title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: "Zeitgeist" received mixed reviews, indicated by a score of 59/100 on Metacritic. Some negative criticism of the album stemmed from the absence of half of the original lineup, with "Pitchfork"'s Rob Mitchum suggesting the name was revived for "cash or attention or both." "Q"s Paul Rees commented that "at least half of "Zeitgeist" is made up of grinding songs that amount to riffs, pummelling and little else," and that "Zeitgeist"s emotional range is "limited and wearing", but praised Chamberlin's drumming, stating that he "remains one of the most powerful drummers in rock." In addition, "Modern Drummer" proclaimed that the album contains "Chamberlin's greatest drumming ever put to CD." "NME" gave it a score of five out of ten and said, "It's best treated as a curio in the Smashing Pumpkins' legacy; and for those who grew up on 'Today', '1979' and 'Ava Adore', you're better left with your memories." "The A.V. Club" gave it a C+ and said that it "ends up sounding like a Corgan career retrospective in B-side form." musicOMH gave it a score of two-and-a-half stars out of five and said, "Recounting such thoughts, by this point almost an hour has been spent in the company of a record which stares back at you with the appeal of an ex you'd rather not have bumped into." "Hot Press" gave it a mixed review and said, "The best you can offer is that it's not a disaster – now do you want to tell Billy or should I?" Robert Christgau simply gave the record a "Dud" rating (). "Slant Magazine" gave it a score of two out of five and called it "the Pumpkins' most aggressively metal album to date. But heaps of guitars, vocal overdubs, and ridiculous effects don't mask a lack of inventiveness or even plain ol' quality songwriting." Canadian magazine "Now" also gave it a score of two stars out of five and called it "no-frills rawk that's been dumbed down for mass consumption." "Melodic" magazine gave it a score of three stars out of five, calling the album a disappointing return of the band. Tiny Mix Tapes gave it a score of one-and-a-half stars out of five and said that "the mixing problems extend far beyond Corgan's voice. The Band of a Hundred Murderous Guitars has turned into a modern-radio-rock band."


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: However, the album garnered higher marks from other sources, including ratings of 4/5 from "Rolling Stone", and "Uncut". Positive reviews have downplayed the personnel changes, pointing out Corgan's dominance over songwriting and music throughout the band's history. The album was praised by April Long of "Uncut" for its energy and retention of Smashing Pumpkins' "signature goth-metal-shoegaze sound." Spence D. of IGN gave the album a score of 6.9 out of 10 and said, ""Zeitgeist" isn't a bad album; it's just not a great album. Which means that it's rather indicative of the times. ... Here's to hoping that the next Pumpkins outing gives into the experimental urge and builds upon the intriguing elements displayed on the album's final two songs. Though we aren't beyond hoping that they keep a little of the apocalyptic crunch intact for good measure, as well." John Cruz of Sputnikmusic gave it a score of 3.5 out of 5 and said, "While not enough to stand among the best the Pumpkins have to offer, Zeigeist nonetheless stands fairly well on its own, Smashing Pumpkins or no." This album was #43 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the Top 50 Albums of 2007.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: The album divided the Pumpkins' fanbase. Corgan would later admit, "I know a lot of our fans are puzzled by "Zeitgeist". I think they wanted this massive, grandiose work, but you don't just roll out of bed after seven years without a functioning band and go back to doing that". Regarding the album's sales and overall reception in 2010, Corgan stated that the album "went gold. But people didn't listen to it. I could tell that people weren't listening to the album. In the past if you put out an album, people at least knew the first song. We would go out and play "Doomsday Clock" and I could tell that they hadn't even listened to it. I don't view it as a gross disappointment. It's disappointing to me that what I was trying to communicate didn't get the chance to be communicated."


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: On May 6, 2007, four photographs of the album booklet artwork were leaked on Netphoria, a Smashing Pumpkins fan message board. The band management soon released a statement to the media stating the photos are "stolen goods" that should not be posted on the Internet. Later in the week, the alleged thieves were identified as Joshua Kuhl and Simon Brown, both 21. The Chicago Police announced that 39 photographs and three guitar picks were stolen, although only four to six of those photographs were leaked online. The two were held on $100,000 bond. Asked about the band's predicament, a Chicago police officer commented, "They were pissed." The pair were arrested and charged with felony burglary after other tenants of the building provided a description that led police to the suspects.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: On May 16, 2007, the band's official website published an official album cover made by Obey Giant graphic designer and illustrator Shepard Fairey: a red, black and white illustration of a drowning Statue of Liberty, positioned in front of the sun. Fairey, whose credits include creating anti-war posters and the poster art for the feature film "Walk the Line", commented on the album cover:


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: I think global warming is an issue that is currently relevant, time sensitive, and a symptom of the shortsightedness of the U.S. As a broader metaphor, the drowning Statue of Liberty, a revered icon of the U.S., symbolizes the eminent demise of many of the ideals upon which the nation was founded. Civil liberties, freedom of speech, privacy, etc. have been decreasing since 9/11. The sun in the image could either be setting or rising and this ambiguity shows that there is still hope to turn things around ... The U.S. is the dominant global force. When things are going wrong in the U.S. they are probably going wrong around the world. I think this image conveys both the U.S. situation and its larger global implications.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: Corgan commented, "Like a great artist can do, Shepard had summed up very simply a lot of complex themes. He also used the type font from our very first single, and I asked him about it and he had no idea. He was just on point." Fairey also remarked "I use red frequently because it is a visually powerful, emotionally potent color. Red gets people's attention. In this case there is the added possibility that the red liquid could be blood, giving it an even more sinister sense of foreboding." The red color of the artwork was changed for most of the special edition releases. The Best Buy reissue features a black-and-white version of the original artwork.


title: Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album)

text: "Zeitgeist" was released in multiple special editions in six different colors with 16 tracks in total. Three American versions each had a unique bonus track, but were exclusive to the iTunes Store, Best Buy, and Target. This move was criticized by "Pitchfork" and "Rolling Stone". In October 2007, less than four months after the album's release, Best Buy released an exclusive reissue of "Zeitgeist" that included three bonus tracks (one exclusive) and a DVD. Finally, in January 2008, iTunes released a "Deluxe Edition" that included the "American Gothic" EP.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The 2022 Dakar Rally was a rally raid event held in Saudi Arabia and the 44th edition of the Dakar Rally organized by Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO).


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The event took place between 1–14 January 2022. This was the third time Saudi Arabia had hosted the event, with support from the Saudi Automobile and Motorcycle Federation.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The race started in Ha'il and ended in Jeddah, going through canyons and cliffs in the Neom region, passing by the Red Sea coastline, into the stretches of dunes surrounding Riyadh, with a lot more action on sand dunes in the Empty Quarter.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The route consisted of one prologue stage and 12 normal stages, with one rest day in Riyadh on 8 January.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: When ASO signed the five-year deal with Saudi Arabia, there was a first-year exclusivity clause. Since it has expired, more countries could have been added to the route. However, due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, a decision has been made to remain entirely within Saudi Arabia.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: In 2021, the FIA World Motor Sport Council granted full World Championship status to the FIA's cross-country rallying discipline. On 5 December 2021, the FIA and FIM jointly combined both of their cross-country rally championships to form the World Rally-Raid Championship, which is co-sponsored by both organizations. The 2022 Dakar Rally served as the first event in the inaugural championship calendar.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The feedback from competitors about previous event was that there were too many rocky surfaces resulting in excessive tyre wear and punctures, and not enough sandy stages which traditionally dominated Dakar rally. The organizers listened to the complaints and on 11 May 2021 revealed a new route which is characterized by a push into the sandy Empty Quarter.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Same as last year, the route includes 1 Prologue stage, 12 stages including 2 loop stages and 1 marathon stage. The route consists of around of special stages and - of liaisons. The exact route was revealed in late November 2021. The route did not feature the Empty Quarter this year. Initially, due to very difficult terrain, the competitors were planned to be airlifted from stage 8 finish to Riyadh.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Although initially promoted, last year's event did not have "alternative fuels" class, and only had several participants running on fuels different from petrol or diesel. In this edition there is stronger push to "low-carbon vehicles", with an aim to have "100% low-carbon vehicles" in the car, SSV and truck categories by 2030.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: This edition will include a new T1-E category, with rules drawn up in collaboration with the FIA. This category has been created for prototype vehicles relying on electric motors or any technology focused on reducing carbon emissions, such as biofuels and hydrogen. Audi Sport announced that it will enter three Audi RS Q e-tron to T1-E category. Driven by Carlos Sainz, Stéphane Peterhansel and Mattias Ekström,


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Audi Sport has set target of winning the rally. In truck category, Hino announced support in building a hybrid vehicle that will enter the event.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Pioneering the new T1.E class, Audi demanded tyre inflation-deflation system in the cockpit, a larger chassis, buggy-sized wheels (17 inches) and more suspension travel than the 4x4s in T1.1 category. Prodrive and Toyota Gazoo Racing teams objected, which forced the organizers to open up the possibility of a new T1+ category. Cars in this category will be 4x4s, will have a wide chassis (instead of the current ), of suspension travel (instead of the current ) and 37 in wheels (instead of 32 in). The maximum weight will be increased by to . The tyre inflation-deflation system controllable from the cockpit will remain exclusive to category T1.3 two-wheel drive buggies and the new T1-E hybrid or electric vehicles, "to optimise their energy consumption".


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: In order to balance the performance balance between factory teams, the organizers ASO and the FIA will continue using air restrictors. The diameters are still under review. Currently, Toyota's twin-turbo V6 petrol engine has a air restrictor, the turbo-diesel engine in the X-Raid Mini buggy has a air restrictor. Prodrive's twin-turbo V6 petrol engine is electronically limited by a power curve equal to the Toyota's.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Electronic roadbooks will become standard to all vehicles from the car, SSV and truck categories with a view of limiting the differences in assistance resources between the teams. The motorbikes and quads entered in the elite category will also get a version that has been adapted for them.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Bike and quad rider airbag vests introduced last year have received positive feedback. Airbag vest effectiveness and comfort have been improved.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: In Dakar Classic category, the regularity will no longer be the only evaluation criteria. On portions representing roughly 20% of the route, only navigation will be judged and not time, and each excess kilometre covered will cost points.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The 2022 Dakar Rally started on 1 January at Jeddah, with a prologue of 19 km, officially called stage 1A. For the motos only, the stage 1A times were multiplied by 5. Gas Gas entered the Dakar stage winners with a victory by Daniel Sanders, although Gas Gas used KTM 450 Rally bikes. Skyler Howes and José Ignacio Cornejo lost a lot of time on stage 1A and were more than 8 minutes behind the leader.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: In the cars Guerlain Chicherit in a GCK Thunder buggy running on bio-ethanol fuel had problems with instrumentation and stopped on track.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: On 2 January, just before the start of the race, it was announced that to heavy rains that flowed the bivouac, there wouldn't be any marathon stages in stage 2 and 3, but regular stages (with assistance park).


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: On stage 1B navigation was an issue and lots of drivers lost a significant amount of time finding a way point including, Ricky Brabec, Luciano and Kevin Benavides, Andrew Short, Juan Barreda, Toby Price, Maciej Giemza on bikes who lost between 30 and 50 minutes each on this waypoint.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Bad day for new Audi RS Q: Stephane Peterhansel had a crash and lost more than 7 hours, Mattias Ekstrom more than 1.5 hours, and Carlos Sainz more than 2 hours finding a waypoint in last 100 km which led him to make some criticism to organization.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Giniel de Villiers had an incident with the bike rider César Zumaran and later was awarded a 5 minutes penalty for not stopping to check for the health of the other competitor, breaching the sport regulations. On 4 January it was announced that another incident involving de Villiers was under investigation by running over Mohamedsaid Aoulad Ali's bike when climbing a dune, rendering it unusable, de Villiers circled around to check on the status of the rider, but again did not stop to offer assistance. He was given another time penalty, this time of 5 hours.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Also on stage 2, Loeb secured the victory on cars. In T3 category, the leader Seth Quintero had mechanical issues on that made him to penalize and being away from the fight for the final victory. In the following stage, Quintero would take advantage of his start from behind and secure another stage win.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: On stage 3 maiden victories for Hero with Joaquim Rodrigues on bikes, and Carlos Sainz with his Audi RS Q e-tron, the first victory on Dakar of an hybrid vehicle. On T4 category WRC driver Andreas Mikkelsen had to retire after a crash.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Stage 4 and another victory for Nasser Al-Attiyah while Benediktas Vanagas in another Hilux T1+ suffered a rollover on stage and had to retire.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Stages 5 and 6 had different routes for FIM (Bikes and Quads), and FIA (Cars, Light weight, SSVs and trucks competitors. Stage 5 for bikes and quads had to be partially neutralized due to the high number os competitors needing assistance, meaning no rescue helicopters were available in the final sector of the stage. The riders who didn't concluded the stage, were given a standard time. In quads only one driver reached the end before neutralization was called.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Danilo Petrucci made history being the first MotoGP rider to win a Dakar stage. Skyler Howes had to retire due to a head concussion while Joan Barreda had struggles to finish the stage but manage to start stage 6.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Stage 6 for bikes and quads was also neutralized after the first waypoint at km 101 due to rough track caused by heavy rain and the passage of cars and trucks in the day before. Neutralization came after quad rider Manuel Andújar crashed heavily in truck ruts, damaging the quad beyond repair. Andújar himself was in a state of shock, but otherwise okay.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: A total of 750 riders, drivers and co-drivers entered the event, among them 209 "rookies" (first-time entries), 130 "legends" (participating for the 10th or more years), 34 "original by Motul" (riders without support team) and 60 women. Another 315 drivers and co-drivers entered the "Dakar Classic" (classic car and truck categories). Five vehicles compete in the "Open" category (3 in T1, 1 in T3 and 1 in T4)


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: – The "Dakar Legends" - competitors that participated in 10 or more Dakar events. – The first time starters - "rookies". – Competitors that were not able to start the race. – Competitors participating in "Original by Motul" — limited assistance marathon class.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The Belorussian team MAZ-SPORTauto, consisting of three MAZ vehicles in T5 category were banned from taking part in the event. The organizers complied with sanctions, imposed by the EU on a number of individuals and entities in Belarus in summer 2021. The sanctions apply as MAZ-SPORTauto is a MAZ factory team, and MAZ is on the list of concerned entities. The organizers issued an official letter, stating that "the MAZ-SPORTauto team was not able to take part due to the EU regulation, which states that "no funds or economic resources may be directly or indirectly available to natural or legal persons, organizations or corporations that are on the list of persons and organizations subject to restrictive measures". The vehicles, which were en route to the port of Marseille were turned around in Poland, and the admission fees frozen for the MAZ-SPORTauto crews: 502 - Siarhei Viazovich, Pavel Haranin, Anton Zaparoshchanka; 507 - Aliaksei Vishneuski, Maksim Novikau, Siarhei Sachuk; 517 - Aliaksandr Vasileuski, Aliaksandr Shved, Vital Muryleu. MAZ-SPORTauto has been competing in Dakar Rally without interruption since 2012.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Dakar "legend" Erik Van Loon was tested positive for COVID-19 before departing for Saudi Arabia, and was not able to compete. His place in #217 Toyota Hilux Overdrive was offered to Bernhard Ten Brinke.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Stage 2 was planned to be a marathon stage, with no-support "marathon bivouac" in Al Artawiyah. After heavy rain and storms, the bivouac got flooded, and subsequently was moved to Qaisumah. The "marathon bivouac" was cancelled, with competitors receiving normal support from their teams. Dakar Classic stage was cancelled completely, competitors moved to Qaisumah in liaison.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: For stages 5 and 6, two separate route were prepared; one 421 km route and one 345 km route. For stage 5, cars, SSVs, and trucks completed the 421 km route while bikes and quads completed the 345 km route. For stage 6, the categories swapped places.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: The Original by Motol class, also known as the Malle Moto class, refers to bikes and quads competitors competing without any kind of assistance. The organizers provide 1 trunk per competitor for storage of the personal belongings, spare parts and tools. Competitors are only allowed to bring 1 headlight, 1 set of wheels, 1 set of tyres, 1 tent with sleeping bag and mattress, 1 travel bag and 1x 25 liter (6.6 gallon) backpack. Organizers allow free use of the generators, compressors and tool-boxes in the bivouac.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: On 30 December, a support vehicle with 6 competitors, including one driver, Philippe Boutron, exploded outside Donatello Hotel in Jeddah. Philippe Boutron sustained leg injuries and underwent an operation, while the others were unharmed. The news were only released on 1 January, meanwhile Saudi Arabia police ruled out criminal activity. FIA and ASO issued a statement expressing that "malice couldn't be ruled out at this time" and raised security level in the bivouacs, hotels and along all of the route. Later the organizers advised competitors to "observe the greatest vigilance" in light of the incident. On 4 January, French prosecutors opened an investigation on the incident, while on 7 January, French minister of Foreign Affairs stated that the incident was "perhaps" a terrorist attack and demanded more investigation and transparency from Saudi Arabia government.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Another vehicle was caught in a fire incident the same day - Alexander Pesci's Rebellion DXX buggy caught fire during the shakedown due to electrical fault, and was completely destroyed. Alexander Pesci took over teammate's Romain Dumas Rebellion DXX, while Romain Dumas was offered Nasser Al-Attiyah's previous year's Toyota Hilux.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Giniel de Villiers received penalties for collisions on consecutive stages. On stage 1, de Villiers collided with motorcyclist César Zumaran and did not stop to offer assistance. Race organizers assigned a five-minute penalty for the incident. During the next day's stage, de Villiers collided with motorcyclist Mohamedsaid Aoulad Ali, in the process running over Ali's bike and rendering it unusable. de Villiers circled around to check on the status of the rider, but again did not stop to offer assistance. Race organizers assigned a harsher five-hour penalty for de Villiers' repeat offense. In addition, de Villiers came to an agreement with Ali to fully pay for repairs of the damaged bike and for Ali's registration fee for the 2023 running of the Dakar. The five-hour penalty was reversed by the FIA 2 days later, after de Villiers' team presented evidence that the standard in-car warning system did not sound until 2 seconds before the collision with Ali's bike.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Quad rider Toni Vingut crashed out on stage 2 and suffered two cracked ribs and a fracture in the fibula of his right leg. He was evacuated in the emergency helicopter to a hospital.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: During Stage 4 on January 5, Belgian motorcyclist Walter Roelants suffered a crash past the 198 km point of the stage. Roelants suffered serious back injuries, but remained conscious and indicated that he still had feeling in his legs. He was evacuated from the stage by helicopter and taken to hospital in stable condition.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: American motorcyclist Skyler Howes finished stage 5 with head, ankle and shoulder injuries, but without any memory of a crash. After medical inspection, he was not allowed to continue race.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Jean-Pascal Besson and co-driver Patrice Roissac were involved in a heavy crash on stage 5. Both participants were reported unconscious, and were airlifted to hospital. Besson suffered broken collarbone, while Roissac suffered back injury.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: On Stage 6 on January 7, the bikes and quads route was ended early due to numerous crashes caused by the deterioration of the stage from the previous day's pass by cars and trucks. Among those involved was Botswanan motorcyclist Ross Branch, who had to be transported back to the bivouac following a crash.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: En route to the early morning start of the stage 7 Gas Gas rider Daniel Sanders suffered a serious high-speed fall and was taken to hospital with a broken hand.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: A head-on collision occurred on stage 7 between the SSV driven by Sergey Karyakin and the light-proto driven by Marco Carrara. Both vehicles were taking a sharp turn behind a rock and were only several meters away from each other before they could take any action to avoid the collision. Both drivers argued their point, and ultimately blamed the organizers for poor quality of the roadbook directions. The accident caused spinal injuries to Carrara's co-driver Enrico Gaspari, while Karyakin suffered a broken finger while making repairs to the damaged vehicle.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: Dakar rookie bike rider Isaac Feliu suffered a heavy fall on stage 9, causing trauma to head and chest. Another rider, Harite Gabari stopped to assist, and called the emergency services. The emergency helicopter delivered Feliu to hospital, where his condition is described serious, but as not posing danger to life.


