title: David Culley

text: David Wayne Culley (born September 17, 1955) is an American football coach who most recently served as the head coach of the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL).


title: David Culley

text: Culley has 45 years of coaching experience in both collegiate and professional levels, including 27 years of NFL assistant coaching experience. He previously worked on Andy Reid's staff with the Philadelphia Eagles, with whom he appeared in Super Bowl XXXIX, and Kansas City Chiefs from 1999 to 2016. Culley assumed his first head coaching position with the Houston Texans in 2021; however, he was fired after only one season, finishing with a 4–13 record.


title: David Culley

text: Culley was born and raised in Sparta, Tennessee. He attended White County High School, where he played point guard in basketball, pitcher in baseball and quarterback in football. Culley played quarterback at Vanderbilt, where he was the first African-American to play the position in school history.


title: David Culley

text: Culley began his coaching career as a running backs coach at Austin Peay State University in 1978. In 1979, Culley joined Vanderbilt University, his alma mater, as their wide receivers coach. Culley then joined as the quarterbacks and running backs coach at Middle Tennessee State University in 1982. In 1983, Culley was hired by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga as their wide receivers coach. Culley then served as the quarterbacks coach at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 1985. In 1989, Culley was hired by the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) as their offensive coordinator, running backs coach and wide receivers coach. In 1991, Culley then served as the wide receivers coach at Texas A&M University.


title: David Culley

text: In 1994, Culley was hired by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as their wide receivers coach under head coach Sam Wyche.


title: David Culley

text: In 1996, a season after the Steelers lost Super Bowl XXX to the Dallas Cowboys, Culley was hired by the Pittsburgh Steelers as their wide receivers coach under head coach Bill Cowher.


title: David Culley

text: In 1999, Culley was hired by the Philadelphia Eagles as their wide receivers coach under new head coach Andy Reid. The Eagles made it to one Super Bowl during Culley's tenure; in 2005 and in 5 NFC Championship Games; 4 straight from the 2001 to 2004 seasons and in 2008. In 2011, Culley gained an additional role as a senior offensive assistant. Culley served in the Eagles coaching staff from 1999–2012, also Andy Reid's time as head coach of the team.


title: David Culley

text: In 2013, Culley was hired by the Kansas City Chiefs as the assistant head coach/wide receivers coach, reuniting Culley with new head coach Andy Reid, whom was fired by the Philadelphia Eagles the season prior.


title: David Culley

text: In 2017, Culley was hired by the Buffalo Bills as their quarterbacks coach under new head coach Sean McDermott. Culley and McDermott both served as assistant coaches for the Philadelphia Eagles under then-head coach Andy Reid from 1999 to 2010. In Culley's first year with Buffalo, he coached quarterbacks Tyrod Taylor and rookie Nathan Peterman and the team would make the playoffs for the first time since 1999, which was previously the longest playoff drought in the 4 major North American sports leagues. In his 2nd year, Culley coached rookie and future Pro Bowl quarterback Josh Allen, the 7th pick in the 2018 draft.


title: David Culley

text: In 2019, Culley was hired by the Baltimore Ravens as their assistant head coach, wide receivers coach and passing coordinator under head coach John Harbaugh. Culley and Harbaugh both served as assistant coaches for the Philadelphia Eagles under then-head coach Andy Reid from 1999 to 2007. He missed the team's week 15 game in 2020 against the Jacksonville Jaguars due to an illness.


title: David Culley

text: On January 29, 2021, Culley was hired to become the head coach of the Houston Texans. Culley became the Texans' fourth head coach in franchise history.


title: David Culley

text: On September 12, 2021, Culley made his regular-season head coaching debut against the Jacksonville Jaguars and led the Texans to a 37–21 victory, marking Culley’s first victory as a head coach. The Texans would win three more games during the 2021 season, finishing with a 4–13 record and matching their win total from the previous season. Culley was fired by the Texans on January 13, 2022, with general manager Nick Caserio citing "philosophical differences over the long-term direction and vision for our program moving forward."


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse is a 2010 American animated superhero film based on the "Superman/Batman" comic book storyline "The Supergirl from Krypton" and is a standalone sequel to "". The art style is partly based on that of Michael Turner, who penciled the "Superman/Batman" comic book arc. Released on September 28, 2010, by Warner Premiere and Warner Bros. Animation, it is the ninth film of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies. The film stars Andre Braugher, Kevin Conroy, Tim Daly and Summer Glau. Despite the title, the film focuses primarily on Supergirl and Superman, with Batman playing a supporting role.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: Weeks after the that led to Lex Luthor's arrest, the impeachment of his presidency, and Superman and Batman's success in saving the world from a kryptonite meteor, a spaceship crash-lands in Gotham City Harbor. While Batman investigates the sunken craft, a young girl emerges from the water and accidentally wrecks Batman's boat. She is naked and has no knowledge of Earth languages or customs. On the shore, she encounters three longshoremen, one of whom tries to advance on her. She attacks two of them out of self-defense, while the third one gives her his coat to cover herself. As the girl progresses into the city, she inadvertently wreaks havoc with her strong Kryptonian powers (with Batman in pursuit) until Superman arrives to correct the damage, allowing Batman to eventually expose her to a piece of Kryptonite which weakens and injures her mentally.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: With Superman's help, they discover the girl is Kara Zor-El, the niece of the late Jor-El and Lara, making her Superman's biological first cousin. She has been in suspended animation for decades due to her rocket crashing off course, resulting in Kara being physically younger than her younger cousin. While Superman welcomes Kara, teaches her English, and helps her adjust to Earth's society, Batman remains suspicious, even considering the possibility of Kara being an enemy. Kara states that she would never hurt her baby cousin. Tipped off by Batman, Wonder Woman and Lyla ambush Kara and Clark Kent, Superman's alter ego, in a park and suggest they train Kara at Themyscira, the only place where she can learn how to control her powers. Superman reluctantly agrees to let them train Kara, but still prefers to watch over her himself; however, Batman and Wonder Woman advise Superman to steer clear of Kara, criticizing his care of her.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: On the desolate planet Apokolips, Darkseid learns of Kara's presence on Earth and orders Granny Goodness to have her brought to Apokolips as a possible leader for the Female Furies, as Big Barda is no longer his servant and the warrior Treasure being a failed candidate. Two months later, Batman and Superman are checking on Kara on Themyscira during a sparring match against Artemis. When Kara and Lyla sneak away for a swim, a horde of Doomsday clones arrives from Apokolips. Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and the Amazonian army fight them until Superman vaporizes them all with his heat vision. Batman, however, guesses the reason for the clones' attack and discovers Kara missing and Lyla dead; a last manifestation of her precognition reveals that the culprit is none other than Darkseid, who ordered a diversion to keep them busy allowing time for Granny to kidnap Kara. Once Kara is brought to Apokolips, Darkseid begins the process of brainwashing her. After he is finished, Kara turns cold-hearted and bloodthirsty, begins serving Darkseid and becomes the captain of his honor guard.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman ask Big Barda to help them find their way to Apokolips and despite initially refusing, she agrees. There, Superman infiltrates Darkseid's palace while Wonder Woman and Barda go through the sewers directly into the fighting arena, where Granny Goodness and the Female Furies ambush them. After a hard fight, Granny and the Furies are subdued. Separating himself from the others, Batman finds Darkseid's supply of Hell Spores, the source of the fire pits on Apokolips. Superman encounters Darkseid and discovers the brainwashed Kara. When he tries to bring her back to Earth, Kara refuses to go with him and upon attacking him, Darkseid orders her to kill Superman. Darkseid watches them fight until Batman confronts Darkseid and informs him that he has activated the Hell Spores, which will destroy Apokolips. He issues Darkseid an ultimatum: free Kara and promise to leave her alone, and Batman will deactivate the Spores. Superman defeats Kara, and Barda and Wonder Woman present Darkseid with the subdued Granny, whereupon Darkseid finally releases Kara, and the heroes leave Apokolips, bringing Kara back to Themyscira.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: Back on Earth, with their lives apparently normal again, Clark takes Kara to meet his adoptive parents in Smallville. However, Darkseid, who was waiting to kill Superman, ambushes them; he had promised to leave Kara alone, but not Superman or Earth. Darkseid almost kills Superman with his Omega Beams before Kara takes the blast for her cousin. Superman attempts to fight Darkseid, but is quickly overwhelmed and punched into space. Kara engages Darkseid in a lengthy battle and manages to hold her own, having received Amazonian and Apokoliptan training, but he eventually gains the upper hand and knocks her into unconsciousness. Before Darkseid can leave, Superman returns to Earth and reengages him, pounding the villain with all of his strength, but Darkseid still does not relent and again overwhelms Superman with his Omega Beams. Kara recovers and uses Darkseid's Mother Box to activate a Boom Tube behind him, and Superman blasts Darkseid through with his heat vision. While Superman anticipates Darkseid's eventual return from Apokolips, Kara informs him that she changed the coordinates, leaving Darkseid frozen in space.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: Having saved her cousin's life and found her place on Earth, Kara decides to use her powers to fight for altruism; under the alias of Supergirl, and she is met with applause by Wonder Woman, the Amazons, and finally Batman. Superman and Supergirl fly to Metropolis together.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: Notably, Daly, Conroy, Eisenberg and Asner all reprise their respective roles of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and Granny Goodness from the DC Animated Universe.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: The World's Finest said that it was "not something I'll be coming back to any time soon," and specifically targeted Andre Braugher's performance of Darkseid as lacking in any presence. Batman-on-Film gave the film a D, the lowest grade they have given to a DC animated film.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: IGN gave the film a positive review with a score of 8 out of 10. The reviewer forgives the misleading title, recognising the story is all about "Supergirl of Krypton" and once you know what you're in for the story is not bad. Glau is praised for giving depth to what could have come across as a whiny beautiful teenager girl, and her story is a complete journey but unfortunately the other characters are not given much to do.


title: Superman/Batman: Apocalypse

text: The film earned $6,370,838 from domestic DVD sales and $1,883,591 from domestic Blu-ray sales, bringing its total domestic home video earnings to $8,254,429.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: A defensive fighting position (DFP) is a type of earthwork constructed in a military context, generally large enough to accommodate anything from one soldier to a fire team (or similar sized unit).


