title: Yonaguni

text: However, a counter-statement is found in a collection of some comical essays by a Taishō novelist and script writer, Murakami Namiroku, in his "Collection of Satire Essays" ("Hiniku Bunshu"), and gives a more detailed view of the circumstances of Yonaguni women. One of the essays is titled "Yonaguni" and focuses on the same topic, claiming that "once a man steps on the island, no matter how strong he is, the man would be attacked by women coming from all directions, and hardly ever there could be men who could safely withdraw from there". Furthermore, he describes Yonaguni as an island where, although there are almost only women, for reproductive purposes, there are also a few men: as many as around one-tenth of the women. Curiously, there are only female newborns. Serving as reproductive tools for the women, men are rarely able to live long. Murakami expresses his worries as well at the end, as the women here are all naturally beautiful and potentially they would attract those driven by sexual desire to explore "the hidden paradise".


title: Yonaguni

text: Nevertheless, these introductory essays aiming to bring an exotic taste are less specific than a quite comprehensive travel log by Yanagita Kunio, who was inspired by Sasamori's work and finally did his own research, "An Account of the South Sea" ("Kainan shōki)", published in 1925. A long essay from the collection is titled and devoted to "Yonaguni Women". He provides a detailed written record of their customs and daily life, and writes about how they are busy farming, cooking, and taking care of the kids, with two photographs attached, wearing clothes not so much different from the rest of Japan.


title: Yonaguni

text: Yonaguni islanders traditionally believed that their island had once been ruled by a goddess named Miruku, who brought fertility to the land. She was ousted by a god named Saku after a flower-growing contest for control over the island, in which Saku stole her flower while she slept. Miruku vanished, and the island's primeval prosperity sank into poverty once she left. The islanders thus held rituals in honor of the goddess in the hope that she might one day return. As late as the 1980s, the highlight of the Yonaguni harvest festival was a procession involving a person in a Miruku mask reenacting the goddess. A nearly identical myth is widespread in Korea.


title: Yonaguni

text: Yonaguni, more specifically Cape Irizaki at the western tip of the island, is the westernmost point of Japan. The island is situated in the middle of the Yonaguni Depression, a relatively deep gap in the Ryukyu arc, where the warm Kuroshio Current enters the East China Sea from the Pacific Ocean.


title: Yonaguni

text: According to Japanese anthropologist , the island of Yonaguni can be seen with the naked eye from Taroko Mountain in Taiwan under good weather conditions.


title: Yonaguni

text: Yonaguni has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification "Af"). The average yearly temperature is , and the average monthly temperature ranges from in January to in July. September is the wettest month while July is the driest.


title: Yonaguni

text: Yonaguni is known in Japan for the "hanazake", a 120-proof rice-based distilled beverage ("awamori") produced only on the island.


title: Yonaguni

text: Yonaguni's densely forested areas provide a suitable habitat for the Ryukyu atlas moth "(A. a. ryukyuensis)".


title: Yonaguni

text: Yonaguni is a destination for divers because of the large numbers of hammerhead sharks that gather in the surrounding waters during winter.


title: Yonaguni

text: In 1986, local divers discovered a striking underwater rock formation off the southernmost point of the island. The formation, known popularly as the Yonaguni Monument, has staircase-like terraces with flat sides and sharp corners. Masaaki Kimura, a professor from Okinawa, believes it is an artificial (or artificially modified) structure; however, the majority of academic society regard the rock formation as a natural geologic structure.


title: Yonaguni

text: Cape Agarizaki is the easternmost cape of Yonaguni. Tourists come here to view the sunrise and to observe scenic views of the ocean at the cape. Other attractions include the lighthouse and Yonaguni horse.


title: Aspark Owl

text: The "Aspark" Owl () is an all-electric battery-powered sports car manufactured by Japanese engineering firm Aspark (アスパーク), under development since 2018, with the goal of making the fastest accelerating electric car. It will be built by Manifattura Automobili Torino (MAT) in Italy. Aspark plans a production run of 50 vehicles, with a list price of €2.5 million. The OWL was publicly unveiled in concept form at the 2017 Frankfurt Auto Show, and the production version was unveiled in November 2019 at the Dubai International Motor Show.


title: Aspark Owl

text: The OWL has carbon fibre body work built around a carbon fibre monocoque chassis weighing . A stainless steel support structure is incorporated in the roof to increase the bodywork's strength. Changes to the bodywork from the concept include the addition of wing mirrors, an active rear wing and a redesigned rear glass. The car features double wishbone suspension with hydraulic dampers and torque vectoring for improved handling. Stopping power is handled by a carbon-ceramic braking system with 10-piston front calipers and 4-piston rear calipers.


title: Aspark Owl

text: It has been claimed that the OWL can accelerate from 0- in 1.69 seconds, 0- in 1.9 seconds, 0- in 10.6 seconds, and can attain a top speed of , which would make it the fastest accelerating production car in the world.


title: Kim Zimmer

text: Kimberly Jo Zimmer (born February 2, 1955) is an American actress, best known for her role as Reva Shayne on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". For this portrayal, she has won four Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.


title: Kim Zimmer

text: Zimmer's career began with stage work; an early television role was her portrayal of the character of Bonnie Harmon on "One Life to Live" in 1978. In 1979, she was tapped to replace Kathleen Turner as Nola Dancy Aldrich on "The Doctors". She later appeared opposite Turner in the 1981 film "Body Heat" in a plot that addressed similarities in their appearance. For much of her stint, she was the show's leading lady, but left the show in July 1982 on a maternity leave, escorted off the show by her real life husband, A.C. Weary, who played Nola's newest conquest. She would return one last time later in the year for the funeral of her former mother-in-law, Mona Croft. She had a brief return to "One Life to Live" from February through November 1983 as Echo DiSavoy.


title: Kim Zimmer

text: In 1983, Zimmer was cast in the role for which she is best known, the character of Reva Shayne on the television soap opera "Guiding Light". Her portrayal of Reva was a focus of the show until Zimmer left in 1990. She returned to "Guiding Light" in April 1995 and portrayed Reva until the show's conclusion in September 2009. While Zimmer's Reva was paired with several leading men, her work with Robert Newman (Josh) earned them the label of "supercouple."


title: Kim Zimmer

text: Zimmer left "Guiding Light" in July 1990 and moved to the West Coast for five years, during which she played Jodie DeWitt Walker on "Santa Barbara" from 1992 to 1993. In 1995, Zimmer appeared in an episode of "Seinfeld" ("The Diplomat's Club"), as Mr. Pitt's attorney, who suspected Elaine and Jerry were trying to kill Mr. Pitt.


title: Kim Zimmer

text: In 2010, Zimmer returned to the role of Echo on "One Life to Live". Zimmer was featured in a story along with former "Guiding Light" co-star Jerry verDorn "(Clint Buchanan)", Robin Strasser "(Dorian Cramer)" and Erika Slezak "(Viki Lord)".


title: Kim Zimmer

text: Zimmer has also appeared in several episodic television programs, including "Designing Women", "MacGyver", "Models, Inc.", and "Babylon 5" (episode "And Now For a Word", year 1995). She also appeared in several made-for-television movies.


title: Kim Zimmer

text: Zimmer has starred in a number of theater roles, including several at Augusta's Barn Theatre. In 2011, it was announced that Zimmer would be cast in the Off-Broadway international hit "Love, Loss, and What I Wore". She starred as Mrs. Hayes in Connecticut Repertory Theatre's production of "Odysseus D.O.A.", running through March 4, 2012. Zimmer made her musical theatre debut when she joined the first North American tour of Broadway's "Wicked". She played the role of Madame Morrible from 14 August 2012 through 13 December 2013. Zimmer returned to the role with the first North American tour on 30 September 2014. Zimmer has also appeared in several productions of the musical "Gypsy", first in 2006 at the Barn Theatre in Augusta, Michigan, and in 2015 at the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera opposite former "Guiding Light" leading man Robert Newman.


title: Kim Zimmer

text: In 2011 she released her memoir called " I'm Just Sayin'!: Three Deaths, Seven Husbands and a Clone! My Life as a Daytime Diva".


title: Kim Zimmer

text: Zimmer was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the daughter of Burdina Elva (known as "Dede") Zimmer and Walter Jack Zimmer. She has an older sister Karen Ann Zimmer (Mrs. Witzel). She graduated from Forest Hills Central High School in Ada Township, which is just east of Grand Rapids, and then studied at Hope College in Holland, Michigan, and at American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She is married to actor/director A.C. Weary (Allen Cudney Weary), and they have three children: Rachel, Max, and Jake Weary. Jake is also an actor; he appeared on "As the World Turns" as Luke Snyder in 2005, and has had various guest roles, including on "" and currently stars as Deran Cody in "Animal Kingdom". She resides in Montclair, New Jersey


title: Barq's

text: Barq's is an American brand of root beer created by Edward Barq and bottled since the beginning of the 20th century. It is owned by the Coca-Cola Company. It was known as "Barq's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer" until 2012. Some of its formulations contain caffeine.<ref name="http://www.overcaffeinated.org/database/soda-pop/barqs-root-beer.php">Caffeine Database | Caffeine and Ingredients in Barqs Rootbeer, OverCaffeinated.org's Report on the Ingredients in Barq's Rootbeer</ref>


title: Barq's

text: The Barq's Brothers Bottling Company was founded in 1890 in the French Quarter of New Orleans, by Edward Charles Edmond Barq and his older brother, Gaston. The brothers bottled carbonated water and various soft drinks of their own creation. Early on, their most popular creation was an orange-flavored soda called "Orangine".


title: Barq's

text: Edward Barq moved to Biloxi, Mississippi in 1897 with his new wife. The following year he opened the Biloxi Artesian Bottling Works. By some accounts he debuted what was later to be known as "Barq's root beer" the following year, but others maintain it was not produced until 1900.


