title: P. J. Fleck

text: After finishing the 2014 regular season with an 8–4 record, Fleck was named the 2014 MAC Coach of the Year. The seven game improvement in wins from the previous season was the best in WMU history. WMU rewarded Fleck by extending his contract through the 2020 season. In addition to his base salary of $392,500, Fleck earned an additional $61,000 in bonuses by hitting contract incentives ($25,000 for a bowl game appearance, $15,000 for MAC Coach of the Year, $12,000 for eight wins, and $9,000 for player all-conference honors). Fleck's new contract paid him $800,000 per year, plus incentives, making Fleck the MAC's highest-paid coach, nearly 45 percent higher than second place Frank Solich ($554,500).


title: P. J. Fleck

text: WMU lost 38–24 in the 2014 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl against the Air Force Falcons of the Mountain West Conference.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: To open the season, WMU lost to No. 5 Michigan State 37–24 at home in Waldo Stadium. The matchup marked the first time that WMU had hosted a Big Ten Conference opponent since 2007 (Indiana). The following week, they lost to Georgia Southern 43–17. In week 3 they beat Murray State at home 52–20. In week 4 they lost at No. 1 Ohio State by a score of 38–12.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In week 4, Western retained the Victory Cannon by defeating rival Central Michigan by a score of 41–39. In week 8, Western retained the Michigan MAC Trophy by defeating Eastern Michigan by a score of 58–28.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: On November 27, 2015, the Broncos beat No. 24-ranked Toledo 35–30 on the road at the Glass Bowl for the program's first ever win over a ranked opponent. Western was previously 0–32 against top-25 teams.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: WMU finished the 2015 regular season with a record of 7–5 (6–2 MAC). 7 of the 12 opponents ultimately appeared in a bowl game. The 7–5 record earned WMU a bowl berth for the second straight year – the first time in program history that the team made bowl appearances in consecutive seasons. On December 24, 2015, the Broncos defeated the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders in the Bahamas Bowl by a score of 45–31. The bowl win was the first in program history – WMU was previously 0–6 in postseason bowl games.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: To open the season WMU beat Northwestern 22–21 in a road game at Ryan Field. The following week they beat North Carolina Central 70–21 in Kalamazoo. In week three WMU beat Illinois 34–10 on the road at Memorial Stadium. This was the first time in program history to beat 2 Big Ten teams in the same season.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In week 4 WMU avenged a loss to Georgia Southern from last season, winning 49–31. In week five, Western retained the Victory Cannon by defeating rival Central Michigan by a score of 49–10. This marked Western Michigan's third consecutive win in the series and 5 of the last 6. Following this game WMU was ranked 25 in the coaches poll - the first time WMU appeared in the top 25 of a major poll. In the sixth week, WMU improved to 6–0 with a win against his alma mater Northern Illinois. Following the win, WMU was ranked No. 24 in the AP Top 25 poll, the first time in Western's history that they've received a place in the top 25 of both major polls.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: WMU was able to complete their undefeated regular season at 12–0 with a win at home against Toledo, 55–35 on Friday, November 25. It was the first undefeated regular season for WMU since 1941, when the team went 8–0. Fleck was named MAC Coach of the Year following the season.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: On December 2, 2016, WMU defeated Ohio in the 20th MAC Football Championship Game at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. It was the first conference championship for WMU since 1988, as well as the first 10-win season in WMU's 111-year football history. WMU completed the 2016 regular season ranked No. 12 in the AP poll, #14 in the coaches poll, and #15 in the College Football Playoff rankings.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: As the highest-ranked team in the "Group of Five," Fleck's Broncos were invited to the 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic, easily the most prestigious bowl in Western Michigan's football history. They lost to Wisconsin by a final score of 24–16.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: On December 6, 2016, Fleck was announced as one of five finalists for the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year award alongside Colorado's Mike MacIntyre, Washington's Chris Petersen, Alabama's Nick Saban and Penn State's James Franklin.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Following Tracy Claeys' firing, he accepted the head football coaching job at the University of Minnesota on January 6, 2017. After initially signing a five-year $18 million contract in January 2017 when he was first hired, Fleck agreed to a one-year extension on November 21, 2017, that would extend his contract through the 2022 season. The deal would be an annual salary starting at $3.5 million/year and increase by $50,000 each year and will last until January 31, 2023. His team won its first game against Buffalo (17–7), then Oregon State (48–14), and Middle Tennessee State (34–3) to start the season 3–0 but sputtered down the stretch and lost 31–0 to No. 5 Wisconsin making Minnesota 5–7 and ineligible for the postseason.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In Fleck's second season as head coach, the Golden Gophers again started with three non-conference wins against New Mexico State (48-10), #21-ranked Fresno State (21-14), and Miami (OH) (26-3). Big Ten play challenged the team once again, however, as they lost four games straight before a victory over Indiana (38-31). After the following week's blowout loss at Illinois (55-31), the latest of several poor defensive performances in conference play, Fleck replaced coordinator Robb Smith with defensive line coach Joe Rossi. The defense improved dramatically, and the team won two of its last three regular season games against strong opponents, defeating Purdue (41-10), losing to No. 22 Northwestern (24-14) and winning against Wisconsin (37-15). The Gophers' victory over the Badgers returned Paul Bunyan's Axe to Minneapolis for the first time since 2003, and earned the program its second trip to the Quick Lane Bowl in Detroit. In Minnesota's first appearance in a bowl game under Fleck, the Gophers defeated the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 34–10 to finish the season 7–6.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In his third season, Fleck led the Golden Gophers to one of their best seasons in over half a century. They raced out to a 9–0 start, their best start since 1904. By beating #4-ranked Penn State, the Golden Gophers beat a top-five opponent at home for the first time since 1977. In November, Fleck signed a seven-year $33.25 million contract. Although the Golden Gophers saw setbacks with losses against the Iowa Hawkeyes and Wisconsin Badgers, Fleck won the coaches vote Big Ten Coach of the Year, sharing the award with the media voting for Ohio State's Ryan Day. The Gophers went on to finish the regular season 10–2, their first season with double-digit wins since 1904. By comparison, Minnesota's two winningest coaches, Hall of Famers Bernie Bierman and Murray Warmath, never won more than eight games in a season. They also tied for the Big Ten West title, though behind rival Wisconsin, the first time they had won a share of a division title since the Big Ten began divisional play. They defeated Auburn in the 2020 Outback Bowl for their 11th win, their most since 1904. The Gophers ended the year ranked 10th in the nation in both the AP and Coaches College Football polls, their highest year-end ranking since 1962.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In Fleck's fourth season at Minnesota, the Golden Gophers concluded an abbreviated season with a 3–4 record.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Big Ten Conference first made the decision in July to eliminate non-conference games for all fall athletics, limiting member teams to conference-only schedules. The Big Ten then released new conference-only fall football schedules on August 5, before announcing six days later that the fall 2020 football season had been "postponed" due to "ongoing health and safety concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic." The conference ended up reversing course on September 16, announcing a nine-game football season with a start date of October 24 and citing the availability of daily antigen testing, enhanced cardiac screenings, and an enhanced data-driven approach to making decisions about practice and/or competition. Minnesota wide receiver Rashod Bateman, who had initially opted out of the 2020 season in August due to "uncertainty around health and safety," petitioned the NCAA for a waiver to restore his eligibility and allow him to return to the team for the fall season. The NCAA approved his waiver on September 30.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: The Golden Gophers opened the season with a 49–24 loss to then #18-ranked Michigan, and dropped to 0-2 the following week after a 45–44 overtime loss to Maryland. Minnesota notched their first win of the season in a 41-14 road victory over Illinois before hosting Iowa in a 35–7 loss to the Hawkeyes. In a Week 5 matchup against Purdue, the Gophers were forced to compete with a total of 22 players unavailable due to a combination of positive COVID-19 tests, contract racing, opt-outs, and injuries. Minnesota prevailed 34–31 over the Boilermakers but saw their next two games against Wisconsin and Northwestern cancelled due to an abundance of positive COVID-19 cases within the program. Bateman elected to opt out of the rest of the season, declaring for the NFL Draft. The Gophers were able to return to action against Nebraska and beat the Huskers, 24–17, despite 33 of their players being unavailable. To end the season, the Big Ten arranged for Minnesota and Wisconsin to play, marking the 130th meeting between the border rivals and allowing the longest-running series in FBS history to continue uninterrupted. The Badgers prevailed in overtime, 20–17, to retain Paul Bunyan's Axe. The Gophers finished 4th in the Big Ten West with a 3–4 record.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In his fifth season, Fleck led the Golden Gophers to the program's fourth nine-win season since 1905, finishing 9-4 overall with a 6-3 record in Big Ten play. It is the seventh time in program history the Gophers won six or more conference games in a season.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Minnesota opened the season with a 45-31 loss to #4-ranked Ohio State. Mohamed Ibrahim, the reigning Big Ten Running Back of the Year, was sidelined for the rest of the year after suffering a torn Achilles tendon in the season opener. After back-to-back wins over Miami (Ohio) and Colorado, the Gophers dropped a 14-10 loss at home to Bowling Green, who entered the game as 30.5-point underdogs. The loss also snapped Minnesota's streak of 21 straight non-conference wins. The Gophers bounced back to win four straight Big Ten games before suffering losses to Illinois and #20-ranked Iowa. Minnesota beat Indiana on the road the following week before hosting #14-ranked Wisconsin in the regular season finale. The Gophers upset the Badgers, 23-13, to re-claim Paul Bunyan's Axe and deny Wisconsin a trip to the Big Ten Championship Game, opening the door for Iowa to claim the Big Ten West division title outright.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Minnesota defeated West Virginia, 18-6, in the Guaranteed Rate Bowl for their ninth win of the season.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Fleck is a 2004 graduate of Northern Illinois University with a bachelor's degree in elementary education. He has five children: stepson Gavin Jackson, sons Carter Joseph (C. J.) and Colt, and daughters Paisley Jane (P.J.) and Harper. Colt died shortly after birth due to a heart condition. Paisley was born on December 17, 2012, the same day Fleck was announced as the new coach at Western Michigan University. He married Heather Jackson on February 11, 2016. Fleck is an avid runner, and completed his first marathon in April of 2009.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: In 2014, Fleck was inducted into the Hall of Fame of Kaneland High School, his alma mater, in Maple Park, Illinois.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Fleck credits Jim Tressel, Greg Schiano, and Jerry Kill (among others) with helping advance his coaching career.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Unlike many coaches of his generation, Fleck wears a dress shirt, slacks and a tie in school colors on the sidelines. He maintains an intense, vocal demeanor during games, but is also known to celebrate a win with his players by crowdsurfing through the locker room.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Fleck devised the "Row the Boat" mantra as part of his grieving process after Colt's death, and extended it to his coaching style. After he left Western Michigan for Minnesota, Fleck and WMU were in a brief dispute over the intellectual property rights to the phrase, but they soon came to a settlement without resorting to the courtroom. Fleck received full rights to the phrase, and can use it freely at Minnesota (and presumably possible future coaching stops). As part of the settlement, Fleck is providing $10,000 annually to endow a football scholarship at WMU, and WMU will have rights to use the phrase for any memorabilia connected to Fleck's tenure with the Broncos. Whenever his teams take the field, one of his players carries an oar.


