster scene. Paul receives the score of 1. Leo's fiancée then approaches them to say that there is something wrong with Leo. Axel realizes that Leo is dying and calls an ambulance.


title: Arizona Dream

text: The day before Elaine's birthday a few months later, Axel and Paul finally come back to Elaine and Grace's house. Elaine is mad at Axel for not contacting her but forgives him. The next day on Elaine's birthday, Elaine is given an airplane as a present. The four celebrate Elaine's birthday by beating a piñata, but are interrupted by a storm. As the others dry off inside, Grace remains outside to free her turtles, telling them to "Go play," Axel goes upstairs with Grace to wrap the presents where she gives Axel a globe, telling him that she wants him to have the world. Axel tells Grace that Elaine has changed and that he is not in love with her any more. He makes a promise to Grace to go to Alaska.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Axel, Elaine, Grace, and Paul talk about the manners in which they want to die. Grace says that she is going to sleep and walks upstairs, dressing herself in a white shift and a hat with a veil. As she walks outside, Axel and Elaine see her through the window and run outside in an attempt to stop her. Grace shoots herself, and a lightning bolt destroys Elaine's airplane. Sometime after Grace's death Axel breaks into Uncle Leo's abandoned Cadillac store at night and goes to sleep on top of a Cadillac with a cat that has just had her litter. The film ends with Axel and Uncle Leo as Eskimos in Axel's dream. They catch the halibut and discuss it. It flies from their hands into the sunrise.


title: Arizona Dream

text: The music video for the 1991 Tom Petty song, "Into the Great Wide Open", was shot during the filming of the movie.


title: Arizona Dream

text: "Arizona Dream" received a generally positive response from critics, garnering an 87% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews with an average score of 6.82/10.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" liked the film, praising it as "enjoyably adrift, a wildly off-the-wall reverie" and opining that its best feature is "its lunacy, which is so liberating".


title: Arizona Dream

text: Referring to "Arizona Dream" as "the quintessential Nuart movie", "Los Angeles Times" Kevin Thomas sees it as "a dazzling, daring slice of cockamamie tragicomic Americana envisioned with magic realism by a major, distinctive European filmmaker".


title: Arizona Dream

text: In his affirmative review "Chicago Sun-Times"' Roger Ebert called "Arizona Dream" "goofier than hell" while adding that "you can't stop watching it because nobody in the audience, and possibly nobody on the screen, has any idea what's going to happen next" and referring to Kusturica as "a filmmaker who has his own peculiar vision of the world that does not correspond to the weary write-by-numbers formulas of standard screenplays".


title: Arizona Dream

text: Although filmed in 1991 and released throughout Europe in 1993, "Arizona Dream" was not theatrically released in the U.S. until September 9, 1994. Warner Brothers initially reduced it to two hours and tried to market it for the middle-of-the-road audience; when these attempts failed, they released the full version. As a result its total U.S. gross, in three theaters, was only $112,547.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Although shown theatrically in the U.S. at its full length, the TV prints and home release versions run 119 minutes.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Warner Archives released the film on a bare bones (no extras) made to order DVD in the United States on March 16, 2010. In Europe, Studio Canal with Universal Pictures France released the film on DVD, HD DVD and a worldwide compatible Blu-ray. The Blu-ray features an interview with Johnny Depp and deleted scenes.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Soundtrack was by Goran Bregović featuring the vocals and lyrics of Iggy Pop on tracks 1, 4 & 6 and the lyrics of Emir Kusturica as well as the vocals of Iggy Pop on track 10. In the film, apart from the music on soundtrack, there are also three songs of Django Reinhardt.


title: Arizona Dream

text: Foo Fighters front man Dave Grohl has revealed that the song "Enough Space" off of their album "The Colour and the Shape" is based on "Arizona Dream".


title: The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)

text: The Man Who Knew Too Much is a 1934 British film noir political thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, featuring Leslie Banks and Peter Lorre, and released by Gaumont British. It was one of the most successful and critically acclaimed films of Hitchcock's British period.