title: 2022 Dakar Rally

text: During the liaison for stage 12, a collision occurred between an assistance car for the PH-Sport team and a truck driven by a local resident. Quentin Lavallée, the chief mechanic for the #726 Peugeot 205 T16 for the PH-Sport team, was killed in the crash. Passenger Maxime Frère also suffered injuries in the accident, but remained conscious and was transported to hospital.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: John Charles Lodge (born 20 July 1945) is an English musician, best known as bass guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter of the longstanding rock band the Moody Blues. He has also worked as a record producer and has collaborated with other musicians outside the band. In 2018, Lodge was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: John Charles Lodge was born in Erdington, Birmingham on 20 July 1945. He attended school at Birches Green Junior School, Central Grammar School and later went to college at the Birmingham College of Advanced Technology for engineering. His early influences were musicians like Buddy Holly and Jerry Lee Lewis. By age 14, Lodge had met future bandmate Ray Thomas.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: Lodge was initially involved in the Birmingham music scene, although he temporarily dropped out to continue his studies. In 1966, however, after the Moody Blues' original bassist Clint Warwick had left the band, Lodge succeeded the temporary substitute bassist Rod Clarke as the permanent bassist and vocalist, rejoining Ray Thomas during the same period as the band recruited guitarist/vocalist Justin Hayward to replace Denny Laine. Lodge's distinctive falsetto ranged from a high harmonious voice and his solid lead vocals were a major asset to the revised Moody Blues from this point on.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: Lodge's prolific songwriting for the Moody Blues has created such songs as "Peak Hour", "(Evening) Time to Get Away", "Gimme a Little Somethin'", "Ride My See-Saw", "House of Four Doors", "Eyes of a Child", "Send Me No Wine", "To Share Our Love", "Candle of Life", "Tortoise and the Hare", "Minstrel's Song", "Emily's Song", "Isn't Life Strange" (which earned Lodge an ASCAP songwriting award), "I'm Just a Singer" (which also won him an ASCAP songwriting award), "Steppin' in a Slide Zone","Survival", "Talking Out of Turn", "Nervous", "Sitting at the Wheel","Hole in the World", "Under My Feet", "It May Be a Fire", "Rock 'n' Roll Over You", "Love is on the Run", "Here Comes the Weekend", "Lean on Me (Tonight)", "Shadows on the Wall", "Magic","Wherever You Are", "Love Don't Come Easy", "Words You Say", "Forever Now", "On This Christmas Day","The Spirit of Christmas", and "Gemini Dream" — the latter being a co-composition with Justin Hayward that won them jointly an ASCAP songwriting award. "Bass Player" magazine noted that Lodge was voted as one of the top ten bass players of all time.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: Lodge co-wrote "Out and In" with Mike Pinder, recorded on "To Our Children's Children's Children" in 1969. He also collaborated with fellow Moody Blues member Justin Hayward on the 1975 album "Blue Jays" released on Threshold Records, which in addition to Hayward's compositions included three songs written by Lodge; "Maybe", "Saved by the Music" and "You", together with two tracks co-written by Lodge & Hayward; "Remember Me (My Friend)" and "When You Wake Up", and later, Lodge released a solo album, "Natural Avenue", on Decca in 1977, from which the single, "Say You Love Me" was issued. During the 1970s, he produced music for the band Trapeze.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: In 1980, Lodge released a non-album solo single "Street Cafe" b/w "Threw It All Away" on Decca. This single featured Moody Blues keyboardist Patrick Moraz, who had joined the group two years earlier, replacing Pinder. Since 1981, Lodge has co-written songs for the band with Justin Hayward, such as: "Meet Me Halfway", "Talkin' Talkin'", "Running Out of Love", "Slings and Arrows", "Want to Be with You", "River of Endless Love", "Breaking Point", "Miracle", "Once Is Enough", "Highway", "Is This Heaven?", "Sooner or Later (Walking on Air)", "Strange Times", and "The One", and from "December", "In the Quiet of Christmas Morning (Bach 147)" amongst others.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: Lodge participated in the 2011 bluegrass tribute album to the Moody Blues, "Moody Bluegrass TWO...Much Love", as lead vocal his song "Send Me No Wine". Lodge joined other current and past members of the Moody Blues on this album. Two of Lodge's Moody Blues compositions, "Ride My See-Saw" and "I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)" are featured on an earlier tribute album, "Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues", released in 2004.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: In May 2015 John released a solo album titled "10,000 Light Years Ago", which reunited him with Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder. He toured behind the album in 2017 & 2018.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: In February 2019, Lodge took his solo band onto the ‘Cruise to the Edge’ sailing out of Florida. Lodge and Jon Davison of Yes became friends on board when Davison began dating his daughter Emily. Davison has since toured with John as ‘guest vocalist’


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: On 2 April 2019, it was announced that Lodge would join Yes on "The Royal Affair Tour" in the summer of 2019 which will also include Asia and Carl Palmer's ELP Legacy.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: In September 2019, Lodge was given the 'Lifetime Achievement Award' at the Annual Prog Awards by Prog (magazine) in London.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: In February 2020, Lodge appeared on ‘Rock and Romance Cruise’ alongside Don Felder, America, and other acts, before continuing on a 12 date tour. Jon Davison again joined Lodge on stage. The tour ended on March 8th, just before the COVID-19 lockdowns began.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: During lockdown Lodge wrote and recorded in his home studio the song ‘In These Crazy Times’. Lodge recorded the track himself, and was joined by his son, Kristian, on lead guitar, his wife, Kirsten, on backing vocals, and Jon Davison also provided backing vocals, whilst his daughter, Emily, managed the project.


title: John Lodge (musician)

text: Lodge has been married to his wife, Kirsten, since 10 September 1968, and they are the parents of two grown children. Their first child, a daughter named Emily, was born in 1970; Lodge wrote "Emily's Song" for the 1971 Moody Blues album, "Every Good Boy Deserves Favour". His son Kristian was born two years later. Lodge has spoken on several occasions about being an Evangelical Christian, and credits his faith with preventing him from sinking into the more dangerous elements of the rock music business. Lodge is a supporter of Birmingham City F.C.


title: Odilon Redon

text: Odilon Redon (born Bertrand Redon; ; 20 April 18406 July 1916) was a French symbolist painter, printmaker, draughtsman and pastellist.


title: Odilon Redon

text: Early in his career, both before and after fighting in the Franco-Prussian War, he worked almost exclusively in charcoal and lithography, works referred to as "noirs". He started gaining recognition after his drawings were mentioned in the 1884 novel "À rebours" ("Against Nature") by Joris-Karl Huysmans. During the 1890s he began working in pastel and oils, which quickly became his favourite medium, abandoning his previous style of "noirs" completely after 1900. He also developed a keen interest in Hindu and Buddhist religion and culture, which increasingly showed in his work.


title: Odilon Redon

text: He is perhaps best known today for the "dreamlike" paintings created in the first decade of the 20th century, which were heavily inspired by Japanese art and which, while continuing to take inspiration from nature, heavily flirted with abstraction. His work is considered a precursor to both Dadaism and Surrealism.


title: Odilon Redon

text: Odilon Redon was born in Bordeaux, Aquitaine, to a prosperous family. Redon's father made his fortune in the slave trade in Louisiana in the 1830s. Redon was conceived in New Orleans and the couple made the transatlantic journey back to France while his mother Marie Guérin, a French Creole woman, was pregnant with his brother Gaston. The young Bertrand Redon acquired the nickname "Odilon" from his mother's first name, Odile. Redon started drawing as a child; at the age of ten, he was awarded a drawing prize at school. He began the formal study of drawing at fifteen but, at his father's insistence, he changed to architecture. Failure to pass the entrance exams at Paris’ École des Beaux-Arts ended any plans for a career as an architect, although he briefly studied painting there under Jean-Léon Gérôme in 1864. (His younger brother Gaston Redon would become a noted architect.)


title: Odilon Redon

text: Back in his native Bordeaux, he took up sculpting, and Rodolphe Bresdin instructed him in etching and lithography. His artistic career was interrupted in 1870 when he was drafted to serve in the army in the Franco-Prussian War until its end in 1871.