title: P. J. Fleck

text: Fleck and UNRL apparel company collaborated to release a "Row the Boat" clothing line, with 14% of proceeds benefitting University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital and Ronald McDonald House Charities.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: Lerdsila Muaythai Iyarin (born October 22, 1981) is a Thai Muay Thai kickboxer. Lerdsila is a multiple-time Muay Thai world champion (WMC, WBC, WLF, WPMF, WCK) and three-time Rajadamnern Stadium champion across three weight classes. He is also a world kickboxing champion.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: He first began training in Muay Thai at the age of 7 under his father’s tutelage and had his first bout that same year. Lerdsila then moved to Bangkok when he was 12 years old to pursue a career in professional Muay Thai, training at Jocky Gym which created many legendary fighters such as Saenchai, Somrak Khamsing, Silapathai, and Rolek Kaennorasing. Lerdsila has competed countless times at the famed Lumpinee and Rajadamnern Stadiums, even claiming the prestigious Rajadamnern Muay Thai World Title in three different weight classes. In 2015, Lerdsila moved to train at Phuket Top Team.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: Lerdsila developed his style through a long period of training in Jocky Gym, where fighters were trained to be fast, elusive and technical oriented. Lerdsila explained that he likes to mix Muay Thai with techniques he saw in other martial arts such as Taekwondo, Karate and Boxing. Lerdsila doesn't take fights too seriously: he doesn't care about winning or losing, but to have fun during fights by taunting, keep his opponents guessing, making them angry to break their concentration during fights. People call Lerdsila "The Eel on a skateboard" because of how evasive he is; Lerdsila is extremely good at incorporating the Teep and head movements into his defense, especially countering flashy, explosive kicks of his opponents.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: But, no matter the opponent or where ever he fought, Lerdsila says he went out to fight and enjoy it. After 200 fights, he said the most important thing in the sport is to enjoy what you're doing. Most importantly, Lerdsila says respecting your opponents is the most important thing when Thai boxing, which led to his style of fighting being fun and playful.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: Lerdsila suffered decision loss to Deng Zeqi during the 2015 Wu Lin Feng & WCK Muaythai: China vs USA event.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: Lerdsila fought Kang En during the 2017 Hero Legend event. The fight went into an extra fourth round, where Lerdsila won a decision.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: On August 16, 2019, he faced Michael Savvas at . Savvas lost by TKO when he was thrown and landed at an awkward angle on his elbow.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: In the last ONE event of 2019, Lerdsila faced Elias Mahmoudi at on December 9, 2019. He would lose by unanimous decision, marking his first loss in ONE Championship.


title: Lerdsila Chumpairtour

text: Lerdsila never intends to fully leave the sport of Muay Thai. He's said after his pro fighting career is finished, he intends to open his own gym to train the next generation of fighters.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: The 2003 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 2002–03 season. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs defeating the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Nets, 4 games to 2, in the NBA Finals. Tim Duncan was named NBA Finals MVP for the second time.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This postseason is notable for being the first time since 1974 that all series were conducted in a best-of-seven format. From 1984 to 2002, the first-round series were best-of-five. It is also notable as the only time the conference quarterfinal round did not include any series sweeps.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This is the first time that the NBA Playoffs carried more games on cable television than regular broadcast television, and marks the debut for the NBA Playoffs to be aired on NBA TV, and the return broadcast on ESPN and ABC after the NBA departed from NBC and TBS.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: The Detroit Pistons advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since the Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars-led team was swept by the Chicago Bulls in 1991, ending the Pistons' quest for a third consecutive title. The Pistons would go on to appear in six consecutive Eastern Conference Finals through 2008, the most consecutive appearances for any Eastern Conference team since the Bill Russell-led Boston Celtics (1956–69).


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: The Dallas Mavericks ended a long conference finals drought by making it there for the first time since 1988.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: As of 2022, the 49-win Nets are the most recent NBA Finals participant to win fewer than 50 games in an 82-game season. Four teams have since made the Finals with sub-50 win records, but each of those times, the season was shorter than 82 games for particular reasons:


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: - The Miami Heat (46 - 20) and the Oklahoma City Thunder (47 - 19) both made the 2012 Finals, but the 2011–2012 season was only 66 games long due to the NBA lockout.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: - The Miami Heat (44 - 29) made the Finals in the 2019–2020 season, but that season was cut short due to the COVID plague and no team played a full 82 game schedule.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: - The Milwaukee Bucks (46 - 26) made it to the Finals in the 2020–2021 season, however that season was only 72 games long.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: The Pistons became the 7th team in NBA history to overcome a 3–1 series deficit and the first 1st seed to do so.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Magic winning the first meeting.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Bucks winning the first two meetings.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning the first two meetings.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: In Game 1, after Amar'e Stoudemire banks in a game-tying 3 with 7.9 seconds left in regulation, Stephon Marbury hits the game-winning 3 at the buzzer in OT.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Suns winning three of the first five meetings.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: Game 5 is John Stockton's final NBA game. It was also Karl Malone's last game in Utah as he joined the Los Angeles Lakers during the following offseason.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning one series apiece.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Trail Blazers winning the first two meetings.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the 76ers winning the first meeting, which occurred when the Nationals/76ers franchise were in Syracuse and the Pistons franchise were in Fort Wayne.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Nets winning the first meeting.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the ninth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning six of the first eight meetings.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Kings winning the first meeting.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Pistons winning the first meeting.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: Steve Kerr puts on a shooting performance for the ages connecting on 4 3-pointers closing out Dallas in game 6. Dirk Nowitzki missed the final three games with a knee injury.


title: 2003 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Spurs winning the first meeting.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: "Godzilla: The Planet Eater" concludes the narrative of the anime trilogy, taking place after the events of "" and "". The film follows the struggles of humanity, their extraterrestrial allies, and Godzilla as they battle to survive against King Ghidorah. "Godzilla: The Planet Eater" was released theatrically in Japan on November 9, 2018, and was released worldwide on Netflix on January 9, 2019.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Following the destruction of Mechagodzilla City, the remaining Bilusaludo on the "Aratrum" demand justice for Haruo destroying what they saw as necessary to defeat Godzilla. The humans disagree, believing Haruo exposed the Bilusaludo's true intentions of assimilating Earth. The Bilusaludo revolt and shut down the ship's engine room, forcing the ship to run on secondary batteries for the next two days. On Earth, Haruo learns from Dr. Martin that Yuko is rendered brain-dead with the nanometal in her body keeping her alive. He also learns that those treated by the Houtua survived the nanometal's attempt to absorb them, with Methphies deceiving the survivors into believing their survival was divine intervention. When confronted by Haruo about converting the remaining humans, Methphies reveals his plan to bring the Exifs' god to Earth and needs Haruo's help to make it possible. Dr. Martin advises Haruo to hide until tensions ease.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Haruo is escorted to a remote camp by the Houtua twins, Maina and Miana. Miana explains privately to Haruo that her people have no concept of hatred and that their concept of life revolves around "winning" (surviving and making life) or "losing" (dying and disappearing). She tells Haruo that he is "losing" and offers to "connect life" with him, but he turns her down. When Maina later extends the same offer, he realizes it was she who had rescued him, not her sister Miana, and accepts. Miana discovers Metphies telepathically communicating with Endurph, the Exif reveals his plans before capturing her, as she telepathically contacts Haruo and Maina.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Metphies later conducts a ritual with his followers in conjunction with Endurph to summon their god, Ghidorah, to defeat Godzilla. Ghidorah manifests as a shadow on Earth and partially through singularities, devouring Metphies's followers and destroying the "Aratrum". Ghidorah then proceeds to attack Godzilla, who is helpless against the intangible monster as its heads bite Godzilla and drain his energy. Dr. Martin concludes that Ghidorah's true form exists in another plane of existence and is being guided by someone in their universe, Haruo finding it to be Metphies who had replaced his right eye with the amulet he repaired with the nanometal. Metphies proceeds to reveal that his people devoted themselves to Ghidorah since learning that their universe is finite and fated to destruction, having offered planets for the monster to feed on. Proceeding to telepathically assault Haruo, Metphies explains that the human's hatred towards Godzilla made him an ideal offering and tells Haruo that he must submit himself to Ghidorah as its witness to enable its full manifestation.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Maina and Dr. Martin use the Houtuan god's egg to psychically reach Haruo and reveal how to stop Ghidorah, Haruo learning that Metphies orchestrated the deaths of the Tau Ceti e exploration party so they could be "saved". At the same time, Haruo recalls the charm he lost the day he fled from Earth as a boy. Its image of flowers reminds him of the meaning of his name, "Spring", and the power of hope to overcome despair. Haruo then breaks free and cracks Metphies' amulet, causing Ghidorah to become affected by Earth's physics, and as such being ultimately defeated by Godzilla. Metphies dies telling Haruo that Ghidorah will always be watching him as long as he lives.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Time passes as survivors bury their weapons and integrate into Houtua society, with Maina pregnant with Haruo's child. Dr. Martin tells Haruo that he got the last remaining Vulture mech working, having discovered how to use Mechagodzilla's nanometal in Yuko's body as a tool to rebuild civilization as it was. Haruo's right eye stings, hearing Metphies's voice that this turn of events would ensure Ghidorah's eventual return to their reality. Taking Yuko with him, Haruo provokes Godzilla into destroying him and all traces of the living nanometal for the good of the Houtua. This prevents Ghidorah from returning as the Houtua continue to live alongside Godzilla; treating the kaiju like a natural disaster to be respected and avoided but not warred with.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: In a post-credits scene taking place years later, Maina, showing signs of advancing age, watches a group of children conduct a ritual honoring Haruo, placing knotted strings representing their fears into a fire under a wooden effigy of a Vulture mech. Even in death, Haruo's story is used as a cautionary tale for future generations.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Takayuki Hattori returned to compose the soundtrack, marking it his fifth Godzilla film score. XAI also returned to perform the film's theme song "Live and Die".


