title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The relationship between the Druze and Christians has been characterized by harmony and peaceful coexistence, with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The Maronites belong to the Maronite Syriac Church of Antioch (a former ancient Greek city now in Hatay Province, Turkey) is an Eastern Catholic Syriac Church that had affirmed its communion with Rome since 1180, although the official view of the Church is that it had never accepted either the Monophysitic views held by their Syriac neighbours, which were condemned in the Council of Chalcedon, or the failed compromise doctrine of Monothelitism (the latter claim being found in contemporary sources). The Maronite Patriarch is traditionally seated in Bkerke, north of Beirut.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: Lebanese Maronite Christians are concentrated in the north Beirut, northern part of Mount Lebanon Governorate, southern part of North Governorate, parts of Beqaa Governorate and South Governorate.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: Note that the following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: The last Census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Maronites at 60%. A study done by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Maronites at 46% of the population.


title: Lebanese Maronite Christians

text: In 2012, Maronites constituted 31% of Lebanon's population, according to estimates. The Maronite Church's website claims 1,062,000 members were in Lebanon in 1994 which would have made them around 31% of Lebanon's population.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: The 2020 NXT TakeOver: WarGames was the 32nd NXT TakeOver and the fourth annual NXT WarGames professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's NXT brand division. The event took place on December 6, 2020, from the Capitol Wrestling Center, hosted at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. It was the first WarGames event to air on traditional PPV in addition to the WWE Network. The 2020 event ended the show's tradition of being held as part of Survivor Series weekend. It was also the final WarGames held under the TakeOver series, which was discontinued in late 2021 with WarGames held as its own event that year.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Five matches were contested at the event. In the main event, The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Kyle O'Reilly, Roderick Strong, and Bobby Fish) defeated Team McAfee (Pat McAfee, Pete Dunne, Danny Burch, and Oney Lorcan) in a WarGames match while in the opening bout, Team Candice (Candice LeRae, Dakota Kai, Raquel González, and Toni Storm) defeated Team Shotzi (Shotzi Blackheart, Ember Moon, Rhea Ripley, and Io Shirai) in the women's WarGames match.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: TakeOver was a series of professional wrestling shows that began in May 2014, as WWE's NXT brand held their second WWE Network-exclusive event, billed as TakeOver. In subsequent months, the "TakeOver" moniker became the brand used by WWE for all of their NXT live specials. While originally exclusive to the WWE Network, NXT TakeOver events also became available on traditional pay-per-view beginning with TakeOver 31 in October 2020. The 2020 WarGames event was the 32nd NXT TakeOver event and was held on December 6, 2020. It was the fourth in the WarGames chronology, a subseries of TakeOvers that feature the WarGames match and were originally held as a support show for WWE's annual Survivor Series pay-per-view. Unlike previous years, however, the 2020 WarGames was not held as a support show for that year's Survivor Series; it was instead held two weeks after Survivor Series. It was available for purchase on In Demand.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that began affecting the industry in mid-March, WWE had to present the majority of its programming from a behind closed doors set. NXT's programming was initially held at NXT's home base of Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida. In October 2020, NXT's events were moved to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida, featuring the "Capitol Wrestling Center" setup, an homage to the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the predecessor to WWE. Like the WWE ThunderDome utilized for Raw and SmackDown's programming, LED boards were placed around the Performance Center so that fans could attend virtually, while additionally, friends and family members of the wrestlers were in attendance, along with a limited number of actual live fans, divided from each other by plexiglass walls.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: The card included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the NXT brand, while storylines were produced on their weekly television program, "NXT".


