title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Academic Judit Pieldner summed up the plot as "the story of a friendship facing a moral test". Scholar Florentina C. Andreescu opined the two female protagonists share emotional loyalty, while in the wake of Mr. Bebe's abuses, Otilia becomes increasingly suspicious of Adi.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Professor László Strausz said that the film emphasises the ways that Romania's abortion laws inflicted humiliations on the protagonists, particularly between people of differing authority and sex. He argued that class and generational conflicts are presented in the dinner party scene, where the characters have more food than lower classes, discuss social issues such as conscription into the Romanian Armed Forces, and treat Otilia as representative of the "new generation" that does not appreciate what it has been given. Academic Claudiu Turcuș remarked that the dinner scene, where the characters look down on some careers and act as if smoking in front of one's elders is disrespectful, shows how regressive they are. Ovidius University author Ileana Jitaru credited the film for reconstructing "an entire communist class ideology which divided society into 'working class people' and 'intellectuals'". Jitaru specifically cited the dinner scene, where the conversation makes much of the divide between those with university degrees and those with none. The attendees boast about belonging to the middle class, and make denigrating comments about Otilia's rural origins.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The term "communism" is never mentioned, the existence of Decree 770 is only implied, and president Nicolae Ceaușescu is never named. Despite this, communism is a major subject. Andreescu found that in many locations, one power is dominant; in some, the government, while in others, an underground power or Heterotopia forms. The hotel room where the abortion is performed becomes a location outside of the government's supervision. Mr. Bebe exploits this, boasts of the worth of his expertise and notes the risk he is taking, in order to extort the women for sex. Turcuș instead interpreted the scene as Mr. Bebe presenting himself as the "new man", sharing the women's legal peril and an openness to sexuality, while in fact being "the communist brute". "Jump Cut" writer Constantin Parvulescu stated ""4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" provides an astute balance of ostalgia and anti-communist memorial". Parvulescu elaborated that the beginning gives a view of place and possessions that could be nostalgic, but these become overruled by crisis in the communist society. Essayist Adriana Cordali Gradea suggested that silence is a theme of the film, and that citizens of communist nations would use silence to endure and resist. This is seen at the end, where Otilia forbids further discussion of the abortion. The lack of a score can also be seen as contributing to a sense of pending danger.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The fact that the characters live in poverty is reflected in a scene where Mr. Bebe accosts his mother for wanting to buy sugar. When Otilia is searching for Mr. Bebe, there is also a line of people visible in the background queuing for food, reflecting the lack of food security in the 1980s. Additionally, the characters are often impolite towards each other. Mungiu explained that this was related to the poverty, saying "You need people in a society to have reached a certain standard of living before they can be polite". The bartering scenes reflect how corporate goods common west of the Iron Curtain were prohibited in Romania and were viewed as luxuries.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The dinner scene is reminiscent of the Last Supper. Author Doru Pop acknowledged the differing number of characters and no male Jesus, but asserted that it is relevant to have a dinner while a tragedy is unfolding. Mungiu conceded that such similarities were accidental, and that once he appreciated the potential analogy during production, the filmmakers added a more focused view of Otilia to reveal her stress.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Scholar Dominique Nasta saw the style as a "minimalist, 'less is more' line". British Film Institute writer Ben Walters judged it "simple and rigorous, with scenes composed of only one or two shots". Walters remarked on "handheld, mobile, almost literally breathtaking" shots, and on the impact of still scenes. Despite the handheld camera, Mungiu said the crew developed a style where shots were taken so the action is followed but the camera's movements would not be overly obvious to the audience. Journalist Brian Gibson assessed the photography as "patient, alert, dogged in its observation of Otilia's endeavours". Surveying the photography, academic Ileana Jitaru found "simple, austere and realistic compositions in which the black humour is a stylistic means of anchoring the theme(s)". Jitaru also commented on the colour scheme, observing "cold desaturated colours", particularly greys, blues and greens in the beginning. Additionally, the story, set during a single day, is related by real time narrative in its scenes, although minutes or hours may separate the events in separate scenes. According to Mungiu, the real time was meant to achieve a sense of continuity true to life.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: "The Guardian"s Peter Bradshaw interpreted the style as "a nightmare of social-realist suspense". "The Independent" critic Jonathan Romney characterized it as "claustrophobic" in parts and an "intense realist exercise". Despite this, he also believed that the hotel scenes communicate "a sense of almost supernatural horror", and asks of the noise heard after Mr. Bebe chastises his mother: "A backfire? A gunshot? Who can tell? But it lends the scene its bizarre, oppressive air of ill omen". Critic Peter Debruge declared the style "the antithesis of your well-lit, elegantly shot Hollywood movies – or the locally made films of Mungiu's childhood".


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Journalist Steven Boone said that while the film was well reviewed for "its bracing drabness, its ugliness, its lack of style", he believed it was "beautiful and stylized", because "it is "alive" and piercingly present-tense". He compared it with the films of the Dardenne brothers. Mungiu said he aimed to begin scenes, including the first, without giving the audience background information and letting viewers discern what was happening. Journalist Lauren Wissot judged the story "a suspense thriller", comparable to the work of Alfred Hitchcock. She felt "heat" in each frame, writing "we're waiting for the bomb— the constant threat of imprisonment or death that defined life under Nicolae Ceaucescu". Aside from reflecting the length of the fictional pregnancy, the 4-3-2 form of the title creates the impression of rushed countdown reinforcing the thriller genre aspects, Gradea wrote.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Responding to analogies to the Dardennes' style, Mungiu said in 2008 that he had only seen their "La Promesse" (1996) but was now interested in seeing more, and that he had asked the brothers to attend a showing of his film. Mungiu compared his style more to those of Miloš Forman and Jiří Menzel, though he said he was influenced more by certain films than by a director's general filmography.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The film debuted on the first day of the Cannes Film Festival in May 2007. At Cannes, IFC Films purchased distribution rights for the United States. After the festival, distribution rights for 60 countries had been sold. In September 2007, it competed at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. That month, it also screened at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In its own country, it debuted at the Transilvania International Film Festival in June 2007, where it attracted long queues. With only 50 theatres in Romania, and the lowest rates of theatre attendance in the European Union, a crew on a caravan toured 15 towns without theatres over 30 days for screenings that year. At Transylvania, Mungiu was happy to see that Romanian viewers could comprehend the dark comedy. Filmmaker Sorin Avram documented the caravan tour through Focșani, Petroșani, Călărași and other communities, and interviewed some of the audience of 17,584 people, who described it as shocking and disturbing.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Although the film won the Cinema Prize of the French National Education System at Cannes, protests by the anti-abortion movement led French Education Minister Xavier Darcos to consider banning it from French high schools. This raised concerns among French film industry workers about censorship. Consequently, the proposed ban was dropped in July 2007, and an educational DVD using the film was made available for ages 15 and up. Television stations and an airline also wished to censor the fetus shot.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In June 2008, the film was released on DVD in Region 1 by Genius Products in the U.S. and by Mongrel Media in Canada, featuring interviews with the filmmakers and Sorin Avram's documentary "1 Month with 4 Months, 3 Weeks, 2 Days". In Region 2, Artificial Eye published a 2008 DVD with the interviews and Avram's documentary. In Region A, The Criterion Collection released a Blu-ray in 2019.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In 2007 in Romania, there were 89,000 admissions for "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days", making it the seventh most attended film in the country that year, and the most attended Romanian film. By 11 November 2007, it had over 300,000 admissions in France. By 8 September 2008, IFC Films reported a solid financial performance for "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" in the U.S., with a gross of $1.2 million.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: The film completed its run in May 2008. It made $1,198,208 in the United States and Canada, and $8,642,130 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $9,840,338.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 96% approval rating based on 139 reviews and an average rating of 8.35/10. The site's critical consensus reads "Featuring gut-wrenching performances from Anamaria Marinca and Laura Vasiliu, "4 Months" is a gripping portrayal of life in Communist Romania". The film also holds a 97% rating on Metacritic based on 37 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"; while numerous critics placed it in their top 10 films of 2007 or 2008. Roger Ebert awarded it four stars, commenting on the stupidity of the character Găbița and contrasting her to the title character of that year's "Juno", but hailing the film as "a powerful film and a stark visual accomplishment". "Time" magazine's Richard and Mary Corliss described it as a "gripping, satisfying film" and particularly noted the use of minimalism and "formal rigor" as defining aesthetic characteristics. Jay Weissberg from "Variety" magazine said that the film was "pitch perfect and brilliantly acted... a stunning achievement". He added that the film shares a number of characteristics with other productions of the New Romanian Cinema, namely: "long takes, controlled camera and an astonishing ear for natural dialogue". For "The New York Times", Manohla Dargis championed the direction, cinematography and lengthy takes.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Peter Bradshaw remarked on the sharpness of Otilia and the apparent naiveté of Găbița, but considered this is how their crisis could have affected them, and praised the film as "a masterpiece of intimate desperation". In "Empire", Damon Wise gave it five stars, positively reviewing the cinematography, colour scheme, and the depiction of the black-market terror created when something is outlawed. "The Independent"s Jonathan Romney named it a "masterpiece", acknowledging the description "Romanian abortion drama" would be off-putting for some viewers but defending it as "harrowing". Writing for "Le Monde", Thomas Sotinel called the film excellent and cited Marinca for an intense performance. Jean-Baptiste Morain of "Les Inrockuptibles" remarked on the film's powerful emotions, and credited Mungiu with managing to do much with little.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Some sources view the film as indicative of a broader renaissance in Romanian cinema in the 2000s, particularly in light of other successful Romanian films. These include Cristi Puiu's "The Death of Mr. Lazarescu", which won the "Prix un certain regard" at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival; Corneliu Porumboiu's "", which won the "Camera d'Or" at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival; and Cristian Nemescu's "California Dreamin'", which won the "Prix un certain regard" at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In 2009, "The Guardian" ranked it seventh in its "Best films of the noughties" list, surveying the past decade. "The New York Times" critic A.O. Scott also put the film seventh on his best of the decade list. In 2015, "The Guardian"s Benjamin Lee identified it as his favourite film to win the "Palme d'Or", praising it as a success as a modern thriller. Writing in his " 2015 Movie Guide", Leonard Maltin rated it three and a half stars, and called it "forceful" with a "matter-of-fact tone". In a 2016 worldwide critics' poll conducted by BBC, it was ranked 15th in the 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: On its international release, the film became partially viewed through the lens of the abortion debate, with Emma Wilson writing in "Film Quarterly" that IMDb user reviews were highlighting this and comparing it to "Juno". Wilson observed "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" displayed the aborted fetus, comparable to the U.S. anti-abortion movement's use of such images, but argued the film was closer to pro-choice ideology in its focus on the law's harm to women. Wilson further argued that the true point was the loyalty of the two characters. Mungiu said the fetus shot was not linked to the anti-abortion movement, as Romanians did not commonly use these depictions and the abortion debate was no longer prominent there. Anti-abortion protests comparable to those in the U.S. or Ireland did not occur in Romania until 2005, when the Orthodox Church commented on the matter. Mungiu also declined to state his position on abortion, and said he attempted to keep his film and his personal position separate. Scholars Oana Godeanu-Kenworthy and Oana Popescu-Sandu argued the film was simply about communism, and the minimalism allowed for foreign audiences to see what they wanted, including a statement on the abortion debate.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In the Canadian feminist magazine "Herizons", reviewer Maureen Medved judged "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" to approximate a horror film in depicting the abuses that women suffer when abortion is illegal. In anticipation of the 2008 U.S. presidential election, "Time" critics Mary and Richard Corliss also cited the film to discourage electing a candidate opposed to "Roe v. Wade", saying the film revealed potential negative consequences.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: In "The Australian Feminist Law Journal", Fiona Jenkins interpreted the story as a morally ambiguous argument that safe abortion services should be allowed, but that Otilia telling Găbița they will never talk about the matter reflects her "trauma not only of what she has undergone but what she has done". Peter T. Chattaway, writing for "Christianity Today", opined that "The abortion itself is handled in a way that could be seen to support both sides of the abortion debate", given the abuse to women, but also the portrayal of "the procedure's bloody aftermath". Writer Waltraud Maierhofer also interpreted it as "not simply for or against abortion". Maierhofer commented a woman will consider many things in making a choice, including health, finances and what the potential child would face. In a discussion with Adi, Otilia indicates she would not be ready to enter a marriage and raise a family. Găbița's reasons are never said; it can be presumed she made the decision herself, though Maierhofer wrote at times she appears "irresponsible".