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: In May 2018, a teaser poster revealed the film's title, release date, and potential appearance of King Ghidorah. In July 2018, the film's first teaser trailer was released. In September 2018, the film's theatrical poster was released. In October 2018, the full trailer was released.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: "Godzilla: The Planet Eater" premiered as the closing film at the Tokyo International Film Festival on November 3, 2018, and was given a theatrical release in Japan on November 9, 2018. It grossed $1.5 million. The film was released worldwide on Netflix on January 9, 2019.


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Joshua Meyer from "/Film" stated "Rather than revert to a big dumb monster movie, "The Planet Eater" is able to balance its kaiju action with life-and-death concerns while wrapping up threads of character drama woven through the trilogy as a whole. The movie plays with rich themes that might leave you thinking (or scratching your head) as you wait for the post-credits scene." Naoya Fujita from "IGN" gave the film a rating of 8.0. Fujita felt that getting through "Part 1" and "Part 2" was a "chore" but felt that "Part 3" gave a "strong, more emotional payoff", stating, "While it took awhile to get there, the animated Godzilla trilogy ends with a fascinating chapter that – while unexpected – is worthy of the franchise." Patrick Galvan from "Syfy Wire" called the film the "best of the three movies", praising the film's expansion on its ideas rather than abandoning them like the previous two films but felt that it still didn't redeem the trilogy, stating the film "has a few things going for it that its two predecessors lacked, but it nonetheless fails — just as they did — to rise above the wall of mediocrity which has rendered this three-film saga the single dullest stretch in the history of the Godzilla franchise to date."


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Daniel Kurland from "Den of Geek" awarded the film 3 stars out of 5, feeling the animation was "lackluster" with "Regrettable" CG effects and Hattori's score was "questionable." He felt the battle between Godzilla and Ghidorah was "drab" and could have been choreographed better but praised the film’s themes and concluded by stating, "Godzilla can clearly hold his own within the world of anime." Richard Eisenbeis from "Anime News Network" awarded the film an overall B-rating, praising the anime's version of Ghidorah is "an incredible take on an iconic character" but criticized the battle between Godzilla and Ghidorah, calling it "the most boring part of the film". He also praised the film's themes of nihilism, hope, and harmony with nature but also calling them "polarizing", stating, "It's a rather extreme message, but this is far from the first pro-environmental Godzilla film. If nothing else, you will be left mulling it over as the credits roll, which is probably exactly what the filmmakers intended."


title: Godzilla: The Planet Eater

text: Kai Hellberg from "The Daily Free Press" criticized the English dub, calling it "embellished" and particularly criticized the melodramatic delivery of Haruo. He also felt the music was "out of place" and concluded by stating, "was not an outright failure. There are certainly captivating scenes and gorgeous animation. But its primary fault is trying to be babied by the legacy of Godzilla, while under the guise of being a modern take on the franchise." Anthony Wendel from "Popaxiom" stated that the film "doesn’t save the film series. Instead it finds a way to make everything worse and leave a completely bitter taste after the movie comes to an end." He felt Metphies role as the "mouthpiece of Ghidorah" dragged on and felt the battle between Godzilla and Ghidorah was "dull". He concluded by stating the film "wastes any potential for saving the series and is an incredibly disappointing film overall. The sensation of watching this film is reminiscent of watching the disappointment from the Godzilla film Sony made in 1998."


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella (, ; c. 1186/ 1188 – 4 June 1246) was Queen of England from 1200 to 1216 as the second wife of King John, Countess of Angoulême in her own right from 1202 until her death in 1246, and Countess of La Marche from 1220 to 1246 as the wife of Count Hugh.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella had five children by King John, including his heir, later Henry III. In 1220, Isabella married Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, by whom she had another nine children.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Some of Isabella's contemporaries, as well as later writers, claim that she formed a conspiracy against King Louis IX of France in 1241, after being publicly snubbed by his mother, Blanche of Castile, for whom she harbored a deep-seated hatred. In 1244, after the plot had failed, Isabella was accused of attempting to poison the king. To avoid arrest, she sought refuge in Fontevraud Abbey, where she died two years later, but none of this can be confirmed.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella was the only daughter and heir of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angoulême, by Alice of Courtenay, who was a sister of Peter II of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Alice and Peter II were grandchildren of King Louis VI of France through their father Peter I of Courtenay.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella became Countess of Angoulême in her own right on 16 June 1202, by which time she was already queen of England. Her marriage to King John took place on 24 August 1200, in Angoulême, a year after he annulled his first marriage to Isabel of Gloucester. She was crowned queen in an elaborate ceremony on 8 October at Westminster Abbey in London. Isabella was originally betrothed to Hugh IX le Brun, Count of Lusignan, grandson and heir of the Count of La Marche. As a result of John's temerity in taking her as his second wife, King Philip II of France confiscated all of their French lands and armed conflict ensued.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: At the time of her marriage to John, the blonde-haired blue-eyed Isabella was already renowned by some for her beauty and has sometimes been called the Helen of the Middle Ages by historians. Isabella was much younger than her husband and possessed a volatile temper similar to his own. King John was infatuated with his young, beautiful wife; however, his acquisition of her had at least as much to do with spiting his enemies as romantic love. She was already engaged to Hugh IX le Brun when she was taken by John. It was said that he neglected his state affairs to spend time with Isabella, often remaining in bed with her until noon. However, these were rumors spread by John's enemies to discredit him as a weak and grossly irresponsible ruler, given that at the time John was engaging in a desperate war against King Philip II of France to hold on to the remaining Plantagenet duchies. The common people began to term her a "siren" or "Messalina" for her allure. Her mother-in-law, Eleanor of Aquitaine, readily accepted her as John's wife.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: On 1 October 1207, at Winchester Castle, Isabella gave birth to a son and heir, the future King Henry III of England, who was named after his grandfather King Henry II. He was quickly followed by another son, Richard, and three daughters: Joan, Isabella and Eleanor. All five children survived into adulthood and made illustrious marriages; all but Joan produced offspring of their own.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: When King John died in October 1216, Isabella's first act was to arrange the speedy coronation of her nine-year-old son at the city of Gloucester on 28 October. As the royal crown had recently been lost in the Wash, along with the rest of King John's treasure, she supplied her own golden circlet to be used in lieu of a crown. The following July, less than a year after his crowning as King Henry III of England, she left him in the care of his regent, William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and returned to France to assume control of her inheritance of Angoulême.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: In the spring of 1220, Isabella married Hugh X of Lusignan, "le Brun", Seigneur de Luisignan, Count of La Marche, the son of her former fiancé, Hugh IX, to whom she had been betrothed before her marriage to King John. It had been previously arranged that her eldest daughter Joan should marry Hugh, and the little girl was being brought up at the Lusignan court in preparation for her marriage. Hugh, however, upon seeing Isabella, whose beauty had not diminished, preferred the girl's mother. Joan was provided with another husband, King Alexander II of Scotland, whom she wed in 1221.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella had married Hugh without the consent of the king's council in England, as was required of a queen dowager. That council had the power not only to assign to her any subsequent husband, but to decide whether she should be allowed to remarry at all. That Isabella flouted its authority moved the council to confiscate her dower lands and to stop the payment of her pension. Isabella and her husband retaliated by threatening to keep Joan, who had been promised in marriage to the King of Scotland, in France. The council first responded by sending furious letters to the Pope, signed in the name of young King Henry, urging him to excommunicate Isabella and her husband, but then decided to come to terms with Isabella, to avoid conflict with the Scottish king, who was eager to receive his bride. Isabella was granted the stannaries in Devon, and the revenue of Aylesbury for a period of four years, in compensation for her confiscated dower lands in Normandy, as well as the £3,000 arrears for her pension.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella had nine more children by Hugh X. Their eldest son Hugh XI of Lusignan succeeded his father as Count of La Marche and Count of Angoulême in 1249.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Isabella's children from her royal marriage did not join her in Angoulême, remaining in England with their eldest brother Henry III.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Described by some contemporaries as "vain, capricious and troublesome," Isabella could not reconcile herself with her less prominent position in France. Though a former queen of England, Isabella was now mostly regarded as a mere countess and had to give precedence to other women. In 1241, when Isabella and Hugh were summoned to the French court to swear fealty to King Louis IX of France's brother, Alphonse, who had been invested as Count of Poitou, their mother, Queen Dowager Blanche openly snubbed her. This so infuriated Isabella, who had a deep-seated hatred of Blanche for having fervently supported the French invasion of England during the First Barons' War in May 1216, that she began to conspire actively against King Louis. Isabella and her husband, along with other disgruntled nobles, including her son-in-law Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, sought to create an English-backed confederacy which united the provinces of the south and west against the French king. She encouraged her son Henry in his invasion of Normandy in 1230, but then did not provide him the support she had promised.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: In 1244, after the confederacy had failed and Hugh had made peace with King Louis, two royal cooks were arrested for attempting to poison the king; upon questioning they confessed to having been in Isabella's pay. Before Isabella could be taken into custody, she fled to Fontevraud Abbey, where she died on 4 June 1246.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: By Isabella's own prior arrangement, she was first buried in the abbey's churchyard as an act of repentance for her many misdeeds. On a visit to Fontevraud, her son King Henry III of England was shocked to find her buried outside the abbey and ordered her immediately moved inside. She was finally placed beside Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Afterwards, most of her many Lusignan children, having few prospects in France, set sail for England and the court of Henry, their half-brother.