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Tobruk type positions are named after the system of defensive positions constructed, initially, by the Italian Army at Tobruk, Libya. After Tobruk fell to the Allies in January 1941, the existing positions were modified and significantly expanded by the Australian Army which, along with other Allied forces, reused them in the Siege of Tobruk.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: A foxhole is one type of defensive strategic position. It is a "small pit used for cover, usually for one or two personnel, and so constructed that the occupants can effectively fire from it".


title: Defensive fighting position

text: It is known more commonly within United States Army slang as a "fighting position" or as a "ranger grave". It is known as a "fighting hole" in the United States Marine Corps, a "gun-pit" in Australian Army terminology, and a "fighting pit" in the New Zealand Army.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: In British and Canadian military argot it equates to a range of terms including slit trench, or fire trench (a trench deep enough for a soldier to stand in), a sangar (sandbagged fire position above ground) or shell scrape (a shallow depression that affords protection in the prone position), or simply—but less accurately—as a "trench".


title: Defensive fighting position

text: During the American Civil War the term "rifle pit" was recognized by both U.S. Army and Confederate Army forces.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: A protected emplacement or concealed post in which one or several machine guns are set up is known in U.S. English as a machine gun nest.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: During the fighting in North Africa (1942–43), U.S. forces employed the shell scrape. This was a very shallow excavation allowing one soldier to lie horizontally while shielding his body from nearby shell bursts and small arms fire. The shell scrape soon proved inadequate in this role, as the few inches of dirt above the soldier's body could often be penetrated by bullets or shell fragments. It also exposed the user to assault by enemy tanks, which could crush a soldier inside a shallow shell scrape by driving into it, then making a simple half-turn.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: After the Battle of Kasserine Pass (early 1943), U.S. troops increasingly adopted the modern "foxhole", a vertical, bottle-shaped hole that allowed a soldier to stand and fight with head and shoulders exposed. The foxhole widened near the bottom to allow a soldier to crouch down while under intense artillery fire or tank attack. Foxholes could be enlarged to two-soldier fighting positions, as well as excavated with firing steps for crew-served weapons or sumps for water drainage or live enemy grenade disposal.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: The Germans used hardened fortifications in North Africa and later in other fortifications, such as the Atlantic Wall, that were in essence foxholes made from concrete. The Germans knew them officially as "Ringstände"; the Allies called them "Tobruks" because they had first encountered the structures during the fighting in Africa.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Frequently, the Germans put a turret from an obsolete French or German tank on the foxhole. This gave the Tobruk enhanced firepower and the gunner protection from shrapnel and small arms.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Modern militaries publish and distribute elaborate field manuals for the proper construction of DFPs in stages. Initially, a shallow "shell scrape" is dug, often called a ranger grave, which provides very limited protection. Each stage develops the fighting position, gradually increasing its effectiveness, while always maintaining functionality. In this way, a soldier can improve the position over time, while being able to stop at any time and use the position in a fight.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Typically, a DFP is a pit or trench dug deep enough to stand in, with only the head exposed, and a small step at the bottom, called a fire step, that allows the soldier to crouch on to avoid fire and tank treads. The fire step usually slopes down into a deeper narrow slit called a grenade sump at the bottom to allow for live grenades to be kicked in to minimize damage from grenade fragments.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: When possible, DFPs are revetted with corrugated iron, star pickets and wire or local substitutes. Ideally, the revetting will also be dug in below ground level so as to minimise damage from fire and tank tracks. The revetting helps the DFP resist cave-in from near misses from artillery or mortars and tank tracks.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Time permitting, DFPs can be enlarged to allow a machine gun crew and ammunition to be protected, as well as additional overhead cover via timbers.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: In training, DFPs are usually dug by hand or in some cases by mechanical trench diggers. On operations, explosives, especially shaped charges ("beehives"), may be used to increase the speed of development.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Developing and maintaining DFPs is a constant and ongoing task for soldiers deployed in combat areas. For this reason, in some armies, infantry soldiers are referred to as "gravel technicians", as they spend so much time digging.


title: Defensive fighting position

text: Because of the large expenditure in effort and materials required to build a DFP, it is important to ensure that the DFP is correctly sited. In order to site the DFP, the officer in charge ("OIC") should view the ground from the same level that the intended user's weapons will be sighted from. Normally, the OIC will need to lie on his belly to obtain the required perspective. This ensures that the position will be able to cover the desired sector.


title: Star Bharat

text: Star Bharat is an Indian Hindi language General Entertainment pay television channel owned by Disney Star (formerly "Star India"), a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company India. It telecasts dramas, crime and comedy shows. The channel was launched on 28 August 2017 replacing Life OK.


title: Star Bharat

text: The channel was first launched as Star One, an Indian subscription-television youth channel that primarily broadcast in Hindi on 1 November 2004. Part of News Corporation's Star TV network in Asia and distributed internationally by Fox International Channels. In November 2006, Star One, along with Star Gold, launched in the UK on Sky.


title: Star Bharat

text: Star One was rebranded as Life OK in India on 18 December 2011. It was then rebranded again on 28 August 2017 as Star Bharat.


title: Star Bharat

text: On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding would be replaced with the Utsav branding from 22 January 2021. On 22 January 2021, Star Bharat became Utsav Bharat, and this change is currently effective in parts of Europe.


title: Star Bharat

text: Star Bharat rebranded with a new logo and graphics package on 25 July 2022, during the finale of the wedding reality show Swayamvar - Mika Di Vohti. The new slogan is "Dil Deke Dekho Zara" (Give Your Heart and See). The Star wordmark in the logo is no longer uppercase but is now identical to the Star wordmark in the logos of Star Jalsha, Star Pravah, Star Suvarna and the newly-launched Star Kiran. The new graphics package is based on colourful flowing saree-like textiles against a light blue background, the same colour that was adopted by Star Suvarna during its rebrand in late 2020.


title: Star Bharat

text: In conjunction with the 2022 rebranding, as the revised tagline alludes, the channel's broadcast programming now will focus on romantic theme elements in their offerings.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Coastal Carolina University (CCU or Coastal) is a public university in Conway, South Carolina. Founded in 1954 as Coastal Carolina Junior College, and later joining the University of South Carolina System as USC Coastal Carolina, it became an independent university in 1993.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The university is a national sea-grant institution and owns part of Waties Island, an Atlantic barrier island that serves as a natural laboratory for CCU's instruction and research. The campus is also the home of the Horry County Schools Scholars Academy, a high school for gifted students.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Coastal Carolina University was founded in 1954 as Coastal Carolina Junior College, a two-year community college, by the Coastal Educational Foundation, a group of citizens who wanted to establish a post-secondary institution in the region. The college originally operated under contract as an extension of the College of Charleston. Classes met at night at Conway High School and were taught by part-time faculty. After the College of Charleston contract expired in 1958, Coastal became an independent community college supported by Horry County.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Horry County Educational Commission was created in 1959 to oversee the college's county tax money. This body was responsible for contracting operations to the University of South Carolina a year later under the name Coastal Carolina Regional Campus. The deal was finalized at the Chat 'n' Chew restaurant in Turbeville, South Carolina, a town halfway between Conway and Columbia. The site of the present-day campus, by now known as USC Coastal Carolina College, was chosen in 1960, on a plot of land between U.S. 501 and S.C. 544, on land owned by Burroughs Timber Company and International Paper. The campus' first building, later named the Edward M. Singleton Building, opened in 1963.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: A decade of growth saw the school add a third year in 1973 and a fourth in 1974. The first residence halls (currently "The Woods" residence halls) opened in 1987. By 1991, enrollment had grown to over 4,000 students, leading the Coastal Educational Foundation and Horry County Educational Commission to seek independent status for the school. A year later, the USC system's board of trustees lent its support to independent status for Coastal. On July 1, 1993, the school officially became an autonomous state institution under the name Coastal Carolina University, in a bill signed into law by South Carolina Governor Carroll Campbell on the steps of the Singleton Building. Ronald R. Ingle, the last chancellor of Coastal Carolina College, became the newly minted university's first president. The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football team opened its inaugural game vs. Newberry College on Sept. 6, 2003, in front of a crowd of more than 8,000 at the newly opened Brooks Stadium. In 2004, Coastal Carolina University celebrated its 50th anniversary; the same year, enrollment reached 7,000 students, and CCU opened the first phase of the University Place housing complex across S.C. 544.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Throughout the 2010s, the university experienced a building boom achieved as a result of a local 1-cent sales tax for education-related construction (the present Brittain Hall was originally dubbed "Penny Hall" in honor of the penny tax that helped fund its construction). In 2014, the university established its first doctoral degree program, in coastal and marine science systems science. In 2016, the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers athletic programs officially joined the Sun Belt Conference. The following year, enrollment reached 10,600 students and the Chanticleers baseball team won the College World Series, the first national title for the university.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: In October 2020, Coastal Carolina University announced the appointment of Michael T. Benson as its next president. Benson began his tenure on January 1, 2021. He replaced David A. DeCenzo, who retired after serving for nearly 14 years as the university's president.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The business college, named for prominent area businessman E. Craig Wall Sr. (1911-1985), offers six undergraduate majors: accounting, economics, finance, management, marketing and hospitality and resort tourism management. The PGA Golf Management program is one of only 18 programs in the nation accredited by the PGA of America. Business students can also minor in business, economics, international business or marketing. The business college also offers two graduate programs, the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program and the Master of Accountancy (MAcc) program, and a graduate certificate in fraud examination. For those who wish to earn a degree in a shorter amount of time, there is a Degree in Three program where students can earn a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) degree in three years; and the Get More in Four program, which is a combined four-year undergraduate and Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. The Wall College of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB International).