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: At the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, Cristian Mungiu became the first Romanian filmmaker to win the "Palme d'Or", the festival's highest honour. Later, it became the first Romanian work to receive the European Film Award for Best Film. In its home country, it was nominated for 15 Gopo Awards and won nine, including Best Film.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Despite competing for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" was not shortlisted, creating controversy among critics and online film fans, as it had won the "Palme d'Or". The controversy caused an Academy member to pledge nomination reform, though the category had often sparked criticism. Mungiu later said the omission and subsequent furor brought the picture substantial publicity, and that the experience taught him that critics and festival juries have differing tastes from the Academy.


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Following the Academy Award controversy, the Academy reformed its methodology of choosing Best Foreign Language Film nominees, allowing a committee of approximately 20 members to name three favourite candidates, balancing out a shortlist composed by a second committee made up of hundreds of voters. Steven Zeitchik of the "Los Angeles Times" remarked the nominees of 2011 reflected the change, displaying unorthodox and challenging subject matter such as youth violence ("In a Better World"), incest by rape ("Incendies") and particularly torture ("Dogtooth"). In 2013, "The Wrap" named Mungiu "The Man Who Changed Oscar’s Rules".


title: 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days

text: Mungiu reportedly planned "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" to be the first in a loose series of films titled "Tales from a Golden Age". Mungiu explained that "the golden age of Romania" is a term used nationally for Ceaușescu's final nine years in power, though he said people then suffered "shortages and hardship". He intended to make six short films under the banner "Tales from the Golden Age", and then allow younger directors to take over the series. In 2009, he released a single film called "Tales from the Golden Age", following "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days" in depicting the Ceaușescu era and starring Vlad Ivanov. His next film, "Beyond the Hills" (2012), similarly depicted Romanian extremism, and Mungiu was inspired to make the cinematic adaptation after seeing the stage version in New York while promoting "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days". The 2020 film "Never Rarely Sometimes Always" was partly inspired by "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days".


title: Sara Sugarman

text: Sara Sugarman (born 13 October 1962) is a Welsh actress and filmmaker whose work includes Disney's "Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen" (2004) and "Very Annie Mary" (2001). She has also appeared in films including "Dealers" (1989) and "Those Glory Glory Days" (1983).


title: Sara Sugarman

text: Sugarman was born in Rhyl, Denbighshire, Wales, into a Jewish family. As a young teenager, she played in a punk outfit called The Fractures, managed by local musician Mike Peters. During this period, she played the rebellious SAG (School Action Group) leader Jessica Samuels in the children's drama TV series "Grange Hill" (1978–1979).


title: Sara Sugarman

text: In London, Sugarman attended both the Arts Educational School and then Barbara Speake Stage School in Acton. She attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) from 1986 to 1989, where she won the Best Actress medal. In 1992, she married the actor David Thewlis. They divorced in 1994.


title: Sara Sugarman

text: In 1994 she won a place at Bournemouth Film School and scripted and directed three short films, nominated for a BAFTA, BAFTA CYMRU and won twenty three International film festivals. She won International Film maker's prize at the Sundance Film Festival and HBO film maker prize at HBO comedy festival and the Orange Prize for screenwriting.


title: Sara Sugarman

text: As of 2010, Sugarman was living in Los Angeles. In 2012, Sugarman wrote and directed "Vinyl", a British comedy film based on the true story of Welsh musician Mike Peters of The Alarm who in 2004 released the single "45 RPM" under the name of a fictitious band "The Poppy Fields". Much of the film was shot on location in Sugarman's hometown Rhyl.


title: Super Air Jet

text: Super Air Jet is an Indonesian airline headquartered in Jakarta and based at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. The airline was founded in March 2021 and commenced operations on August 6, 2021.


title: Super Air Jet

text: Super Air Jet was formally launched in March 2021, and is financed by Lion Air Group founder, Rusdi Kirana. The airline obtained its Air Operator's Certificate from the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation on 30 June 2021 and will be launching the same year to 11 destinations in Indonesia. The airline is headed by Ari Azhari, who once served as the General Manager of Services for the Lion Air Group. Despite the airline's close connections to the Lion Air Group, its official channels has rejected claims of any formal ties to Lion Air and its subsidiaries.


title: Super Air Jet

text: The airline adopts a low-cost carrier model that focuses on point to point journeys to transport passengers between islands in Indonesia. It focuses on millennials as a target market. The airline will launch its services with six maiden routes from Jakarta to Batam, Medan, Padang, Palembang, Pekanbaru, and Pontianak.


title: Super Air Jet

text: Super Air Jet launched flights with three used Airbus A320-200s which formerly flew for India's Indigo and Tigerair Australia. The airline officially commenced operations on 6 August 2021 with a flight from Jakarta to Medan and Batam, following a month long delay due to the Indonesian Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement.


title: Super Air Jet

text: As of September 2022, the airline currently serves 25 destinations from its base at Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Cengkareng.


title: Sex scandal

text: Public scandals involving allegations or information about possibly immoral sexual activities are often associated with the sexual affairs of film stars, politicians, famous athletes, or others in the public eye. Sex scandals receive attention if a prominent figure is involved, if there is a perception of hypocrisy, if a public figure's sexuality is non-normative, or if it involves non-consensual acts. A scandal may be based on reality, the product of false allegations, or a mixture of both. Whether the scandal is based in fact or not, it may lead to the celebrity disappearing from the public eye or to the resignation of prominent political figures.


title: Sex scandal

text: Sex scandals involving politicians often become political scandals, particularly when there is an attempt at a cover-up or suspicions of illegality. Attempts at coverups include payoffs, threats, or, in extreme cases, murder.


title: Sex scandal

text: While some commentators see sex scandals as irrelevant to politics, particularly where "professional performance [does] not seem to be impaired", Gene Healy of the Cato Institute views them as not just "great fun", but a reminder "that we should think twice before we cede more power to these fools." An increase in the prevalence of morally questionable expressions of sexuality is sometimes referred to as a "sexidemic".


title: Sex scandal

text: Sex scandals, in relation to political and public figures, often lead to questions of one's own ethics and moral code. A politician who is caught in a sex scandal is more likely to resign than a public figure in the face of a sex scandal.


title: Sex scandal

text: Scandals have been a part of history in major declarations, false truces, when political or celebrity figures need to pay someone off to protect their legacy and more. Scandals can involve bribery, immoral action, shame, slander, misdoing, etc. The Hamilton–Reynolds affair, which involved Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who had a one-year affair with Maria Reynolds during George Washington's presidency, is considered one of the first sex scandals in American political history. Political sex scandals in the U.S. have included the first sex scandal of Alexander Hamilton to three major national political figures, Newt Gingrich, John Edwards, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Men and women have to face scrutiny of their career or life in the field of politics by the media looking for scandals.


