title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley has responded to Monbiot on his website, stating "George Monbiot's recent attack on me in the "Guardian" is misleading. I do not hate the state. In fact, my views are much more balanced than Monbiot's selective quotations imply." On 19 June 2010, Monbiot countered with another article on the "Guardian" website, further questioning Ridley's claims and his response. Ridley was then defended by Terence Kealey in a further article published on the "Guardian" website.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In November 2010, "The Wall Street Journal" published a lengthy exchange between Ridley and the Microsoft founder Bill Gates on topics discussed in Ridley's book "The Rational Optimist". Gates said that "What Mr. Ridley fails to see is that worrying about the worst case—being pessimistic, to a degree—can actually help to drive a solution"; Ridley said "I am certainly not saying, 'Don't worry, be happy.' Rather, I'm saying, 'Don't despair, be ambitious.'"


title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley summarised his own views on his political philosophy during the 2011 Hayek Lecture: "[T]hat the individual is not – and had not been for 120,000 years – able to support his lifestyle; that the key feature of trade is that it enables us to work for each other not just for ourselves; that there is nothing so anti-social (or impoverishing) as the pursuit of self sufficiency; and that authoritarian, top-down rule is not the source of order or progress."


title: Matt Ridley

text: In an email exchange, Ridley responded to the environmental activist Mark Lynas' repeated charges of a right-wing agenda with the following reply:


title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley argues that the capacity of humans for change and social progress is underestimated, and denies what he sees as overly pessimistic views of global climate change and Western birthrate decline.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2014, a "Wall Street Journal" op-ed written by Ridley was challenged by Jeffrey Sachs of Columbia University's Earth Institute. Sachs termed "absurd" Ridley's characterization of a paper in "Science" magazine by the two scientists Xianyao Chen and Ka-Kit Tung. Sachs challenged Ridley's contentions, and claimed that the "paper's conclusions are the very opposite of Ridley's". Ridley replied that 'it is ludicrous, nasty and false to accuse me of lying or "totally misrepresenting the science..I have asked Mr. Sachs to withdraw the charges more than once now on Twitter. He has refused to do so ..."'


title: Matt Ridley

text: Friends of the Earth has connected Ridley's opposition to climate science to his ties to the coal industry. He is the owner of land in the north-east of England on which the Shotton Surface coal mine operates, and receives payments for the mine. In 2016 he was accused of lobbying for the coal industry, based on an email he had authored to the UK government's energy minister describing a Texas-based company which planned to sequester carbon into materials useful for industrial chemical manufacturing. The complaint was summarily dismissed by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards.


title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley was one of the earliest commentators to spot the economic significance of shale gas. He is a proponent of fracking. However, he has been found to have breached the Parliamentary Code of Conduct by the House of Lords Commissioner for Standards for not orally disclosing in debates on the subject personal interests worth at least £50,000 in Weir Group, which has been described as "the world's largest provider of special equipment used in the process" of fracking.


title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley is a Eurosceptic and advocated for the withdrawal (Brexit) of the UK from the European Union during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. He appeared in "", arguing for Britain to return to the policy of free trade that distinguished it after 1845 until the 1930s.


title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley wrote a 2017 column making the case for free-market anticapitalism. He makes the case that it is misleading to refer 'capitalism' and 'markets' as the same thing because "commerce, enterprise and markets are – to me – the very opposite of corporatism and even of 'capitalism', if by that word you mean capital-intensive organisations with monopolistic ambitions. Markets and innovation are the creative-destructive forces that undermine, challenge and reshape corporations and public bureaucracies on behalf of consumers. So big business is just as much the enemy as big government, and big business in hock to big government is sometimes the worst of all."


title: Matt Ridley

text: Ridley wrote in May 2020 that "research into the origins of the new coronavirus raises questions about how it became so infectious in human beings" and included as one possibility "perhaps laboratories". His 2021 book "" written with Alina Chan advocates for the COVID-19 lab leak theory.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 1996, he was a visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and in 2006 was awarded an honorary DSc degree.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2003, he received an honorary DSc degree from Buckingham University and in 2007, an honorary DCL degree from Newcastle University.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2004, he was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) for "major contributions to public engagement with the biological sciences".


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2011, the Manhattan Institute awarded Ridley its $50,000 Hayek Prize for his book "The Rational Optimist". In his acceptance speech, Ridley said: "As Hayek understood, it is human collaboration that is necessary for society to work... the key feature of trade is that it enables us to work for each other not just for ourselves; that attempts at self-sufficiency are the true form of selfishness as well as the quick road to poverty; and that authoritarian, top-down rule is not the source of order or progress." In 2011, Ridley gave the Angus Millar Lecture on "scientific heresy" at the Royal Society of Arts (RSA).


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2012, on the death of his father, Ridley became the 5th Viscount Ridley and Baron Wensleydale. He is also the 9th Baronet Ridley. In 2013, he was elected as a hereditary peer to membership in the House of Lords, as a member of the Conservative Party.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2013, he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and won the Julian L. Simon award in March 2012. In 2014, he won the free enterprise award from the Institute of Economic Affairs.


title: Matt Ridley

text: As 5th Viscount Ridley, Matt Ridley bears arms blazoned as "Gules on a Chevron Argent between three Falcons proper, as many Pellets".


title: Matt Ridley

text: When his father died in 2012, Ridley succeeded him as the 5th Viscount Ridley, having taken over the running of the family estate of Blagdon Hall, near Stannington, Northumberland, some years before.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 1989, Ridley married Anya Hurlbert, a Professor of Neuroscience at Newcastle University; they live in northern England and have a son and a daughter.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 1980, his sister Rose married the British Conservative Party politician Owen Paterson, who held the posts of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs until July 2014. During this time Ridley was described as 'in many ways Paterson's personal think tank'.


title: Matt Ridley

text: In 2015 Ridley's team won the celebrity Christmas special of University Challenge representing Magdalen College, Oxford, the year after the team of his son, also Matthew, had won the student version representing Trinity College, Cambridge.


title: Cat Stevens discography

text: This article lists the discography of British singer-songwriter Cat Stevens. It also includes the albums he has released since he converted to Islam and adopted the name Yusuf Islam, as well as albums he released since he started being credited as Yusuf / Cat Stevens.


title: Cat Stevens discography

text: In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty Gold Records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: ¡Mucha Lucha! (known as ¡Mucha Lucha!: Gigante during its third and final season) is an American animated television series that premiered on Kids' WB, Teletoon, and Canal 5 from August 17, 2002, to February 26, 2005. It was created by Eddie Mort and Lili Chin and produced by Warner Bros. Animation. It is the first animated television series intended for children created with Adobe Flash, a program which became widely used as a medium for animation in the years.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: On January 4, 2005, the direct-to-video feature film "¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico" was based on the series.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: The show is set in Luchaville, a fictional town in Southern California centered on "lucha libre" where nearly everyone in that town wears a mask (which they are never seen without) and costume and has a well-known move. The series mainly centers on three friends, Rikochet, Buena Girl, and the Flea, as they struggle through the "Foremost World-Renowned International School of Lucha", where they study.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: "¡Mucha Lucha!" was the brainchild of Eddie Mort and Lili Chin for Kids' WB. Mort began his animation career working for Disney Television Animation in Sydney before leaving to work at Nickelodeon in Australia, where he animated several shorts for the network, including "the Adventures of Hot Chunks" and "Snout". Lili Chin worked as an assistant animator on "The Silver Brumby", and as a clean-up artist for "". Chin and Mort launched Fwak! Animation, a Sydney-based animation studio, in 2000. Through Fwak!, Mort and Chin made the short "Lucha School" in 2001, which featured a fourth character that never made it into the series "Psiclone". "Lucha School" would then be pitched to Warner Bros. Animation and Bardel Entertainment in the early 2000s. Bardel Entertainment would later produce the animation for shows like "Teen Titans Go!" and "Rick and Morty". The pitch was a success, and Kids' WB gave the show the green light afterwards.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: It was often regarded as one of the first fully-made flash cartoons produced for television. However, it is not the first flash animated television series in general; as that honor went to the 2001 short-lived television series "John Callahan's Quads!", which was exclusive to Teletoon and the Special Broadcasting Service. The second flash television series was "Max & Ruby", another Canadian animated series. However, "¡Mucha Lucha!" was still considered the first fully-made flash animated series for American television, and was also the first truly successful flash television series. During production, the entire series was produced in widescreen. However, it was aired with an SD format. The widescreen version was never released to the public until it became available for streaming.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: Several show creators did end up working on the show before moving on to other projects, including Ciro Nieli, who would later create "Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!" and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012)", as well as Julie McNally-Cahill and Timothy Cahill, who later created "My Gym Partner's a Monkey" and "Littlest Pet Shop (2012)", as well as Sandra Equihua and Jorge R. Gutierrez, who later created "". By season 2, the series marked Peter Hastings' return to Warner Bros.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: During the first season, "¡Mucha Lucha!" would provide morals at the beginning of episodes through title cards. Rikochet, Buena Girl, and the Flea would give viewers statements on what a true luchador would do. For example, Rikochet gives a true luchador statement in the first episode "Back to School", and the statement goes like this: "A True Luchador knows the only thing to fear is fear itself. Oh, and bullies." These statements were not shown in the following seasons.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: The theme song was performed by Chicos de Barrio, with a remixed version done by Mambotron for season 3.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: During its first two seasons, the show also features music by Michael Tavera, who previously made music for Cartoon Network's "Time Squad", and would later make music for shows such as "", "Yin Yang Yo!", and "The Secret Saturdays".