title: Barq's

text: Barq met a young boy on the Mississippi coast, Jesse Robinson, and employed him. Robinson was mentored by Barq and later moved to New Orleans. In 1934 Barq and Robinson signed a contractual agreement on Barq's product rights allowing Robinson to make his own concentrate, uncommon in beverage bottling licenses. The two men remained close their entire lives, working on flavors and production challenges. A distinctive difference between the Biloxi-based root beer and the Louisiana's was that the Louisiana bottle was printed in red (versus Biloxi's blue). This was to distinguish ownership of bottles as blue labeled ones were returned to Mississippi and vice versa. There were also regional taste differences between the various Barq's bottlers. While there may have been minor formula differences, water was most responsible.


title: Barq's

text: For many decades, Barq's was not marketed as a "root beer". This was in part a desire to avoid legal conflict with the Hires Root Beer company, which was attempting to claim a trademark on the term "root beer". It was also due to some differences from other root beers at the time. The formulation was sarsaparilla-based, contained less sugar, had a higher carbonation, and less of a foamy head than other brands.


title: Barq's

text: The traditional slogan was the simple affirmation "Drink Barq's. It's good," which first appeared on the classic diamond-necked bottle, patented in 1935 by Ed Barq.


title: Barq's

text: In 1976, the Biloxi Barq's Company was purchased from the third generation of Barq family members by John Oudt and John Koerner. An aggressive television campaign was developed based on the "Barq's Got Sparks" theme. Their plans to market the brand nationally were complicated by the existence of the Louisiana-based Barq's companies which were owned and operated by Robinson's heirs.


title: Barq's

text: There were extended legal conflicts over the rights and ownership of the trademarks for Barq's, Barq's Sr. and Barq's Root Beer. The legal battle went all the way to the United States Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit, which ruled in favor of the Robinson heirs. The last family-held Louisiana Barq's was sold by Robinson's heirs to Coca-Cola in 2000.


title: Barq's

text: In 1990, Barq's partnered with the Pick N Save grocery store in Dekalb, Illinois to create the World's Largest Root Beer Float. It was mixed in an above ground swimming pool in the parking lot and consisted of 1,500 gallons of Barq's root beer and 1,000 gallons of vanilla ice cream.


title: Barq's

text: Since 1995, Barq's has marketed with the slogan "Barq's has bite!" Television ads would typically feature a Barq's salesman (played by Nick Swardson) going door-to-door to tell people, "Barq's has bite" at which point the subjects would take a sip and have an energetic reaction.


title: Barq's

text: Regular Barq's has 22.5 mg of caffeine per 12 ounce serving (similar to green tea), while Diet Barq's has no caffeine. Barq's also contains sodium benzoate as a flavor protectant, which under the right conditions, is a precursor to the known carcinogen benzene. It was still used as of 2008.


title: Barq's

text: The Barq's that is dispensed from Coca-Cola Freestyle machines is caffeine-free. This is because the system uses the same concentrated, microdosed ingredient for both Barq's and Diet Barq's; the only difference between the two is the sweetener that is added. It is also common for Barq's that is sold in the state of Utah to be caffeine-free because many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints avoid caffeinated beverages.


title: Najla Bouden

text: Najla Bouden (), also known as Najla Bouden Romdhane (; born 29 June 1958), is a Tunisian geologist and university professor who is serving as the Prime Minister of Tunisia. She took office on 11 October 2021, making her the first female prime minister both in Tunisia and the Arab world. She previously served in the education ministry in 2011.


title: Najla Bouden

text: She is an engineer who graduated in 1983 from ESTP Paris, she also holds a doctorate in geology after defending her thesis at the Mines ParisTech in 1987 in earthquake engineering.


title: Najla Bouden

text: She is then an engineer by profession and a professor of higher education at the National Engineering School of Tunis at Tunis El Manar University and Tunisia Polytechnic School at Carthage University, having specialized in geosciences. Her work has focused on seismic hazards, which led her to train many executives of the Tunisian Petroleum Activities Company.


title: Najla Bouden

text: She held also senior roles at the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. In 2011, she was appointed Director General within the Ministry, then in 2015 held a position in the cabinet of Minister .


title: Najla Bouden

text: In September 2016, she was responsible for the $70 million World Bank-funded program "PromEssE" to reform and "modernize" university education in order to help alleviate widespread unemployment among Tunisian graduates, a major social issue in the country.


title: Najla Bouden

text: On 29 September 2021, amid the Tunisian political crisis, President Kais Saied announced that he had appointed Najla Bouden to form the country's new government. She then replaced Hichem Mechichi who was dismissed on 25 July 2021.


title: Najla Bouden

text: The first woman to take up this office, her appointment as head of the Tunisian government made her a pioneer in the country, in the Maghreb, as well as in the Arab world. President Saied described the news as "an honor to Tunisia and Tunisian women".


title: Najla Bouden

text: On 11 October 2021, she took the oath with the members of her government at the Presidential Palace of Carthage.


title: Najla Bouden

text: Her father Mohamed Bouden was a professor at the Sadiki College and then headmaster of . Her four brothers and sisters are all scientists.


title: Aditi Balan

text: Aditi Balan is an Indian actress, dancer and model who works in Tamil, Malayalam and telugu films. She is known for her role as Aruvi in the film "Aruvi". After the completion of her law degree in Chennai, she appeared in an brief role in "Yennai Arindhaal" (2015).


title: Aditi Balan

text: She first featured in the movie "Yennai Arindhal" (2015) in an uncredited, brief role. She then got the opportunity to play a lead role in the film, Aruvi. It was one of the biggest hits in 2017, and her performance was unanimously praised by critics. She received many accolades for Aruvi including Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – South.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Zbigniew Boniek (; born 3 March 1956) is a Polish former footballer and manager as well as current UEFA vice-president. A former midfielder, who was also capable of playing mostly as a right winger and second striker, he is considered one of the greatest Polish players of all time, and was selected by Pelé as one of the 100 best living footballers in 2004.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: In an 80-cap international career, he scored 24 goals and played at three consecutive World Cups, helping Poland to 3rd place in 1982 and making the Team of the Tournament. His greatest achievements in club football were at Juventus in Italy, winning the Serie A, Coppa Italia, European Cup, European Cup Winners' Cup, and European Super Cup between 1983 and 1985, being the first Polish footballer to win a confederation title and one of the first Central and Eastern European players to do so with a non-conational club.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: In the early 1990s he managed several Italian clubs, and also the Polish national team in 2002. In 2019 he was inducted in the Italian Football Hall of Fame.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek was born in Bydgoszcz. He first played for Polish clubs Zawisza Bydgoszcz and later at Widzew Łódź.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek transferred to Italian football giants Juventus in 1982. With Juventus he won the Coppa Italia in his first season, also managing a second-place finish in the league and reaching the 1983 European Cup Final in the same season. The following season, his performances proved decisive, as Juventus won both the Serie A title and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1984, with Boniek scoring the matching-winning goal in the 2–1 victory over Porto in the final of the latter tournament in Basel; he followed up these victories by claiming the European Super Cup later that year, scoring twice in the 2–0 win against Liverpool. He also won the European Cup in 1985, against Liverpool once again, winning the penalty that Michel Platini subsequently converted to win the title for Juventus, although the team's victory was overshadowed by the Heysel Disaster.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: The following season, Boniek joined Roma, where he won a second Coppa Italia in 1986, and eventually ended his professional career with the club in 1988.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek represented the Poland national team in 80 international matches between 1976 and 1988, and scored 24 goals. He took part at the 1978, 1982, and 1986 FIFA World Cups with Poland.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Although he initially only appeared as a substitute in Poland's two opening group matches at the 1978 FIFA World Cup, he drew attention to himself when he scored two goals in a 3–1 victory over Mexico in Poland's final match of the group stage, helping his nation top their group; in the second round, however, Poland finished third in their group and were eliminated from the tournament.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek later starred in the Polish team that won a bronze medal at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain: he helped his team reach the semi-finals of the tournament, scoring four goals in the process. In the first round, he scored in a 5–1 win over Peru on 22 June, to help Poland top their group; in the second round, he scored a hat-trick in his nation's 3–0 second round victory over Belgium, in Barcelona, on 28 June, but was forced to miss the semi-final defeat to eventual champions Italy due to a suspension after being booked in the 88th minute of a 0–0 draw against the Soviet Union.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: He returned to the starting line-up for the victorious third-place match against France and was named to the team of the tournament for his performances throughout the competition. The 1986 FIFA World Cup was less successful, as Poland only qualified for the second round as the second best third-placed team, and were subsequently eliminated in the second round following a 4–0 defeat to Brazil.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Although Boniek was usually deployed as a midfielder, he was also able to play as a forward. He preferred to operate between the lines in a free role, although he was a versatile player, capable of playing in several offensive and midfield positions on either flank or through the centre, and throughout his career he was deployed as an attacking midfielder, as a right winger, in a playmaking role as a central midfielder, as a centre-forward, or as a second striker; his Juventus manager, Giovanni Trapattoni, however, often struggled to find the most suitable position for him.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek was known for his extroverted personality and his trademark moustache, which made him a highly recognisable player. A tall, brave and hard-working footballer with a large, powerful, and slender physique, he was known for his blistering pace, acceleration, and quick reactions. In particular, Boniek was highly regarded for his ability to make sudden attacking runs to beat the defensive line and get on the end of his teammates' long passes, especially those of Michel Platini, with whom he formed a close friendship and formidable partnership at the Turin club, which made him lethal on counterattacks; this prompted Diego Maradona to describe Boniek as the best counterattacking player in the world.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: A highly talented, creative, intelligent, and skilful footballer, he was one of the best dribblers of his time and also displayed superb technique, flair, and class. Although he was not a particularly prolific player, he was known for his eye for goal, and as his clinical finishing with either foot, as well as his head, which enabled him to maintain a consistent goalscoring rate throughout his career; he also earned a reputation for having the tendency to score decisive goals for his team in key matches.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Despite his ability, at times he was also criticised, however, for being tactically undisciplined, inconsistent, too static in his movements off the ball, and for not being involved enough in his team's play during matches, which led him to struggle against opponents who did not give him a lot of space.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: The Juventus president at the time of Boniek's tenure with the club, Gianni Agnelli, nicknamed him "Bello di notte" ("Beauty at night", which is a play on the title of the Buñuel movie "Belle de Jour") because of his excellent performances in European club tournament matches, which were played in the evening; indeed, during continental tournaments, his opponents usually allowed him more space and time on the ball than in Serie A, which allowed him to get forward, undertake individual dribbling runs and score goals himself, or drop deep, link up with midfielders and create chances or provide assists for his teammates, courtesy of his passing, vision, and clever movement. He was also nicknamed Zibì by the Italian press.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Towards the end of his career, as he lost his pace, he often functioned in a defensive role as a sweeper.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Following his retirement, Boniek pursued a coaching career, but with less success; he also coached in Italy, with stints at Lecce in 1990–91, Bari in 1991–92, Sambenedettese in 1992–93, and Avellino in 1994–96.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek has served as vice-president of the Polish Football Association, and in July 2002 he became the manager of Poland. He resigned in December 2002, after just five matches (2 wins, 1 draw, 2 defeats, including a 1–0 home loss against Latvia in a European Championship qualifier).