title: Sex scandal

text: Sex scandals involve sexual affairs which usually, but not always, involve infidelity. Infidelity has many definitions, either based on experience or research done on people who have been involved in the act of disloyalty and trust. To some, infidelity "is a complex phenomenon with multiple reasons driving people to cheat on their partners". A 2018 "New York Times" article cited an American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy national survey, stating "that 15 percent of married women and 25 percent of married men have had extramarital affairs".


title: Sex scandal

text: Sex scandals tend to include a bias when it comes to men and women who are caught and then need evidence to explain their situation. A 2015 study concluded that gender stereotypes were "refer(ed) to the meanings that individuals and societies ascribe to males and females". According to Juliet Williams at the University of California, Los Angeles the 1998 Clinton–Lewinsky scandal in the United States made the US Congress, media, and citizens look at male candidates and politicians in a different light by "normalizing public discussion of sex acts." John Edwards, David Petraeus, Anthony Weiner, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Herman Cain, and Andrew Cuomo are other examples of men involved in sex scandals that have caused the public not to give men the benefit of the doubt. This has caused the debate between politics and sex scandals to be seen in a different light. It has allowed gender-shifting and the role of gender to become more unbiased in the selection of candidates during their evaluation and allowing more power for women fighting against stereotypes due to scandals, and men being seen as more skeptical.


title: Sex scandal

text: A year after the 2017 Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases was first reported, leading to the viral spread of the #MeToo movement, "New York Times" published a list of 201 names of prominent men in the United States who had lost their jobs following public allegations of sexual harassment.


title: Sex scandal

text: Social attitudes have traditionally been less forgiving when minors are involved. In France, for example, the scandal surrounding Swiss art dealer Yves Bouvier and former call girl Zahia Dehar – for whom Bouvier allegedly acted as a pimp in the late 2000s, paying her to appear at dinners for entertainment when she was 17 years old – has caused outrage and opened a debate about powerful men in society abusing their power. The fall from grace and imprisonment of Anthony Weiner, following his sexting of explicit pictures to a 15-year-old girl, is another notable example of the pre-#MeToo era.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: The Oromo Liberation Army (OLA; , WBO) is an armed opposition group active in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The OLA consist primarily of former armed members of the pre-peace deal OLF who refused to disarm out of skepticism of the peace deal, and former youth protestors who grew disillusioned with nonviolent resistance. The Ethiopian government now considers the OLF to be a legal political party but the OLA to be a terrorist group, though the OLA is accused of continuing to act as the armed wing of the OLF. In 2021, the group announced it had established a political wing and would adopt "Oromo Liberation Front-Oromo Liberation Army (OLF-OLA)" (Oromo: Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo-Waraana Bilisummaa Oromoo, ABO-WBO) as its official name. The Ethiopian government refuses to call the OLA by its chosen name, instead referring to it as Shene (), or OLF-Shene.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: The Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) was formed in 1974, evolving from Oromo insurgencies starting in the 1960s in response to perceived injustices by the groups in power.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: In August 2018, a peace agreement was signed between the Ethiopian government and the OLF, declaring a ceasefire, the continuation of OLF's activities by "peaceful means", and the creation of a joint committee for implementing the agreement. Armed components of the OLF who distrusted the peace deal, seeing "no room for a peaceful political resolution", formed the Oromo Liberation Army as a separate group from the OLF. In June 2021, Nagessa Dube, former attorney-general of Oromia Region, described the OLA as the "armed wing" of the OLF.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: As of the late 2010s, Jaal Marroo (born "Kumsa Diriba)" is the commander-in-chief of OLA, largely operating with the Western Command. , Gemechu Aboye was the deputy leader of OLA, according to "Sveriges Radio".


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: In November 2021, Jaal Gammachiis Aboye described the goal of OLA as "liberating" Oromos, after which Oromos would have to vote on their future and decide on inter-ethnic relations.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: Soretti claimed that OLA was attracting recruits in July 2021 because "Oromia [was] a war zone under the administration of the Prosperity Party". According to Odaa Tarbii, OLA spokesperson, 1165 Oromia Special Forces defected to the OLA and 400 of them from Laga Tafo area.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: In a press release on December 10th, 2022, the OLA High Command stated their war was not with any population group and called on the Oromo people to avoid the Ethiopian governments attempts at sparking confrontations with "our brothers and sisters from different communities". They further added on and called for Oromo's to protect members of ethnic minorities in the Oromia region


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: Soretti Kadir argues that the OLA limits extrajudicial executions to officials suspected of war crimes, stating that OLA has a "grading system [to use] when applying international humanitarian law [to] Oromo people", in which people supporting OLA's opponents out of coercion or family need are "not considered a target". Those that are "engaged in supporting the government out of the desire to attain wealth, power, notoriety or, just enjoy oppressing others ... are considered a target."


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: The OLA has been accused of committing extrajudicial executions by the Ethiopian government. The OLA denied the accusations.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: On 2 November 2020, 54 people—mostly Amhara women, children and elderly people—were killed in the village of Gawa Qanqa, after government security forces "abruptly and inexplicably left", by attackers identifying themselves as OLA. OLA denied responsibility. Instead saying:


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: "“The OLA would like to express its deepest condolences to all the victims of these terrible atrocities. We also want to underline that we are not responsible for these acts. The local admin[instration] works alongside Oromia Police & ex-OLA defectors to carry out these operations.”"


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: Overall, from April 2018 to April 2020, OLA killed 700 civilians according to Haaji Umar Nagessa, who was himself assassinated by the OLA on 4 April 2020.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: In June 2021, Nagessa Dube listed 20 assassinations by OLA, including that of Liban Halake, a Araddaa leader; and on 17 May 2021 of Waaqgaarii Qajeelaa, head of transportation for West Welega Zone and five other officials. According to Nagessa, the assassinations are typically announced by OLA on its Facebook online social mediapage. Nagessa stated that he had received death threats and that OLA sees the assassination of critics such as him as "righteous".


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: In June 2022, locals on the ground in Ethiopia accused the OLA of killing over 200 ethnic Amhara. The OLA denies these allegations and said the killings were committed by a pro government militia.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: By late October 2021, the OLA controlled various areas in the Welega Zone, Oromia Region including East, West, Kellam, Horo and Illu. On 1 November, Jaal Marroo stated that the OLA had taken "several towns in western, central, and southern Oromia, facing little resistance from government forces who were retreating."


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: The OLA also used the opportunity presented by the Tigray Conflict to take brief control of Kamisee on 31 October 2021, as the Tigray Defence Forces advanced on Kombolcha.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: On 6 May 2021, the Ethiopian House of Peoples' Representatives declared OLA to be a terrorist organisation.


title: Oromo Liberation Army

text: Soretti Kadir claimed in July 2021 that OLA's actions were "responding to systemic and enduring state violence" by the federal Ethiopian government. Nagesa Dube argues that "OLA does apparently target civilian government employees to instill fear in the public".


