title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: By mid-March, isolation measures gathered pace, and on 15 March 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa declared a national state of disaster, prohibiting gatherings of more than 100 people.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 17 March, Ramaphosa, supported by Deputy President David Mabuza, convened the inaugural meeting of the National Command Council on COVID-19, or as it was subsequently called, the National Coronavirus Command Council, "to lead the nation's plan to contain the spread and mitigate the negative impact of the coronavirus".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 18 March, Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma signed a government gazette limiting the number of patrons at pubs, clubs, and restaurants to 50.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Parliament suspended all activities as of 18 March. and the African National Congress (ANC) and Democratic Alliance (DA) postponed their elective conferences.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) cancelled all scheduled cases from 18 March 2020 and prohibited walk-in referrals of new cases – in lieu of electronic referrals.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Schools were closed on 18 March 2020, resuming in early June. Most universities suspended classes around this time as well.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: University of Pretoria, University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, Rhodes University, University of KwaZulu-Natal and Durban University of Technology graduation ceremonies were cancelled or postponed until further notice.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: After panic buying, some retailers put limitations on the number of certain items customers could buy. On 19 March, Minister of Trade and Industry Ebrahim Patel signed a government gazette that enforces price controls on essential items and that could see price gougers punished with measures including a R10 million fine, a fine equivalent to 10% of a firm's turnover, or 12 months in prison.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 3 June, Minister Dlamini-Zuma extended the state of disaster, which was to lapse on 15 June, three months after its announcement, to 4 July citing "the need to continue augmenting the existing mitigation measures undertaken by organs of state to address the impact of the disaster." On midnight 4 April 2022, the National State of Disaster was terminated, though some transitional provisions remained in place for a period of 30 days.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: During the announcement on the lifting of level 5 lockdown measures on 23 April, Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the sale of tobacco would be permitted again, this statement was contradicted on 29 April by Minister Dlamini-Zuma. The resulting uncertainty over tobacco sales during level 4 lockdown caused British American Tobacco to file an urgent court appeal which was dropped on 6 May and reopened by 29 May. The ban raised concerns by the Human Sciences Research Council and South African Revenue Service that it would encourage the growth of illicit tobacco sales thereby growing the power and influence of organised crime. The ANC Women's League defended Dlamini-Zuma's statement amid accusations that she was receiving financial support from illicit tobacco traders. By 4 May, Ramaphosa confirmed the continuation of the ban during level 4. The Democratic Alliance accused Dlamini-Zuma of lying to the public over the strength of support for the tobacco ban and called for her removal from office. On 11 December The Western Cape High Court ruled that the tobacco sales ban was unconstitutional.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: During the level 5 lockdown period, the sale of alcohol was banned; so as to reduce pressure from alcohol-related incidents putting additional pressure on hospitals. The ban was controversially reimposed on 12 July amid concerns that the ban was leading to the growth of illicit alcohol sales. Two years later the Supreme Court of Appeal found that there "was no scientific justification for the continued ban on the sale of tobacco products: there is no evidence that short-term quitting has clinical significance for Covid-19 severity and outcome."


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The uncertainties around the length of the lockdown, its intensity, and concerns over the erosion of civil liberties has drawn criticism from a number of notable individuals and political parties in South Africa. Former finance minister and senior ANC member Trevor Manuel questioned the rationality of the way in which government implemented the lockdown whilst expressing concern that the lockdown endangered the South African Constitution. The DA challenged the use of the military to enforce night curfews, criticised the ban on e-commerce and restrictions on exercise hours, and filed a court challenge over the constitutionality of the lack of parliamentary oversight in the National Disaster Management Act. The Freedom Front Plus filed an application to the Gauteng High Court challenging the constitutional validity of the National Disaster Management Act. The Economic Freedom Fighters criticised the relaxation of some of the May 2020 lockdown regulations as an example of giving into industry pressure by allowing them to reopen.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The number of passengers ferried per trip in minibus taxis was criticised during the lockdown restrictions, in July 2020. The Colleges of Medicine of South Africa stated that allowing minibus taxis to operate at 100 percent occupancy, for short journeys, was a possible danger to public health and contradicted some lockdown restrictions. Initially in the first stage of the lockdown period minibus taxis were required to operate at 70 percent occupancy, provided passengers wore masks and windows were opened. This 70% occupancy requirement was noted as being flouted by taxi operators.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 14 March 2020, 112 South Africans were repatriated from Wuhan, China, and placed under observation and in quarantine at The Ranch Resort near Polokwane.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Medical screening was performed prior to departure, four South Africans who were showing signs of coronavirus were left behind to mitigate risk. Only South Africans who tested negative were repatriated.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Test results cleared all the South Africans, including the flight crew, pilots, hotel staff, police and soldiers involved in the humanitarian mission who, as a precautionary measure, all remained under observation and in quarantine for a 14-day period at The Ranch Resort.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 27 April 217 Cuban medical health specialists (mostly doctors) arrived in South Africa to assist with the pandemic response at the invitation of the South African government and were deployed across the country.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Their arrival and the reported R429 million cost paid to the Cuban government was controversial. The South African Medical Association stated that their deployment was premature as many South African doctors and nurses had not yet been deployed as part of the pandemic response. The South African Internationally Trained Health Professionals Association criticised the government for not instead using unemployed South African medical graduates. The Democratic Alliance stated that government should first prioritise using local healthcare professionals. The Daily Maverick questioned the high cost paid for the doctors. The United States government criticised their deployment and payments made for their services as a form of human trafficking whilst the Cuban embassy rejected allegations of profiting from the deployment of its doctors and stated that criticism was part of a "smear campaign".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: South Africa received donation of personal protective equipment like medical masks from China and ventilators from the United States.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 5 August 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) deployed a "surge team" made up of 43 experts including David Heymann, who headed the international response to the 2003 SARS epidemic, to help the national and provincial responses to minimize the spread and impact of COVID-19.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 8 August 2020, the department of health released a COVID-19 contact tracing app. The app aims to reduce infections in the second and third waves of Covid. the app is available on Google Play, the App Store and The Huawei App Galley.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 23 March 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa addressed the nation and announced a 21-day national lockdown effective from midnight 26 March through to 16 April, with the deployment of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to support the government. On 9 April the President announced a two-week lockdown extension, until the end of April. Exempt from the lockdown are people deemed necessary to the effective response to the pandemic such as:


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: During the lockdown, all gatherings except for funerals were prohibited. Restaurants, taverns, bottle stores and all other stores not selling essential goods were to close during the lockdown period. Schools, already closed a week before the lockdown period, will not reopen until after the lockdown. Non-exempt people are only allowed to leave their homes during this period to access health services, collect social grants, attend small funerals (no more than 50 people) and shop for essential goods. See the South African Government Gazette 25 March 2020 for a complete list of exemptions and non-exemptions during the lockdown period. South Africans were ordered not to take their dogs for a walk during the lockdown, though they may walk them around their house or apartment building.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: All borders of the country are closed during the lockdown, except for designated ports of entry for the transportation of fuel, cargo, and goods.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: International and domestic passenger flights are prohibited, except for flights authorised by the Ministry of Transport, for the evacuation of South African nationals in foreign countries, and for certain repatriations.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The lockdown resulted in fewer deaths from road accidents and homicides. During Easter, from 9 April 2020 to 13 April, there were 28 fatalities from road accidents during the lockdown, compared to 162 in 2019. During the lockdown, 432 murder cases were reported, compared to during the same period the previous year: 29 March 2019 to 22 April 2019. Overall deaths for the year up to 21 April 2020 were "generally within the bounds of expectation" according to the Medical Research Council. Nonetheless, for the 5 weeks before 21 April 2020, non-natural deaths including those from homicide and road traffic accidents were lower for both females and males.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Minister of Police Bheki Cele announced, on 5 April, a reduction in cash-in-transit thefts thanks to increased road blocks and more visible policing. He also announced a reduced murder rate. Trauma related hospital admission decreased by two-thirds. By the end of the first seven days of the lockdown a total of 2,289 people had been arrested for violating lockdown orders. Minister Cele announced, on 13 November, that from July to September, compared to 2019, many different crimes ranging from contact and property crimes to sexual offences all declined because of national lock-down.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams, on 8 April, was put on special leave for two months, one without pay, for violating lockdown regulations. A picture of her appeared on social media while having lunch at ANC NEC member Mduduzi Manana's home.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Enforcement was done across the country with varying degrees of success. In the Eastern Cape it was reported in early April that little to no enforcement of the lockdown was implemented in at least some of the province's rural areas.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The use of force by police and SANDF personnel was controversial with multiple reports of excessive force in enforcing the lockdown. This included incidents of beatings and preventing people from filming police abuses leading the public advocacy group Right2Know to release a statement that the police had no right to prevent the public "from exercising their constitutional right to film and record incidents".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: By 3 April, the eighth day of the lockdown, the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) reported that they were investigating eight deaths involving the police since the start of the lockdown. At the time, this exceeded the number of deaths in the country due to the pandemic. This was in-spite of President Ramaphosa's public call for police restraint. By 12 April a total of nine people had died due to police and army action following the beating to death of a man in Alexandra by the army.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The South African National Editors' Forum issued a statement expressing concern over police action denying the media access to sites when covering COVID-19 related stories. On 27 April the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concerns about the heavy handed and highly militarised enforcement of COVID-19 related lockdown measures in a number of countries including South Africa. By 30 April the government confirmed that a total of five people were alleged to have been killed by police within the first three weeks of the lock down along with 152 incidents of assault by police.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The Pretoria High Court ordered the South African government to take steps to prevent police abuse during the lockdown, following the death of Collins Khosa, who died of injuries after being beaten by the police.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: At the beginning of the national shutdown on 27 March South African economists predicted that the pandemic could cause a 2.5% to 10% contraction of South Africa's total GDP in 2020. The national lockdown and resulting economic slowdown reduced demand for electricity by more than MW thereby temporarily reducing the impact of the long running South African energy crisis. It is estimated that the government would experience a revenue shortfall for 2020 of between R70 and 100 billion. This resulted in the South African government announcing a R500 billion stimulus package thereby accelerating deficit spending from 6.8% to over 10% of GDP for the 2020 financial year. In late July it was announced that South Africa would be taking out a R70 billion IMF loan increasing the country's total debt to GDP ratio to 83%. Trade unions and the EFF were critical of using the IMF to take out the loan whilst the DA and other opposition political parties voiced concern over corruption when using the borrowed funds.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The Johannesburg Stock Exchange lost 15% of its value in the week ending 13 March 2020, its worst week in 21 years. On 19 March, the South African Reserve Bank governor, Lesetja Kganyago announced a reduction of the country's repo rate by 100 basis points or 1 percentage point to 5.25%. On 14 April, a further reduction to 4.25% per year was made. On 22 March, Standard Bank announced a 90-day payment holiday for small and medium-sized business and students to try and shield them from the economic impact of the outbreak, starting from 1 April. In May it was estimated that the state will lose R285-billion in tax revenue for the financial year 2020–21 due to the pandemic and resulting lockdown.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Within the first month of the lockdown three million South Africans had lost their jobs contributing to an increase in food insecurity and poverty. By mid-July wide spread food shortages were reported across the country and in rural Eastern Cape in particular. In December 2020 it was reported by Finfind and the Department of Small Business Development that 42.7% of small businesses in South Africa had closed due to the economic impact of the lockdown.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Financial services company Transaction Capital predicted that the protracted years-long lockdown that the ANC government implemented in response to the pandemic would cause 34% of households in South Africa to fall out of the middle class.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Corruption has had a significant negative impact on efforts to fight the pandemic by inflating the costs of government procurement whilst eroding public confidence in government institutions. Years of corruption prior to the pandemic has reduced the capacity of the country's health service. Incidents of police corruption also increased during the lockdown period as security officials used their expanded positions of power to extort bribes from members of the public. Concerns were raised that funds from a COVID-19-related R70 billion IMF loan to South Africa would be lost through corruption. On 7 August President Ramaphosa announced that ministerial committee would be set up to investigate COVID-19 corruption in state tenders.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: In late July President Ramaphosa announced that measures would be implemented to combat corruption in the delivery of food parcels and the procurement of exorbitantly priced goods. The Special Investigation Unit (SIU) stated that it was investigating a number of suspicious transactions and alleged acts of corruption from the R500 billion COVID-19 Relief Fund. A number of government officials implicated in allegations of COVID-19-related corruption include Ace Magashule, the wife of Bandile Masuku, and the husband of presidential spokesperson Khusela Diko. Magashule, Diko and Masuku have denied any involvement in COVID-19 related procurement corruption allegations.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: An investigation into COVID related fraud at the City of Johannesburg found that over 1,500 employees of the City improperly received COVID-19 related social relief and grants.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Major sporting codes suspended their activities, including Super Rugby, 2019–20 Pro14 season, Varsity Rugby, Craven Week, Premier Soccer League, Athletics South Africa, Sunshine Tour golf, Wimpy Lifesaving South Africa national championships and Parkrun. The Cape Epic cycle tour, the 2020 Two Oceans Marathon and the 2020 Comrades Marathon were cancelled. The 2020 Cape Town Rugby Sevens, 4–6 December 2020, were cancelled.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Live events cancelled or postponed included the Mangaung African Cultural Festival (MACUFE), Bloem Show, AfrikaBurn, Cape Town International Jazz Festival, Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees, Splashy Fen Festival, Rand Show, National Arts Festival (changing to virtual), SciFest Africa (postponed to 9–15 September), WWE Live South Africa (postponed until September), Comic Con Cape Town, and Matric Rage festivals in


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Johannesburg, Jeffreys Bay and Plettenberg Bay. South African tours were postponed by the Lighthouse Family, Boyz II Men and BeBe Winans.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Trade and agricultural shows postponed or cancelled included HuntEx, DecorEx Cape Town & Durban, Tyrexpo (postponed to 4–6 August 2020), Power & Electricity World expo (postponed until 20–21 August), the Pietermaritzburg Royal Show, SA Cheese Festival, Qualité Awards Dinner, and Agri-Expo Western Cape Youth Show.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The Zion Christian Church cancelled its annual Easter pilgrimage. The Muslim Judicial Council (MJC) suspended Friday prayers, then closed mosques altogether on Sunday 22 March, but the call to prayer will still be given.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The City of Johannesburg closed all public facilities indefinitely including public swimming pools, recreational and civic centres, stadiums, libraries, sporting facilities, and the Johannesburg Zoo. The Ethekhwini Metropolitan Municipality closed all of Durban's public facilities including swimming pools, beaches, libraries, community halls, and museums while restrictions have been put in place for the Durban Art Gallery and cemeteries to only allow 50 people at a time. The City of Cape Town closed all public facilities indefinitely including public swimming pools, recreational and civic centres, stadiums, sporting facilities, and the nature reserves.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The 2021 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup because of a new COVID-19 variant, the tournament was put on hold on 26 November 2021 and a decision will be made by the FIH in the near future. Ballito Rage 2021 cancelled after 36 test positive for Covid-19, Plett Rage festival cancelled.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 5 August, members of the entertainment, restaurant, fitness, and events industries staged a socially distanced national protest by lighting buildings red. The #LightSAred campaign was staged so as to highlight the negative economic impact of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on these industries.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: In April 2020, a number of liquor stores and food stores were targeted by looters in the Cape Town suburbs of Elsies River, Delft South, Samora Machel, Manenberg, Sherwood Park, Nyanga Junction, and Gatesville. On 21 July 2020, a truck carrying COVID-19 specimens was hijacked at a clinic in Motherwell, Eastern Cape and found abandoned 500 metres away.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: In a trend dubbed ""semigration"" the South African media has reported that the pandemic catalyzed significant movement of wealthier South Africans from cities in Gauteng province (notably Johannesburg) to urban areas of the Western Cape province (notably Cape Town). A trend that, although accelerated by the pandemic, was reportedly driven by an increased desire for access to natural amenities, the ability to work remotely, and better municipal management.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Between September 2012 and December 2020, the sex ratio at birth declined and inverted (less than 50%) in June 2020 for the first time. This drop, attributed to population stress, took place three months after COVID-19 in South Africa started in March 2020.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Model-based simulations indicate that the 95% confidence interval for the time-varying reproduction number "R" was higher than 1.0 until mid-July, exceeding 1.0 again from late October to December 2020.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: The arrival of the COVID-19 virus in South Africa saw an increase in the dissemination of misinformation about the virus on social media and other platforms. These range from messages minimising the virus's harm in the country to the propagation of conspiracy theories about government actions to control the virus.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Deliberately spreading fake news and other misinformation in South Africa about the virus was declared an offence punishable by a fine, six months' imprisonment, or both.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: One individual was arrested for posting a video showing himself drinking in public with friends following the national lock-down whilst stating that there was "nothing called corona here". In another incident a man claimed that government officials would be going door-to-door using contaminated test kits to test people for the virus. A conspiracy theory that Bill Gates wished to test a COVID-19 "vaccine" in Africa or South Africa first caused significant controversy on social media following the publication of a now retracted story in News24.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: Fake news that 5G cellular technology was the true cause of COVID-19 symptoms also spread in the country during this period as it also did in other countries around the world. In the course of it, three telecommunication towers belonging to Vodacom and MTN were burnt by protesters.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 17 February 2021, South Africa started its national vaccination program against Covid-19. The program went through in phases, prioritizing healthcare and frontline workers, followed by citizens over the age of 60. South Africa has accepted delivery of 3 different vaccines, Johnson and Johnson's Janssen, Pfizer-BioNTech's Comirnaty, and Oxford-AstraZeneca; administering both Janssen and Comirnaty, but the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was suspended due to its relative lack of protection against the Beta variant (501.V2).