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: By season 3, under "Gigante", Tavera would not have any involvement, as he was replaced with Mambotron for the music, consisting of Nicolas Barry, Tomas Jacobi, Rene Garza Aldape, and Chuy Flores.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: The show also featured some licensed songs. All of which, along with the show's theme song. would be released as part of the show's official soundtrack.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: The show was also seen on Kids' WB in the United States, Teletoon in Canada, Kix in the United Kingdom, and Canal 5 in Mexico from August 17, 2002, until February 26, 2005. It also premiered on Cartoon Network internationally in 2003, and in U.S in 2004. In March 2007, the show began its first rerun on Miguzi, and was later replaced with Ben 10 for the last slot before Miguzi was shut down in the same year. The final rerun of the show lasted from 2008 to 2009, and it was removed from the lineup in 2010.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: In Region 1, Warner Home Video has released one compilation on DVD and VHS that contained the first six segment-episodes from season one, titled "Heart of Lucha", on August 23, 2003. The direct-to-video movie "The Return of El Maléfico", was released on October 5, 2004, exclusively at Walmart, while other retailers released it on January 4, 2005, during the third and final season.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: In 2019, ¡Mucha Lucha! was available remastered for the first time in High Definition for home viewers and became available on demand through Amazon Prime.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: In 2022, The show became available for streaming on HBO Max in Latin American countries, also using the High Definition remasters.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: A toy line based on the show was released by Jakks Pacific in 2004. In this toy line included "Mix-a-Lot" action figures; these had removable body parts that could be placed on the bodies of other action figures in the series. "Signature Move" action figures were also put out, along with a toy wrestling ring. However, the second series of the toy line was canceled.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: During the summer of 2003, DC Comics published a three-issue mini-series of comic books based on "¡Mucha Lucha!" All three of the stories featured in these comic books were written by Eddie Mort, and have even been occasionally referenced in the TV series.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: The show was licensed for a Game Boy Advance video game, "Mascaritas of the Lost Code", in late 2003, and also a Sony PlayStation 2 video game, "Mysterioso Grande", was slated for release, but was cancelled around 2004 as the creators could not find a publisher.


title: ¡Mucha Lucha!

text: In 2014, a revival called "¡Mucha Lucha! Para Siempre" was proposed which would have centered on Rikochet, Buena Girl, and the Flea as teenagers.


title: Unsolved Mysteries (season 15)

text: The fifteenth season of Unsolved Mysteries is a Netflix reboot revival of the long-running American television series, created by John Cosgrove and Terry Dunn Meurer. The show, which documents and seeks to solve cold cases and paranormal phenomena, originally ran from 1987–2010.


title: Unsolved Mysteries (season 15)

text: Unlike all previous seasons, there is no host or narrator in the Netflix reboot. However, an image of longtime host Robert Stack is shown in the title sequence of each episode.


title: Unsolved Mysteries (season 15)

text: In 2017, the film and television distribution company FilmRise acquired worldwide digital distribution rights to the original run of "Unsolved Mysteries". The company announced its intention to release updated versions of the show's episodes through multiple streaming platforms. This led to renewed interest in the series, with original creators, John Cosgrove and Terry Dunn Meurer, expressing interest in reviving the show. On January 18, 2019, Netflix announced that it had picked up a 12-part reboot of the series. It was further revealed that "Stranger Things" executive producer Shawn Levy and his company 21 Laps Entertainment, along with Cosgrove-Meurer Productions (and Netflix) would be producing the new episodes. Original creators, Cosgrove and Meurer are expected to showrun the series, along with Levy and Josh Barry acting as executive producers. Robert Wise is expected to act as co-executive producer, along with showrunner Dunn Meurer. The reboot's format will depart from the original series' multiple mysteries showcase and will instead feature one case per episode. Cosgrove has stated that the reboot will be "pure documentary style" and there will be no host or narrator. The first six episodes are presented as "Volume 1" on Netflix. Netflix announced on August 19, 2020 that the first season's six remaining episodes would air (as "Volume 2") on October 19, 2020.


title: Unsolved Mysteries (season 15)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 74% based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 6.92/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Unsolved Mysteries" latest reboot is slick and features compelling cases, but fails to live up to the original's spookiness and gets lost in the current sea of true crime offerings." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Unsolved Mysteries (season 15)

text: The show began getting "credible tips" following the release of the new season. Viewers also began coming up with their own theories about the cases featured. In August 2020, it was reported that 13.7% of subscribers had watched the series over its first month.


title: Fattoush

text: Fattoush (; also fattush, fatush, fattoosh, and fattouche) is a Levantine salad made from toasted or fried pieces of khubz (Arabic flat bread) combined with mixed greens and other vegetables, such as radishes and tomatoes. Fattoush is popular among all communities in the Levant.


title: Fattoush

text: "Fattūsh" is derived from the Arabic "fatt" "crush" and the suffix of Turkic origin "-ūsh". Coining words this way was common in Levantine Arabic.


title: Fattoush

text: Fattoush belongs to the family of dishes known as "fattat" (plural of "fatteh"), which use stale flatbread as a base.


title: Fattoush

text: Fattoush includes vegetables and herbs varying by season and taste. The vegetables are cut into relatively large pieces compared to tabbouleh which requires ingredients to be finely chopped. Sumac is usually used to give fattoush its sour taste, while some recipes also add pomegranate molasses along with the sumac.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Bruce Allan Boudreau (born January 9, 1955) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach currently serving as head coach of the Vancouver Canucks. He previously served as head coach of the Washington Capitals, Anaheim Ducks, and Minnesota Wild. As a player, Boudreau played professionally for 20 seasons, logging 141 games in the NHL and 30 games in the World Hockey Association (WHA). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL and Minnesota Fighting Saints of the WHA. Boudreau won the Jack Adams Award for the NHL's most outstanding head coach in the 2007–08 NHL season during his tenure with the Capitals. Boudreau is owner of the United States Premier Hockey League's Minnesota Blue Ox and the Hershey Cubs.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau was born in North York, Toronto, Ontario, the son of Norman Boudreau and Theresa Roy. As a youth, he played in the 1967 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto George Bell minor ice hockey team. He attended Nelson A. Boylen Collegiate Institute in the 1970s.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: While Boudreau's major professional career was modest, he had a long career in the minor leagues, and was one of the most prolific minor league scorers of all time, largely in the American Hockey League (AHL). His junior career was spent with the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), for which he averaged over 100 points a season. He scored 165 points in his final season in juniors, adding 44 points in 27 games en route to captaining the Marlies to a Memorial Cup championship. He was awarded the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy as the top goal scorer for the 1974–75 OMJHL season.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: After being drafted in the third round, 42nd overall, by the Toronto Maple Leafs, Boudreau could not agree with Toronto on a contract and joined the Minnesota Fighting Saints of the WHA, making his professional debut in 1975. He played a single season for the Fighting Saints, scoring 3 goals and 6 assists over 30 games.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Spending most of the early part of his professional career with Maple Leaf farm teams in Dallas, Moncton and St. Catharines, Boudreau also spent significant time playing for the Springfield Indians (for whom he won his only scoring championship in 1988), the Fort Wayne Komets and the Nova Scotia Oilers. His most significant NHL time came in 1981, when as an injury replacement he scored 10 goals and 14 assists in only 39 games.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau played eight seasons in the NHL overall, all but the last (a seven-game stint for the Chicago Black Hawks in 1986) for the Maple Leafs, scoring 28 goals and 42 assists in 141 games.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: He remained a minor league star and top scorer right through his final season in 1992. His final game came in Springfield where he had been signed by the Adirondack Red Wings as an emergency injury replacement during their first round Calder Cup playoff series against the Indians.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: During his playing career, Boudreau appeared as an extra in the 1977 hockey film "Slap Shot", with his apartment at the time used in the film for Paul Newman's character.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau is married to Crystal, with whom he has four children; three sons and one daughter. In 1982 Boudreau started the Golden Horseshoe Hockey School, a youth summer hockey camp operating out of St. Catharines, Ontario, which he continues to coach with in the offseasons.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau has been a supporter of the Toronto Maple Leafs since childhood, and admits that he still cheers for the club when the team does not face off against a squad that he is actively coaching, and watches Maple Leafs games on television when he is able to.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: After his playing days were over, Boudreau began a highly successful coaching career. In the minor leagues, Boudreau has coached the Muskegon Fury, Fort Wayne Komets, Mississippi Sea Wolves, Lowell Lock Monsters, Manchester Monarchs, and Hershey Bears.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Under Boudreau's leadership, the Bears won the 2006 AHL Calder Cup championship. The Bears made it all the way back to the Calder Cup finals under Coach Boudreau again in 2007, ultimately falling to the Hamilton Bulldogs.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Previously, Boudreau coached the Mississippi Sea Wolves to the ECHL Championship in 1999, and also led the Fort Wayne Komets to the IHL Finals in 1994. Boudreau was awarded the Commissioner's Trophy (IHL) as coach of the 1993–94 Komets.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau was named interim head coach of the NHL's Washington Capitals on November 22, 2007, and later their permanent coach on December 26. He compiled a 37–17–7 rookie coaching record with a team that was 6–14–1 when he inherited it. Under Boudreau's leadership, the 2007–08 Capitals won their first Southeast Division title in seven years and made the playoffs for the first time in five years. He also won the Jack Adams Award as the NHL's best coach in 2008.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau continued his success in his second season as coach of the Capitals, leading the Capitals to a record of 50–24–8 and 108 points, good enough for another Southeast Division title and second in the Eastern Conference.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: In his third season with the Capitals, Boudreau led the team to a 54–15–13 record and 121 points, which was not only good enough for a third straight Southeast Division title, but also was the most points in the NHL, leading to the team's first ever Presidents' Trophy. Their success in the regular season, however, did not carry over to the postseason, as they lost to the eighth seeded Montreal Canadiens in seven games, losing the last three games of the series.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: After a hot start to the 2011–12 season, the Capitals fell apart, posting just four wins in 13 games during the month of November. Alexander Ovechkin and Alexander Semin both vastly underperformed during the stretch. These and other factors led to Boudreau's firing on November 28, 2011, despite Boudreau having reached 200 regular season wins faster than any coach in the modern NHL era. He was replaced by former Capitals captain and then-London Knights head coach Dale Hunter. Two days later, the Anaheim Ducks hired him to replace the recently fired Randy Carlyle as their head coach. Boudreau became the fastest coach to be hired after being fired in NHL history.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: On April 29, 2016, Boudreau was fired by the Ducks after they lost a Game 7 on home ice for the fourth consecutive year. He led the Ducks to four consecutive division titles in his four full seasons in Anaheim.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: On May 7, 2016, Boudreau was hired by the Minnesota Wild as their new head coach. Boudreau led the Wild to a successful regular season finishing 2nd in the Central Division (earning home ice advantage for round 1), but the team fell apart in March after the Martin Hanzal trade and collapsed in the first round of the playoffs winning just 1 game on the road and losing every game at home against the St. Louis Blues. With the latest early round knock-out of a team that shone during the regular season, Boudreau has cemented his reputation as a coach who has failed to achieve success in the Stanley Cup playoffs. During his fourth season with the Wild, he was fired on February 14, 2020.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: Boudreau is known for his talkative personality, earning him the nickname "Gabby." In 2009, he released his memoir, "Gabby: Confessions of a Hockey Lifer". As of 2021, he has the second-highest winning percentage in NHL history for a coach who has coached at least 900 games.


