title: John Hancock Tower

text: The building is widely known for its prominent structural flaws, including an analysis that the entire building could overturn under certain wind loads—as well as a prominent design failure of its signature blue windows, which allowed any of the 500-lb. window panes to detach and fall—up to the full height of the building—endangering pedestrians below.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: In 1977, the American Institute of Architects presented the firm with a National Honor Award for the building, and in 2011 conferred on it the Twenty-five Year Award. It has been the tallest building in Boston and New England since 1976.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The street address is 200 Clarendon Street, but occupants also use "Hancock Place" as a mailing address for offices in the building. John Hancock Insurance was the primary tenant of the building at opening, but the company announced in 2004 that some offices would relocate to a new building at 601 Congress Street, in Fort Point, Boston.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The tower was originally named for the insurance company that occupied it. The insurance company, in turn, was named for John Hancock, whose large and conspicuous signature on the Declaration of Independence made his name so famous in the United States that a colloquialism for a signature is "a John Hancock".


title: John Hancock Tower

text: Minimalism was the design principle behind the tower. The largest possible panes of glass were used, there are no spandrel panels, and the mullions are minimal. Cobb added a geometric modernist twist by using a parallelogram shape for the tower floor plan. From the most-common views, this design makes the corners of the tower appear very sharp. The highly-reflective window glass is tinted slightly blue, which results in the tower having only a subtle contrast with the sky on a clear day. As a final modernist touch, the short sides of the parallelogram are each marked with a deep vertical notch, breaking up the tower's mass and emphasizing its verticality. In late evening, the vertical notch to the northwest catches the last light of the sky, while the larger portions of glass reflect the darkening sky.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: A major concern of the architects while designing the tower was its proximity to Boston's Trinity Church, a prominent National Historic Landmark. Their concern led them to redesign the tower's plans, as there was a public outcry when it was revealed that the Hancock Tower would cast its shadow on the church.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The building was a much-anticipated landmark designed by a well-respected architect, but was known in the 1970s for its engineering flaws as well as for its architectural achievement. The opening of the building was delayed from 1971 to 1976, and the total cost is rumored to have increased from $75 million to $175 million. It was an embarrassment for the firm, for modernist architects, and for the architecture industry.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: During the excavation for the tower's foundation, temporary steel retaining walls were erected to create a space in which to build. The walls warped, giving way to the clay and mud fill of the Back Bay which they were supposed to hold back. The shifting soils damaged utility lines, the sidewalk pavement, and nearby buildings—including the historic Trinity Church across St. James Avenue. Trinity Church won an $11 million lawsuit to pay for repairs.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: There were problems with the innovative use of blue reflective glass in a steel tower: entire 4′ × 11′, 500-lb (1.2 × 3.4 m, 227 kg) windowpanes detached from the building and crashed to the sidewalk hundreds of feet below. Police closed off surrounding streets whenever winds reached 45 mph (72 km/h). Under the direction of Frank H. Durgin of MIT's Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel a scale model of the entire Back Bay and an aeroelastic model of the John Hancock Tower were built and tested in the wind tunnel to identify the problem. The research raised questions about the structural integrity of the entire building (due to unanticipated twisting of the structure), but did not account for the loss of the glass panels. An independent laboratory eventually confirmed that the failure of the glass was due to oscillations and repeated thermal stresses caused by the expansion and contraction of the air between the inner and outer glass panels which formed each window; the resilient bonding between the inner glass, reflective material, and outer glass was so stiff that it was transmitting the force to the outer glass (instead of absorbing it), thus causing the glass to fail.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: In October 1973, I.M. Pei & Partners announced that all 10,344 window panes would each be replaced by single-paned, heat-treated panels at a total cost between $5 million and $7 million. Approximately 5,000 of the original glass panes were removed intact, and were later offered for re-use by artists. Glass panes were sold to Hingham based retailer Building #19, who sold them for $100 apiece. They advertised "If it does fall out, we promise to sell you the replacement plywood very cheap."


title: John Hancock Tower

text: During the many months it took to diagnose and repair the building, sheets of plywood replaced many of the missing glass windows of the building, earning it the nicknames "Plywood Palace" and "Plywood Ranch" (the same name as a local lumber yard chain at the time). Bostonians joked that the Hancock Tower was "the world's tallest plywood building".


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The building's upper-floor occupants suffered from motion sickness when the building swayed in the wind. To reduce the movement, contractors installed a tuned mass damper on the 58th floor. As described by Robert Campbell, architecture critic for "The Boston Globe":


title: John Hancock Tower

text: Two 300-ton weights sit at opposite ends of the 58th floor of the Hancock. Each weight is a box of steel, filled with lead, 17 feet square by 3 feet high. Each weight rests on a steel plate. The plate is covered with lubricant so the weight is free to slide. But the weight is attached to the steel frame of the building by means of springs and shock absorbers. When the Hancock sways, the weight tends to remain still, allowing the floor to slide underneath it. Then, as the springs and shocks take hold, they begin to tug the building back. The effect is like that of a gyroscope, stabilizing the tower. The reason there are two weights, instead of one, is so they can tug in opposite directions when the building twists. The cost of the damper was $3 million. The dampers are free to move a few feet relative to the floor.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: According to Campbell, engineers discovered that—despite the mass damper—the building could have fallen over under a certain kind of wind loading. The structure was assessed as more unstable on its narrow sides than on the big flat sides. Some 1,500 tons of diagonal steel bracing, costing $5 million, were added to prevent such an event.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: An observation deck with views of Boston was a tourist attraction for several decades. However, it was closed after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. After the closure of the John Hancock Tower's observation deck, the highest observation deck open to the public in Boston was in the Prudential Tower, although this has since closed as well.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The building's owners cite security as the reason for the continued closure. They have rented the deck for private functions and have expressed intent to replace it with more office space. Boston city officials contend that security concerns are moot, since most similar attractions have long since reopened. In addition, they note that a public observation deck was a requirement for the original building permits to gain public benefit from the high tower. However, officials have not been able to locate the documentation of this requirement.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: In 2006, Broadway Partners acquired Hancock Place for $1.3 billion. By 2009, they had defaulted on the loans they used to buy the building, and it fell into foreclosure. On March 30, 2009, Hancock Place was sold at auction for $660 million ($20 million was new equity and the $640 million of in-place debt was assumed by the buyer) to a consortium of Normandy Real Estate Partners and Five Mile Capital Partners. The companies had been slowly increasing their investment over the previous months. In October 2010, Boston Properties acquired the John Hancock Tower for $930 million. As part of the purchase agreement, the name "Hancock Tower" would expire along with John Hancock's lease in 2015.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The company that built the Hancock Tower and two earlier, similarly-named buildings is known loosely as "John Hancock Insurance", or simply "John Hancock". It was known as "The John Hancock Life Insurance Company" in the 1930s and "The John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company" in the 1940s. As of 2000, the company owning the buildings was "John Hancock Financial Services, Inc." with various subsidiaries such as "The John Hancock Variable Life Insurance Company" and "Signator Investors, Inc." In 2003, Manulife Financial Corporation of Toronto acquired the company, but it still uses the name "John Hancock Financial Services, Inc." and those of various subsidiaries.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The name change from "John Hancock" to "200 Clarendon" took place in mid-2015, when the eponymous company's lease expired. It had been stipulated in the leasing contract that the building would retain the name "John Hancock" only so long as John Hancock Financial was an occupant.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: About a year after the falling windows problem was resolved, American novelist John Updike wrote in a story,


title: John Hancock Tower

text: The TV series "Fringe" shows the building as the location of FBI Headquarters. However, the actual FBI Boston headquarters were located at One Center Plaza, although the FBI has since relocated to nearby Chelsea.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: In September 2015, the French photographer and artist JR created a tall mural of a man wearing shorts, between the 44th and 50th floors of the building. According to the property manager, the mural was the final piece in a three-part series of temporary public art projects at the building.


title: John Hancock Tower

text: In the 2019 film "", the John Hancock Tower is depicted being destroyed in the battle between Godzilla and King Ghidorah when the former behemoth pushes the alien into the building.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: In mathematics and its applications, classical Sturm–Liouville theory is the theory of "real" second-order "linear" ordinary differential equations of the form:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: for given coefficient functions , , and and an unknown function of the free variable . The function , sometimes denoted , is called the "weight" or "density" function.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: All homogeneous (i.e. with the right-hand side equal to zero) second-order linear ordinary differential equations can be reduced to this form.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: In the simplest case where all coefficients are continuous on the finite closed interval and has continuous derivative, a function is called a "solution" if it is continuously differentiable on and satisfies the equation () at every point in . (In the case of more general , , , the solutions must be understood in a weak sense.) In addition, is typically required to satisfy some boundary conditions at and . Each such equation () together with its boundary conditions constitutes a Sturm–Liouville problem.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The value of is not specified in the equation: finding the for which there exists a non-trivial solution is part of the given Sturm–Liouville problem. Such values of , when they exist, are called the "eigenvalues" of the problem, and the corresponding solutions are the "eigenfunctions" associated to each . This terminology is because the solutions correspond to the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a Hermitian differential operator in an appropriate function space. Sturm–Liouville theory studies the existence and asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues, the corresponding qualitative theory of the eigenfunctions and their completeness in the function space.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: This theory is important in applied mathematics, where Sturm–Liouville problems occur very frequently, particularly when dealing with separable linear partial differential equations. For example, in quantum mechanics, the one-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation is a Sturm–Liouville problem.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: A Sturm–Liouville problem is said to be "regular" if , , and , , , are continuous functions over the finite interval , and the problem has separated boundary conditions of the form:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The main result of Sturm–Liouville theory states that, for the regular Sturm–Liouville problem (), (), ():


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The theory is named after Jacques Charles François Sturm (1803–1855) and Joseph Liouville (1809–1882).