title: Odilon Redon

text: At the end of the war, he moved to Paris and resumed working almost exclusively in charcoal and lithography. He called his visionary works, conceived in shades of black, his "noirs". It was not until 1878 that his work gained any recognition with "Guardian Spirit of the Waters"; he published his first album of lithographs, titled "Dans le Rêve", in 1879. Still, Redon remained relatively unknown until the appearance in 1884 of a cult novel by Joris-Karl Huysmans titled "À rebours" ("Against Nature"). The story featured a decadent aristocrat who collected Redon's drawings.


title: Odilon Redon

text: In the 1890s, pastel and oils became his favored media; he produced no more "noirs" after 1900. In 1899, he exhibited with the Nabis at Durand-Ruel's.


title: Odilon Redon

text: Redon had a keen interest in Hindu and Buddhist religion and culture. The figure of the Buddha increasingly showed in his work. Influences of Japonism blended into his art, such as the painting "The Death of the Buddha" around 1899, "The Buddha" in 1906, "Jacob and the Angel" in 1905, and "Vase with Japanese warrior" in 1905, amongst many others.


title: Odilon Redon

text: Baron Robert de Domecy (1867–1946) commissioned the artist in 1899 to create 17 decorative panels for the dining room of the Château de Domecy-sur-le-Vault near Sermizelles in Burgundy. Redon had created large decorative works for private residences in the past, but his compositions for the château de Domecy in 1900–1901 were his most radical compositions to that point and mark the transition from ornamental to abstract painting. The landscape details do not show a specific place or space. Only details of trees, twigs with leaves, and budding flowers in an endless horizon can be seen. The colours used are mostly yellow, grey, brown and light blue. The influence of the Japanese painting style found on folding screens, "byōbu", is discernible in his choice of colours and the rectangular proportions of most of the up to 2.5 metres high panels. Fifteen of them are located today in the Musée d'Orsay, acquired in 1988.


title: Odilon Redon

text: Domecy also commissioned Redon to paint portraits of his wife and their daughter Jeanne, two of which are in the collections of the Musée d'Orsay and the Getty Museum in California. Most of the paintings remained in the Domecy family collection until the 1960s.


title: Odilon Redon

text: His popularity increased when a catalogue of etchings and lithographs was published by André Mellerio in 1913; that same year, he was given the largest single representation at the groundbreaking US International Exhibition of Modern Art (aka Armory Show), in New York City, Chicago and Boston.


title: Odilon Redon

text: At 40, Redon married Camille Falte, a young Creole from Île Bourbon. They had a son, Arï Redon (30 April 1889 – 13 May 1972 in Paris). A visual artist himself, and subject of his father's portraiture as a child, Arï's partner was Suzanne Redon.


title: Odilon Redon

text: His choice of colour and subject matter in the second part of his career lead to Redon being considered a precursor to Dadaism and Surrealism. According to Surrealist André Masson, his use of excessively bright colours in his flower pastels, as well as his choice of depicting uncommon or imaginary species renders his works "released from stylized naturalism", thus demonstrating the "endless possibilities of lyrical chromatics".


title: Odilon Redon

text: In 1923 Mellerio published "Odilon Redon: Peintre Dessinateur et Graveur". An archive of Mellerio's papers is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago.


title: Odilon Redon

text: In 2005 the Museum of Modern Art launched an exhibition entitled "Beyond The Visible", a comprehensive overview of Redon's work showcasing more than 100 paintings, drawings, prints and books from The Ian Woodner Family Collection. The exhibition ran from 30 October 2005 to 23 January 2006.


title: Odilon Redon

text: In 2007, the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt presented the exhibition "As in a Dream" with a survey of Redon's work with more than 200 drawings, lithographs, pastels, and paintings.


title: Odilon Redon

text: The Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo, The Netherlands, had an exhibition with an emphasis on the role that literature and music played in Redon's life and work, under the title "La littérature et la musique". The exhibition ran from 2 June to 9 September 2018.


title: Odilon Redon

text: During his early years as an artist, Redon's works were described as "a synthesis of nightmares and dreams", as they contained dark, fantastical figures from the artist's own imagination. His work represents an exploration of his internal feelings and psyche. He himself wanted to place "the logic of the visible at the service of the invisible". A telling source of Redon's inspiration and the forces behind his works can be found in his journal "A Soi-même" ("To Myself"). Of his process he wrote:


title: Odilon Redon

text: The mystery and evocativeness of Redon's drawings are described by Joris-Karl Huysmans in the following passage from the novel "À rebours" (1884):


title: Odilon Redon

text: The art historian Michael Gibson says that Redon began to want his works, even the ones darker in colour and subject matter, to portray "the triumph of light over darkness."


title: Odilon Redon

text: Redon was the inspiration for Guy Maddin's 1995 short film "Odilon Redon, or The Eye Like a Strange Balloon Mounts Toward Infinity".


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The Beriev Be-200 "Altair" () is a utility amphibious aircraft designed and built by the Beriev Aircraft Company. Marketed as being designed for fire fighting, search and rescue, maritime patrol, cargo, and passenger transportation, it has a capacity of of water, or up to 72 passengers.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The name "Altair" was chosen after a competition amongst Beriev and Irkut staff in —2003, as a reference to the name of the alpha star in the Eagle constellation and because: "Al" is the first part of the name of the Beriev A-40 "Albatross" amphibious aircraft, whose layout was the development basis for the creation of the Be-200; "ta" stands for Taganrog; and "ir" stands for Irkutsk.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: Initiated in 1989 under the design leadership of Alexander Yavkin, to meet a perceived need for a civilian flying boat smaller than Beriev's military A-40, the Be-200 shares a similar layout to the A-40 but is about half the weight. Russian government approval for a purpose-designed water bomber was granted on 8 December 1990. Details of the project were announced, and a model displayed at the 1991 Paris Air Show.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In Perestroika-era Russia, Beriev needed funds to develop the new aircraft, and turned to the Irkutsk Aircraft Production Association (now part of the Irkut Corporation), which was looking to diversify into civilian projects, to help to develop and build the Be-200. Beriev was responsible for development, design and documentation; systems-, static-, flight- and fatigue-testing of prototypes; certification and support of the production models. Irkut's duties comprised production preparation; manufacture of tooling; production of four prototypes and production aircraft; and spare parts manufacture. Both companies now fall under the umbrella of the state-owned United Aircraft Corporation, which in turn is over 92% owned by Russia’s state-owned aviation giant Rostec.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: Beriev developed unique fire-fighting equipment for the Be-200, allowing it to scoop water while skimming the water surface at 90-95% of takeoff speed. This system was developed using a specially modified Be-12P, coded '12 Yellow'. After installation of the fire-fighting system, the aircraft was registered RA-00046 and given the designation Be-12P-200. This modified Be-12 was used to develop both the fire-fighting system and methods of operation.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The Be-200's first flight from land was scheduled for 1997, but was eventually achieved by the first prototype aircraft on 24 September 1998. The aircraft was then transferred from Irkutsk to Taganrog after 26.5 flying hours, and the first take off from water was conducted on 10 September 1999 in Taganrog. The second Be-200 flew on August 27, 2002. This aircraft was built as a Be-200ES, being fitted to the specifications of the launch customer, EMERCOM, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In 2001, as part of a marketing program, the Be-200 was displayed at two large exhibitions in the Pacific Ocean region; the International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition LIMA'01 in Malaysia and the Korean Aerospace and Defence Exhibition KADE'01 in South Korea.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In 2002, the Be-200 participated in international aviation exhibitions, successfully demonstrating its capabilities to potential customers in France and Greece with 15 demonstration flights made from land, eight from water. A total of over was flown across Europe.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: Irkut and EADS signed a memorandum of understanding in May 2002 to jointly carry out a market study and to define the conditions and costs of international certification and the logistics of setting up a worldwide after-sales service. The study was completed in July 2003, revealing a potential market for up to 320 aircraft over 20 years. The two companies, with Rolls-Royce Deutschland, planned to obtain Western certification during — and offer a Rolls-Royce BR715 powered aircraft for Western markets. This version was to be given the designation Be-200RR. The original Be-200 prototype (RF-21511) was earmarked to be converted into the Be-200RR prototype. However, efforts were discontinued toward a Rolls-Royce version since a joint study concluded in 2004 that because the intended BR715 engine would require extensive redevelopment due to weight and salt-water corrosion issues, break-even would require sales of too many aircraft.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The first production aircraft, a Be-200ES flew on 17 June 2003. It was delivered to EMERCOM on 31 July 2003. Seven aircraft have been ordered by EMERCOM, five have been delivered. The fifth airframe was used for the European certification process which was expected to be completed in 2008. EASA eventually certified the Be200ES-E on 7 September 2010. The remaining two were scheduled for delivery by the end of 2008. EMERCOM has an option to buy a further 8 Be-200s, with a decision expected during the latter part of 2008.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In 2010, production of the Be-200 was decided to switch to the "Centre of competence for amphibian aircraft and flying boats" in Taganrog. An assembly line was set up using tooling and equipment received from Irkut's main manufacturing site in Irkutsk, Siberia. This will allow the Irkut Corporation to concentrate on other more lucrative projects. Production of the Be-200 will remain under the umbrella of the United Aircraft Corporation. First Taganrog-built aircraft was delivered in early 2017.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In April 2018, months after Ukraine banned deliveries of Progress D-436 aircraft engines to Russia, Safran and UEC Saturn agreed to re-engine the Be-200 with the PowerJet SaM146 from the Sukhoi Superjet. The hope was that the more-modern SaM146 engine, which passed international certification and complies with prospective ICAO requirements, would allow the aircraft to be more fully introduced to the European and American markets. In April 2019, Russia's ministry of industry and trade objected to the Be-200ChS-146 project because the new engines contained components from NATO countries. The project was apparently only suspended and not cancelled, though Russian certification of the re-engined aircraft was pushed to November 2021. Regardless, western sanctions imposed in the wake of the 2022 Russian incursion into Ukraine prohibit sale, supply, transfer or export of aircraft and aircraft parts and technology to Russian entities.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin has called for state-owned Rostec to accelerate work on its PD-8 jet engine variant of the PD-14 engine, and for the PD-8 to be used on the Be-200 as well as the Irkut MC-21 narrow-body airliner. That engine, including its automatic control system (called FADEC in the west), will be assembled from domestically-sourced materials and components and thus avoids any issue with regard to western sanctions or embargoes. Certification is expected in 2023. As of mid-2022, a PD-8 prototype had successfully completed ground testing, and was planned to be tested on a flight test stand installed on an Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft. Mishustin in November 2022 announced investment of over 44 billion federal rubles in United Engine Corporation, and called for production of 50 PD-8 engines (among other types) within 2 years.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The Be-200 is a high-wing T-tail monoplane. The hull is of single step design with a high length-to-beam ratio, which contributes to stability and controllability in water. The Be-200 airframe is constructed of aluminium alloys with corrosion-protection treatments. Selective use is made of titanium, composites and other corrosion-free materials. The wings are fitted with underwing stabiliser floats. The hydraulically operated retractable landing gear units all retract rearward, and each unit is twin-wheeled. A water rudder provides steering when in the water. It can operate from either a long runway or an area of open water at least long and deep, with waves of up to high.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The aircraft is powered by two, over fuselage, pylon-mounted Progress D-436TP engines. The D-436TP is a specific "maritime" corrosion-resistant version of the D-436 three shaft turbofan engine, designed especially for the Be-200 amphibian, by Ivchenko Progress ZMKB and manufactured by Motor Sich in Ukraine. These are mounted above the wingroot pods on the landing gear fairings to prevent water spraying into the engines during take-off and landing.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The Digital Flight Control (fly-by-wire) cockpit is fitted with modern navigation systems such as satellite navigation, FMS, autopilot and weather radar. The ARIA 200-M all-weather integrated avionics system, developed by Honeywell with the Moscow Research Institute of Aircraft Equipment, uses six 152 x 203 mm (6 x 8 in) LCDs to display information to the crew of two.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The multirole Be-200 can be configured as an amphibious water drop fire-fighting aircraft, a freighter, or as a passenger aircraft—the pressurised and air conditioned cabin allowing transportation of up to 72 passengers. The Be-200 can also be equipped for special missions. When configured as an air ambulance, the aircraft can carry up to 30 stretcher patients and seven seated patients or medical crew. In the search and rescue role, the aircraft can be equipped with searchlights and sensors, an inflatable boat, thermal and optical surveillance systems, and medical equipment. The search and rescue variant can accommodate up to 45 people. The aircraft is also capable of being configured for anti-submarine warfare duties.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The Be-200 in amphibious water drop fire-fighter configuration suppresses fires by dropping water contained in eight ferric aluminium alloy water tanks, located under the cabin floor in the centre fuselage section. Four retractable water scoops, two forward and two aft of the fuselage step, can be used to scoop a total of of water in 14 seconds. Alternatively, the tanks can be filled from a hydrant or a water cistern on the ground. The water tanks can be removed quickly for carrying cargo. Water can be dropped in a single salvo, or in up to eight consecutive drops. The aircraft also carries six auxiliary tanks for fire-retarding chemical agents, with a total capacity of . The aircraft can empty its water tanks over the site of a fire in 0.8 to 1.0 seconds when flying above the minimum drop speed of


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The first documented operational use of the Be-200 was from . For this period a Be-200ES was operated from Sardinia (Italy) by SOREM, the official operator of fire-fighting equipment of Italian Civil Defense Department (Protezione Civile). The aircraft, flown by joint Russian-Italian flight crew performed more than 100 flights with about 90 hours flown. During seven hours of operational flights, the aircraft participated in the extinguishing of four forest fires and dropped .


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The partnership was renewed in 2005, with Be-200ES () based at Sardinia between July and September. The aircraft flew 150 hours covering 63 missions, including ferry flights, and 435 scoops and drops of water, the total mass of which exceeded .


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In 2006, aircraft () was again leased by the Portuguese Fire Fighting Services (SNBPC – Serviço Nacional de Bombeiros e Protecção Civil) for evaluation during the forest fire season. On 6 July 2006, the Russian crew of the Be-200 leased by Portugal were carrying out a water pick-up from the Aguieira dam near Santa Comba Dão, when on climbing away they clipped treetops and at least one of the Progress D-436TP engines suffered ingestion damage and had to be shut down. The aircraft recovered safely to land at Monte Real air force base, from which it had been operating. After repairs, the aircraft completed the season in Portugal. In total, 42 flights were performed during operations in Portugal, with a total flying time of 119 hours. The aircraft performed 301 water scooping operations and dropped of water on fires.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In October 2006, two Be-200ES ( and ) were leased to Indonesia by EMERCOM, fighting fires for 45 days. This reportedly cost Indonesia around . These operations prompted press reports that the Indonesian government had agreed to purchase two Be-200s, each with a projected price of . Beriev, however has not confirmed these reports.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: Such was the success of the first campaign that two Be-200ES were again leased by Portugal from . During this period 58 fire-fighting flights were conducted with a total flying time of over 167 hours.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In April 2008, Azerbaijan became the first foreign customer for the Be-200, purchasing one Be-200ES from Russia. The aircraft (, formerly ) is operated by the Azerbaijan Ministry of Emergency Situations and can be operated as a fire-fighting, cargo and 43-seater passenger aircraft.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In early December 2010, two Be-200ES aircraft were used to fight the 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire near Haifa, Israel.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In Serbia one Be-200 belonging to Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is stationed in summer on Niš Constantine the Great Airport. Aircraft has already operational history in 2012 and 2013.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: A Be-200 was dispatched by Russia in January 2015 to assist in search and recovery operations following the loss of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 in the Java Sea. On October 20, 2015, two Be-200s were used by the Indonesian government to fight a forest fire in Sumatra.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In August 2016 two Be-200 aircraft were sent to Portugal after being asked for help in extinguishing forest fires. Four days later it was reported that thanks to the work of the Russian Emergencies Ministry Be-200 pilots, the fire was prevented from spreading in the direction of two settlements: Castro Laboreiro with a population of 1,000 people, and Viaden de Baixo, where 15 farms were saved from fire, and Peneda-Gerês National Park.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: China bought two, with an option for two more, of the Be-200 aircraft during the Zhuhai Airshow in 2016. The contract was signed in June 2017.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: A firm called International Emergency Services ("IES"), housed at the Santa Maria Public Airport in California, tried for some years to bring the Be-200 to the United States in its fire-fighting role. An organisation called the USA Firefighting Air Corps ("USAFAC") said in September 2014 that it had signed a collaboration agreement with IES to develop a U.S.-built Be-200 in Colorado. However, the USAFAC website address was simply parked by late 2021, and the Colorado Secretary of State records show USAFAC has expired. There was also discussion at a Santa Maria Public Airport District meeting in October 2016 of IES, Seaplane Global Air Services ("SGAS") and Airbus partnering to build the aircraft at the Santa Maria airport. Meanwhile, in September 2018, SGAS ordered from the manufacturer four Be-200ES aircraft with an option for six more. The first two aircraft were to be equipped with D-436TP engines, the eight others with the SaM146 engines. According to some reports, SGAS had plans to wet- and dry-lease the water-bombers in partnership with IES, offering services in several countries, including the US, European nations, and Australia. However, as of March 2022, the IES website address leads only to a page marked: “Account Suspended,” and the California Secretary of State website shows International Emergency Services as terminated.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: In June–October 2020, Be-200ESs were extensively used to provide fire-fighting service in Turkey. During the summer of 2021 one aircraft was used in Greece.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: On August 8, 2021, a Be-200 was leased by Turkey from Russia to participate in the fight against the 2021 Turkish wildfires arrived in Turkey. On August 14, it crashed near the city of Adana, killing all 8 personnel on board including 5 Russian servicemen and 3 Turkish citizens.


title: Beriev Be-200

text: The Greek government in 2022 began planning to address the upcoming fire season without use of any Be-200 aircraft.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Rotation around a fixed axis is a special case of rotational motion. The fixed-axis hypothesis excludes the possibility of an axis changing its orientation and cannot describe such phenomena as wobbling or precession. According to Euler's rotation theorem, simultaneous rotation along a number of stationary axes at the same time is impossible; if two rotations are forced at the same time, a new axis of rotation will appear.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: This article assumes that the rotation is also stable, such that no torque is required to keep it going. The kinematics and dynamics of rotation around a fixed axis of a rigid body are mathematically much simpler than those for free rotation of a rigid body; they are entirely analogous to those of linear motion along a single fixed direction, which is not true for "free rotation of a rigid body". The expressions for the kinetic energy of the object, and for the forces on the parts of the object, are also simpler for rotation around a fixed axis, than for general rotational motion. For these reasons, rotation around a fixed axis is typically taught in introductory physics courses after students have mastered linear motion; the full generality of rotational motion is not usually taught in introductory physics classes.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: A "rigid body" is an object of finite extent in which all the distances between the component particles are constant. No truly rigid body exists; external forces can deform any solid. For our purposes, then, a rigid body is a solid which requires large forces to deform it appreciably.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: A change in the position of a particle in three-dimensional space can be completely specified by three coordinates. A change in the position of a rigid body is more complicated to describe. It can be regarded as a combination of two distinct types of motion: translational motion and circular motion.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Purely "translational motion" occurs when every particle of the body has the same instantaneous velocity as every other particle; then the path traced out by any particle is exactly parallel to the path traced out by every other particle in the body. Under translational motion, the change in the position of a rigid body is specified completely by three coordinates such as "x", "y", and "z" giving the displacement of any point, such as the center of mass, fixed to the rigid body.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Purely "rotational motion" occurs if every particle in the body moves in a circle about a single line. This line is called the axis of rotation. Then the radius vectors from the axis to all particles undergo the same angular displacement at the same time. The axis of rotation need not go through the body. In general, any rotation can be specified completely by the three angular displacements with respect to the rectangular-coordinate axes "x", "y", and "z". Any change in the position of the rigid body is thus completely described by three translational and three rotational coordinates.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Any displacement of a rigid body may be arrived at by first subjecting the body to a displacement followed by a rotation, or conversely, to a rotation followed by a displacement. We already know that for any collection of particles—whether at rest with respect to one another, as in a rigid body, or in relative motion, like the exploding fragments of a shell, the acceleration of the center of mass is given by