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: On December 5, 2021, Boudreau was named head coach of the Vancouver Canucks. His immediate positive impact on the team's performance resulted in him being serenaded regularly during home games with a variation of the Tag Team (group) song "Whoomp! (There It Is)" lyric, "Bruce, there it is!"


title: Bruce Boudreau

text: On January 23, 2022, Boudreau coached in his 1000th career NHL game in a 3-1 loss to the St. Louis Blues.


title: Pump action

text: Pump action or slide action is a repeating firearm action that is operated manually by moving a sliding handguard on the gun's forestock. When shooting, the sliding forend is pulled rearward to eject any expended cartridge and typically to cock the hammer/striker, and then pushed forward to load ("chamber") a new cartridge into the chamber. Most pump-action firearms use an integral tubular magazine, although some do use detachable box magazines. Pump-action is typically associated with shotguns, although it has been used in rifles and other firearms as well.


title: Pump action

text: Because the forend is manipulated usually with the support hand, a pump-action gun is much faster than a bolt-action and somewhat faster than a lever-action, as it does not require the trigger hand to be removed from the trigger while reloading. Also because the action is cycled in a linear fashion, it creates less torque that can tilt and throw the gun off aim when repeat-firing rapidly.


title: Pump action

text: Many older pump-action shotguns can be fired faster than modern ones, as they often did not have a trigger disconnector, and were capable of firing a new round as fast as the pump action was cycled, with the trigger held down continuously. This technique is called a slamfire, and was often used in conjunction with the M1897 in the First World War's trench warfare.


title: Pump action

text: Modern pump-action designs are a little slower than a semi-automatic shotgun, but the pump-action offers greater flexibility in selection of shotshells, allowing the shooter to mix different types of loads and for using low-power or specialty loads. Semi-automatic shotguns must use some of the energy of each round fired to cycle their actions, meaning that they must be loaded with shells powerful enough to reliably cycle. The pump-action avoids this limitation. In addition, like all manual action guns, pump-action guns are inherently more reliable than semi-automatic guns under adverse conditions, such as exposure to dirt, sand, or climatic extremes. Thus, until recently, military combat shotguns were almost exclusively pump-action designs.


title: Pump action

text: Like most lever-action rifles, most pump-action shotguns and rifles use a fixed tubular magazine. This makes for slow reloading, as the cartridges have to be inserted individually into the firearm. However, some pump-action shotguns and rifles, including the Russian Zlatoust RB-12, Italian Valtro PM5, American Remington 7600 series, and the Mossberg 590M, use detachable box magazines.


title: Pump action

text: A pump-action firearm is typically fed from a tubular magazine underneath the barrel, which also serves as a guide to the movable forend. The rounds are fed in one by one through a port in the receiver, where they are pushed forward. A latch at the rear of the magazine holds the rounds in place in the magazine until they are needed. If it is desired to load the gun fully, a round may be loaded through the ejection port directly into the chamber, or cycled from the magazine, which is then topped off with another round. Pump shotguns with detachable box magazines or even drums exist, and may or may not allow the magazine to be inserted without stripping the top round.


title: Pump action

text: Nearly all pump-actions use a back-and-forward motion of the forend to cycle the action. The forend is connected to the bolt by one or two bars; two bars are considered more reliable because it provides symmetric forces on the bolt and pump and reduces the chances of binding. The motion of the bolt back and forth in a tubular magazine model will also operate the "elevator", which lifts the shells from the level of the magazine to the level of the barrel.


title: Pump action

text: After firing a round, the bolt is unlocked and the forend is free to move. The shooter pulls back on the forend to begin the operating cycle. The bolt unlocks and begins to move to the rear, which extracts and ejects the empty shell from the chamber, cocks the hammer, and begins to load the new shell. In a tubular magazine design, as the bolt moves rearwards, a single shell is released from the magazine, and is pushed backwards to come to rest on the elevator.


title: Pump action

text: As the forend reaches the rear and begins to move forward, the elevator lifts up the shell, lining it up with the barrel. As the bolt moves forward, the round slides into the chamber, and the final portion of the forend's travel locks the bolt into position. A pull of the trigger will fire the next round, where the cycle begins again.


title: Pump action

text: Most pump-action firearms do not have any positive indication that they are out of ammunition, so it is possible to complete a cycle and have an empty chamber. The risk of running out of ammunition unexpectedly can be minimized in a tubular magazine firearm by topping off the magazine by loading new rounds to replace the rounds that have just been fired. This is especially important when hunting, as many locations have legal limits on the magazine capacity: for example, three rounds for shotguns and five rounds for rifles.


title: Pump action

text: Another variant was the Burgess Folding Shotgun from the late 19th century where instead of manipulating the forend to cycle the action, it had a sleeve around the grip area of the stock which the shooter would slide back and forward to cycle the gun. This was done because the forend based pump action was under patent at the time.


title: Pump action

text: Pump-action shotguns, also called pump shotguns, slide-action repeating shotguns or slide-action shotguns are the most commonly seen pump-action firearms. These shotguns typically use a tubular magazine underneath the gun barrel to hold the shells, though there are some variants that use a box magazine like most rifles. It's not uncommon to see extra ammunition stored in externally mounted "shell holder" racks (usually as "sidesaddle" on one side of the receiver, or on the buttstock) for quick on-field reloading. The shells are chambered and extracted by pulling/pushing the sliding fore-end enveloping the tubular magazine toward the user.


title: Pump action

text: In modern shotguns, the fore-end can be replaceable and often include picatinny rails or M-LOK for mounting accessories such as a tactical light, and the traditional straight grip might be replaced with a pistol grip for a more stable control.


title: Pump action

text: Modern pump shotgun designs, such as the Remington 870 and Mossberg 500, have a safety feature called a trigger disconnector, which disconnects the trigger from the sear as the bolt moves back, so that the trigger must be released and pulled again to fire the shotgun after it closes. Many early pump shotguns, such as the Winchester 1897, did not have trigger disconnectors, and would, if the trigger were held back, fire immediately upon closing. Due to the higher rate of fire that this allows, some shooters prefer models without this feature, such as the Ithaca 37, Stevens Model 520/620, and Winchester Model 12.


title: Pump action

text: When used in rifles, this action is also commonly called a slide action or more commonly referred to in the 19th century as a trombone action. Colt manufactured the Colt Lightning Carbine from 1884 to 1904 chambered in .44-40 caliber. The slide action Winchester Model 1890 chambered in .22 caliber was one of the most successful repeating rimfire rifle made by Winchester. Approximately 849,000 Model 1890 rifles were produced between 1890 and 1932. Later pump-action rifles were also manufactured by Winchester, Marlin, Browning and Remington.


title: Pump action

text: A "reverse pump-action" design can sometimes be found, where the extraction is done by pushing the fore-end forwards, and re-chambered by pulling backwards. One such 21st-century variant is the Krieghoff Semprio "in-line repeating rifle". The Semprio is a reverse pump-action system that ejects cartridges when the fore-end is pushed forward and loads the chamber when pulled backward. The Semprio's 7-lug bolt head design displays a locking surface of compared to the of the Mauser M98 bolt-action rifle.


title: Pump action

text: The term "pump-action" can also be applied to various airsoft guns and air guns, which use a similar mechanism to both load a pellet and compress a spring piston for power, or pneumatic guns where a pump is used to compress the air used for power. See the airgun article for information on how spring piston and pneumatic airguns work.


title: Pump action

text: The 43mm GM-94 is a pump-action grenade launcher developed by the KBP design bureau for use by Russian special forces. It carries three rounds in an above-the-barrel tubular magazine.


title: Pump action

text: Another pump-action grenade launcher is the China Lake grenade launcher, which saw usage by the U.S. Navy SEALS in the Vietnam War in limited numbers.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Grievous bodily harm (often abbreviated to GBH) is a term used in English criminal law to describe the severest forms of battery. It refers to two offences that are created by sections 18 and 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. The distinction between these two sections is the requirement of specific intent for section 18; the offence under section 18 is variously referred to as "wounding with intent" or "causing grievous bodily harm with intent", whereas the offence under section 20 is variously referred to as "unlawful wounding", "malicious wounding" or "inflicting grievous bodily harm".