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The differential equation () is said to be in Sturm–Liouville form or self-adjoint form. All second-order linear ordinary differential equations can be recast in the form on the left-hand side of () by multiplying both sides of the equation by an appropriate integrating factor (although the same is not true of second-order partial differential equations, or if is a vector). Some examples are below.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: which can be written in Sturm–Liouville form (first by dividing through by , then by collapsing the first two terms on the left into one term) as


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: can be viewed as a linear operator mapping a function to another function , and it can be studied in the context of functional analysis. In fact, equation () can be written as


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: This is precisely the eigenvalue problem; that is, one seeks eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the operator. The proper setting for this problem is the Hilbert space formula_20 with scalar product


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: In this space is defined on sufficiently smooth functions which satisfy the above regular boundary conditions. Moreover, "L" is a self-adjoint operator:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: This can be seen formally by using integration by parts twice, where the boundary terms vanish by virtue of the boundary conditions. It then follows that the eigenvalues of a Sturm–Liouville operator are real and that eigenfunctions of corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. However, this operator is unbounded and hence existence of an orthonormal basis of eigenfunctions is not evident. To overcome this problem, one looks at the resolvent


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: where is not an eigenvalue. Then, computing the resolvent amounts to solving a nonhomogeneous equation, which can be done using the variation of parameters formula. This shows that the resolvent is an integral operator with a continuous symmetric kernel (the Green's function of the problem). As a consequence of the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, this integral operator is compact and existence of a sequence of eigenvalues which converge to 0 and eigenfunctions which form an orthonormal basis follows from the spectral theorem for compact operators. Finally, note that


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: If the interval is unbounded, or if the coefficients have singularities at the boundary points, one calls singular. In this case, the spectrum no longer consists of eigenvalues alone and can contain a continuous component. There is still an associated eigenfunction expansion (similar to Fourier series versus Fourier transform). This is important in quantum mechanics, since the one-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation is a special case of a Sturm–Liouville equation.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Consider a general inhomogeneous second-order linear differential equation formula_26 for given functions formula_27. As before, this can be reduced to the Sturm–Liouville form formula_28: writing a general Sturm–Liouville operator as:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: In general, if initial conditions at some point are specified, for example and , a second order differential equation can be solved using ordinary methods and the Picard–Lindelöf theorem ensures that the differential equation has a unique solution in a neighbourhood of the point where the initial conditions have been specified.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: But if in place of specifying initial values at a "single point", it is desired to specify values at "two" different points (so-called boundary values), e.g. and , the problem turns out to be much more difficult. Notice that by adding a suitable known differentiable function to , whose values at and satisfy the desired boundary conditions, and injecting inside the proposed differential equation, it can be assumed without loss of generality that the boundary conditions are of the form and .


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Here, the Sturm–Liouville theory comes in play: indeed, a large class of functions can be expanded in terms of a series of orthonormal eigenfunctions of the associated Liouville operator with corresponding eigenvalues :


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: is a solution with eigenvalue . We know that the solutions of a Sturm–Liouville problem form an orthogonal basis, and we know from Fourier series that this set of sinusoidal functions is an orthogonal basis. Since orthogonal bases are always maximal (by definition) we conclude that the Sturm–Liouville problem in this case has no other eigenvectors.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: with the same boundary conditions formula_39. In this case, we must expand as a Fourier series. The reader may check, either by integrating or by consulting a table of Fourier transforms, that we thus obtain


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: This particular Fourier series is troublesome because of its poor convergence properties. It is not clear "a priori" whether the series converges pointwise. Because of Fourier analysis, since the Fourier coefficients are "square-summable", the Fourier series converges in which is all we need for this particular theory to function. We mention for the interested reader that in this case we may rely on a result which says that Fourier series converge at every point of differentiability, and at jump points (the function "x", considered as a periodic function, has a jump at ) converges to the average of the left and right limits (see convergence of Fourier series).


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: In this case, we could have found the answer using antidifferentiation, but this is no longer useful in most cases when the differential equation is in many variables.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Certain partial differential equations can be solved with the help of Sturm–Liouville theory. Suppose we are interested in the vibrational modes of a thin membrane, held in a rectangular frame, , . The equation of motion for the vertical membrane's displacement, is given by the wave equation:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The method of separation of variables suggests looking first for solutions of the simple form . For such a function the partial differential equation becomes . Since the three terms of this equation are functions of separately, they must be constants. For example, the first term gives for a constant . The boundary conditions ("held in a rectangular frame") are when , or , and define the simplest possible Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems as in the example, yielding the "normal mode solutions" for with harmonic time dependence,


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The functions form a basis for the Hilbert space of (generalized) solutions of the wave equation; that is, an arbitrary solution can be decomposed into a sum of these modes, which vibrate at their individual frequencies . This representation may require a convergent infinite sum.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Separating variables, we assume that formula_47 Then our above partial differential equation may be written as:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Since, by definition, and are independent of time and and are independent of position , then both sides of the above equation must be equal to a constant:


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The first of these equations must be solved as a Sturm–Liouville problem in terms of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues . The second of these equations can be analytically solved once the eigenvalues are known.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The Sturm–Liouville differential equation () with boundary conditions may be solved analytically, which can be exact or provide an approximation, by the Rayleigh–Ritz method, or by the matrix-variational method of Gerck et al.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Numerically, a variety of methods are also available. In difficult cases, one may need to carry out the intermediate calculations to several hundred decimal places of accuracy in order to obtain the eigenvalues correctly to a few decimal places.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Shooting methods proceed by guessing a value of , solving an initial value problem defined by the boundary conditions at one endpoint, say, , of the interval , comparing the value this solution takes at the other endpoint with the other desired boundary condition, and finally increasing or decreasing as necessary to correct the original value. This strategy is not applicable for locating complex eigenvalues.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The spectral parameter power series (SPPS) method makes use of a generalization of the following fact about homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equations: if is a solution of equation () that does not vanish at any point of , then the function


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: is a solution of the same equation and is linearly independent from . Further, all solutions are linear combinations of these two solutions. In the SPPS algorithm, one must begin with an arbitrary value (often ; it does not need to be an eigenvalue) and any solution of () with which does not vanish on . (Discussion below of ways to find appropriate and .) Two sequences of functions , on , referred to as "iterated integrals", are defined recursively as follows. First when , they are taken to be identically equal to 1 on . To obtain the next functions they are multiplied alternately by and and integrated, specifically, for :


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The resulting iterated integrals are now applied as coefficients in the following two power series in "λ":


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Then for any (real or complex), and are linearly independent solutions of the corresponding equation (). (The functions and take part in this construction through their influence on the choice of .)


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: Next one chooses coefficients and so that the combination satisfies the first boundary condition (). This is simple to do since and , for . The values of and provide the values of and and the derivatives and , so the second boundary condition () becomes an equation in a power series in . For numerical work one may truncate this series to a finite number of terms, producing a calculable polynomial in whose roots are approximations of the sought-after eigenvalues.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: When , this reduces to the original construction described above for a solution linearly independent to a given one. The representations () and () also have theoretical applications in Sturm–Liouville theory.


title: Sturm–Liouville theory

text: The SPPS method can, itself, be used to find a starting solution . Consider the equation ; i.e., , , and are replaced in () by 0, , and respectively. Then the constant function 1 is a nonvanishing solution corresponding to the eigenvalue . While there is no guarantee that or will not vanish, the complex function will never vanish because two linearly-independent solutions of a regular Sturm–Liouville equation cannot vanish simultaneously as a consequence of the Sturm separation theorem. This trick gives a solution of () for the value . In practice if () has real coefficients, the solutions based on will have very small imaginary parts which must be discarded.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: An indirect presidential election (officially the 17th Federal Convention) was held in Germany on 13 February 2022 to elect the next President of Germany.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the high number of delegates, the meeting took place in the , spread over several floors, unlike its usual location in the plenary hall of the Bundestag.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: The German Basic Law, the "Grundgesetz", mandates that presidential elections must be held no later than thirty days before the sitting President's term ends, unless the presidency falls vacant prematurely.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: On 19 March 2017 Frank-Walter Steinmeier of the Social Democratic Party, who was elected by the 16th Federal Convention on 12 February 2017, entered office and started his first five-year term as president. Therefore, the next Federal Convention could not convene later than 16 February 2022. The Bundestag's Council of Elders scheduled the 17th Federal Convention for 13 February 2022. If Steinmeier's term had ended prematurely, the Federal Convention would have met no later than thirty days after the start of the vacancy and the President of the Bundesrat would have become acting president in the interim.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: The Federal Convention consists of all the members of the current Bundestag (736 members) and an equal number of state electors, allocated to the sixteen states of Germany in proportion to their population. The state electors are elected by the state parliaments.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: As is common for the state-nominated delegates of the constitutional convention, a number of non-politicians - some of them celebrities - are nominated by various parties for similar reasons as the Dutch Lijstduwer phenomenon. During the 17th Federal Convention, virologists Sandra Ciesek and Christian Drosten are both among the members as is infectious disease specialist Marylyn Addo, all of whom came to broader public prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Baden-Württemberg, the SPD and FDP (both in opposition at the state level) agreed to nominate a joint list with 13 members proposed by the SPD and 12 by the FDP.