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Spadoni College of Education and Social Sciences grants the degrees Bachelor of Arts in the areas of early childhood education, elementary education, middle-level education, and special education learning disabilies; Bachelor of Science in physical education; Master of Education in the areas of educational leadership, Instructional Technology, Special Education, and in Language, Literacy and Culture. A Master of Arts in Teaching program is offered in six specialization areas, and certificate and licensure programs are offered in online teaching, literacy and special education. The Interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Education will be offered in Spring 2019. The College of Education is accredited by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), and each of its constituent programs is recognized by the South Carolina Department of Education and its corresponding specialized professional association (SPA). The Spadoni College of Education is home to several research and outreach endeavors, including the Biddle Center for Teaching, Learning, and Community Engagement; the Chanticleer Center for Literacy Education; The Early Childhood Development and Literacy Center; and The Georgetown Education Residence program.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: On October 1, 2020, the university announced that it would be restructuring the Spadoni College of Education by combining it with programs from the Edwards College of Humanities and Fine Arts, as well as the Gupta College of Science. On July 1, 2021, the name of the college was changed to the Spadoni College of Education and Social Sciences. Dr. Holley Tankersley was named the first dean of the newly combined college.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Edwards College houses the departments of anthropology and geography; communication, digital culture and design; English; history; languages and intercultural studies; music; philosophy and religious studies; politics; art history; art studio; intelligence and national security; and theatre (including four B.F.A programs). It offers more than 15 undergraduate degree programs in the humanities and fine arts, as well as 25 undergraduate minor programs. In addition, the Edwards College offers graduate programs in writing (MA) and liberal studies (MA).


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Edwards College houses several university initiatives, institutes and centers, including the Dyer Institute for Leadership and Public Policy, the Jackson Family Center for Ethics and Values, the Joyner Institute for Gullah and African Diaspora Studies; and the Athenaeum Press. The Press is a student-driven publishing lab that offers students professional-level hands-on experience in authoring, designing and producing innovative stories.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: As the home of the Department of Music, all university bands and ensembles are housed within the Edwards College of Humanities and Fine Arts. These include: Acoustic Songbook; Brass Quartet; CCU Jazz Ensemble; Concert Choir; Flute Choir; Guitar Ensemble; Opera Workshop; Percussion Ensemble; POP 101; Saxophone Ensemble; Symphonic Band; The Chanticleer Regiment World Percussion Ensemble Marching Band and Chanticleer Pep Band; and Wind Ensemble.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Gupta College of Science currently offers 17 areas of study ranging from biochemistry to sociology, as well as 22 minors and three certificate programs. The Gupta College of Science also offers a Master of Science degree in coastal marine and wetland studies and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in coastal and marine systems science. The Marine Systems department houses four sea vessels for both teaching and research. The flagship of the fleet is the R/V Coastal Explorer, a 54 ft. coastal region research vessel. The Gupta College of Science houses the departments of biology, chemistry, coastal and marine systems science, computing sciences, health sciences, kinesiology, marine science, mathematics and statistics, physics and engineering science, psychology, recreation and sport management, and sociology. In 2016, the university opened a new $30 million, 71,150 sq. ft. science complex, initially called "Science Annex II." The Burroughs & Chapin Center for Marine and Wetland Studies is the research and community outreach arm of the college.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Coastal Carolina University is home to the Chanticleer Company of the U.S. Army ROTC program. CCU's Office of Veterans Services provides the growing veteran and veteran family member population at CCU. The university's Center for Military and Veterans Studies records and preserves the oral histories of South Carolina veterans for the Library of Congress.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Opened in 1977, the Kimbel Library provides research collections and resources to support students, faculty and the surrounding community. The library also serves as a government repository and houses the Horry County Archives Center. Study spaces in the Kimbel library include technology equipped study and presentation rooms for student use and instruction rooms for librarian led instruction sessions. Located on the first floor, the Peter C. Bolton Help Desk is the main information service center of the library and commons and is staffed during all hours that the library and commons is open. Students can purchase beverages and snacks at the Starbucks located on the first floor.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Bryan Information Commons is a state-of-the-art, two-story addition to the Kimbel Library. The Information Commons provides individual computer workstations, collaborative group media:scape workstations, high-tech study and presentation rooms and additional seating for study.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The library and commons buildings were open 24 hours a day, seven days a week until the Fall 2020 semester, when rescheduling was necessary due to position cuts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: In 2021, it was announced that the Kimbel Library would undergo a $10 million renovation that will include an interior redesign and reconfiguration, upgrades to the HVAC system and a multi-function instruction area and is estimated to be completed by the end of 2024. The university has also received state approval to build a $29.8 million Library Learning Complex that will be located next to the Kimbel Library, and will consist of a two-story 64,000 square-foot facility, that will feature study rooms, a virtual reality lab and student computing services, the tentative completion date for the Library Learning Complex is fall 2023. Both of the projects are being funded primarily by the counties penny sales tax for education.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). In addition, several of the university's other programs have been accredited. They include:


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Lib Jackson Student Union serves as the hub for student life at Coastal Carolina University. It contains a 250-seat movie theater/auditorium, conference rooms, a convenience store, as well as an entertainment and gaming area.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The HTC Recreation & Convocation Center opened in 2012. The LEED-certified convocation center features a 3,370 multi-purpose arena, bookstore, as well as a recreation center open to students, faculty, and staff. The recreation center features a large workout area with cardio machines, weight training, and a full indoor track. It is also home to several group exercise studios, a rock climbing wall, as well as ping pong tables.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The arena portion of the HTC Center is home to both men's and women's basketball and women's volleyball teams, whose games were formerly held in Kimbel Arena. The arena is overlooked by private suites and a catering and banquet facility.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The university requires all freshmen and sophomores to live on campus; the university houses approximately 4,800 in on-campus living facilities. Freshmen are primarily assigned to on-campus housing. Freshmen are primarily housed in the dorm-style Ingle Hall and Eaglin Hall as well as the suite-style Woods residence halls (Cypress, Dogwood, Elm, Maple, Oak, and Palmetto). In Fall of 2015, Chanticleer Hall and Tradition Hall opened, followed by Teal Hall and the formerly named CINO Hall in Fall 2016. On January 28, 2019, CINO Hall was renamed Pat Singleton-Young Hall, after Pat Singleton-Young, who worked for Coastal Carolina for over forty years and founded the department of Multicultural Services and Diversity. Sophomores are primarily housed in University Place and The Gardens. For upperclassmen, there are several off-campus student housing apartment-style complexes located near the university.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The CCU Student Housing Foundation was created in 2003 as a nonprofit corporation to lease, manage and contract for the construction of student housing facilities. The Foundation oversaw the construction of University Place, and the university's trustees moved to purchase University Place from the foundation in 2014.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The most recent student housing is the 1,270-bed complex on the north end of the campus. The first two halls, Tradition Hall and Chanticleer Hall were completed for the Fall 2015 semester. Tradition and Chanticleer Halls include clusters of rooms reserved for honors students as well as three special interest communities; "TEACH Community" for education majors, Wall $treet Business Community for business majors, and the SEA Floor for social and educational programming focusing on marine sciences. The last two buildings, Teal Hall and Pat Singleton-Young Hall opened for the Fall 2016 semester. The four-building complex also features office space, conference and meeting rooms, recreation and a new dining hall.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Located 1 mile from main campus off S.C. 544, University Place consists of 46 apartment-style buildings, separated into five distinct neighborhoods; Blue Ridge and Piedmont (Also known as the "Blue Tops"; constructed by the university in 2004 and 2005), as well as Grand Strand, Sandhills, and Low Country (Also known as the "Red Tops"; originally constructed as off-campus housing but later purchased by the university).