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: The words omitted in the first to third places specifically included shooting or attempting to shoot, and included some words considered redundant; they were repealed by section 10(2) of, and Part III of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: The words omitted in the penultimate place ("at the discretion of the court") were repealed by the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1893.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: The words omitted at the end were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1892 (words limiting penal servitude to at least three years, or imprisonment to at most two years, and removing mention of hard labour) and the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1893 (words prescribing imprisonment as an alternative to penal servitude).


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: This section replaces section 4 of the Offences against the Person Act 1837, which in turn replaced section 12 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828, which in turn replaced section 1 of Lord Ellenborough's Act (1803).


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: This was subject to the same omissions as in England; the Criminal Justice (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 enacted the other amendments.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: The distinction between felony and misdemeanor was abolished by the Criminal Law Act 1967. Accordingly, "guilty of felony" is to be read as "guilty of an offence". The Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967 provided the same for Northern Ireland, until the 1861 Act was amended in 2004 to update the formulation.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Penal servitude was abolished by the Criminal Justice Act 1948 and the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1953. Accordingly, the phrase "penal servitude" is to be read as "imprisonment".


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: None of the words used in these sections are defined elsewhere in the Act, but they have been defined by case law.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: For this purpose, a wound is an injury that breaks the continuity of the skin. There must be a division of the whole skin and not merely a division of the cuticle or upper layer.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: A single drop of blood is sufficient, but it must fall outside the body: see "JJC (a minor) v. Eisenhower" (1984) 78 Cr App R 48. In this case, a pellet gun was fired at the victim. The bullet ruptured blood vessels above his eye, causing his eye to fill with fluid. Lord Justice Robert Goff said the rupturing of blood vessels is an internal wound; only the breaking of whole skin would warrant a wounding charge.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Grievous bodily harm means "really serious bodily harm": "DPP v Smith" [1961] AC 290, HL; "R v Cunningham" [1982] AC 566, HL; "R v Brown (A)" [1994] 1 AC 212, HL; "R v Brown and Stratton" [1998] Crim LR 485, CA. It encompasses a range of injuries: "R v Woodland" (2007) 48 MVR 360.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: However, "R v Saunders" [1985] Crim LR 230, [1985] LS Gaz R 1005, allows "serious injury" as a sufficient direction to the jury. It is for the judge to decide whether the word "really" needs to be used in their direction to the jury: "R v Janjua and Choudhury" [1999] 1 Cr App R 91, The Times, 8 May 1998, CA (in this case, as a knife with a blade at least inches long had been used, it was not possible that something less than really serious harm was intended).


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In "R v Martin", shortly before the conclusion of a performance at a theatre, the defendant put out the lights on a staircase which a large number of persons had to descend in order to leave the theatre, and he also obstructed the exit by placing an iron bar across a doorway which they had in leaving to pass, and upon the lights being thus extinguished, a large proportion of the audience were seized by panic and rushed in fright down the staircase forcing those in front against the iron bar; he "inflicted" injuries which resulted by reason of the pressure and struggling of the crowd thus created on the staircase.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: David Ormerod said that the effect of the decision in "R v Gibbins and Proctor" appears to be that the offence of causing grievous bodily harm under section 18 can be committed by an omission.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In "R v Mandair", Lord Mackay of Clashfern LC said, with the agreement of the majority of the House of Lords, "In my opinion ... the word 'cause' is wider or at least not narrower than the word 'inflict.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In "R v Burstow, R v Ireland", it was held that an offence of inflicting grievous bodily harm under section 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 can be committed where no physical violence is applied directly or indirectly to the body of the victim.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Lord Hope of Craighead said "the word 'inflict' implies that the consequence of the act is something which the victim is likely to find unpleasant or harmful." He said that, in the context of a criminal act, the words "cause" and "inflict" may be taken to be interchangeable.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Lord Steyn described the actions of Burstow as follows: "During an eight-month period in 1995 covered by the indictment he continued his campaign of harassment. He made some silent telephone calls to her. He also made abusive calls to her. He distributed offensive cards in the street where she lived. He was frequently, and unnecessarily, at her home and place of work. He surreptitiously took photographs of the victim and her family. He sent her a note which was intended to be menacing, and was so understood."


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In "R v Clarence", it appeared that at a time when the prisoner knew, but his wife did not know, that he was suffering from gonorrhoea, he had "connection" with her; that the result was that the disease was communicated to her, and that had she been aware of the prisoner's condition she would not have submitted to the intercourse.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Clarence's conviction under section 20 was quashed by the Court for Crown Cases Reserved by a majority of 9 to 4. Wills, A. L. Smith, and Stephen JJ specifically said that they thought the disease had not been inflicted within the meaning of the word "inflict" in section 20. Mathew J said that he agreed with Stephen. Stephen said that he had been informed that Grantham J agreed with him. Huddleston B said that he thoroughly agreed with Stephen. Lord Coleridge CJ said that he agreed with all or almost all of what Wills and Stephen said. Hawkins J specifically said that he thought it had been inflicted within the meaning of the word "inflict" in section 20.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: A. L. Smith J said "it appears to me that this offence cannot be committed unless an assault has in fact been committed, and indeed this has been so held".


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Hawkins J said that he thought that the contention that bodily harm cannot be legally said to be "inflicted" unless it has been brought about by some act amounting to an assault was untenable.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Therefore, the defendant must at least be reckless as to whether some harm, albeit not necessarily serious harm, is likely to be caused (see "R v Savage, DPP v Parmenter"), but a mere intention to frighten is not enough (see "R v Sullivan").


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In "R v Sullivan" [1981] Crim LR 46, CA, the appellant was tried on charges of causing grievous bodily harm with intent and inflicting grievous bodily harm. The victim said that the appellant and a companion were drunk. He said that while he was in a street that was eight feet wide and had a narrow pavement, the appellant drove a car through that street at twenty-five to thirty miles an hour, mounted the pavement and injured him. The appellant denied that he was the driver of the car in a written statement to the police and said he could add nothing to that statement in an unsworn statement from the dock. However, during his closing speech, counsel for the defence suggested that all the appellant intended to do was frighten the victim and no more. The jury were directed that if there was an intention to frighten, and injury took place as a result, the appellant was guilty of an offence under section 20. The appellant was acquitted of the offence under section 18, but convicted of offences under section 20. The Court of Appeal held that an intention to frighten was not enough to constitute the necessary "mens rea" for section 20, and that the direction to the contrary effect was a misdirection. However, they dismissed the appellant's appeal. They said that a properly directed jury could not in the circumstances have come to any other conclusion than that the appellant must have been aware that what he was doing was likely to cause physical injury to the victim.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In practice, malice in the case of these offences means no more than foresight of the risk of bodily harm: "R v Barnes" [2005] 1 Cr App R 30.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Section 18 has two separate "mens rea" requirements and is therefore an offence of specific rather than basic intent. "R v Belfon" [1976] 1 WLR 741, CA, confirmed that references to mere foresight or recklessness that harm was likely to result are sufficient for the element "unlawfully and maliciously inflict/cause" for the basic intent in both sections 18 and 20 but insufficient for the specific element. The intention either to cause or to resist arrest must be proved subjectively, say, in the charge "malicious wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm".


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: The Crown Prosecution Service said that the following factors may indicate the specific intent: "a repeated or planned attack; deliberate selection of a weapon or adaptation of an article to cause injury, such as breaking a glass before an attack; making prior threats; and using an offensive weapon against, or kicking the victim's head".


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Sections 20 and 47 are offences of basic intent and can be an alternative charge to section 18, and/or section 47 is a lesser included offence.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Consent is only an allowed defence to either section if there is considered to be a good reason. This may include medical operations, sport, body modifications (even if carried out by someone who is not trained), and, occasionally, "horseplay".