title: Isabella of Angoulême

text: She was played by actress Zena Walker in the TV series "The Adventures of Robin Hood" episode "Isabella" (1956), before her marriage to John, but not as a 12-year-old. She was portrayed by actress Victoria Abril in the 1976 film "Robin and Marian". She was played by actress Cory Pulman in the episode "The Pretender" (1986) of the TV series "Robin of Sherwood". She was portrayed by actress Léa Seydoux in the 2010 film "Robin Hood".


title: T-34 variants

text: Identification of T-34 variants can be complicated. Turret castings, superficial details, and equipment differed between factories; new features were added in the middle of production runs, or retrofitted to older tanks; damaged tanks were rebuilt, sometimes with the addition of newer-model equipment and even new turrets. Some tanks had appliqué armor made of scrap steel of varying thickness welded onto the hull and turret; these tanks are called "s ekranami" ("with screens"), although this was never an official designation for any T-34 variant.


title: T-34 variants

text: Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, newly declassified sources have demonstrated that all T-34s with the original turret and F-34 gun (conventionally known as Models 1941 and 1942) were officially called "Model 1941", and hexagonal-turret T-34 (Model 1943) was officially called "Model 1942".


title: T-34 variants

text: German intelligence in World War II referred to the two main production models as T-34/76 and T-34/85 with minor models receiving letter designations such as "T-34/76A"—this nomenclature has been widely used in the west, especially in popular literature.


title: T-34 variants

text: Since at least the 1980s, many academic sources (notably AFV expert Steven Zaloga) have used Soviet-style nomenclature: "T-34" and "T-34-85", with minor models distinguished by year: "T-34 Model 1940". (This page has adopted that convention.)


title: T-34 variants

text: Because many different factories manufactured T-34s, with components built by subcontractors, the listing below merely gives a broad overview and does not capture every possible variant. Also, not every factory implemented all model changes at the same time. For example, factory No. 112 continued building narrow-turret 76 mm armed models long after all other plants had switched to hexagonal-turreted tanks.


title: T-34 variants

text: Although there have been many modifications that have resulted in some visual differences between original T-34-85 and the Chinese T-34-85, and although the Chinese factory 617 had the ability to produce every single part of T-34-85, there was not a single T-34-85 that was actually produced in China.


title: T-34 variants

text: The name "Type 58" is made up by the online game World of Tanks for a hypothetical Chinese-built T-34 variant, and was never seen on any Chinese military documents or the internet before World of Tanks released the vehicle under the name.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Diego "Chico" Corrales Jr. (August 25, 1977 – May 7, 2007) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2007. He was a multiple-time world champion in two weight divisions, having held the IBF super featherweight title from 1999 to 2000; the WBO super featherweight title in 2004; the WBO lightweight title from 2004 to 2006; and the WBC, "Ring" magazine, and lineal lightweight titles from 2005 to 2006.


title: Diego Corrales

text: In 2005, Corrales received Fight of the Year honors by "The Ring" and the Boxing Writers Association of America for his acclaimed first bout with José Luis Castillo.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Corrales was born in Columbia, South Carolina to a Colombian father, Diego Corrales Sr. and a Mexican mother. Corrales' early life was filled with violence; he was raised in the Oak Park section of Sacramento, was involved with street gangs at age 13, and witnessed his best friend's death via drive-by shooting. Corrales had a degree in culinary arts. He trained at "Sac Pal" (Sacramento Police Athletic League) Boxing Gym.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Corrales compiled an amateur boxing record of 105-12. In 1994, he took second place at the United States Amateur Championships, losing to Frankie Carmona on points in the featherweight final.


title: Diego Corrales

text: He reached the first round of the featherweight bracket at the 1995 Pan American Games, losing to Arnaldo Mesa. At the 1995 World Championships, he lost out on a medal after losing to Marco Rudolph in the lightweight bracket.


title: Diego Corrales

text: On January 20, 2001, Corrales challenged "Ring" No. 2 ranked Super Featherweight and #7 Pound-For-Pound Floyd Mayweather Jr. for the WBC super featherweight title and recorded his first knockdown and first loss. In the bout, Mayweather knocked down Corrales five times (three times in the seventh round and twice in the tenth). After the fifth knockdown, Corrales' corner stopped the fight, despite Corrales' protests.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Shortly after the Mayweather fight, Corrales served 14 months in prison after opting for a plea bargain on charges he faced for abusing his pregnant wife, Maria.


title: Diego Corrales

text: In 2003, Corrales returned to the ring. After easily winning four fights, Corrales fought against "Ring" No. 1 ranked Super Featherweight Joel Casamayor. After the sixth round, the fight was stopped because of a deep cut inside of Corrales' mouth. On March 6, 2004, there was a rematch for the vacant WBO super featherweight title. Corrales won by close split decision.


title: Diego Corrales

text: On August 7, 2004, Corrales fought former two-time Super Featherweight champion and current WBO Lightweight champion, Acelino Freitas, who came into the bout unbeaten. Corrales won the fight, via TKO in the tenth round, making Corrales a two weight champion. Freitas won the early rounds, but by the later rounds he was visibly tired and began to be caught by Corrales. After rising from his third knockdown, Freitas walked away from the referee and quit.


title: Diego Corrales

text: On May 7, 2005, Corrales defeated WBC and "Ring" Lightweight champion José Luis Castillo via TKO in the tenth round, giving Corrales his fourth title in 2 weight classes. The fight is almost universally regarded as the best fight of 2005. Both men stood in front of each other, battering each other with hard combinations and power punches throughout the entire fight. Finally, in the tenth round, Castillo knocked Corrales down. Seconds later, Castillo knocked Corrales down again. Corrales managed to beat the count, and, after a point was taken away for excessive spitting out of the mouthpiece, Corrales connected with a punch that Castillo later called "a perfect right hand." Corrales then trapped Castillo against the ropes and landed numerous punches, causing the referee, Tony Weeks, to stop the fight.


title: Diego Corrales

text: A rematch between Corrales and Castillo occurred on October 8, 2005. On the day before the fight, Castillo weighed-in 3½ lb over the lightweight limit. Since Castillo did not make the weight, the fight became a non-title bout. The two fighters continued with the same fighting style that they had used in the first fight, trading inside punches throughout the first three rounds. Early in the fourth round, Castillo knocked down Corrales with a left hook to his chin. Corrales wobbled to his feet at the referee's count of ten, causing the fight to end.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Corrales vs. Castillo III, dubbed "The War to Settle the Score," had been scheduled for February 4, 2006, but it was postponed because of a rib injury that Corrales suffered while training. The fight was rescheduled for June 3, 2006. At the weigh-in, however, Corrales weighed the lightweight limit whereas Castillo weighed 139½ lb—causing the fight to be cancelled. Corrales later sued Castillo for punitive damages.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Corrales was scheduled to defend his lightweight title in a third bout against Joel Casamayor on October 7, 2006. However, Corrales weighed in 5 pounds over the limit. He was given two hours to shed five pounds, but came back at 139 pounds. Corrales would have been stripped of the title if he had won the bout, but Casamayor defeated him by split decision for the WBC and "The Ring" lightweight titles.


title: Diego Corrales

text: On April 7, 2007, fighting in the welterweight division, Corrales lost a unanimous decision to Joshua Clottey. Corrales was dropped in rounds 9 and 10 and lost by the scores of 97–90, 98–89 and 100–87.


title: Diego Corrales

text: Corrales served 14 months in the Deuel Vocational Institution, a correctional facility in San Joaquin County, California, after being convicted of domestic battery on his then pregnant girlfriend.


title: Diego Corrales

text: On May 7, 2007, exactly two years to the day after his first fight with Castillo, Corrales was killed in a three-vehicle accident near his Las Vegas home. Corrales was riding a 2007 Suzuki GSXR 1000 motorcycle, traveling northbound on Fort Apache Road in the southwest part of the Las Vegas Valley Corrales struck the back of the car and was thrown more than 100 feet into oncoming traffic and struck by another vehicle. An ambulance was called by the witnesses at the scene, Corrales was rushed to a hospital but was pronounced dead on arrival. Las Vegas police spokesman Sgt. Tracy McDonald said: "The accident occurred at approximately 7:30 p.m. PDT." McDonald could not say how fast the motorcycle was traveling. Corrales' blood alcohol content was 0.25 at the time of the crash, approximately 3 times the legal limit for Nevada.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Paul Ellering (born August 22, 1953) is an American professional wrestling manager and former professional wrestler. He is currently signed with WWE to a legends contract. Ellering spent most of his wrestling career managing the Road Warriors (Animal and Hawk), working with them from 1983 to 1990 and again on occasion between 1992 and 1997. In addition to being their on screen manager he actually handled the team's affairs outside the ring as well, including contract negotiations and travel arrangements. Ellering and the Road Warriors were inducted into both the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011. Five years later, in June 2016, he returned to the ring at as the manager of The Authors of Pain, a heel tag team making their debut. Ellering has been labeled as one of the greatest wrestling managers of all time.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Prior to becoming a manager he was a professional wrestler, but due to injuries retired in 1983 to become a full-time manager, only wrestling on special occasions. In the late 1990s he was involved in a storyline where he actually turned on the Road Warriors and managed Disciples of Apocalypse as they fought the Road Warriors. After retiring from full-time activity in wrestling, he raced in the Iditarod and John Beargrease Dog Sled Race.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Before entering the wrestling business, Ellering was an accomplished powerlifter, setting a world record in the deadlift at .