title: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

text: On 29 March 2022, South African health officials said that about expired doses of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine were to be destroyed by the end of March due to a low uptake by citizens.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: Shōkaku (, "Soaring Crane") was the lead ship of her class of two aircraft carriers for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) shortly before the Pacific War. Along with her sister ship , she took part in several key naval battles during the war, including the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of the Coral Sea, and the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, before being torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine at the Battle of the Philippine Sea.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The "Shōkaku"-class carriers were part of the same program that also included the s. No longer restricted by the provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty, which expired in December 1936, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was free to incorporate all those features they deemed most desirable in an aircraft carrier, namely high speed, a long radius of action, heavy protection and a large aircraft capacity. "Shōkaku" was laid down at Yokosuka Dockyard on 12 December 1937, launched on 1 June 1939, and commissioned on 8 August 1941.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: With an efficient modern design, a displacement of about , and a top speed of , "Shōkaku" could carry 70–80 aircraft. Her enhanced protection compared favorably to that of contemporary Allied aircraft carriers and enabled "Shōkaku" to survive serious damage during the battles of the Coral Sea and Santa Cruz.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: In appearance, "Shōkaku" resembled an enlarged , though with a longer overall length, wider beam and a larger island. As in "Hiryū", the forecastle was raised to the level of the upper hangar deck to improve seakeeping. She also had a wider, more rounded and heavily flared bow which kept the flight deck dry in most sea conditions.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The carrier's forefoot was of the newly developed bulbous type, sometimes referred to informally as a "Taylor pear", which served to reduce the hull's underwater drag within a given range of speeds, improving both the ship's speed and endurance. Unlike the larger bulbous forefeet fitted to the battleships and , however, "Shōkaku"s did not protrude beyond the ship's stem.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: "Shōkaku" was 10,000 tons heavier than , mainly due to the extra armor incorporated into the ship's design. Vertical protection consisted of on the main armor deck over the machinery, magazines and aviation fuel tanks, while horizontal protection consisted of along the waterline belt abreast the machinery spaces, reducing to outboard of the magazines.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: Unlike British carriers, whose aviation fuel was stored in separate cylinders or coffer-dams surrounded by seawater, all pre-war Japanese carriers had their aviation fuel tanks built integral with the ship's hull, and "Shōkaku" was no exception. The dangers this posed, however, did not become evident until wartime experience demonstrated these were often prone to cracking and leaking as the shocks and stresses of hits or near-misses to the carrier's hull were inevitably transferred to and absorbed by the fuel tanks. Following the debacle at Midway in mid-1942, the empty air spaces around "Shōkaku"s aviation fuel tanks, normally pumped full of inert carbon dioxide, were instead filled with concrete in an attempt to protect them from possible damage. But this did little to prevent volatile fumes spreading to the hangar decks in the event damage did occur, particularly demonstrated when "Cavalla" torpedoed and sank her. "Shōkaku" normally stowed 150,000 gallons of avgas for operational use.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The geared turbines installed on "Shōkaku" were essentially the same as those on "Sōryū", maximum power increasing by to . In spite of all the additional armor, greater displacement and a increase in draught, "Shōkaku" was able to attain a speed of just over during trials. Maximum fuel bunkerage was 4100 tons, giving her a radius of action of at . Two same-sized downward-curving funnels on the ship's starboard side, just abaft the island, vented exhaust gases horizontally from the boilers and were sufficiently angled to keep the flight deck free of smoke in most wind conditions.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: "Shōkaku"s long wood-planked flight deck ended short of the ship's bow and, just barely, short of the stern. It was supported by four steel pillars forward of the hangar box and by two pillars aft.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The flight deck and both hangars (upper and lower) were serviced by three elevators, the largest being the forward one at by , the middle and the rear elevators measured by . All three were capable of transferring aircraft weighing up to and raising or lowering them took approximately 15–20 seconds.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: "Shōkaku"s nine Type 4 electrically operated arrester wires followed the same standard arrangement as that on "Hiryū", three forward and six aft. They were capable of stopping a aircraft at speeds of . A third crash barrier was added and a light collapsible wind-break screen was installed just forward of the island.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The upper hangar was and had an approximate height of ; the lower was and had an approximate height of . Together they had an approximate total area of . Hangar space was not greatly increased in comparison to "Sōryū" and both "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" could each carry just nine more aircraft than "Sōryū", giving them a normal operating capacity of seventy-two plus room for twelve in reserve. Unlike on "Sōryū", the reserve aircraft did not need to be kept in a state of disassembly, however, thereby shortening the time required to make them operational.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: After experimenting with port-side islands on two previous carriers, and "Hiryū", the IJN opted to build both "Shōkaku" and her sister ship "Zuikaku" with starboard-side islands.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: In September 1942, a Type 21 air-warning radar was installed on "Shōkaku"s island atop the central fire control director, the first such device to be fitted on any Japanese carrier. The Type 21 had a "mattress" antenna and the initial prototypes were light enough that no major structural modifications were necessary. Later versions, however, were bulkier and required eventual removal of the fifth fire control director in order to accommodate the larger and heavier antenna.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The presence of this radar however, undoubtedly saved "Shōkaku" one month later at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, when the ship was bombed by SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers from ; the early detection of the U.S. planes by this radar alerted refuelling crews below deck, giving them time to drain and purge the aviation gasoline lines before they were ruptured by bomb hits, thus saving the ship from the catastrophic avgas fires and explosions that caused most of the carrier sinkings in the Pacific theater.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: "Shōkaku"s primary air defense consisted of sixteen Type 89 dual-purpose AA guns in twin mountings. These were sited below flight deck level on projecting sponsons with four such paired batteries on either side of the ship's hull, two forward and two aft. Four fire control directors were installed, two on the port side and two to starboard. A fifth fire control director was located atop the carrier's island and could control any or all of the heavy-caliber guns as needed.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: In June 1942, "Shōkaku" had her anti-aircraft armament augmented with six triple 25 mm mounts, two each at the bow and stern, and one each fore and aft of the island. The bow and stern groups each received a Type 95 director. In October another triple 25 mm mount was added at the bow and stern and 10 single mounts were added before the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" formed the Japanese 5th Carrier Division, embarking their aircraft shortly before the Pearl Harbor attack. Each carrier's aircraft complement consisted of 18 Mitsubishi A6M2 "Zero" fighters, 27 Aichi D3A1 "Val" dive bombers, and 27 Nakajima B5N1 or B5N2 "Kate" torpedo bombers.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" joined the "Kido Butai" ("Mobile Unit/Force", the Combined Fleet's main carrier battle group) and participated in Japan's early wartime naval offensives, including Pearl Harbor and the attack on Rabaul in January 1942.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: In the Indian Ocean raid of March–April 1942, aircraft from "Shōkaku", along with the rest of "Kido Butai", attacked Colombo, Ceylon on 5 April, sinking two ships in harbor and severely damaging support facilities. The task force also found and sank two Royal Navy heavy cruisers, and , on the same day, as well as the aircraft carrier on 9 April off Batticaloa.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The Fifth Carrier Division was then deployed to Truk to support Operation Mo (the planned capture of Port Moresby in New Guinea). During this operation, "Shōkaku"s aircraft helped sink the American aircraft carrier during the Battle of the Coral Sea but was herself seriously damaged on 8 May 1942 by dive bombers from and "Lexington" which scored three bomb hits: one on the carrier's port bow, one to starboard at the forward end of the flight deck and one just abaft the island. Fires broke out but were eventually contained and extinguished. The resulting damage required "Shōkaku" to return to Japan for major repairs.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: On the journey back, maintaining a high speed in order to avoid a cordon of American submarines out hunting for her, the carrier shipped so much water through her damaged bow that she nearly capsized in heavy seas. She arrived at Kure on 17 May 1942 and entered drydock on 16 June 1942. Repairs were completed within ten days and, a little over two weeks later on 14 July, she was formally reassigned to Striking Force, 3rd Fleet, Carrier Division 1.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: The time required for repairs, combined with the aircraft and aircrew losses incurred by her and "Zuikaku", kept both carriers from participating in the Battle of Midway.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: Following her return to front-line duty, both "Shōkaku" and her sister-ship "Zuikaku", with the addition of the light carrier , were redesignated as the First Carrier Division and took part in two further battles in 1942: the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, where they damaged , but "Shōkaku" was in turn damaged by dive bombers of "Enterprise", which prevented the bombardment of nearby Henderson Field; and the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, where they crippled ("Hornet" was abandoned and later sunk by Japanese destroyers and ). At Santa Cruz, on 26 October 1942, "Shōkaku" was again seriously damaged, taking at least three (and possibly as many as six) 1,000-lb. bomb hits from a group of fifteen Douglas SBD-3 dive bombers launched from "Hornet". With ample warning of the incoming American strike, "Shōkaku"s aviation fuel mains to the flight deck and hangars were drained down and she had few aircraft on board at the time of the attack. As a result, no major fires broke out and her seaworthiness was preserved. Her flight deck and hangars, however, were left in shambles and she was unable to conduct further air operations during the remainder of the battle. The need for repairs kept her out of action for months, leaving other Japanese defensive operations in the Pacific lacking sufficient airpower.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: After several months of repairs and training, "Shōkaku", now under the command of Captain Hiroshi Matsubara, was assigned in May 1943 to a counterattack against the Aleutian Islands, but the operation was cancelled after the Allied victory at Attu. For the rest of 1943, she was based at Truk, then returned to Japan for maintenance late in the year.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku

text: In 1944, "Shōkaku" was deployed to the Lingga Islands south of Singapore. On 15 June, she departed with the Mobile Fleet for Operation ""A-Go"", a counterattack against Allied forces in the Mariana Islands. Her strike waves suffered heavy losses from U.S. combat air patrols and anti-aircraft fire, but some survived and returned safely to the carrier. One of her D4Y "Suisei" strike groups, composed of veterans from the Coral Sea and Santa Cruz engagements, broke through and one plane allegedly struck home with a bomb that damaged the battleship and caused many casualties, but this group suffered heavy losses themselves. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, she was struck at 11:22 on 19 June by three (possibly four) torpedoes from the submarine , under Commander Herman J. Kossler. As "Shōkaku" had been in the process of refueling and rearming aircraft and was in an extremely vulnerable condition, the torpedoes started fires that proved impossible to control. At 12:10, an aerial bomb exploded, detonating aviation fuel vapors which had spread throughout the ship. The order to abandon ship was given, but before the evacuation had progressed very far, "Shōkaku" abruptly took on water forward and sank quickly bow-first at position , taking 1,272 men with her. The light cruiser and destroyers , , and rescued Captain Matsubara and 570 men.