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: "R v Brown (Anthony)" however ruled that sadomasochistic sexual acts are not a good reason to allow a defence of consent.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In England and Wales, the offence under section 18 is an indictable-only offence, while the offence under section 20 is triable either way.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In England and Wales, an offence under section 18 is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: See the Crown Prosecution Service Sentencing Manual for case law on sentencing of section 18 . Relevant cases are:


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In Northern Ireland, an offence under section 18 is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In England and Wales, a person guilty of an offence under section 20 is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, or on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the prescribed sum, or to both.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: Where a person is convicted on indictment of an offence under section 20, other than an offence for which the sentence falls to be imposed under section 227 or 228 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, the court, if not precluded from sentencing an offender by its exercise of some other power, may impose a fine instead of or in addition to dealing with him in any other way in which the court has power to deal with him, subject however to any enactment requiring the offender to be dealt with in a particular way.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: An offence under section 20 is a specified offence for the purposes of chapter 5 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 because it is a specified violent offence. It is not a serious offence for the purposes of that Chapter because it is not, apart from section 225, punishable in the case of a person aged 18 or over by imprisonment for life, or by imprisonment for a determinate period of ten years or more. This means that sections 227 and 228 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (which relate to extended sentences) apply where a person is convicted of an offence under section 20, committed after the commencement of section 227 or 228 (as the case may be) and the court considers that there is a significant risk to members of the public of serious harm occasioned by the commission by the offender of further specified offences.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In Northern Ireland, a person guilty of an offence under section 20 is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, or to a fine not exceeding the prescribed sum, or to both.


title: Grievous bodily harm

text: In England and Wales, section 29(1)(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c 37) creates the distinct offence of racially or religiously aggravated wounding or infliction of bodily harm. This is an aggravated version of the offence under section 20.


title: Max Pirkis

text: Max Pirkis (born 6 January 1989) is an English actor. After appearing in two stage productions during the mid-2000s, Pirkis made his film debut in "" (2003), after the film crew recruited him at his school, Eton College. In a critically praised performance, he won the Evening Standard British Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer and the Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in an International Film. Two years later, he was cast in the BBC/HBO television series "Rome" as Gaius Octavian, a role he held until 2007.


title: Max Pirkis

text: Pirkis was born in London on 6 January 1989. His mother is a publisher, and he has a sister. After being educated at Eton College, Pirkis began attending St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he read Theology and was captain of the college's football team, in 2009.


title: Max Pirkis

text: Pirkis started his acting in school plays while attending Eton, though he never took them seriously. Although unsure what he wanted to do with his life, Pirkis was cast for his first professional role in 2002, when he appeared in the successful film, "". The hire occurred after production staff visited Eton to hire boys for the ship's teenage crew. Pirkis attended a workshop and auditions as "a joke", ultimately securing the part of the 13-year-old, eventually one-armed midshipman Lord Blakeney of HMS "Surprise". Director Peter Weir thought Pirkis "stood out very early on, but not to the extent that you see in the film. That was a complete surprise." According to Pirkis, he was at first "nervous" about acting with Russell Crowe, but changed his mind when he realised that Crowe was "a pretty normal guy."


title: Max Pirkis

text: One of four teenage actors chosen for the film, Pirkis began researching the history of the Royal Navy and the Napoleonic Wars to prepare himself for the role, before ultimately spending six months shooting the film. Weir soon discovered that Pirkis had "an old actor's soul in his body," and consequently gave him more acting challenges. Because his character loses an arm, Pirkis wore a prosthetic stump on set; tucking his real arm to the side, he practised how to write and eat using only his left arm. Pirkis completed the amputation scene in two takes, thinking of the death of a family friend for inspiration.


title: Max Pirkis

text: Soon after being cast in "Master and Commander", Pirkis was contracted to be represented by Hollywood talent agency ICM. The income he earned for the film was placed into a bank, making him wait until he turned eighteen. For his role, Pirkis received critical acclaim and won the Evening Standard British Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer and the Young Artist Award for Best International Performance by a Young Actor at the 25th Young Artist Awards. Pirkis was also nominated for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Male at the 4th Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards. Jeremiah Kipp of "Slant Magazine" praised Pirkis, writing that he "makes a winning impression as midshipman Lord Blakeney, a pugnacious one-armed lad who imitates the masculine bravado of Crowe and the bookish reserve of Bettany."


title: Max Pirkis

text: In 2005, Pirkis made his television debut. Until 2007, Pirkis played Gaius Octavian (later to become Caesar Augustus) in the BBC/HBO television series "Rome". Many critics highlighted Pirkis and his character for praise. At the beginning of the first season, "The Washington Post" columnist Tom Shales remarked: "Played both knowingly and innocently by Max Pirkis, he gives the audience something it desperately needs... a character to root for, or at least care about." During the second series, Pirkis was replaced by Simon Woods in order for the show to depict an older version of the character.


title: Tau protein

text: The tau proteins (abbreviated from tubulin associated unit) are a group of six highly soluble protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing from the gene "MAPT" (microtubule-associated protein tau). They have roles primarily in maintaining the stability of microtubules in axons and are abundant in the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), where the cerebral cortex has the highest abundance. They are less common elsewhere but are also expressed at very low levels in CNS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.


title: Tau protein

text: Pathologies and dementias of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are associated with tau proteins that have become hyperphosphorylated insoluble aggregates called neurofibrillary tangles. The tau proteins were identified in 1975 as heat-stable proteins essential for microtubule assembly, and since then they have been characterized as intrinsically disordered proteins.


title: Tau protein

text: Tau proteins are found more often in neurons than in non-neuronal cells in humans. One of tau's main functions is to modulate the stability of axonal microtubules."" Other nervous system microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) may perform similar functions, as suggested by tau knockout mice that did not show abnormalities in brain development – possibly because of compensation in tau deficiency by other MAPs.


title: Tau protein

text: Although tau is present in dendrites at low levels, where it is involved in postsynaptic scaffolding, it is active primarily in the distal portions of axons, where it provides microtubule stabilization but also flexibility as needed. Tau proteins interact with tubulin to stabilize microtubules and promote tubulin assembly into microtubules. Tau has two ways of controlling microtubule stability: isoforms and phosphorylation.


title: Tau protein

text: In addition to its microtubule-stabilizing function, Tau has also been found to recruit signaling proteins and to regulate microtubule-mediated axonal transport.


title: Tau protein

text: Tau is a negative regulator of mRNA translation in both "Drosophila", mouse, and human brains, through its binding to ribosomes, which results in impaired ribosomal function, reduction of protein synthesis and altered synaptic function."" Tau interacts specifically with several ribosomal proteins, including the crucial regulator of translation rpS6.


title: Tau protein

text: The primary non-cellular functions of tau is to negatively regulate long-term memory and to facilitate habituation (a form of non-associative learning), two higher and more integrated physiological functions. Since regulation of tau is critical for memory, this could explain the linkage between tauopathies and cognitive impairment.


title: Tau protein

text: In mice, while the reported tau knockout strains present without overt phenotype when young, when aged, they show some muscle weakness, hyperactivity, and impaired fear conditioning. However, neither spatial learning in mice, nor short-term memory (learning) in "Drosophila" seems to be affected by the absence of tau.


title: Tau protein

text: In addition, tau knockout mice have abnormal sleep-wake cycle, with increased wakefulness periods and decreased non-rapid eye movements (NREM) sleep time.


title: Tau protein

text: Other typical functions of tau include cellular signalling, neuronal development, neuroprotection and apoptosis. Atypical, non-standard roles of tau are also under current investigation, such as its involvement in chromosome stability, its interaction with the cellular transcriptome, its interaction with other cytoskeletal or synaptic proteins, its involvement in myelination or in brain insulin signaling, its role in the exposure to chronic stress and in depression, etc.


title: Tau protein

text: In humans, the "MAPT" gene for encoding tau protein is located on chromosome 17q21, containing 16 exons. The major tau protein in the human brain is encoded by 11 exons. Exons 2, 3 and 10 are alternatively spliced, which leads to the formation of six tau isoforms. In the human brain, tau proteins constitute a family of six isoforms with a range of 352–441 amino acids. Tau isoforms are different in having either zero, one, or two inserts of 29 amino acids at the N-terminal part (exons 2 and 3) and three or four repeat-regions at the C-terminal part (exon 10). Thus, the longest isoform in the CNS has four repeats (R1, R2, R3 and R4) and two inserts (441 amino acids total), while the shortest isoform has three repeats (R1, R3 and R4) and no insert (352 amino acids total).


title: Tau protein

text: The "MAPT" gene has two haplogroups, H1 and H2, in which the gene appears in inverted orientations. Haplogroup H2 is common only in Europe and in people with European ancestry. Haplogroup H1 appears to be associated with increased probability of certain dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. The presence of both haplogroups in Europe means that recombination between inverted haplotypes can result in the lack of one of the functioning copies of the gene, resulting in congenital defects.


title: Tau protein

text: Six tau isoforms exist in human brain tissue, and they are distinguished by their number of binding domains. Three isoforms have three binding domains and the other three have four binding domains. The binding domains are located in the carboxy-terminus of the protein and are positively charged (allowing it to bind to the negatively charged microtubule). The isoforms with four binding domains are better at stabilizing microtubules than those with three binding domains. Tau is a phosphoprotein with 79 potential Serine (Ser) and Threonine (Thr) phosphorylation sites on the longest tau isoform. Phosphorylation has been reported on approximately 30 of these sites in normal tau proteins.


title: Tau protein

text: Phosphorylation of tau is regulated by a host of kinases, including PKN, a serine/threonine kinase. When PKN is activated, it phosphorylates tau, resulting in disruption of microtubule organization. Phosphorylation of tau is also developmentally regulated. For example, fetal tau is more highly phosphorylated in the embryonic CNS than adult tau. The degree of phosphorylation in all six isoforms decreases with age due to the activation of phosphatases. Like kinases, phosphatases too play a role in regulating the phosphorylation of tau. For example, PP2A and PP2B are both present in human brain tissue and have the ability to dephosphorylate Ser396. The binding of these phosphatases to tau affects tau's association with microtubules.


title: Tau protein

text: Phosphorylation of tau has also been suggested to be regulated by "O"-GlcNAc modification at various Ser and Thr residues.