title: Paul Ellering

text: Ellering was trained in Minneapolis, Minnesota at a camp run by American Wrestling Association (AWA) owner and promoter Verne Gagne and wrestler/trainer Eddie Sharkey in the mid 1970s. According to Ellering's RF Video shoot interview, of the thirty-plus trainees in the camp, only himself and later AWA mid-card wrestler Steve Olsonoski (a.k.a. Steve O) made it through the camp. Ellering would later go on to wrestle in singles and tag teams for Gagne in the AWA, Bill Watts's Mid-South promotion, and for Jerry Jarrett's Memphis promotion, where he was paired with manager Jimmy Hart. Ellering now known as "Precious" Paul Ellering His notable feuds were with Jesse Ventura as a face, and as a heel with Jerry Lawler and Jimmy Valiant, from whom he won the AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship.


title: Paul Ellering

text: While wrestling for Mid-South Wrestling, Ellering in 1982 severely injured his knee in a match with Robert Gibson, started doing workout segments with kids for Mid South re-injuring it after returning to the ring, but the injury ended his full-time wrestling career.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Georgia booker Ole Anderson recognized his speaking ability, however, and gave him a job as a manager.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Ellering formed a stable named the Legion of Doom including such wrestlers as King Kong Bundy, Jake Roberts and The Road Warriors. This was later reduced down to just the Warriors who held the NWA National Tag Team Championship three times before moving to the American Wrestling Association where they held the AWA World Tag Team Championship for a year, during which time the Warriors – and Ellering by association – turned fan favorite.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Ellering is best known for managing the Warriors, from 1983 until 1992 during their stints in the AWA, various National Wrestling Alliance territories, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All-Japan Pro Wrestling, and the World Wrestling Federation in 1992. Ellering was also the real-life manager for the team; he booked their matches, lined up their flights, set up hotel reservations, and kept track of their expenses.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Following the loss of the AWA tag title, Ellering and the Warriors headed to Jim Crockett Promotions where their accomplishments included the Crockett Cup (1986) and the WCW World Tag Team Championship in 1988 (the team and manager briefly turning villains to achieve the latter.) Although primarily a manager, Ellering stepped between the ropes as a competitor, notably at the 1987 NWA Great American Bash in which he joined the Road Warriors, Nikita Koloff, and Dusty Rhodes to face The Four Horsemen and their manager J. J. Dillon in the first ever WarGames match. Ellering would also face Teddy Long in a 'Hair vs. Hair' match at the World Championship Wrestling Capital Combat event in 1990, coming away with a victory.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Ellering returned as the manager of Hawk and Animal (by now using The Legion Of Doom as their actual team name) at Wrestlemania VIII and stayed with them until they left the WWF after SummerSlam (1992). During a promotional angle where Hawk and Animal "rediscovered" their childhood toy "Rocko", a ventriloquist's dummy, Ellering was the puppeteer and voice of the dummy.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Throughout 1998 he managed the Disciples of Apocalypse, who were then feuding with the Legion of Doom; according to Ellering and Animal on the Road Warriors DVD, Ellering had a hard time working with another team against Hawk and Animal, and had difficulty ripping on his former team on the microphone. By the end of his second WWF run, though, he was back to managing the LOD, most notably on "Sunday Night Heat", during a tag-team battle royal for a shot at the tag titles later in the night at WrestleMania XV, though they were unsuccessful.


title: Paul Ellering

text: In 2011, Ellering was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, along with the Road Warriors, by "The American Dream" Dusty Rhodes.


title: Paul Ellering

text: Ellering made his return to WWE programming at on June 8, 2016, revealing himself as the manager of a debuting Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar), after their attack on American Alpha, turning Ellering heel for the first time in 18 years. On January 28, 2017, at , Ellering led Akam and Rezar to their first reign as NXT Tag Team Champions. On April 9, 2018, Paul Ellering made his debut on Monday Night Raw with Akam and Rezar as they answered an open challenge from Heath Slater and Rhyno. After they were victorious in their match, Akam and Rezar ended their partnership with Ellering by pushing him away and leaving him ringside as they returned backstage.


title: Paul Ellering

text: After retiring from professional wrestling, he traveled to Alaska to become a sled dog racer, participating in the Iditarod. In 2000 he came in 54th place.


title: Paul Ellering

text: In 2002, Ellering became the owner and operator of the Historic Rock Tavern on Big Birch Lake in Grey Eagle, Minnesota. In 2020, it was sold to new ownership after being on the market for three years. He has three children: Rebecca, Rachael and Saul. His daughter Rachael won the bronze medal at the 2014 World Powerlifting Championships. She made her professional wrestling debut in December 2015.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay (; ; ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay is one of the most renowned and prosperous provinces of Spain, historically a major trading hub in the Atlantic Ocean since medieval times and, later on, one of the largest industrial and financial centers of the Iberian peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.


title: Biscay

text: It is accepted in linguistics (Koldo Mitxelena, etc.) that "Bizkaia" is a cognate of "bizkar" (cf. Biscarrosse in Aquitaine), with both place-name variants well attested in the whole Basque Country and out meaning 'low ridge' or 'prominence' ("Iheldo bizchaya" attested in 1141 for the Monte Igueldo in San Sebastián).


title: Biscay

text: "Bizkaia" is the official name, and it is used on official documents. It is also the most used denomination by the media in Spanish in the Basque Country. It is also the denomination used in the Basque version of the Spanish constitution and in the Basque version of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country.


title: Biscay

text: "Bizkaia" is the only official denomination in Spanish or Basque approved for the historical territory by the General Council of the province and the Spanish laws.


title: Biscay

text: "Vizcaya" is the denomination in Spanish, recommended by the Royal Spanish Academy. It is used in non-official documents. It is also the Spanish denomination used in the Spanish version of the Constitution and in the Spanish version of the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay has been inhabited since the Middle Paleolithic, as attested by the archaeological remains and cave paintings found in its many caves. The Roman presence had little impact in the region, and the Basque language and traditions have survived to this day.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay was identified in records of the Middle Ages, as a dependency of the Kingdom of Pamplona (11th century) that became autonomous and finally a part of the Crown of Castile. The first mention of the name Biscay was recorded in a donation act to the "monastery of Bickaga", located on the ria of Mundaka. According to Anton Erkoreka, the Vikings had a commercial base there from which they were expelled by 825. The ria of Mundaka is the easiest route to the river Ebro and at the end of it, the Mediterranean Sea and trade.


title: Biscay

text: In the modern age, the province became a major commercial and industrial area. Its prime harbour of Bilbao soon became the main Castilian gateway to Europe. Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the abundance of prime quality iron ore and the lack of feudal castes favored rapid industrialization.


title: Biscay

text: The first evidence of human dwellings (Neanderthal people) in Biscay happens in this period of prehistory. Mousterian artifacts have been found in three sites in Biscay: Benta Laperra (Karrantza), Kurtzia (Getxo) and Murua (Durangoaldea).


title: Biscay

text: Paleolithic art is also present. The Benta Laperra cave has the oldest paintings, maybe from the Aurignacian or Solutrean period. Bison and bear are the animals depicted, together with abstract signs. The murals of Arenaza (Galdames) and Santimamiñe were created in later periods (Magdalenian). In Arenaza female deer are the dominant motif; Santimamiñe features bison, horses, goats and deer.


title: Biscay

text: This period (also called "Mesolithic" sometimes) is dominated in Biscay by the Azilian culture. Tools become smaller and more refined and, while hunting remains, fishing and seafood gathering become more important; there is evidence of consumption of wild fruits as well. Santimamiñe is one of the most important sites of this period. Others are Arenaza, Atxeta (not far from Santimamiñe), Lumentxa and nearby Urtiaga and Santa Catalina, together with Bolinkoba and neighbour Silibranka.


title: Biscay

text: While the first evidences of Neolithic contact in the Basque Country can be dated to the 4th millennium BCE, it was not until the beginning of the 3rd that the area accepted, gradually and without radical changes, the advances of agricultural cultivation and domestication of sheep. Biscay was not particularly affected by this change and only three sites can be mentioned for this period: Arenaza, Santimamiñe and Kobeaga (Ea) and the advances adopted seem limited initially to sheep, domestic goats and very scarce pottery.


title: Biscay

text: Together with Neolithic technologies, Megalithism also arrives. It will be the most common form of burial (simple dolmen) until c. 1500 BCE.


title: Biscay

text: While open-air settlement started to become common as the population grew, they still used caves and natural shelters in Biscay in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Hunting game became a less important source of protein, as the people relied on sheep, goats and some bovine cattle. Metallic tools become more common but stone-made ones are also used.


title: Biscay

text: The sites of this period now cover all the territory of Biscay, many being open air settlements, but the most important caves of the Paleolithic are still in use as well.


title: Biscay

text: Few sites have been identified for this period. Caves are abandoned for the most part but they still reveal some remains. The main caves of prehistory (Arenaza, Santimamiñe, Lumentxa) were still inhabited.