title: Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai

text: Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai () is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy directed by Sanjay Gadhvi and produced by Yash Chopra and Aditya Chopra under the banner Yash Raj Films. The film starred Uday Chopra, Tulip Joshi (in her debut), Jimmy Sheirgill and Bipasha Basu. The film was partly inspired by "My Best Friend's Wedding" (1997).


title: Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai

text: Sanjay Malhotra lives in Mumbai with his friend Riya. He receives a phone call from his childhood friend Anjali Sharma who shocks him with the news that she is getting married. Unfortunately, Sanjay has loved Anjali for years. Jealous and frustrated Sanjay makes his way to Anjali with an intention to stop her marriage.


title: Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai

text: Sanjay goes to Anjali's home and soon meets her groom, Rohit Khanna. Sanjay, being constantly reprimanded and lovingly chided for his playboy behaviour and no one takes him seriously. Sanjay then begins to scheme. He organises a bachelor party for Rohit and all the men in the family. Rohit ends up completely drunk. He picks up on the fact that Sanjay is out to stop his marriage and vows to make sure that Sanjay fails in this. Sanjay and Riya try to make Anjali jealous to make her understand she loves him. At Anjali's Mehendi ceremony Riya tells Anjali that she and Sanjay were never lovers. Anjali reveals that she loved Sanjay all her life but the latter never understood it but considered her as only his best friend. Rohit is heartbroken when he learns of this. Rohit tells Anjali's mom that she and her daughter had the same choice for Anjali's groom, Anjali always wanted Sanjay to marry Anjali from deep within their heart. On knowing his absence in her wedding, Anjali leaves for Mumbai to meet Sanjay in her bridal dress. She asks him why he left. Sanjay expresses his love for her saying that he can't see her marrying anyone else. Finally, both express their love for each other. Even though Rohit fails in his challenge, he is happy for their love. Sanjay and Anjali marry, Rohit and Ria sing and dance at their best friend's wedding.


title: Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai

text: The film's music is by the duo Pritam and Jeet Gannguli, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 11,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's twelfth highest-selling. The first single track "Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai" sung by Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam and Udit Narayan was released on 25 April 2002. The soundtrack album was released by Yash Raj Films on 7 June 2002.


title: Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai

text: Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM gave the film 2 stars out of 5, writing "On the whole, MERE YAAR KI SHAADI HAI is a decent entertainer that should appeal more to the city audience." Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote "Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai is good, lighthearted, clean entertainment. It might just prove a welcome break from the two films on Shaheed Bhagat Singh releasing the same day. Derek Elley of Variety wrote "At every level (casting, budget, songs, production values), pic is one notch down from a Chopra super-production, but it still makes a fine entry-level Bollywood pic. And anyone who thinks “Monsoon Wedding” was actually representative of contemporary Bollywood should just take a look at the real thing here. Manish Gajjar of BBC.com wrote "My advice is that you take heed of Yash Chopra's offer because this invitation is definitely not going to disappoint when it releases at UCI Telford with English subtitles."


title: Choujin X

text: has great fighting skills as well as a strong sense of justice, and also always gets good grades in his class. His friend is the complete opposite of Azuma: he does not listen in class, and is a bystander when Azuma fights. Different as they might be, their bond is very strong nevertheless. They live in Yamato Prefecture, where the district has almost been destroyed by Choujins, humans with supernatural abilities. When the two are returning home, they encounter a Choujin who threatens to kill them. With no other way of escaping, the two decided to become Choujins themselves.


title: Choujin X

text: "Choujin X", written and illustrated by Sui Ishida, was first announced in November 2020. With an irregular serialization, with chapters released according to Ishida's own schedule, "Choujin X" began serialization on Shueisha's "Tonari no Young Jump" website on May 10, 2021. It was also serialized in "Weekly Young Jump" from October 14, 2021, to February 4, 2022, only continuing its serialization on the website. Shueisha released its first two "tankōbon" volume on December 17, 2021.


title: Choujin X

text: The series is simultaneously published on Viz Media's website in English, and Shueisha's "Manga Plus" online platform in English, Indonesian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Russian.


title: Choujin X

text: The first and second volumes sold 33,113 and 29,852 copies (respectively) in their first week; they sold 40,141 and 36,085 copies (respectively) in their second week.


title: Booba

text: Élie Yaffa (; born 9 December 1976), better known under his stage name Booba, is a French rapper. After a brief stint as a break dancer in the early 1990s, Booba partnered with his friend Ali to form Lunatic. The duo released a critically acclaimed album in 2000 but disbanded in 2003. Booba has since embarked on a successful solo career, selling more than 10 million discs over his career and becoming the most legally downloaded artist in French history. Booba is praised for the quality of his flow and beats but often criticized because of the controversial nature of his lyrics. He has also established the rap label Tallac Records, and developed a line of jewellery.


title: Booba

text: Élie Yaffa was born on 9 December 1976 in the outskirts of Paris in Sèvres. His father is Senegalese and his mother is French of Mosellan and Belgian descent.


title: Booba

text: With his friend Ali they formed the duo Lunatic in 1994. Unable to secure a record deal from a major label because of their controversial lyrics, they created their own independent record label 45 Scientific in 1999. The following year, Lunatic released its first and only album entitled "Mauvais œil".


title: Booba

text: In 2002, Booba released his debut solo album "Temps mort". He followed this up with four further albums: "Panthéon", "Ouest Side" (the most successful), "0.9" and "Lunatic". In late 2012, he released his sixth solo album "Futur". In whole, Booba has ten disks certified, six Disques d'Or (Gold album), three Disques de platine (Platinum album) and one Double disque de platine (Double-Platinum album). In 2011, Booba won the "My Youtube" contest, ahead of popular artists like Rihanna, Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, Eminem, Jay-Z, Sexion D'Assaut, Shakira, Stromae...


title: Booba

text: Booba was influenced by the American hip-hop scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s – Mobb Deep, Wu-Tang Clan, 2Pac, and Biggie Smalls. Dark melodies accompanied with raw lyrics, typical of the rap from New York, are present on every album of his. He is often criticized for being an apologist for easy money and murder. Booba advocates a reduction in the taxes and claims himself in support of individual freedom. Racism is a recurring topic of his songs (see for example "Couleur ébène", "Pitbull", "Ma Couleur"), although he sometimes deliberately advocates communitarian positions.


title: Booba

text: Booba is also the creator of a streetwear brand, Ünkut, one of the most popular brands of this type in France.


title: Q-ship

text: Q-ships, also known as Q-boats, decoy vessels, special service ships, or mystery ships, were heavily armed merchant ships with concealed weaponry, designed to lure submarines into making surface attacks. This gave Q-ships the chance to open fire and sink them. The use of Q-ships contributed to the abandonment of cruiser rules restricting attacks on unarmed merchant ships and to the shift to unrestricted submarine warfare in the 20th century.


title: Q-ship

text: They were used by the British Royal Navy and the German "Kaiserliche Marine" during the First World War and by the Royal Navy, the "Kriegsmarine", and the United States Navy during the Second World War (1939–45).


title: Q-ship

text: Short for Queenstown in Ireland, as Haulbowline Dockyard in Cork Harbour was responsible for the conversion of many mercantile steamers to armed decoy ships in World War One, although the majority appear to have been converted in larger navy yards such as Devonport.


title: Q-ship

text: In the 1670s, was specially designed to counter the attacks of Algerian corsairs or pirates in the Mediterranean by masquerading as a merchantman, hiding her armament behind false bulkheads. She was also provided with various means of changing her appearance.


title: Q-ship

text: During the French Revolutionary Wars, a French brig disguised as a merchantman, with hidden guns and most of her crew below decks, was beaten back by the privateer lugger "Vulture" out of Jersey.


title: Q-ship

text: In 1915, during the First Battle of the Atlantic, Britain was in desperate need of a countermeasure against the U-boats that were strangling her sea-lanes. Convoys, which had proved effective in earlier times (and would again prove effective during the Second World War), were rejected by the resource-strapped Admiralty and the independent captains. Depth charges of the time were relatively primitive, and almost the only chance of sinking a submarine was by gunfire or by ramming while on the surface. The problem was how to lure the U-boat to the surface.


title: Q-ship

text: A solution to this was the creation of the Q-ship, one of the most closely guarded secrets of the war. Their codename referred to the vessels' home port, Queenstown, in Ireland. These became known by the Germans as a "U-Boot-Falle" ("U-boat trap"). A Q-ship would appear to be an easy target, but in fact carried hidden armaments. A typical Q-ship might resemble a tramp steamer sailing alone in an area where a U-boat was reported to be operating.


title: Q-ship

text: Torpedoes are expensive, and a submarine only carries a limited number of them, ideally employed when the vessel is submerged and invisible to her target. Ammunition for a deck gun, oppositely, is inexpensive and plentiful in comparison. As a result, submarine captains prefer to surface and use their deck gun on easy or already weakened targets.


title: Q-ship

text: By seeming to be a suitable target for the U-boat's deck gun, a Q-ship was intended to lure a submarine into surfacing. Once the U-boat was vulnerable, perhaps even gulled further by pretence of some crew dressed as civilian mariners "abandoning ship" and taking to a boat, the Q-ship would drop its panels and immediately open fire with its deck guns. At the same time, the vessel would reveal her true colours by raising the White Ensign (Royal Navy flag). When successfully fooled a U-boat could quickly be overwhelmed by several guns to its one, or defer from firing and try to submerge before mortally wounded.


title: Q-ship

text: The first Q-ship victory was on 23 June 1915, when the submarine , cooperating with the decoy vessel "Taranaki", sank off Eyemouth. The first victory by an unassisted Q-ship came on 24 July 1915 when sank . The civilian crew of "Prince Charles" received a cash award. The following month an even smaller converted fishing trawler renamed successfully destroyed near Great Yarmouth. "Inverlyon" was an unpowered sailing ship fitted with a small 3-pounder (47 mm) gun. The British crew fired nine rounds from their 3-pounder into "UB-4" at close range, sinking her with the loss of all hands despite the attempt of "Inverlyon"s commander to rescue one surviving German submariner.


title: Q-ship

text: On 19 August 1915, sank , which was preparing to attack the nearby merchant ship "Nicosian". About a dozen of the U-boat sailors survived and swam towards the merchant ship. The commanding officer, allegedly fearing that they might scuttle her, ordered the survivors to be shot in the water and sent a boarding party to kill all who had made it aboard. This became known as the "Baralong incident".


title: Q-ship

text: According to "Warships of World War I" by H. M. LeFleming, the Royal Navy converted 58 from merchant ships (18 were sunk by U-boats), in addition to 40 and 20 PC-boats. However "Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921" quotes no fewer than 157 named submarine decoy vessels converted from other types of ship, in addition to another ten whose name was unknown. It agrees with LeFleming about the number of sloops and PC-boats.


title: Q-ship

text: These ones were completed as Q-ships, disguised as coastal freighters and differed from regular service PC-boats. None were lost in the war. The Flower-class sloops were designed on merchant ship lines thus making them easily adaptable for conversion to Q-ships, 39 being completed as such while the other was converted after being torpedoed. These all had single funnels, and as the merchant ship silhouette was left to the builders. The "Flower-Q's" were employed mainly on convoy and anti-submarine work. Nine were lost during the war. After the war, it was concluded that Q-ships were greatly overrated, diverting skilled seamen from other duties without sinking enough U-boats to justify the strategy. In a total of 150 engagements, British Q-ships destroyed 14 U-boats and damaged 60, at a cost of 27 Q-ships lost out of 200. Q-ships were responsible for about 10% of all U-boats sunk, ranking them well below the use of ordinary minefields in effectiveness.


title: Q-ship

text: The Imperial German Navy commissioned six Q-boats during the Great War for the Baltic Sea into the "Handelsschutzflottille". None were successful in destroying enemy submarines. The German Q-ship "Schiff K" heavily damaged the Russian submarine "Gepard" of the on 27 May 1916. The famous "Möwe" and "Wolf" were merchant raiders, vessels designed to disrupt enemy trade and sink merchantmen, rather than attack enemy warships.


title: Q-ship

text: A surviving example of the Q-ships is HMS "Saxifrage", a Flower-class sloop of the "Anchusa" group completed in 1918. She was renamed in 1922 and served as the London Division RNR drill ship until 1988, when she was sold privately and remains moored at King's Reach on the Thames.


title: Q-ship

text: Germany employed at least 13 Q-ships, including the "Schürbeck" which sank the British submarine . The German "Dutch" , which sank a number of ships with a total tonnage of 145,960 t including the Norwegian tanker "Tirranna" on 10 June 1940, was more of a merchant raider.


title: Q-ship

text: Nine Q-ships were commissioned by the Royal Navy in September and October 1939 for work in the North Atlantic:


title: Q-ship

text: "Prunella" and "Edgehill" were torpedoed and sunk on 21 and 29 June 1940 without even sighting a U-boat. The rest of the vessels were paid off in March 1941 without successfully accomplishing any mission.


title: Q-ship

text: The last Royal Navy Q-ship, 2,456-ton , was converted in September, 1940, to carry a torpedo defense net, four guns, four torpedo tubes, two OS2U Kingfisher floatplanes, and Motor Torpedo Boat 105. "Fidelity" sailed with a French crew, and was sunk by on 30 December 1942 during the battle for Convoy ON-154.


title: Q-ship

text: By 12 January 1942, the British Admiralty's intelligence community had noted a "heavy concentration" of U-boats off the "North American seaboard from New York to Cape Race" and passed along this fact to the United States Navy. That day, under "Kapitänleutnant" Reinhard Hardegen, torpedoed and sank the British steamship "Cyclops", inaugurating "Paukenschlag" (literally, "a strike on the kettledrum" and sometimes referred to in English as "Operation Drumbeat"). U-boat commanders found peacetime conditions prevailing along the coast: towns and cities were not blacked-out and navigational buoys remained lit; shipping followed normal routines and "carried the normal lights." "Paukenschlag" had caught the United States unprepared.


title: Q-ship

text: Losses mounted rapidly. On January 20, 1942, Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet (Cominch), sent a coded dispatch to Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier (CESF), requesting immediate consideration of the manning and fitting-out of "Queen" ships to be operated as an antisubmarine measure. The result was "Project LQ."


title: Q-ship

text: The careers of all five ships were almost entirely unsuccessful and very short, with USS "Atik" sunk on its first patrol; all Q-ships patrols ended in 1943.


title: Q-ship

text: American Q-ships also operated in the Pacific Ocean. One was formerly the lumber transport "Coos Bay" which was converted to Q-ship duty as project "Love William". "Anacapa" was not successful in engaging any enemy submarines, although she is believed to have damaged two friendly subs with depth charges when they were improperly operating in her vicinity. "Anacapa" was also withdrawn from Q-ship duty in 1943 and served out the remainder of World War II as an armed transport in the South Pacific and Aleutian Islands.


title: Q-ship

text: The Imperial Japanese Navy converted the 2,205-ton merchant ship, "Delhi Maru", into a Q-ship. On 15 January 1944, she departed from Nagaura (now Sodegaura on Tokyo Bay) on her first mission in company with the submarine chaser "Ch-50" and the netlayer "Tatu Maru". At 22:00 that evening, the vessels were detected by the submarine , which launched three torpedoes. "Delhi Maru" was hit by all three on her port bow; following a number of internal explosions, she broke in two, the forward section sinking immediately and the aft section sinking later in heavy seas. Although " Swordfish" was depth charged by "Ch-50", she escaped unscathed.


title: Q-ship

text: Attacks on merchant ships by pirates originating on the Somalia coast have brought suggestions from some security experts that Q-ships be used again to tempt pirates into attacking a well-defended ship.


title: Q-ship

text: The Alfred Noyes poem "Kilmeny" is about a Q-ship, a British trawler equipped with two deck guns, that destroys a German submarine during World War I.


title: Q-ship

text: In Ernest Hemingway's novel "Islands in the Stream", the main character Thomas Hudson commands a Q-ship for the US Navy around Cuba as he hunts the survivors of a sunken German U-boat.


title: Q-ship

text: In Edward L. Beech’s novel Run Silent, Run Deep, Japanese Q-ships make two appearances with one surprising the Walrus and the second being attacked by the Eel in the final battle of the story.


title: Q-ship

text: Malcolm Lowry's novel "Under the Volcano" (1947) tells the story of Geoffrey Firmin, an alcoholic British consul in the small Mexican town of Quauhnahuac, on the Day of the Dead, 2 November 1938. Geoffrey Firmin reflects back to his time as a naval officer during World War I, when he was court-martialed and subsequently decorated for his actions aboard a Q-ship (the captured German officers disappeared and were allegedly burned alive in the boiler).


title: Q-ship

text: In the Clive Cussler book series "Oregon Files", the main base of operations is a Q-ship, a converted lumber carrier. The crew are mercenaries and former US covert and military personnel who carry out missions around the world in support of US policy while earning their living performing mercenary operations.


title: Q-ship

text: The 1951 movie Operation Pacific features a battle with a Q-Ship by the fictional submarine USS "Thunderfish", inspired by an encounter with an enemy ship by the USS "Growler".


title: Q-ship

text: As with other naval concepts, the idea of a Q-ship has also been applied to space vessels in fictional works:


title: Q-ship

text: Q-ships feature prominently in David Weber's Honor Harrington series of books. Harrington destroys a Q-ship in the first novel, "On Basilisk Station", and commands a squadron of Q-ships in the sixth novel, "Honor Among Enemies". In the tenth book in the series, "War of Honor", Thomas Bachfisch commands a pair of privately owned Q-ships.


title: Q-ship

text: In the JAN/FEB 2020 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Joel Richards has a short story entitled Q-SHIP MILITANT.


title: Q-ship

text: In DC Comics Star Spangled War Stories #71 (reprinted in DC Comics Weird War #1) the story "The End of the Sea Wolf!" is a postwar "flashback" story of a U-boat commander engaging a Q-ship in WWII.


title: Q-ship

text: A fictional WWII Royal Navy Q-ship named 'HMS Mendacious' features in the 'Unclassified Encounter' Youtube Channel Episode 'Mendacious'. During the course of the episode, the ship and its crew are drawn into battle with Atlantean warriors, whilst on patrol in the North Sea.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Brotherhood of Man are a British pop group who achieved success in the 1970s. They won the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest with "Save Your Kisses for Me".


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Created in 1969 by songwriter and record producer Tony Hiller, Brotherhood of Man was initially an umbrella title for a frequently-changing line-up of session singers. Early on, they scored a worldwide hit with the song "United We Stand". By 1973 the concept had run its course and Hiller formed a definite four-member line-up consisting of Martin Lee, Lee Sheriden, Nicky Stevens and Sandra Stevens. This version of the group went on to score many hits around the world in the mid to late 1970s including "Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby", "Angelo", "Oh Boy (The Mood I'm In)" and "Figaro". They achieved perhaps their biggest success in their native UK with three number one singles and four top twenty albums. The group under this line-up still continues, performing shows throughout Europe. Altogether, they have released 16 studio albums, with worldwide sales topping 15 million records.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Brotherhood of Man was formed by record producer/composer Tony Hiller in 1969, and originally featured his co-writer John Goodison (who performed as Goodman but wrote under the pseudonyms Peter Simmons and Peter Simons) with Tony Burrows, Roger Greenaway, Sue Glover and Sunny Leslie. Greenaway was also a songwriter and had co-written hits such as "Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart" and "Melting Pot". Burrows was a well-known session singer, performing in various line-ups on hit singles such as the No.1 hit "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" by Edison Lighthouse. The two female members, Glover and Leslie were an act in their own right, releasing singles as Sue and Sunny.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: The group came together in 1969 and began recording some songs with Hiller. Their first single "Love One Another" failed to chart, but the follow-up "United We Stand" (released in January 1970) was a worldwide hit. "United We Stand" was heavily played on British radio, and broke into the American market. The single became a Top 20 hit in the UK, Canada, Australia and US. The song has since been used as the closing theme for television's "Brady Bunch Hour" and as an anthem for various causes. Burrows left the group soon after and as a four-piece, The Brotherhood of Man followed "United We Stand" with another hit, "Where Are You Going to My Love". The song charted in the UK, Canada, and US and has since been covered by Olivia Newton-John and The Osmonds among others. A début album "United We Stand" followed soon after.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Over the next two years, the group continued in varied line-ups. Goodison left the group at the beginning of 1971 and was replaced by American singer Hal Atkinson, Greenaway left soon after and was replaced by Russell Stone. They had one more minor hit in the US (1971's "Reach Out Your Hand"), but experienced no further success in the UK and split after being dropped by their record company.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Keen to keep the established name alive, Hiller set about putting a new line up together. In 1972 he got together a trio of session singers, Martin Lee, Nicky Stevens and Lee Sheriden.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Sheriden was already known to Hiller as a songwriter and had a solo career. Lee had a solo single to his name and was a budding songwriter. Stevens had been classically trained, but had since adapted her vocals and was performing as a cabaret singer. The trio began recording together, but their first single, "Rock Me Baby", to be released at the end of 1972, was cancelled due to the release of the song by David Cassidy. Finally their first two singles "Happy Ever After" and "Our World of Love" were released in 1973. Neither single charted and soon after, another female vocalist was added to the line up, Sandra Stevens. Stevens (no relation to Nicky) had been performing as a big-band singer since a teenager in the late 1960s. She had sung with the Joe Loss big band and alongside Eve Graham (of The New Seekers) in club group, The Nocturnes.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Now signed to the Pye spin off label, Dawn, the quartet released their first single, "When Love Catches Up on You" in January 1974. It failed to chart, but the follow-up single, "Lady" became a hit in Europe. Encouraged by this, the group set about recording their debut album. The album "Good Things Happening" was released later in the year along with two more singles, but none of these found success. Before the record label folded, Brotherhood of Man released one more single in the Summer of 1975. This was the upbeat "Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby" and although failed to make an impression in the UK, became a big hit in Europe, reaching Number one in Belgium and Number two in the Netherlands as well as top 10 placings in other countries. Brotherhood of Man toured extensively in Europe, honing their stage act and harmonies, while Hiller, Sheriden and Lee worked on composing songs for their second album. Among them was a song Sheriden had largely written called "Save Your Kisses for Me".


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In early 1976, Hiller was keen for Brotherhood of Man to make an impact in the UK and decided to put "Save Your Kisses for Me" forward to the "A Song for Europe" competition. This year saw a change to the contest in that, since 1964, one specific artist had performed all the songs (e.g. Cliff Richard, Olivia Newton-John, Lulu, etc.), but 1976 saw the return to the format in which any artist was eligible to enter. "Save Your Kisses for Me" made it to the final twelve songs and on 25 February, Brotherhood of Man took the title, beating the second placed act, Co-Co by two points. Now signed to Pye Records, "Save Your Kisses for Me" was released as a single in March and hit the No.1 spot two weeks before the Contest final. On 3 April, the "1976 Eurovision Song Contest" was staged in the Netherlands and Brotherhood of Man performed the song, dressed in red, white and black with simple choreography devised by Guy Lutman. "Save Your Kisses for Me" took the title with an overwhelming victory. As manager Hiller stated;


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: "..."Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby" was a hit all over Europe in '75. I firmly believe it opened the door for us a year later and helped us do well because they knew us – every weekend we'd travel to do TV spots in France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland".