title: Tau protein

text: The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurons is associated with neurofibrillary degeneration. The actual mechanism of how tau propagates from one cell to another is not well identified. Also, other mechanisms, including tau release and toxicity, are unclear. As tau aggregates, it replaces tubulin, which in turn enhances fibrilization of tau. Several propagation methods have been proposed that occur by synaptic contact such as synaptic cell adhesion proteins, neuronal activity and other synaptic and non-synaptic mechanisms. The mechanism of tau aggregation is still not completely elucidated, but several factors favor this process, including tau phosphorylation and zinc ions.


title: Tau protein

text: Tau involves in uptake and release process, which is known as seeding. Uptake of tau protein mechanism requires the presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycans at the cell surface, which happen by macropinocytosis. On the other hand, tau release depends on neuronal activity. Many factors influence tau release, for example, type of isoforms or "MAPT" mutations that change the extracellular level of tau. According to Asai and his colleagues, the spreading of tau protein occurs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal region in the early stages of the disease. They also suggested that microglia were also involved in the transport process, and their actual role is still unknown.


title: Tau protein

text: Tau causes toxic effects through its accumulation inside cells. Many enzymes are involved in toxicity mechanism such as PAR-1 kinase. This enzyme stimulates phosphorylation of serine 262 and 356, which in turn leads to activate other kinases (GSK-3 and CDK5) that cause disease-associated phosphoepitopes. The degree of toxicity is affected by different factors, such as the degree of microtubule binding. Toxicity could also happen by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which leads to cell death and cognitive decline.


title: Tau protein

text: Hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein (tau inclusions, pTau) can result in the self-assembly of tangles of paired helical filaments and straight filaments, which are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies. All of the six tau isoforms are present in an often hyperphosphorylated state in paired helical filaments in the Alzheimer's disease brain. In other neurodegenerative diseases, the deposition of aggregates enriched in certain tau isoforms has been reported. When misfolded, this otherwise very soluble protein can form extremely insoluble aggregates that contribute to a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Tau protein has a direct effect on the breakdown of a living cell caused by tangles that form and block nerve synapses.


title: Tau protein

text: Gender-specific tau gene expression across different regions of the human brain has recently been implicated in gender differences in the manifestations and risk for tauopathies. Some aspects of how the disease functions also suggest that it has some similarities to prion proteins.


title: Tau protein

text: The tau hypothesis states that excessive or abnormal phosphorylation of tau results in the transformation of normal adult tau into paired-helical-filament (PHF) tau and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The stage of the disease determines NFTs' phosphorylation. In AD, at least 19 amino acids are phosphorylated; pre-NFT phosphorylation occurs at serine 119, 202 and 409, while intra-NFT phosphorylation happens at serine 396 and threonine 231. Through its isoforms and phosphorylation, tau protein interacts with tubulin to stabilize microtubule assembly. All of the six tau isoforms are present in an often hyperphosphorylated state in paired helical filaments (PHFs) in the AD brain.


title: Tau protein

text: Tau mutations have many consequences, including microtubule dysfunction and alteration of the expression level of tau isoforms. Mutations that alter function and isoform expression of tau lead to hyperphosphorylation. The process of tau aggregation in the absence of mutations is not known but might result from increased phosphorylation, protease action or exposure to polyanions, such as glycosaminoglycans. Hyperphosphorylated tau disassembles microtubules and sequesters normal tau, MAPT 1 (microtubule associated protein tau 1), MAPT 2 and ubiquitin into tangles of PHFs. This insoluble structure damages cytoplasmic functions and interferes with axonal transport, which can lead to cell death.


title: Tau protein

text: Hyperphosphorylated forms of tau protein are the main component of PHFs of NFTs in the brain of AD patients. It has been well demonstrated that regions of tau six-residue segments, namely PHF6 (VQIVYK) and PHF6* (VQIINK), can form tau PHF aggregation in AD. Apart from the PHF6, some other residue sites like Ser285, Ser289, Ser293, Ser305 and Tyr310, located near the C-terminal of the PHF6 sequences, play key roles in the phosphorylation of tau. Hyperphosphorylated tau differs in its sensitivity and its kinase as well as alkaline phosphatase activity and is, along with beta-amyloid, a component of the pathologic lesion seen in Alzheimer disease. A recent hypothesis identifies the decrease of reelin signaling as the primary change in Alzheimer's disease that leads to the hyperphosphorylation of tau via a decrease in GSK3β inhibition.


title: Tau protein

text: A68 is a name sometimes given (mostly in older publications) to the hyperphosphorylated form of tau protein found in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.


title: Tau protein

text: In 2020, researchers from two groups published studies indicating that an immunoassay blood test for the p-tau-217 form of the protein could diagnose Alzheimer's up to decades before dementia symptoms were evident.


title: Tau protein

text: Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a central component of contact sports, especially American football, and the concussive force of military blasts. It can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a condition characterized by fibrillar tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. After severe traumatic brain injury, high levels of tau protein in extracellular fluid in the brain are linked to poor outcomes.


title: Tau protein

text: The term "prion-like" is often used to describe several aspects of tau pathology in various tauopathies, like Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. True prions are defined by their ability to induce misfolding of native proteins to perpetuate the pathology. True prions, like PRNP, are also infectious with the capability to cross species. Since tau has yet to be proven to be infectious it is not considered to be a true prion but instead a "prion-like" protein. Much like true prions, pathological tau aggregates have been shown to have the capacity to induce misfolding of native tau protein. Both misfolding competent and non-misfolding competent species of tau aggregates have been reported, indicating a highly specific mechanism.


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: Archana Chandhoke or more simply known as Archana, is an Indian television presenter, actress and radio jockey who has primarily worked in Tamil film and television industry.


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: In September 1999, Archana started her career as a newsreader in Jaya TV's English News while studying in college. She later moved on to Sun TV, where she hosted the shows "Comedy Time" and "Ilamai Pudhumai". In May 2007, she left Sun TV to prioritize family commitments.


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: After a break of one year, she joined Star Vijay in 2008 and hosted "Namma Veetu Kalyanam" till 2014. In September 2015, Zee Tamil approached her to do the show "Athirshta Lakshmi". The following year, she appeared as a judge of the comedy show "Junior Super Star" along with K. Bhagyaraj and Khushbu.


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: In 2020, Archana entered "Bigg Boss" as a wildcard contestant. She received criticism from audiences for her behavior on the show. Following her stint on the show, she rejoined Star Vijay and is hosting various reality shows and also various special episodes like "Kadhale Kadhale, Old is Gold Black and White, Parivattam, Namma veetu kalyanam Snehan and Kanikka Special, Singappene, Namma veetu thiruvizha, Samsaram athu Minsaram, Sabash Sariyana Potti, Pattikada Pattanama, Thai illamal Naanillai and Udanpirappe(Paasa Malargal)."


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: In 2022, she rejoined "Zee Tamil" to host the most popular show, "Super Mom season 3". She is hosting this show along with her daughter "Zaara Vineet."


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: Archana has also worked as an actress in Tamil-language films, often portraying comedy roles. She first appeared in "En Vazhi Thani Vazhi" (2015), an action film starring and produced by businessman R. K. During the audio release function of the film, she was confronted by actor Radharavi on stage, who felt she failed to address him with respect. R. K. then cast her again in his next film, "Vaigai Express" (2017) in another small role.