title: Biscay

text: Roman geographers identified two tribes in the territory now known as Biscay: the "Caristii" and "Autrigones". The "Caristii" dwelt in nuclear Biscay, east of the firth of Bilbao, extending also into Northern Araba and some areas of Gipuzkoa, up to the river Deba. The "Autrigones" dwelt in the westernmost part of Biscay and Araba, extending also into the provinces of Cantabria, Burgos and La Rioja. Based in toponymy, historical and archaeological evidence, it is thought that these tribes spoke the Basque language. The borders of the Biscayan dialect of Basque seem to be those of the Caristian territory, with an exception of the areas that have lost the old language.


title: Biscay

text: There is no indication to resistance to Roman occupation in all the Basque area (excepting Aquitaine) until the late feudalizing period. Roman sources mention several towns in the area, Flaviobriga and Portus Amanus, though they have not been located. The site of Forua, near Gernika, has yielded archaeological evidence of Roman presence .


title: Biscay

text: In the late Roman period, together with the rest of the Basque Country, Biscay seems to have revolted against Roman domination and the growing society organized by feudalism.


title: Biscay

text: In the Early Middle Ages, the history of Biscay cannot be separated from that of the Basque Country as a whole. The area was "de facto" independent although Visigoths and Franks attempted to assert their domination from time to time. Encounters between the Visigoths and Basques usually led to defeat for the latter. The Visigoths established an outlying post at the later city of Vitoria to counter incursions and the migration of Basques from the coastal regions to the north.


title: Biscay

text: In 905, Leonese chronicles define for the first time the Kingdom of Pamplona as including all the western Basque provinces, as well as the Rioja region. The territories that would later constitute Biscay were included in that state.


title: Biscay

text: In the conflicts that the newly sovereign Kingdom of Castile and Pamplona/Navarre had in the 11th and 12th century, the Castilians were supported by many landowners from La Rioja, who sought to consolidate their holdings under Castilian feudal law. These pro-Castilian lords were led by the house of Haro, who were eventually granted the rule of newly created Biscay, initially made up of the valleys of Uribe, Busturia, Markina, Zornotza and Arratia, plus several towns and the city of Urduina. It is unclear when this happened, but tradition says that Iñigo López was the first Lord of Biscay in 1043.


title: Biscay

text: The title to the lordship was inherited by Iñigo López's descendants until, by inheritance, in 1370 it passed to John I of Castile. It became one of the titles of the king of Castile. Since then it remained connected to the crown, first to that of Castile and then, from Charles I, to that of "Spain", as ruler of the Crown of Castile. It was conditioned on the lord swearing to defend and maintain the fuero (Biscayan laws, derived from Navarrese and Basque customary rights), which affirmed that the possessors of the sovereignty of the lordship were the Biscayans and that, at least in theory, they could refute the lord.


title: Biscay

text: The lords and later the kings, came to swear the Statutes to the oak of Gernika, where the assembly of the Lordship sits.


title: Biscay

text: In the modern ages commerce on took great importance, specially for the Port of Bilbao, to which the kings granted privileges in 1511 for trade with the ports of the Spanish Empire. Bilbao was already the main Castilian harbour, from where wool was shipped to Flanders, and other goods were imported.


title: Biscay

text: In 1628, the separate territory of Durango was incorporated to Biscay. In the same century the so-called "chartered" municipalities west of Biscay were also incorporated in different dates, becoming another subdivision of Biscay: Encartaciones (Enkarterriak).


title: Biscay

text: The coastal towns had a sizable fleet of their own, mostly dedicated to fishing and trade. Along with other Basque towns of Gipuzkoa and Labourd, they were largely responsible for the partial extinction of North Atlantic right whales in the Bay of Biscay and of the first unstable settlement by Europeans in Newfoundland. They signed separate treaties with other powers, particularly England.


title: Biscay

text: After the Napoleonic wars, Biscay, along with the other Basque provinces, were threatened to have their self-rule cut by the now Liberal Spanish Cortes. Together with opposing factions that supported different parties for the throne, this desire to maintain foral rights contributed to the successive Carlist Wars. The Biscayan government and other Basque provinces supported Carlos V, who represented an autocratic monarch who would preserve tradition.


title: Biscay

text: Many of the towns though, notably Bilbao, were aligned with the Liberal government of Madrid. In the end, with victory by anti-Carlists, the wars resulted in successive cuts of the wide autonomy held by Biscay and the other provinces.


title: Biscay

text: In the 1850s extensive prime quality iron resources were discovered in Biscay. This brought much foreign investment mainly from England and France. Development of these resources led to greater industrialization, which made Biscay one of Spain's richest provinces. Together with the industrialisation, important bourgeois families, such as Ybarra, Chávarri and Lezama-Leguizamón, developed from the new sources of wealth. The great industrial (Iberdrola, Altos Hornos de Vizcaya) and financial (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria- BBVA) groups were created.


title: Biscay

text: During the Second Spanish Republic, the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) governed the province. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Biscay supported the Republican side against Francisco Franco's army and ideology. Soon after, the Republic acknowledged a statute of autonomy for the Basque Country. Due to fascist control of large parts of it, the first short-lived Basque Autonomous Community had power only over Biscay and a few nearby villages.


title: Biscay

text: As the fascist army advanced westward from Navarre, defenses were planned and erected around Bilbao, called the Iron Belt. But the engineer in charge, José Goicoechea, defected to the Nationalists, causing the unfinished defenses to be of little value. In 1937, German airplanes under Franco's control destroyed the historic city of Gernika, after having bombed Durango with less severity a few weeks before. Some months later, Bilbao fell to the fascists. The Basque army (Eusko Gudarostea) retreated to Santoña, beyond the limits of Biscay. There they surrendered to the Italian forces (Santoña Agreement), but the Italians yielded to Franco. Other Republican forces considered the surrender a betrayal by the Basques.


title: Biscay

text: Under the dictatorship of Franco, Biscay and Gipuzkoa (exclusively) were declared "traitor provinces" because of their opposition and stripped of any sort of self-rule. Only after Franco's death in 1975 was democracy restored in Spain. The 1978 constitution accepted the particular Basque laws (fueros) and in 1979 the Statute of Guernica was approved whereupon Biscay, Araba and Gipuzkoa formed the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country with its own parliament. During this recent democratic period, Basque Nationalist Party candidates have consistently won elections in Biscay. Recently the foral law was amended to extend it to the towns and the city of Urduina, which had previously always used the general Spanish Civil law.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay is bordered by the community of Cantabria and the province of Burgos (in the Castile and León community) to the west, the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa to the east, and Álava to the south, and by the Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay) to the north. Orduña ("Urduña") is a Biscayan exclave located between Alava and Burgos provinces.


title: Biscay

text: The climate is oceanic, with high precipitation all year round and moderate temperatures, which allow the lush vegetation to grow. Temperatures are more extreme in the higher lands of inner Biscay, where snow is more common during winter. The average high temperatures in main city Bilbao is between in January and in August.


title: Biscay

text: Historically, Biscay was divided into "merindades" (called "eskualdeak" in Basque), which were two, the Constituent ones and the ones incorporated later.


title: Biscay

text: Currently, Biscay is divided into seven "comarcas" or regions, each one with its own capital city, subdivisions and municipalities.


title: Biscay

text: According to the 2010 INE census, Biscay has a population of 1,155,772 and its population density of 519.9 inhabitants/km, only surpassed by the one of Madrid and Barcelona. In 1981 Biscay was the fifth Spanish province in population, and despite the strong demographic crisis the province has been living since the Transition it is today the ninth province in population.


title: Biscay

text: The government and foral institutions of Biscay, as a historical territory of the Basque Country are the "Juntas Generales de Vizcaya" and the Foral Diputation of Biscay.


title: Biscay

text: The Juntas Generales of Biscay are a unicameral assembly that has normative authority in the province. Its members, called "apoderados", are elected by universal suffrage. The elections are held every four years.


title: Biscay

text: The Foral Diputation has an executive function and regulatory authority in Biscay. The Foral Diputation is configured by a General Deputy, who currently is Unai Rementeria (PNV) and who is chosen by the Juntas Generales and by the rest of deputies.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay is connected to the rest of provinces by two main highways, the Cantabric Highway, which connects Bilbao and Durango with the French border, with accesses in Eibar, Zarautz and Donostia (the three of them in the province of Gipuzkoa), and the Basque-Aragonese Highway, which connects Bilbao with Zaragoza via Tudela, Calahorra and Logroño.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay's main and only airport is Bilbao Airport, which is the most important hub in northern Spain, and the number of passengers using the new terminal continues to rise. It is located in the municipalities of Loiu and Sondika.


title: Biscay

text: Biscay has different commuter rail services, operated by different companies. Cercanías Bilbao is the commuter rail service "cercanías" offered by Renfe, the national rail company. It connects Bilbao and its neighborhoods with other municipalities and regions inside Biscay, like Barakaldo, Santurtzi, Portugalete, Muskiz, Orduña and others.


title: Biscay

text: EuskoTren has three commuter rail lines in the province; all of them start in Bilbao; one connects the city and Greater Bilbao with the "comarca" of Durangaldea and finished in Donostia (in the province of Gipuzkoa), other line connecting Greater Bilbao with Busturialdea and other serving the Txorierri region. FEVE also offers a commuter rail service connecting the regions of the Greater Bilbao with Enkarterri.


title: Biscay

text: Bilbao-Abando is Biscay's main train station, with regular trains to other Spanish provinces like Burgos, Madrid and Barcelona offered by Renfe. FEVE also offers long distance trains to Cantabria and the Province of León in the Castile and León community.


title: Biscay

text: The Basque Y is the name given to the future high-speed rail that will connect the three cities of the Basque Country; Bilbao (in Biscay), Donostia (in Gipuzkoa) and Vitoria-Gasteiz in Álava.