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Following his retirement, Boniek had a successful business career. He later also worked as a pundit and football commentator. According to Polish sources, Boniek had been favoured to become the new Minister of Sport for his country, but he denied the claims and stated that he had no intention of taking the job.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: In 2004, Boniek was named by Pelé as one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers, as part of FIFA's centenary celebrations. On 12 October 2009, he received the Golden Foot 'Legend' career award.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: On 26 October 2012, he became the chairman of the Polish Football Association. He is popular for speaking in favour of decriminalising football fans by legalising pyrotechnics inside stadiums, a common practice among ultras. His term of office ended on 18 August 2021, and he was succeeded by Cezary Kulesza.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek has a university diploma in education. His father, Józef Boniek, was also a professional football player and later a manager.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Honduran international footballer Óscar Boniek García was given the middle name "Boniek" in honour of Zbigniew Boniek. García chose to have the name "Boniek" written across the back of his jersey while playing for Houston.


title: Zbigniew Boniek

text: Boniek Forbes (born 30 September 1983) is a Guinea-Bissau footballer who plays as a winger for Cheshunt. He played for Leyton Orient in the Football League.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Sophia Petrillo is a character from the sitcom television series "The Golden Girls" and its spin-offs "The Golden Palace and" "Empty Nest." She also appeared in episodes of the series "Blossom" and "Nurses". Her character was played by the actress Estelle Getty for 10 years and 258 episodes.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Sophia Grisanti was born in Sicily to Angelo and Eleanor Grisanti. She had a sister Angela, a sister Regina, and a brother Angelo. Although another brother was mentioned, he was unnamed and only spoken of a few times. Dorothy mentions an "Uncle Vito" in Season 2 but it is unclear whether he is Sophia's brother or the brother of her husband, Salvadore. In the first episode of "The Golden Palace" (1992) Sophia's was said to be an 87-year-old who experiences flashbacks to her younger life in Sicily, depicting herself as a young peasant girl having multiple romantic affairs earlier in life (1912 and 1922). However, in another Season 2 episode "And Then There Was One", Sophia claims she had been "walking since 1904." These discrepancies are likely due to age-related cognition errors or are possibly just dramatic licenses taken by the show producers.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: As a teenager in Sicily, she was briefly engaged to a young man from her village named Augustine Bagatelli and also claims that she was once engaged to her brother - something largely dismissed as a joke in the episode. Later, she became engaged to Giuseppe Mangiacavallo, who jilted her at the altar. Sophia's first marriage to Guido Spirelli (she was 14 and it was an arranged marriage) ended in annulment, after which, she moved to New York which left her with no accent to show she had grown up speaking the Sicilian language. Instead, she sports a Brooklyn accent with a fast speaking pace which often contributed to the humor in her one-liners.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Sophia later married Salvadore "Sal" Petrillo (played by Sid Melton in flashback) and had three children with him: Dorothy, a divorced substitute teacher; Phil (an unseen character), a cross-dresser with a wife named Angela; a welder with several children who lived in a trailer park in Newark, New Jersey, but who later died of a heart attack during the series, and Gloria (played by Doris Belack and later Dena Dietrich), who lived in California and married into money but later lost her husband to an unknown cause. She remained with Salvadore until his death from a heart attack. In a 1985 episode, Sophia mentions that Sal died 30 years earlier. However, in a 1988 episode, it is stated that Sal died 27 years ago.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: In her later years, Sophia suffered a stroke - the effects of which are said to be a partial explanation for Sophia's blunt, uncensored, and brazen remarks. She was subsequently placed in Shady Pines Retirement Home by her daughter, Dorothy. However, after Shady Pines was damaged in a fire, Sophia moved in with Dorothy. Sophia didn't have many good things to say about "the home,” alluding to poor treatment by the staff many times. Dorothy sometimes threatened to send her back there if she was "behaving badly".


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Whilst living in Miami, Sophia had many suitors but did not date any of them for a substantial amount of time but did however remarry once more. Max Weinstock (Jack Gilford) was her late husband's long-time business partner whom Sophia had long blamed for ruining the business, although it was later revealed Sal was responsible. Sophia and Max forgave each other after the latter reveals the truth and the two quickly became close and got married. The newlyweds realize their romance would not work out and they part ways, as friends. As divorce would have gone against her Roman Catholic beliefs Sophia and Max never divorced.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Due to Sophia's Sicilian descent, there were regular hints in the series that she and her family have some mafia connections. She made reference to several vendettas and it is even hinted that Sophia "herself" has done mob work; she once stated that no one in her family had "ever left a body to be found". Sophia also claimed to have been present at the 1929 St. Valentines Day Massacre, to which she then took back stating, "Oh yeah, I was at the movies that day. "All" day." It was revealed that she was present at "a" St. Valentines Day Massacre but not "the" St. Valentines Day Massacre.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Sophia believed strongly in ancient Sicilian custom and traditions, and in the power of a "Sicilian curse." The list of people she claims to have "cursed" include Shelley Long, the Baltimore Colts, the New York Jets, Giuseppe Mangiacavallo (the boy who stood her up at the altar), and Leonard Barton (the girls' next-door neighbor who expressed disdain for Italians, played by Gordon Jump). She has threatened to cast a curse on Dorothy (before she found that it was prohibited by another arcane custom), and on Stan Zbornak. In the final season, Sophia spent two episodes doing odd tasks in order to save Dorothy from an ancient curse from a Sicilian Strega, or witch.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: In the series finale of "The Golden Girls", Sophia, after initially deciding to follow the now-married Dorothy out of the house, turns back and decides to stay with Rose and Blanche, which sets up the transition to "The Golden Palace". When Rose, Blanche, and Sophia invest in a hotel, Sophia is installed as one of the two chefs, specializing in Italian cuisine while the hotel's previous chef, Chuy Castillos (Cheech Marin), handles Mexican food. Sophia begins to show signs of senile dementia, usually in comical situations (for instance, she is shown to be standing still and apparently unconscious while attempting to operate a vacuum cleaner), and her bluntness is toned down to a certain extent. (In reality, Getty would later be diagnosed with Lewy body dementia herself; however, in "The Golden Palace", her acting and ability to remember lines had improved compared to on "The Golden Girls", during which she had struggled to remember her lines.) In the episode "One Angry Stan" she is the only one to witness Stanley Zbornak after he fakes his death to avoid tax troubles; the fact that no one else sees Stan in these episodes (he ducks out of sight whenever someone else enters the room), coupled with Sophia's increased senility, make it unclear whether or not Stan is really alive or if Sophia is hallucinating Stan's appearance.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: After the events of "The Golden Palace" (which ended without a series finale), Sophia returns to the Shady Pines nursing home, joining the cast of "Empty Nest".


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Sophia is best known for her wisecracks, put-downs and brazen remarks, often commenting on Dorothy's unmarried state, Blanche's promiscuity, and Rose's cluelessness. However, despite her sharp criticism of her daughter and roommates, she loves and cares for them deeply; she even sees Rose and Blanche as surrogate daughters. The other women usually seek Sophia out for advice, which she is all too willing to share, usually beginning with her catchphrase, "Picture it…"


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Like Rose's tall tales, Sophia's parables often end with a moral, from which advice can be gleaned. These stories usually also involved historical figures, with Sophia claiming to have had trysts with Pablo Picasso, Sigmund Freud, and Winston Churchill, among others. She also claims to have befriended many famous people including Golda Meir, Mama Celeste, and accidentally claimed that Robert Frost was always "nipping at my nose" (she was confused with Jack Frost).


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Similarly to her daughter, Sophia is liberal in her beliefs and is suspected to be a Democrat. She supported same-sex marriage and told Dorothy that if she had a gay child she would not love them any less. In a Season 7 episode, Sophia complained about how there were no good Democratic candidates running in the Presidential election that year.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Members of Sophia's family who have appeared on the program include: Her sister, Angela (Nancy Walker for 2 episodes in Season 2); her brother, Angelo (played by Bill Dana); her father Angelo (also played by Dana), seen in a flashback; her daughter, Gloria; her husband, Sal (in flashbacks and in dream sequences); and Sophia's own mother (played by Bea Arthur), who also appeared exclusively in a flashback; and even Dorothy at a younger age (played by Lynnie Greene).