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: University Place contains an activity house with a fitness center and outdoor pool, several basketball and volleyball courts, as well as the UP Dining Hall, which opened at the beginning of the Spring 2018 semester.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Gardens is the only main campus residential community dedicated solely to returning and transfer students. The Gardens is located in the Quail Run community and consists of Azalea Hall and Magnolia Hall. These residence halls were built in the late 1980s, at the same time as the Woods residence halls.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The university operates a free shuttle system that runs on both weekdays and weekends. The shuttles, modeled after classic trolleys, run approximately every 10 minutes during peak hours, but stop less often during non-peak times. The Teal Shuttle route runs on weekdays between main campus and University Place. The Black Shuttle route runs between main campus and the Science Center and Band Hall across U.S. 501; the Black Shuttle also stops at the Myrtle Ridge Walmart during evening hours. The Bronze Shuttle runs on weekends and services all stops on the shuttle routes. The university also runs free shuttles during Fall, Winter, and Spring breaks, shuttling students to and from the Myrtle Beach International Airport and the Florence Amtrak station. The shuttle routes converge at a solar-powered bus shelter, donated by the Santee Cooper electric company in front of the Student Center.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: In addition to free shuttles, the university has more than 600 bicycles that are available to be checked out by students for use on campus. Until the Fall 2020 semester, the campus housed an on-campus fleet of Zipcars.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Student organizations include the Student Government Association (SGA), S.T.A.R. (Students Taking Active Responsibility) and the Coastal Activities Board, along with a number of other academic, honor, service, interest, social and religious organizations. Intramural sports are also offered through the Department of Campus Recreation.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The SGA is the governing body of the campus and is in charge of allocating and disbursing funds to the clubs and organizations on campus. Executive positions include president, executive vice-president, chief of staff, president pro-tempore, vice president for finance and vice president for public relations. Elections for SGA positions are held each spring. The SGA's legislative body is composed of two senators from each grade and college who are elected by the student body. SGA has passed legislation to change various policies on campus. Over the years, they have passed legislation to create the HTC Center, Rowdy Rooster and have made replacement CINO cards free to students as well as more. SGA meetings are currently held on Mondays at 6:30 p.m. in Wall building 317.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Coastal Carolina University also boasts an array of 22 competitive and non-competitive club sports including: baseball, soccer (M), soccer (W), lacrosse(M), lacrosse(W), fishing, surfing, rugby, equestrian, field hockey, and Quidditch.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Chanticleer Rugby club, a member of USA Rugby South, won the Small College National Championship in 2009. The club also won the 2009 NSCRO Men's Division III Rugby Tournament.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: About three percent of undergraduate men and five percent of undergraduate women are active in CCU's Greek system.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: From 1983 through the 2015–16 school year, Coastal Carolina's athletic programs competed in NCAA Division I as a member of the Big South Conference, while the football team, which began play in 2003, competed in the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). On September 1, 2015, Coastal Carolina announced it would leave the Big South Conference following the 2015–16 school year to transition to FBS-level football and the Sun Belt Conference. The university joined in all sports except for football starting July 1, 2016, with football joining in 2017.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The football team plays at the 20,000-seat Brooks Stadium, which is notable for its teal artificial turf. Following the announcement of the university joining the Sun Belt Conference, Brooks Stadium will undergo construction to expand the stadium to 20,000 seats; the NCAA requires FBS programs to maintain an average attendance of at least 15,000 over a rolling two-year cycle. The addition will complete a lower-level seating bowl between the home, visitors, and student sections, as well as adding a second level to the section backing up to S.C. 544.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: Coastal Carolina 's athletic teams were once known as the Trojans. Once the school established an affiliation with the University of South Carolina, Coastal Carolina decided to select a mascot in line with the parent institution's mascot, the Gamecock. The ultimate choice was the Chanticleer (pronounced SHON-ti-clear), the proud, witty rooster made famous in "The Nun's Priest's Tale" of Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales." The university's teams are affectionately known as the Chants (pronounced "shonts") and the mascot itself is named Chauncey. When Coastal Carolina became an independent university in 1993, despite some calls for "a complete split from USC" (i.e., change the mascot), the Chanticleer remained the school's mascot. The university also has a live rooster (Chanticleer) that appears at events periodically, such as home football games. , the live mascot is "Maddox".


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: In 2013, TD Bank gave CCU a $5 million gift. In September 2014, CCU officially renamed its sports facilities as the TD Sports Complex. In 2016, CCU won its first NCAA national title in baseball at the College World Series in Omaha, winning the deciding game 4–3 in the best-of-three final series against the University of Arizona. The championship was won mere hours before Coastal officially joined the Sun Belt.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The volleyball program is one of the most successful teams in the country. It won four consecutive conference championships (Big South 2014, 2015) (Sun Belt 2016, 2017). Leah Hardeman ('14 -'17) is the only player in Division 1 history to win four conference player of the year awards.


title: Coastal Carolina University

text: The Men's Soccer team has won 15 regular season and 16 Conference Tournament Championships as of 2020. They have played in 17 NCAA Tournaments, reaching the Sweet 16 five times.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: The SK-105 "Kürassier" is an Austrian light tank armed with a rifled 105 mm gun in an oscillating turret. It is estimated that over 700 have been produced.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: The SK-105 was developed by Saurer-Werk (now Steyr-Daimler-Puch) to meet the Austrian Army's operational requirement for a mobile anti-tank vehicle. The first prototype was ready in 1967 and delivery of pre-production vehicles commenced in 1971.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: The SK-105 is based on a heavily modified Saurer APC. The hull of the SK-105 is welded steel and is divided into three compartments: driver's at the front, fighting in the centre and the engine at the rear. Due to its low weight, the SK-105 can be transported by C-130 Hercules transport aircraft. The turret of the SK-105 is developed from the French design used on the AMX-13. Its gun can penetrate 360 mm of armour. Front armour protects the crew from 20mm armour-piercing rounds over its frontal arc, while all-round protection is against small arms bullets only. Add-on armour on the front part of the chassis and turret is available as an option, which provides protection against 35  mm APDS rounds at a flank arc. Some export vehicles were fitted with add-on armour.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: The driver sits at the front of the vehicle on the left. On the right side of the front section of the hull, there is spare ammo for the main gun. There are three periscopes forward of his hatch cover and in wet weather, a small windscreen with a wiper can be fitted. The driver's centre day driving periscope can be replaced by a passive night vision periscope if required. Ammunition and the vehicle's batteries are stowed to the right of the driver. The engine and transmission are at the rear part of the vehicle and the engine compartment is fitted with a fire extinguisher which can be operated by hand or automatically. Combustion air is drawn in via a cyclone filter system.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: The oscillating turret is similar to that fitted to the AMX-13 light tank. The commander is seated on the left of the turret and the gunner on the right. The commander is provided with seven periscopes, a periscopic sight. The commander's infrared night sight has a magnification of x6. The gunner has two observation periscopes, a telescopic sight and a one-piece lifting and swivelling hatch cover. Due to the design of the oscillating turret, all sights are always linked to the main and secondary armament. For engaging targets at night, an infrared periscopic sight is provided for the commander. A CILAS TCV 29 laser range-finder (range of 400 to 9,995 m) is mounted on the roof of the turret. The XSW-30-U 950 W infrared/white light searchlight is fitted on the left front plate of the oscillating part of the turret. A fixed fan in the turret draws out fumes when the main or secondary armament is fired. All versions of the SK-105 have a 105  mm gun designated 105 G1. This gun is completed with a semi-automatic revolving magazine-type autoloader that allowed the reduction of the crew to three members. The vehicle has two revolving magazines holding 6 rounds each. A total of 42 rounds for the main gun are carried. Once the gun is fired the empty cartridge cases are ejected out of the rear of the turret through a trapdoor hinged on the left.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: This vehicle is specifically designed for mountainous terrain and has an improved climbing capability compared to heavier main battle tanks.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: In 2014, all production and support rights on SK-105 were acquired from General Dynamics Europe Land System (GDELS) by the Belgian company DUMA Engineering Group. The company is supporting current users of SK-105 and derivatives and offering retrofit programs.


title: SK-105 Kürassier

text: In 2005, the Argentine Army ordered 9 SK-105 hulls from Austria, which it announced would be retrofitted with the turrets of its surplus AMX-13 tanks. In Argentine service, this variant was designated "Patagón". Argentina planned to assemble 39 Patagóns between 2005 and 2009, at an estimated cost of $23.4 million USD. No more hulls were purchased, and only 4 of those Argentina previously acquired for this purpose received the conversion, plus the prototype. The program was shelved due to lack of funds.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: Honoka Takamiya is a seemingly ordinary high school student who is living a normal life. However, his main problem in life is the constant presence of Ayaka Kagari, the beautiful idol and 'princess' of the school. As Honoka sits next to Ayaka in class and takes part in the same class cleaning duties as she does, even the tiniest interaction between them leads to Honoka getting beaten up by her fanclub.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: One day, however, while Honoka is taking out the trash, a school building is mysteriously flung towards him. Luckily, a Witch swings to his rescue and wards off the attack. This Witch is revealed to be none other than Ayaka herself, who has been observing and protecting him ever since.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: "Witchcraft Works", written and illustrated by Ryū Mizunagi, was serialized in Kodansha's "seinen" manga magazine "Good! Afternoon" from March 5, 2010, to February 7, 2022. Kodansha collected its chapters in seventeen "tankōbon" volumes, released from November 5, 2010, to March 7, 2022.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: The manga is licensed in North America for English language publication by Vertical. The first volume was released on October 21, 2014.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: Following the series' conclusion, an "extra" serialization spin-off started on "Good! Afternoon" on March 7, 2022.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced in November 2012. It was animated by J.C.Staff and written and directed by Tsutomu Mizushima. The series' first episode was screened at Tokyo's Cinemart Shinjuku theater on December 29, 2013, streamed to 2000 people on December 30, 2013, by Bandai Channel and aired for twelve episodes between January 5 and March 23, 2014 on Tokyo MX. Additionally the anime was aired on TVA, AT-X, BS11, and ABC and was streamed with English subtitles by Crunchyroll. The series' music is composed by Technoboys Pulcraft Green-Fund. The opening theme song is "divine intervention" by Fhána and the ending is by KMM Gang consisting Izawa, Natsukawa, Asakura, Hioka, and Iida.