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: At on October 28, Johnny Gargano defeated Damian Priest in a Devil's Playground Match to win the NXT North American Championship, becoming the first-ever two-time NXT North American Champion. On the November 11 episode of "NXT", Gargano defended the title against Leon Ruff, who was picked as his opponent by a roulette-style spinning wheel. During the match, Priest distracted Gargano and was pinned by Ruff to win the title for the first time. The following week, Ruff retained the championship against Gargano via disqualification when Priest, intentionally punched Ruff. On the November 25 episode of "NXT", all three competitors were on "The KO Show" to state their case for why they want the NXT North American Championship, when NXT General Manager William Regal appeared to announce the title will be defended in a triple threat match at TakeOver: WarGames.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: On the October 7 episode of "NXT", Dexter Lumis defeated Austin Theory in a match but was then attacked by Cameron Grimes, saying he felt disrespected by him last week. At NXT: Halloween Havoc, the two met in a Haunted House of Horror match, with Lumis beating him in the ring by submission. They faced each other again in a blindfold match on the November 18 episode of "NXT", ending in a no contest after Grimes unknowingly knocked the referee unconscious and eventually ran off. The following week, Grimes defeated Jake Atlas in a match but was soon interrupted by Lumis, who offered him a strap but he refused to wear it. Later that night, Regal met Grimes backstage to setup a strap match between him and Lumis at TakeOver: WarGames.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: On the November 18 episode of "NXT", Timothy Thatcher defeated August Grey in a match but was soon confronted by Tommaso Ciampa, and Thatcher backed away from him saying "I have no problem with you". On the December 2 episode of "NXT", Thatcher was in the ring teaching a "Thatch as Thatch Can" lesson on "Distractions", when Ciampa appeared and was told by Thatcher that he didn't want any trouble with him. After throwing him to the mat following an attempted attack, Ciampa was blindsided by Thatcher's student and thrown into the plexiglass by Thatcher himself, who then applied a guillotine choke to make him pass out. Thatcher later said he will meet Ciampa for a "lesson" at TakeOver: WarGames.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, a six-man tag team match occurred between the team of Curt Stallion, Ashante "Thee" Adonis, and August Grey, against the team of Santos Escobar, Raul Mendoza, and Joaquin Wilde, who are collectively known as Legado del Fantasma. This match was uploaded to WWE's YouTube and Facebook accounts the day of the event. After an opening sequence where each man tagged in once, Legado del Fantasma isolated Adonis with repeated tags and tandem offence. He eventually made the "hot tag" to Stallion, who for several moments was dominant in the match, easily dispatching with all three members of the opposing team. The finish came when Grey and Mendoza were legal, and Grey Irish whipped Mendoza into his corner. Escobar blind tagged himself into the match, and entered the ring while Grey executed a hip toss on Mendoza. As Grey turned around, Escobar executed a leg lariat and "Legado" to win the match.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: The pay-per-view began with the women's WarGames match, with the team led by Candice LeRae facing the team led by Shotzi Blackheart. Dakota Kai began the match for LeRae's team, and Ember Moon for Blackheart's. Blackheart's team held the advantage heading in to the match, so after five minutes, Blackheart herself joined the match. Further entrances happened at three minute intervals, first Raquel Gonzalez from Team LeRae, then Rhea Ripley from Team Blackheart, then Toni Storm, then Io Shirai, before LeRae was the final entrant. Gonzalez, along with an interfering Indi Hartwell, kept Shirai from entering the two-ring WarGames structure for several minutes, and when LeRae entered, Storm secured the cage's entry door with her studded belt, seemingly keeping the NXT Women's Champion from entering. Shirai eventually entered the match by diving off the top of the cage structure and into the ring, while inhabiting a trash can. Other noteworthy spots included Moon performing "The Eclipse" onto Kai while Kai stood stunned over two steel chairs, Blackheart performing her signature finishing senton splash off a ladder onto LeRae while LeRae had a chair draped over her (reportedly causing LeRae to sustain a broken arm), Kai performing a diving double stomp onto Shirai while Shirai was again inhabiting a trash can, and Gonzalez performing a one-arm powerbomb onto Shirai through a ladder bridge set up between the two rings. This last spot was the match's conclusion, with Gonzalez pinning Shirai to secure victory for Team LeRae.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Tommaso Ciampa then faced Timothy Thatcher in the only standard singles match featured on the show. The match featured lengthy sequences of grueling mat wrestling, with each man targeting body parts where the other was known to have history of injury - Thatcher focused much of his offence on Ciampa's neck and knees and Ciampa on Thatcher's left leg. Thatcher also sustained a bloody contusion to his left ear during the match, following a Ciampa running knee lift. The finish came when Ciampa locked in a guillotine choke on Thatcher through the ropes, which is an illegal hold. With the referee administering the five-count for Ciampa to break it or be disqualified, at the count of four he transitioned into the "Willow's Bell" DDT and earned the pinfall. After the match, as the two men slowly came to, they stared directly at each other for several minutes, even as Thatcher retreated up the entrance ramp and the show cut away to a video package introducing the next match.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Next was the strap match between Cameron Grimes and Dexter Lumis. Grimes arrived to the ring with a leather strap already on his hand. The referee tried to force him to use the strap that had been officially designated for use in the match, but Grimes refused to take his off. The referee asked Lumis if he would agree to using Grimes' strap; consistent with his character, Lumis said nothing. Grimes held the offensive advantage for much of the match, using both his strap and the official strap to attack Lumis' eyes, which had been a focus of their feud up to this point. Lumis eventually gained the advantage by repeatedly whipping Grimes with the strap, as Grimes lay prone on the mat. The finish came when he trapped Grimes in "The Silencer", and Grimes quickly submitted.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: In the only championship match of the night, Leon Ruff then defended his NXT North American Championship against two former champions, Damian Priest and Johnny Gargano, the latter the only man to have held the championship more than once as well as being the man Ruff defeated to win it. In the early going, Priest repeatedly tried to dismiss Ruff as a factor in the match, being nearly a foot taller and a hundred pounds heavier than the champion. He tried to focus all of his attacks on Gargano, while warning Ruff to stay out of his way. Gargano, for his part, pretended to team up with Ruff (particularly as Priest also enjoys a noticeable size advantage over Gargano) only to use the seeming teamwork for opportunities to take "cheap shots" at Ruff. Eventually, Priest became angry at Ruff's repeated attempts to physically become part of the match and hit him with one of his signature maneuvers, "The Razor's Edge" (in honour of Razor Ramon, a wrestler Priest looks up to), through a ringside barricade. This appeared to injure Ruff badly enough to necessitate him being removed from the match, and Priest looked shocked and remorseful when Ruff was helped away from ringside. He and Gargano then continued the match alone for several minutes, before Ruff eventually returned. Several nearfalls and false finishes followed. The end of the match came when several figures clad in Ghostface masks appeared at ringside trying to attack Priest. Priest used his high flying abilities to fend off many of them, and appeared poised to hit "The Reckoning" on Gargano to all but certainly win the match and regain the championship. At this point, one final Ghostface appeared and struck Priest with a pipe, removing him from the match. Gargano capitalized and hit Ruff "One Final Beat" DDT to earn the pinfall and win the championship for a record third time. As Gargano and the final Ghostface departed up the entrance ramp, the latter unmasked himself as Austin Theory.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: The men's WarGames match between the Undisputed Era and the team led by Pat McAfee was the main event. Kyle O'Reilly and Pete Dunne, who had fought in the ladder match to determine the advantage for this match, started off. As McAfee's team held said advantage, the first subsequent man to enter the WarGames structure was Oney Lorcan. After three minutes, O'Reilly's regular tag team partner Bobby Fish joined the fray for team Undisputed Era. The entrance order from that point on was Danny Burch, then Roderick Strong, then McAfee, then Adam Cole. When he entered, McAfee introduced four tables into the WarGames structure, each emblazoned with the Undisputed Era's logo and one of the four team members' names. He performed a moonsault onto Strong to send Strong through the table with his name on it. When Cole came out, he sprayed Team McAfee with a fire extinguisher and went to work on them. Other noteworthy spots included Strong splashing Dunne through one of the tables, McAfee (a former National Football League player competing in just his second professional wrestling match) performing a "Swanton Bomb" from the top of the structure onto all seven other men, McAfee locking in a Figure Four leglock on Cole, Burch and Dunne making repeated use of cricket bats Burch introduced to the structure, Fish sending Burch through one of the other tables, Dunne hitting O'Reilly with "The Bitter End" for a two-count and a sequence of finishing maneuvers. This sequence started with Cole hitting his "Panama City Sunrise" on McAfee for only a nearfall, resulting in Cole's signature "WarGames" shocked face. Cole then poised to hit McAfee with a "The Last Shot" with an exposed knee, but at the last moment Lorcan, from outta nowhere, pushed McAfee out of the way and ate the move instead. Dunne then hit Cole with "The Bitter End", with Strong breaking up the pinfall. With everyone else out of the picture, O'Reilly and Fish hit Lorcan with a couple of stiff kicks, and O'Reilly followed with a diving knee drop onto a chair placed over Lorcan's face, with this sequence earning the pinfall and victory for team Undisputed Era.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer's star ratings for each match ranged from generally positive to glowing, as he gave 3.25 stars each to the strap match and the NXT North American Championship triple threat, 3.5 stars to the women's WarGames match, 3.75 stars to the singles match between Tommaso Ciampa and Timothy Thatcher, and 4.75 stars to the men's WarGames match.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Along with Candice LeRae's arm injury, Bobby Fish and Oney Lorcan from the men's WarGames match were noted to have suffered serious lacerations, with Lorcan needing assistance to return to the locker room area after the show went off the air. Numerous other wrestlers also reported minor injuries, not expected to cause them to miss time, on their social media profiles after the show. Fish's injury required minor surgery and eight weeks of recovery time to fix; a piece of the cage pierced his elbow and severed his triceps.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: A special edition of "NXT" called "New Year's Evil" was announced during TakeOver, to air January 6, 2021, the first Wednesday ("NXT"s typical airdate) of the new year. Finn Bálor opened the December 9 edition of the program, announcing that he would defend the NXT Championship at New Year's Evil but did not especially care who his challenger was, referring to the matter as "Regal's problem." Pete Dunne, Kyle O'Reilly, Damian Priest, and Karrion Kross' valet Scarlett each staked a claim to the title shot. Bálor dismissed Dunne, O'Reilly, and Priest, but seemed prepared to accept Kross' challenge. Kross himself physically returned later in the show attacking Priest, setting up a match between the two of them at New Year's Evil. On December 16, that left Dunne and O'Reilly to compete in a number-one contender's match, won by O'Reilly to setup an NXT TakeOver 31 rematch between himself and Bálor for the championship at New Year's Evil.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: Also on December 9, Johnny Gargano, Candice LeRae, Indi Hartwell, and Austin Theory appeared together in the ring, celebrating their successes at WarGames and giving their faction a name, "The Way." On December 30, Gargano defeated Leon Ruff in an NXT North American Championship match to end their feud and mark the first time in three reigns as North American Champion and one as NXT Champion that Gargano had ever successfully defended a singles championship. Off-camera, LeRae's injury was eventually determined not to be a broken arm, but a less serious injury to her abdominal cartilage which would not cause her to miss substantial time.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: The feuds between Tommaso Ciampa and Timothy Thatcher on the men's side and Raquel Gonzalez and Rhea Ripley on the women's side continued after "WarGames" and into New Year's Evil. On the December 23 edition of "NXT", Ciampa and Thatcher were announced for the second-ever Fight Pit match (Thatcher having the won first, earlier in 2020) and Ripley and Gonzalez were announced for a Last Woman Standing match.


title: NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020)

text: The 2020 TakeOver: WarGames would be the final WarGames held under the TakeOver series, as in late 2021, the TakeOver series was discontinued, with the 2021 WarGames event simply promoted as "NXT WarGames".


title: Teton Range

text: The Teton Range is a mountain range of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It extends for approximately in a north–south direction through the U.S. state of Wyoming, east of the Idaho state line. It is south of Yellowstone National Park and most of the east side of the range is within Grand Teton National Park.


title: Teton Range

text: One theory says the early French voyageurs named the range ' ("the three nipples") after the breast-like shapes of its peaks. Another theory says the range is named for the Teton Sioux (from Thítȟuŋwaŋ), also known as the Lakota people. It is likely that the local Shoshone people once called the whole range ', meaning "many pinnacles".


title: Teton Range

text: The principal summits of the central massif, sometimes referred to as the Cathedral Group, are Grand Teton (), Mount Owen (), Teewinot (), Middle Teton () and South Teton (). Other peaks in the range include Mount Moran (), Mount Wister (), Buck Mountain () and Static Peak ().


title: Teton Range

text: Between six and nine million years ago, stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust caused movement along the Teton fault. The west block along the fault line rose to form the Teton Range, creating the youngest mountain range in the Rocky Mountains. The fault's east block fell to form the valley called Jackson Hole. The geological processes that led to the current composition of the oldest rocks in the Teton range began about 2.5 billion years ago. At that time, sand and volcanic debris settled into an ancient ocean. Additional sediment was deposited for millions of years and eventually heat and pressure metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss. Subsequently, magma was forced up through the cracks in the gneiss to form granite, anywhere from inches to hundreds of feet thick. Other intrusive igneous rocks are noticeable as the black dikes of diabase, visible on the southwest face of Mount Moran and on the Grand Teton. Starting during the Cambrian period, deep deposits of sedimentary rock were deposited in shallow seas over the metamorphic basement rocks. Erosion and uplift have exposed the metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks now visible on the east slope of the range and in the Cathedral Group and the Paleozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks on the west slope. As recently as 2.1 million years ago the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff was deposited along the west slope of the north part of the range.


title: Teton Range

text: One reason the Teton Range is famous is because of the dramatic elevation profile visible from the eastern side, which rises sharply from above the valley floor. Unlike most mountain ranges, the east side of the Teton Range lacks significant foothills or lower peaks which might obscure the view. This is due to the presence of the Teton Fault at the base of the east slope as well as the range being too young to have eroded into soft hills. The Snake River flows southward through the valley before turning to the west and entering Idaho.


title: Teton Range

text: The Tetons and Jackson Hole have been the setting for a number of films, including John Wayne's film acting debut in "The Big Trail" in 1930 and the western film classic "Shane" in 1953. Mount Moran and the surrounding mountains were used as a backdrop for the lake/swamp setting in the original television series "Land of the Lost". In addition, this mountain range is shown on the cover of rapper Kanye West's eighth studio album "Ye".


title: Stab wound

text: A stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object. While stab wounds are typically known to be caused by knives, they can also occur from a variety of implements, including broken bottles and ice picks. Most stabbings occur because of intentional violence or through self-infliction. The treatment is dependent on many different variables such as the anatomical location and the severity of the injury. Even though stab wounds are inflicted at a much greater rate than gunshot wounds, they account for less than 10% of all penetrating trauma deaths.