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: The song became a major hit around the world and reached No.1 in many countries and returned the group to the US Charts. The song eventually sold six million copies worldwide and is still the highest selling Eurovision winner ever. In the UK, it stayed at No.1 for six weeks and earned them a platinum disc. It ended up the top selling single of the year and is still one of the few UK singles to sell a million.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: The group had already recorded a second album which had been released in several countries a year previously. Following their victory, Pye released the album with "Save Your Kisses for Me" added. Entitled "Love and Kisses," the album was a success in the UK, reaching the top twenty, as well as other countries, gaining a Number six position in Norway for instance. Soon after this, a follow-up single was released. Eager to cash in on their success, Pye decided against releasing anything from the album, as the earlier material had been more soul-based than the pop they were now successful with. The group instead released "My Sweet Rosalie" – almost a carbon copy of the previous hit, although the lyrical twist was that it was about a dog, rather than a child. The song failed to chart highly, only reaching Number thirty in the UK, but fared better in other countries, particularly Belgium where it made Number two. Concerned by the lack of success for the single, the record company did not release anything else in the UK for the rest of 1976, despite the fact that in Europe a new album of material was released along with singles in various countries: "I Give You My Love" in Germany, Spain and others and "New York City" in France.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Early in 1977, the group released their next single, "Oh Boy (The Mood I'm In)". The song was a change to their previous hits in that it was female-led and much more in a contemporary pop style. The song was a hit in the UK, reaching the top 10 and fared well in Europe also. The album which had been released in Europe the previous year was now released in the UK with the new single added. The album, now titled "Oh Boy!", did not follow their last album into the charts however.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Their progress was cemented with the release of their next single, "Angelo". which was released in the Summer of 1977 and was an instant success. The song rose to Number one in the UK Charts and became one of the biggest hits of the year as well as ending up among the 50 best selling singles of the decade. The group were invited to appear at the 1977 Royal Variety Performance, where they elected to sing "Angelo", rather than their then current single "Highwayman". Deprived of this vital promotion, the single failed to enter the chart (although was 'bubbling under' the top 50 at the time). It did however become a top 20 hit in both the Netherlands and Belgium. An accompanying album "Images", similarly failed in the UK charts.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: The group battled on into 1978 with the release of "Figaro", which brought them back into vogue and became their third UK Number one single. In May "Beautiful Lover" was released and another hit, reaching the UK top twenty, and spending three months in the charts. An album was released soon after, "B for Brotherhood". The record company took no chances with this album, given the failure of their previous two, and so with a TV advertising campaign, the album entered the UK Charts, eventually peaking at Number eighteen – their most successful album so far.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: As the year drew to a close another single, "Middle of the Night" was released along with a greatest hits compilation," Twenty Greatest." Apart from featuring all their own hits and a smattering of album tracks and new songs, the group re-recorded both "United We Stand" and "Where are You Going to My Love" for the album. "Twenty Greatest" became Brotherhood of Man's most successful album, reaching Number six in the UK Charts and spending fifteen weeks in the top 75.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: 1979 saw the group going into decline as the hits dried up. Three singles released in the first six months of the year all failed to make the charts as did their next album, "Higher Than High". This was despite regular TV appearances and radio play, although the group remained popular on the live circuit.". As Pye Records were due to fold at the end of the year, one more album was released in December to fulfill their contract. The album "Singing a Song" was made up of unreleased songs mixed with new material, but no singles were released from the collection.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Manager Tony Hiller set up his own record company in 1980, Dazzle Records. Brotherhood of Man released the first single on the label, "Honey Don't Throw Our Love Away" which also did not chart, nor did the follow-up, a cover of the 1960s hit "Will You Love Me Tomorrow". An album was recorded but went unreleased, except for in Australia. Towards the end of the year, the group were offered a deal with Warwick Records to make an album of cover versions. Released in November, "Sing 20 Number One Hits" was the group's take on 20 number one UK hits from recent years. The album was a hit, peaking at No.14 – their biggest chart success for two years. The album remained in the top 50 for two months and was awarded a gold disc for sales of over 100,000. Keen to release a follow-up, Warwick offered them a double album deal the following year. Released as a buy one get one free package, "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs" – again, a collection of recent chart hits, came out in late 1981. This album did not match the success of the first and missed the UK Charts. Tracks from these albums appear frequently on CD releases of the group, interspersed with their own hit singles.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In early 1982, Sheriden opted to leave the group to study for a degree in music. Hiller took on 28-year-old Barry Upton, an up-and-coming songwriter. Upton was later to write hits for many artists including Sonia and Steps.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: The previous year, the UK had won the Eurovision Song Contest (the first time since Brotherhood of Man) with the two-boy/two-girl pop act Bucks Fizz. Within twelve months they had chalked up three number one singles and, encouraged by their popularity, Hiller set about reviving Brotherhood of Man's fortunes. In 1982, Brotherhood of Man signed a deal with EMI in the hope that the new pop revival would encompass them. Armed with a new single, "Lightning Flash", written by Hiller, Lee, and Upton, the group were relaunched with a new contemporary image and sound. The song only reached No. 67 in the summer of 1982, but it was their first single to chart in nearly four years. A follow-up, "Cry Baby Cry", failed to capitalise on this, but nevertheless, the group began working on a new album.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In 1983, the songwriting team of Hiller, Lee, and Upton entered a song for the "A Song for Europe" competition. Their composition, "When the Kissing Stops", made it to the final eight, but although initially tempted, the group decided not to perform the number themselves ("We all agreed it would be better to be remembered as winners, and we couldn't bear to lose!" remembers Sandra Stevens). Hiller formed a male/female trio under the name Rubic to represent the song on 24 March 1983. The group lost out to another male/female trio, Sweet Dreams, and ended up in fifth place. Despite its failure, Brotherhood of Man recorded the song and chose it as their next single. Released in the summer of 1983, alongside their new album, "Lightning Flash", neither record made the UK Chart and this brought to an end their contract with EMI. "When the Kissing Stops" remains Brotherhood of Man's final single release.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Brotherhood of Man continued to perform in concert throughout the UK and Europe, but less than a year later, Upton elected to leave to work on other projects and the group decided to split. This ended their twelve-year working relationship with Hiller.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In 1985, Brotherhood of Man reunited for a one-off TV appearance and they discussed getting back together. Over the next year, and now back with Sheriden in place of Upton, the group decided to manage themselves and begin performing again. In late 1986, the group were back on the live circuit, but decided against attempting a chart comeback.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In 1990, Martin Lee got together with songwriters Paul Curtis and David Kane to compose a musical based on "The Butterfly Children" books by Angela and Pat Mills. The musical had its world premiere at the Mitchell Theatre in Glasgow, to open the 1990 Glasgow City of Culture and ran for a month and was performed by the Mitchell Theatre for Youth. Just three months later, the show transferred to the larger Kings Theatre in Glasgow and ran for two weeks. The show transferred in late 1992 to London's West End. Brotherhood of Man recorded the songs themselves and the nineteen track collection, available on cassette only, was available to buy at the theatre. The album was never commercially released, although some tracks did make it onto tie-in cassettes to go with the books a few years later. "The Butterfly Children", essentially a children's show, featured many differing styles of music from rap to rock and country and western to the more familiar pop the group were known for. The show's run ended after a short season, and has not been performed since.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In 1991, the group went back into the recording studio and made an album of re recorded hits and some new material with Dutch producer Eddy Ouwens. Not only was this their first recording for eight years, but it was their first without Hiller. The album remains unreleased in the UK, but was released in Spain under the title "Grandes Exitos" and in some other countries as "The Golden Hits of Brotherhood of Man".


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: The group continued to perform live throughout the nineties mainly on the cabaret circuit and holiday camps such as Butlins. In 1997, they recorded another album, based on their live show. Again, the album contained re-recordings of their hits as well as cover versions that they perform in concert, such as "1999" by Prince and "Juke Box Hero" by Foreigner. The album contained one new song, the title track "Greenhouse", rescued from the 1991 sessions. Like the previous album, this was never commercially released and was only available to buy at their shows.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: As the 2000s dawned, the group went into semi-retirement and cut back on touring. However, in 2002, they devised a new live show based on their roots in the 1970s. Entitled "The Seventies Story", the show comprised a trip through the decade, with the group performing well known songs from each year along with a narration of contemporary events. The group returned to the studio and recorded an album of the show's songs. Again, this album was not released in shops, but was available on CD at the show's venues. The tracks did get a general release later on however on various compilation albums. In 2004, the first Brotherhood of Man DVD was released, featuring TV performances of many of their singles.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: To date, the group still do occasional shows with both "The Seventies Story" and with their own material. Most recently they have teamed up with the current incarnation of Bucks Fizz and together they perform as a two-part show. They frequently play to sold-out houses, "The Seventies Story" being particularly successful in receiving good reviews.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: Brotherhood of Man still find themselves in demand on both the Nostalgia and gay circuit. They have appeared a number of times at London's G-A-Y theatre and regularly appear on TV both in the UK and abroad, mostly around Eurovision time each year. In 2006, they appeared at the 50th anniversary of the Eurovision Song Contest gala held in Denmark, where they were voted in the top 5 Eurovision songs of all time – the highest of any UK entry.


title: Brotherhood of Man

text: In 2009, Cherry Red Records released the first four albums by the Eurovision line up as two double CDs. This was the first time these albums were available on CD.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications, membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international standards programs.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: ANSI was most likely originally formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three government agencies founded the American Engineering Standards Committee (AESC). In 1928, the AESC became the American Standards Association (ASA). In 1966, the ASA was reorganized and became United States of America Standards Institute (USASI). The present name was adopted in 1969.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: had been members of the United Engineering Society (UES). At the behest of the AIEE, they invited the U.S. government Departments of War, Navy (combined in 1947 to become the Department of Defense or DOD) and Commerce to join in founding a national standards organization.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: According to Adam Stanton, the first permanent secretary and head of staff in 1919, AESC started as an ambitious program and little else. Staff for the first year consisted of one executive, Clifford B. LePage, who was on loan from a founding member, ASME. An annual budget of $7,500 was provided by the founding bodies.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: In 1931, the organization (renamed ASA in 1928) became affiliated with the U.S. National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which had been formed in 1904 to develop electrical and electronics standards.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: ANSI's members are government agencies, organizations, academic and international bodies, and individuals. In total, the Institute represents the interests of more than 270,000 companies and organizations and 30 million professionals worldwide.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: Although ANSI itself does not develop standards, the Institute oversees the development and use of standards by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by standards developing organizations meet the institute's requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: ANSI also designates specific standards as American National Standards, or ANS, when the Institute determines that the standards were developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products while making clear how to improve the safety of those products for the protection of consumers. There are approximately 9,500 American National Standards that carry the ANSI designation.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: In addition to facilitating the formation of standards in the United States, ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally, advocates U.S. policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where appropriate.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: The institute is the official U.S. representative to the two major international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as a founding member, and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), via the U.S. National Committee (USNC). ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both the ISO and the IEC, and administers many key committees and subgroups. In many instances, U.S. standards are taken forward to ISO and IEC, through ANSI or the USNC, where they are adopted in whole or in part as international standards.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: Adoption of ISO and IEC standards as American standards increased from 0.2% in 1986 to 15.5% in May 2012.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: Each of the panels works to identify, coordinate, and harmonize voluntary standards relevant to these areas.


title: American National Standards Institute

text: In 2009, ANSI and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) formed the Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC). NESCC is a joint initiative to identify and respond to the current need for standards in the nuclear industry.


title: Gajala

text: Gajala (maiden name Gazala Shaikh Khan) is an Indian actress, who has predominantly appeared in Telugu and Tamil films. She made her debut in the Telugu film "Nalo Vunna Prema" in 2001.


title: Gajala

text: An Interview with The Times of India, 17 March 2014; She said that- "I don't see films as a career. Even when I started acting, I was doing films because I enjoy cinema. I never decided that I will do films till I'm 40 or 50 years old. I'm not struggling to work in cinema. If I get a good film, I'll be happy to do it. Otherwise, I'm not worried," she said." - "Times of India"


title: James L. Buckley

text: James Lane Buckley (born March 9, 1923) is an American politician, jurist, and lawyer who currently serves as a senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Buckley served in the United States Senate as a member of the Conservative Party of New York State in the Republican caucus from 1971 to 1977, and in multiple positions within the Reagan administration. He was also the Republican nominee in the 1980 Connecticut Senate race, but was defeated by Democrat Chris Dodd.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In 1970, Buckley was elected to the U.S. Senate as the nominee of the Conservative Party of New York; he won 39 percent of the vote and served from 1971 until 1977. During the first Reagan administration, Buckley served as Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs. He was also President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty from 1982 to 1985.