title: Witchcraft Works

text: The fourth volume of the manga series ranked #25 in the Oricon charts in November 2012 with a total of 27,389 copies sold in under a week. The fifth volume ranked #28 in the Oricon charts in May 2013 with a total of 31,678 copies sold in under a week. The sixth volume ranked #29 in the Oricon charts in November 2013 with a total of 27,573 copies sold in under a week.


title: Darius the Mede

text: Darius the Mede is mentioned in the Book of Daniel as king of Babylon between Belshazzar and Cyrus the Great, but he is not known to history, and no additional king can be placed between the known figures of Belshazzar and Cyrus. Most scholars view him as a literary fiction, but some have tried to harmonise the Book of Daniel with history by identifying him with various known figures, notably Cyrus, Cyaxares, or Gobryas, the general who was first to enter Babylon when it fell to the Persians in 539 BCE.


title: Darius the Mede

text: Darius is first mentioned in the story of Belshazzar's feast (Daniel 5). Belshazzar, king of Babylon, holds a great feast, during which a hand appears and writes on the wall: ""MENE", "MENE", "TEKEL", and "PARSIN"" (). Daniel interprets the words: Belshazzar has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom is to be divided between the Medes and Persians. The story concludes: "That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom."


title: Darius the Mede

text: In the story of Daniel in the lions' den (Daniel 6), Daniel has continued to serve at the royal court under Darius, and has been raised to high office. His jealous rivals plot his downfall, tricking Darius into issuing a decree that no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but to Darius himself, on pain of death. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and Darius, although deeply distressed, must condemn him to be thrown into the lions' den because the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and Daniel tells him that his God sent an angel to save him. Darius commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children.


title: Darius the Mede

text: The final appearance of Darius is in Daniel 9, which presents a vision of Daniel relating to the end-time travails and triumph of the Israelites over their enemies. The mention of Darius is used as a chronological marker, placing the vision in "the first year of Darius son of Ahasuerus".


title: Darius the Mede

text: The Medes were an Iranian people who had become a major political power in the Near East by 612 BCE, when they joined the Babylonians in overthrowing Assyria. Their kingdom came to an end in 550 BCE (or 553 BC according to some sources), when it was conquered by Cyrus the Great, the Persian king of Anshan in south-western Iran.


title: Darius the Mede

text: After extending his empire from the Mediterranean to Central Asia, Cyrus turned his attention to Babylonia. The most important ancient sources for his conquest of Babylon are the Nabonidus Chronicle (Nabonidus was the last Babylonian king, and Belshazzar, who is described as king of Babylon in the Book of Daniel, was his son and crown prince), the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Verse Account of Nabonidus—which, despite its name, was commissioned by Cyrus.


title: Darius the Mede

text: Cyrus' Babylonian campaign began in 539 BCE, although there were presumably previous tensions. On 10 October Cyrus won a battle at Opis, opening the way to Babylon, and on 12 October "Ugbaru, governor of the district of Gutium, and the army of Cyrus entered Babylon without a battle" (Babylonian Chronicle). Ugbaru is presumably the same person as the Gorbyras mentioned by the Greek historian Xenophon, a Babylonian provincial governor who switched to the Persian side. Cyrus made his entrance into the city a few days later; Nabonidus was captured and his life spared, but nothing is known of the fate of Belshazzar.


title: Darius the Mede

text: The Book of Daniel is not regarded by scholars as a reliable guide to history, and the broad consensus is that Daniel is not a historical figure, the author appearing to have taken the name from a legendary figure of the distant past mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel. While it is a book featuring prophecies, the book that bears Daniel's name is an apocalypse, not a book of prophecy, and its contents are a cryptic allusion to the persecution of the Jews by the Greek Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (reigned 175–164 BCE).


title: Darius the Mede

text: There is broad agreement that the stories making up chapters 1–6 are legendary in character, that the visions of chapters 7–12 were added during the persecution of Antiochus, and the book, itself, being completed soon after 164 BCE (soon after the reign of Antiochus). Daniel 5 and Daniel 6 belong to the folktales making up the first half of the book. The language of Daniel 5 ("Belshazzar's Feast"), for example, follows ancient Near Eastern conventions which are in some cases precisely those used in Daniel. Daniel 6 ("Daniel in the Lions' Den") is based on the classic Babylonian folk-tale Ludlul-bel-nemeqi, telling of a courtier who suffers disgrace at the hands of evil enemies but is eventually restored due to the intervention of a kindly god (in the story in Daniel, this is the God of Israel); in the Babylonian original the "pit of lions" is a metaphor for human adversaries at court, but the biblical tale has turned the metaphorical lions into real animals. In Daniel 9, Daniel, pondering the meaning of Jeremiah's prophecy that Jerusalem would remain desolate for seventy years, is told by the angel Gabriel that the 70 years should be taken to mean seventy weeks (literally "sevens") of years. Verse 1 sets the time of Daniel's vision as the "first year of Darius son of Ahasuerus, by birth a Mede", but no Darius is known to history, nor can any king of Babylon be placed between the genuine historical figures of Belshazzar and Cyrus.


title: Darius the Mede

text: H. H. Rowley's 1935 study of the question ("Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires of Darius the Mede", 1935) has shown that Darius the Mede cannot be identified with any king, and he is generally seen today as a literary fiction combining the historical Persian king Darius I and the words of Jeremiah 51:11 that God "stirred up" the Medes against Babylon. Nevertheless, numerous attempts have been made to identify him with historical figures, with the following being perhaps the best-known candidates:


title: Green economy

text: A green economy is an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a Just Transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."


title: Green economy

text: A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of natural capital and ecological services as having economic value ("see The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity and Bank of Natural Capital") and a full cost accounting regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset.


title: Green economy

text: Green sticker and ecolabel practices have emerged as consumer facing indicators of friendliness to the environment and sustainable development. Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a way to promote their greening practices in a globalizing economy. Also known as sustainability standards, these standards are special rules that guarantee the products bought don’t hurt the environment and the people that make them. The number of these standards has grown recently and they can now help build a new, greener economy. They focus on economic sectors like forestry, farming, mining or fishing among others; concentrate on environmental factors like protecting water sources and biodiversity, or reducing greenhouse gas emissions; support social protections and workers’ rights; and home in on specific parts of production processes.


title: Green economy

text: Green economics is loosely defined as any theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after Lynn Margulis). A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of feminism, postmodernism, the environmental movement, peace movement, Green politics, green anarchism and anti-globalization movement have used the term to describe very different ideas, all external to mainstream economics.


title: Green economy

text: The use of the term is further ambiguated by the political distinction of Green parties which are formally organized and claim the capitalised "Green" term as a unique and distinguishing mark. It is thus preferable to refer to a loose school of "'green economists"' who generally advocate shifts towards a green economy, biomimicry and a fuller accounting for biodiversity. (See "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity" especially for current authoritative international work towards these goals and Bank of Natural Capital for a layperson's presentation of these.)


title: Green economy

text: Some economists view green economics as a branch or subfield of more established schools. For instance, it is regarded as classical economics where the traditional land is generalized to natural capital and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for man-made ones such as canals). Or, it is viewed as Marxist economics with nature represented as a form of Lumpenproletariat, an exploited base of non-human workers providing surplus value to the human economy, or as a branch of neoclassical economics in which the price of life for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low.


title: Green economy

text: An increasing commitment by the UNEP (and national governments such as the UK) to the ideas of natural capital and full cost accounting under the banner 'green economy' could blur distinctions between the schools and redefine them all as variations of "green economics". As of 2010 the Bretton Woods institutions (notably the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (via its "Green Fund" initiative) responsible for global monetary policy have stated a clear intention to move towards biodiversity valuation and a more official and universal biodiversity finance.


title: Green economy

text: Taking these into account targeting not less but radically zero emission and waste is what is promoted by the Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives. The UNEP 2011 Green Economy Report informs that "based on existing studies, the annual financing demand to green the global economy was estimated to be in the range US$1.05 to US$2.59 trillion. To place this demand in perspective, it is about one-tenth of total global investment per year, as measured by global Gross Capital Formation."


title: Green economy

text: At COP26, the European Investment Bank announced a set of just transition common principles agreed upon with multilateral development banks, which also align with the Paris Agreement. The principles refer to focusing financing on the transition to net zero carbon economies, while keeping socioeconomic effects in mind, along with policy engagement and plans for inclusion and gender equality, all aiming to deliver long-term economic transformation.


title: Green economy

text: The African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, Council of Europe Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, New Development Bank, and Inter-American Development Bank are among the multilateral development banks that have vowed to uphold the principles of climate change mitigation and a Just Transition. The World Bank Group also contributed.


title: Green economy

text: The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as "an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development".