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: where "M" is the total mass of the system and "a" is the acceleration of the center of mass. There remains the matter of describing the rotation of the body about the center of mass and relating it to the external forces acting on the body. The kinematics and dynamics of "rotational motion around a single axis" resemble the kinematics and dynamics of translational motion; rotational motion around a single axis even has a work-energy theorem analogous to that of particle dynamics.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Given a particle that moves along the circumference of a circle of radius formula_2, having moved an arc length formula_3, its angular position is formula_4 relative to its initial position, where formula_5.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: In mathematics and physics it is conventional to treat the radian, a unit of plane angle, as 1, often omitting it. Units are converted as follows:


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: where formula_8 is the angular displacement, formula_9 is the initial angular position and formula_10 is the final angular position.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Change in angular displacement per unit time is called angular velocity with direction along the axis of rotation. The symbol for angular velocity is formula_11 and the units are typically rad s. Angular speed is the magnitude of angular velocity.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: A changing angular velocity indicates the presence of an angular acceleration in rigid body, typically measured in rad s. The average angular acceleration formula_18 over a time interval Δ"t" is given by


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Thus, the angular acceleration is the rate of change of the angular velocity, just as acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: where "r" is the radius or distance from the axis of rotation. This is also the tangential component of acceleration: it is tangential to the direction of motion of the point. If this component is 0, the motion is uniform circular motion, and the velocity changes in direction only.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: It is directed towards the center of the rotational motion, and is often called the "centripetal acceleration".


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The angular acceleration is caused by the torque, which can have a positive or negative value in accordance with the convention of positive and negative angular frequency. The relationship between torque and angular acceleration (how difficult it is to start, stop, or otherwise change rotation) is given by the moment of inertia: formula_23.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: When the angular acceleration is constant, the five quantities angular displacement formula_4, initial angular velocity formula_25, final angular velocity formula_26, angular acceleration formula_27, and time formula_28 can be related by four equations of kinematics:


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The moment of inertia of an object, symbolized by formula_30, is a measure of the object's resistance to changes to its rotation. The moment of inertia is measured in kilogram metre² (kg m). It depends on the object's mass: increasing the mass of an object increases the moment of inertia. It also depends on the distribution of the mass: distributing the mass further from the center of rotation increases the moment of inertia by a greater degree. For a single particle of mass formula_31 a distance formula_2 from the axis of rotation, the moment of inertia is given by


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Torque formula_34 is the twisting effect of a force F applied to a rotating object which is at position r from its axis of rotation. Mathematically,


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: where × denotes the cross product. A net torque acting upon an object will produce an angular acceleration of the object according to


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The work done by a torque acting on an object equals the magnitude of the torque times the angle through which the torque is applied:


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The angular momentum formula_39 is a measure of the difficulty of bringing a rotating object to rest. It is given by


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The analog of linear momentum in rotational motion is angular momentum. The greater the angular momentum of the spinning object such as a top, the greater its tendency to continue to spin.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The angular momentum of a rotating body is proportional to its mass and to how rapidly it is turning. In addition, the angular momentum depends on how the mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation: the further away the mass is located from the axis of rotation, the greater the angular momentum. A flat disk such as a record turntable has less angular momentum than a hollow cylinder of the same mass and velocity of rotation.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Like linear momentum, angular momentum is vector quantity, and its conservation implies that the direction of the spin axis tends to remain unchanged. For this reason, the spinning top remains upright whereas a stationary one falls over immediately.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The angular momentum equation can be used to relate the moment of the resultant force on a body about an axis (sometimes called torque), and the rate of rotation about that axis.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: just as F = "d"p/"dt" in linear dynamics. In the absence of an external torque, the angular momentum of a body remains constant. The conservation of angular momentum is notably demonstrated in figure skating: when pulling the arms closer to the body during a spin, the moment of inertia is decreased, and so the angular velocity is increased.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The amount of translational kinetic energy found in two variables: the mass of the object (formula_31) and the speed of the object (formula_16) as shown in the equation above. Kinetic energy must always be either zero or a positive value. While velocity can have either a positive or negative value, velocity squared will always be positive.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The above development is a special case of general rotational motion. In the general case, angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and torque are considered to be vectors.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: An angular displacement is considered to be a vector, pointing along the axis, of magnitude equal to that of formula_8. A right-hand rule is used to find which way it points along the axis; if the fingers of the right hand are curled to point in the way that the object has rotated, then the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of the vector.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The angular velocity vector also points along the axis of rotation in the same way as the angular displacements it causes. If a disk spins counterclockwise as seen from above, its angular velocity vector points upwards. Similarly, the angular acceleration vector points along the axis of rotation in the same direction that the angular velocity would point if the angular acceleration were maintained for a long time.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The torque vector points along the axis around which the torque tends to cause rotation. To maintain rotation around a fixed axis, the total torque vector has to be along the axis, so that it only changes the magnitude and not the direction of the angular velocity vector. In the case of a hinge, only the component of the torque vector along the axis has an effect on the rotation, other forces and torques are compensated by the structure.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: The simplest case of rotation around a fixed axis is that of constant angular speed. Then the total torque is zero. For the example of the Earth rotating around its axis, there is very little friction. For a fan, the motor applies a torque to compensate for friction. Similar to the fan, equipment found in the mass production manufacturing industry demonstrate rotation around a fixed axis effectively. For example, a multi-spindle lathe is used to rotate the material on its axis to effectively increase the productivity of cutting, deformation and turning operations. The angle of rotation is a linear function of time, which modulo 360° is a periodic function.


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Internal tensile stress provides the centripetal force that keeps a spinning object together. A rigid body model neglects the accompanying strain. If the body is not rigid this strain will cause it to change shape. This is expressed as the object changing shape due to the "centrifugal force".


title: Rotation around a fixed axis

text: Celestial bodies rotating about each other often have elliptic orbits. The special case of circular orbits is an example of a rotation around a fixed axis: this axis is the line through the center of mass perpendicular to the plane of motion. The centripetal force is provided by gravity, see also two-body problem. This usually also applies for a spinning celestial body, so it need not be solid to keep together unless the angular speed is too high in relation to its density. (It will, however, tend to become oblate.) For example, a spinning celestial body of water must take at least 3 hours and 18 minutes to rotate, regardless of size, or the water will separate. If the density of the fluid is higher the time can be less. See orbital period.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The Egypt–Israel peace treaty (; , "Heskem HaShalom Bein Yisrael LeMitzrayim") was signed in Washington, D.C., United States on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords. The Egypt–Israel treaty was signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The peace treaty between Egypt and Israel was signed 16 months after Egyptian president Anwar Sadat's visit to Israel in 1977, after intense negotiations. The main features of the treaty were mutual recognition, cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, normalization of relations and the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967. Egypt agreed to leave the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized. The agreement provided for free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal, and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways, which had been blockaded by Egypt in 1967. The agreement also called for an end to Israeli military rule over the Israeli-occupied territories and the establishment of full autonomy for the Palestinian inhabitants of the territories, terms that were not implemented but which became the basis for the Oslo Accords.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel, although it has been described as a "cold peace".


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The normalization of relations between Israel and Egypt went into effect in January 1980. Ambassadors were exchanged in February. The boycott laws were repealed by Egypt's parliament the same month, and some trade began to develop, albeit less than Israel had hoped for. In March 1980 regular airline flights were inaugurated. Egypt also began supplying Israel with crude oil.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: On 18 May 1981, the President of the UN Security Council indicated that the United Nations would be unable to provide an observation force, due to the threat of a veto of the motion by the Soviet Union. As a result of the impasse, Egypt, Israel and the United States opened negotiations to set up a peacekeeping organization outside the framework of the UN. On 3 August 1981, the Protocol to the Treaty of Peace was signed, establishing the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO). This observation force monitors both parties to ensure compliance with the treaty.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The peace treaty includes a stipulation, called the Agreed Activities Mechanism, that allows Egypt and Israel to jointly alter the arrangements of Egyptian troops in the Sinai without having to officially review the treaty itself. Israel has allowed Egypt to deploy forces to central and eastern Sinai out of mutual security concerns, such as the presence of jihadi militant groups in these areas. These alterations are coordinated through the MFO.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: In January 2011, during widespread protests by Egyptians against their government, Israel agreed to allow Egypt to move several hundred troops into the Sinai Peninsula for the first time since the peace treaty was signed. With Israel's agreement, Egypt moved two battalions, about 800 soldiers, into the Sharm el-Sheikh area on Sinai's southern tip, far from Israel.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: In August 2012, Israel agreed that Egypt could deploy additional forces, including attack helicopters, in the northern Sinai to combat militants who had carried out an attack on Egyptian border guards that left 16 dead. Later that month, Egypt moved additional heavy weaponry into the demilitarized zone without Israeli approval, in violation of the peace treaty terms. Egypt said that the deployment of these troops and weapons was in keeping with agreements reached with Israel in 2011. Israel reportedly asked the United States to mediate this dispute. Shortly thereafter, Egyptian defense minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi reportedly assured his Israeli counterpart, Ehud Barak, that Egypt was committed to maintaining the 1979 Camp David peace treaty with Israel.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: In July 2013, after a number of violent incidents in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel agreed to the deployment of additional Egyptian troops.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: This treaty was received with enormous controversy across the Arab world, where it was condemned and considered a stab in the back. The sense of outrage was particularly strong amongst Palestinians, with the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, stating: "Let them sign what they like. False peace will not last". On the other hand, the treaty led both Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to share the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for bringing peace between the two states. In order to regain legitimacy in the eyes of the other Muslim-majority countries after the peace treaty with Israel, Egypt appealed to Islamic justifications based on the sacred scriptures of Islam to facilitate its efforts to describe its innovative peace policy, and simultaneously to refute the anti-peace campaign led by Islamist organizations in the Arab world and the Middle East.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: However, as a result of the treaty, Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in 1979–1989, and Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Syrian President Hafez al-Assad severed all relations with Egypt after the signing of the peace deal, and diplomatic relations were not re-established until 2005, when Egypt once again enjoyed warm relations with Syria under the rule of Bashar al-Assad.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The peace between Egypt and Israel has lasted since the treaty went into effect, and Egypt has become an important strategic partner of Israel. Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, a former Israeli defense minister known for his close ties to Egyptian officials, has stated that "Egypt is not only our closest friend in the region, the co-operation between us goes beyond the strategic."


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: As part of the agreement, the U.S. began economic and military aid to Egypt, and political backing for its subsequent governments. From the Camp David peace accords in 1978 until 2000, the United States has subsidized Egypt's armed forces with over $38 billion worth of aid. Egypt receives about $1.3 billion annually.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: Nevertheless, the peace is often described as a "cold peace", with many in Egypt skeptical about its effectiveness. The Arab-Israeli conflict has kept relations cool.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: The Egyptian revolution of 2011 led to fears in Israel about the future of the treaty, although the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that he expected any new Egyptian government to keep the peace treaty with Israel, as it has served both countries well. After the Egyptian Army took power on 11 February 2011, it announced that Egypt would continue to abide by all its international and regional treaties. However, Ayman Nour, an influential Egyptian opposition figure and likely presidential candidate called for Cairo's peace treaty with Israel to be "reassessed". On 15 September 2011, the then Egyptian prime minister Essam Sharaf said that "A peace deal with Israel was not sacred". Rashad al-Bayumi, the deputy chief of Egypt's largest party, the Muslim Brotherhood, said that they would not recognize Israel and that the treaty could be put to a referendum, emphasizing that while they respected all of their international agreements, they "had the right to review the peace deal" and that the Egyptian people "have yet to speak their mind". Representatives of the group had told U.S. diplomats that they did not intend to revoke the treaty.


title: Egypt–Israel peace treaty

text: Addressing Israeli concerns on 31 July 2014, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi pledged to continue the peace with Israel.


title: Jim Lahey

text: James "Jim" Lahey, better known as Mr. Lahey, is a fictional character in the television series "Trailer Park Boys" Portrayed by John Dunsworth, he is the main antagonist of the series along with his on again/off again boyfriend Randy. He was created by series creator Mike Clattenburg. After Dunsworth's death in October 2017, there was speculation that he would not appear in future "Trailer Park Boys" releases. He posthumously appears in the first two seasons of the animated series. John Dunsworth's daughter Sarah Dunsworth-Nickerson (who plays a character with the same first name), tweeted that her father's real voice was used in the animated series. Jim also appears in four films; one short, and three feature length. Before the show, he appeared in the short film "Trailer Park Boys" (1999). He appears in the feature-length films: "" (2006), "" (2009), and "" (2014).


title: Jim Lahey

text: Jim Lahey is the supervisor of Sunnyvale Trailer Park. In his youth, he was an idealistic police officer, but since his wrongful dismissal as a result of a prank by Julian, Ricky, and Bubbles on Halloween 1977, he degenerated into a bitter alcoholic. Still, Jim has devoted himself to making Sunnyvale a better place to live, accompanied by his devoted assistant Randy. Lahey and Randy were unbeknownst to one another prior their lives in Sunnyvale by their real names. Before arriving in Sunnyvale, Randy was a male prostitute named 'Smokey' and Lahey was his john called 'Simon'. Barbara Lahey reunited Randy and Lahey while she was picking up cheeseburgers at a drive thru where Randy was topless like normal, wearing an elf costume and asking the drive thru customers if they like to party. Barbara offered Randy cheeseburgers and brought him to Sunnyvale to be introduced to Lahey as the new assistant to the trailer park supervisor. Even in his most incoherent moments, Lahey maintains an extreme affinity for the trailer park and all of its residents except Ricky. Lahey bears a grudge against Ricky and Julian; having been forced to watch them grow from childhood troublemakers to full-fledged criminals, he considers them to be the greatest threat to the safety and stability of the park. He spends most of the series trying to interfere with the Boys' illegal schemes and have them thrown back in jail for reasons many believe are that of the jealous type, often neglecting his real, rather mundane duties as trailer-park supervisor.


title: Jim Lahey

text: Many characters consider these antics to be more of an excuse to relive his days as a police officer than a genuine quest for justice. Lahey often performs his job in the same mannerisms of a police officer, such as conducting reconnaissance on the Boys, setting up checkpoints across the trailer park, and in one instance, after getting severely drunk, puts on his old police uniform and starts terrorizing the trailer park. In the most inebriated state he can think clearly and come up with crafty and devious plans to derail the Boys' plans, have them arrested, and - in an extreme case - even to have them eliminated, and he will gladly exploit anything at his disposal. For example, he leverages Julian's emotional attachment to his grandmother's trailer to blackmail him; in another instance he cunningly employs Cyrus and his partners to attack them. Throughout the series, he anthropomorphizes alcohol itself, reverently referring to it as 'The Liquor', a quasi-supernatural entity he often relies on to aid him in foiling the protagonists' plans.


title: Jim Lahey

text: It is implied that despite Lahey's antagonistic relationship with the Boys, they are in many ways co-dependent on one another and Lahey apparently cannot live without them. This is especially noteworthy when observing Lahey's physical attraction to Julian; Lahey attempts to kill himself in "Countdown to Liquor Day" after Julian rejected his overtures, only for Julian to talk him out of it. Jim and the Boys will frequently cooperate and work together so long as one or both parties stand to gain from it. One example of this is in the Season 2 episode "Jim Lahey is a Drunk Bastard", where the Boys help Lahey secure his position as trailer park supervisor after he is at risk of losing it to their nemesis Sam Losco. After Ricky suffers an apparent heart attack in Season 5, Lahey saves his life with CPR.


title: Jim Lahey

text: In Season 6, after finding footage on a reel of film labelled "Halloween 1977" that proves that he was not drinking in the events that caused his dismissal from the police force, Jim hopes to get reinstated as a police officer and jail the Boys for good. However, after Randy refuses to testify on his behalf, Lahey is forced to approach Bubbles for help. In exchange for Bubbles' testimony, Lahey forms a peace treaty with the Boys in which he turns a blind eye to their illegal activities. This treaty is largely upheld throughout most of Season 7, but it unraveled after Lahey, who relapsed back into alcohol, attempts to arrest the Boys after learning that Bubbles is wanted in the United States for stealing a model train with a $50,000 reward. At the end of season 7 he retires from the force, and returns to his job as trailer park supervisor.


title: Jim Lahey

text: In Season 1, Julian discovered that Lahey and Randy were having a homosexual relationship and agreed to keep it a secret. However, an accident caused by Trevor in Season 3 revealed their relationship and both Lahey and Randy came out as gay. In fact, Lahey is bisexual and has a daughter Treena from his marriage to Barb Lahey. While Treena appears in Season 2, she would eventually cut ties with her father due to his alcoholism. He is known for his numerous "shit" metaphors, dubbed "Shitisms" by fans. Examples of these metaphors include "shiticane", "a shitapple never falls far from the shit tree", "shiterpillar growing into a shit moth", "shit ropes", "shit hawks", "shitty city", "the winds of shit", "hemisphere of shit", "shit blizzard", "shit puppets", "shit line", "shit river", "double-barrelled shit machine gun", "shitageddon", "shitquake", etc.


title: Jim Lahey

text: In the final episode of season 10, Jim confesses to a comatose Ricky that the reason his mother left Sunnyvale after he was born, and why Ray and Jim had always been mortal enemies, was because Jim is actually Ricky's father. In Season 11, he tries to be better to Ricky's family, and stay sober. He eventually confesses to an awake Ricky the fatherhood. Later however, Julian and Bubbles are able to get a blood test done, and discover that neither Lahey nor Ray are Ricky's biological father. After learning he isn't Ricky's father, Lahey falls headfirst back into the liquor, ending the season now essentially a liquor evangelist. In Season 12, he and Randy gamble Julian's drug money and eventually made peace with the boys after a heated debate between Julian and Lahey over the money.