title: Stab wound

text: Stab wounds can cause various internal and external injuries. They are generally caused by low-velocity weapons, meaning the injuries inflicted on a person are typically confined to the path it took internally, instead of causing damage to surrounding tissue, which is common of gunshot wounds. The abdomen is the most commonly injured area from a stab wound. Interventions that may be needed depending on severity of the injury include airway, intravenous access, and control of hemorrhage. The length and size of the knife blade, as well as the trajectory it followed, may be important in planning management as it can be a predictor of what structures were damaged. There are also special considerations to take into effect as given the nature of injuries, there is a higher likelihood that persons with these injuries might be under the influence of illicit substances which can make it harder to obtain a complete medical history. Special precautions should also be taken to prevent further injury from a perpetrator to the victim in a hospital setting. Similarly to treating shock, it is important to keep the systolic pressure above 90mmHg, maintain the person's core body temperature, and for prompt transport to a trauma center in severe cases.


title: Stab wound

text: To determine if internal bleeding is present a focused assessment with sonography (FAST) or diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) can be used. Other diagnostic tests such as a computed tomography scan or various contrast studies can be used to more definitively classify the injury in both severity and location. Local wound exploration is also another technique that may be utilized to determine how far the object penetrated. Observation can be used in place of surgery as it can substitute an unnecessary surgery, which makes it the preferred treatment of penetrating trauma secondary to a stab wound when hypovolemia or shock is not present. Laboratory diagnostic studies such as a hematocrit, white blood cell count and chemical tests such as liver function tests can also help to determine the efficiency of care.


title: Stab wound

text: Surgical intervention may be required but it depends on what organ systems are affected by the wound and the extent of the damage. It is important for care providers to thoroughly check the wound site in as much as a laceration of an artery often results in delayed complications sometimes leading to death. In cases where there is no suspicion of bleeding or infection, there is no known benefit of surgery to correct any present injuries. Typically a surgeon will track the path of the weapon to determine the anatomical structures that were damaged and repair any damage they deem necessary. Surgical packing of the wounds is generally not the favored technique to control bleeding as it can be less useful than fixing the directly affected organs. In severe cases when homeostasis cannot be maintained the use of damage control surgery may be utilized.


title: Stab wound

text: Stab wounds are one of the most common forms of penetrating trauma globally, but account for a lower mortality compared to blunt injuries due to their more focused impact on a person. Stab wounds can result from self-infliction, accidental nail gun injuries, and stingray injuries, however, most stab wounds are caused by intentional violence, as the weapons used to inflict such wounds are readily available compared to guns. Stabbings are a relatively common cause of homicide in Canada and the United States. Typically death from stab wounds is due to organ failure or blood loss. They are the mechanism of approximately 2% of suicides.


title: Stab wound

text: In Canada, homicides by stabbing and gunshot occur relatively equally (1,008 to 980 for the years 2005 to 2009). In the United States guns are a more common method of homicide (9,484 versus 1,897 for stabbing or cutting in 2008).


title: Stab wound

text: Stab wounds occur four times more than gunshot wounds in the United Kingdom, but the mortality rate associated with stabbing has ranged from 0-4% as 85% of injuries sustained from stab wounds only affect subcutaneous tissue. Most assaults resulting in a stab wound occur to and by men and persons of ethnic minorities.


title: Stab wound

text: Some of the first principles of wound care come from Hippocrates who promoted keeping wounds dry except for irrigation. Guy de Chauliac would promote removal of foreign bodies, rejoining of severed tissues, maintenance of tissue continuity, preservation of organ substance, and prevention of complications. The first successful operation on a person who was stabbed in the heart was performed in 1896 by Ludwig Rehn, in what is now considered the first case of heart surgery. In the late 1800s it was hard to treat stab wounds because of poor transportation of victims to health facilities and the low ability for surgeons to effectively repair organs. However, the use of laparotomy, which has been developed a few years earlier, had provided better patient outcomes than had been seen before. After its inception, the use of exploratory laparotomies was highly encouraged for "all deep stab wounds" in which surgeons were to stop active bleeding, repair damage, and remove "devitalized tissues". Because laparotomies were seen to benefit patients, they were used on most every person with an abdominal stab wound until the 1960s when doctors were encouraged to use them more selectivity in favor of observation. During the Korean war, a greater emphasis was put on the use of pressure dressings and tourniquets to initially control bleeding.


title: Run to the Hills

text: "Run to the Hills" is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released as their sixth single and the first from the band's third studio album, "The Number of the Beast" (1982). It is their first single with Bruce Dickinson as vocalist. Credited solely to the band's bassist, Steve Harris, Dickinson contributed to the song but could not be credited due to a contractual agreement with his former band Samson. Run to the Hills remains one of the band's most popular songs, with VH1 ranking it No. 27 on their list of the 40 Greatest Metal Songs and No. 14 on their list of the Greatest Hard Rock Songs.


title: Run to the Hills

text: A live version of the song, from "Live After Death", was released in 1985 and the original single was reissued in 2002, with all income donated to former drummer Clive Burr's MS Trust Fund. In 1990, as part of "The First Ten Years" box set, both the original and the 1985 live single were reissued on CD and 12" vinyl, combined with "The Number of the Beast" and "Running Free (live)" respectively.


title: Run to the Hills

text: Due to contractual issues with his previous band, Samson, Dickinson could not be credited for any of his contributions made during the writing of "The Number of the Beast". Although bassist Steve Harris alone receives credit for the song, Dickinson states that he made a "moral contribution" to the song, in addition to "Children of the Damned" and "The Prisoner" from the same album. While speaking at the IBM Smarter Business conference in Stockholm on 10 October 2012, Dickinson revealed that parts of the song are based on the "rising sixth" interval within a scale, inspired by a documentary he watched which explored why "My Way" was one of the most popular recorded songs.


title: Run to the Hills

text: The song documents the colonization of the Americas, first by Europeans and then by Americans, from the perspective of a Cree Indian and American cavalryman. The opening verse is from the perspective of the Cree, describing his troubles as the European Americans "came across the sea", bringing the Cree "pain and misery". The song is written from both perspectives, The second verse is from the perspective of a U.S. cavalry soldier, describing his involvement in the American Indian Wars, "chasing the redskins back to their holes". The third verse is not from the perspective of any single individual, and harshly condemns the effects of American expansionism on Native Americans, resulting in the "[Americans] raping the women and wasting the men", and "enslaving the young and destroying the old".


title: Run to the Hills

text: The song was released as a single on 12 February 1982; more than 5 weeks prior to the album's release on 22 March 1982. The single marked Iron Maiden's debut release with new vocalist Bruce Dickinson. "Total Eclipse" was selected as the single's B-side over the song "Gangland", which in turn would appear on the initial version of the album. The band later regretted this decision, with Steve Harris commenting, "We chose the wrong track as the B-side. I think if "Total Eclipse" had been on the album instead of "Gangland", it would have been far better." The song was added to "The Number of the Beast" album when it was remastered in 1998, and was also included in the original Japanese version.


title: Run to the Hills

text: It is the second of three single covers featuring Derek Riggs' depiction of Satan, which debuted on "Purgatory" and later appeared on "The Number of the Beast" covers. According to Riggs, the idea behind the original "Run to the Hills" cover was based around the idea of a "power struggle in hell", in which the band's mascot, Eddie, battles Satan with a tomahawk (referencing the song's subject matter).


title: Run to the Hills

text: As of 2017 the single has sold more than 200,000 copies in UK and has been certified Silver by BPI, the first to do so.


title: Run to the Hills

text: In 1985, a live version of "Run to the Hills", taken from "Live After Death", was released as the band's thirteenth single, along with live versions of "Phantom of the Opera" and "Losfer Words (Big 'Orra)" as its B-sides. According to Riggs, he was asked to paint a cover illustration for both "Run to the Hills" and "Phantom of the Opera" and so the artwork depicts Eddie as the phantom in a hilly landscape.


title: Run to the Hills

text: Following former drummer Clive Burr's announcement that he was suffering from multiple sclerosis, "Run to the Hills" was released again in 2002 to raise money for the newly established Clive Burr MS Trust Fund. Two variations were issued, the original studio version and a live version taken from the "Rock in Rio" concert, with different B-sides.


title: Run to the Hills

text: An all-star cover version of the song is found on the 2005 tribute album "Numbers from the Beast", featuring Robin McAuley on vocals, Michael Schenker and Pete Fletcher on guitars, Tony Franklin on bass and Brian Tichy (Derek Sherinian, B'z) on drums. The all-female tribute band The Iron Maidens recorded the song on their 2005 debut album, "World's Only Female Tribute to Iron Maiden". Former Babes in Toyland singer and guitarist Kat Bjelland's Katastrophy Wife covered the song in their "Heart On" EP in 2007. The song was covered in 2008 by Sign on the tribute CD "" released by "Kerrang!" magazine. The Swedish lounge metal band Hellsongs included a cover version on their 2008 album "Hymns in the Key of 666". In 2009, the eventual "Swedish Idol" 2009 series winner Erik Grönwall sang it during the live shows and released it as a single in the same year, which peaked at No. 23 in the Swedish Singles Chart. Progressive metal band Dream Theater covered the song live, along with the entire "The Number of the Beast" album, and released it as an "official bootleg" in 2006.