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: It is unclear whether Sophia moved to the United States alone or with her family, as her sister and mother had both eventually lived in New York as well. Sophia and her sister Angela were estranged for decades after a misunderstanding at a Christmas party in 1955; Angela then became a widow and she moved back to Sicily for 30 years until they reconciled and she moved back to the U.S. Sophia's brother Angelo (initially a priest, then a layman) remained in Sicily and moved to the United States only in Season 6.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: A continuity error involves Sophia's mother. In an early episode, Sophia's brother stated that their mother died seventy-two years earlier just as Angelo was about to become a priest (which he did not do). In a later episode, Dorothy, as a young woman, brought Sophia's mother to visit. In an episode not long after this one, Dorothy mentioned that her grandmother (Sophia's mother) died when Dorothy was six years old.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: In her younger years, Sophia apparently had always been short, with reddish-brown hair (Getty's natural color), but in one episode she says she was "a tall voluptuous blonde with a butt like granite" when she was younger (though this statement was likely a by-product of her penchant for telling tall tales). Getty portrayed the younger Sophia in occasional flashbacks, without her white wig and aging makeup.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: During the series' run, Sophia resembled the archetypal "old lady" in looks: White-haired, small stature, wrinkles, and large-framed eyeglasses. She owned a tan bamboo handbag which became her personal trademark, as she carried the purse everywhere, even around the house (including the bathroom). Sophia's sister Angela displayed these traits as well.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: While she is the oldest of the four main characters, Getty was younger than both White and Arthur, despite portraying the latter's mother.


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: Outside "The Golden Girls", Sophia appears on two episodes of "Empty Nest" ("Libby's Gift" and "Windy") before becoming a regular for the final two seasons. She also appears on the "Blossom" episode "I Ain't Got No Buddy" and the "Nurses" episode "Temporary Setbacks".


title: Sophia Petrillo

text: In 2018, the gaming app New Yahtzee with Buddies Dice honored Petrillo with a dice master character "Sothreea Petrollo," recreating Petrillo's image in the shape of dice.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: USS "Tang" (SS-306) was a "Balao"-class submarine of World War II, the first ship of the United States Navy to bear the name Tang. She was built and launched in 1943, serving until being sunk by her own torpedo off China in the Taiwan Strait on 24 October 1944.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: In her short career in the Pacific War, "Tang" sank 33 ships totalling 116,454 tons. Commander Richard O'Kane received the Medal of Honor for her last two engagements (23 and 24 October 1944).


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" was sunk during the last engagement by a circular run of her final torpedo, going down in of water. 78 men were lost, and the five survivors were picked up by a Japanese frigate and taken prisoner of war. This was the only time that a Momsen lung was used to escape a sunken submarine.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: The contract to build USS "Tang" was awarded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 15 December 1941, and her keel was laid down on 15 January 1943. She was launched on 17 August sponsored by Mrs. Alix M. Pitre, wife of Captain Antonio S. Pitre, Director of Research at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and commissioned on 15 October 1943 with Lieutenant Commander Richard O'Kane, former executive officer of , in command, and delivered to the Navy on 30 November 1943.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" completed fitting out at Mare Island and moved south to San Diego for 18 days of training before sailing for Hawaii. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 8 January 1944 and conducted two more weeks of exercises in preparation for combat.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" departed Pearl Harbor on 22 January 1944 to begin her first war patrol, destined for the Caroline Islands-Mariana Islands area. On the morning of 17 February, she sighted a convoy of two freighters, five smaller ships, and their escort. The submarine tracked the convoy, plotted its course, and then prepared to attack. An escort suddenly appeared at a range of and closing. "Tang" went deep and received five depth charges before the escort departed. Unscathed, she returned to periscope depth and resumed the attack. The range on the nearest freighter closed to , and "Tang" fired a spread of four torpedoes. Three hit, and "Gyoten Maru" (6,800 tons) sank by the stern. The submarine cleared the area by running deep and then attempted to get ahead of the convoy for a dawn attack, but the remaining freighter passed out of range, protected by aircraft.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: During the night of 22 February, "Tang" made a surface attack on a convoy of three cargo ships and two escorts. She tracked the Japanese ships, through rain squalls which made radar almost useless, for 30 minutes before attaining a firing position, on the surface, off the port bow of a freighter. A spread of four torpedoes hit "Fukuyama Maru" (3,600 tons) from bow to stern, and the enemy ship disintegrated. Early the next morning, "Tang" made another approach on the convoy. The escort of the lead ship, the 6,800 ton "Yamashimo Maru", moved from its covering position on the port bow, and the submarine slipped into it and fired four more torpedoes. The first hit the stern of the merchantman, the second just aft of the stack; and the third just forward of the bridge, producing a terrific secondary explosion. The ship was "twisted, lifted from the water", and began spouting flames as she sank.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: On the morning of 24 February, "Tang" sighted a tanker, a freighter, and a destroyer. Rain squalls hampered her as she attempted to attain a good firing position, so she tracked the ships until after nightfall, then made a surface attack. She launched four torpedoes and scored three hits which sank the "Tatutaki Maru"-class freighter. The two remaining ships commenced firing in all directions, and "Tang" submerged to begin evasive action. She shadowed the enemy until morning and then closed the tanker for a submerged attack from extremely close range, just , barely enough to allow her torpedoes to arm. Additional lookouts had been posted on the target's deck and, when the spread of torpedoes from "Tang" struck her, they were hurled into the air with other debris from the ship. "Echizen Maru" sank in four minutes as "Tang" went deep and rigged for the depth charge attack that followed. During this evasion, a water leak developed in the forward torpedo room, and "Tang" exceeded her depth gauge maximum reading of 612 feet. Fortunately, the crew was able to get the submarine back under control and eventually return to the surface. (Postwar, JANAC denied credit for the tanker seen to explode.)


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" contacted a convoy consisting of a freighter, transport, and four escorts on the evening of 26 February. She maneuvered into position to attack the wildly zigzagging transport and fired her last four torpedoes and believed she missed; JANAC credited her with sinking "Choko Maru", a 1794-ton cargo ship. Having expended all 24 of her torpedoes and scored 16 hits, the submarine arrived at Midway for refit.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang"s second patrol began on 16 March and took her to waters around the Palau Islands, to Davao Gulf, and to the approaches to Truk. She made five surface contacts, but she had no chance to make any attacks. She was then assigned to lifeguard duty near Truk. "Tang" rescued 22 downed airmen, including some rescued by John Burns' Vought OS2U Kingfisher, and took them to Hawaii at the end of the patrol.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" departed Pearl Harbor on 8 June and stalked enemy shipping in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea areas. On 24 June, southwest of Kagoshima, the submarine contacted a convoy of six large ships guarded by 16 escorts. "Tang" closed for a surface attack and fired a spread of three torpedoes at one of the ships and then fired a similar spread at a second target. Explosions followed, and "Tang" reported two ships sunk. However, postwar examination of Japanese records revealed by the Japanese government show that two passenger-cargo ships and two freighters were sunk. The ships must have overlapped, and the torpedo spread must have hit and sunk two victims in addition to their intended targets. Those sunk – "Tamahoko Maru", "Tainan Maru", "Nasusan Maru", and "Kennichi Maru" – added up to 16,292 tons of enemy shipping.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: On 30 June, while she patrolled the lane from Kyūshū to Dairen, "Tang" sighted another cargo ship steaming without escort. After making an end around run on the surface which produced two torpedo misses, "Tang" went deep to avoid depth charges, then surfaced and chased the target until she closed the range to . A single torpedo blew in half, and the transport ship sank, taking with her some 3,200 Japanese soldiers.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: The next morning, "Tang" sighted a tanker and a freighter. While she sank the freighter "Taiun Maru Number Two", the tanker "Takatori Maru Number One" fled. The submarine trailed the latter until dark, then she launched two torpedoes which sank the tanker. "Tang" celebrated 4 July at dawn by an end-around, submerged attack on an enemy freighter which was near shore. However, with rapidly shoaling water and her keel about to touch bottom, "Tang" drew back, fired a spread of three with two hits, and then surfaced as survivors of the 6,886 tons cargo ship "Asukazan Maru" were being rescued by fishing boats. That afternoon, "Tang" sighted "Yamaoka Maru", another cargo ship of approximately the same size, and sank her with two torpedoes. The submarine surfaced and, with the aid of grapnel hooks and Thompson submachine guns, rescued a survivor who had been clinging to an overturned lifeboat. While prowling the waters off Dairen late the next night, the submarine sighted a cargo ship and, during a submerged attack with her last two torpedoes, sank "Dori Maru". Credited with eight ships for 56,000 tons at the time, the score confirmed postwar by JANAC for her third patrol was 10 ships for a total of 39,160 tons.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: Her fourth war patrol was conducted from 31 July – 3 September in Japanese home waters off the coast of Honshū. On 10 August, she fired a spread of three torpedoes at a tanker near the beach of Omaezaki but scored no hits. The next day, after locating two freighters and two escorts, she launched three torpedoes at the larger freighter and two at the other. The larger freighter ("Roko Maru") disintegrated due, apparently, to a torpedo which exploded in her boilers. As the submarine went deep, her crew heard the fourth and fifth torpedoes hit the second ship. After a jarring depth charge attack which lasted 38 minutes, "Tang" returned to periscope depth. Only the two escorts were in sight, and one of them was picking up survivors.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: On 14 August, "Tang" attacked a patrol yacht with her deck gun and reduced the Japanese ship's deck house to a shambles with eight hits. Eight days later, she sank a patrol boat ("No. 2 Nansatsu Maru"). On 23 August, the submarine closed in on a large ship; Japanese crewmen dressed in white uniforms could be seen lining its superstructure and the bridge. She fired three torpedoes, and two hits caused the 8,135 ton transport "Tsukushi Maru" to sink. Two days later, "Tang" attacked a tanker and an escort with her last three torpedoes, sinking the tanker, "No. 8 Nanko Maru". "Tang" then returned to Pearl Harbor.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: After a refit, "Tang" stood out to sea on 24 September for her fifth war patrol. After topping off her fuel at Midway Island, she sailed for the Formosa Strait on 27 September. In order to reach her area, "Tang" had to pass through narrow waters known to be heavily patrolled by the Japanese. A large area stretching northeast from Formosa was known to have been mined by the enemy, and O'Kane was given the choice of making the passage north of the island alone, or joining a coordinated attack group (, , and , under Commander John S. Coye, Jr., flag in "Silversides") which was to patrol off northeast Formosa, and making the passage with them. "Tang" chose to make the passage alone and these vessels never heard from "Tang", nor did any base, after she left Midway.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: On the night of 10–11 October, "Tang" sank the cargo ships "Joshu Go" and "Ōita Maru". The submarine continued on patrol until 23 October, when she contacted a large convoy consisting of three tankers, a transport, a freighter, and numerous escorts. Commander O'Kane planned a night surface attack. "Tang" broke into the middle of the formation, firing torpedoes as she closed on the tankers (later identified as freighters). Two torpedoes struck under the stack and engine room of the nearest, a single burst into the stern of the middle one, and two exploded under the stack and engine space of the farthest. The first torpedoes began exploding before the last was fired, and all hit their targets, which were soon either burning or sinking. As the submarine prepared to fire at the tanker which was crossing her stern, she sighted the transport bearing down on her in an attempt to ram. "Tang" had no room to dive, so she crossed the transport's bow and with full left rudder saved her stern and got inside the transport's turning circle. The transport was forced to continue her swing to avoid the tanker, which had also been coming in to ram. The tanker struck the transport's starboard quarter shortly after the submarine fired four stern torpedoes along their double length at a range of . The tanker sank bow first and the transport had a 30° up-angle. With escorts approaching on the port bow and beam and a destroyer closing on the port quarter, "Tang" rang up full speed and headed for open water. When the submarine was from the transport, another explosion was observed, and its bow disappeared.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: On the morning of 24 October, "Tang" began patrolling at periscope depth. She surfaced at dark and headed for Turnabout Island (). On approaching the island, the submarine's surface search radar showed so many blips that it was almost useless. "Tang" soon identified a large convoy which contained tankers with planes on their decks and transports with crated planes stacked on their bows and sterns. As the submarine tracked the Japanese ships along the coast, the convoy's escorts became suspicious, and the escort commander began signaling with a large searchlight. This illuminated the convoy, and "Tang" chose a large three-deck transport as her first target, a smaller transport as the second, and a large tanker as the third. Their ranges varied from . After firing two torpedoes at each target, the submarine paralleled the convoy to choose its next victims. She fired stern torpedoes at another transport and tanker aft.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: As "Tang" poured on full speed to escape the gunfire directed at her, a destroyer passed around the stern of the transport and headed for the submarine. The tanker exploded, and a hit was seen on the transport. A few seconds later, the destroyer exploded, either from intercepting "Tang"s third torpedo or from shell fire of two escorts closing on the beam. Only the transport remained afloat, dead in the water. The submarine cleared to , rechecked the last two torpedoes which had been loaded in the bow tubes, and returned to finish off the transport. The 23rd torpedo was fired at and was observed running hot, straight, and normal. "Tang"s score for the night would later be confirmed as the freighters "Kogen Maru" (6600 tons) and "Matsumoto Maru" (7000 tons).