title: Green economy

text: In 2012, the ICC published the "Green Economy Roadmap", containing contributions from international experts consulted bi-yearly. The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of "green economy". It highlights the role of business in bringing solutions to global challenges. It sets out the following 10 conditions which relate to business/intra-industry and collaborative action for a transition towards a green economy:


title: Green economy

text: Approximately 57% of businesses responding to a survey are investing in energy efficiency, 64% in reducing and recycling trash, and 32% in new, less polluting industries and technologies. Roughly 40% of businesses made investments in energy efficiency in 2021.


title: Green economy

text: Measuring economic output and progress is done through the use of economic index indicators. Green indices emerged from the need to measure human ecological impact, efficiency sectors like transport, energy, buildings and tourism, as well as the investment flows targeted to areas like renewable energy and cleantech innovation.


title: Green economy

text: Ecological footprint measurements are a way to gauge anthropogenic impact and are another standard used by municipal governments.


title: Green economy

text: Green economies require a transition to green energy generation based on renewable energy to replace fossil fuels as well as energy conservation and efficient energy use. Renewables, like solar energy and wind energy, may eliminate the use of fossil fuels for electricity by 2035 and replace fossil fuel usage altogether by 2050.


title: Green economy

text: The market failure to respond to environmental protection and climate protection needs can be attributed to high external costs and high initial costs for research, development, and marketing of green energy sources and green products. The green economy may need government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest and produce green products and services. The German Renewable Energy Act, legislations of many other member states of the European Union and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, all provide such market incentives. However, other experts argue that green strategies can be highly profitable for corporations that understand the business case for sustainability and can market green products and services beyond the traditional green consumer.


title: Green economy

text: In the United States, it seemed as though the nuclear industry was coming to an end by the mid-1990s. Until 2013, there had been no new nuclear power facilities built since 1977. One reason was due to the economic reliance on fossil fuel-based energy sources. Additionally, there was a public fear of nuclear energy due to the Three Mile Island accident and the Chernobyl disaster. The Bush administration passed the 2005 Energy Bill that granted the nuclear industry around 10 million dollars to encourage research and development efforts. With the increasing threat of climate change, nuclear energy has been highlighted as an option to work to decarbonize the atmosphere and reverse climate change. Nuclear power forces environmentalists and citizens around the world to weigh the pro and cons of using nuclear power as a renewable energy source. The controversial nature of nuclear power has the potential to split the green economy movement into two branches— anti-nuclear and pro-nuclear.


title: Green economy

text: According to a European climate survey, 63% of EU residents, 59% of Britons, 50% of Americans and 60% of Chinese respondents are in favor of switching to renewable energy. As of 2021, 18% of Americans are in favor of natural gas as a source of energy. For Britons and EU citizens nuclear energy is a more popular energy alternative.


title: Green economy

text: After the COVID-19 pandemic, Eastern European and Central Asian businesses fall behind their Southern European counterparts in terms of the average quality of their green management practices, notably in terms of specified energy consumption and emissions objectives.


title: Green economy

text: External variables, such as consumer pressure and energy taxes, are more relevant than firm-level features, such as size and age, in influencing the quality of green management practices. Firms with less financial limitations and stronger green management practices are more likely to invest in a bigger variety of green initiatives. Energy efficiency investments are good to both the bottom line and the environment.


title: Green economy

text: The shift to greener energy and the adoption of more climate regulations are expected to have a 30% positive impact on businesses, mostly through new business prospects, and a 30% negative impact, according to businesses that took part in a survey in 2022. A little over 40% of the same businesses do not anticipate the transition to greener alternatives to alter their operations.


title: Green economy

text: A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy', particularly the mainstream conceptions of it based on using price mechanisms to protect nature, arguing that this will extend corporate control into new areas from forestry to water. The research organisation ETC Group argues that the corporate emphasis on bio-economy "will spur even greater convergence of corporate power and unleash the most massive resource grab in more than 500 years." Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, "Towards a Green Economy", while well-intentioned "ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to establish regulations and restrictions to the free operation of the markets – even when a large majority of the population call for them – is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations."


title: Green economy

text: Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and "green growth" in particular, "based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate


title: Green economy

text: change" and "may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions. Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses, and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis. He has also criticised the UN's project on the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB), and the basis for valuing ecosystems services in monetary terms.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Shannon Lee Miller (born March 10, 1977) is an American former artistic gymnast. She was the 1993 and 1994 world all-around champion, the 1996 Olympic balance beam champion, the 1995 Pan American Games all-around champion, and a member of the gold medal-winning Magnificent Seven team at the 1996 Olympics.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Along with Simone Biles, Miller is the most decorated U.S. female gymnast in Olympics history, with a total of seven medals. With a combined total of 16 World Championships and Olympic medals between 1991 and 1996, she is the second-most decorated American gymnast, male or female, after Biles. She was also the most successful American athlete at the 1992 Olympics, winning five medals.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Miller was born in Rolla, Missouri, but she and her family moved to Edmond, Oklahoma, when she was six months old. She began gymnastics when she was five and traveled to Moscow with her mother at the age of nine to participate in a gymnastics camp.


title: Shannon Miller

text: As a teenager, Miller attended Edmond North High School, working with a flexible program that accommodated her training, travel and competition schedule.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Miller's mother was a bank vice president, and her father was a professor at the University of Central Oklahoma.


title: Shannon Miller

text: For most of her career, Miller was coached by Steve Nunno and Peggy Liddick, who went on to become the national coach of the Australian women's gymnastics team.


title: Shannon Miller

text: As a 12-year-old, she finished third at the 1989 Olympic Festival, a competition designed to showcase up-and-coming talent.


title: Shannon Miller

text: She traveled to Europe in 1990 and 1991 for international meets and scored perfect 10s on the balance beam at the Swiss Cup and the Arthur Gander Memorial. At the 1991 Gander Memorial, she won the all-around with the highest total score ever recorded by an American woman under the traditional 10.0 scale: a 39.875. (Kim Zmeskal earned the same total at the 1990 USA vs. USSR Challenge.)


title: Shannon Miller

text: At her first World Championships in 1991 in Indianapolis, Miller won two silver medals: one on the uneven bars (where she tied with Soviet gymnast Tatiana Gutsu) and one in the team competition. She placed second to Soviet Svetlana Boginskaya during the compulsory portion of the competition.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Due to injury, Miller missed the 1992 World Championships in Paris. Not quite back up to speed with her more difficult skills, she pulled out of the optionals competition at the National Championships and petitioned to the Olympic Trials. Although the result was controversial, Miller won the Trials over her rival, Zmeskal, who was the 1991 world champion.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Miller won the compulsory portion of the 1992 Olympic Games and scored the highest of any gymnast in the overall team competition, securing the bronze medal for the US women's team and advancing to the all-around final as the top-ranked gymnast in the world. In the all-around final, she missed out on the gold by the closest margin in Olympic history, finishing 0.012 points behind Gutsu. Her coach, Steve Nunno, claimed she was robbed of the gold medal by unfair judging.


title: Shannon Miller

text: In event finals, she captured three more individual medals: a silver on balance beam and bronzes on uneven bars and floor exercise. Her haul of five Olympic medals was more than that of any other American athlete in Barcelona. She was one of only two female gymnasts, along with Lavinia Miloşovici of Romania, to compete in every event final at the Games, and she alone performed all sixteen of her routines without serious error. Thirteen of her routines scored a 9.9 or higher, with her lowest score being a 9.837 in the vault final.


title: Shannon Miller

text: With her two silver and three bronze medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics, Miller holds the record for most medals won at a single Olympic Games without winning gold.


title: Shannon Miller

text: At the 1993 World Championships in Birmingham, Miller won every event in preliminaries, and television commentator Kathy Johnson, a 1984 Olympian, remarked that she had not seen a gymnast so dominant since Nadia Comăneci in 1976. Bart Conner agreed, stating that Miller could only be beaten if she faltered. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, its sports system had undergone upheaval, and most former Soviet gymnasts were not ready to mount a sustained challenge in 1993. Miller, on the other hand, had reworked her routines to comply better with the new Code of Points. She won the all-around title, followed by gold medals on bars and floor. However, she fell three times in the beam final and withdrew from the vault final due to illness.


title: Shannon Miller

text: At the 1994 World Championships in Brisbane, Miller again took the all-around title, beating Miloşovici and becoming the first American gymnast to win back-to-back world all-around titles. She also won the beam title, which had eluded her the previous year, with a near-perfect exercise.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Her winning streak ended in late 1994 at the Goodwill Games, where Dina Kochetkova of Russia, who had finished in third place at the World Championships, defeated her by a narrow margin, 39.325 to 39.268. Miller rebounded by earning gold medals on beam and floor and silver medals on vault and bars. She missed out on medals in the team competition and the mixed team competition, both of which saw fourth-place finishes for the United States.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Two weeks later, Miller competed at the 1994 National Championships, where she won five silver medals, placing second to Dominique Dawes each time.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Although she won the 1995 American Classic, Miller lost the 1995 National Championships to 13-year-old Dominique Moceanu. At the 1995 World Championships in Sabae, Japan, she amassed the highest total score of the American team but walked away without an individual medal. She placed seventh on the uneven bars and fourth on the balance beam, and had to withdraw from the vault and floor finals due to injury.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Although struggling with severe tendinitis in her left wrist and a pulled hamstring, Miller won the 1996 National Championships. Once again, though, she was forced to sit out the World Championships in the Olympic year due to injury, and later the Olympic Trials. She was able to petition onto the American team as the top performer at Nationals, and the injury was sufficiently recovered by July to allow her to compete in her second Olympics.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Miller led the American team, dubbed the Magnificent Seven, to the gold medal, edging the Russian team. Kerri Strug garnered the majority of the media attention after landing her second vault on an injured foot, which forced her to withdraw from the all-around and event finals. But Miller, who was the team's highest scorer, placed second after the team competition behind Lilia Podkopayeva, qualifying her for her second Olympic all-around final.


title: Shannon Miller

text: In the all-around, Miller was ranked second halfway through the competition. In the end, she placed eighth, but she was the highest-ranking American in the competition. She also became the first American to win the balance beam final at the Olympics, as well as the first American woman to win an individual gold medal in a fully attended Olympics. She concluded her career with seven Olympic medals.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Following the Olympics, Miller and her teammates participated in a 100-city tour and several exhibitions. She competed in her final international meet in 1997, when she won the all-around title at the World University Games.


title: Shannon Miller

text: In 2000, Miller made a brief comeback attempt for the Sydney Olympics. She competed in the Olympic Trials, but after a fall on vault, she decided to withdraw from the competition despite being cleared by a doctor to continue.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Miller is a member of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame, the United States Olympic Hall of Fame the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame, and the Women's International Sports Hall of Fame. She is the only woman, in any sport, to be inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame twice, as an individual and for her team.


title: Shannon Miller

text: With seven Olympic and nine World Championship medals, Miller is one of the most decorated American gymnasts, male or female. She is tied with Nastia Liukin for third most World Championship medals (9) won by an American gymnast, behind Simone Biles (25) and Alicia Sacramone (10).


title: Shannon Miller

text: In 1998, the Oklahoma Legislature named a section of Interstate 35 in Edmond, Oklahoma the Shannon Miller Parkway in her honor.


title: Shannon Miller

text: In 2003, Miller graduated from the University of Houston with a B.B.A. in marketing and entrepreneurship. She entered Boston College Law School later that year and graduated in 2007. Afterward, however, she opted not to take the bar exam. She moved to Florida, where she made appearances at gyms, conducted beam clinics, and starred in workout DVDs.


title: Shannon Miller

text: On October 21, 2015, Miller entered a business partnership with Juice Plus for a branded line of dietary supplements. Also in 2015, her autobiography, "It's Not About Perfect: Competing for My Country and Fighting for My Life," was published in 2015 by St. Martin's Press.


title: Shannon Miller

text: She is currently the president of Shannon Miller Lifestyle and the Shannon Miller Foundation, which is dedicated to fighting childhood obesity.


title: Shannon Miller

text: Miller married lawyer and ophthalmologist Christopher B. Phillips in June 1999. The couple separated in 2004, and their divorce was finalized in 2006. While Phillips accused Miller of infidelity with a married male athlete, Miller denied the claim, and it did not figure into the divorce grounds.


title: Shannon Miller

text: In August 2007, Miller announced her engagement to John Falconetti, the president of Drummond Press and former chairman of the Republican executive committee of Duval County, Florida. They married on August 25, 2008, and have two children: a son, John Rocco, born on October 28, 2009, and a daughter, Sterling Diane, born on June 25, 2013.


title: Shannon Miller

text: In February 2011, Miller revealed that she had been diagnosed with germ cell ovarian cancer, a month after doctors removed a baseball-sized cyst from one of her ovaries. She underwent three cycles of chemotherapy from March 7 to May 2, 2011. In September 2011, her doctor gave her a clean bill of health.


title: Pandemic Studios

text: Pandemic Studios, LLC was an American video game developer based in Westwood, Los Angeles. Andrew Goldman and Josh Resnick founded the studio in 1998 after leaving Activision. Pandemic Studios, alongside BioWare, was acquired in 2005 by Elevation Partners and placed under VG Holding Corp., which in 2007 was sold to Electronic Arts (EA). EA closed Pandemic Studios in 2009. Pandemic Studios is known for a variety of titles, including "Full Spectrum Warrior", "", "Dark Reign 2", "Destroy All Humans!", "Mercenaries", and "The Saboteur".


title: Pandemic Studios

text: Pandemic was formed in 1998 by president Josh Resnick and CEO Andrew Goldman, both formerly of Activision, along with most of the original team members that worked on "Battlezone" and "". The studio was founded with an equity investment by Activision. The company name was narrowed down from around six choices, including "Seismic." In the end, "Pandemic" was chosen as the name. Pandemic's first two games, "" and "Dark Reign 2", were both sequels to the aforementioned games for Activision.


title: Pandemic Studios

text: In 2000, Pandemic opened a development studio in Brisbane, Australia, within the suburb of Fortitude Valley, whose first project was "", a real-time strategy console game using the "Dark Reign 2" engine. "Destroy All Humans!" was the studio's next game. In 2003, the Los Angeles studio moved from its founding location at Santa Monica to a high-rise building in Westwood.


title: Pandemic Studios

text: In November 2005, a partnership was announced between Pandemic and Canada's BioWare, with private equity fund Elevation Partners investing in the partnership. Both companies retained their brands and identities. On October 11, 2007, it was announced that VG Holding Corp., BioWare and Pandemic's owner, would be acquired by Electronic Arts as of January 2008, subject to FTC approval.


title: Pandemic Studios

text: In February 2009, the Brisbane office was shut down. Nine months later, in November, EA cut a total of 1,500 jobs, which affected various studios, including Pandemic. On November 17, EA officially confirmed Pandemic's closure, laying off 228 employees. The company absorbed 35 Pandemic employees into its EA Los Angeles studio to support "The Saboteur" and an unannounced project which was later revealed to be "Mercs Inc", a sequel to the "Mercenaries" series. In response, four former employees of the studio created an Office Space-style video, where they are shown smashing their office printer.


title: Pandemic Studios

text: Over a dozen former Pandemic developers are now employed at 343 Industries having worked on "" and "Halo 4". Other former employees have gone to work for Infinity Ward, Treyarch, Respawn Entertainment (who EA would later acquire in 2017), Blendo Games and many others.


title: The Last in Line

text: The Last In Line is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Dio, released on July 2, 1984. It is the first Dio album to feature former Rough Cutt keyboardist Claude Schnell. It became the band's highest-charting album in both the UK and the U.S., reaching number 4 and number 23, respectively ("Sacred Heart" would later reach number 4 in the UK as well).


title: The Last in Line

text: It was certified gold (500,000 units sold) by the RIAA on September 12, 1984, and was the first Dio album to be certified platinum, achieving the feat on February 3, 1987. In the UK, it attained Silver certification (60,000 units sold) by the British Phonographic Industry, achieving this in January 1986, at the same time as "Holy Diver". To date, these are the only two Dio albums to be certified at least platinum.


title: The Last in Line

text: The album, along with "Holy Diver" and "Sacred Heart", was released in a new two-CD deluxe edition on March 19, 2012 through Universal for worldwide distribution outside the U.S.


title: The Last in Line

text: In 2005, "The Last In Line" was ranked number 372 in "Rock Hard" magazine's book of "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time".


title: Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland

text: In the Republic of Ireland, commonly referred to as Ireland, vehicle registration plates (commonly known as "number plates" or "reg plates") are the visual indications of motor vehicle registration – officially termed "index marks" – which it has been mandatory since 1903 to display on most motor vehicles used on public roads in Ireland. The alphanumeric marks (or "registration numbers") themselves are issued by the local authority in which a vehicle is first registered.


text: This used the last 2 digits of the year the car is registered. An example of this is, a vehicle registered in 2001 would display 01-D-12345.


text: This also uses the last 2 digits of the year alongside either a 1 or 2 depending on the time of year the vehicle is registered. Vehicles registered in the January-June period get a 1, vehicles registered in July-December get a 2. e.g. A 2022 vehicle registered in July would read 222-D-12345.


text: Since 1991, the design of the standard Irish number plate has been based on European standard guidelines, with a blue vertical band to the left of the plate containing the twelve stars of the Flag of Europe, below which is the country identifier for Ireland: IRL. The rest of the plate has a white background with black characters. There are usually two hyphens; between the year and county code, and between the county code and sequence number. Also required on vehicles registered is the full Irish language name of the county/city which must be positioned above the identifier.


text: The current regulations are set out in the Vehicle Registration and Taxation (Amendment) Regulations, 1999, as amended by the Vehicle Registration and Taxation (Amendment) Regulations 2012. These prescribe the format, dimensions and technical specifications of registration plates to be displayed on vehicles. They substitute the First Schedule of the Vehicle Registration and Taxation Regulations, 1992 to allow additional characters to be displayed on the registration plate and to ensure that these are displayed in the correct position and proportion. The changes were necessary to cater for increases in the number of car registrations.


text: Unlike legal requirements in all other European countries, a standard uniform character font is not required. The rules simply require legible black sans serif characters, no more than 70mm high and 36mm wide with a stroke width of 10mm, on a white reflective background. The result is that a large variety of perfectly legal font styles may be seen, on either pressed aluminium or acrylic plates, both of which are allowed. Despite the rather relaxed lack of a specified font, the hyphen between the lettering must lie between the minimum dimensions of 13mm x 10mm or the maximum dimension of 22mm x 10mm. Vehicle owners may be fined if the plate's format does not meet the requirements, and the vehicle will fail the mandatory periodic National Car Test.