title: Archana Chandhoke

text: Her appearance in "Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala" (2018) saw her feature as a cheating wife in love with the character portrayed by Yogi Babu. A reviewer noted the scenes were "high on adult content but manages to evoke a smile". She was seen in "Doctor" (2021), where she featured alongside her daughter Zaara in a supporting role.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue is a BBC radio comedy panel game. Billed as "the antidote to panel games", it consists of two teams of two comedians being given “silly things to do" by a chairman. The show was launched in April 1972 as a parody of radio and TV panel games, and has been broadcast since on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service, with repeats aired on BBC Radio 4 Extra and, in the 1980s and 1990s, on BBC Radio 2. The 50th series was broadcast in November and December 2007.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: After a period of split chairmanship in the first series, Humphrey Lyttelton ("Humph") served in this role from the programme's inception until his hospitalisation and subsequent death in 2008, which led to the cancellation of the 51st series. The show recommenced on 15 June 2009 with Lyttelton replaced by three hosts: Stephen Fry, Jack Dee and Rob Brydon. Dee went on to host all episodes of the 52nd series later that year, and continues in that role. The chairman's script was most recently written by Iain Pattinson, who worked on the show from 1992 until his death in 2021.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" developed from the long-running radio sketch show "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again", the writers of which were John Cleese, Jo Kendall, David Hatch, Bill Oddie, Tim Brooke-Taylor and especially Graeme Garden who suggested the idea of an unscripted show which, it was decided, would take the form of a parody panel game. A panel game with no competition was not itself a new idea: the BBC had a history of successful quiz shows designed to allow witty celebrities to entertain where winning was not important. Examples include "Ignorance Is Bliss", "Just a Minute", "My Word!" and "My Music" on the radio and "Call My Bluff" on television.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The pilot episode (at that time titled "I'm Sorry, They're At It Again") opened with Graeme Garden and Jo Kendall singing the words of "Three Blind Mice" to the tune of "Ol' Man River" followed by Bill Oddie and Tim Brooke-Taylor performing the lyrics of "Sing a Song of Sixpence" to the melody of "These Foolish Things". Dave Lee, who was bandleader on "I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again", was at the piano and a number of rounds were introduced by a short phrase of music. Other rounds included "Dialogue Read in a Specific Accent" and "Songs Sung as Animals". In 1974 Bill Oddie was replaced by Willie Rushton, with Barry Cryer as Graeme Garden's teammate, and Humphrey Lyttelton as chairman, and the personnel remained constant from this point until Rushton's death in 1996, although occasional guest panellists appeared in the 1980s and early 1990s (see below). Since then the panel has featured a variety of guest comedians.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The show has over two million listeners on Radio 4 and its recording sessions typically fill 1,500-seat theatres within a week of being advertised. At least one recording for the spring 2006 series filled all its seats within three hours of the free tickets being made available, and the London recording of the autumn series in that year sold out in ten minutes. Although there are twelve "Clue" shows broadcast per year these are the result of just six recording sessions, with two programmes being recorded back-to-back. The show was recently voted the second funniest radio programme ever, after "The Goon Show". It has a large following among professional comedians such as Armando Iannucci, who turned down opportunities to work on it as he preferred to remain a listener.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The official, authorised history of the show and ISIRTA, "The Clue Bible" by Jem Roberts, was published by Preface Publishing in October 2009.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Humphrey Lyttelton, primarily known as a jazz trumpeter and bandleader, and known as Humph to his friends, was invited to be chairman because of the role played by improvisation in both comedy and jazz music. In the first series Lyttelton shared the role of chairman with Barry Cryer but he made it his own (especially once Cryer replaced Cleese as a regular panellist) and continued as chairman until his death on 25 April 2008. He read the script introducing the programme and segments in an utterly deadpan manner. He claimed the secret was just to read what was in front of him without understanding why it was funny. He adopted the grumpy persona of someone who would really rather be somewhere else, which he attributed to worrying that, surrounded by four professional comedians, he would have nothing worthwhile to chip in. He did occasionally depart from the script, however, often bringing the house down with an ad-lib. He was credited by the regular panellists as being the chief reason for the show's longevity.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: On 18 April 2008 the producer of "I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue", Jon Naismith, announced that, owing to hospitalisation to repair an aortic aneurysm, Humphrey Lyttelton would be unable to record the scheduled shows and that they would have to be postponed. The final show of the 2008 "Best of" tour on 22 April would be presented by Rob Brydon. Following Lyttelton's death there was speculation that the series might be cancelled because replacing him would be extremely difficult if not impossible. In a eulogy in "The Guardian", Barry Cryer did not allude to the future of the programme but said that there's "got to be an agonising reappraisal" and that Lyttelton was the "very hub of the show". Cryer, Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden all ruled themselves out as hosts: Cryer did not think the programme would work if a panellist became chairman and it "would need somebody of stature to be parachuted in". Jeremy Hardy also ruled himself out, saying "Humph had big shoes to fill and I wouldn't do it."


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In the "Clue" mailout for September 2008 Naismith stated: "Despite the rumours, we've made no decisions about possible replacements for Humph, and are unlikely to make any decisions this year at least. Certainly I don't envisage us selecting anyone on a permanent basis for several series." It was announced that the show would continue recording beginning in 2009. The first new shows would be hosted by rotating guest presenters (similarly to the format of "Have I Got News for You") before a permanent replacement host was decided. In the "Clue" mailout for February 2009 Naismith announced that Stephen Fry, Jack Dee and Rob Brydon would host two shows each, to be recorded in April, May and June 2009 respectively. The programme returned on 15 June 2009, chaired by Fry with the usual panellists and special guest Victoria Wood. Every series since then has been chaired by Dee.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Early episodes featured Dave Lee, who provided piano accompaniment on "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again". However, Colin Sell now usually fills this role. He is often the butt of jokes about his musical ability, to which he is unable to respond as he has no microphone. For example: "When music experts hear Colin's compositions, they say he could have been another Berlin, Porter or anybody else employed by the German State Railway." Guest pianists are called in when Sell has been unable to attend (or the "ISIHAC" team have "won the coin toss" as Lyttelton once said on the show), including Neil Innes, Denis King and Matthew Scott. Lyttelton's band also appeared on a couple of Christmas specials. On one occasion when Innes was guesting, Lyttelton outlined the musician's career, concluding that this "has brought him to where he is today: standing in for Colin Sell." In another appearance Innes sang along to his own composition "I'm the Urban Spaceman" during a round of "Pick Up Song".


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The theme music is called "The Schickel Shamble", by Ron Goodwin, and is from the film "Monte Carlo or Bust!" It was chosen by David Hatch.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Raymond Baxter was occasionally drafted to commentate on sessions of Mornington Crescent and also presented the one-off special "Everyman's Guide to Mornington Crescent". Both Judi Dench and Alan Titchmarsh took part in "Celebrity What's My Line?". Judi Dench and Michael Gambon performed the Mornington Crescent drama "The Bromley by Bow Stratagem". Alan Titchmarsh also played every questioner (that is, famous gardeners) on a 2012 show which featured Victoria Wood. A 2013 episode featured a round of "Useless Celebrities", a parody of "Pointless Celebrities", and featured Richard Osman as the co-presenter (this was broadcast three years before Osman appeared on the panel). A 2017 episode featured a spoof of "The Chase" which featured Anne Hegerty, one of the Chasers from the show.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: On one occasion Humph announced that they had a very distinguished actor as a guest who would join in the game of Mornington Crescent. When the game started, after great ceremony, the penultimate player, the last of the panellists, won on his first move, thus denying the distinguished guest the opportunity to make a single move. The chairman apologised but explained that this was an unavoidable possibility and the guest left without having uttered a word. The show was allegedly inundated with complaints at the treatment of Sir Alec Guinness as on the actual recording Lyttelton can be heard to say, "Well I'm very sorry about that. Rather unfortunate. We would like to go on and ask you a few things about what you're doing currently, Sir Alec, but we do have to hurry on to the next game." This story became a favourite of Lyttelton's, who claimed in interviews that the "distinguished actor" had never actually been named on the show.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Since 18 May 1985 (in the episode in which Kenny Everett made his debut), the show has included a fictional and completely silent scorer "whose job is eased by the fact no points are actually awarded". Usually this is "the lovely Samantha", who sits on Humph's left hand. There is a seat with a microphone next to the Chairman which is "used" by Samantha. During the introductory music, Humphrey Lyttelton would stand up and "help" Samantha into her seat. In practice, the seat and microphone were only used by the producer to welcome the audience, to introduce the participants and to give any other information to the audience such as the expected date of broadcasting, and to supervise re-recordings of fluffs made in the programme.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Lyttelton would describe Samantha's social activities, usually in an apology received from the unseen character who had been detained, often with a "gentleman friend". His comments included sexual innuendo and double entendres, like "Samantha likes nothing better than a little potter in the woodshed in the morning", though many were far more daring and explicit. During early episodes of Samantha's appearance on the show, it was not completely clear that she was a fictional character, garnering complaints about the sexist and humiliating treatment she received. Producer Jon Naismith recalled "when we [Naismith and Iain Pattinson] took over the show we used to get quite a few letters accusing us of sexist references to Samantha" (the character was named after the page 3 topless model Samantha Fox). Samantha's inabilities as score-keeper often form the basis for humour; in a programme from 1997, Humph said: "It's just occurred to me that Samantha hasn't given us the score... since 1981."


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Samantha has sometimes been replaced by a Swedish stand-in, Sven, or occasionally another substitute, Monica. When Margaret Thatcher left office in 1990 Lyttelton introduced a scorer named Margaret. In an episode in November 1991 both Samantha and Sven were present but occupied with each other and unable to award points.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The programme's scoring is completely non-existent. Most of the show is scripted, but in rounds such as "Sound charades", where one team of panellists have to guess the charade of the other team, the answer may be obvious (usually a pun) but the opposing team are not told the answer. In recording, it has taken them many minutes to come up with the correct answer, most of which has to be edited out before broadcast.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In rounds in which the panel must not see what the audience sees, there is the "advanced laser display-board" (in reality, a sign with the answer written on, held by Jon Naismith). These boards are sometimes described in more elaborate terms and as "so generously funded by our hosts". The names and phrases on them are conveyed to "listeners at home" by the "mystery voice", alluding to the 1960s radio programme "Twenty Questions".


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: A regular feature on the programme, preceding the game Mornington Crescent, is a fictional letters section which begins with the chairman's comments ("I notice from the sheer weight of this week's postbag, we've received a little over no letters" and "I see from the number of letters raining down on us this week that the Scrabble factory has exploded again"). The invariably single letter each week is from "A Mrs Trellis of North Wales" (one of the many prompts for a cheer from the audience), whose incoherent letters usually mistake the chairman for another Radio 4 presenter or media personality. "Dear Libby" (she writes), "why oh why ... very nearly spells YOYO", or "Dear Mr Titchmarsh, never let them tell you that size isn't important. My aunt told me that, but then all my new wallpaper fell off."