title: Run to the Hills

text: The song is also featured in the soundtracks of several video games, including "SSX on Tour" (2005) as the title's main theme, and "" (2009). In addition, a cover version is featured in "Rock Band" (2007), in which it received an "Impossible" difficulty rating, while the original version was made available via download in June 2009.


title: Run to the Hills

text: The official video features fight scenes from the 1923 silent movie "The Uncovered Wagon", a parody on the movie "The Covered Wagon", also from 1923.


title: Yulan Adonay Archaga Carias

text: Yulan Adonay Archaga Carias (born February 13, 1982) is a Honduran fugitive and the suspected leader of the MS-13 gang in Honduras who was added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list on November 3, 2021. He is wanted for racketeering, narcotics trafficking, and firearms offenses. Archaga Carias is allegedly in charge of MS-13 for all of Honduras and is believed to be providing firearms, narcotics, and cash to gang members who are operating within the United States. He is also believed to be responsible for ordering the murders of rival gang members. Authorities believe he is still in Honduras.


title: Yulan Adonay Archaga Carias

text: Archaga Carias was the 526th fugitive to be placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. He replaced American fugitive Robert William Fisher, who was removed from the list for no longer meeting the list criteria. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $100,000 for information leading to his capture.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The Kulsprutepistol m/45 (Kpist m/45), also known as the Carl Gustaf M/45 and the Swedish K SMG, is a 9×19mm Swedish submachine gun (SMG) designed by Gunnar Johansson, adopted in 1945 (hence the m/45 designation), and manufactured at the Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori in Eskilstuna, Sweden. The m/45 was the standard submachine gun of the Swedish Army from 1945 to 1965. It was gradually replaced in Swedish service by updated Ak 4 battle rifles and Ak 5 assault rifles. The last official user of the m/45, the Swedish Home Guard (Hemvärnet), retired it from service in April 2007.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The m/45 SMG was developed in 1944–45, with a design borrowing from and also improving on many design elements of earlier submachine guns. The sheet metal stamping techniques used in making the German MP 40, the British Sten, and the Soviet PPSh-41 and PPS-43 were studied in detail. Two designs were tested in 1944, one from Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori and one from Husqvarna Vapenfabriks and the prototype from Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori was chosen for further development. The first production version was adopted in 1945 as the Kpist m/45. The Danish Hovea M/49 SMG, although similar in appearance, is not a version derived from the m/45. The Hovea was a development of the failed test contender (fm44) from Husqvarna.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The standard m/45 is a fully-automatic-only weapon without any option for semi-automatic fire. It weighs 3.3 kg (7.3 lbs.) unloaded, and 4.2 kg (9.25 lbs.) loaded with a 36-round box magazine. It is 808 mm (31.8 in.) long with the stock extended, and 550 mm (21.7 in.) long with the stock folded. The m/45 is an open bolt design with a fixed firing pin. The relatively slow cyclic rate of fire (550–600 rds/min.) and low recoil of the bolt-mechanism actuation (straight blowback) makes it easy to control during full automatic fire. Single shots are also easy to achieve (with very little training) by letting go of the trigger before another round is cycled. The m/45 is fairly accurate up to 200 meters.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: Accessories include a special sub-calibre barrel (painted silver) for firing blanks and low-powered gallery ammunition. When firing blanks, a cone shaped blank firing adapter must be attached to the threaded muzzle of the sub-calibre barrel (and secured by a clip) to ensure the mechanism has adequate pressure for its blowback operation. Other accessories include night sights (wartime use only) that attach to the fixed day sights (f: protected post, r: L-type), a brass catcher for collecting spent cartridges (peacetime use only, for reloading and recycling), a quick-detachable (by attached cord) ejection port cover (painted bright red) for guard duty which secures the bolt from accidental firing, and a magazine loader that loads a magazine from a cartridge tray in seconds. The m/45 was also issued with a standard cleaning kit containing a threaded cleaning rod, threaded jag and a container for the jag, lubricant and cleaning patches. The standard sling issued was made of leather, attached to the rear left receiver and left barrel-sleeve sling bars.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The 36-round straight detachable staggered row box magazine is wider at the rear than at the front, the extra space allows the tapered 9mm Parabellum cartridges to feed more efficiently. The trapezium design makes the magazine very reliable in dusty environments and sub-zero temperatures, because magazines of parallel-side design are more likely to jam under adverse conditions. The magazine was used post-war by Finland in the m/31 Suomi under the designation m/54, a distinguishing feature of the variation m/55 (made by Lapua) is a steel wire carrying loop mounted at the bottom front edge. The basic design idea of the m/45 magazine was also used for the magazines of the Czech model 23 and model 25 and the French MAS submachine guns.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The m/45 has no safety switch. Instead the m/45 is put in "safe" by sliding the cocking handle into a short side-slot above the main (lock) slot. In the example US Army photograph, this short safety side-slot is visible behind the rear L-sight. When the m/45 is unloaded the bolt is locked in place in the bolt-forward position by pushing the cocking handle inwards, engaging a hole in the lower left receiver wall.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The Carl Gustaf m/45 was replaced in the Swedish Armed Forces during the mid-1960s with the 7.62mm Ak 4 battle rifle, and starting in 1986 with the 5.56mm Ak 5 assault rifle. On 2 April 2007 the kpist m/45 was officially declared obsolete when it was retired from the Home Guard who were the last users in the Swedish Armed Forces.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: In addition to Sweden, several other countries have used the weapon, with versions of the weapon being produced in Egypt and the United States.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: The m/45 has been manufactured under license in Egypt as the "Port Said" and the "Akaba". The tooling needed for production, as well as technical assistance, was sold by Sweden to Egypt during the 1950s. The "Port Said" looks and functions exactly as the m/45 (first version while the Akaba is a modified and simplified version). The "Akaba" has no barrel jacket and a slightly shorter barrel and the folding butt stock has been replaced by a telescoping wire butt stock similar to the one used on the US M3A1. The simplified sights of the "Akaba" were moved to the front (unprotected post) and back (protected peep) of the receiver.


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: During the Vietnam War, the US Navy SEALs used the m/45 extensively. One of the gun's qualities which appealed to the US Navy was that the m/45 can fire almost immediately out of the water (over the beach). It also saw use by CIA operatives and advisers. In US service it was largely known as the "Swedish-K" or "K-Rifle". The US Navy was so impressed by the m/45 that when Sweden embargoed the export of weapons to the United States in 1966, Smith & Wesson was given the task of producing a copy. This was designated the Smith & Wesson M76. However, by the time the M76 was ready for combat deployment, the US Navy interest had largely evaporated. Many of the m/45s used by US forces and agencies were devoid of markings, implying clandestine use ("sanitized").


title: Carl Gustaf m/45

text: In 1975, the Junta de Coordinación Revolucionaria, a Cuban-backed far-left internationalist organization, established a clandestine military factory in Buenos Aires. Although it was easy to produce explosives, there was a severe lack of materials to make firearms. In order to revert this, a Bolivian engineer, nicknamed "Comrade N", aiming to design "a submachine gun with the characteristics of an Uzi, but easier to build and disassemble and using 9mm ammunition" came out with the JCR-1. It was presented by the Argentinian People's Revolutionary Army through its newspaper "Estrella Roja" as a lightweight and concealable weapon. Approximately 5,000 units were manufactured, though only a few hundred could be assembled until the Argentine Army dismantled the factory in late 1975.


title: Drew Binsky

text: Drew Goldberg (born May 24, 1991), otherwise known by his online alias, Drew Binsky, is an American travel blogger and vlogger who has visited every country in the world. Binsky documents his travels on his YouTube channel and other social media accounts. He holds two Guinness World Records for Most (12) UNESCO World Heritage Site visits in 24 hours and for the fastest time to pack a suitcase.


title: Drew Binsky

text: On October 29, 2021, Binsky visited Saudi Arabia, completing his feat of visiting every United Nations recognized country on Earth. As of 2021, his videos have received more than 4 billion views across his social media channels with more than 9 million followers.


title: Drew Binsky

text: Binsky was born Drew Goldberg in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Scottsdale, Arizona. "Binsky" was a nickname given to him by his family, of Jewish German origin. His first ever trip overseas was to Israel in 2009. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, graduating in 2013 with degrees in economics and entrepreneurship. During his third year in university, he entered into a study abroad program in Prague, Czech Republic. He studied there for 1 semester, and traveled to more than 20 countries across Europe, at which time he decided he would make a living out of traveling.


title: Drew Binsky

text: After college, Binsky took a job teaching English in Seoul, South Korea. He spent 18 months there, and traveled to 20 countries in Asia during that time. He quit his teaching job in January 2015 and began focusing on traveling full-time after that. By October 2015, he had visited a total of 73 countries. He also started a blog called "The Hungry Partier" (later renamed "Drew Binsky") and began documenting his travels on Instagram and Snapchat.