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: The siege of Paris of 885–886 was part of a Viking raid on the Seine, in the Kingdom of the West Franks. The siege was the most important event of the reign of Charles the Fat, and a turning point in the fortunes of the Carolingian dynasty and the history of France. It also proved for the Franks the strategic importance of Paris at a time when it also was one of the largest cities in West Francia. The siege is the subject of an eyewitness account in the Latin poem "Bella Parisiacae urbis" of Abbo Cernuus.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: With hundreds of ships, and possibly tens of thousands of men, the Vikings arrived outside Paris in late November 885, demanding tribute. This was denied by Odo, Count of Paris, despite the fact he could assemble only several hundred soldiers to defend the city. The Vikings attacked with a variety of siege engines but failed to break through the city walls despite days of intense attacks. The siege was maintained for months but without any significant assaults after the initial attack. As the siege continued, most of the Vikings left Paris to pillage further upriver. The Vikings made a final unsuccessful attempt to take the city during the summer. In October, Charles the Fat arrived with his army.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: To the frustration of the Parisians who had fought to defend the city, Charles stopped short of attacking the Viking invaders. Instead, he allowed them to sail farther up the Seine to raid Burgundy (which was in revolt) and promised a payment of 700 "livres" (257 kg) of silver. Odo, highly critical of this, attempted to defy Charles' promises. When Charles died in 888, Odo was elected the first non-Carolingian king of the Franks.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: Although the Vikings had attacked parts of Francia previously, they reached Paris for the first time in 845, eventually sacking the city. They attacked Paris three more times in the 860s, leaving only when they had acquired sufficient loot or bribes. In 864, by the Edict of Pistres, bridges were ordered built across the Seine at Pîtres and in Paris, where two were built, one on each side of the Île de la Cité, which served admirably in the siege of 885. The chief ruler in the region around Paris (the Île-de-France) was the duke of Francia (also the Count of Paris), who controlled the lands between the Seine and Loire. Originally this was Robert the Strong, margrave of Neustria and "missus dominicus" for the Loire Valley. He began fortifying the capital and fought the Norsemen continuously until his death in battle against them at Brissarthe. His son Odo succeeded him, but royal power declined. Paris continued to be fortified due to local, rather than royal, initiative.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: West Francia suffered under a series of short-reigning kings after the death of Charles the Bald in 877. This situation prevailed until 884 when Charles the Fat, already King of Germany and Italy, became king, raising hopes of reunification of Charlemagne's empire. While it was thought that the Franks had gained an upper hand against the Vikings after the victory of Louis III at the Battle of Saucourt in 881, in 885, a year after the succession of Charles, the Vikings launched their largest attack on Paris.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: Danish Vikings under Sigfred and Sinric sailed towards West Francia again in 885, having raided the north-eastern parts of the country before. Sigfred demanded a bribe from Charles, but was refused, and promptly led 700 ships up the Seine, carrying perhaps as many as 30,000 or 40,000 men. The number, the largest ever recorded for a Viking fleet in contemporary sources, originates from Abbo Cernuus. Although an eyewitness, there is general agreement among historians that Abbo's numbers are "a gross exaggeration," with Abbo being "in a class of his own as an exaggerator." Historian C. W. Previté-Orton has instead put the number of ships at 300, and John Norris at "some 300." Although the Franks tried to block the Vikings from sailing up the Seine, the Vikings eventually managed to reach Paris. Paris at this time was a town on an island, known today as Île de la Cité. Its strategic importance came from the ability to block ships' passage with its two low-lying footbridges, one of wood and one of stone. Not even the shallow Viking ships could pass Paris because of the bridges. Odo, Count of Paris prepared for the arrival of the Vikings by fortifying the bridgehead with two towers guarding each bridge. He was low on men, having no more than 200 men-at-arms available (also according to Abbo Cernuus), but led a joint defence with Gozlin, Bishop of Paris (the first "fighting bishop" in medieval literature), and had the aid of his brother, Robert, two counts and a marquis.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: The Vikings arrived in Paris on 24 or 25 November 885, initially asking for tribute from the Franks. When this was denied, they began a siege. On 26 November the Vikings attacked the northeast tower with ballistae, mangonels, and catapults. They were repulsed by a mixture of hot wax and pitch. All Viking attacks that day were repulsed, and during the night the Parisians constructed another storey on the tower. On 27 November the Viking attack included mining, battering rams, and fire, but to no avail. Bishop Gozlin entered the fray with a bow and an axe. He planted a cross on the outer defences and exhorted the people. His brother Ebles also joined the fighting. The Vikings withdrew after the failed initial attacks and built a camp on the right side of the riverbank, using stone as construction material. While preparing for new attacks, the Vikings also started constructing additional siege engines. In a renewed assault, they shot a thousand grenades against the city, sent a ship for the bridge, and made a land attack with three groups. The forces surrounded the bridgehead tower, possibly mainly aiming to bring down the river obstacle. While they tried setting fire to the bridge, they also attacked the city itself with siege engines.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: For two months the Vikings maintained the siege, making trenches and provisioning themselves off the land. In January 886 they tried to fill the river shallows with debris, plant matter, and the bodies of dead animals and dead prisoners to try to get around the tower. They continued this for two days. On the third day, they set three ships alight and guided them towards the wooden bridge. The burning ships sank before they could set the bridge on fire, but the wooden construction was nonetheless weakened. On 6 February, rains caused the debris-filled river to overflow and the bridge supports to give way. The bridge gone, the northeast tower was now isolated with only twelve defenders inside. The Vikings asked the twelve to surrender, but they refused and were all subsequently killed.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: The Vikings left a force around Paris, but many ventured further to pillage Le Mans, Chartres, Evreux and into the Loire. Odo successfully slipped some men through Norse lines to go to Italy and plead with Charles to come to their aid. Henry, Count of Saxony, Charles' chief man in Germany, marched to Paris. Weakened by marching during the winter, Henry's soldiers made only one abortive attack in February before retreating. The besieged forces sallied forth to obtain supplies. The morale of the besiegers was low and Sigfred asked for sixty pounds of silver. He left the siege in April. Another Viking leader, Rollo, stayed behind with his men. In May, disease began to spread in the Parisian ranks and Gozlin died. Odo then slipped through Viking-controlled territory to petition Charles for support; Charles consented. Odo fought his way back into Paris and Charles and Henry of Saxony marched northward. According to Joshua J. Mark, "at some point in 886 CE, Odo returned with the armies of Charles the Fat. He fought his way through the Viking forces and into the city with his men; the Vikings in quick pursuit. Odo organized an immediate defence and the Danes were again driven back to their ships " Henry died, however, after he fell into the Viking ditches, where he was captured and killed.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: That summer, the Vikings made a final attempt to take the city but were repulsed. The imperial army arrived in October and scattered the Vikings. Charles encircled Rollo and his army and set up a camp at Montmartre. However, Charles had no intention of fighting. He allowed the Vikings to sail up the Seine to ravage Burgundy, which was in revolt. When the Vikings withdrew from France the next spring, he gave them 700 (pounds) of silver as promised, amounting to approximately 257 kg.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: The Parisians and Odo refused to let the Vikings down the Seine and the invaders had to drag their boats overland to the Marne to leave the country. When Charles died in 888, the French elected Odo as their king. Odo's brother and son of Robert the Strong, Robert I of France, was later elected king as well, in opposition to the Carolingian Charles the Simple. Throughout the 9th century, the Robertians, descendants of Robert the Strong, held the crown and remained leading figures in West Francia. However, their rulership was highly fragmented as their authority was challenged by minor countships and castellanies. The princelings of West Francia elected Robert I's grandson, Hugh Capet, king in 987.


title: Siege of Paris (885–886)

text: The Viking invasion as well as further persistent raidings of the city destroyed much of the urban infrastructure on the Left Bank, which eventually converted to agricultural use, while the Right Bank were mostly sparred from pillaging, with subsequent development favoring the Right Bank.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: Devi is a 2016 Indian comedy horror film co-written and directed by Vijay. It features Tamannaah in the titular role with Prabhu Deva and Sonu Sood in the lead roles Whilst RJ Balaji, Saptagiri, Rajiv Thakur and Murali Sharma in supporting roles. In addition to Tamil, the film was also simultaneously shot in Telugu and Hindi titled Abhinetri () and Tutak Tutak Tutiya, respectively.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: Krishna (Prabhu Deva) is a happy-go-lucky Tamilian (Teluguite in Telugu version) who works in Mumbai. He is originally from Coimbatore (Rajahmundry in Telugu version). He spends his time searching for his dream girl. He wants his life partner to be educated and have supermodel looks. He does not want a country girl for a wife. His grandmother is on her deathbed, and his father (Joy Mathew) wants him to get married. His father, with the aid of his grandmother, chooses a girl from their village. He tries many times to stop the marriage, but nothing works. He marries the girl, Devi (Tamannaah), unwillingly. He tries to get rid of her and shifts to a new house to hide her from his friends.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: After moving to the new house, Devi's personality changes, which surprises Krishna. He unwillingly takes her to a film festival where, to his shock, she dances and calls herself Ruby. She attracts the attention of actor Raj Khanna (Sonu Sood). Krishna inquires about the house with his neighbours and, to his disbelief, learns about the past owner, a girl called Ruby, an actress who was supposed to debut with Raj was replaced by another actress, which caused her to fall into depression and commit suicide in that very house. He finds out that his wife is possessed by Ruby. Ruby gets an acting offer for the third sequel of Revolver Raja with Raj, and she forces Krishna to let her attend every rehearsal. Eventually, Krishna makes a deal with her to end this after one movie. Through the film making process which involves Krishna lying to Devi, Krishna begins to appreciate his wife and falls in love with her. Ruby and Krishna also become close friends.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: At the release of the movie, Krishna praises Ruby for her acting, but she betrays him and does not leave Devi's body as promised. Krishna tries to make her leave by exposing her in the press conference, but she tricks him. At that point, Raj also proposes to her. She faints and is rushed to the hospital. The doctor reveals that Devi is pregnant with Krishna's child. Krishna begs Ruby to leave his wife's body, and Ruby obeys. The movie ends with Krishna and Devi happy together, while we see Ruby's name on a name tag in a trash bin disappear.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: In the Tamil and Telugu versions, after a few years, Krishna and Devi live happily and have a child by the time. Krishna goes out to work, but he is possessed by Ruby, whose name tag is back again. This scene sets the stage for the sequel.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: In the Hindi version, Raj is swarmed by his fans asking for an autograph, and in the midst of all, he recognizes a hand stretched out, asking for his autograph. He asked for her name, and she answers, "Ruby" (Esha Gupta). It is understood that Ruby has possessed her body.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: "Devi" was simultaneously filmed in Telugu as "Abhinetri" and in Hindi as "Tutak Tutak Tutiya", respectively with a slightly different supporting cast for each version.


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: A critic from "The Hindu" opined that "Except for the 'Tutak Tutak Tutiya' number where the lyrics seem more Hindi than Telugu, the makers ensure that "Abhinetri" remains a Telugu film at heart". "123 Telugu" gave the film a rating of three out of five and said that ""Abhinetri" is a very simple tale that keeps you occupied (if not entertained) for its two hours duration. if you ignore the few gltiches here and there, it is a movie that can be watched once". "Idlebrain" gave the film the same rating and noted that ""Abhinetri" is one such kind of film that works based on its content, not just because of the thrills and fear factor" and called the film "dubbed".


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: M. Suganth of "The Times of India" gave the film a rating of three-and-a-half out of five stars and said that "Vijay gives us a story that is quite simple and at the same time empathetic". "Behindwoods" gave the film the same rating and said that "A wholesome ghost story that engages and entertains". "Sify" called the film "engaging" while criticizing the film's Hindi-dubbed feel and Bollywoodesque songs. "The Hindu" said that ""Devi" works as an engaging horror film, save for the overdose of dance and frolic that takes away the thrills" and added that ""Devi" is A.L. Vijay's way of saying he can do pei-sa vasool entertainers too".