title: Jim Lahey

text: He is killed off in the first episode ("Long Story Short... A Bear Ripped My Cock Off and Ate It") of after a Hawk flew off with him.


title: Jim Lahey

text: Even though he was antagonistic throughout the series, Mr. Lahey is one of the most popular characters in "Trailer Park Boys". Mack Lamoureux of "Vice" described him as "...one of the greatest villains and anti-heroes in Canadian TV history", and said: "He almost always had the most memorable parts of an episode." "Metro" said he had some of the best one-liners on the show, while "Screen Rant" said that he was part of the reason "Trailer Park Boys" is so great.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: Mr. Big (sometimes known as the "Canadian technique") is a covert investigation procedure used by undercover police to elicit confessions from suspects in cold cases (usually murder). Police officers create a fictitious grey area or criminal organization and then seduce the suspect into joining it. They build a relationship with the suspect, gain their confidence, and then enlist their help in a succession of criminal acts (e.g., delivering goods, credit card scams, selling guns) for which they are paid. Once the suspect has become enmeshed in the criminal gang they are persuaded to divulge information about their criminal history, usually as a prerequisite for being accepted as a member of the organization.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The Mr. Big technique was developed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in British Columbia, with the first documented case taking place in March of 1965 during the investigation of David Louis Harrison, a former Vancouver police constable who was tried and convicted for taking part in the robbery of $1.2 million of cancelled currency from the Canadian Pacific Merchandise Services warehouse in Vancouver. Harrison was convicted using evidence gained by Cpl. Allan Richards, posing as crime syndicate hoodlum, John Clarke, and his sting partner, police operative, Al Brooks. Harrison testified that he believed John Clarke was a violent syndicate hoodlum. Harrison testified that Clarke was often packing a gun, that Clarke carried a vial of nitroglycerine around his neck that he would throw at a police car if it got too close to him, and that he was afraid he would be harmed if he didn’t play along.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The Mr. Big tactic has been used in more than 350 cases across Canada as of 2008. The RCMP claim that the person of interest was either cleared or charged in 75% of cases (the rest remaining unresolved and requiring further investigation). Of the cases prosecuted, an estimated 95% result in a conviction.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The use of this technique is essentially prohibited in some countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. In Germany, which has high standards for what comprises a voluntary confession, it may be more difficult to use confessions obtained by this technique. The procedure has been used by police in Australia and New Zealand, and its use has been upheld by courts in both countries.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: In a Mr. Big case, the police usually place the suspect, typically someone socially isolated and financially disadvantaged, under extended surveillance, typically for weeks. Having thus learned about the suspect's personality and habits, the police develop an interactive scenario. Pretending to encounter the suspect by happenstance, an undercover operative solicits a small favor from the suspect, perhaps to fix a flat tire. Exploiting this acquaintanceship, the operative soon offers entertainment, gifts, companionship, meals, and eventually employment.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The undercover operative pays the suspect appreciable money for petty tasks, such as counting cash or making deliveries, associated with fictitious criminal activity. As these tasks grow in importance and frequency, the suspect is treated as an "up-and-comer" in a criminal organization. As many as 50 operatives may be involved, crafting "a steady escalation in association, influence and pressure, leading up to the creation of an atmosphere in which it is deemed appropriate to encourage the target to confess". Eventually, the suspect is introduced to Mr. Big, the fictitious crime organization's kingpin, actually a skilled police interrogator.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: Employing enticements and threats, Mr. Big tells the suspect of receiving from the police incriminating information about the suspect, whose impending arrest threatens the gang—to explain why Mr. Big must know the unsolved crime's details. Mr. Big may offer to clean up the situation by framing someone else, perhaps a terminally ill confederate willing to take the fall for the gang. Or Mr. Big might claim that a mole within the police department can tamper with incriminating evidence. Sometimes, the confession is demanded to show good faith, loyalty, or trustworthiness, or serve as "insurance", to Mr. Big. The final meeting is usually recorded.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: Once the police either obtain a confession or become convinced of the suspect's innocence, the lavish lifestyle and elaborate underworld evaporate, and (where a confession has been obtained) the suspect is arrested. The Mr. Big technique is often a last resort in cold cases, or where the police's strong suspicion is paired with insufficient evidence. The Mr. Big technique has been used to secure convictions in hundreds of cases, and has been highly effective in obtaining confessions from guilty suspects. Still, the technique also gives some innocent suspects compelling motivation to remain in the criminal organization; to maintain the new lifestyle and new friends, falsely confessing to Mr. Big may then seem an acceptable risk.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: In October 1983, Andrea Scherpf and Bernd Göricke were murdered in Chetwynd, Canada. In 1991, Andy Rose was convicted of these killings, relying almost exclusively on testimony from a lady who claimed she saw him the night of the murder "drunk and covered in blood... claiming to have killed two people". Rose was sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison. The conviction was overturned on a technicality in 1992, but a new trial was ordered immediately, and Rose remained in prison. In 1994, Rose was again sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison, again almost exclusively on testimony from the lady who claimed to see him in Chetwynd, and his next appeal was denied in 1996. Rose was released on bail in 1997, when his second conviction was overturned on a technicality.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: Mounting evidence against a possible third conviction, including the witness against Rose being off on her timing by at least two weeks and a man in California committing suicide after confessing to his wifewith numerous consistent detailsto murdering two people near Chetwynd in October 1983, complicated the developments for the Crown attorney's refiling. In January 1999, an undercover operative of the RCMP contacted Rose to gain his trust in hopes of obtaining a confession through a Mr. Big operation. In the next eight months, the investigator befriended Rose. Rose was seduced into illegal activities, for which he got about $5,900 (). After eight months, "the gang" told him that they could gather information about his upcoming case and change the evidence for him so he would not have to go back to prison, or even to court. However, this support would only be granted if he became a recognized gang member, and it would be important to impress Mr. Big. At the meeting with Mr. Big in July 1999, Rose repeatedly reaffirmed his innocence. Then Mr. Big made it clear to him that he wanted to hear a confession and Rose, known for his alcohol abuse, should consider this with a beer. After a few beers Rose confessed. Based on this confession, the Crown filed for a third trial.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The third trial collapsed in 2001, and the proceedings against Rose were stayed, with the ability for the Crown to refile charges to a court. Rose's innocence was proven due to lack of DNA evidence and he was acquitted.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: Canadians Atif Rafay and Sebastian Burns were sentenced to life for the 1994 murders, in Bellevue, United States, of Rafay's father, mother and sister, despite the lack of physical evidence and the presence of multiple alibis, on the basis of a Mr. Big confession. Rafay and Burns are supported by multiple innocence projects and as of 2016 had been appealing their case for over a decade. The Netflix documentary series "The Confession Tapes" covers the Rafay–Burns case in the first two episodes.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The flaws of the Mr. Big procedure came to light during the "R. v Hart" case. Nelson Hart, of Newfoundland, Canada, was charged in June 2005 with the deaths of his 2-year-old twin daughters who died as a result of drowning on Sunday, August 4, 2002. Hart claimed that he had taken the girls, Krista and Karen, to Little Harbour where there was a small wharf. Krista fell off the wharf, and Hart (who could not swim) panicked and left to get help, leaving the other child. In a later interview, Hart claimed that he had had a small seizure at the time that Krista fell into the water. Karen ostensibly fell in the water during Hart's absence. He drove home and returned with his wife. Krista was found alive but died at the hospital, and Karen was pronounced dead at the scene.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: The Mr. Big operation began in October 2002. Preliminary surveillance revealed that Hart was socially isolated, had few friends and went everywhere with his wife. He was also on social insurance with only a grade four education, and had a history of seizures, which became more frequent after a car crash in 1998. The first contact took place when he was paid for assisting in finding an operative's sister. He was then asked to make some truck deliveries for which he was well paid. A friendship with his operatives developed. He began dealing in fake credit cards, forged passports, and counterfeit casino chips. Hart was made to believe that the gang was nationwide, with branches in Vancouver, Montreal and Halifax. As time went on, the seriousness of the illegal activities increased, along with the lucrativeness of the payoffs. He and his wife were treated to luxurious trips around the country, extravagant shopping sprees and expensive dinners. Hart aspired to join the gang as a full-time member.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: In the late spring of 2003 he was introduced to the "boss" (Mr. Big) who told Hart that something had come up from Hart's past that the criminal organization needed to take care of. Mr. Big confronted Hart about the death of his daughters, and would not accept his seizure explanation. Under pressure, Hart confessed to pushing the girls off the wharf. Hart then brought Mr. Big and some operatives to the scene of the crime, to re-enact the drownings. This event was videotaped and served as the primary foundation of the prosecution's case at trial. In March 2007, a jury convicted him of two counts of first-degree murder.


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: Hart appealed his conviction. In 2012, in a 2–1 split decision the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and ordered a new trial. According to Chief Justice Green, Hart


title: Mr. Big (police procedure)

text: was in the control of the state in a manner that was equivalent in degree to detention. It was not reasonable to expect that he would have any reason, or take any opportunity, to leave the organization. That meant he had to subscribe to the culture of the organization and to ensure that he continued to receive the approbation of Mr. Big. Although he obviously wanted to maintain that he had an innocent explanation for the deaths of his daughters, he eventually succumbed when it became clear that Mr. Big would accept no other answer than one which accepted his proposition that he was responsible for their murder. For Mr. Hart in the circumstances in which he found himself there was very little downside to telling Mr. Big what he wanted to hear, since he believed the operatives were not police and he had been assured that any information he gave would be kept from the authorities. On the other hand, in his mind, Mr. Hart had a great deal to lose if he did not accede to the required admission.