title: Drew Binsky

text: In 2017, his girlfriend, Deanna Sallao, bought him a camera, which prompted him to create and begin posting videos on his YouTube channel (also called "Drew Binsky"). In May 2017, he uploaded a video of an organized trip to North Korea on his YouTube and Facebook channels. The video accumulated over 10 million views. Binsky also began earning money from YouTube and Facebook advertising revenue and sponsored partnerships with various brands. He has over 4 million followers on social media and holds two Guinness World Records: visiting the most UNESCO Heritage sites in a 24-hour period and for quickest suitcase packing. In 2018, he began working from Bangkok, Thailand.


title: Drew Binsky

text: In 2019, Binsky met Zablon Simintov, who was thought to be the only remaining Jew still living in Afghanistan at the time, and featured him in a video that accumulated over 1 million views.


title: Drew Binsky

text: In 2020, Binsky announced an upcoming documentary on his travels called "Border 197". He is the Guinness World Record holder for the Most UNESCO World Heritage Sites visited in 24 hours and for the fastest time to pack a suitcase (35.59 seconds).


title: Drew Binsky

text: Binsky's goal was to travel to all 197 countries recognized by the United Nations in the world by the end of 2021. He completed his goal on October 29, 2021 by visiting Saudi Arabia. As of 2021, he has more than 9 million followers on social media with more than 4 billion views of his videos.


title: Drew Binsky

text: Binsky became engaged to Deanna Sallao in May 2021.<ref name="Dolsten/Jta 2020"></ref> After graduating college, he had aspirations of becoming a professional golfer. As part of his travels, he plays and reviews golf courses around the world. As of 2020 he resides in Arizona.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: Climax Blues Band (originally known as The Climax Chicago Blues Band) is a British blues rock band. The band was formed in Stafford, England, in 1967 by vocalist and harmonica player Colin Cooper (1939–2008), guitarist and vocalist Pete Haycock (1951–2013), guitarist Derek Holt (b. 1949), bassist and keyboardist Richard Jones (b. 1949), drummer George Newsome (b. 1947), and keyboardist Arthur Wood (1929–2005).


title: Climax Blues Band

text: In 1972 the group shortened its name to Climax Blues Band. The band has released at least 19 albums and had a Top 10 hit in the UK with "Couldn't Get It Right". That song and "I Love You" were also hits in the United States; "Couldn't Get It Right" reached No. 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1977, and "I Love You" peaked at No. 12 in 1981.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: Jones left the group in 1969 and Holt began playing bass. The band switched labels to Harvest Records in 1970 and subsequent records had a more rock-oriented feel. John Cuffley replaced Newsome in 1971.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: Albums issued in the 1970s include "FM/Live" (1973), a double set recorded at a concert in New York, and the studio albums "Stamp Album" (1975) and "Gold Plated" (1976), featuring the single "Couldn't Get It Right". In the 1970s, the band's concerts in the US were attended by up to 20,000 people. By 1981 the band was moving towards a pop-rock sound. Holt and Cuffley left in 1983.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: A previously unknown recording of a live performance was released as "Climax Blues Band/World Tour 1976" by the Major League Productions (MLP) record label.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: The album "Sample and Hold" was recorded for Virgin Records in 1983 by Haycock, Cooper, and Glover, with a rhythm section composed of the session musicians Dave Marquee and Henry Spinetti. A follow-up album was in the works, but Cooper bowed out, citing personal reasons. Haycock went on to record several solo projects, the first of which was the album "Total Climax", with his band, Pete Haycock's Climax; this band toured extensively in Europe, including Communist East Germany, and conducted a well-received tour in Australia. After that, Haycock was asked by his former Climax Blues Band manager, Miles Copeland, to record an instrumental album, "Guitar and Son", and the live album "Night of the Guitars" (from the tour of the same name) for the I.R.S. No Speak label. After that tour, Haycock teamed up with the guitarist Steve Hunter and former Climax Blues bandmate Derek Holt to record the album "H Factor". He was later recruited by Bev Bevan to become a member of Electric Light Orchestra Part II and recorded and toured with that group from 1990 onwards. He also started his film score career at this time, playing the lead on Hans Zimmer's score to "Thelma and Louise". He also performed on the "Night of the Guitars" tours, which included Holt on bass, keyboards and occasional vocals.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: Holt wrote "I Love You", one of the Climax Blues Band's biggest hits. It is included on the Climax Blues Band double album, "25 Years 1968–1993", released by the German label Repertoire in 1993. "I Love You" still gets over 20,000 radio hits a year in the US and was used in Finn Taylor's 2002 film "Cherish" and in Kevin Smith's 2008 film "Zach and Miri make a Porno". In 1983 Holt joined drummer Brendan Day and Nektar guitarist Roye Albrighton to record an album under the name Grand Alliance for the A&M label.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: In 1985, Cooper and Glover recruited guitarist Lester Hunt, drummer Roy Adams, and original member Derek Holt to record the Climax Blues Band album "Drastic Steps", and this line-up toured in support of the album in the UK, Europe, and America. The new line-up soon became established with Cooper, Glover, Hunt, Adams and Neil Simpson in the early 1990s, releasing the live album "Blues from the Attic" in 1993 and "Big Blues" in 2004.


title: Climax Blues Band

text: Colin Cooper (born 7 October 1939) died of cancer on 3 July 2008, at age 68. He is survived by his wife and two children. He wanted the band to continue, as the other musicians had all been long-serving (Glover since 1980, Adams and Hunt since 1985, and Simpson since 1991). Cooper was replaced by singer and saxophone and harmonica player Johnny Pugh, who retired in 2012, and was replaced in turn by vocalist Graham Dee and saxophone player Chris Aldridge. Pete Haycock died on 30 October 2013, at age 62.


title: Firefighting

text: Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, and woodlands. A firefighter suppresses fires to protect lives, property and the environment.


title: Firefighting

text: Firefighters typically undergo a high degree of technical training. This involves structural firefighting and wildland firefighting. Specialized training includes aircraft firefighting, shipboard firefighting, aerial firefighting, maritime firefighting, and proximity firefighting.


title: Firefighting

text: One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combustible materials. The five major risks are smoke, oxygen deficiency, elevated temperatures, poisonous atmospheres, and violent air flows. To combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing apparatus. Additional hazards include falls – a constant peril while navigating unfamiliar layouts or confined spaces amid shifting debris under limited visibility – and structural collapse that can exacerbate the problems encountered in a toxic environment.


title: Firefighting

text: The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire and to identify the specific risks.


title: Firefighting

text: Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, or chemical flame inhibition; though, because fires are classified depending on the elements involved, such as grease, paper, electrical, etcetera, a specific type of fire extinguisher may be required. The classification is based on the type of fires that the extinguisher is more suitable for. In the United States, the types of fire are described by the National Fire Protection Association.


title: Firefighting

text: The earliest known firefighters were in the city of Rome. In 60 A.D., emperor Nero established a Corps of Vigils ("Vigiles") to protect Rome after a disastrous fire. It consisted of 7,000 people equipped with buckets and axes who fought fires and served as police.


title: Firefighting

text: In the 3rd century B.C., an Alexandrian Greek named Ctesibius made a double force pump called a "siphona". As water rose in the chamber, it compressed the air inside, which forced the water to eject in a steady stream through a pipe and nozzle.


title: Firefighting

text: In the 16th century, syringes were also used as firefighting tools, the larger ones being mounted on wheels. Another traditional firefighting method that survived was the bucket brigade, involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire. Typically, men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets of water toward the fire while in the other line women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled.


title: Firefighting

text: In the 17th century the first "fire engines" were made, notably in Amsterdam. In 1721, the English inventor Richard Newsham made a popular fire engine that was essentially a rectangular box on wheels filled using a bucket brigade to provide a reservoir while hand-powered pumps supplied sufficient water pressure to douse fires at a distance.


title: Firefighting

text: Ancient Rome did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action. They would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no mention of fires being extinguished, rather they were contained and burned themselves out. Ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the "Vigiles" were formed during the reign of Augustus.


title: Firefighting

text: The first ever Roman fire brigade was created by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Fires were almost a daily occurrence in Rome, and Crassus took advantage of the fact that Rome had no fire department, by creating his own brigade—500 men strong—which rushed to burning buildings at the first cry of alarm. Upon arriving at the scene, however, the firefighters did nothing while Crassus offered to buy the burning building from the distressed property owner, at a miserable price. If the owner agreed to sell the property, his men would put out the fire; if the owner refused, then they would simply let the structure burn to the ground. After buying many properties this way, he rebuilt them, and often leased the properties to their original owners or new tenants.


title: Firefighting

text: Prior to the Great Fire of London in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting crews. After the Great Fire, Nicholas Barbon introduced the first fire insurance. In order to reduce insurance costs, Barbon also formed his own fire brigade, and other companies followed suit.


title: Firefighting

text: By the start of the 1800s, insured buildings were identified with a badge or mark indicating that they were eligible for a company's firefighting services. It is a common belief that buildings not insured with a particular company were left by its firefighters to burn, unless they happened to be adjacent to an insured building, in which case it was often in the company's interest to prevent the fire from spreading. This is a common misconception. In 1833 fire insurance companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment.


title: Firefighting

text: Steam-powered apparatuses were first introduced in the 1850s, allowing a greater quantity of water to be directed onto a fire; in the early 1930s they were superseded by versions powered by an internal combustion engine.