title: 2022 German presidential election

text: Every member of the Federal Convention (members of the Bundestag and state electors, once they are elected by their respective state parliament) can propose candidates for the presidency. It is required that the President be a German citizen and at least 40 years old. Every candidate has to declare their consent to running. Candidates can be proposed before the Federal Convention and (theoretically) during the convention before every ballot. If the president-elect is a member of a legislature or a government at the federal or state level, they have to resign from that office before the start of their term. A sitting president is not allowed to run for a third "consecutive" term.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University, formerly known as Curtin University of Technology and Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT), is an Australian public research university based in Bentley, Perth, Western Australia. It is named after John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945, and is the largest university in Western Australia, with 59,939 students in 2021.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin was conferred university status after legislation was passed by the Parliament of Western Australia in 1986. Since then, the university has expanded its presence and has campuses in Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and Mauritius, and has ties with 90 exchange universities in 20 countries. The university comprises five main faculties with over 95 specialists centres. It had a campus in Sydney from 2005 to 2016.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University is a member of the Australian Technology Network. Curtin University is active in research in a range of academic and practical fields. Curtin is the only Western Australian university whose students have won the Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering's Postgraduate Student Gold Medal as at 2020.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University was founded in 1966 as the Western Australian Institute of Technology. Its nucleus comprised the tertiary programs of the Perth Technical College, which opened in 1900. The university's Bentley campus was selected in 1962, and officially opened in 1966. The first students enrolled the following year.


title: Curtin University

text: In 1969, three more institutions were merged with WAIT: the Kalgoorlie School of Mines (opened in 1902), the Muresk Agricultural College (opened in 1926), and the Schools of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy (in operation since the 1950s at Shenton Park). Between 1966 and 1976 WAIT experienced an expansion from 2,000 to 10,000 students.


title: Curtin University

text: In December 1986 WAIT was made a university, under provisions of the "WA Institute of Technology Amendment Act 1986". Curtin University took its name from the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Curtin. In 1987, Curtin University of Technology became Western Australia's third university and Australia's first university of technology.


title: Curtin University

text: In 1993, Curtin founded a graduate business school in St Georges Terrace. It was moved to Murray Street in 2002, where it remains today. The school was developed on the foundation of Curtin's existing Master of Business Administration program.


title: Curtin University

text: In 2005, Curtin and Murdoch University were engaged in a feasibility study into the possibility of a merger. However, on 7 November 2005, both institutions announced that a merger would not be undertaken. In 2008, Curtin opened a campus in Singapore, its second offshore presence. In 2009, Curtin became the first university in the Australian Technology Network to be listed on the Academic Ranking of World Universities of research universities.


title: Curtin University

text: The main Curtin University campus is located in Bentley, Western Australia, about south-east of the Perth central business district. Curtin has three smaller off-site campuses within the Perth metropolitan area. The Graduate School of Business building is located in the Perth central business district in the renovated former Government Printing Office and the law school is located on Murray Street in the old Public Health Department and Chief Secretary's building, a listed building on the State Register of Heritage Places.


title: Curtin University

text: Exploration Geophysics and Petroleum Engineering are located at the co-location research facilities of the Australian Resources Research Centre (ARRC) which also houses offices of CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering and National Measurement Institute. The ARRC is located in the Technology Park Bentley, adjacent to the main Bentley campus.


title: Curtin University

text: Some university staff, researchers and students on practicum work in other locations such as the Oral Health Centre of WA (OHCWA) in Nedlands and at Royal Perth Hospital, amongst other organisations.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin has campuses outside Perth, the largest being the Western Australian School of Mines at Kalgoorlie, and a number of micro-campuses in locations such as Esperance, Margaret River and Geraldton. Nursing is the only course offered in Geraldton. The Muresk Institute at Northam left Curtin in 2012.


title: Curtin University

text: In April 2017 Curtin University established its newest campus in Dubai at Dubai International Academic City. Australian Ambassador to the UAE HE Arthur Spyrou officially opened the campus on 10 September 2017. Curtin University Dubai courses use the same structure and unit curriculum as those offered at the Bentley campus. Curtin University Dubai is accredited by the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA). The academic qualifications granted by Curtin University is certified by KHDA and is recognised in the Emirate of Dubai by all public and private entities.


title: Curtin University

text: The campus in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia is Curtin's largest international campus. Curtin's operations in Miri began in February 1999. In 2002, a purpose-built campus was opened as Curtin's first offshore campus and the first foreign university campus in East Malaysia. It has around 4,000 students from over 45 countries, and academics from more than 15 countries. Curtin Malaysia is the only approved CISCO Networking University in Miri and Brunei.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin Singapore courses use the same structure and unit curriculum as those offered at the Bentley campus.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University opened its fourth international campus in Mauritius on 3 May 2018 on the campus of Charles Telfair Institute in Moka south of Port Louis.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University Sydney (Curtin Sydney) was established on 20 June 2005. The first campus was located in The Rocks area. It was later relocated to the suburb of Chippendale where it occupied the historical Berlei Building. The operation of Curtin Sydney was contracted out to private tertiary education provider Navitas Group. It offered diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate courses to international students. In 2014 Curtin Sydney was involved in a cash-for-results scandal where students since 2012 had paid MyMaster, a Sydney company, up to $1,000 each to write essays and assignments for them, as well as sit online tests. In 2015, Curtin announced the closure of Curtin Sydney from early 2017.


title: Curtin University

text: From 2007, the university's teaching and research is divided into five faculties (previously known as divisions), which each include a number of schools. These schools were consolidated in 2020 during a period of staff cuts. These are:


title: Curtin University

text: The main library is TL Robertson Library, located on the Bentley campus. The university library includes the John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library collection.


title: Curtin University

text: The John Curtin Gallery (JCG) is located on the Bentley campus, in building 200A. It has a focus on contemporary art, learning and research.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin has two of its own bus stations, which is connected to the Transperth public transport network. The station is also linked to the Mandurah railway line's Canning Bridge Station by a shuttle bus service. The university also has its own internal bus network trialling autonomous buses on campus.


title: Curtin University

text: The university is one of the partners in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, one of the largest cohorts of pregnancy, childhood, adolescence and early adulthood to be carried out anywhere in the world.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University has achieved 'Top 10 Australia University' status in 6 out of 10 major global rankings (ARWU, US News, CWUR, Leiden, RUR, URAP). Curtin is ranked 160th globally and 10th nationwide by U.S. News & World Report "Best Global Universities Rankings" in 2023. Curtin University is again ranked in the world's top one percent of universities and ninth in Australia based on the 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities.


title: Curtin University

text: In addition, Curtin University has achieved its highest-ever result in the annual "QS World University Rankings" by rising to 193rd globally in the 2023 edition. It was ranked 2nd in the world for Engineering - Mineral & Mining, and ranked 5th in Australia for Architecture in the 2022 "QS World University Rankings by Subject".


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin University offers on campus accommodation at four separate precincts which is managed by UniLodge. These accommodation options include Kurrajong Village, Erica Underwood House, Guild House, Vickery House and St Catherine's College.


title: Curtin University

text: The Curtin Student Guild is the student union at Curtin University. The guild was founded as the WAIT Student Guild in January 1969.


title: Curtin University

text: The guild provides student representation services through the provision of faculty, international, postgraduate and equity representatives and the professional support service Student Assist.


title: Curtin University

text: The guild operates most of the food and beverage outlets on campus, including Guild Cafés (Central, Engineering, Library), Angazi, Concept Coffee Co, Mallokup and Beakers food outlets. Other commercial services include G-Mart, Curtin University's general store, printing, stationery and news outlet and The Tav.


title: Curtin University

text: The guild operates and funds all Curtin student clubs and societies. The guild also runs a number of events throughout the year, most notably the Toga Party held in semester one and the previous notable event Grasslands Music Festival held in semester two. The guild publishes "Grok" magazine.


title: Curtin University

text: The Student Guild is governed by students through the Guild Council which consists of executive members: president, vice-presidents, secretary and chair of the Representation Board and councillors. All other representatives sit on the Representation Board. Student representatives are elected to their positions by students in annual elections held in September. Major Groups that contest elections include Illuminate, Progress, Left Action and the Joke Ticket. The Guild is currently operated by an Illuminate majority.


title: Curtin University

text: The men's team of the Curtin University Football Club is based on the main campus. The club currently (2021) competes in the Football West State League Division 2.


title: Curtin University

text: The Curtin University FC Women's team are one of the inaugural teams in the new National Premier Leagues WA Women competition (which commenced in 2020), and is a part of the National Premier Leagues Women’s structure. Previously they had been a part of the Women State League Division 1 from (at least) 2012 to 2019.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin's faculty includes prominent scholars such as environmental scientist Peter Newman, writer Kim Scott and isotope geochemist Kliti Grice.


title: Curtin University

text: Past prominent faculty members include the post-modernist Niall Lucy, writer Elizabeth Jolley and journalist Robert Duffield.