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: "Hindustan Times" gave a rating of two out of five stars and opined that "If you are looking for an entertaining, paisa-vasool movie, "Tutak Tutak Tutiya" should be your pick". "The Times of India" gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and wrote that "Despite being a tad underwhelming, "Tutak Tutak Tutiya" is a fairly enjoyable film that can be watched on a family outing". "The India Express" gave 9he film a rating of a half out of five stars and stated that "What happens when Prabhu Deva is not given enough dance numbers but is expected to act and Tamannah Bhatia is turned into a sari-clad frump? Horror!"


title: Devi (2016 film)

text: After the success of "Devi" and "Abhinetri", the makers planned to make a sequel, titled "Devi 2" and "Abhinetry 2". The film's shooting commenced in Mauritius with Tamannaah, Prabhu Deva, RJ Balaji, and Saptagiri reprising their roles.


title: America East Conference

text: The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I founded in 1979, whose members are located in the Northeastern United States.


title: America East Conference

text: The conference has nine core members including eight public research universities, three of which, the University of Maine, the University of New Hampshire, and the University of Vermont, are the flagship universities of their states. The two non-flagship university centers of the State University of New York are in the conference: the University at Albany and Binghamton University. Bryant University is the only private university among the core membership. Of the nine members, eight are located within the borders of 7 contiguous states. The ninth, UMBC, is the only institution outside this bloc of states. Bryant is the latest institution to join the conference in 2022, when Stony Brook University and the University of Hartford departed the conference.


title: America East Conference

text: The America East Conference sponsors 18 sports (8 men's and 10 women's). The conference is among the best in the country according to Graduation Success Rate (GSR) data released by the NCAA.


title: America East Conference

text: The America East Conference was founded as the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North, a men's basketball-only athletic conference in 1979. The conference was known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North from 1979 to 1988 and the North Atlantic Conference from 1988 to 1996. The charter members were the University of Rhode Island, the College of the Holy Cross, Canisius College, Niagara University, Colgate University, Northeastern University, Boston University, the University of Maine, the University of New Hampshire and the University of Vermont.


title: America East Conference

text: The America East Conference made history during the 2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament on March 16, 2018, when No. 16 seed UMBC defeated No. 1 seed Virginia, marking the first time in men's tournament history that a No. 1 seed had lost to a No. 16 seed.


title: America East Conference

text: On May 6, 2021, Hartford's governing board voted to begin the process of transitioning the school from Division I to NCAA Division III. Under the plan, Hartford would formally apply to the NCAA for reclassification in January 2022, stop awarding athletic scholarships to incoming students from 2022–23 forward, and join an as-yet-undetermined D-III conference in 2023 before becoming a full D-III member in 2025–26.


title: America East Conference

text: Several media reports indicated that Hartford's last year in the American East Conference would be the 2021–22 season.


title: America East Conference

text: At the time, Hartford was the only private university in the conference; this status transferred to Bryant when it joined in July 2022.


title: America East Conference

text: On July 20, 2022, Merrimack College was announced to join the conference as a men's lacrosse member for the 2022–23 season.


title: America East Conference

text: Five schools currently hold associate membership: three from California, one from Virginia and one from Massachusetts.


title: America East Conference

text: Five schools have had single-sport membership in the past. Three of these, Fairfield, Monmouth, and Providence, moved their America East sports into their all-sports conferences. Another such school, NJIT, left when it joined a conference that sponsored its America East sport, but returned as a full member in July 2020 (by which time the AmEast had dropped that sport). Pacific dropped its America East sport following the 2018–19 academic year due to budget cuts.


title: America East Conference

text: The America East Conference sponsors championship competition in eight men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The most recent changes to the roster of America East sports were announced in 2016, with the dropping of women's tennis after the 2015–16 season due to a lack of sponsoring teams and the revival of men's swimming and diving effective in the 2017–18 school year.


title: America East Conference

text: No America East school has won a national title in a sport sponsored by the conference; however, member institutions have been national champions in non-America East sports.


title: America East Conference

text: During the 2018 NCAA tournament, UMBC became the first No. 16 seed to defeat a No. 1 seed in the NCAA men's tournament, beating the Virginia Cavaliers 74–54.


title: Iwi

text: Iwi () are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society. In Māori roughly means "people" or "nation", and is often translated as "tribe", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English.


title: Iwi

text: In modern-day New Zealand, can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu, compensated that for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. the tribe has collective assets under management of $1.85 billion. affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy).


title: Iwi

text: In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages, literally means "bone" derived from Proto-Oceanic *"suRi"₁ meaning "thorn, splinter, fish bone". Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors. Māori author Keri Hulme's novel "The Bone People" (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people".


title: Iwi

text: Many names begin with or with (from and respectively, both meaning roughly "the offspring of"). has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā (Pākehā as a group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army, and ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks.


title: Iwi

text: In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become and , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu).


title: Iwi

text: Each has a generally recognised territory (), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries.


title: Iwi

text: can become a prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or . Thus does the Māori Party mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of to achieve self-determination for , and within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically -oriented terms.


title: Iwi

text: Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to a situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues:


title: Iwi

text: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside the traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi, a particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links.


title: Iwi

text: In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their . Another 11 per cent did not state their , or stated only a general geographic region, or merely gave a name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses.


title: Iwi

text: Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across divisions, and the Māori King Movement, though principally congregated around Waikato/Tainui, aims to transcend some functions in a wider grouping.


title: Iwi

text: Many operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of and . Under their funding agreement, the stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture.


title: Iwi

text: A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of radio stations would increase as the growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and .


title: Iwi

text: The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with a Treaty of Waitangi claim. This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming .


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Jessie Vargas (born May 10, 1989) is an American professional boxer. He is a former world champion in two weight classes, having held the WBA (Regular) and IBO super lightweight titles in 2014, and the WBO welterweight title in 2016. As of August 2021, he is ranked as the world's eleventh best active welterweight by BoxRec.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Vargas had an amateur record of 120 wins and 20 losses. He was a two-time Mexican national champion, a two-time United States junior national champion, and was a member of the 2008 Mexican Olympic team.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: In September 2008, Vargas won his pro debut against the undefeated Joel Gonzalez by first-round knockout.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Vargas got attention when, during a fight against Trenton Titsworth, Vargas was kissed on the neck and he responded by hitting Titsworth during the break. Titsworth was docked two points, Vargas one.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: In his twelfth fight he knocked out a former IBO light welterweight Champion Daniel Sarmiento of Argentina. The bout was the main event of FSN's Fight Night Club. In his next fight Vargas won an eight-round unanimous decision against Mexican Ramón Montaño on the undercard of Amir Khan vs. Marcos Maidana.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On February 24, 2011 Vargas fought at Club Nokia in Los Angeles, California against journeyman Cristian Favela (19–31–7, 10 KOs). The fight went the 8 round distance. Favela pressed the action more than expected but ultimately lost on the cards with the three scorecards reading 79–73, 78–74 and 77–75 in favour of Vargas. On March 31, Golden Boy announced that Vargas would fight former WBA light welterweight Champion Vivian Harris (29–5–1, 19 KO's) at the Desert Arena in Primm, Nevada on April 8. This bout was televised on TeleFutura. Vargas picked up the biggest win of his career to date after Harris quit on his stool after just one round. Vargas didn't allow Harris to put any work in and badly shook Harris on a few occasions, in what some believed would be a competitive bout. With the win, Vargas improved to 15–0 (8 KOs).


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On June 14, British boxer Ashley Theophane declined the opportunity to fight Vargas on the undercard of Floyd Mayweather Jr vs. Victor Ortiz, which was scheduled to take place on September 17. Theophane stated when he was told he could fight on the card, he expected a potential rematch with Danny Garcia or another big name, however Vargas' name was brought up for an 8-round fight. Colombian boxer Walter Estrada (39–14–1, 25 KO's) was later confirmed to be Vargas' next opponent in a scheduled 10 round bout on July 8. After a slow first round, Vargas landed a clean left uppercut in the second round knocking out Estrada. The stoppage came 38 seconds into the round. Vargas was next scheduled to fight on the Mayweather vs. Ortiz undercard against Josesito Lopez (29–3, 17 KOs). In August 2011, British boxer Amir Khan began chasing a big money fight with Floyd Mayweather Jr. possibly for 2012. Vargas began calling out Khan for a potential fight. Speaking to Fighthype.com, Mayweather said, "Jessie Vargas wants to know why Amir Khan is ducking and dodging. He's asking for him. Everybody is ducking and dodging him. He's my fighter and he wants [Khan]." Speaking on a radio show, Vargas said, "He keeps saying he wants to fight Floyd. If he really wants to fight Floyd then he has to fight me first." Vargas earned a tough victory via split decision. One judge scored the bout 95–94 for Lopez, whilst the other two scored had it 96–93 and 95–94 for Vargas, giving him the win. In the 10 rounds, Vargas landed 167 of 851 punches thrown (20%) and Lopez landed 122 of his 509 thrown (24%). Vargas fought on May 5, 2012 on the Mayweather vs. Cotto undercard defeating Steve Forbes (35–10, 11 KOs) after 10 rounds. The scorecards read 100–90, 97–93 and 98–92. Forbes was a late replacement for Alfonso Gómez, who withdrew with back spasms.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On June 6, 2012 Vargas signed a deal with boxing manager Cameron Dunkin. There was rumors that Vargas would be joining Top Rank. The rumors turned out true. On June 20, Vargas left Mayweather Promotions to sign with Top Rank.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On February 2, 2013 Top Rank announced that Vargas would be opening the Timothy Bradley vs. Ruslan Provodnikov card against Wale 'Lucky Boy' Omotoso (23–0, 19 KOs) on March 16 at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California. The fight was shown live on HBO. Vargas was dropped to one knee in round two, but went on to win a hard-fought battle against Omotoso. One judge scored the fight 97–92 and the remaining two scored it 96–93 in favour of Vargas. ESPN scored the fight 95–94 in favor of Omotoso. HBO's Harold Lederman had it a 94–94 draw. Omotoso started off the fight much stronger than Vargas, but the latter took control midway. In round two, during an exchange, Omotoso landed a body shot forcing Vargas' knee to touch the mat, thus ruling a knockdown. With the win, Vargas claimed the vacant WBC Continental Americas welterweight title. Vargas landed 165 punches of 486 total thrown (34%). Omotoso, outlanded in nine rounds, landed 103 of his 429 thrown (24%).


title: Jessie Vargas

text: In May 2013, Vargas stated he was likely to return on the undercard of Juan Manuel Marquez vs. Tim Bradley HBO pay-per-view, scheduled to take place in the fall at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas. HBO set October 12 as the date of the event. Veteran Ghanaian boxer Ray Narh (26–3, 21KOs) was announced as his opponent. It was also revealed the fight would take place on the HBO PPV, but instead UniMás would televise a card from the same venue on the Friday night. In the final seconds of the fight, Vargas dropped Narh. Although Narh beat the count, he lost on the scorecards, which read 97–92 and 98–91 twice. Both boxers fought on the inside majority of the fight, landing power shots, with many clean shots landed.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: In October 2013, Vargas considered moving back down to light welterweight, the weight he began his career. For his last six fight, Vargas began fighting at the welterweight limit. Speaking to Boxing Scene, he said, "I know I can still make the weight. I was on weight early for my last fight. I even ate before the weigh in and I didn't have any problems."