title: Firefighting

text: In World War II the Auxiliary Fire Service, and later the National Fire Service, were established to supplement local fire services. Before 1938, there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms, procedures, ranks, or equipment (such as hose couplings). In the month of August in 1939 with war looking very possible the Fire Service's act of 1938 came into effect. This unified Great Britain's fire service and prepared them for the German war machine. During the London Blitz, 700 fire men and 20 fire women , as known during the time period died as a result of heavy bombing, 91 of these perished at the same time defending London. By the end of the London Blitz, 327 firefighters had lost their lives.


title: Firefighting

text: Following the war, leaps and bounds came to the fire service striving into the modern era. This included every firefighter being trained with the Mark 4 proto set and reverting to compressed cork helmets.


title: Firefighting

text: Firefighting improved even more with the introduction of the Dennis fire appliances that remain iconic in the UK to this day.


title: Firefighting

text: Sadly, despite the introduction of more advanced firefighting strategies, tactics, and equipment to British firefighting following the blitz, there have been nearly 300 firefighters killed.


title: Firefighting

text: In January 1608, a fire destroyed many colonists' provisions and lodgings in Jamestown, Virginia. By the mid-1600s, Boston, New Amsterdam (later New York City), and Philadelphia were all plagued by fires, and volunteer fire brigades began to form.


title: Firefighting

text: In 1736, Benjamin Franklin founded the Union Fire Company in Philadelphia, which became the standard for volunteer fire organizations. These firefighters had two critical tools: salvage bags and so-called bed keys. Salvage bags were used to quickly collect and save valuables, and bed keys were used to separate the wooden frame of a bed (often the most valuable item in a home at the time) into pieces for safe and rapid removal from the fire.


title: Firefighting

text: The first American attempt at fire insurance failed after a large fire in Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1736. Later in 1740, Benjamin Franklin organized the Philadelphia Contributionship to provide fire insurance, which was more successful. The Contributionship adopted "fire marks" to easily identify insured buildings. Firefighting started to become formalized with rules for providing buckets, ladders, and hooks, and with the formation of volunteer companies. A chain of command was also established.


title: Firefighting

text: A firefighter's goals are to save lives, protect property, and protect the environment. A fire can rapidly spread and endanger many lives, but with modern firefighting techniques, catastrophe can often be avoided. To prevent fires from starting, a firefighter's duties may include public education about fire safety and conducting fire inspections of locations to verify their adherence to local fire codes.


title: Firefighting

text: Firefighting requires skills in fire suppression, rescue, and hazardous materials mitigation. Firefighters must also have, or be able to acquire, knowledge of department organizations, operations, and procedures, and the district or city street system they will have to negotiate in order to perform their duties.


title: Firefighting

text: They must meet minimum physical fitness standards and learn various firefighting duties within a reasonable period


title: Firefighting

text: Full-time career firefighters typically follow a 24-hour shift schedule, although some fire departments work 8- or 12-hour shifts. Australian firefighters work a 10/14 shift, in which the day shift works ten hours and the night shift works 14 hours. Firefighting personnel are split up into alternating shifts. Usually, the 24-hour shifts are followed by two days off. The shift personnel arrive for roll call at a specified time, ready to complete a regular tour of duty. While on shift, the firefighter remains at the fire station unless relieved or assigned other duties.


title: Firefighting

text: In fire fighting, there are also people designated as fire wardens, also known as the chief officer. Their duties vary, some may ensure evacuation of that part of the building for which they are responsible; others may be responsible for fire control in a particular area, direct a crew in the suppression of forest fires, or function as fire patrolmen in a logging area.


title: Firefighting

text: The chief officer is in charge of his firefighters during fires or emergencies, and he is expected to command and control the overall situation while effectively combating a fire or other emergency. Chief officers must be able to evaluate their firefighters, use sound judgement when deciding when it is time to withdraw firefighters from a fire, and react calmly in emergency situations. The chief officer must direct the activities of a fire department and supervise all firefighting activities. In addition, he must have extensive knowledge of the city, the location of streets, fire hydrants and fire alarm boxes, and the principal buildings. Also he must have knowledge of explosives, hazardous chemicals, and the combustion qualities of materials in buildings, homes, and industrial plants.


title: Firefighting

text: In certain jurisdictions, civilians can get certified to be a Fire Warden, and some cities require certain types of buildings, such as high rises, to have a certain number of Fire Wardens. For example, the City of Houston, Texas, requires every tenant in a high-rise to have at least one Fire Warden for every 7500 sq. ft. occupied, and a minimum of two Fire Wardens per floor. In this example, their duties include investigating any fire alarms (see if there really is a fire and if so, its nature), ensuring the fire department is contacted, directing the evacuation of the facility, activating or delaying activation of fire suppression equipment such as halon and sprinklers (delayed in case of a false alarm), meeting the fire department and taking them to the location of the alarm or to the fire past any security or locked doors, and, if necessary, fighting the fire until the fire department arrives.


title: Firefighting

text: One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combusting materials. The four major hazards are:


title: Firefighting

text: To deal with such hazards, firefighters carry a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA; an open-circuit positive pressure system) to prevent smoke inhalation. These are not oxygen tanks (oxygen as a powerful fire accelerant would represent a grave risk when combined with virtually anything combustible in the presence of fire) but use compressed air in a similar manner to SCUBA diving gear. A firefighter's SCBA usually hold 30 to 45 minutes of air, depending on the size of the tank and the rate of consumption during strenuous activities. While this gear helps to eliminate the risks, firefighters are still exposed to smoke, toxic dust, fumes and radiation that have contributed to firefighters being 14% more likely to develop cancer.


title: Firefighting

text: Obvious risks associated with the immense heat generated by a fire, even without direct contact with the flames (direct flame impingement), such as conductive heat and radiant heat, can cause serious burns even from great distances. There are a number of comparably serious heat-related risks, such as burns from hot gases (e.g., air), steam, and hot and/or toxic smoke. Prolonged, intense exertion in hot environments also increases firefighters' risk for health-related illnesses, such as rhabdomyolysis. Accordingly, firefighters are equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes fire-resistant clothing such as Nomex or polybenzimidazole fiber (PBI) and helmets that limit the transmission of heat towards the body. No PPE, however, can completely protect the user from the effects of all possible fire conditions.


title: Firefighting

text: Heat can cause flammable liquid contained in tanks to explode violently, producing what is called a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion). Some chemical products such as ammonium nitrate fertilizers can also explode, potentially causing physical trauma from blast or shrapnel injuries. Sufficient heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel, or the water within to boil, leading to potentially severe medical problems.


title: Firefighting

text: Furthers risks include the occurrences of backdrafts. Backdrafts occur when there is a large amount of oxygen introduced to an oxygen-depleted fire. If a fire is compartmentalized and most or all of the oxygen has been burned up, there is a high risk of backdraft if something such as a window or door is opened. Introducing oxygen to a low burning fire can be devastating as it will ignite all of the oxygen along the way. It can also be heard from miles away as it has a concussive blast that adds to the effect. Firefighters need to have extreme communication at all times on the fire ground as one broken window at the wrong time could seriously harm anyone operating on the building.


title: Firefighting

text: smoke, potentially causing a fall or disorientation; becoming trapped in a fire; and structural collapse.


title: Firefighting

text: "Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and impairs cardiac function in firefighters" according to a study by Bo Fernhall, a professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of Applied Health Sciences, and Gavin Horn, director of research at the Illinois Fire Service Institute. The conditions (observed in healthy male firefighters) are "also apparent found in weightlifters and endurance athletes..."


title: Firefighting

text: Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris. Silica can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause silicosis, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, airway diseases, and some additional non-respiratory diseases. Inhalation of asbestos can result in various diseases including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, and many more. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic, come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are often found as a result of structural and wildland fires.


title: Firefighting

text: Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris, electrocution from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.


title: Firefighting

text: Standard personal protective equipment for fire cleanup include hard hats, goggles or safety glasses, heavy work gloves, earplugs or other hearing protection, steel-toe boots, and fall protection devices. Hazard controls for electrical injury include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment. Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of an area is an engineering control that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as N95 respirators can be used.


title: Firefighting

text: The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire (which may not be obvious for an indoor fire, especially if there are no witnesses), to identify any specific risks, and to detect possible casualties. An outdoor fire may not require reconnaissance, but a fire in a cellar or an underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require long reconnaissance to identify the source of the fire.


title: Firefighting

text: The "reading" of a fire is the analysis by firefighters of indications of thermal events such as flashover, backdraft or smoke explosion. It is performed during reconnaissance and fire suppression maneuvers.


title: Firefighting

text: Spraying water on the ceiling in short pulses of a diffused spray (e.g., a cone with an opening angle of 60°) can be undertaken to test the heat of smoke: If the temperature is moderate, the water falls down in drops with a sound like rain; if the temperature is high, the water vaporizes with a hiss—the sign of a potentially extremely dangerous impending flashover.


title: Firefighting

text: Ideally, part of reconnaissance is consulting a plan for the building that provides information about structures, firefighter hazards, and in some cases the most appropriate strategies and tactics for fighting a fire in that context.