title: Curtin University

text: Curtin has become active in research and partnerships overseas, particularly in mainland China, and has received funding from major Chinese companies such as Tencent. It is involved in a number of business, management, and research projects, particularly in supercomputing, where the university participates in a tri-continental array with nodes in Perth, Beijing, and Edinburgh. The Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited the Woodside-funded hydrocarbon research facility during his visit to Australia in 2005. Funding from major Chinese companies connected to the state have led to concerns that Curtin University has limited academic freedom on certain topics.


title: Curtin University

text: In 2020, a roof at Curtin University collapsed, killing a 23-year-old construction worker after he fell more than , and leaving two other construction workers injured.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: The Polyphonic Spree is an American choral rock band from Dallas, Texas that was formed in 2000 by singer/songwriter Tim DeLaughter. The band's pop and rock songs are augmented by a large vocal choir, and instruments such as flute, trumpet, french horn, trombone, violin, viola, cello, percussion, piano, guitars, bass, drums, electronic keyboards, and EWI.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: DeLaughter's previous group, Tripping Daisy, came to an abrupt end in 1999 when guitarist Wes Berggren died of a drug overdose. The Polyphonic Spree was formed, in part, in reaction to Berggren's death.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: In 2000, DeLaughter collaborated with 12 other musicians to put together a sound that reflected the music he grew up with. He wanted to explore the orchestral palette and pop sensibility of The Beatles, The Association, The 5th Dimension, Wings, Electric Light Orchestra and The Beach Boys and the vocal style of Ozzy Osbourne from Black Sabbath. Within two weeks, The Polyphonic Spree created a 30-minute set, donned their signature white choir robes and performed with Grandaddy and Bright Eyes.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: Shortly after their first show, 12 more musicians joined the band, and they recorded "The Beginning Stages of ... The Polyphonic Spree", which contained all nine songs (sections) written for their first show plus a tenth track ("Section 10 – Long Day"). The album was intended to serve as a demo recording for booking the band for live performances. As a result of the attention they received from the press and other industry pundits after performing at the South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas, the band was invited to perform at London's Meltdown Festival curated by David Bowie in 2002. They opened for The Divine Comedy at the Royal Festival Hall the same year.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: In early 2003, they were dropped by their record label, 679 Recordings, for "lack of record sales". About this time, the band began to break into pop culture. The song "Light and Day" was used in a joint Volkswagen Beetle/iPod tie-in advertising campaign, appearing on television commercials nationwide in 2004. The same song was used in a tribute to Bill Walsh during an NFL football preseason special, in an episode of the TV series "Scrubs", in "Murderball", a documentary about the U.S. wheelchair rugby team, and as the end music for the first series of the BBC Radio 7 sci-fi comedy "Undone"; the song's video was adapted for the movie "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" (the DVD features a clip). Also during this time the band was invited to be an opening act for Bowie's Reality Tour and again performed at South by Southwest.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: In 2004, Hollywood Records released the Spree's second album, "Together We're Heavy", in Japan on June 30, Europe on July 12, and North America on July 13, 2004. The band was featured on "Scrubs" on April 20, 2004, in the episode "My Choosiest Choice of All" (season 3, episode 19); and on the TV show "Las Vegas" on November 29, 2004, in the episode "Silver Star" (season 2, episode 10). In December 2004, the Polyphonic Spree performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, honoring Wangari Maathai before a worldwide television audience.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: 2005 saw the release of "Thumbsucker", a feature film by Mike Mills, with a score composed by Tim DeLaughter and performed by The Polyphonic Spree.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: On June 19, 2007, the band released their third complete album, "The Fragile Army", produced by John Congleton. On their 2007 tours The Polyphonic Spree replaced their robes with black army outfits while continuing to don the robes during encores. In July 2007, the song "Running Away" was featured on the Sci-Fi network in commercials for its upcoming season. In the autumn of 2007, Adidas commissioned artists to write theme songs for MLS teams as part of a campaign called "MLS Represent", and the Polyphonic Spree was chosen to write a song for FC Dallas. The result was the song "H-O-O-P-S Yes!" In September 2007, the Polyphonic Spree performed three songs: "Light and Day / Reach for the Sun", "Soldier Girl", and "Light to Follow", at Oscar de la Renta's Spring 2008 Fashion Show for New York Fashion Week. They recorded the opening track to the Showtime series Weeds for season 2 (episode 9), and also contributed to the Hedwig and the Angry Inch and Nightmare Before Christmas tribute CDs. UK channel Sky Sports used "Running Away" to advertise their spring and summer cricket coverage. UK supermarket Sainsbury's continues to use "Light and Day / Reach for the Sun" for its advertising campaign. It became the most-used song in advertising in the United Kingdom.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: In 2009, the band wrote and performed the opening sequence to Showtime's new show "The United States of Tara", which stars Toni Collette as a woman with multiple personality disorder. They first performed the song live on their Australian tour, in Adelaide. "Light and Day / Reach for the Sun" was also featured on the "Your UQ" advertising campaign for the University of Queensland.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: On July 11, 2011, the band released Bullseye, an interactive music video app for iOS devices featuring the first single from a collection of songs.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: "Light and Day / Reach for the Sun" was featured in the movie trailer for the 2012 animated film "The Lorax". On October 11, 2012, the band launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund their next studio album, tour, live album, and concert DVD. They reached their funding goal of $100,000 on November 28. The band's " "was released in 2012, featuring an original introduction, outro and Polyphonic Spree cover versions of classic Christmas songs including "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" and "Let it Snow".


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: On August 6, 2013, the band played a sold-out concert at London's Village Underground to mark the release of their album "Yes, It's True". The performance was broadcast live on Vimeo. A US release show at the Granada Theater in Dallas followed on August 9, and the band toured in support of the album worldwide. A live DVD was released in October 2013, and the band played their famous Holiday Extravaganza in Dallas, Texas on December 21.


title: The Polyphonic Spree

text: The Polyphonic Spree headlined the 2015 Big D NYE party, December 31, 2014, at Dallas's Victory Park at the American Airlines Center. The free outdoor concert was attended by a crowd of over 40,000, who gathered for the annual New Year's Eve event. Perhaps because of the 35 °F weather, the choir wore matching winter ponchos, while other musicians wore pajamas. DeLaughter's headgear resembled a Fred Flintstone Grand Poobah lodge hat (tall fur with buffalo horns). Covers included Wings' "Band on the Run" and the Thunderclap Newman hit "Something in the Air". The band occasionally paused to sync with television cues, as the concert was broadcast live to a regional television audience of over 12 million in Texas and surrounding states.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: The 2017 SummerSlam was the 30th annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on August 20, 2017, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York for the third consecutive year.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Thirteen matches were contested at the event, including three on the Kickoff pre-show. The event featured eight championship matches, the most for a SummerSlam event, where five of the titles changed hands. In the main event, Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman, Roman Reigns, and Samoa Joe in a fatal four-way match to retain Raw's Universal Championship and in the penultimate match, Jinder Mahal defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain SmackDown's WWE Championship. On the undercard, AJ Styles defeated Kevin Owens to retain SmackDown's United States Championship in a match that featured Shane McMahon as the special guest referee, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins defeated Cesaro and Sheamus to win the Raw Tag Team Championship, and Sasha Banks defeated Alexa Bliss to win her record-tying fourth Raw Women's Championship.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: SummerSlam is an annual pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event, produced every summer by WWE since 1988. Dubbed "The Biggest Party of the Summer," it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, referred to as the "Big Four". It has since become considered WWE's second biggest event of the year behind WrestleMania. The 2017 event was the 30th event in the SummerSlam chronology and was scheduled to be held on August 20, 2017, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York for the third consecutive year. It featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: The card featured thirteen matches, including three on the Kickoff pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches, with results predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands. Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw", "SmackDown Live", and "205 Live", the latter of which is cruiserweight exclusive.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the June 19th episode of Raw, Roman Reigns proclaimed himself to be the #1 contender for the Universal Championship at SummerSlam. Later that night, Braun Strowman returned and cost Reigns his match against Samoa Joe and challenged Reigns to an Ambulance match at Great Balls of Fire. At the event, Strowman defeated Reigns, but Reigns retaliated by locking Strowman in the ambulance and crashing it, leaving him bloodied and injured, while Brock Lesnar defeated Joe to retain the Universal Championship. The following night on Raw, as Raw General Manager Kurt Angle was about to reveal his plans for Lesnar's championship match at SummerSlam, Reigns interrupted, wanting the match. Joe then came out, wanting a rematch. Reigns and Joe were then scheduled for a #1 contender match. During the match, Strowman returned and attacked both Reigns and Joe, resulting in a no contest. It was then decided that Lesnar would defend the title against Reigns, Joe and Strowman in a Fatal 4-way match at SummerSlam. The following week, Heyman proclaimed that if Lesnar were to lose the Universal Championship at SummerSlam, then he and Lesnar would leave the WWE.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: At Battleground, Natalya defeated Charlotte Flair, Becky Lynch, Lana, and Tamina in a fatal five-way elimination match to become the number one contender for the SmackDown Women's Championship against Naomi at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: At Great Balls of Fire, Sasha Banks defeated Alexa Bliss by count-out, thus Bliss retained the Raw Women's Championship. Over the next couple of weeks, Bayley scored pins over Bliss in a tag team match, and a non-title singles match. Bayley in turn felt she deserved a title shot, while Banks felt she deserved a rematch due to Bliss' actions at Great Balls of Fire. A number one contender's match between the two the following week was won by Bayley. Bayley then suffered a legitimate shoulder injury, incurred during a match with Nia Jax, forcing her to relinquish her number one contender's spot. Two triple threat matches were then scheduled for the following episode of "Raw" with the winner of each facing each other to determine the new number one contender for the Raw Women's Championship. Banks won the first triple threat match by defeating Alicia Fox and Emma, while Jax won the second by defeating Dana Brooke and Mickie James. The following week, Banks defeated Jax to become the new number one contender against Bliss at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: At Battleground, Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton in a Punjabi Prison match to retain the WWE Championship with help from The Singh Brothers and the return of The Great Khali. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Mahal demanded a new opponent for SummerSlam. John Cena came out, congratulated Mahal, and then challenged him for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam. However, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan said Cena had to earn his opportunity and scheduled a number one contender's match between Cena and Shinsuke Nakamura. The following week, Nakamura defeated Cena to become the number one contender for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the Great Balls of Fire Kickoff pre-show, Neville defeated Akira Tozawa to retain the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the July 31 episode of "Raw", a number one contender's match was scheduled between Tozawa and Ariya Daivari for the following night's "205 Live" with the winner facing Neville for the Cruiserweight Championship at SummerSlam. On "205 Live", Tozawa defeated Daivari to become the number one contender. On the August 14 episode of "Raw", Tozawa received his title match early and defeated Neville to become the new Cruiserweight Champion, and their originally scheduled SummerSlam match was made a rematch with Neville as the challenger. On August 16, WWE confirmed that the match would take place on the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: At Battleground, Kevin Owens defeated AJ Styles to win his third United States Championship. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Styles wanted to invoke his championship rematch, but he was interrupted by the returning Chris Jericho, who also wanted to invoke his rematch from when he lost the title to Owens back in May. As both Styles and Jericho were contractually owed rematches, SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon decided that they would both get their rematches for the title in a triple threat match that night against Owens, where Styles pinned Jericho to regain the title. After the match, Owens invoked his championship rematch for the following week. During the rematch that episode, Owens attacked the referee, but lost even though both shoulders were not on the mat. A frustrated Owens confronted Shane and SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan and demanded a rematch, but with a competent referee. Bryan scheduled the rematch for SummerSlam and made Shane the special guest referee.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the August 1 episode of "SmackDown", Rusev issued a SummerSlam "Open Challenge" to any wrestler on the SmackDown roster. Randy Orton, who Rusev had never defeated, accepted the challenge before attacking Rusev with an "RKO".