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On January 30, 2014 it was announced that Vargas would get his first opportunity to fight for a world title on the Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley II PPV card on HBO on April 12 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Nevada. He would challenge fellow Top Rank stablemate, 31 year old Khabib Allakhverdiev (19–0, 9 KO) for the WBA 'Regular' and IBO light welterweight titles. Allakhverdiev won the title in 2012, when it was vacant against Joan Guzmán. Vargas worked with well known trainer Ismael Salas for the first time. On fight night, Vargas claimed his first world title defeating Allakhverdiev via unanimous decision. Vargas used head movement, quick jabs and well-placed uppercuts to help get the win on the scorecards. The three judges' scored the fight 117–111, 115–113 and 115–113 in favour of Vargas. ESPN's Dan Rafael scored the fight 115–113 for Allakhverdiev, as did HBO's unofficial scorer Harold Lederman. In the post-fight, Vargas said, "I thought I should have been busier earlier in the fight and I got stronger and I thought I took control midway through the fight. This was my first 12-round fight. I worked hard for three months in the Top Rank gym. This fight, this win will make me an even better fighter." Allakhverdiev claimed he wanted a rematch straight away. For the fight, Allakhverdiev took home $250,000 whilst Vargas had a $90,000 purse.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Vargas vacated the IBO title. In May, Boxing Scene stated Vargas would make his first defence against Russian boxer Anton Novikov (29–0, 10 KOs), although a deal was not finalized. The same source stated the bout would feature on the undercard of Brandon Rios vs. Diego Chaves on August 2, 2014 in either Las Vegas or Fresno. On June 6, the fight was confirmed to take place at The Cosmopolitan Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Vargas was excited the bout would be taking place in his home town. As Part of the negotiations, Vargas agreed to random drug testing by VADA. At the same time, Novikov hadn't yet agreed to the drug testing, although he was offered a sponsorship to cover the costs. Novikov failed a post fight drug test in 2012 after he won the vacant WBC silver welterweight title against Karlo Tabaghua in Russia. Novikov's promoter Steve Bash did not mention the drug testing until a month later. Novikov said in regards to the drug testing, “I don’t mind any type of testing. The people who are winning fights should win them fairly.” In what was said to be another controversial decision, Vargas retained his WBA title after 12 rounds. The three judges' scorecards read 118–111, 118–111 and 117–111. ESPN and BadLeftHook scored the fight closer in favour of Novikov. Vargas started the fight well pressing the action and making Novikov miss. Novikov began to take control after round five, but tired a few rounds later. In the championship rounds, Novikov landed several hard shots to the body and head of Vargas, however it was Vargas that ended the fight the strongest. CompuBox stats showed that Vargas landed 191 of 783 punches thrown (24%), which including 153 power shots landed. Novikov landed 223 of his 812 shots (27%), which included 151 power shots landed. Vargas said of the win, "I can be even better. It was a rough fight. I landed the cleaner punches." ESPN reported that Vargas earned $125,000 and Novikov earned a $105,000 purse. The fight averaged of 728,000 viewers on HBO, peaking at 839,000 viewers.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On September 16, 2014 Top Rank promoter Bob Arum announced that Vargas would be making his second title defence on the undercard of Manny Pacquiao vs. Chris Algieri at The Venetian Macao in Macau, SAR on November 22 against 28 year old Mexican boxer and former lightweight world champion Antonio DeMarco (31–3–1, 23 KOs). On announcement, Vargas said, "My opponent is a tough, rugged fighter who comes to fight. I know this will be a fight that fans throughout the world will enjoy. This is very exciting for our team to be part of an event of this magnitude. I plan on bringing my world title belt back to Las Vegas." Vargas began training with former pound for pound king of the 90's, Roy Jones Jr. There was talks between Vargas and Arum before the fight. Arum stated there would be some big opportunities for Vargas in 2015. The fight went the distance with Vargas earning a unanimous decision win to retain his world title. All three judges' scored the fight 116–112 in favour of Vargas. Vargas, who is usually a defensive style fighter, showed a more offensive approach. This was most likely due to Jones being his new trainer. Both fighters were accurate with their punching, landing at a connect rate of over 40%. DeMarco announced his retirement after the fight.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On April 30, 2015 it was announced that Vargas would be making his welterweight debut against former two-weight world champion Timothy Bradley (31–1–1, 12 KOs) on June 27 at StubHub Center in Carson, California. It was later announced the bout would be contested for the WBO interim title. On May 29, Vargas replaced Jones as his trainer with former world champion Erik Morales. A small crowd of 4,311 was announced. Bradley pretty much dominated the exchanges throughout, punishing Vargas repeatedly to the body and head. While absorbing major damage, Vargas had showed the ability to hurt Bradley and with 20 seconds left in round 12 landed a massive punch that buckled Bradley's knees and had him stumbling across the ring. Vargas followed him and landed 2 more head shots before being tied up near the ropes. Referee Pat Russell heard the 10 second warning and mistakenly signaled that the fight was over with 7–8 seconds remaining. Vargas believed he had TKO'd Bradley and celebrated atop the turnbuckle. When order was restored it was ruled that the referee's mistake was impossible to fix and the fight would go to the scorecards. Bradley, at that point, deserved the unanimous decision. The judges scored the fight 115–112, 116–112 and 117–111 all in Bradley's favour. Vargas had called for a rematch.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: CompuBox showed that Bradley landed 232 of his 676 punches (34%), and Vargas landed 203 of 630 thrown (32%). Bradley earned $1.5 million compared to Vargas' $600,000 purse. Russell claimed it was an honest mistake. After viewing the end, he said, "[Bradley's] hurt. He's still hurt and still on his feet. He's working a bit, he's in it. Sounded like the bell to me. But you don't always hear the 10-second warning. You'd like to, but what I thought I heard was the bell. I made the call that I made based upon what I heard. That's all I can say. It was an honest call based on an honest reaction." The fight averaged 1.121 million viewers and peaked at 1.228 million on HBO.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On July 8, Vargas filed an appeal to the California State Athletic Commission to change the outcome of the fight to No Contest.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: After Bradley decided against the rematch, instead opting to fight Manny Pacquiao for a third time, the WBO Welterweight title became vacant. It was announced that Vargas would still have a chance at the world title against Sadam Ali. In the fight, Vargas landed the more effective blows in what wasn't really a close fight. Vargas knocked down Ali in rounds eight and nine. Vargas landed a brutal body shot followed by a right to the head to knock him out on his feet and win the vacant WBO world title. Vargas was ahead on all judges scorecards at the time of TKO (79–72, 77–74 twice). Vargas credited new trainer Dewey Cooper, his sixth trainer in eight years as a pro, for the game plan and conditioning. Vargas landed 159 punches from his 428 thrown compared to 118 landed from 408 from Ali. The fight averaged 726,000 viewers on HBO, peaking at 848,000 viewers.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: It was announced on May 12, 2016 that negotiations for a unification fight with IBF titleholder Kell Brook (36–0, 25 KOs) were under way. Hearn told "Sky Sports" he had "offered a huge amount of money" to make the fight happen and while he conceded Brook might have to travel to America, Vargas insists he was willing to cross the Atlantic. Vargas signed his contract, manager, Cameron Dunkin, told ESPN.com on June 1. Eddie Hearn said the fight will take place August 27 or September 3 at Bramall Lane in Sheffield. Vargas would be making his biggest purse at $1.7 million, by a lot. Vargas confirmed via his Twitter account that the bout was set for September 3. Negotiations fell through on July 9 for the unification title fight, when it was announced that Brook would be moving up two weight divisions to challenge Gennady Golovkin instead.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Sky Sports announced on 4 August 2016, Vargas would defend his WBO welterweight title against eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao (58–6–2, 38 KOs), coming out of retirement, on November 5. It was also reported that promoter Bob Arum was looking to hold the fight in Las Vegas or Dubai. The fight took place at the Thomas & Mack Centre in Las Vegas, in front of a crowd of 16,132, which included retired pound for pound king Floyd Mayweather Jr. Vargas earned a guaranteed base purse of a career high $2.8 million for the fight.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Vargas lost his WBO title after losing via unanimous decision. The judges scored the fight 114–113, 118–109 and 118–109 in favour of Pacquiao. Vargas thought he had done enough to retain his title, after the first score of 114–113 was read, he climbed on to the corner raising his arms in the air, only for Pacquiao to be read out the eventual victor. After a steady first round, Pacquiao woke the crowd up in the second round when he hit Vargas with a straight left hand that put him on the mat. The knockdown set the tone for the rest of the fight which had action back and forth. Vargas seemed to have picked up in the middle rounds, but it was Pacquiao who was the more dominant one throughout the 12-rounds. Vargas managed to land a few hard right hands, but none were enough to turn the scores in his favour. In the post-fight interview, Vargas had no excuses, claiming he 'lost to a legend'. CompuBox stats showed Pacquiao as the more accurate of the two, landing 147 of 409 punches (36%). Vargas landed on 104 of his 562 thrown (19%).