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: At 02:30 on the morning of 25 October, the 24th and last torpedo (a Mark 18 electric torpedo) was fired. It broached and curved to the left in a circular run. "Tang" fishtailed under emergency power to clear the turning circle of the torpedo, but it struck her abreast the aft torpedo room approximately 20 seconds after it was fired. The explosion was violent, and men as far forward as the control room received broken limbs. The ship went down by the stern with the aft three compartments flooded. Of the nine officers and men on the bridge, including O'Kane, three were able to swim through the night until picked up eight hours later. One officer escaped from the flooded conning tower and was rescued with the others.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: The submarine bottomed at and the thirty survivors crowded into the forward torpedo room as the aft compartments flooded, intending to use the forward escape trunk. Publications were burned, and all assembled in the forward room to escape. The escape was delayed by a Japanese patrol which dropped depth charges, and started an electrical fire in the forward battery. Beginning at 6:00 AM on 25 October, using the Momsen lung, the only known case where it was used, thirteen men escaped from the forward torpedo room. By the time the last had exited, the heat from the battery fire was so intense, paint on the bulkhead was scorching, melting, and running down. Of the 13 men who escaped from the forward torpedo room, only five were rescued. One sailor who was near the group of five but injured during the ascent was not rescued. Three who were on the bridge were rescued after swimming for 8 hours. Another survivor escaped the conning tower and used his pants as a flotation device. A total of 78 men were lost. Those who escaped the submarine were greeted in the morning by the sight of the bow of the transport they sank the previous night sticking straight out of the water.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: One of the 78 men lost was Rubin MacNiel Raiford, who at age 15, may have been the youngest American person in the military to lose his life in combat.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: Nine survivors, including O'Kane, were picked up the next morning by Japanese frigate . Survivors of "Tang"s previous sinkings were on board, and they beat the men from "Tang". O'Kane stated, "When we realized that our clubbing and kickings were being administered by the burned, mutilated survivors of our handiwork, we found we could take it with less prejudice."


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: The nine captives were placed in a prison camp at Ōfuna until the end of the war, where they were interrogated by Japanese intelligence.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" received four battle stars and two Presidential Unit Citations for World War II service. Her commanding officer, Richard O'Kane, received the Medal of Honor for "Tang"s final combat action.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: During the war, "Tang" was credited with sinking 31 ships in her five patrols, totaling 227,800 tons, and damaging two for 4,100 tons. This was unequaled among American submarines. Postwar comparison with Japanese records by the Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) reduced this to 24 ships, totaling 93,824 tons, placing her second on the list for ships sunk after (with 26) and fourth behind , , and for total confirmed tonnage. These figures have since been revised to 33 ships totalling 116,454 tons, placing her first in the list of the most successful American submarines in World War II for both number of ships and tonnage. "Tang" also retains the best patrol by number of ships sunk, her third, with ten for 39,100 tons.


title: USS Tang (SS-306)

text: "Tang" has been memorialized as part of a special interactive exhibit at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans, called "Final Mission". Visitors enter into a simulated re-creation of the submarine, are given a card corresponding to one of the 87 men who crewed the boat during its fifth (and final) patrol, and are assigned a station to crew. The events of 24–25 October 1944 are depicted on an overhead screen, while the visitor "crew" is given tasks to complete. The recreation includes the circular run of the 24th torpedo, which returned to hit "Tang" and sink the boat. Upon exiting the simulator, visitors see a wall with pictures of the crew, and can learn if the sailor associated with their card survived the attack.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (the probability of a transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum system to a group of energy eigenstates in a continuum, as a result of a weak perturbation. This transition rate is effectively independent of time (so long as the strength of the perturbation is independent of time) and is proportional to the strength of the coupling between the initial and final states of the system (described by the square of the matrix element of the perturbation) as well as the density of states. It is also applicable when the final state is discrete, i.e. it is not part of a continuum, if there is some decoherence in the process, like relaxation or collision of the atoms, or like noise in the perturbation, in which case the density of states is replaced by the reciprocal of the decoherence bandwidth.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Although the rule is named after Enrico Fermi, most of the work leading to it is due to Paul Dirac, who twenty years earlier had formulated a virtually identical equation, including the three components of a constant, the matrix element of the perturbation and an energy difference. It was given this name because, on account of its importance, Fermi called it "golden rule No. 2".


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Most uses of the term Fermi's golden rule are referring to "golden rule No. 2", but Fermi's "golden rule No. 1" is of a similar form and considers the probability of indirect transitions per unit time.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Fermi's golden rule describes a system that begins in an eigenstate formula_1 of an unperturbed Hamiltonian and considers the effect of a perturbing Hamiltonian applied to the system. If is time-independent, the system goes only into those states in the continuum that have the same energy as the initial state. If is oscillating sinusoidally as a function of time (i.e. it is a harmonic perturbation) with an angular frequency , the transition is into states with energies that differ by from the energy of the initial state.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: In both cases, the "transition probability per unit of time" from the initial state formula_1 to a set of final states formula_3 is essentially constant. It is given, to first-order approximation, by


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_5 is the matrix element (in bra–ket notation) of the perturbation between the final and initial states, and formula_6 is the density of states (number of continuum states divided by formula_7 in the infinitesimally small energy interval formula_8 to formula_9) at the energy formula_10 of the final states. This transition probability is also called "decay probability" and is related to the inverse of the mean lifetime. Thus, the probability of finding the system in state formula_1 is proportional to formula_12.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: The standard way to derive the equation is to start with time-dependent perturbation theory and to take the limit for absorption under the assumption that the time of the measurement is much larger than the time needed for the transition.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Only the magnitude of the matrix element formula_5 enters the Fermi's golden rule. The phase of this matrix element, however, contains separate information about the transition process.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: It appears in expressions that complement the golden rule in the semiclassical Boltzmann equation approach to electron transport.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: While the Golden rule is commonly stated and derived in the terms above, the final state (continuum) wave function is often rather vaguely described, and not normalized correctly (and the normalisation is used in the derivation). The problem is that in order to produce a continuum there can be no spatial confinement (which would necessarily discretise the spectrum), and therefore the continuum wave functions must have infinite extent, and in turn this means that the normalisation formula_14 is infinite, not unity. If the interactions depend on the energy of the continuum state, but not any other quantum numbers, it is usual to normalise continuum wave-functions with energy formula_15 labelled formula_16, by writing formula_17 where formula_18 is the Dirac delta function, and effectively a factor of the square-root of the density of states is included into formula_19. In this case, the continuum wave function has dimensions of formula_20, and the Golden Rule is now