title: Firefighting

text: There are four elements needed to start and sustain a fire and/or flame. These are a reducing agent (fuel), heat, an oxidizing agent (oxygen), and a chemical reaction. A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components.


title: Firefighting

text: The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of a fire. When it comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary for ignition, causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels. The resulting self-sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases, including oxygen, when the proper conditions exist. It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.


title: Firefighting

text: Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire. Water extinguishes a fire by cooling, which removes heat because of water’s ability to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to water vapor. Without heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel in order to sustain the fire. Water also extinguishes a fire by smothering it. When water is heated to its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire, thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.


title: Firefighting

text: Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal. This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel, by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire, or by allowing the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed, at which point the fire will self-extinguish.


title: Firefighting

text: One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition. This can be accomplished by applying dry chemical or halogenated agents that interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming. This method is effective on gas and liquid fuel because they must have flame to burn.


title: Firefighting

text: Sound waves have been successfully used in a device fabricated by two George Mason University senior engineering students, Viet Tran and Seth Robertson, but the procedure is still awaiting a patent (2015).


title: Firefighting

text: One common way to extinguish a fire is to spray it with water. The water has two roles: It vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire, and this vapor displaces the oxygen (the volume of water vapor is 1,700 times greater than liquid water, at it expands over 4,000 times). This leaves the fire without enough of the combustive agent, and it dies out. The vaporization of water also absorbs heat; it thereby cools the smoke, air, walls, and objects that could act as further fuel, and thus prevents one of the means by which fires grow, which is by "jumping" to nearby heat/fuel sources to start new fires, which then combine. Water extinguishment is thus a combination of "asphyxia" (cutting off the oxygen supply) and cooling. The flame itself is suppressed by asphyxia, but the cooling is the most important element in mastering a fire in a closed area.


title: Firefighting

text: Water may be accessed from a pressurized fire hydrant, pumped from water sources such as lakes or rivers, delivered by tanker truck, or dropped from water bombers, which are aircraft adapted as tankers for fighting forest fires. An armored vehicle (firefighting tank) may be used where access to the area is difficult.


title: Firefighting

text: For outdoor fires, the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray: the cooling effect immediately follows the "asphyxia" caused by vaporization and reduces the further amount of water required. This is because water droplets, upon forming in to water mist, increase their surface area by a large magnutude, greatly increasing the endothermic cooling effect and robbing the fire of oxygen. A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat of the fire before it vaporizes. A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect; it can disperse the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again. Spray is always aimed at a surface or an object. For this reason, the strategy is sometimes called a two-dimensional or 2D attack.


title: Firefighting

text: An outdoor fire is always fed with air, and the risk to people is limited as they can move away from it, except in the case of wildfires or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the flames. It might, however, be necessary to protect specific objects like houses or gas tanks against infrared radiation, and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object. Breathing apparatus is often required as there is still the risk of inhaling smoke or poisonous gases.


title: Firefighting

text: Until the 1970s, fires were usually attacked while they declined, using the same strategy as for open air fires. Now fires are attacked in their development phase because firefighters arrive sooner at the site of a fire and because of changes in building construction. The increasing use of thermal insulation confines the heat, and modern materials, especially polymers, produce much more heat than do traditional materials like wood, plaster, stone, and bricks. Under these conditions, there is a greater risk of backdraft and flashover.


title: Firefighting

text: Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences: the force of water pushes air in front of it, which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water. The most important issue is not combating the flames, but controlling the fire; for example, cooling the smoke so that it cannot spread and start fires further away, and endanger the lives of people, including the firefighters.


title: Firefighting

text: When a fire spreads beyond the building of its origin and spreads throughout the neighborhood, it is called a “conflagration.” Today, a conflagration is a large fire that is beyond the capability of the fire service to contain.


title: Firefighting

text: The volume of the fire must be cooled before its seat is attacked. This strategy, originally of Swedish origin (Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson), was adapted by London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy West End of London between 1984 and 1994 and termed the three-dimensional or 3D attack.


title: Firefighting

text: Use of a diffuse spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the Parkersburg Fire Department, at the 1950 Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC) held in Memphis. Using Grimwood's modified 3D attack strategy, the ceiling is first sprayed with short pulses of a diffuse spray. This


title: Firefighting

text: cools the smoke which is then less likely to start a fire when it moves away. As gas cools it becomes denser (Charles's law); thus, it also reduces the mobility of the smoke and avoids a "backfire" of water vapor. Also, the diffuse spray creates an inert "water vapor sky", which prevents "roll-over" (rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases).


title: Firefighting

text: Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed, otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium, and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified: the hot gases (initially at the ceiling) move around the room, and the temperature rises at the ground, which is dangerous for firefighters.


title: Firefighting

text: An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ("penciling").


title: Firefighting

text: Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow, e.g. 500 L/min for each fire hose. The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the beginning to stop the expansion of the fire and to reduce the smoke. If the flow is too low, the cooling is insufficient, and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters (the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back in their direction).


title: Firefighting

text: Although it may seem paradoxical, the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy (diffuse spray, small droplets) requires a smaller amount of water. This is because once the temperature is lowered, only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire seat with a straight spray. For a living room of , the required amount of water is estimated as 60 L (15 gal).


title: Firefighting

text: French firefighters used an alternative method in the 1970s: spraying water on the hot walls to create a water vapor atmosphere and asphyxiate the fire. This method is no longer used because it turned out to be risky; the pressure created pushed the hot gases and vapor towards the firefighters, causing severe burns, and pushed the hot gases into other rooms where they could start other fires.


title: Firefighting

text: In some cases, the use of water is undesirable. This is because some chemical products react with water to produce poisonous gases, or they may even burn when they come into contact with water (e.g., sodium), see water-reactive substances. Another problem is that some products float on water, such as hydrocarbons (gasoline, oil, and alcohol, etc.); a burning layer can then be spread by the fire. If


title: Firefighting

text: a pressurized fuel tank is endangered by fire it is necessary to avoid heat shocks that may damage the tank if it is sprayed with cooling water; the resulting decompression might produce a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion).


title: Firefighting

text: In such cases, it is necessary to asphyxiate the fire. This can be done in a variety of ways. Chemical products which react with the fuel can be used to stop the combustion. A layer of water-based fire retardant foam can be applied by the fire hose in order to separate the oxygen in the air from the fuel. carbon dioxide, halon, or sodium bicarbonate can be used. In the case of very small fires and in the absence of other extinguishing agents, covering the flame with a fire blanket can eliminate oxygen flow to the fire. A simple and usually effective way to put out a fire in a stove-top pan is to put a lid on the pan and leave it there.


title: Firefighting

text: One of the main risks of a fire is the smoke; because, it carries heat and poisonous gases, and obscures vision. In the case of a fire in a closed location (building), the following two different strategies may be used: isolation of the fire or ventilation.


title: Firefighting

text: Paul Grimwood introduced the concept of tactical ventilation in the 1980s to encourage a better thought-out approach to this aspect of firefighting. Following work with Warrington Fire Research Consultants (FRDG 6/94) his terminology and concepts were adopted officially by the UK fire services, and are now referred to throughout revised Home Office training manuals (1996–97). Grimwood's original definition of his 1991 unified strategy stated that, ""tactical ventilation" is either the venting, or containment (isolation) actions by on-scene firefighters, used to take control from the outset of a fire's burning regime, in an effort to gain tactical advantage during interior structural firefighting operations."


title: Firefighting

text: When properly used, ventilation improves life safety, fire extinguishment, and property conservation by 'pulling' fire away from trapped occupants and objects.


title: Firefighting

text: In most cases of structural firefighting, a 4x4 foot opening is cut into the roof directly over the fire room. This allows hot smoke and gases to escape through the opening, returning the conditions inside the room to normal. It is important to coordinate the ventilation with an interior fire attack since the opening of a ventilation hole supplies more air, and thus oxygen, to the fire. Ventilation may also "limit fire spread by channeling fire toward nearby openings and allows fire fighters to safely attack the fire" as well as limit smoke, heat, and water damage.


title: Firefighting

text: Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) consists of using a fan to create excess pressure in a part of the building. This pressure pushes the smoke and heat out of the building, and thus facilitates rescue and fire fighting operations. It is necessary to have an exit for the smoke, to know the building layout well to predict where the smoke will go, and to ensure that the doors ensuring the ventilation remain open by wedging or propping them. The main risk of this method is that it may accelerate the fire, or even create a flash-over; for example, if the smoke and the heat accumulate in a dead end.


title: Firefighting

text: Hydraulic ventilation is the process of directing a stream of water from the inside of a structure out the window using a fog pattern. This will effectively pull smoke out of room. Smoke ejectors may also be used for this purpose.


title: Firefighting

text: In the US, fires are sometimes categorized as "one alarm", "all hands", "two alarm", "three alarm" (or higher) fires. There is no standard definition for what this means quantifiably; though, it always refers to the level of response by the local authorities. In some cities, the numeric rating refers to the number of fire stations that have been summoned to the fire. In others, it reflects the number of "dispatches" requesting additional personnel and equipment.


title: Firefighting

text: Alarms levels are generally used to define the tiers of the response as to what resources are to be used. For example, a structure fire response draws the following equipment: four engine/pumper companies, one truck/ladder/aerial/quint company, and one battalion chief unit. This is referred to as an Initial Alarm or Box Alarm. A working fire request (for the same incident) would call for air/light units and


title: Firefighting

text: chief officers/fireground commanders (if not provided in the original dispatch). This summarizes the response to a First Alarm fire. Second and subsequent alarms call for two engine companies and one truck company.


title: Firefighting

text: The reason behind the "Alarm" designation is so the Incident Commander does not have to list each apparatus required. He can simply say, "Give me a second alarm here", instead of "Give me a truck company and two engine companies" along with requesting where they should come from. Categorization of fires varies among fire departments. A single alarm for one department may be a second alarm for another. Response always depends on the size of the fire and the department.


title: Firefighting

text: In the fire services in the United Kingdom, the scale of a fire is measured by the number of "pumps" (ordinary fire engines) that were present. For example, a fire which was attended by 4 engines would be recorded as a "4-pump fire".