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: and continues by providing a little background material, usually derogatory, about the show's location:


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Many games are played on "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue", some frequently and dozens less often. A few have been played only once, either because the joke works only once or because they were not particularly successful. Popular games include "One Song to the Tune of Another", "Mornington Crescent", "Sound Charades", "Late Arrivals", "Double Feature", "Cheddar Gorge" and "Uxbridge English Dictionary". "One Song to the Tune of Another" is always introduced using a complex analogy, despite its self-explanatory title, often ending with a joke at the expense of Colin Sell.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The panellists play as individuals or as two teams. "Celebrity What's My Line?" completely destroyed the intent of the original — for players to guess the occupation of a third party by asking yes/no questions. The "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" version once employed the famous actress (and fan of the show) Dame Judi Dench in this role and the renowned television gardener Alan Titchmarsh. Each began by performing a mime illustrating their occupation, giving a cryptic clue to the panel (appearing to a radio listener as a short silence punctuated by exclamations from the panel and laughter from the studio audience), before fielding apparently serious questions from the teams (e.g. "Is that your own hair?" or "Do you kill people for money?"), who pretended not to know who they were.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Musical games often involve incongruities such as singing "One Song to the Tune of Another" or playing a song using only a swanee whistle and a kazoo. In "Just a Minim" – a parody of Radio 4's "Just a Minute" – panellists must sing a specified song avoiding repetition, deviation, or hesitation: the chosen songs often have extremely repetitive lyrics.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Humour is derived from wordplay such as puns or mockery of styles of speech. For example, in a round based on suggesting television programmes from biblical times:


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In "Uxbridge English Dictionary" the panellists contribute humorous redefinitions of words; "Puny: the Roman Catholic equivalent of tennis elbow". More puns are found in the "Arrivals at the Ball" section, of the form "Mr and Mrs X and their son (or daughter)..." the child's name forming a pun, preferably laboured and feeble. This grew out of the "drama" section of later shows in the "I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again" series, for example, at the Criminals' Ball, "Mr and Mrs Knee, and their Swedish son, Lars Knee".


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: According to Tim Brooke-Taylor, twenty per cent of the show is ad-libbed. According to Willie Rushton, it is more like fifty per cent, but he didn't think that a bad thing.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: "...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop..." Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was:


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Most of the humour is detached from the real world. Steve Punt cites it as one of his favourite radio shows because "there's no points being made or targets being attacked." Contemporary references occasionally made by participants are usually asides. The show does occasionally comment on the outside world, though from an innocent perspective. The game "Complete George Bush Quotes" was once played, in which the teams had to supply endings for phrases that George Bush had begun (see Bushism), the teams complaining that they couldn't be any funnier than the original; similar rounds with guessing or completing quotes of other well-known public figures and personalities have also been played.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Self-deprecation forms a big part of the show's humour. It frequently pokes fun at itself and its supposed low quality. For example, Lyttelton was heard to exclaim at the end of a round:


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The regular panellists are represented by the chairman to be unfunny, struggling comedians who have been doing the same act for many years. The supposed personalities of the panellists as demonstrated by the chairman, fictitious but drawn from their public personas, is also a recurring theme. Barry Cryer was often represented as a tight-fisted alcoholic who couldn’t wait to get to the pub (but who never bought a round of drinks), while Tim Brooke-Taylor was often represented as willing to take any small performance job in his quiet career and always campaigning for repeats of "The Goodies" (something which Brooke-Taylor himself played upon in many rounds). The late Humphrey Lyttelton often delivered mock comments of how boring and low quality the show was and, particularly in his later years on the show, preferring to doze off rather than listen to the rounds. Pianist Colin Sell, meanwhile, is often the butt of jokes regarding his supposedly terrible musical skills (despite in reality being an accomplished musician).


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: After fifty years on the air, one of the most important aspects of the show is its huge stock of running gags which, if not always funny in themselves, can elicit huge anticipatory laughter from the studio audience. The mere mention of Lionel Blair will often bring roars of laughter in anticipation of an outrageous double-entendre based on his supposed homosexuality (he was not gay); Similarly, particular mention of points scorer Samantha or her occasional replacement Sven (neither of whom actually exists) will typically bring anticipatory laughter in anticipation of a sexual double-entendre.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In the "Film Club" round, any reference by Graeme Garden to "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" is sure to cause a similar response. The game "Wobbling Bunnies" was introduced several times by Humph, often with eager anticipation by the panel and audience, but time pressures always meant the game was never actually played. Graeme Garden and Barry Cryer frequently played the characters of two Scots, Hamish and Dougal, whose skits usually began with the phrase "You'll have had your tea?", as a stereotypical Scots miser when receiving a guest never offers any food or drink. The characters were developed into their own Radio 4 show, "Hamish and Dougal". Another long-running gag involves one of the panellists putting forward a challenge of "hesitation" when another panellist leaves a long pause in the middle of speaking, a reference to Radio 4's other long-running panel show "Just a Minute". (Likewise, occasionally on "Just a Minute", a panellist will make a challenge of "Mornington Crescent".)


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Chairman Humphrey Lyttelton frequently poked fun at "Just a Minute" and its chairman Nicholas Parsons. Lyttelton's successor, Jack Dee, has continued with and expanded upon this, mimicking Parsons by constantly emphasising the long experience of some panellists, and the fact that the programme can be heard all over the world.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In 2020 the programme was voted the greatest radio comedy of all time by a panel convened by "Radio Times".


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: "Clue" has been broadcast since 11 April 1972 on BBC Radio 4 with new series rotating with the other Monday night comedy staples such as "The Unbelievable Truth", "The Museum Of Curiosity" and "Just a Minute".


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Excluding compilations and repeats, this totals 521 episodes (up to series 77). Some early episodes of the series, including the first, were wiped in the late 1970s. Following the BBC's Treasure Hunt appeal for missing material in 2002, several shows were recovered from off-air recordings made by listeners. Ultimately, a complete archive (barring the opening music in places) was assembled, though the quality was somewhat poor for early episodes.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In 2007, "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue: The Official Stage Tour" visited nine locations across England. While the broadcast shows are recorded on location, this was the first ISIHAC touring stage show in the show's 35-year history. It was a "best of" show, featuring favourite rounds from the previous 35 years, and the guest panellist was Jeremy Hardy. The shows were not recorded for broadcast on Radio 4, although it was suggested that they may be recorded for release as part of the BBC Radio Collection.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: In 2008, "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue: The Official Stage Tour" embarked on another "best of" tour, with the intention of visiting many parts of the UK that were missed in the autumn 2007 dates.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The show at the Lowry in Salford was filmed and broadcast on BBC Four on 13 September 2008. Although some unaired pilots had previously been made, this was the first time ISIHAC has been shown on television. An extended version was released on DVD on 10 November 2008.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The regular panellists decided to continue the annual stage tour despite Lyttelton's death, with Jack Dee (one of the 51st series' hosts) as chairman for the tour shows. Jeremy Hardy remained as the guest participant.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Another set of tour dates, with Jack Dee as chairman and Jeremy Hardy as guest panellist, took place in 2010.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The show did not tour between 2011 and 2013, but there were a couple of one-off shows performed during this time with Dee as chairman and Hardy as guest panellist.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The sixth tour took place in 2015, again with Dee in the chair and Hardy as the guest panellist. Sandi Toksvig deputised for Dee on some dates.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The seventh tour took place in 2016, again with Dee in the chair. Graeme Garden was absent from this tour so Jeremy Hardy took his place, with Miles Jupp as the guest panellist.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: The eighth tour took place in 2017, again with Dee in the chair. Garden was again absent so Hardy took his place once more, with Tony Hawks as the guest panellist.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: A one-off special stage show was advertised as in January 2019 to take place the following February. Following the death of regular guest Jeremy Hardy, the special show became a tribute to him, with Cryer, Garden and Brooke-Taylor joined by several guests – Rob Brydon, Tony Hawks, David Mitchell, Rory Bremner, Sandi Toksvig and Andy Hamilton.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: A ninth tour was announced in October 2019 to take place in early 2020. Jack Dee, Colin Sell and Tim Brooke-Taylor were joined by Tony Hawks and Miles Jupp on the panel, with the fourth spot rotating between Rory Bremner, Richard Osman and John Finnemore. Marcus Brigstocke also appeared in place of Jupp on some dates, and Barry Cryer made a special appearance at the Watford Colosseum show.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: A tenth tour was announced in November 2021 to take place in early 2022. All dates feature Tony Hawks and Rory Bremner versus Miles Jupp and Pippa Evans on the panel, with the exception of the Stockton date which featured Marcus Brigstocke in place of Bremner, and the Cambridge date, where Brigstocke replaced Jupp at the last minute.


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: A further six dates were announced in October 2022 for the end of the year, featuring Bremner, Brigstocke, Evans and Jupp:


title: I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

text: Episodes of "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" were included in the package of programmes held in 20 underground radio stations of the BBC's Wartime Broadcasting Service (WTBS), designed to provide public information and morale-boosting broadcasts for 100 days after a nuclear attack.


title: Françafrique

text: In international relations, () is France's sphere of influence (or in French, meaning 'backyard') over former French and Belgian colonies in sub-Saharan Africa. The term was derived from the expression , which was used by the first president of Ivory Coast, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, in 1955 to describe his country's close ties with France. It was later pejoratively renamed by François-Xavier Verschave in 1998 to criticise the alleged corrupt and clandestine activities of various Franco-African political, economic and military networks, also defined as France's neocolonialism.


title: Françafrique

text: Following the accession to independence of its African colonies beginning in 1959, France continued to maintain a sphere of influence over the new countries, which was critical to then President Charles de Gaulle's vision of France as a global power (or in French) and as a bulwark to British and American influence in a post-colonial world. The United States supported France's continuing presence in Africa to prevent the region from falling under Soviet influence during the Cold War. France kept close political, economic, military and cultural ties with its former African colonies that were multi-layered, involving institutional, semi-institutional and informal levels.


title: Françafrique

text: After the Cold War, the regime weakened due to France's budgetary constraints, greater public scrutiny at home, the deaths of pivotal actors (Foccart, Mitterrand, Pasqua and members of Elf), and the integration of France into the European Union. Economic liberalisation, high indebtedness and political instability of the former African colonies have reduced their political and economic attractiveness, leading France to adopt a more pragmatic and hard-nose approach to its African relations.