title: James L. Buckley

text: Buckley was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on October 16, 1985. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1985 and received commission on December 17, 1985. Buckley assumed senior status on August 31, 1996. He is one of the few people in modern times to have served in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the Federal government.


title: James L. Buckley

text: James Lane Buckley was born on March 9, 1923, in New York City, New York, to Aloise Steiner and William Frank Buckley Sr., the fourth of ten children to the couple. He is the older brother of the late conservative writer William F. Buckley, Jr. and the uncle of Christopher Taylor Buckley. He is also the uncle of Brent Bozell III and political consultant William F. B. O'Reilly. His mother, from New Orleans, was of Swiss-German, German, and Irish descent, while his paternal grandparents, from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, were of Irish ancestry.


title: James L. Buckley

text: Buckley attended Millbrook School, and in 1943 earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He enlisted in the United States Navy in 1942 and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant in 1946. After receiving his Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1949, he was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1950 and practiced law until 1953, when he joined The Catawba Corporation as vice president and director. In 1965, he managed his brother William F. Buckley, Jr.'s campaign for Mayor of New York.


title: James L. Buckley

text: During World War II he served in the United States Navy and participated in the battles of Leyte, Lingayen Gulf, and Okinawa. In 1946, he was discharged from the United States Navy with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade). In May 1953, he married Ann Frances Cooley, with whom he had six children before her death on December 30, 2011.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In 1968, Buckley ran for the senatorial nomination of the Conservative Party of New York State, after his brother William F. Buckley Jr. had served as the party's mayoral nominee in the 1965 New York City mayoral election. Buckley won the party's nomination on April 2, 1968, with the unanimous support of all forty state committeemen. Buckley placed third in the general election behind Republican nominee Jacob Javits and Democratic nominee Paul O'Dwyer after receiving 1,139,402 votes (17.31%).


title: James L. Buckley

text: On March 16, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy announced that he would seek the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party for the 1968 presidential election. After winning four primaries Kennedy was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, California on June 6.


title: James L. Buckley

text: Kennedy's death left a vacancy in the United States Senate that would be filled through an appointment by Governor Nelson Rockefeller. John W. Gardner, John Lindsay, Burke Marshall, C. Douglas Dillon, Charles Goodell, Ogden Reid, and Whitney Young were mentioned and speculated as possible candidates for the appointment. On August 11, a spokesman for Rockfeller stated that main choices for the appointment were Gardner, Goodell, and Reid. On September 10, Rockefeller appointed Goodell, a member of the House of Representatives from the 38th congressional district, to fill the vacancy.


title: James L. Buckley

text: On April 6, 1970, Buckley announced that he would seek the Conservative Party's senatorial nomination again. The Conservative State Committee convened inside Hotel McAlpin in Manhattan, New York City, on April 7, to select the party's nominees in the general election. Kevin P. McGovern attempted to force a primary campaign between him and Buckley, but failed to receive the 25% of delegate votes to force a primary. Buckley received nearly ninety percent of the delegate votes and the remainder was split between McGovern and abstaining delegates.


title: James L. Buckley

text: On June 20, F. Clifton White, Buckley's campaign manager, announced that Buckley's campaign would circulate petitions in an attempt to gain another ballot line named the Independent Alliance Party. Enough valid signatures were collected to gain the additional ballot line, but Secretary of State John P. Lomenzo ruled that the Independent Alliance's emblem, an outline of New York with Buckley's name inside, was illegal as New York's election law limited the number of times that a candidate's name could appear on a ballot line to one. Lomenzo later allowed the party onto the ballot after the emblem was changed to a shield with the letter "I" inside.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In the general election Buckley defeated Goodell, and Ottinger. Although the Independent Alliance Party received over 100,000 votes in the general election, more than the 50,000 votes required to become an official party and automatic ballot access, it did not become an official party as its only candidate was Buckley, who ran in the Senate election and not in the gubernatorial election where the 50,000 votes were required to come from.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In 1971, Buckley spoke to the Republican National Finance committee about running for reelection in the 1976 elections with the Republican nomination. Peter A. Peyser challenged him in the Republican primary, but Buckley defeated him. Buckley gained Rockefeller's support by agreeing to not support Ronald Reagan's campaign against Gerald Ford in the Republican presidential primaries.


title: James L. Buckley

text: During his tenure in the United States Senate Buckley's political affiliation was referred to as Conservative-Republican of New York (C-R-N.Y). The Republican caucus in the Senate voted 36 to 3, with Senators Jacob Javits, John Sherman Cooper, and William B. Saxbe being opposed to Buckley's entrance into the Republican caucus, in favor of admitting Buckley into their caucus.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In 1971, Buckley was appointed to the air and water pollution, roads, and economic development sub-committees within the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Buckley supported Richard Nixon during the 1972 presidential election and called for the Conservative Party, which had not supported Nixon during the 1968 presidential election, to support Nixon.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In 1974, Buckley proposed a Human Life Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. If passed, the Amendment would have defined the term "person" in the Fourteenth Amendment to include the embryo. His enacted legislation includes the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) that governs use of student records and the Protection of Pupils' Rights Act (PPRA) that requires parent notification, right to review, and consent for administration of student surveys to minors if the survey collects information on any of eight specified topics.


title: James L. Buckley

text: In the spring of 1974, with the Watergate scandal continuing to grow in magnitude and seriousness, Buckley surprised and, in some cases, angered some of his allies among Republicans when he called upon the increasingly-embattled Richard M. Nixon to voluntarily resign the presidency. Buckley said that in doing so, he was making no judgment as to Nixon's technical legal guilt or innocence of the accusations made against him and in fact denounced those "in and out of the media who have been exploiting the Watergate affair so recklessly" in what he called an effort "to subvert the decisive mandate of the 1972 election." However, he said that the burgeoning scandal might result in an impeachment process that would tear the country even further apart and so he declared: "There is one way and one way only by which the crisis can be resolved, and the country pulled out of the Watergate swamp. I propose an extraordinary act of statesmanship and courage—an act at once noble and heartbreaking; at once serving the greater interests of the nation, the institution of the Presidency, and the stated goals for which he so successfully campaigned"—Nixon's resignation. Buckley was the first major conservative figure to call for resignation. Nixon did not resign at that time but eventually did lose the support of key Republican figures, including Senator Barry Goldwater. Nixon ultimately resigned on August 9, 1974.


title: James L. Buckley

text: Buckley was the lead petitioner in a landmark Supreme Court case, "Buckley v. Valeo" (1976), which "shaped modern campaign-finance law".


title: James L. Buckley

text: During the 1976 Republican National Convention, then-Senator Jesse Helms encouraged a "Draft Buckley" movement in an effort to stop the nomination of Ronald Reagan for President. (Reagan had announced that Pennsylvania Senator Richard Schweiker would be his running mate; Helms objected to this decision, believing Schweiker to be too liberal.) The "Draft Buckley" movement was rendered moot when President Gerald Ford narrowly won the party's nomination on the first ballot.


title: James L. Buckley

text: After his loss in the 1976 election, Buckley worked for Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, becoming a member of the executive committee and of its board of directors and eventually advancing to the position of corporate director.


title: James L. Buckley

text: After his loss in Connecticut, Buckley served as an undersecretary of State for security assistance starting in 1981 in the first Reagan administration, which handled military aid to strategically located countries, and then as President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Munich from 1982 to 1985.


title: James L. Buckley

text: On October 16, 1985, Buckley was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The seat had previously been held by Judge Edward Allen Tamm. Buckley was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1985 and received commission on December 17, 1985. He assumed senior status on August 31, 1996.


title: James L. Buckley

text: During the 2016 presidential election Buckley was critical of Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and Republican nominee Donald Trump. He stated that his brother William and Reagan would have been shocked by Trump's action. He stated that he mostly agreed with Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson. He became the oldest living former Senator following the death of Senator Fritz Hollings in 2019.


title: James L. Buckley

text: Buckley introduced and led the passage of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, but he later came out in support of amending the legislation in 2010 due to college athletic departments using the legislation to hide sexual abuse allegations. He voted against a minimum wage increase in 1974. Buckley was one of eight senators to vote against the Equal Rights Amendment.


title: James L. Buckley

text: Buckley discussed "Freedom at Risk" on C-SPAN on January 12, 2011. Buckley’s last book, “Saving Congress From Itself”, was sent to every member of the U.S. Senate by Dallas businessman and Buckley family devotee Chris M. Lantrip.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: The Royal Mausoleum is a mausoleum for Queen Victoria and her husband Albert, Prince Consort. It is located on the Frogmore estate within the Home Park at Windsor in Berkshire, England. It was listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England in October 1975. It was built between 1862 and 1871. Albert, who died in 1861, was interred in the mausoleum in 1871 following its completion. Victoria was interred on 4 February 1901 following her death in late January.


title: Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore

text: Work commenced in March 1862. The dome was made by October and the building was consecrated in December 1862, although the decoration was not finished until August 1871.