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: At Battleground, The New Day (Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods, with Big E) defeated The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. On the following episode of "SmackDown", as The New Day were about to make their entrance to celebrate their championship win, they were attacked by The Usos. The following week, The Usos proclaimed that they would reclaim the titles from The New Day, and a rematch was scheduled for SummerSlam. On the final "SmackDown" before SummerSlam, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan confirmed that The Usos would be facing Big E and Woods with Kingston in their corner. On August 16, WWE confirmed that the match would take place on the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: At Great Balls of Fire, Big Cass defeated Enzo Amore. Amore and Cass then had a rematch on the July 24 episode of "Raw" that Cass again won. Cass continued to attack Amore after the match, after which, Big Show came out for the save, but Cass also laid him out. The following week, Cass defeated Big Show by disqualification after Amore attacked Cass during the match. After Cass gave a big boot to Amore, Big Show performed the "KO Punch" on Cass. On the August 7 episode, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson defeated Amore and Big Show after a distraction from Cass, and a brawl broke out between the three. Later, Cass confronted Raw General Manager Kurt Angle, wanting a match against Big Show at SummerSlam, but with Amore banned from the entire state of New York. Angle suggested to suspend Amore above the ring inside of a shark cage. Cass agreed and the match was scheduled for SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the July 17 episode of "Raw", as Finn Bálor was making his way to the backstage after his match with Elias, Bray Wyatt appeared on the TitanTron. He said that he enjoyed Bálor's pain and that he was Bálor's worst nightmare. The following week, Wyatt cost Bálor his no disqualification match against Elias by giving Bálor the "Sister Abigail". On the July 31 episode, as Wyatt cut an in-ring promo, the lights started blinking red and then went out. When they came back on, Bálor appeared in the ring and attacked Wyatt. The following week, as Bálor cut a promo about Wyatt, the lights in the arena went out and Wyatt appeared in the center of the ring. He and Bálor fought briefly before the lights went out again and Wyatt appeared on the TitanTron laughing at Bálor. Afterwards, it was announced that a match between Bálor and Wyatt was scheduled for SummerSlam. The following week, after a confrontation earlier in the night, Raw General Manager Kurt Angle moved their SummerSlam match up to that night where Wyatt defeated Bálor. After the match, Wyatt poured a blood-like liquid on Bálor. A rematch between the two was scheduled for SummerSlam where Bálor promised to bring his Demon King persona.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the July 25 episode of "SmackDown", Shinsuke Nakamura defeated Mr. Money in the Bank Baron Corbin. After the August 1 episode of "SmackDown", on the WWE Network, Corbin attacked Nakamura from behind after Nakamura's match with John Cena to determine the number one contender for Jinder Mahal's WWE Championship at SummerSlam, which Nakamura won. Cena came to Nakamura's aid and performed an "Attitude Adjustment" on Corbin through the announcers table. The following week, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan scheduled a match between Corbin and Cena at SummerSlam. On the final "SmackDown" before SummerSlam, Corbin attacked Cena during the latter's non-title match against Mahal, causing a disqualification. Afterwards, Corbin cashed in his Money in the Bank contract, but when the match started, he attacked Cena, who was on the apron, allowing Mahal to roll-up Corbin for the victory.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Throughout July and August 2017, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins teased a potential and partial Shield reunion for several weeks with both men sticking their fists out for the other for The Shield's signature fist bump, but both would decline each week, primarily due to trust issues from Rollins' betrayal three years prior. On the July 31 episode of "Raw", Rollins was confronted by Cesaro and Sheamus and later won a match against Sheamus. After the match, Cesaro and Sheamus attacked Rollins before Ambrose came down to make the save. Backstage, Ambrose told Rollins that he would not help him if Rollins got outnumbered again. The following week, after Rollins lost a rematch against Sheamus and was once again attacked after the match, Ambrose did not help him. Later that night, Ambrose defeated Cesaro and was subsequently attacked by the duo before being saved by Rollins. Ambrose then displayed signs of trust by offering the Shield fist bump, but Rollins ultimately declined. Finally, on the August 14 episode of "Raw", although both Ambrose and Rollins got into a physical altercation earlier in the night, the two came together to fight off Cesaro and Sheamus and both reciprocated the fist bump and reunited. Immediately afterwards, Raw General Manager Kurt Angle came out and scheduled a match between Cesaro and Sheamus and Ambrose and Rollins for the Raw Tag Team Championship at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the May 29 episode of "Raw", Raw commentator Corey Graves received a text message concerning Raw General Manager Kurt Angle and Angle said that the contents of the message could ruin him. Over the next few weeks, both Angle and Graves received the same text messages concerning this private matter. On the July 10 episode of "Raw", Graves confronted Angle about what he was going to do. Angle said that he would go public with it the following week and that he might lose his family, his career could be destroyed, and he might be saying goodbye to the WWE Universe. Graves was confident that Angle would be fine due to the love and respect from the WWE Universe and everyone in the locker room. Later on the phone, Angle invited an unidentifiable person to come to "Raw" next week to discuss the matter and go public with it together. That episode, Angle revealed American Alpha's Jason Jordan as his (kayfabe) illegitimate son, and the newest member of the Raw brand, which subsequently disbanded American Alpha. The following week, Jordan defeated Curt Hawkins in his Raw debut match. Jordan was then the guest on "Miz TV". Intercontinental Champion The Miz offered Jordan a chance to join his Miztourage, but Jordan declined and Miz retaliated by stating that Jordan does not need his help since his father is the Raw General Manager. Jordan said that he did not want preferential treatment, and The Miz made some irritable comments about Angle. The Miz then took a swing at Jordan, but Jordan ducked and suplexed Miz into his Miztourage (Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas). On the August 14 episode of "Raw", Jordan defeated The Miz by disqualification after the Miztourage attacked Jordan; The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) then ran out to even the odds by assisting Jordan in fending off the Miztourage. This led to a six-man tag team match later that night between The Miz and The Miztourage against The Hardy Boyz and Jordan, where the latter won. On August 17, WWE announced that The Miz and The Miztourage would be facing The Hardy Boyz and Jordan in a rematch on the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Three matches were contested on the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show. In the first match, The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) and Jason Jordan faced Intercontinental Champion The Miz and The Miztourage (Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas). The Miz performed a "Skull Crushing Finale" on Jordan to win the match for his team.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: After that, Akira Tozawa defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Neville. Neville performed a "Red Arrow" on Tozawa to win his record second Cruiserweight Championship.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Finally, The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso). Jey and Jimmy performed a double Samoan Splash on Big E to win their record-setting second SmackDown Tag Team Championship.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with John Cena facing Baron Corbin. The match only had one finisher throughout the entirety of it, with Cena performing an "Attitude Adjustment" on Corbin for the win.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Next, Naomi defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Natalya. In the climax, as Naomi attempted a split-legged moonsault, Natalya raised her knees to counter. Natalya forced Naomi to submit to the Sharpshooter to win her first championship since 2010, as well as becoming the first wrestler to win the WWE Divas Championship and SmackDown Women's Championship.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: After that, Big Cass faced Big Show, with Enzo Amore suspended above the ring inside a shark cage. Big Show performed a "KO Punch" on Cass for a near-fall. Big Show performed a chokeslam on Cass for another near-fall. Amore stripped to his underwear and applied oil on himself to escape the cage. As Amore escaped the cage, Cass performed a big boot on Amore. Cass then performed a big boot on Big Show for a near-fall. Cass performed a second big boot and an "Empire Elbow" on Big Show for the win.