title: Jessie Vargas

text: Vargas was a name considered for Miguel Cotto's (41–5, 33 KOs) final fight in December 2017. Cotto picked Vargas' old foe Sadam Ali as his final professional fight. On October 18, Vargas stated the reason why he turned down the Cotto fight was simply because Golden Boy Promotions did not offer him a good enough deal. Part of the deal would have been that Vargas sign a multi-fight deal with Golden Boy, a similar offer which was also rejected by Mikey Garcia and Errol Spence. Vargas, at this time was a free agent after coming to an undisclosed agreement with Top Rank. He started working with boxing advisor Al Haymon. Vargas also slammed Cotto's decision to fight Ali, after he himself knocked him out in 9 rounds in 2016. On November 11, it was announced that Vargas would finally return to the ring in California against fringe Mexican boxer Aaron Herrera (33–7–1, 22 KOs) on December 15, 2017. The Pioneer Event Center in Lancaster, California was announced as the venue for the bout, which would be shown live on PBC on FS1. Prior to the fight, Vargas replaced trainer Dewey Cooper with former three-weight world champion Mike McCallum. Vargas made a successful return after 13 months, defeating Herrera by a lopsided 10 round unanimous decision. Vargas did not look as though he wanted to end the fight via stoppage. Vargas did knock Herrera down with a combination to the head in round 6. All three judges' scored the fight 100–89 in favour of Vargas. Vargas admitted there was ring rust but stated he wanted a big name next.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: In January 2018, according to sources, Vargas was being lined up to challenge unified welterweight champion Keith Thurman on his return. On January 24, Showtime announced that Thurman would return to the Barclays Center for the third consecutive time on May 29 and Thurman denied any rumours, stating that he would not be fighting Vargas.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On January 24, Showtime announced Adrien Broner vs. Omar Figueroa Jr. (27–0–1, 19 KOs) would take place on April 21 at the Barclays Center in New York. On March 4, Figueroa pulled out of the fight after injuring his shoulder in training. PBC stated the card would still go ahead and they would find a new opponent for Broner. The next day, Showtime confirmed that Broner (33–3, 24 KOs) would now fight Vargas in a 144-pound Catchweight bout, headlining a card also featuring the re-booked Jermall Charlo-Hugo Centeno Jr. fight and Gervonta Davis-Jesús Cuellar.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: The attendance for the event was 13,964. With the arena only set up for 10,000, additional sections were opened in the upper tiers. Broner and Vargas fought to a 12-round majority draw. One judge scored the fight 115–113 for Broner and the remaining two judges overruled with identical scores of 114–114. ESPN's Dan Rafael and Showtimes unofficial scorer Steve Farhood both scored the bout 114–114. The fight was of two halves. The first half of the fight saw Vargas take up a nice lead, controlling the bout and then looked to fade a little, allowing Broner to take control for the remainder of the bout. Vargas out landed Broner 124–82 in the opening 6 rounds and Broner out landed Vargas 112–79 in the remaining 6 rounds. After the fight, Vargas said, "I saw myself winning, but if the judges said it was a draw, you have to respect that. I think it was a good fight. The fans seemed to like it. I hit the body, I worked inside. In the beginning I worked the distance. In the later rounds I let him come at me and was looking for the counterpunch." According to CompuBox Stats, Broner landed 194 of 507 punches thrown (38%) and Vargas landed 203 of his 839 thrown (24%). Vargas worked on the body more, landing 54 punches to 38 landing by Broner. For the fight Broner earned a $1 million purse and Vargas earned a $500,000 purse. The fight averaged 782,000 viewers and peaked at 869,000 during the bout. Peak viewership increased to 891,000 just before the scorecards were read.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On July 17, 2018 at an official press conference, it was announced that Vargas had signed a multi fight deal with Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing USA, which would see him fight exclusively on DAZN. On August 4, BoxingScene reported a fight between Vargas and former world title challenger Thomas Dulorme (24–3, 16 KOs) was being negotiated and close to being a done deal to take place on October 6 in Chicago, Illinois. Four days later, at the official press conference, the fight was announced to take place at the Wintrust Arena. It was said that Vargas would headline the card, which would include the likes of Jarrell Miller, Artur Beterbiev and Danny Roman. The WBC announced their vacant Silver belt would be at stake. Before 6,235 in attendance, both boxers traded knockdowns as the fight went the 12 round distance. One judge had the score 115–111 for Vargas, the second judge had the repeat score, in favour of Dulorme and the third judge scored the fight 113–113 even, declaring the fight a split decision draw, Vargas' second consecutive draw. Dulorme showed the better hand speed and punching power than Vargas.The 12 rounds was mostly back and forth action. Vargas suffered a cut over his right eye due to an accidental clash of heads in round 2. Vargas had a good round 4, even with blood covering his face, where he landed multiple right hands, forcing Dulorme to hold. Vargas' cut re-opened following a left hand from Dulorme in 8th round. In round 10, Vargas dropped Dulorme to one knee after landing a clean right hand. Dulorme managed to get to his feet by the 8 count and did not appear hurt. In the final moments of the fight, Dulorme landed clean on Vargas' chin, forcing a glove to touch the canvas. Had Dulorme not knocked Vargas down in round 12, Vargas would have walked away the winner and new WBC Silver champion. After the fight, Vargas was okay with the draw and knew it was a tough fight. Dulorme refused to be interviewed. According to Compubox, Vargas landed 122 of 521 punches thrown (23%) and Dulorme landed 124 of his 420 thrown (30%).


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On October 17, 2018 Vargas stated his intention was to return to the ring by March 2019. In January 2019, Vargas called out Kell Brook for a fight on April 6, 2019, the date Vargas was looking return on. According to Vargas, the bout would take place in the United States and at the welterweight limit. A month later, Vargas advised that he had accepted the terms to fight and was waiting on Brook to agree. Vargas began training with legendary trainer Freddie Roach on January 24, 2019. In February, it was confirmed that Vargas would move up light middleweight and make his return on the rematch of Srisaket Sor Rungvisai vs. Juan Francisco Estrada at The Forum in Los Angeles on April 26, 2019. On March 6, 38 year old Humberto Soto (69–9–2, 37 KOs) became a front-runner to fight Vargas in a catchweight bout. On March 13, the fight was confirmed to take place at 150 pounds catchweight. In front of 5,127 at The Forum, Vargas stopped Soto in round 6 via TKO, in their scheduled 10 round bout. Using his height advantage, Vargas dropped Soto with a right hand to the head in round 6. After Soto got back up, Vargas landed a barrage of shots that led to referee Thomas Taylor waiving off the fight with Soto trapped against the ropes The time of the stoppage was at 1 minute 48 seconds of round 6. Prior to the stoppage, Vargas suffered a cut over his left eye in round 2 from a clash of heads. Both fighters came together, and their heads bumped. With Soto being shorter, the top of his head came in contact with Vargas’ left eye, and opened up a bad cut. In round 3, Soto hurt Vargas with a right hand to the head. In round 5, Vargas came alive and hurt Soto with hooks. CompuBox showed that Vargas connected on 131 of 402 shots thrown (33%) and Soto landed 85 of 365 punches for a 23% connect percentage. In the post-fight interviews, Vargas said, I was looking for the big shots, looking for body shots. But he is a crafty veteran and he proved that tonight. I just tried to dictate the pace (...) "I am ready for whatever is next. I am ready for anyone. I want a world championship." Vargas was paid $1.2 million and Soto was given a $150,000 purse for the fight.


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On February 29, 2020, Vargas returned to the ring in Frisco, Texas. Moving back down to the welterweight division, he faced former four-division world champion Mikey Garcia. Garcia was ranked #3 by the WBA at welterweight. In a hard-fought battle, Garcia dropped Vargas in the fifth round and won a unanimous decision, with scores of 114-113, 116-111, and 116-111. CompuBox punch stats saw Garcia land 151 of 478 (32%) total punches thrown, while Vargas landed 142 punches of 671 (21%) total punches thrown. In his post-fight interview, Vargas praised his opponent, saying, "Mikey fought a great fight. I give him credit."


title: Jessie Vargas

text: On June 12, 2022 Vargas made an appareance at Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall, an event made by New Japan Pro Wrestling as a member of the United Empire.


title: Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

text: Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Egypt by the authorities of other states.


title: Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

text: On 27 July 2022, Egyptian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 54 countries and territories, ranking the Egyptian passport 94th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

text: However, according to the most up-to-date list compiled on this wiki, Egyptian passport holders can enter 72 countries (not counting dependent and partially unrecognized territories) with Visa on arrival, or easy eVisas or complete visa free under certain conditions (See table and map below). In addition, several states have updated their rules recently to allow holders of valid Schegen/EU, UK, USA, Japan and Australia visa and residence permits to enter visa free under certain conditions, as listed below in the table.


title: Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

text: Some countries require transit visas even if the Egyptian national remains airside (i.e. does not go through passport control). These include: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and a minority of European states.