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Inwood is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, at the northern tip of Manhattan Island, in the U.S. state of New York. It is bounded by the Hudson River to the west, Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Marble Hill to the north, the Harlem River to the east, and Washington Heights to the south.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Inwood is part of Manhattan Community District 12, and its primary ZIP Code is 10034. It is served by the 34th Precinct of the New York City Police Department and Engine Company 95/Ladder Company 36 of the New York City Fire Department. Politically, it is part of the New York City Council's 7th and 10th districts.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: On May 24, 1626, according to legend, Peter Minuit, the director general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, bought the island from the indigenous Lenape people for 60 Dutch guilders and, the story goes, some trinkets. On the southern tip of the island Minuit founded New Amsterdam. A plaque (on a rock) marking what is believed to be the spot of the sale is in Inwood Hill Park, the only natural forest left in Manhattan.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: During the British occupation of Manhattan in the American Revolutionary War, there was an encampment containing more than sixty huts occupied by Hessian troops between 201st and 204th Streets along Payson Avenue. The camp was discovered in 1914 by local archeologist and historian Reginald Bolton after a series of digs around the neighborhood.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The area between 190th and 192nd Streets was occupied by the Fort George Amusement Park, a trolley park/amusement park, from 1895 to 1914. Its site is now a seating area in Highbridge Park, which itself was laid out in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Inwood was a very rural section of Manhattan well into the early 20th century. Once the New York City Subway's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, the modern , reached Inwood in 1906, speculative developers constructed numerous apartment buildings on the east side of Broadway. Construction continued into the 1930s, when the IND Eighth Avenue Line, the modern , reached Dyckman and 207th Streets along Broadway and the large estates west of Broadway (Seaman, Dyckman, Isham, etc.) were sold off and developed. Many of Inwood's impressive Art Deco apartment buildings were constructed during this period. The area around Dyckman Street and 10th Avenue formerly contained a stadium called the Dyckman Oval, with a capacity of 4,500 spectators, which hosted football games, boxing matches, and Negro league baseball games until it was replaced by public housing in the 1950s.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The last family-owned farm in Manhattan is believed to have been in Inwood, close to the intersection of Broadway and 214th Street. It was operated by the Benedetto family and occupied an entire city block. The farm site was developed after being sold in 1954.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Inwood as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Inwood and Marble Hill. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Inwood and Marble Hill was 46,746, a change of -2,341 (-5%) from the 49,087 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 15.1% (7,060) White, 9.1% (4,239) African American, 0.1% (64) Native American, 1.9% (884) Asian, 0% (5) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (179) from other races, and 1% (458) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 72.4% (33,857) of the population.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The racial composition of Inwood and Marble Hill changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the Black population's decrease by 13% (661) and the Hispanic / Latino population's decrease by 5% (1,880). Meanwhile, the White population grew by 5% (335) and remained a minority, as with the Asian population which grew by 11% (86); the small population of all other races decreased by 24% (221).


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The entirety of Community District 12, which comprises Inwood and Washington Heights, had 195,830 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 33% are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45–64, and 19% are between 0–17. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 13% respectively.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: As of 2019, the median household income in Community District 12 was $42,000, compared to $73,000 in Manhattan and $53,000 in the entire city. In 2019, an estimated 25% of Community District 12 residents lived in poverty, compared to 18% in all of Manhattan and 21% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 53% in Community District 12, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Community District 12 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The residents of Inwood were substantially of Irish descent for much of the 20th century. The neighborhood exhibited a strong Irish identity with many Irish shops, pubs, and even a Gaelic football field in Inwood Hill Park. The second-largest group during this time was Jewish, an extension of the large Jewish population of Washington Heights. However, in the 1960s through the 1980s, many Irish and Jewish residents moved out to the outer boroughs (for example, Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil in the Bronx) and the suburbs, in a pattern consistent with overall trends in the city at that time. During the same period, there was a rise in the number of Dominican immigrants to the area.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Today, Inwood has a predominantly Dominican population, especially in the areas east of Broadway; it has the highest concentration of residents of Dominican descent in New York City. Hispanic residents make up 74 percent of Inwood's population as a whole, according to census data. Nearly half of the residents were born outside the US.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Inwood is physically bounded by the Harlem River to the north and east, and the Hudson River to the west. It extends southward to Fort Tryon Park and alternatively Dyckman Street or Fairview Avenue farther south, depending on the source.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: While Inwood is the northernmost neighborhood on the "island" of Manhattan, it is not the northernmost neighborhood of the entire "borough" of Manhattan. That distinction is held by Marble Hill, a neighborhood situated just north of Inwood, on what is properly the North American mainland bordering the Bronx. Marble Hill was isolated from Inwood and the rest of Manhattan in 1895 when the route of the Harlem River was altered by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Inwood marble, a soft, white, metamorphic rock found in northern Manhattan, takes its name after the neighborhood. From the mid-17th to the late 18th century, commercial quarries dotted the area as the material was used for building construction. However, due to its susceptibility to erosion, builders eventually used alternate construction materials. Inwood marble was quarried for government buildings in lower Manhattan and Washington, D.C. Small pieces of marble can still be seen in the stone retaining walls around Isham Park.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The development of Inwood in the early 20th century resulted in the demolition of many rock outcroppings. However, several outcroppings still exist, including on Cooper Street between 204th and 207th Streets; at Broadway and West 216th Street; and in the garden of Holy Trinity Episcopal Church at Seaman Avenue and Cumming Street. The rock on Cooper Street contains a garden maintained by a nearby housing cooperative at 60 Cooper Street, which owns half of the rock.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The seismologically active Dyckman Street Fault runs east-west beneath the Dyckman Valley. As recently as 1989, activity of this fault caused a magnitude 2 earthquake.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Commercial retail uses are mainly located along Broadway, Dyckman Street and West 207th Street. In recent years Dyckman Street west of Broadway has become a popular entertainment district with many restaurants and lounges. Offices are typically located on second floors over retail, or in the neighborhood's sole office building (a converted telephone building) at Broadway and West 215th Street. Inwood also contains one of Manhattan's few remaining C-8 zoning districts, which concentrates automotive uses on the northern stretches of Broadway.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Industrial uses, including depots for subway (207th Street Yard), bus (Kingsbridge Bus Depot), and sanitation (Manhattan North), exist primarily along Sherman Creek, an inlet of the Harlem River. The creek and surrounding industrial area is bounded by Dyckman Street to the south, Tenth Avenue to the west, and 207th Street to the north. There has been an initiative among politicians over the last few years to re-zone this area for residential and commercial use, and to create public access to the waterfront. Utility company Consolidated Edison and the City of New York own some of the property in this area.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: The major residential land use in Inwood is multifamily five- to eight-story prewar apartment buildings. New construction is rare. Most of the remaining detached and semi-detached houses on Manhattan Island are located in Inwood, nestled between apartment buildings. Adjacent to Sherman Creek is Inwood's public housing development, known as the Dyckman Houses and constructed in 1951.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: Inwood's real estate rents and values are sharply bifurcated between east and west. According to Manhattan Community Board 12, the districts east of Broadway are predominantly lower-income. This area is also more industrial and commercial and has fewer parks and street trees. Real estate values and rents are correspondingly lower than the area west of Broadway. Almost all of Inwood's co-ops and all of the private houses are located on the west side of Broadway. According to one study in 2019, Inwood had the lowest average rents in Manhattan.


title: Inwood, Manhattan

text: In 2015, New York City began soliciting community comments on a major rezoning proposal for Inwood. The New York City Economic Development Corporation proposed to alter the area's 50-year-old current zoning plan by dividing Inwood into five sub-districts called "the tip of Manhattan", "Upland Wedge", "Upland Core", "Commercial U" and "Sherman Creek". Some of these sub-districts would be rezoned to encourage the construction of new commercial space and housing. A resident recalls being told by a city planner, "Don't think you can keep this nice neighborhood all to yourselves." The rezoning proposal has triggered much feedback from the community, including a sleep-in at Councilman Ydanis Rodriguez's office. In August 2018, the New York City Council approved a measure to rezone the neighborhood. The rezoning of Inwood allows for the construction of buildings of up to 30 stories in some areas targeted for redevelopment while introducing an 8 story height limit to many existing residential areas. Following the rezoning, over $610 million in real estate was purchased.