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: In the fourth match, Randy Orton faced Rusev. During Orton's entrance, Rusev attacked Orton. After the referee ruled Orton could compete, the match began. Orton quickly performed an "RKO" on Rusev to win in 10 seconds.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: After that, Alexa Bliss defended the Raw Women's Championship against Sasha Banks. Bliss performed "Twisted Bliss" on Banks for a near-fall. As Banks applied the "Bank Statement" on Bliss, Bliss escaped, but Banks re-applied the hold and forced Bliss to submit to win the title for a record-tying fourth time.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Later, "The Demon King" Finn Bálor faced Bray Wyatt. Bálor performed a "Coup De Gráce" on Wyatt for the win.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: In the seventh match, Cesaro and Sheamus defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. In the climax, as Sheamus and Cesaro attempted an assisted "White Noise" on Ambrose, Rollins performed a super hurricanrana on Cesaro into Sheamus. Rollins then performed superkicks on Cesaro and Sheamus, and performed a "Ripcord Knee" on Sheamus, which allowed Ambrose to perform "Dirty Deeds" on Sheamus to win the title. This marked Ambrose's first reign and Rollins' second reign, individually. Ambrose became the first Shield member to be a Grand Slam Champion.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Next, AJ Styles defended the United States Championship against Kevin Owens, with Shane McMahon serving as special guest referee. During the match, as Shane checked on Owens, Styles performed a springboard 450° splash on Shane, who Owens had pulled on top of him. Owens performed a pop-up powerbomb on Styles for a delayed near-fall. Owens then began to argue with Shane. Styles attempted a "Calf Crusher" but Owens countered by kicking Styles into Shane. Styles forced Owens to submit to the "Calf Crusher", however, Shane was knocked out, which led to Styles arguing with Shane. Styles performed a "Styles Clash" on Owens for a near-fall. Owens performed a pop-up powerbomb on Styles, but Shane noticed Styles' foot on the ring ropes, voiding the pinfall at a two count. An irate Owens and Shane argued, with Shane shoving Owens. Styles rolled up Owens for a near-fall. In the climax, Styles performed a "Pele Kick", a "Phenomenal Forearm", and a second "Styles Clash" on Owens to retain the title.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: In the penultimate match, Jinder Mahal defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. In the end, The Singh Brothers interfered, leading to Nakamura performing "Kinshasas" on both the brothers. As Nakamura was distracted, Mahal took advantage and performed the "Khallas" on Nakamura to retain the title.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: In the main event, Brock Lesnar (with Paul Heyman) defended the WWE Universal Championship against Roman Reigns; Samoa Joe and Braun Strowman in a Fatal 4-Way match, with the stipulation that should Lesnar lose the title, he and Heyman would leave WWE. Early outside the ring, Joe applied the Coquina Clutch on Lesnar and Reigns performed a Spear on Lesnar through the barricade in the timekeeper's area after Joe dodged Reigns. Joe performed a Side Slam on Reigns on an announce table. Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Lesnar through an announce table and threw a commentator's chair at Reigns and Joe. Strowman performed a second Running Powerslam on Lesnar through another announce table and overturned the last one available on Lesnar. Medical personnel arrived and took Lesnar away. The match continued as a Triple Threat briefly. Strowman attacked Joe and Reigns with steel steps, but later Reigns attacked Strowman with the same steel steps taking him out of the ring and cutting his head. As Joe countered a Superman Punch into a Coquina Clutch on Reigns, Strowman broke the hold. Strowman performed a Double Chokeslam on Reigns and Joe, scoring a near-fall on Reigns. An angry Lesnar returned to perform a double-leg takedown on Strowman, punch him repeatedly and clothesline him out of the ring. Then attacked Reigns and Joe with a German Suplex on each one. Strowman returned, but Lesnar applied a Kimura Lock on him. However, Reigns performed Superman Punches on Lesnar, Strowman and Joe. Reigns performed another Spear on Lesnar for a near-fall. As Joe applied the Coquina Clutch on Reigns, Strowman performed a Running Front Dropkick on Reigns into Joe. Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Joe only for Lesnar to pull the referee out of the ring voiding the pinfall at a two count. As Strowman performed a Running Powerslam on Reigns, Lesnar voided the pinfall at a two count. Reigns performed a Spear on Strowman who fell to the floor. Joe applied the Coquina Clutch on Lesnar only for Lesnar to counter into an F-5 with Reigns voiding the pinfall at a two count. In the climax; Reigns performed three more Superman Punches on Lesnar and attempted a third Spear, however, Lesnar countered into an F-5 on Reigns to retain the title by pinfall.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the following episode of "Raw", Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman came out to celebrate Lesnar retaining the Universal Championship. They were then interrupted by Braun Strowman, who attacked Lesnar with two Running Powerslams. Later, it was announced that Lesnar would defend the Universal Championship against Strowman at No Mercy. Later in the show, John Cena moved over to the Raw brand and was interrupted by Roman Reigns, and then The Miz and Samoa Joe. Cena and Reigns later teamed up and defeated Joe and Miz. The following week, Cena and Reigns were scheduled to face each other at No Mercy.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Also on "Raw", Jason Jordan wanted to face Finn Bálor. Raw General Manager Kurt Angle scheduled the match in which Bálor won. Both then participated in a battle royal to determine the number one contender for the Intercontinental Championship where Bray Wyatt caused Bálor's elimination, setting up a rematch for No Mercy.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins came out to celebrate becoming the new Raw Tag Team Champions. They were then interrupted by The Hardy Boyz, who congratulated them and challenged them to a non-title match that Ambrose and Rollins won. Cesaro and Sheamus were then granted their championship rematch at No Mercy.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Sasha Banks came out to celebrate with the Raw Women's Championship. Alexa Bliss interrupted and invoked her rematch for the following week, where she regained the title. Nia Jax congratulated Bliss, but then turned on her. The following week, Jax teamed up with Emma and defeated Bliss and Banks to make the No Mercy match a fatal four-way also involving Jax and Emma. Bayley then returned to make it a fatal five-way.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the following episode of "SmackDown", as retribution for The Singh Brothers costing Shinsuke Nakamura his WWE Championship match against Jinder Mahal, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan scheduled Nakamura to face The Singh Brothers in a handicap match that Nakamura won. Afterwards, Mahal attacked Nakamura, but Nakamura countered with the "Kinshasa". On the September 5 episode, Nakamura defeated Randy Orton to receive another chance at the WWE Championship at Hell in a Cell.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: AJ Styles reinstated the U.S. Championship Open Challenge which was answered by Kevin Owens. Styles denied him since he beat Owens at SummerSlam, but Owens said that he was screwed by SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon. Shane came out and they reviewed scenes from the match. After a verbal confrontation, Styles agreed to the rematch and Shane allowed Owens to pick a special guest referee, but said this would be his last chance at the title. Owens picked Baron Corbin as the referee, but mid-match, Shane took over due to Corbin's poor performance and Styles retained. Owens, frustrated with Shane, began a feud with him, also involving Shane's father and WWE Chairman Mr. McMahon, where a Hell in a Cell match between Owens and Shane was scheduled for Hell in a Cell.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: New SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos defeated The Hype Bros (Zack Ryder and Mojo Rawley), after which, they made a warning to the entire SmackDown tag team division. The following week, they faced The New Day in a match where the winner chose the stipulation for The New Day's championship rematch. The Usos won and chose to face The New Day in a Street Fight on the September 12 episode, where The New Day regained the titles. Another rematch was scheduled for Hell in a Cell in the titular match.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: New SmackDown Women's Champion Natalya said that she would restore dignity to the title. She then teamed up with Carmella in a losing effort against Naomi and Becky Lynch. The following week, Naomi informed Natalya that she would be invoking her championship rematch for the September 12 episode, where Natalya retained.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Rusev had a rematch with Randy Orton on the September 19 episode of "SmackDown" where Rusev, with the help from Aiden English, defeated Orton in 10 seconds. Another rematch was scheduled for Hell in a Cell, which Orton won.


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: Big Cass faced Enzo Amore in a Brooklyn Street Fight that Amore won as Cass suffered a legitimate leg injury during the match and could no longer compete. Amore was subsequently moved to the cruiserweight division on "205 Live".


title: SummerSlam (2017)

text: On the following episode of "205 Live", Tozawa received his rematch for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship, but was unsuccessful.


title: Zach Collins

text: Zach Collins (born November 19, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs. He was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 10th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft and was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers on draft night. He spent four seasons in Portland before signing with the Spurs as a free agent in August 2021.


title: Zach Collins

text: Collins played high school basketball at Bishop Gorman High School in Summerlin, Nevada, where he helped to lead his school to four consecutive state championships. For his first three seasons at Bishop Gorman, Collins came off the bench and played alongside fellow seven-footers and McDonald's All-Americans Stephen Zimmerman and Chase Jeter.


title: Zach Collins

text: Collins had a productive senior year, averaging 17.3 points, 14 rebounds, 3.1 assists, and 6.4 blocked shots on his way to the most valuable player of Nevada's Southwest League and the Nevada Gatorade Player of the Year award. Collins also broke Nevada's single-season record for most rebounds and blocked shots during his senior season.


title: Zach Collins

text: In the summer of 2015, Collins competed in the FIBA 3x3 Under-18 World Championships, where he teamed up with Jalek Felton, Payton Pritchard, and P.J. Washington and won the USA tournament. His team moved on to represent the US at the 2015 World Championship in Debrecen, Hungary, where they finished in eighth place. His team advanced to the final 16 where they defeated Poland, but then lost a close game to France, featuring fellow Gonzaga commit Killian Tillie, in the quarter-finals.


title: Zach Collins

text: Despite being rated as a four-star prospect, Collins was named to the 2016 McDonald's All-American Game. Collins was the first McDonald's All-American to commit to Gonzaga out of high school, but three other McDonald's All-American transferred to Gonzaga after attending other colleges: Micah Downs, Kyle Wiltjer, and Nigel Williams-Goss. Collins helped to lead the West squad to a 114–107 win in the while scoring nine points, along with six rebounds, three assists, and two steals on 3-for-5 field goals and 1-for-2 three-pointers in 12 minutes of play.


title: Zach Collins

text: In the winter of 2015, during Collins' junior year in high school, he took official visits to California, San Diego State, Utah, New Mexico, and Gonzaga, as well as unofficial visits to UNLV. After his junior year, in March 2015, Collins committed to Gonzaga. He signed with the Zags in the early signing period as a key member of Gonzaga's highest-ranked recruiting class in school history.


title: Zach Collins

text: As a freshman at Gonzaga, Collins usually played off the bench as a center, working in rotation – and occasionally in tandem – with fifth-year senior center Przemek Karnowski. During the 2016–17 season, he averaged 10 points, 5.9 rebounds, and 1.7 blocks over 17.3 minutes of playing time per game. In the national semifinal game of the 2017 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, Collins scored 14 points, collected 13 rebounds, and made six blocks, as the Bulldogs defeated the South Carolina Gamecocks, 77–73, sending them to their first national championship game.


title: Zach Collins

text: At the conclusion of his freshman season, Collins announced his intention to forgo his final three years of college eligibility and enter the 2017 NBA draft. He was drafted 10th overall by the Sacramento Kings and subsequently traded to the Portland Trail Blazers. On July 3, 2017, Collins signed with the Trail Blazers.


title: Zach Collins

text: On November 5, 2019, the Trail Blazers announced that Collins had undergone successful surgery in repairing his left labrum and was expected to be sidelined for about four months. On December 30, 2020, the Trail Blazers announced that Collins had undergone successful surgery in repairing his left medial malleolus stress fracture, and as result he missed the entire season.


title: Zach Collins

text: Collins refractured his foot, and on June 29, 2021, the Trail Blazers announced that he underwent a second revision surgery to repair his left medial malleolus stress fracture.


title: Zach Collins

text: On August 11, 2021, Collins signed with the San Antonio Spurs. On January 16, 2022, he was assigned to the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League, while recovering from his ankle injury. On January 31, he was recalled. He made his Spurs debut February 4 against the Houston Rockets, scoring double digits.


title: PFA Young Player of the Year

text: The Professional Footballers' Association Young Player of the Year (often called the PFA Young Player of the Year, or simply the Young Player of the Year) is an annual award given to the young player who is adjudged to have been the best of the season in English football. As of 2021, players must have been aged 21 or under as of 1 July immediately preceding the start of the season; in the past the age limit has been 23, which led to criticism in the media over whether a player who was 24 years old at the end of the season could really be considered "young" in footballing terms. The award has been presented since the 1973–74 season and the winner is chosen by a vote amongst the members of the players' trade union, the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA). The first winner of the award was Ipswich Town defender Kevin Beattie. The current holder is Phil Foden, who won the award on 9 June 2022.


title: PFA Young Player of the Year

text: Although the award is open to players at all levels, all winners to date have played in the highest division of the English football league system. In 2018 Ryan Sessegnon of Fulham became the first player from outside the top division of English football to be nominated for the award. As of 2022, only Ryan Giggs, Robbie Fowler, Wayne Rooney, Dele Alli and Phil Foden have won the award on more than one occasion. Only seven players from outside the United Kingdom have won the trophy, compared with fifteen winners of the main PFA Players' Player of the Year award. Although they have their own dedicated award, players aged 23 or under at the start of the season remain eligible to win the Players' Player of the Year award, and on three occasions the same player has won both awards for a season.


title: PFA Young Player of the Year

text: A shortlist of nominees is published in April and the winner of the award, along with the winners of the PFA's other annual awards, is announced at a gala event in London. The players themselves consider the award to be highly prestigious, because the winner is chosen by his fellow professionals.


title: PFA Young Player of the Year

text: The award has been presented on 49 occasions as of 2022, to 44 players. The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major "player of the year" awards in English football, namely the PFA Players' Player of the Year award (PPY), the Football Writers' Association's Footballer of the Year award (FWA), the Premier League Player of the Season award (PPS), the Premier League Young Player of the Season award (PYPS), and the PFA Fans' Player of the Year award (FPY).


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: An atmospheric diving suit (ADS) is a small one-person articulated submersible which resembles a suit of armour, with elaborate pressure joints to allow articulation while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. An ADS can enable diving at depths of up to for many hours by eliminating the majority of significant physiological dangers associated with deep diving. The occupant of an ADS does not need to decompress, and there is no need for special gas mixtures, so there is little danger of decompression sickness or nitrogen narcosis when the ADS is functioning properly. An ADS can permit less skilled swimmers to complete deep dives, albeit at the expense of dexterity.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Atmospheric diving suits in current use include the Newtsuit, Exosuit, Hardsuit and the WASP, all of which are self-contained hard suits that incorporate propulsion units. The Hardsuit is constructed from cast aluminum (forged aluminum in a version constructed for the US Navy for submarine rescue); the upper hull is made from cast aluminum, while the bottom dome is machined aluminum. The WASP is of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) body tube construction.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The underwater environment exerts major physiological stresses on the diver, which increase with depth, and appear to impose an absolute limit to diving depth at ambient pressure. An atmospheric diving suit is a small submersible with a pressure hull which accommodates a single occupant at an internal pressure of about one atmosphere. The provision of hollow arm spaces with pressure resistant joints to carry manually operated manipulators, and usually separate leg spaces, similarly articulated for locomotion, makes a suit resemble a bulky suit of plate armour, or an exoskeleton , with elaborate joint seals to allow articulation while maintaining internal pressure.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: An atmospheric diving suit is equipment intended primarily to isolate the occupant from the ambient pressure of the underwater environment, and provide any necessary life-support while the suit is in use. While using the suit, the diver will expect to perform useful work, and get to and from the place where the work is to be done. These functions require sufficient mobility, dexterity and sensory input to do the job, and this will vary depending on the details of the work. Consequently, the work possible in an atmospheric suit is limited by the suit construction.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Mobility at the surface and on deck can be managed by launch and recovery systems, Mobility underwater generally requires neutral or moderately negative buoyancy, and either the ability to walk or swim, or the use of finely controllable thrusters. Both walking and thruster propulsion have been applied with some success. Swimming has not been effective.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The dexterity to perform useful work is limited by joint mobility and geometry, inertia, and friction, and has been one of the more difficult engineering challenges. Haptic perception through manipulators is a major limitation on finer control, as the friction of the joints and seals greatly reduces the sensitivity available.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Operator visual input is relatively easy to provide directly by using transparent viewports. A wide field of view can be achieved simply and structurally effectively by using a transparent partial dome over the diver's head. Close-up views of the manipulators are limited by joint flexibility and geometry of the suit's arms. External sound and temperature perception are greatly attenuated, and there is no sense of touch through the suit. Communications must be provided by technology, as there is normally no-one else in the immediate vicinity.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The main environmental factors affecting design are the ambient hydrostatic pressure of the maximum operating depth, and ergonomic considerations regarding the potential range of operators. The structure and mechanics of the suit must reliably withstand the external pressure, without collapsing or deforming sufficiently to cause seals to leak or joints to experience excessive friction, and the full range of movement must not change the internal or external displaced volume.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: In 1715, British inventor John Lethbridge constructed a "diving suit". Essentially a wooden barrel about in length with two holes for the diver's arms sealed with leather cuffs, and a viewport of thick glass. It was reportedly used to dive as deep as , and was used to salvage substantial quantities of silver from the wreck of the East Indiaman , which sank in 1719 off the Cape Verde islands.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The first armored suit with real joints, designed as leather pieces with rings in the shape of a spring (also known as accordion joints), was designed by Englishman W. H. Taylor in 1838. The diver's hands and feet were covered with leather. Taylor also devised a ballast tank attached to the suit that could be filled with water to attain negative buoyancy. While it was patented, the suit was never actually produced. It is considered that its weight and bulk would have rendered it nearly immobile underwater.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Lodner D. Phillips designed the first completely enclosed ADS in 1856. His design comprised a barrel-shaped upper torso with domed ends and included ball and socket joints in the articulated arms and legs. The arms had joints at shoulder and elbow, and the legs at knee and hip. The suit included a ballast tank, a viewing port, entrance through a manhole cover on top, a hand-cranked propeller, and rudimentary manipulators at the ends of the arms. Air was to be supplied from the surface via hose. There is no indication, however, Phillips' suit was ever constructed.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The first properly anthropomorphic design of ADS, built by the Carmagnolle brothers of Marseilles, France in 1882, featured rolling convolute joints consisting of partial sections of concentric spheres formed to create a close fit and kept watertight with a waterproof cloth. The suit had 22 of these joints: four in each leg, six per arm, and two in the body of the suit. The helmet had 25 individual glass viewing ports spaced at the average distance of the human eyes. Weighing , the Carmagnole ADS never worked properly and its joints never were entirely waterproof. It is now on display at the French National Navy Museum in Paris.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Another design was patented in 1894 by inventors John Buchanan and Alexander Gordon from Melbourne, Australia. The construction was based on a frame of spiral wires covered with waterproof material. The design was improved by Alexander Gordon by attaching the suit to the helmet and other parts and incorporating jointed radius rods in the limbs. This resulted in a flexible suit which could withstand high pressure. The suit was manufactured by British firm Siebe Gorman and trialed in Scotland in 1898.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: American designer Macduffee constructed the first suit to use ball bearings to provide joint movement in 1914; it was tested in New York to a depth of , but was not very successful. A year later, Harry L. Bowdoin of Bayonne, New Jersey, made an improved ADS with oil-filled rotary joints. The joints use a small duct to the interior of the joint to allow equalization of pressure. The suit was designed to have four joints in each arm and leg, and one joint in each thumb, for a total of eighteen. Four viewing ports and a chest-mounted lamp were intended to assist underwater vision. Unfortunately there is no evidence that Bowdoin's suit was ever built, or that it would have worked if it had been.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Atmospheric diving suits built by German firm Neufeldt and Kuhnke were used during the salvage of gold and silver bullion from the wreck of the British ship SS "Egypt", an 8,000 ton P&O liner that sank in May 1922. The suit was relegated to duties as an observation chamber at the wreck's depth of , and was successfully used to direct mechanical grabs which opened up the bullion storage. In 1917, Benjamin F. Leavitt of Traverse City, Michigan, dived on the SS "Pewabic" which sank to a depth of in Lake Huron in 1865, salvaging 350 tons of copper ore. In 1923, he went on to salvage the wreck of the British schooner "Cape Horn" which lay in of water off Pichidangui, Chile, salvaging $600,000 worth of copper. Leavitt's suit was of his own design and construction. The most innovative aspect of Leavitt's suit was the fact that it was completely self-contained and needed no umbilical, the breathing mixture being supplied from a tank mounted on the back of the suit. The breathing apparatus incorporated a scrubber and an oxygen regulator and could last for up to a full hour.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: In 1924 the "Reichsmarine" tested the second generation of the Neufeldt and Kuhnke suit to , but limb movement was very difficult and the joints were judged not to be fail-safe, in that if they were to fail, there was a possibility that the suit's integrity would be violated. However, these suits were used by the Germans as armored divers during World War II and were later taken by the Western Allies after the war.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: In 1952, Alfred A. Mikalow constructed an ADS employing ball and socket joints, specifically for the purpose of locating and salvaging sunken treasure. The suit was reportedly capable of diving to depths of and was used successfully to dive on the sunken vessel SS "City of Rio de Janeiro" in of water near Fort Point, San Francisco. Mikalow's suit had various interchangeable instruments which could be mounted on the end of the arms in place of the usual manipulators. It carried seven 90-cubic foot high pressure cylinders to provide breathing gas and control buoyancy. The ballast compartment covered the gas cylinders. For communication, the suit used hydrophones.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Although various atmospheric suits had been developed during the Victorian era, none of these suits had been able to overcome the basic design problem of constructing a joint which would remain flexible and watertight at depth without seizing up under pressure.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: Pioneering British diving engineer, Joseph Salim Peress, invented the first truly usable atmospheric diving suit, the "Tritonia", in 1932 and was later involved in the construction of the famous JIM suit. Having a natural talent for engineering design, he challenged himself to construct an ADS that would keep divers dry and at atmospheric pressure, even at great depth. In 1918, Peress began working for WG Tarrant at Byfleet, United Kingdom, where he was given the space and tools to develop his ideas about constructing an ADS. His first attempt was an immensely complex prototype machined from solid stainless steel.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: In 1923, Peress was asked to design a suit for salvage work on the wreck of SS "Egypt" which had sunk in the English Channel. He declined, on the grounds that his prototype suit was too heavy for a diver to handle easily, but was encouraged by the request to begin work on a new suit using lighter materials. By 1929 he believed he had solved the weight problem, by using cast magnesium instead of steel, and had also managed to improve the design of the suit's joints by using a trapped cushion of oil to keep the surfaces moving smoothly. The oil, which was virtually non-compressible and readily displaceable, would allow the limb joints to move freely at depths of , where the pressure was . Peress claimed that the Tritonia suit could function at although this was never proven.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: In 1930, Peress revealed the Tritonia suit. By May it had completed trials and was publicly demonstrated in a tank at Byfleet. In September Peress' assistant Jim Jarret dived in the suit to a depth of in Loch Ness. The suit performed perfectly, the joints proving resistant to pressure and moving freely even at depth. The suit was offered to the Royal Navy which turned it down, stating that Navy divers never needed to descend below . In October 1935 Jarret made a successful deep dive to more than on the wreck of the off south Ireland, followed by a shallower dive to in the English Channel in 1937 after which, due to lack of interest, the Tritonia suit was retired.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The development in atmospheric pressure suits stagnated in the 1940s through 1960s, as efforts were concentrated on solving the problems of deep diving by dealing with the physiological problems of ambient pressure diving instead of avoiding them by isolating the diver from the pressure. Although the advances in ambient pressure diving (in particular, with scuba gear) were significant, the limitations brought renewed interest to the development of the ADS in the late 1960s.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The "Tritonia" suit spent about 30 years in an engineering company's warehouse in Glasgow, where it was discovered, with Peress' help, by two partners in the British firm Underwater Marine Equipment, Mike Humphrey and Mike Borrow, in the mid-1960s. UMEL would later classify Peress' suit as the "A.D.S Type I", a designation system that would be continued by the company for later models. In 1969, Peress was asked to become a consultant to the new company created to develop the JIM suit, named in honour of the diver Jim Jarret.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The first JIM suit was completed in November 1971 and underwent trials aboard in early 1972. In 1976, the JIM suit set a record for the longest working dive below , lasting five hours and 59 minutes at a depth of . The first JIM suits were constructed from cast magnesium for its high strength-to-weight ratio and weighed approximately in air including the diver. They were in height and had a maximum operating depth of . The suit had a positive buoyancy of . Ballast was attached to the suit's front and could be jettisoned from within, allowing the operator to ascend to the surface at approximately . The suit also incorporated a communication link and a jettisonable umbilical connection. The original JIM suit had eight annular oil-supported universal joints, one in each shoulder and lower arm, and one at each hip and knee. The JIM operator received air through an oral/nasal mask that attached to a lung-powered scrubber that had a life support duration of approximately 72 hours. Operations in arctic conditions with water temperatures of −1.7 °C for over 5 hours were successfully carried out using woolen thermal protection and neoprene boots. In 30 °C water the suit was reported to be uncomfortably hot during heavy work.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: As technology improved and operational knowledge grew, Oceaneering upgraded their fleet of JIMs. The magnesium construction was replaced with glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) and the single joints with segmented ones, each allowing seven degrees of motion, and when added together giving the operator a very great range of motion. In addition, the four-port domed top of the suit was replaced by a transparent acrylic dome as used on WASP, this allowed the operator a much-improved field of vision. Trials were also carried out by the Ministry of Defence on a flying Jim suit powered from the surface through an umbilical cable. This resulted in a hybrid suit with the ability of working on the sea bed as well as mid water.


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: In addition to upgrades to the JIM design, other variations of the original suit were constructed. The first, named the SAM Suit (designated A.D.S III), was a completely aluminium model. A smaller and lighter suit, it was more anthropomorphic than the original JIMs and was depth-rated to . Attempts were made to limit corrosion by the use of a chromic anodizing coating applied to the arm and leg joints, which gave them an unusual green color. The SAM suit stood at in height, and had a life support duration of 20 hours. Only three SAM suits would be produced by UMEL before the design was shelved. The second, named the JAM suit (designated A.D.S IV), was constructed of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) and was depth-rated for around .


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: The WASP atmospheric diving system is part way between a one person submersible and an atmospheric diving suit, in that there are articulated arms which contain and are moved by the operator's arms, but the operator's legs are contained in a rigid housing. Mobility is provided by two vertical and two horizontal foot-switch controlled electrical marine thrusters. Operating depth was quoted as


title: Atmospheric diving suit

text: WASP is high, wide, and front to back. Ballasted weight in air approximately , for neutral buoyancy in water, but buoyancy can be increased by up to during operation, and ballast can be jettisoned in an emergency. WASP is transported on a support frame.