title: Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

text: Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau (; 9 March 17492 April 1791) was a leader of the early stages of the French Revolution. A noble, he had been involved in numerous scandals before the start of the Revolution in 1789 that had left his reputation in ruins. Nonetheless, he rose to the top of the French political hierarchy in the years 1789–1791 and acquired the reputation of a voice of the people. A successful orator, he was the leader of the moderate position among revolutionaries by favoring a constitutional monarchy built on the model of Great Britain. When he died (of natural causes), he was a great national hero, even though support for his moderate position was slipping away. The later discovery that he was in the pay of King Louis XVI and the Austrian enemies of France beginning in 1790 brought him into posthumous disgrace. Historians are deeply split on whether he was a great leader who almost saved the nation from the Terror, a venal demagogue lacking political or moral values, or a traitor in the pay of the enemy.


text: The family of Riqueti, with possible distant origins in Italy, became wealthy through merchant trading in Marseilles. In 1570, Jean Riqueti bought the château and seigniory of Mirabeau, which had belonged to the great Provençal family of Barras. In 1685, Honoré Riqueti obtained the title "marquis de Mirabeau".


text: His son, Jean Antoine, grandfather of Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, served with distinction through all the later campaigns of the reign of Louis XIV. At the Battle of Cassano (1705), he suffered a neck wound so severe that he had to wear a silver stock ever after. Because he tended to be blunt and tactless, he never rose above the rank of colonel. On retiring from the service, he married Françoise de Castellane, with whom he had three sons: Victor (marquis de Mirabeau), Jean Antoine (bailli de Mirabeau) and Louis Alexandre (comte de Mirabeau). Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, was the son of Victor.


text: Honoré-Gabriel Mirabeau was born at Le Bignon, near Nemours, the eldest surviving son of the economist Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, and his wife Marie-Geneviève de Vassan. He was also the fifth child and second son of the couple. When he was three years old, a virulent attack of smallpox left his face disfigured. This, combined with Mirabeau's resemblance to his maternal ancestors and his fondness for his mother, contributed to his father's dislike of him. At the age of five, his father had him sent to the strict boarding school of Abbé Choquart in Paris by the false name of "Pierre-Buffière" according to estate possessed by his mother. Destined for the army, at age eighteen, he entered the military school in Paris in the regiment of Berri-Cavaleria at Saints. Of this school, which had Joseph-Louis Lagrange for its professor of mathematics, there is an amusing account in the life of Gilbert Elliot, who met Mirabeau there. On leaving school in 1767, he received a commission in a cavalry regiment that his grandfather had commanded years before.


text: Mirabeau's love affairs are well-known, owing to the celebrity of the letters to Marie Thérèse de Monnier, his "Sophie". In spite of his disfigurement (or perhaps because of it), he won the heart of the lady to whom his colonel was attached; this led to such scandal that his father obtained a "lettre de cachet", and Mirabeau was imprisoned in the Île de Ré. On being released, the young nobleman obtained leave to accompany the French expedition to Corsica as a volunteer. During the Corsican expedition, Mirabeau contracted several more gambling debts and engaged in another scandalous love affair. However, he proved his military genius in the Corsican expedition, and also conducted a thorough study of the island during his stay. The study was most likely factually incorrect, but his desire to learn of a country that had been previously unstudied emphasizes Mirabeau's endless curiosity and inquisitiveness, particularly into the traditions and customs of society. Mirabeau learned the value of hard work in the French army. This aspect of Mirabeau's personality contributed to his popular success in later years, during the Revolution. After his return, he tried to keep on good terms with his father, and in 1772 he married a rich heiress, Marie–Marquerite–Emilie de Covet, daughter of the marquis de Marignane. Emilie, who was 18 years old, was apparently engaged to a much older nobleman, the Comte de Valbelle. Nonetheless, Mirabeau pursued her for several months, expecting that their marriage would benefit from the money that the couple would receive from their parents. After several months of failed attempts at being introduced to the heiress, Mirabeau bribed one of the young lady's maids to let him into her residence, where he pretended to have had a sexual encounter with Emilie. To avoid losing face, her father saw that they got married just a couple of days afterwards. Mirabeau received a small allowance of 6,000 livres from his father, but never received the expected dowry from the marquis.


text: Mirabeau, who was still facing financial trouble and increasing debt, could not keep up with the expensive lifestyle to which his wife was accustomed, and their extravagances forced his father to send him into semi-exile in the country, where he wrote his earliest extant work, the "Essai sur le despotisme". The couple had a son who died early, mostly due to the poor living conditions they were experiencing at that time. Then his wife asked for judicial separation in 1782. She was defended by Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis, who later became one of the editors of the Civil Code. Mirabeau defended his own cause in this trial but lost, holding resentment against Portalis forever.


text: Mirabeau's violent disposition led him to quarrel with a country gentleman who had insulted his sister, and his exile was changed by "lettre de cachet" into imprisonment in the Château d'If in 1774. In 1775 he was transferred to the castle of Joux, where he was not closely confined, having full leave to enter the town of Pontarlier. In a house of a friend he met Marie Thérèse de Monnier, known as "Sophie", and the two fell in love. He escaped to Switzerland, where Sophie joined him; they then went to the United Provinces, where he lived by writing hack work for the booksellers; meanwhile Mirabeau had been condemned to death at Pontarlier for sedition and abduction, and in May 1777 he was seized by the Dutch police, sent to France and imprisoned by a "lettre de cachet" in the castle of Vincennes.


text: The early part of his confinement is marked by indecent letters to Sophie (first published in 1793 by Pierre Louis Manuel), and the obscene "Erotica biblion" and "Ma conversion". In Vincennes, he met the Marquis de Sade, who was also writing erotic works; however the two disliked each other intensely. It was in these writings, however, that Mirabeau developed experience as an orator. He learned how to curb his natural eloquence and his dialectic became firm, commanding and moving. The prison in which he was held was the first platform to hear his voice. Later during his confinement, he wrote "Des Lettres de Cachet et des prisons d'état", published after his liberation (1782). It exhibits an accurate knowledge of French constitutional history, skillfully marshaled to demonstrate that the system of "lettres de cachet" was not only philosophically unjust but constitutionally illegal. It shows, though in a rather diffuse and declamatory form, wide historical knowledge, keen philosophical perception, and genuine eloquence, applied to a practical purpose, which was the great characteristic of Mirabeau, both as a political thinker and as a statesman.


text: His release from Vincennes in August 1782 began the second period of Mirabeau's life. Mirabeau not only succeeded in reversing the sentence of death against him, but also got an order for Sophie's husband to pay the costs of the whole legal proceedings. It was thought Mirabeau would come out of the lawsuit in Aix ruined: his past convictions in prison, scandalous relationships with women, and the bad relationship with his father the Marquis all gave him a terrible reputation among judges and adversaries. However, despite being condemned by the judge, his reputation was greatly enhanced in the eyes of the public. He had withered his opponents, crushed the opposing lawyer and turned the cards in his favor regarding the death sentence. From this day forward, Mirabeau became regarded as a man of the people. Upon his release, he found that his Sophie had consoled herself with a young officer, after whose death she had committed suicide. From Pontarlier he went to Aix-en-Provence, where he claimed the court's order said that his wife should return to him. She naturally objected, and he finally lost in the third appeal of the case when Emilie's father produced to the court compromising letters from Mirabeau addressed to the marquess. Mirabeau then intervened in the suit between his father and mother before the parlement of Paris and attacked the ruling powers so violently that he had to leave France and return to the Dutch Republic, where he tried to live by writing. For a period he was employed by the publisher Marc-Michel Rey.


text: About this time he met Madame de Nehra, the daughter of Willem van Haren, a Dutch statesman and political writer. She was an educated, refined woman capable of appreciating Mirabeau's good points. His life was strengthened by the love of Mme de Nehra, his adopted son, Lucas de Montigny, and his little dog Chico. After a time in the Dutch Republic he went to England, where his treatise on "lettres de cachet" was much admired after it was translated into English in 1787. He was soon admitted into the best Whig literary and political society of London through his old school friend Gilbert Elliot, who had become a leading Whig member of parliament. Of all his English friends, none seem to have been as close to him as Lord Shelburne and Sir Samuel Romilly. Romilly was introduced to Mirabeau by Sir Francis D'Ivernois, who undertook the translation of Mirabeau's "Considérations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus" into English.


text: The "Considérations" was one of several works that Mirabeau wrote in the year 1785, and it is a good specimen of his method. He had read a pamphlet published in America attacking the order, founded in 1783 as a bond of association between officers who had fought in the American Revolutionary War against Britain. The arguments struck him as true and valuable, so he rearranged them in his own fashion, and rewrote them in his own oratorical style. He supplemented the work with materials provided personally by Benjamin Franklin, who shared Mirabeau's opinions on the topic, but was not in a position to criticize the "noble order" espoused by the Society of the Cincinnati directly, because he was serving as the United States Minister to France at the time.


text: Several other pamphlets Mirabeau wrote in 1785 attacked financial speculation. Among those, "De La Caisse d'Escompte" was prescient in that it correctly predicted the risky nature and ultimate demise of the French "Discount Bank." This book, which condemned the fiscal politics of the state as going against the interest of the public, was among the influential literature critical of the French government in the years leading up to the French Revolution.


text: He soon found that such work did not pay enough to keep his retinue, and so he sought employment from the French foreign office, either as a writer or a diplomat. He first sent Mme de Nehra to Paris to make peace with the authorities, and then returned himself with hopes of getting a job through an old literary collaborateur of his, Durival, who was at this time director of finance at the department of foreign affairs. One of this official's functions was to subsidize political pamphleteers, and Mirabeau hoped to be so employed. However, he ruined his chances with a series of writings on financial questions.