text: A vehicle's number plate is determined when it is first registered, the county/city code is taken from the first owner's postal address. Registration remains fixed on one vehicle until it is de-registered (exported, destroyed, etc.), and cannot be transferred to other vehicles.


text: Sequence numbers may be reserved for new vehicle registrations only on completion of form VRT15A and payment of €1,000. This reservation was withdrawn from used imported vehicles on first Irish registration in 2015.


text: Thus, for example, in the year 2019, Lord Mayor Paul McAuliffe, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, was entitled to receive the registration plate 191-D-1 on his official vehicle.


text: Imported used cars are registered based on the year of first registration in their country of original registration rather than the year of import. Each county had continuous sequence numbers for vehicles so if a new car registered on 31 December 2010 was 10 D 37456, then the next registered car from 2010 registered in 2011 would be 10 D 37457. This changed in late 2011 when each county (prior to 2010) had their next available sequence number increased dramatically for no particular reason other than being easily identified as an "import". For example, 10-D-120006 would be the 6th import in Dublin of a car from 2010, as Dublin's re-registration band starts at 120000. Meath's starts at 15000.


text: Vehicles registered to the Irish Defence Forces have plates with silver letters on black background. These do not feature the Irish-language county name.


text: Diplomatic plates are very similar to civilian format, except for the small "CD" between the index mark code and serial number.


text: The city codes are a single letter, the initial letter of its English-language name. Most county codes use the first and last letters of the county's name. For example, Sligo is SO. The exceptions to this are:


text: The codes are similar to the . An exception is that the ISO code for Cork is IE-CO, since IE-C is used for the province of , and the ISO code for Tipperary is IE-TA (from the Irish name "Tiobraid Árann").


text: Note: in the case of Counties Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford, where a vehicle has been first brought into use in another country prior to 1 January 2014 and is subsequently imported into and registered in Ireland, the codes L, LK, TS, TN, W, and WD as formerly applicable continue to be issued for such vehicles. This is to maintain the integrity of the numbering system in place for the years prior to 2014.


text: The Republic of Ireland first introduced the now common blue European Union strip (comprising the European flag symbol and the country code of the member state) on the left-hand side of the number plate in 1991, following the Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations statute of 1990 (S.I. No. 287/1990). A similar band was adopted by Portugal in 1992 and by Germany in 1994 and was standardised across the EU on 11 November 1998 by Council Regulation (EC) No 2411/98.


text: From 1903, the system used in Ireland was part of the original British system of identifiers. This was superseded in the Republic of Ireland on 1 January 1987.


text: A two-letter code containing the letter I was allocated to each administrative county in alphabetical order (the full list appears below), with the initial registration format being the code followed by a sequence number from 1 to 9999, as in Great Britain. The codes allocated ran from IA to IZ, then from AI to WI, with the letters G, S, and V skipped as these were intended for Scotland. In 1921, shortly before the creation of the Irish Free State, Belfast and Dublin City completed their original marks and thus took the next available codes, XI and YI respectively, with Dublin City then taking ZI in 1927. After this, most other codes with Z as the first letter (again skipping those containing G, S and V) were allocated in alphabetical order, starting with single-letter Z – the only one-letter code used in Ireland – for County Dublin. (This does not include the ZZ code for temporary imports, introduced in 1925.)


text: In February 1952, a joint motor taxation authority was set up for Dublin City and county, and their codes were merged. Two years later, with all possible codes (at the time) allocated, a new format was introduced with a serial letter added before the code, and the sequence number running only to 999 (thus limiting the number of characters on a number plate to six). The Dublin joint authority was the first to adopt this format when it issued ARI 1 in May 1954, and each county followed suit once all its two-letter combinations had been issued. In the case of counties with more than one code, all the three-letter marks for the first allocated code would be issued, then all such marks for the second code, and so on (see the lists of series per county below).


text: G, S and V were not used as serial letters at first, while Z was not used before a code starting with that letter, so as to prevent any clashing with ZZ temporary registrations. Several other three-letter marks were not issued through oversight or because they were deemed offensive, and the single-letter Z code was left out of this format as a serial letter would have created a duplicate of an existing two-letter code, particularly one used in Northern Ireland.


text: Initially, all number plates had been black with white or silver characters, but in 1969 the option of black-on-white at the front and black-on-red at the rear was introduced.


text: In February 1970, the Dublin joint authority exhausted all its three-letter combinations and thus began issuing "reversed" registrations, starting with the original two-letter codes (plus single-letter Z) in order of allocation. These were followed from July 1974 onwards by the three-letter marks (1 ARI etc.), issued in the same manner as for the forward versions. Again, other counties followed this example over time. Also in 1974, Cork followed Dublin's example of setting up a joint motor taxation authority for city and county, though their codes were not merged until August 1985.


text: In 1982, with Dublin and several other counties having exhausted all possible combinations of their original codes, it was decided to allocate the skipped codes containing G, S and V to these counties. In the cases of these codes, the forward three-letter combinations were issued first in the same manner as before, followed by the forward two-letter combinations.


text: Under this system, Irish vehicle registration marks could be transferred to Britain for re-registration on other vehicles, even after Irish independence, and even though they could not be re-used within Ireland. The letter I in many combinations made these attractive for collectors, and indeed the Kilkenny issue VIP 1 has fetched a record price at auction. Since the introduction of the current system in 1987, such exports have been impossible, even for old-format registrations, although those already exported may still be re-transferred.


text: The 1987 system allocated single-letter codes to the county boroughs (including those shared with counties) and two-letter codes to the other counties. Normally these are the initial and final letter of the English-language name of the county (except where duplicates would result). Until 1991, all plates under this system consisted solely of black characters on white, on both front and rear. However, in that year, the blue EU identifier and the official Irish language name of the county were added, the latter as a result of the controversy arising from using English as the basis, described by Conradh na Gaeilge, an organisation which promotes the Irish language in Ireland and worldwide, as "a fiasco".


text: Vehicles first registered outside the state before 1987 are allowed to be re-registered using only the current system, with a year number preceding 87 – for instance, a vehicle from 1964 re-registered in Meath would have 64-MH at the start of its registration.


text: In 2013, the year was changed to a 3-digit year with the third digit being 1 for January to June and 2 for July to December, for example, 131 for January–June 2013 and 132 for July–December 2013. The decision to change the year was based partly on superstition about an unlucky '13' registration, but also to boost sales in the second half of the year.


text: The first codes were allocated in 1903, when all of Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The codes were based on the alphabetical order of counties and county boroughs (cities) as they were named at the time. King's County and Queen's County were renamed Offaly and Laois respectively following the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. Counties and county boroughs in italics are in Northern Ireland and still use the 1903 system.


text: Codes with the letters G, S and V were reserved until the 1980s when they were taken by counties that had exhausted all the combinations for their original codes.


text: Cork County and County Borough Joint Office: (in issuing sequence) reverse 3-letter sequences of (R)"ZK" "ZF"


text: Dublin County and County Borough Joint Office (from February 1952): (in original issuing sequence) forward 2-letter sequences of "ZO ZU"; then forward 3-letter combinations of "RI IK YI ZA ZC ZD ZE ZH ZI ZJ ZL ZO ZU"; then reverse 2-letter sequences of "RI IK YI Z ZA ZC ZD ZE ZH ZI ZJ ZL ZO ZU"; then reverse 3-letter combinations of "RI IK YI ZA ZC ZD ZE ZH ZI ZJ ZL ZO ZU"; then forward 3-letter combinations of "SI ZG ZS ZV"; then forward 2-letter sequences of "SI ZG ZS" ZV.


text: Vehicles older than 1987 imported into Ireland from 1987 were not given age-related numbers from the old system but were included in the new system. Their initial year number and county (i.e. A UK reg 1967 Ford Cortina (MHW 7E) would be registered as 67-D-1 (e.g. 67-D (or any county initial) 1) This would state the year of its first registration or manufacture outside the state but since 2011 these numbers have begun at 120000 which is not historical or authentic (e.g. 67-D-120001). A 1986 Opel with right-hand-drive registered in Ireland would have a pre-1987 style registration plate, the same model car with left-hand-drive imported from the rest of Europe or a Vauxhall from England, Scotland or Wales would have new 86 registration plate. Volkswagen Beetle cars that were imported as knock-down kits from Mexico and assembled up to the mid-2000s were registered in Ireland on original Irish reg chassis having pre-1987 number plates. Pre-1987 registration plates are few and far between nowadays and are mostly found at vintage car shows.


title: Nacho (Better Call Saul)

text: "Nacho" is the third episode of the first season of the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". The episode aired on February 16, 2015, on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Nacho (Better Call Saul)

text: In a flashback to 1992, Chuck McGill meets Jimmy McGill in the Cook County Jail, where Jimmy is incarcerated for an offense that could result in him having to register as a sex offender. Jimmy pleads with Chuck to help get the charges dismissed. Chuck agrees to represent Jimmy on the condition that he stop running cons and find legitimate employment.


title: Nacho (Better Call Saul)

text: In the present, Jimmy is anxious about Nacho Varga's plot to steal from the Kettlemans. He calls Kim Wexler, a friend at HHM, who represent the Kettlemans. Jimmy indirectly warns Kim about the potential danger but then breaks off the call, insisting he is "no hero". Later that night, Jimmy calls the Kettlemans anonymously and warns them. The Kettlemans look outside and see somebody surveilling them from a parked van.