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_22 refers to the continuum state with the same energy as the discrete state formula_23. For example, correctly normalized continuum wave functions for the case of a free electron in the vicinity of a hydrogen atom are available in Bethe and Salpeter.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: The Fermi golden rule can be used for calculating the transition probability rate for an electron that is excited by a photon from the valence band to the conduction band in a direct band-gap semiconductor, and also for when the electron recombines with the hole and emits a photon. Consider a photon of frequency formula_24 and wavevector formula_25, where the light dispersion relation is formula_26 and formula_27 is the index of refraction.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Using the Coulomb gauge where formula_28 and formula_29, the vector potential of the EM wave is given by formula_30 where the resulting electric field is


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_33 is the potential of the crystal. If our particle is an electron (formula_34) and we consider process involving one photon and first order in formula_35. The resulting Hamiltonian is


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_40 is the light polarization vector. From perturbation it is evident that the heart of the calculation lies in the matrix elements shown in the bracket.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: For the initial and final states in valence and conduction bands respectively, we have formula_41 and formula_42, and if the formula_37 operator does not act on the spin, the electron stays in the same spin state and hence we can write the wavefunctions as Bloch waves so


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_46 is the number of unit cells with volume formula_47. Using these wavefunctions and with some more mathematics, and focusing on emission (photoluminescence) rather than absorption, we are led to the transition rate


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_49 is the transition dipole moment matrix element is qualitatively the expectation value formula_50 and in this situation takes the form


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Finally, we want to know the total transition rate formula_52. Hence we need to sum over all initial and final states (i.e. an integral of the Brillouin zone in the "k"-space), and take into account spin degeneracy, which through some mathematics results in


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_53 is the joint valence-conduction density of states (i.e. the density of pair of states; one occupied valence state, one empty conduction state). In 3D, this is


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: In a scanning tunneling microscope, the Fermi golden rule is used in deriving the tunneling current. It takes the form


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: When considering energy level transitions between two discrete states, Fermi's golden rule is written as


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: where formula_59 is the density of photon states at a given energy, formula_60 is the photon energy, and formula_24 is the angular frequency. This alternative expression relies on the fact that there is a continuum of final (photon) states, i.e. the range of allowed photon energies is continuous.


title: Fermi's golden rule

text: Fermi's golden rule predicts that the probability that an excited state will decay depends on the density of states. This can be seen experimentally by measuring the decay rate of a dipole near a mirror: as the presence of the mirror creates regions of higher and lower density of states, the measured decay rate depends on the distance between the mirror and the dipole.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides.


title: Ytterbium

text: In 1878, the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac separated from the rare earth "erbia" another independent component, which he called "ytterbia", for Ytterby, the village in Sweden near where he found the new component of erbium. He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium" (in total, four elements were named after the village, the others being yttrium, terbium, and erbium). In 1907, the new earth "lutecia" was separated from ytterbia, from which the element "lutecium" (now lutetium) was extracted by Georges Urbain, Carl Auer von Welsbach, and Charles James. After some discussion, Marignac's name "ytterbium" was retained. A relatively pure sample of the metal was not obtained until 1953. At present, ytterbium is mainly used as a dopant of stainless steel or active laser media, and less often as a gamma ray source.


title: Ytterbium

text: Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes, which altogether are present at concentrations of 0.3 parts per million. This element is mined in China, the United States, Brazil, and India in form of the minerals monazite, euxenite, and xenotime. The ytterbium concentration is low because it is found only among many other rare-earth elements; moreover, it is among the least abundant. Once extracted and prepared, ytterbium is somewhat hazardous as an eye and skin irritant. The metal is a fire and explosion hazard.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium is a soft, malleable and ductile chemical element that displays a bright silvery luster when pure. It is a rare-earth element, and it is readily dissolved by the strong mineral acids. It reacts slowly with cold water and it oxidizes slowly in air.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium has three allotropes labeled by the Greek letters alpha, beta and gamma; their transformation temperatures are −13 °C and 795 °C, although the exact transformation temperature depends on the pressure and stress. The beta allotrope (6.966 g/cm) exists at room temperature, and it has a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The high-temperature gamma allotrope (6.57 g/cm) has a body-centered cubic crystalline structure. The alpha allotrope (6.903 g/cm) has a hexagonal crystalline structure and is stable at low temperatures. The beta allotrope has a metallic electrical conductivity at normal atmospheric pressure, but it becomes a semiconductor when exposed to a pressure of about 16,000 atmospheres (1.6 GPa). Its electrical resistivity increases ten times upon compression to 39,000 atmospheres (3.9 GPa), but then drops to about 10% of its room-temperature resistivity at about 40,000 atm (4.0 GPa).


title: Ytterbium

text: In contrast with the other rare-earth metals, which usually have antiferromagnetic and/or ferromagnetic properties at low temperatures, ytterbium is paramagnetic at temperatures above 1.0 kelvin. However, the alpha allotrope is diamagnetic. With a melting point of 824 °C and a boiling point of 1196 °C, ytterbium has the smallest liquid range of all the metals.


title: Ytterbium

text: Contrary to most other lanthanides, which have a close-packed hexagonal lattice, ytterbium crystallizes in the face-centered cubic system. Ytterbium has a density of 6.973 g/cm, which is significantly lower than those of the neighboring lanthanides, thulium (9.32 g/cm) and lutetium (9.841 g/cm). Its melting and boiling points are also significantly lower than those of thulium and lutetium. This is due to the closed-shell electron configuration of ytterbium ([Xe] 4f 6s), which causes only the two 6s electrons to be available for metallic bonding (in contrast to the other lanthanides where three electrons are available) and increases ytterbium's metallic radius.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium metal tarnishes slowly in air, taking on a golden or brown hue. Finely dispersed ytterbium readily oxidizes in air and under oxygen. Mixtures of powdered ytterbium with polytetrafluoroethylene or hexachloroethane burn with a luminous emerald-green flame. Ytterbium reacts with hydrogen to form various non-stoichiometric hydrides. Ytterbium dissolves slowly in water, but quickly in acids, liberating hydrogen gas.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium is quite electropositive, and it reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form ytterbium(III) hydroxide:


title: Ytterbium

text: The ytterbium(III) ion absorbs light in the near infrared range of wavelengths, but not in visible light, so ytterbia, YbO, is white in color and the salts of ytterbium are also colorless. Ytterbium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions that contain the colorless Yb(III) ions, which exist as nonahydrate complexes:


title: Ytterbium

text: Although usually trivalent, ytterbium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for lanthanides, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has a valence electron configuration of 4"f" because the fully filled "f"-shell gives more stability. The yellow-green ytterbium(II) ion is a very strong reducing agent and decomposes water, releasing hydrogen gas, and thus only the colorless ytterbium(III) ion occurs in aqueous solution. Samarium and thulium also behave this way in the +2 state, but europium(II) is stable in aqueous solution. Ytterbium metal behaves similarly to europium metal and the alkaline earth metals, dissolving in ammonia to form blue electride salts.


title: Ytterbium

text: Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable isotopes: Yb, Yb, Yb, Yb, Yb, Yb, and Yb, with Yb being the most common, at 31.8% of the natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been observed, with the most stable ones being Yb with a half-life of 32.0 days, Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than two hours, and most of these have half-lives under 20 minutes. Ytterbium also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being Yb ("t" 46 seconds).


title: Ytterbium

text: The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 atomic mass unit (u) for Yb to 180.9562 u for Yb. The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, Yb, is electron capture, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than Yb is beta decay. The primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes lighter than Yb are thulium isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than Yb are lutetium isotopes.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium is found with other rare-earth elements in several rare minerals. It is most often recovered commercially from monazite sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in euxenite and xenotime. The main mining areas are China, the United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. Reserves of ytterbium are estimated as one million tonnes. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the mid- to late 20th century have simplified separation. Compounds of ytterbium are rare and have not yet been well characterized. The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg/kg.


title: Ytterbium

text: As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins rule, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors, thulium and lutetium, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The world production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting that it has few commercial applications. Microscopic traces of ytterbium are used as a dopant in the , a solid-state laser in which ytterbium is the element that undergoes stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium is often the most common substitute in yttrium minerals. In very few known cases/occurrences ytterbium prevails over yttrium, as, e.g., in xenotime-(Yb). A report of native ytterbium from the Moon's regolith is known.


title: Ytterbium

text: It is relatively difficult to separate ytterbium from other lanthanides due to its similar properties. As a result, the process is somewhat long. First, minerals such as monazite or xenotime are dissolved into various acids, such as sulfuric acid. Ytterbium can then be separated from other lanthanides by ion exchange, as can other lanthanides. The solution is then applied to a resin, which different lanthanides bind in different matters. This is then dissolved using complexing agents, and due to the different types of bonding exhibited by the different lanthanides, it is possible to isolate the compounds.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium is separated from other rare earths either by ion exchange or by reduction with sodium amalgam. In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent rare earths is treated with molten sodium-mercury alloy, which reduces and dissolves Yb. The alloy is treated with hydrochloric acid. The metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide by heating. The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with lanthanum, aluminium, cerium or zirconium in high vacuum. The metal is purified by sublimation and collected over a condensed plate.


title: Ytterbium

text: The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by hydrogen, zinc dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium forms both dihalides and trihalides with the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The dihalides are susceptible to oxidation to the trihalides at room temperature and disproportionate to the trihalides and metallic ytterbium at high temperature:


title: Ytterbium

text: Some ytterbium halides are used as reagents in organic synthesis. For example, ytterbium(III) chloride (YbCl) is a Lewis acid and can be used as a catalyst in the Aldol and Diels–Alder reactions. Ytterbium(II) iodide (YbI) may be used, like samarium(II) iodide, as a reducing agent for coupling reactions. Ytterbium(III) fluoride (YbF) is used as an inert and non-toxic tooth filling as it continuously releases fluoride ions, which are good for dental health, and is also a good X-ray contrast agent.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium reacts with oxygen to form ytterbium(III) oxide (YbO), which crystallizes in the "rare-earth C-type sesquioxide" structure which is related to the fluorite structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments. Ytterbium(III) oxide can be reduced to ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) with elemental ytterbium, which crystallizes in the same structure as sodium chloride.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB) is a crystalline material that has been studied to understand various electronic and structural properties of many chemically related substances. It is a Kondo insulator. It is a quantum material; under normal conditions, the interior of the bulk crystal is an insulator whereas the surface is highly conductive. Among the rare earth elements, ytterbium is one of the few that can form a stable dodecaboride, a property attributed to its comparatively small atomic radius.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878. While examining samples of gadolinite, Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as erbia, and he named it ytterbia, for Ytterby, the Swedish village near where he found the new component of erbium. Marignac suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium".


title: Ytterbium

text: In 1907, the French chemist Georges Urbain separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components: neoytterbia and lutecia. Neoytterbia later became known as the element ytterbium, and lutecia became known as the element lutetium. The Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but he called them aldebaranium and cassiopeium; the American chemist Charles James also independently isolated these elements at about the same time. Urbain and Welsbach accused each other of publishing results based on the other party. The Commission on Atomic Mass, consisting of Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Georges Urbain, which was then responsible for the attribution of new element names, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones, based on the fact that the separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain. After Urbain's names were recognized, neoytterbium was reverted to ytterbium.


title: Ytterbium

text: The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined with any precision until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium metal was produced by using ion-exchange processes. The price of ytterbium was relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US$1,000/kg.


title: Ytterbium

text: The Yb isotope (with a half-life of 32 days), which is created along with the short-lived Yb isotope (half-life 4.2 days) by neutron activation during the irradiation of ytterbium in nuclear reactors, has been used as a radiation source in portable X-ray machines. Like X-rays, the gamma rays emitted by the source pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Thus, small Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for radiography of small objects. Experiments show that radiographs taken with a Yb source are roughly equivalent to those taken with X-rays having energies between 250 and 350 keV. Yb is also used in nuclear medicine.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium clocks hold the record for stability with ticks stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (). The clocks developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) rely on about 10,000 rare-earth atoms cooled to 10 microkelvin (10 millionths of a degree above absolute zero) and trapped in an optical lattice—a series of pancake-shaped wells made of laser light. Another laser that "ticks" 518 trillion times per second provokes a transition between two energy levels in the atoms. The large number of atoms is key to the clocks' high stability.


title: Ytterbium

text: Visible light waves oscillate faster than microwaves, and therefore optical clocks can be more precise than caesium atomic clocks. The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt is working on several such optical clocks. The model with one single ytterbium ion caught in an ion trap is highly accurate. The optical clock based on it is exact to 17 digits after the decimal point.


title: Ytterbium

text: A pair of experimental atomic clocks based on ytterbium atoms at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has set a record for stability. NIST physicists reported in the August 22, 2013 issue of Science Express that the ytterbium clocks' ticks are stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (1 followed by 18 zeros), roughly 10 times better than the previous best published results for other atomic clocks. The clocks would be accurate within a second for a period comparable to the age of the universe.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium can also be used as a dopant to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. Some ytterbium alloys have rarely been used in dentistry.


title: Ytterbium

text: The Yb ion is used as a doping material in active laser media, specifically in solid state lasers and double clad fiber lasers. Ytterbium lasers are highly efficient, have long lifetimes and can generate short pulses; ytterbium can also easily be incorporated into the material used to make the laser. Ytterbium lasers commonly radiate in the 1.06–1.12 µm band being optically pumped at wavelength 900 nm–1 µm, dependently on the host and application. The small quantum defect makes ytterbium a prospective dopant for efficient lasers and power scaling.


title: Ytterbium

text: The kinetic of excitations in ytterbium-doped materials is simple and can be described within the concept of effective cross-sections; for most ytterbium-doped laser materials (as for many other optically pumped gain media), the McCumber relation holds, although the application to the ytterbium-doped composite materials was under discussion.


title: Ytterbium

text: Usually, low concentrations of ytterbium are used. At high concentrations, the ytterbium-doped materials show photodarkening


title: Ytterbium

text: (glass fibers) or even a switch to broadband emission (crystals and ceramics) instead of efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only overheating, but also with conditions of charge compensation at high concentrations of ytterbium ions.


title: Ytterbium

text: Much progress has been made in the power scaling lasers and amplifiers produced with ytterbium (Yb) doped optical fibers. Power levels have increased from the 1 kW regimes due to the advancements in components as well as the Yb-doped fibers. Fabrication of Low NA, Large Mode Area fibers enable achievement of near perfect beam qualities (M2<1.1) at power levels of 1.5 kW to greater than 2 kW at ~1064 nm in a broadband configuration. Ytterbium-doped LMA fibers also have the advantages of a larger mode field diameter, which negates the impacts of nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, which limit the achievement of higher power levels, and provide a distinct advantage over single mode ytterbium-doped fibers.


title: Ytterbium

text: In order to achieve even higher power levels in ytterbium-based fiber systems. all factors of the fiber must be considered. These can be achieved only via optimization of all the ytterbium fiber parameters, ranging from the core background losses to the geometrical properties, in order to reduce the splice losses within the cavity. Power scaling also requires optimization of matching passive fibers within the optical cavity. The optimization of the ytterbium-doped glass itself through host glass modification of various dopants also plays a large part in reducing the background loss of the glass, improvements in slope efficiency of the fiber, and improved photodarkening performance, all of which contribute to increased power levels in 1 µm systems.


title: Ytterbium

text: The charged ion Yb is used in trapped-ion qubits in quantum computing. Entangling gates, such as the Mølmer–Sørensen gate, have been achieved by addressing the ions with mode-locked pulse lasers.


title: Ytterbium

text: Ytterbium metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high stresses. This property is used in stress gauges to monitor ground deformations from earthquakes and explosions.


title: Ytterbium

text: Currently, ytterbium is being investigated as a possible replacement for magnesium in high density pyrotechnic payloads for kinematic infrared decoy flares. As ytterbium(III) oxide has a significantly higher emissivity in the infrared range than magnesium oxide, a higher radiant intensity is obtained with ytterbium-based payloads in comparison to those commonly based on magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV).


title: Ytterbium

text: Although ytterbium is fairly stable chemically, it is stored in airtight containers and in an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen-filled dry box to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of ytterbium are treated as highly toxic, although studies appear to indicate that the danger is minimal. However, ytterbium compounds cause irritation to human skin and eyes, and some might be teratogenic. Metallic ytterbium dust can spontaneously combust, and the resulting fumes are hazardous. Ytterbium fires cannot be extinguished using water, and only dry chemical class D fire extinguishers can extinguish the fires.


title: Christopher Young

text: Christopher Young (born April 28, 1957) is an American composer and orchestrator of film and television scores.


title: Christopher Young

text: Many of his compositions are for horror and thriller films, including "Hellraiser", "Species", "Urban Legend", "The Grudge", "The Exorcism of Emily Rose", "Drag Me to Hell", "Sinister", "Deliver Us from Evil" and "Pet Sematary". Other works include "Rapid Fire", "Copycat", "Set It Off", "Entrapment", "The Hurricane", "Swordfish", "Ghost Rider", "Spider-Man 3" and "The Shipping News", for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.


title: Christopher Young

text: Young was honored with the prestigious Richard Kirk award at the 2008 BMI Film and TV Awards. The award is given annually to a composer who has made significant contributions to film and television music.


title: Christopher Young

text: Young was born in Red Bank, New Jersey. He graduated from Hampshire College in Massachusetts with a Bachelor of Arts in music, and then completed his post-graduate work at the University of North Texas. In 1980, he moved to Los Angeles. Originally a jazz drummer, when he heard some of Bernard Herrmann's works he decided to become a film composer. He studied at the UCLA Film School under David Raksin. He teaches at the Thornton School of Music of the University of Southern California.


title: Robb Banks

text: Richard O'Neil Burrell Jr. (born September 24, 1994) better known by his stage name Robb Banks (often stylized as Robb Bank$), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Born in New York City, the rapper later moved to Broward County, Florida, at age six and has lived there ever since. He gained recognition with the Raider Klan movement in 2012 where he would debut his first mixtape "Calendars" and his follow-up mixtape "Tha City" in 2013.


title: Robb Banks

text: Robb Banks was born Richard O'Neil Burrell Jr, on September 24, 1994, in New York City. He is the oldest child of Carol Johnson and Jamaican dancehall reggae recording artist Shaggy. Burrell spent the first six years of his life in New York before he and his mother moved to Broward County, Florida. He dropped out of high school his senior year and began working on music.


title: Robb Banks

text: In 2012, after releasing his project Everyday Except Monday, with Matt Meyer Lansky as Tuesday Thru Sunday and a slew of other songs in 2011, Banks released his debut mixtape "Calendars". The solo project predominately consisted of Robb rapping over beats by artists like Clams Casino and SBTRKT, and samples from Aaliyah and OutKast. The project became a hit on the microblogging platform Tumblr. He collaborated with producers like Nuri and SpaceGhostPurrp and began touring the country, developing an underground following.


title: Robb Banks

text: After a brief hiatus, Robb began working on another project titled "Tha City". He promoted the mixtape by releasing singles off the project including "Practice", "All the Way Live", and "On Me". "Tha City" was released on October 1, 2013. Prior to the release of this tape rumors had surfaced as to whether or not Shaggy was Robb's father, a fact that was formerly denied, but was soon confirmed by him to be true by making the cover for "Tha City" an old family photo of Banks and Shaggy. After the release of this mixtape, Robb went on a year-long hiatus as he continued touring and spreading his music around the world.


title: Robb Banks

text: Throughout 2014, Robb began touring around the world and rarely released new music, only to show that he is still working on Year of the Savage. This was until the end of the year, when he began hinting new projects that have been in the work.


title: Robb Banks

text: In December, Banks put out the first (promotional) single for his debut commercial release, called "2PhoneShawty". It ended up being the only song recorded in 2013 on the entire album.


title: Robb Banks

text: In 2015, he started working on a new batch of music for YOTS, which would mainly feature production from his new affiliate Nuez.


title: Robb Banks

text: In April, Robb released two extended-plays: 2PhoneShawty and No Trespassing. The 2PhoneShawty EP consisted of outtakes from Year of the Savage, and No Trespassing was a collaboration between him and Memphis-born rapper Chris Travis, all recorded in 2014.


title: Robb Banks

text: On August 13, 2015, Banks released the lead single for his album, titled "Pressure". After that he continued to promote YOTS by releasing a bunch of freestyled tracks. It was during one of these freestyles ("Throw It Up") that he confirmed the release date for his long-awaited album.


title: Robb Banks

text: On October 2, 2015, Robb Banks released "Year of the Savage" through 300 Entertainment's Dorian Distribution.


title: Robb Banks

text: On September 27, 2016, Banks released a sequel to "Calendars" titled "C2: Death of My Teenage" which featured guest appearances from Los Hosale and XXXTentacion, co-founder of Members Only, a hip hop collective he would later join. The mixtape was preceded by the release of the single "BETT".


title: Robb Banks

text: Following the release of the mixtape, Robb embarked on a tour of the same name, which was to feature fellow South Florida rappers Ski Mask the Slump God, Wifisfuneral and Ronny J. New Jersey's Da$h and Chicago's Warhol. SS were also set to open. Before the tour began, however, Da$h was arrested, causing him to be dropped from the tour.


title: Robb Banks

text: In early January 2017, it was announced by Cash Money Records founder Birdman that Banks was the newest member of the label's Rich Gang subsidiary. Robb later confirmed that while he was a part of Rich Gang, he would continue to be an independent artist, choosing not to sign with Cash Money.


title: Robb Banks

text: At this time, Banks also took to Twitter to announce a new project titled "Falconia", a sequel to his sophomore effort "Tha City".


title: Robb Banks

text: On September 26, 2017, Banks released EP "Cloverfield 2.0" Months later, on December 27, 2017, he dropped another EP called "2: Pillz".


title: Robb Banks

text: On February 12, 2018, Banks released single "A Milli (4 M's)" and announced the upcoming release of "No Rooftops 2: Reloaded". Weeks later Banks would release a mixtape titled "Molly World" through Empire Distribution on March 9, 2018. Track 14 of "Molly World" "Let Da Beat Build" was made part of Cash Money's "Before Anythang" Documentary Soundtrack. On April 7, 2018, Bank$ and Wifisfuneral released lead single "EA" from their early 2019 collaborative project.


title: Robb Banks

text: On April 27, 2018, Banks announced that his long rumored project Falconia will be arriving sometime in summer 2018. However, the date was delayed yet again.


title: Robb Banks

text: On August 17, 2018, the third part of his Cloverfeild series dropped, mainly consisting of quality Falconia outtakes.


title: Robb Banks

text: Later in 2019, after the January 11th joint effort with Wifi, Robb released "Road to Falconia" on December 13, 2019, which now serves as the full-length prelude to his long-awaited debut.


title: Robb Banks

text: On April 16, 2020, Banks released his sequel album to "No Rooftops" called "No Rooftops 2". It also served as the follow up to his previous project Road to Falconia. This album included beats from the early 2000s as well as few original instrumentals.


title: Robb Banks

text: Later that year Robb dropped a two-part project titled "Tha Leak", with the first part being almost entirely mixtape original songs, and the second being various leftover material tracks from the same year.


title: Robb Banks

text: As of now "Falconia" is set to release as a single project in early April, 2022, although a specific release date is yet to be officially announced.


title: Robb Banks

text: Banks' style is notorious for its heavy sampling of old school R&B, pop culture and Japanese anime. Robb states his inspiration to rap comes from Biggie Smalls and that one of his favorite artists of all time is British quiet storm-style singer Sade. Robb has also mentioned Lil' Wayne, Webbie, SpaceGhostPurrp, his father and Slug as an influence to his sound. His tag "I Think I Might Be Happy" is synonymous with his music and is taken from a scene of the U.S. version of "Skins". Banks frequently makes references to Japanese anime "Naruto" and calls it his favorite anime of all time. Banks also refers to himself as "Femto" from the Japanese manga, Berserk.


title: Sreemukhi

text: Sreemukhi (born 10 May 1993) is an Indian television presenter and actress who works in Telugu cinema. Sreemukhi started her career as a television host and made her film debut with a supporting role in "Julai" (2012). She later played the lead role in "Prema Ishq Kaadhal" (2012). Sreemukhi is one of the highest-paid personalities in Telugu television.


title: Sreemukhi

text: Sreemukhi was born on 10 May 1993 in Nizamabad of present-day Telangana, India. She studied dentistry in her graduation. Before making her debut into films, Sreemukhi started her career with hosting a TV show "Adhurs" and also hosted the singing program "Super Singer 9". Sreemukhi made her film debut as Raaji in "Julai" as Allu Arjun's sister under the direction of Trivikram Srinivas and "Prema Ishq Kaadhal" as lead actress in the direction of Pavan Sadineni. She also acted in "Nenu Sailaja" as the sister of Ram in movie as "Swecha". The following year she did a small cameo in Sekhar Kammula's "Life is Beautiful" and was the lead actress in "Dhanalakshmi Talupu Tadithey" and Nara Rohit's "Savitri". Along with these she also made her first feature film in Tamil, "Ettuthikkum Madhayaanai" paired opposite Sathya. Her 2015 KannadaTelugu bilingual film "Chandrika," marked her debut in Kannada cinema.


title: Sreemukhi

text: In 2015, Sreemukhi co-hosted the South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA) in Dubai. She also hosted stand up comedy show "Pataas" for ETV Plus, "Bhale Chance Le" for Star Maa, and appeared in the film "Gentleman". In 2019, she entered season 3 of "Bigg Boss Telugu" as a contestant where she finished as a runner up.


title: Sreemukhi

text: In 2021, Sreemukhi returned to cinema playing the lead in the film "Crazy Uncles." A reviewer from "The Times of India" wrote, "Sreemukhi deserves better than a film that uses a ‘good message’ as an excuse to minimise her to nothing but a glam doll. She looks gorgeous as ever but the film offers her no scope to perform."


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: John Richard Moore Jr. (September 12, 1925 – September 7, 2015) was an American actor known professionally as Dickie Moore, he was one of the last surviving actors to have appeared in silent film. A busy and popular actor during his childhood and youth, he appeared in over 100 films until the 1950s. Among his most notable appearances were the "Our Gang" series and films such as "Oliver Twist", "Blonde Venus", "Sergeant York" and "Out of the Past".


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: Moore was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Nora Eileen (Orr) and John Richard Moore Sr., a banker. His mother was Irish, and his paternal grandparents were from England and Ireland.


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: He made his film debut in 1927 in the silent film "The Beloved Rogue", where he portrayed silent film star John Barrymore's character as a one-year-old baby. At the time of his death, Moore was one of the last surviving actors to have appeared in silent film. He quickly gained notable supporting roles. He had a significant role as Marlene Dietrich's son in Josef von Sternberg's drama "Blonde Venus" (1932). He also appeared with Barbara Stanwyck in "So Big" (1932), with Walter Huston in "Gabriel Over the White House" (1933) and with Spencer Tracy in "Man's Castle" (1933).


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: Besides appearing in a number of major feature films, he was featured as a regular in the "Our Gang" series during the 1932–1933 season. Although he only played in eight "Our Gang" films, in those films he played an important role as the leader of the gang. He left the series after one year to play in more feature films. In addition to his "Our Gang" work, Moore is most remembered for his portrayal of the title character in the 1933 adaptation of Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist".


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: In 1935, he played the historical role of Joseph Meister in "The Story of Louis Pasteur". In 1941, he portrayed the brother of Gary Cooper in the war drama "Sergeant York" under the direction of Howard Hawks. He is also famous for giving Shirley Temple her first romantic onscreen kiss, in the film "Miss Annie Rooney".


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: Moore was less successful as a teenage actor and young adult and he often had to play in B-movies such as "Dangerous Years" during the 1940s. One of his last notable film roles was in "Out of the Past" (1947), in which he portrayed Robert Mitchum's deaf young assistant, "The Kid". Moore played his last role as a young soldier in "Eight Iron Men" (1952). He later performed on Broadway, in stock and on television. He went on to teach and write books about acting, edit Equity News, and produce an Oscar-nominated short film ("The Boy and the Eagle"), and industrial films. He retired from acting in the late 1950s.


title: Dickie Moore (actor)

text: In 1966, after battling alcohol and drug addictions, he founded a public relations firm, Dick Moore and Associates, which he ran until 2010.