title: Biscay

text: Metro Bilbao is a metro system serving the city of Bilbao and its metropolitan area, the Greater Bilbao region. It connects the city with other municipalities like Basauri, Barakaldo, Santurtzi and Getxo, among others.


title: Emotional affair

text: The term emotional affair describes a type of relationship between people. The term often describes a bond between two people that mimics or matches the closeness and emotional intimacy of a romantic relationship while not being physically consummated. An emotional affair is sometimes referred to as an "affair of the heart". An emotional affair may emerge from a friendship, and progress toward greater levels of personal intimacy and attachment.


title: Emotional affair

text: Examples of specific behaviors include confiding personal information and turning to the other person during moments of vulnerability or need. However, nearly all friendships serve these roles to some degree. The intimacy between the people involved usually stems from a friendship with confidence to tell each other intimate aspects of themselves, their relationships, or even subjects they would not discuss with their partners. It is disputed whether this is inappropriate. Indeed, forbidding your partner from maintaining and participating in close friendships is a common feature of coercive control. High levels of platonic emotional intimacy in adults may occur without the participants being bound by other intimate relationships or may occur between people in other relationships as a normal course of life.


title: Emotional affair

text: An emotional affair can be defined as: "A relationship between a person and someone other than (their) spouse that affects the level of intimacy, emotional distance and overall dynamic balance in the marriage. The role of an affair is to create emotional distance in the marriage." In this view, neither sexual intercourse nor physical affection is necessary to affect the committed relationship(s) of those involved in the affair. It is theorized that an emotional affair can injure a committed relationship more than a one night stand or other casual sexual encounters.


title: Emotional affair

text: Such closeness can also be a reaction to separate injury in the relationship, and indeed can be utilized to resolve the injury and heal the primary relationship.


title: Emotional affair

text: Research by Glass & Wright found that men's extramarital relationships were more sexual and women's more emotional. For both genders, sexual and emotional extramarital involvement occurred in those with the greatest marital dissatisfaction.


title: Emotional affair

text: Chaste and emotionally intimate affairs tend to be more common than sexually intimate affairs. Shirley Glass reported in "Not "Just Friends"" that, among those who claim to have had an affair, 44% of husbands and 57% of wives indicated they had a strong emotional involvement with the subject of the affair without intercourse.


title: Emotional affair

text: In University of Chicago surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) between 1990 and 2002, 27% of people who reported being happy in marriage admitted to having an extramarital affair. The meaning and definition of what infidelity constitutes often varies depending on the person asked. Sexual feelings in an emotional affair may be denied to maintain the illusion that it is just a special friendship. Affair surveys are unlikely to explore what is denied. Many people in affair surveys are not honest with themselves nor with the interviewer. Along with the possibility of these phenomena being underrepresented, this raises the possibility that it is being overrepresented, and the actual prevalence may be lower than indicated.


title: Emotional affair

text: In "Casanova's Chinese Restaurant", the composer Hugh Moreland, talking of an unlikely couple experiencing love at first sight, denies that they are having an affair: "You can have a passion for someone without having an affair. That is one of the things no one seems able to understand these days...one of those fascinating mutual attractions between improbable people that take place from time to time. I should like to write a ballet around it."


title: Emotional affair

text: The entrance of a therapist into a couple's dynamics may be problematic. It may be experienced by the non-client partner as the client having an emotional affair with the therapist if the client is perceived as granting the therapist a greater degree of intimacy and confiding than they grant the client's partner. The tendency to create a mate-substitute out of the therapist may be especially acute in incest survivors.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: In the 1760s, Johann Heinrich Lambert was the first to prove that the number is irrational, meaning it cannot be expressed as a fraction formula_1, where formula_2 and formula_3 are both integers. In the 19th century, Charles Hermite found a proof that requires no prerequisite knowledge beyond basic calculus. Three simplifications of Hermite's proof are due to Mary Cartwright, Ivan Niven, and Nicolas Bourbaki. Another proof, which is a simplification of Lambert's proof, is due to Miklós Laczkovich. Many of these are proofs by contradiction.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: In 1761, Lambert proved that is irrational by first showing that this continued fraction expansion holds:


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Then Lambert proved that if "x" is non-zero and rational, then this expression must be irrational. Since tan(/4) = 1, it follows that /4 is irrational, and thus is also irrational. A simplification of Lambert's proof is given below.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Written in 1873, this proof uses the characterization of as the smallest positive number whose half is a zero of the cosine function and it actually proves that is irrational. As in many proofs of irrationality, it is a proof by contradiction.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Consider the sequences of functions "A" and "U" from formula_5 into formula_5 for formula_7 defined by:


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: where "P" and "Q" are polynomial functions with integer coefficients and the degree of "P" is smaller than or equal to ⌊"n"/2⌋. In particular, "A"(/2) = "P"(/4).


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: He did not justify this assertion, but it can be proved easily. First of all, this assertion is equivalent to


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: If /4 = "p"/"q", with "p" and "q" in formula_20, then, since the coefficients of "P" are integers and its degree is smaller than or equal to ⌊"n"/2⌋, "q""P"(/4) is some integer "N". In other words,


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: But this number is clearly greater than 0. On the other hand, the limit of this quantity as "n" goes to infinity is zero, and so, if "n" is large enough, "N" < 1. Thereby, a contradiction is reached.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Hermite did not present his proof as an end in itself but as an afterthought within his search for a proof of the transcendence of . He discussed the recurrence relations to motivate and to obtain a convenient integral representation. Once this integral representation is obtained, there are various ways to present a succinct and self-contained proof starting from the integral (as in Cartwright's, Bourbaki's or Niven's presentations), which Hermite could easily see (as he did in his proof of the transcendence of "e").


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Moreover, Hermite's proof is closer to Lambert's proof than it seems. In fact, "A"("x") is the "residue" (or "remainder") of Lambert's continued fraction for tan("x").


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Harold Jeffreys wrote that this proof was set as an example in an exam at Cambridge University in 1945 by Mary Cartwright, but that she had not traced its origin. It still remains on the 4th problem sheet today for the Analysis IA course at Cambridge University.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: where "P"("x") and "Q"("x") are polynomials of degree ≤ "n", and with integer coefficients (depending on "n").


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Take "x" = /2, and suppose if possible that /2 = "a"/"b", where "a" and "b" are natural numbers (i.e., assume that is rational). Then


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: The right side is an integer. But 0 < "I"(/2) < 2 since the interval [−1, 1] has length 2 and the function that is being integrated takes only values between 0 and 1. On the other hand,


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: that is, we could find an integer between 0 and 1. That is the contradiction that follows from the assumption that is rational.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: However, it is clearly simpler. This is achieved by omitting the inductive definition of the functions "A" and taking as a starting point their expression as an integral.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Suppose that is rational, i.e. for some integers "a" and , which may be taken without loss of generality to be positive. Given any positive integer "n", we define the polynomial function:


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Expanding "f" as a sum of monomials, the coefficient of "x" is a number of the form where "c" is an integer, which is 0 if . Therefore, is 0 when and it is equal to if ; in each case, is an integer and therefore "F"(0) is an integer.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: On the other hand, = "f"("x") and so = for each non-negative integer "k". In particular, = Therefore, is also an integer and so "F"() is an integer (in fact, it is easy to see that "F"() = "F"(0), but that is not relevant to the proof). Since "F"(0) and "F"() are integers, so is their sum.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: The derivatives of the sine and cosine function are given by sin' = cos and cos' = −sin. Hence the product rule implies


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Since and (here we use the above-mentioned characterization of as a zero of the sine function), Claim 2 follows.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Conclusion: Since and for (because is the "smallest" positive zero of the sine function), Claims 1 and 2 show that is a "positive" integer. Since and for , we have, by the original definition of "f",


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: which is smaller than 1 for large "n", hence for these "n", by Claim 2. This is impossible for the positive integer . This shows that the original assumption that π is rational leads to a contradiction, which concludes the proof.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: The above proof is a polished version, which is kept as simple as possible concerning the prerequisites, of an analysis of the formula


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: which is obtained by integrations by parts. Claim 2 essentially establishes this formula, where the use of "F" hides the iterated integration by parts. The last integral vanishes because is the zero polynomial. Claim 1 shows that the remaining sum is an integer.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Niven's proof is closer to Cartwright's (and therefore Hermite's) proof than it appears at first sight. In fact,


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Another connection between the proofs lies in the fact that Hermite already mentions that if "f" is a polynomial function and


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Bourbaki's proof is outlined as an exercise in his calculus treatise. For each natural number "b" and each non-negative integer "n", define


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Since "A"("b") is the integral of a function defined on [0,] that takes the value 0 on 0 and on and which is greater than 0 otherwise, "A"("b") > 0. Besides, for each natural number "b", "A"("b") < 1 if "n" is large enough, because


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: On the other hand, repeated integration by parts allows us to deduce that, if "a" and "b" are natural numbers such that  = "a"/"b" and "f" is the polynomial function from [0,] into R defined by


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: This last integral is 0, since "f" is the null function (because "f" is a polynomial function of degree 2"n"). Since each function "f" (with ) takes integer values on 0 and on and since the same thing happens with the sine and the cosine functions, this proves that "A"("b") is an integer. Since it is also greater than 0, it must be a natural number. But it was also proved that "A"("b") < 1 if "n" is large enough, thereby reaching a contradiction.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: This proof is quite close to Niven's proof, the main difference between them being the way of proving that the numbers "A"("b") are integers.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Miklós Laczkovich's proof is a simplification of Lambert's original proof. He considers the functions


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Proof: In fact, the sequence "x"/"n"! is bounded (since it converges to 0) and if "C" is an upper bound and if "k" > 1, then


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Proof: Otherwise, there would be a number "y" ≠ 0 and integers "a" and "b" such that "f"("x") = "ay" and "f"("x") = "by". In order to see why, take "y" = "f"("x"), "a" = 0 and "b" = 1 if "f"("x") = 0; otherwise, choose integers "a" and "b" such that "f"("x")/"f"("x") = "b"/"a" and define "y" = "f"("x")/"a" = "f"("x")/"b". In each case, "y" cannot be 0, because otherwise it would follow from claim 1 that each "f"("x") ("n" ∈ N) would be 0, which would contradict claim 2. Now, take a natural number "c" such that all three numbers "bc"/"k", "ck"/"x" and "c"/"x" are integers and consider the sequence


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: which is a linear combination of "g" and "g" with integer coefficients. Therefore, each "g" is an integer multiple of "y". Besides, it follows from claim 2 that each "g" is greater than 0 (and therefore that "g" ≥ |"y"|) if "n" is large enough and that the sequence of all "g" converges to 0. But a sequence of numbers greater than or equal to |"y"| cannot converge to 0.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Since "f"(/4) = cos(/2) = 0, it follows from claim 3 that /16 is irrational and therefore that is irrational.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Laczkovich's proof is really about the hypergeometric function. In fact, "f"("x") = "F"("k"; −"x") and Gauss found a continued fraction expansion of the hypergeometric function using its functional equation. This allowed Laczkovich to find a new and simpler proof of the fact that the tangent function has the continued fraction expansion that Lambert had discovered.


title: Proof that π is irrational

text: Laczkovich's result can also be expressed in . In fact, Γ("k")"J"(2"x") = "x""f"("x"). So Laczkovich's result is equivalent to: If "x" ≠ 0 and if "x" is rational, then


title: Howrah

text: Howrah (, , alternatively spelled as Haora) is a city in the Indian state of West Bengal. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River opposite its twin city of Kolkata. Administratively it lies within Howrah district, and is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision. It is a part of the area covered by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. Howrah is an important transportation hub and gateway to Kolkata and West Bengal.


title: Howrah

text: The name came from the word "Haor"—Bengali word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate. The word itself was rather used in eastern part of Bengal (now Bangladesh), as compared to the western part (now West Bengal).


title: Howrah

text: The history of the city of Howrah dates back over 500 years, but the district is situated in an area historically occupied by the ancient Bengali kingdom of Bhurshut. Venetian explorer Cesare Federici, who travelled in India during 1565–79, mentioned a place called "Buttor" in his journal circa 1578. As per his description, this was a location into which large ships could travel (presumably the Hoogli river) and perhaps a commercial port. This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of Bator. Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry "Manasamangal" written by Bipradas Pipilai in 1495.


title: Howrah

text: In 1713, the Bengal Council of the British East India Company, on the accession of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar, grandson of Aurangzeb, to the throne of Delhi, sent a deputation to him with a petition for a settlement of five villages on west bank of Hooghly river along with thirty-three villages on the east bank. The list of villages appeared in the Consultation Book of the Council dated 4 May 1714. The five villages on the west bank on Hooghly river were: 'Salica' (Salkia), 'Harirah' (Howrah), 'Cassundeah' (Kasundia), 'Ramkrishnopoor' (Ramkrishnapur) and 'Battar' (Bator): all identifiable with localities of modern-day Howrah city. The deputation was successful except for these five villages. By 1728, most of the present-day Howrah district was part of either of the two zamindaris: Burdwan or Muhammand Aminpur.


title: Howrah

text: On 11 October 1760, as a result of the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company signed a treaty with Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, to take over the control of Howrah district. In 1787 the Hooghly district was formed and in 1819 the whole of the present day Howrah district was added to it. The Howrah district was separated from the Hooghly district in 1843.


title: Howrah

text: Dependent on definitions and geographical boundaries Howrah is measured as either the 2nd or 3rd largest city in West Bengal (behind Kolkata, and perhaps Asansol). Indian census, Howrah (not including the now re-incorporated Bally Municipality) had a population of with households. In 2011 Bally had a population of 293,373.


title: Howrah

text: In the 1896 census of British India, Howrah had a population of , which grew to in the 1901 census. This rapid growth was due to abundance of job opportunities, which resulted in a 100% increase in male population during this period, whereas the female population grew only by 60%.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah has a Tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification "Aw"). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature averages 26.3 °C. Precipitation averages 1744 mm.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah Municipal Corporation is responsible for the administration of Howrah. The tenure of the last board of HMC had ended back in 10 December 2018. From then onwards the corporation has been run by unelected board of administrators selected by the West Bengal government. The Howrah Police Commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement in the city.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah Municipality was established in 1862. From 1896, it started supplying filter water across the city. During 1882–83, Bally Municipality was formed separating it out from Howrah. As per the "Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980", Howrah became a municipal corporation in 1984. The corporation area was divided into fifty wards, each of which elects a councillor. The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area. In 2015, the Bally Municipality was re-amalgamated into Howrah Municipal Corporation, through Corporation vide notification no. 428/MA/O/C-4/IM-36/2014 dated 26 June 2015, which increased the total number of wards to 66.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah also hosts the temporary administrative office of the state of West Bengal. The office of the Chief Minister of state had been traditionally posted at the Writers' Building, however owing to renovation of the building, the administration has been occupying the Nabanna building.


title: Howrah

text: Even though it is one of the largest cities in the state, Howrah witnessed urbanization in an unplanned manner. As a result, Howrah is continuing to face its perennial problems like traffic congestion, population explosion and pollution.


title: Howrah

text: The city contains a few unlicensed and unregulated residential areas or slums. The name of the novel City of Joy, which has been often the name the Kolkata metropolis been called, is actually based on one such slum of Howrah.


title: Howrah

text: However, recently, work has been done on broadening the National Highways and several local roads. These activities are expected to help in improvement of traffic conditions. Of late, Howrah has seen a lot of new industrial proposals like the Kona Truck Terminus, Kolkata West International City and relocation of the old smoky foundry plants.. The West Bengal Government has also planned a major renovation of the city to match the city's urban facilities with its neighboring city Kolkata.


title: Howrah

text: Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) is the statutory planning and development authority for Howrah, as the city lies within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).


title: Howrah

text: Often termed as "Sheffield of the East", Howrah is known as an engineering hub, mainly in the area of light engineering industry. In 1823, Bishop Reginald Heber described Howrah as the place "chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders". There are small engineering firms all over Howrah, particularly around Belilios Road area near Howrah station However these businesses are declining in the 21st century. There are many foundries in Liluah area.


title: Howrah

text: Burn Standard Company, a major company in heavy engineering industry, has its oldest manufacturing unit located in Howrah. The Howrah plant of Shalimar Paints (established in 1902) was the first large-scale paint manufacturing plant to be set up not only in India but in entire South East Asia. The jute industry suffered during the Partition of Bengal (1947), when the larger jute production area became part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The foundry industry saw a decline in demand due to growth in steel industry.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah can be accessed from its many rail links, road links to National Highways, as well as its transport connections to Kolkata. Apart from the bridges connecting the cities, there are also ferry services between various jetties.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah Junction railway station (more commonly referred to as Howrah Station) is the major railway station serving Howrah, Kolkata and the neighbouring districts. It is the second busiest rail station in India, along with being the largest largest railway station in terms of number of platform. It was established in 1854 when a railway line was constructed connecting the city to the coalfields of Bardhaman. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India: the Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway, and it is connected to most of the major cities of India. From Howrah both Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway operates connecting various stations of the districts of Howrah, Hooghly, Bardhaman, East Midnapore and West Midnapore. Within Howrah city itself, there are twelve more stations, the most prominents being Santragachi and Shalimar.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah is planned to be served by the Kolkata Metro Line 2 with Salt Lake in Kolkata via a tunnel under River Hooghly. On the Howrah side, the 2 Stations will be at Howrah Station and Howrah Maidan. As of February 2022 these stations are under construction.


title: Howrah

text: The total road length in Howrah is approximately . Howrah hosts a branch of the Grand Trunk Road – this was built, starting 1804, by the Public Works Department of the British administration. The road starts at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden and connects to the main road near Chandannagar. Howrah also connects the metropolitan region to the national highways – NH 16 and NH 19, which are connected to Vidyasagar Setu via the Kona Expressway.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah and Kolkata are separated by the Hooghly River/Ganges and connected by four bridges across the river. These are the:


title: Howrah

text: The cantilever style Howrah Bridge and the cable-stayed Vidyasagar Setu are counted among the longest bridges in the world within their types.


title: Howrah

text: There are ferry services available, between various jetties in Howrah and Kolkata, which was introduced in the 1970s. The jetties on Howrah side are at Howrah Station, Ramkrishnapur, Shibpur, Shalimar, Bandhaghat, Belur Math, Bally and Nazirganj. Howrah is also served by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, located in Dumdum, Kolkata.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah has many various neighbourhoods, the most notable being Shibpur, Santragachi, Belur, Ramrajatala, Liluah and Bally. Shibpur hosts the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, containing the Great Banyan tree, and the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur. Santragachi has a large railway station as well as the Santragachhi Jheel, a large lake that attracts migratory birds during winter. Belur hosts Belur Math, the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Ramrajatala hosts a famous Rama Temple. Near Howrah Station is the slum of Pilkhana which was the basis of the famous book and film "City of Joy". Liluah host some of India's oldest railway factories and is also the educational Hub of Howrah.


title: Howrah

text: The Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur is a public engineering and research institution. It is the second oldest engineering institution in India, and is an institute of national importance.


title: Howrah

text: Howrah's schools are either run by the state government or by private institutions. The medium of instruction is Bengali, English or Hindi. Schools are affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE), West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE), the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).


title: Howrah

text: Howrah's first vernacular Bengali medium school, established in 1857, was "Santragachi Minor School". Currently the school is running as Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah.